qarTuli mxedroba mefe Tamaris epoqaSi
qarTuli mxedroba mefe Tamaris epoqaSi
qarTuli mxedroba mefe Tamaris epoqaSi
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FsaqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi<br />
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis<br />
departamenti<br />
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da<br />
eTnologiis instituti<br />
Teimuraz jojua<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong><br />
<strong>mefe</strong> <strong>Tamaris</strong> <strong>epoqaSi</strong><br />
meomris biblioTeka #25<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2008
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ ocdamexuTe wigni; seria<br />
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli<br />
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.<br />
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli<br />
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es<br />
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa<br />
udides <strong>mefe</strong> daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi<br />
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel<br />
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da<br />
a.S.<br />
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis<br />
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.<br />
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos<br />
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.<br />
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom<br />
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.<br />
vaJa kiknaZe<br />
seriis saredaqcio kolegia:<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori<br />
vaJa kiknaZe<br />
Tamaz beraZe<br />
recenzenti:<br />
istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia<br />
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe<br />
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe<br />
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili<br />
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo<br />
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier<br />
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis<br />
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.<br />
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20<br />
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83<br />
2
1179 wels saqarTvelos <strong>mefe</strong>m, Tavisi drois erT-erTma udidesma<br />
sardalma, giorgi III-m naWarmagevis sasaxleSi * samefo taxtze aiyvana da<br />
Tanamosaydred akurTxa erTaderTi kanonieri asuli _ Tamari. es iyo<br />
pirveli SemTxveva <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifoebriobis istoriaSi, roca<br />
umaRlesi monarqiuli tituli qals xvda wilad.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> ga<strong>mefe</strong>bas <strong>qarTuli</strong> samxedro aristokratia didi sixaruliT<br />
Sexvda. gamocdilma da mravalomgamovlilma mxedrebma wesisamebr Tayvani<br />
sces samefo taxtze dabrZanebul Tamars.<br />
aqedan moyolebuli, xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi giorgi III da Tamari<br />
erTad marTavdnen saqarTvelos samefos, romelic im droisaTvis<br />
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis erT-erT uZlieres saxelmwifos warmoadgenda.<br />
am droisaTvis saqarTvelos sazRvrebi nikofsiidan * TeTrwylamde * da<br />
kavkasionis qedidan sevanis tbamde, uzarmazar sivrceze iyo gadaWimuli.<br />
giorgi III-isa da misi saxelovani winaprebis _ daviT IV aRmaSeneblisa<br />
da demetre I-is udidesi ZalisxmeviT Seqmnili vrceli kavkasiuri<br />
saxelmwifo moicavda rogorc mTeli istoriuli saqarTvelos<br />
teritorias, ise _ Zveli somxeTisa da Zveli albaneTis * mniSvnelovan<br />
nawils.<br />
1170-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi Sedioda Semdegi<br />
istoriuli provinciebi: afxazeTi * , cxumi * , odiSi, svaneTi, raWa, Takveri<br />
(leCxumi), samoqalaqo (qvemo imereTi), argveTi (zemo imereTi), guria,<br />
aWara, tao, klarjeTi, SavSeTi, samcxe, eruSeTi, artaani, kola,<br />
palakacio * , javaxeTi, Tori (borjomis xeoba), TrialeTi, qarTli,<br />
dvaleTi, cxrazma (qsnis xeobis zemo weli), xevi, xada, cxavati,<br />
WarTali, fxovi (fSav-xevsureTi), erwo-TianeTi, TuSeTi, didoeTi,<br />
kaxeTi, hereTi, kambeCovani (qiziyi), Saqi * , yabala * , qvemo qarTli, gagi * ,<br />
lore * , kaeni * , kaiwoni * da sxva.<br />
giorgi III 1184 wels gardaicvala da samefo xelisufleba mTlianad<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> xelSi gadavida.<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelos sami didi feodaluri gvaris: vardanisZeebis,<br />
saRirisZeebisa da amanelisZeebis warmomadgenlebma, Tamars Zveli<br />
tradiciis Sesabamisad, erT-erTi umTavresi samefo insignia (niSani) _<br />
xmali miarTves, Tumca, vinaidan <strong>mefe</strong> qali iyo, maxvili welze ki ar<br />
Semoartyes, aramed _ win daubrZanes mas.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> ga<strong>mefe</strong>bis Jams, qveynis umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi<br />
giorgi III-is Zvel da erTgul TanamebrZolebs eWiraT. maT Soris iyvnen<br />
yubasari, romelic amirspasalarobasa * da mandaturTuxucesobas * flobda<br />
da afridoni, romelsac msaxurTuxucesoba * epyra.<br />
arc yubasari da arc afridoni qarTul aristokratiul wreebs ar<br />
miekuTvnebodnen. piriqiT, yubasari gaqarTvelebuli yivCayi iyo, xolo<br />
afridoni _ dabali socialuri fenidan gamosuli piri. maTi<br />
3
dawinaurebis mizezi ara gvariSviloba, aramed piradi Tvisebebi da<br />
giorgi III-is erTguleba gaxldaT.<br />
1185 wels, anu praqtikulad, <strong>Tamaris</strong> ga<strong>mefe</strong>bisTanave, qarTvelma<br />
didgvarovnebma, romelebic manamde giorgi III-is SiSiT eguebodnen<br />
Seqmnil mdgomareobas, poziciebis ganmtkiceba scades.<br />
didebulebma <strong>mefe</strong>s yubasarisa da afridonis gadayeneba mosTxoves,<br />
maT nacvlad ki aristokratiuli wridan gamosuli moxeleebis<br />
dawinaureba SesTavazes.<br />
axladaRsaydrebulma Tamarma didebulebs winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia<br />
da maTi moTxovnebi daakmayofila.<br />
yubasars, romelsac im droisaTvis, damblis dacemis gamo ena da<br />
xel-fexi hqonda warTmeuli, amirspasalaroba da mandaturTuxucesoba<br />
CamoarTves. TanamdebobasTan erTad, yubasars CamoarTves cixe-qalaqi<br />
lorec, romelic, tradiciulad, saqarTvelos amirspasalarebis<br />
rezidencias warmoadgenda.<br />
amave dros, Tamarma didgvarovanTa moTxovnebis miuxedavad, bolomde<br />
ar gaswira mamis erTguli moxele, mxolod Tanamdebobisa da lores<br />
CamorTmeviT Semofargla, danarCeni qoneba da yma-mamuli xeluxleblad<br />
dautova yubasars da gardacvalebamde udidesi pativiT epyroboda mas.<br />
gacilebiT ufro mZime xvedri ergo afridons, romelmac <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
mxedrobis kategoriuli moTxovnis gamo, erTbaSad dakarga aramxolod<br />
msaxurTuxucesis Tanamdeboba da cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi * , aramed sxva<br />
mravalricxovani cixe-qalaqebi da mTeli qonebac ki.<br />
Tamari yofil msaxurTuxucess, yubasarisagan gansxvavebiT, verafriT<br />
daexmara.<br />
qarTvelma didebulebma pirveli warmateba izeimes da daTmoba mefis<br />
sisusted CaTvales. rogorc Cans, aristokratiam qalis mefobas<br />
daukavSira im imedebis ganxorcieleba, rasac giorgi III-is mefobam frTa<br />
Sekveca.<br />
sxva moTxonebmac ar daayovna. yubasarisa da afridonisaTvis<br />
Tanamdebobebis CamorTmevisTanave saxifaTod gaaqtiurda <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
aristokratiis erT-erTi dajgufebis lideri, meWurWleTuxucesi *<br />
yuTlu-arslani, romelic TbilisSi, isnis velze, parlamentis msgavsi<br />
saxelmwifo dawesebulebis daarsebis moTxovniT gamovida da <strong>Tamaris</strong><br />
samefo Zalauflebis SezRudva-gakontroleba gadawyvita.<br />
amjerad, <strong>Tamaris</strong> mxridan daTmobaze wasvla SeuZlebeli iyo, es<br />
samefo xelisuflebis aSkara marcxs moaswavebda.<br />
amitom, man dauyovnebliv miiRo sapasuxo zomebi, gakadnierebuli<br />
yuTlu-arslani, romelic yubasarisaTvis CamorTmeuli amirspasalaris<br />
Tanamdebobis xelSi Cagdebas gegmavda, tyved Seipyro da<br />
meWurWleTuxucesis Tanamdeboba CamoarTva.<br />
4
yuTlu-arslanis Tanamoazreebi mefis moqmedebis gamo, didad<br />
SeSfoTdnen da isnis samefo sasaxleze * gadawyvites ieriSis mitana.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifo Sida dapirispirebis safrTxis winaSe dadga.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong>a da yuTlu-arslanis momxreTa Soris sisxlisRvra, ra SedegiTac<br />
ar unda dasrulebuliyo es brZola, qveyanas kargs arafers uqadda.<br />
omis Tavidan acilebis mizniT Tamarma diplomatiis gzas mimarTa da<br />
amboxebulebTan mosalaparakeblad ori didgvarovani qali gagzavna:<br />
xuaSaq coqali, qarTlis erisTavis, rati suramelis deda da kravai<br />
jayeli.<br />
mefis wargzavnilTa da yuTlu-arslanis momxreTa molaparakeba<br />
warmatebiT dasrulda, amboxebulebi Tamars eaxlnen, patieba iTxoves da<br />
mis winaSe erTgulebis fici dades.<br />
yuTlu-arslanis gamosvlis damarcxebis Semdeg Tamarma maRal<br />
saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze dauyovnebliv ganawesa misi erTguli<br />
moxeleebi. eseni iyvnen:<br />
Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi * _ anton glonisTavisZe, gazrdili<br />
giorgi III-isa.<br />
amirspasalari _ sargis mxargrZeli, romelsac TanamdebobasTan<br />
erTad, gadaeca cixe-qalaqi lore da misi mimdgomi teritoria.<br />
mandaturTuxucesi _ Wiaberi.<br />
meWurWleTuxucesi _ kaxaber vardanisZe.<br />
msaxurTuxucesi _ vardan dadiani.<br />
CuxCarxi * _ maruSiani, romlis mamac, agreTve, CuxCarxi iyo.<br />
amilaxori * _ gamrekel Toreli.<br />
svanTa erisTavi * _ baram vardanisZe.<br />
raWisa da Takveris erisTavi _ kaxaber kaxaberisZe.<br />
cxumis erisTavi _ oTaRo SarvaSisZe.<br />
argveTis erisTavi _ amanelisZe.<br />
odiSis erisTavi _ bediani.<br />
qarTlis erisTavi _ rati surameli.<br />
kaxeTis erisTavi _ bakuryma ZaganisZe.<br />
hereTis erisTavi _ asaT grigolisZe.<br />
samcxis erisTavi da spasalari _ boco jayeli.<br />
samwuxarod, CvenTvis ucnobia <strong>Tamaris</strong> mier dadgenil sxva moxeleTa<br />
vinaoba. samagierod, viciT, rom swored zemoT CamoTvlili saxelmwifo<br />
moxeleebi da erisTavebi Seadgendnen im samxedro elitas, visi<br />
xelmZRvanelobiTac awarmoebda saqarTvelo mravalricxovan sabrZolo<br />
moqmedebebs <strong>Tamaris</strong> mefobis pirvel periodSi.<br />
samoxeleo aparatis srulad dakompleqtebis Semdeg qarTulma saero<br />
da sasuliero xelisuflebam dRis wesrigSi dasva <strong>Tamaris</strong> gaTxovebisa<br />
da mis Tanamecxedred iseTi piris SerCevis sakiTxi, romelic SeZlebda,<br />
5
giorgi III-is msgavsad, mTavarsardloba gaewia saqarTvelos samxedro<br />
ZalebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> SesaZlo TanamecxedresTan dakavSirebiT, didebulTa azri<br />
imTaviTve orad gaiyo.<br />
erTni upiratesobas bizantiis saimperatoro gvaris warmomadgenels,<br />
imxanad saqarTveloSi myof aleqsi komnenoss aZlevdnen, xolo meoreni<br />
Tbilisis amiras, * abulasan iobisZis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
kandidaturisaken ixrebodnen. es ukanaskneli qarTul aristokratias<br />
novgorodis yofil mTavars, giorgi bogolubskis sTavazobda, romelic<br />
imxanad devnilobaSi iyo da yivCaRTa <strong>mefe</strong>s afarebda Tavs.<br />
sabolood, qarTvelma didebulebma upiratesoba giorgi bogolubskis<br />
kandidaturas misces da misi saqarTveloSi Camoyvana Tbilisel<br />
didvaWars zanqan zorababels daavales. male giorgi saqarTveloSi<br />
Camovida.<br />
aq rusi mTavari piradad gaicnes da didad moiwones <strong>Tamaris</strong> mamidam,<br />
dedofalma rusudanma, qarTlis kaTolikosma miqael mirianisZem,<br />
umaRlesma samxedro moxeleebma, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleT saqarTvelodan<br />
gamosulma didebulebma da sxva.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac sasurveli kandidati moinaxa, qarTveli saero da<br />
sasuliero pirebi <strong>Tamaris</strong> dayoliebas Seudgnen da male sawadelsac<br />
miaRwies. amave, 1185 wels Tamarma giorgize iqorwina.<br />
Sida politikuri mdgomareobis met-naklebad mowesrigebis Semdeg<br />
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam mTeli yuradReba sagareo politikaze<br />
gadaitana.<br />
samefo karis mTavar safiqrals qveynis samxreTi sazRvris gaswvriv<br />
sokoebiviT momravlebuli Turquli politikuri gaerTianebebi<br />
warmoadgenda, romlebic metad agresiul samxedro politikas atarebdnen<br />
saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg da yvela xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi Tavs esxmodnen<br />
calkeul sazRvrispira provinciebs.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> mefobis periodSi TurqTa erT-erTi pirveli aseTi Tavdasxma<br />
palakacios teritoriaze moxda.<br />
palakacioSi SemoWrili Turqebis laSqari sakmaod Soridan,<br />
gelaqunidan * iyo mosuli da mtkvris xeobis zemo welis moTareSebas<br />
isaxavda miznad.<br />
marbieli Turqebis moZraoba qarTvelebma droulad SeniSnes. mtris<br />
Sesaxvedrad daZrul qarTul sabrZolo SenaerTs saTaveSi amilaxori,<br />
gamrekel Toreli Caudga.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Turqebi ricxobrivad bevrad aRematebodnen<br />
qarTvelebs, gamrekelma sastikad daamarcxa mteri, gandevna isini qveynis<br />
teritoriidan da TurqebisaTvis warTmeuli alafi, gamarjvebis niSnad,<br />
Tbiliss, samefo karze gagzavna.<br />
6
saqarTvelos samxedro xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, ar daakmayofila<br />
gamrekel Torelis mier qveyanaSi SemoWrili mtris damarcxebam da axla<br />
Tavad gadawyvita ieriSze gadasvla.<br />
1185 wels laSqarma TbilisSi moiyara Tavi. mxedarTa Soris ufro<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelodan mosuli meomrebi Warbobdnen. samxedro<br />
operacias piradad giorgi bogolubski Caudga saTaveSi.<br />
mefis pirveli laSqrobis keTilad gasrulebisaTvis, qarTvelebma Tan<br />
waritanes saxelovani qarTveli <strong>mefe</strong>ebis _ vaxtang gorgaslisa da daviT<br />
IV aRmaSeneblis naqoni, mraval brZolaSi gamarjvebuli samefo droSa.<br />
qarTvelebma SeteviTi operaciis placdarmad sagangebod SearCies<br />
palakacios mxare anu TurqTa mier sul mcire xnis win darbeuli<br />
provincia.<br />
palakaciodan giorgi bogolubskim ieriSi Tavdapirvelad samxreTis<br />
mimarTulebiT daiwyo da momijnave yarsis provinciaSi SeiWra. Turqebma<br />
qarTvelebisaTvis veranairi winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver SeZles.<br />
yarsis raionis moTareSebis Semdeg qarTvelebma Setevis mimarTuleba<br />
Secvales, samxreT-dasavleTisaken aiRes gezi da TurqTa kontrolis qveS<br />
myof kidev erT somxur provinciaSi _ karniforSi * SeiWrnen. Turqebma<br />
verc aq moaxerxes qarTvelTa ieriSis SeCereba.<br />
giorgi bogolubskim daubrkoleblad moarbia mTeli karnifori,<br />
TareSiT miaRwia gacilebiT ufro samxreT-dasavleTiT mdebare<br />
provinciis _ basianis * sazRvars da aqedan ukan, saqarTveloSi dabrunda.<br />
alafiT datvirTuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong> Tbiliss Cavida da<br />
gamarjvebuli warudga Tamars.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, gamarjvebuli laSqris maincadamainc Tbiliss Casvlas<br />
Tavis konkretuli mizezi hqonda.<br />
saqme isaa, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi miRebuli wesis<br />
Tanaxmad, samxedro SenaerTebis mier laSqrobaSi mopovebuli alafis<br />
erTi mexuTedi mefis sakuTreba iyo da Sin dabrunebis Semdeg<br />
aucileblad unda eaxlebinaT misTvis.<br />
amitomac iyo, rom laSqrobidan dabrunebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong>,<br />
rogorc wesi, jer Tbiliss Cadioda da alafis kuTvnil mexuTedsac<br />
piradad gadascemda <strong>mefe</strong>s.<br />
qarTvelebis mier yarssa da karniforSi mowyobili samxedro<br />
operaciis sapasuxod, Turqebma axali didi laSqrobisaTvis daiwyes<br />
mzadeba. saqarTveloze Tavdasxmis organizebis saqmes saTaveSi Caudga<br />
erT-erTi msxvili Turquli politikuri gaerTianeba _ karnuqalaqis<br />
saamiro * , romelsac Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan basianis provincia<br />
esazRvreboda.<br />
karnuqalaqeli Turqebi kargad xedavdnen, rom qarTvelTa momdevno<br />
laSqrobis obieqti ukve ara yarsi da karnifori, aramed basiani da<br />
7
karnuqalaqi iqneboda, amitomac mowinaaRmdegisaTvis daswreba da<br />
saqarTveloze Seteva gadawyvites.<br />
karnuqalaqelTa mier wamowyebul saomar samzadisSi aqtiurad iyvnen<br />
CarTuli siriidan da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxva regionebidan<br />
mosuli Turqebic.<br />
Turqebma samxedro operacia 1185 wels daiwyes. Tavdapirvelad maT<br />
Seteva elviseburad ganaviTares, sazRvrispira <strong>qarTuli</strong> provinciebi<br />
swrafi marSiT gaiares da sul mokle xanSi samxreT-dasavleT<br />
saqarTvelos siRrmeSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi aRmoCndnen.<br />
ioli warmatebiT gaxarebulma Turqebma dakavebuli teritoriis<br />
saZarcvavad marbielTa mravalricxovani razmebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT<br />
dagzavnes da amiT sakuTari samxedro Zalebi windauxedavad daqsaqses.<br />
TurqTa mier daSvebuli Secdoma kargad SeniSnes qarTvelebma da<br />
gadawyvites, pirdapir mowinaaRmdegis ZiriTad birTvze mietanaT ieriSi.<br />
qarTvelTa mxridan samxedro operacias meTaurobdnen guzan<br />
taoskareli da samcxis erisTavi, boco jayeli. maT daqvemdebarebaSi iyo,<br />
ZiriTadad, taosa da samcxis laSqari.<br />
qarTvelebma dartyma pirdapir TurqTa ZiriTadi birTvis<br />
mimarTulebiT ganaxorcieles, romlis brZolisunarianobac, marbieli<br />
razmebis Camocilebis gamo, Zalze daqveiTebuli iyo. Turqulma<br />
SenaerTebma Setevas ver gauZles da damarcxdnen.<br />
qarTvelebma brZolis velidan gaqceuli Turqebis erTi nawili<br />
daxoces, maTi umravlesoba ki _ tyved Caigdes.<br />
am warmatebuli samxedro operaciis aRsaniSnavad, mravalricxovani<br />
tyve Turqebi, rogorc qveiTebi, ise cxenosnebi, Tbiliss, samefo karze<br />
gagzavnes.<br />
momdevno, 1186-1187 wlebSi qarTvelebma Turqebs qveynis samxreTi<br />
provinciebidanac Seuties.<br />
sabrZolo moqmedebebis am mimarTulebas amirspasalar sargis<br />
mxargrZelis vaJebi _ zaqaria da ivane, agreTve, sargisis Zmis, varam<br />
mxargrZelis vaJebi _ zaqaria da sargisi xelmZRvanelobdnen.<br />
mxargrZelTa pirveli marbieli laSqrobis mizani iyo TurqTa mier<br />
dapyrobili Zveli somxuri qalaqis, dvinis * mimdebare teritoriis<br />
moTareSeba da am regionSi TurqTa kontrolis Sesusteba.<br />
Setevis placdarmad, savaraudod, SerCeuli iyo mxargrZelTa<br />
kuTvnili lores regioni.<br />
mxargrZelebma samxedro operacia 1186-1187 wlebSi ganxorcieles.<br />
Tavdapirvelad maT daubrkoleblad moiTareSes dvinis midamoebi da ukan<br />
gamobrundnen.<br />
male alafiT datvirTul qarTvelTa laSqars qalaq dvinidan da<br />
surmaris provinciidan mosuli samxedro SenaerTebi wamoewia.<br />
8
Turqebi Setevaze gadavidnen. mxargrZelebma mowinaaRmdegis ieriSs<br />
kontrSeteviT upasuxes. sisxlismRvreli brZola didxans gagrZelda da<br />
sabolood qarTvelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong> Tbiliss Cavida da Tamars warudga.<br />
mxargrZelTa warmatebam, qarTul samxedro aristokratias dvinis<br />
winaaRmdeg kidev ufro masStaburi eqspediciis mowyobisaken ubiZga.<br />
meore laSqrobisaTvis jari mTeli saqarTvelodan Sekribes.<br />
<strong>mxedroba</strong>s saTaveSi giorgi bogolubski Caudga. laSqroba, 1186-1187<br />
wlebSi, savaraudod, Tbilisidan daiwyo.<br />
Turqebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze SeWrili qarTvelebi,<br />
amjerad, mxolod dvinis midamoebis morbeviT aRar dakmayofildnen da<br />
sakuTriv dvinzec miitanes ieriSi.<br />
qalaqSi gamagrebuli Turqebi, rogorc Cans, ar elodnen qarTvelTa<br />
Setevas da mowinaaRmdeges moumzadebelni Sexvdnen. giorgi bogolubskim<br />
dvini aiRo da uzarmazari alafiT dabrunda saqarTveloSi.<br />
gamarjvebuli laSqari Tbiliss dabrunda da Tamars eaxla.<br />
dvinis aRebisa da gaZarcvis Semdeg, amave 1186-1187 wlebSi,<br />
qarTvelebma kidev erTi laSqroba moawyves samxreTis mimarTulebiT.<br />
amjerad, Setevis obieqti gelaqunis provincia iyo. am regionSi<br />
damkvidrebuli mravalricxovani Turqmanuli tomebi sakmaod agresiul<br />
politikas awarmoebdnen <strong>qarTuli</strong> sazRvrispira provinciebis mimarT.<br />
swored gelaquneli Turqmanebis mier iyo organizebuli, mcire xniT<br />
adre, palakacios raionze momxdari Tavdasxma, romelic warmatebiT<br />
moigeria amilaxorma, gamrekel Torelma.<br />
gelaqunis mimarTulebiT dawyebuli samxedro moqmedebebis<br />
placdarmad, savaraudod, kaenis provincia unda yofiliyo SerCeuli.<br />
qarTvelTa laSqarma ieriSi moulodnelad miitana gelaqunel<br />
Turqmanebze, romlebic Tavisi mravalricxovnobis imedad iyvnen da ar<br />
moelodnen, rom mowinaaRmdege maTze Tavdasxmas gabedavda. qarTvelebma<br />
moulodnelobis efeqtiT isargebles, mravali Turqmani amowyvites, didi<br />
alafi aiRes da ukan gamobrundnen.<br />
Turqmanebma mokle xanSi moaxerxes mravalricxovani laSqris<br />
Sekreba, qarTvelebs kvalSi Caudgnen da male daewivnen kidec.<br />
TurqmanTa SenaerTebs ori sirieli didgvarovani _ rostomi da<br />
ialRuz-alfesi meTaurobda.<br />
mowinaaRmdegeebma samxedro danayofebi saomrad ganalages da<br />
Setakebac daiwyo.<br />
sastiki brZolis bedi qarTvelTa simamacem gadawyvita. maT<br />
Tavganwiruli ieriSi miitanes mowinaaRmdegeze, brZolis velidan<br />
gaaqcies Turqmanebi da xocviT mihyvnen ukan.<br />
brZolis dros Tavi TiTqmis yvela qarTvelma molaSqrem gamoiCina.<br />
gamarjvebuli <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong> Tbiliss Cavida da Tamars warudga.<br />
9
amave 1186-1187 wlebSi, gelaqunis midamoebis moTareSebis Semdeg,<br />
hereTis erisTavma, asaT grigolisZem axali, bevrad ufro masStaburi<br />
laSqrobis idea wamoayena.<br />
gegmis Tanaxmad, <strong>qarTuli</strong> sabrZolo SenaerTebi gacilebiT ufro<br />
Rrmad unda SeWriliyvnen Turqebis mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze,<br />
araqsis CrdiloeTiT mdebare Zveli somxuri provinciebi daerbiaT da iq<br />
maqsimalurad SeesustebinaT TurqTa gavlena.<br />
qveynis samxedro xelisuflebam gegma moiwona. laSqars mTeli<br />
saqarTvelodan mouyares Tavi.<br />
xangrZliv samxedro operacias saTaveSi piradad Caudga giorgi<br />
bogolubski. laSqrobaSi monawileoba TiTqmis mTelma qarTulma<br />
samxedro elitam miiRo. maT Soris iyvnen: samoqmedo gegmis avtori,<br />
hereTis erisTavi asaT grigolisZe; msaxurTuxucesi vardan dadiani;<br />
mxargrZelebi _ zaqaria da ivane sargisis Zeebi, zaqaria da sargis<br />
varamis Zeebi da sxva.<br />
laSqroba, savaraudod, hereTis saerisTavos administraciuli<br />
centridan, qalaq giSidan * daiwyo.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong>, Tavdapirvelad, samxreTisaken daZra da mtkvarze<br />
dadebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari sadRac, ranis * administraciulpolitikuri<br />
centris, qalaq ganZis * aRmosavleTiT gadalaxa.<br />
am ostaturi manevris wyalobiT, qarTvelebma yovelgvari<br />
danakargebis gareSe auares gverdi ganZaSi gamagrebul Turqul<br />
SenaerTebs, romlebic qarTvelTa Semotevas Crdilo-dasavleTidan<br />
elodebodnen.<br />
mtkvris marjvena napirze gadasuli qarTvelebi mdinares qvemoT<br />
dauyvnen, ranis provincia daubrkoleblad moiTareSes da qalaq<br />
bailayanamde * miaRwies.<br />
bailayanidan qarTulma <strong>mxedroba</strong>m samxedro operaciis mimarTuleba<br />
mkveTrad Secvala, araqsis marcxena napirze gavida da mdinares zemoT,<br />
araratis mTisaken auyva.<br />
qarTvelebma gzad TurqTa kontrolis qveS myofi sivnieTisa da<br />
naxiCevanis * Zveli somxuri provinciebi moarbies, araqsis marjvena<br />
napirze gadavidnen da araratis mTis midamoebs miaRwies.<br />
aq qarTvelebs ukan dadevnebuli Turqebis didi laSqari wamoewia.<br />
sisxlismRvreli brZola <strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis gamarjvebiT dasrulda.<br />
brZolis dros Tavi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines msaxurTuxucesma<br />
vardan dadianma da mxargrZelebma.<br />
araratis midamoebSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis Semdeg qarTvelebi ukan,<br />
saqarTveloSi dabrundnen.<br />
amasobaSi, dadga 1187 weli da saqarTvelos samefo karze didi<br />
cvlilebebi moxda. Tamarma TanamecxedresTan ganqorwineba gadawyvita.<br />
10
ogorc aRmoCnda, gvirgvinosani dedofali ori wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
morCilad itanda da saidumlod inaxavda giorgi bogolubskis mraval<br />
uzneo saqciels, maT Soris, loTobasa da mamaTmavlobas.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> aristokratiis aRSfoTebas sazRvari ar hqonda. didebulTa<br />
erTma nawilma giorgi bogolubskis sikvdiliT dasjac ki moiTxova,<br />
Tumca Tamarma didsulovnad Seiwyala yofili Tanamecxedre, didi<br />
simdidre misca da gemiT bizantiis dedaqalaqs, konstantinopols<br />
gagzavna.<br />
giorgi bogolubskis gandevnis Semdeg, dRis wesrigSi isev dadga<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> qorwinebis sakiTxi, misi xelis mTxovneli ki uamravi<br />
gvirgvinosani aRmoCnda.<br />
Tbiliss pirvelad karnuqalaqeli ufliswuli mutafradini Cavida.<br />
uzarmazari amaliTa da Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT Tamars eaxla, xeli sTxova<br />
da qorwinebis sanacvlod mahmadianobis uaryofasac ki dahpirda.<br />
Tamarma jerovani pativiT miiRo karnuqalaqeli ufliswuli, Tumca<br />
meored qorwinebaze uari Tqva da mutafradins Tavisi naxevarda, giorgi<br />
III-is ukanono asuli miaTxova.<br />
mcire xnis Semdeg Tbiliss axla ukve Sirvanis * Sahi, aRsarTan I<br />
ewvia. oficialuri versiis Tanaxmad, igi samefo karTan molaparakebis<br />
mizniT imyofeboda saqarTveloSi, Tumca realurad, <strong>Tamaris</strong> xelis<br />
saTxovnelad apirebda niadagis mosinjvas.<br />
Sirvanis Sahma Zvirfasi saCuqrebi miarTva qarTlis kaTolikoss,<br />
mahamdianobaze uaris Tqmas dahpirda da Tamarze qorwinebis saqmeSi<br />
daxmarebis gaweva sTxova.<br />
qarTlis kaTolikosis mxardaWeris miuxedavad, aRsarTan I-is<br />
mcdeloba uSedegod dasrulda. Tamarma kvlav uari Tqva meored<br />
qorwinebaze.<br />
qarTveli aristokratia Zalzed SeaSfoTa mefis Seuvalma poziciam<br />
da misgan lamis kategoriulad moiTxoves meored qorwineba. didebulebs<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> Tanamecxedris saxiT, samxedro Zalebis axali mTavarsardlis<br />
gamoCena da samefo taxtis memkvidris dabadeba surdaT.<br />
didi xnis mcdelobis Semdeg didebulebma sawadels miaRwies da<br />
giorgi III-is dis, dedofal rusudanis daxmarebiT, Tamari meore<br />
qorwinebaze daiTanxmes.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> Tanamecxedred SearCies osi ufliswuli daviT soslani,<br />
romelic saqarTveloSi, dedofal rusudanis karze izrdeboda da Tavisi<br />
znekeTilobiT gamoirCeoda.<br />
qorwili, romelsac uamravi stumari eswreboda, Tbilisis<br />
gareubanSi, didubis samefo sasaxleSi, didi zar-zeimiT gadaixades.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> meore qorwinebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg, 1191 wels<br />
bizantiaSi gandevnili giorgi bogolubski karnuqalaqs movida da aq<br />
11
farulad Sexvda saqarTvelos meWurWleTuxucesis moadgiles anu<br />
nacvals.<br />
molaparakebis dros, am ukanasknelma <strong>mefe</strong>-yofils dasavleT<br />
saqarTvelos aristokratiis saxeliT, <strong>Tamaris</strong> winaaRmdeg gamolaSqreba<br />
da samefo taxtis dakaveba SesTavaza.<br />
lixTimereli feodalebi, giorgi bogolubskis srul mxardaWerasa<br />
da sxva didebulebis gadmobirebas hpirdebodnen, daxmarebis sanacvlod<br />
ki, misgan ufro maRali saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebis miRebas elodebodnen.<br />
faruli molaparakeba mxareebis SeTanxmebiT dasrulda.<br />
1191 wels giorgi bogolubskim saqarTvelos sazRvari gadmolaxa da<br />
taos teritoraze Sevida. guzan taoskarelma centralur xelisuflebas<br />
uRalata da Tavisi samxedro SenaerTebiT giorgi bogolubskis mxares<br />
gadavida.<br />
mTeli samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo amboxebulTa kontrolis qveS<br />
aRmoCnda. <strong>mefe</strong>-yofili garkveuli droiT guzan taoskarelTan darCa da<br />
Semdegi moqmedebebisaTvis Seudga mzadebas.<br />
axali ambebis SetyobisTanave msaxurTuxucesi ivane dadiani, romelic<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, qveSis cixeSi * imyofeboda, viTomcda <strong>Tamaris</strong><br />
poziciebis gasamagreblad dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida, geguTis<br />
samefo sasaxleSi * dabanakda da laSqris Seyras Seudga.<br />
am droisaTvis vardan dadiani saqarTvelos samefos erT-erTi<br />
yvelaze gavleniani saxelmwifo moxele iyo.<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mas eqvemdebareboda qvemo qarTlisa da<br />
CrdiloeT somxeTis umniSvnelovanesi cixeebi: orbeTi, qveSi da kaeni,<br />
maTi mimdebare teritoriiTurT.<br />
rac Seexeba dasavleT saqarTvelos, aq igi mTeli lixTimereTis<br />
samxedro Zalebis sardlobas flobda.<br />
vardan dadianis mowodebaze laSqari mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelodan<br />
movida: svaneTidan, afxazeTidan, odiSidan, guriidan, samoqalaqodan,<br />
raWidan, Takveridan da argveTidan.<br />
geguTSi lixTimereTis laSqarTan erTad, imyofebodnen CrdilodasavleT<br />
kavkasiidan mowveuli meomarTa razmebic.<br />
vardan dadianma mis mier Sekrebili laSqari giorgi bogolubskis<br />
erTgulebaze daafica da guzan taoskarelis samxedro ZalebTan<br />
SesaerTeblad samxreTisaken daiZra.<br />
amrigad, mTeli lixTimereTi, samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />
msgavsad, agreTve, giorgi bogolubskis kontrolis qveS gadavida.<br />
dasavleT saqarTveloSi <strong>Tamaris</strong> erTguli mxolod erTi maRali<br />
sasuliero rangis moxele, quTaTeli episkoposi anton saRirisZe darCa.<br />
vardan dadianis laSqrisa da guzan taoskarelis samxedro<br />
danayofebis gaerTianebis Semdeg giorgi bogolubskis droSis qveS<br />
mravalricxovanma <strong>mxedroba</strong>m moiyara Tavi.<br />
12
amiT gaTamamebulma amboxebulebma guzan taoskarelis saganmgeblo<br />
teritoria datoves da samcxeSi mividnen. aq maT mxareze gadavidnen<br />
samcxis erisTavi boco jayeli da sxva mesxi didebulebi.<br />
samcxeSi <strong>Tamaris</strong> erTguleba mxolod yvaryvare cixisjvarelma<br />
SeinarCuna, romelic momxreebTan erTad, savaraudod, cixe-qalaqi<br />
oZrxis * midamoebSi gamagrda.<br />
amboxebulebma gza samcxidan CrdiloeTisaken ganagrZes, imereTSi<br />
gadavidnen, giorgi bogolubski geguTis sasaxleSi samefo taxtze<br />
daabrZanes, Tavad ki, iqve, quTaisis midamoebSi dabanakdnen.<br />
paralelurad amisa, samefo karis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma procesebma<br />
Tavi iCina qvemo qarTlisa da CrdiloeT somxeTis mTel rig<br />
provinciebSic, romlebic amboxebulTa momxreebs ekuTvnodaT: gagi _<br />
ivane vardanisZes, kaiwoni _ mayas, kaeni _ Tavad vardan dadians da sxva.<br />
Sedegad, aRniSnuli provinciebi, ise, rogorc mTeli dasavleTi da<br />
samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo, aseve, giorgi bogolubskis kontrolis<br />
qveS gadavida.<br />
amboxebulTa moqmedebebs Tvals fxizlad adevnebda centraluri<br />
xelisufleba.<br />
Tamarma, pirvel yovlisa, TavisTan ixmo misi erTguli erisTavebi da<br />
maTi daxmarebiT, sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi moiyvana: hereTSi, kaxeTSi, Sida<br />
da qvemo qarTlSi, CrdiloeT somxeTsa da samcxeSi mobilizebuli<br />
samxedro SenaerTebi.<br />
mefis mier Sekrebil laSqars saTaveSi, im droisaTvis ukve<br />
amirspasalaris Tanamdebobaze dawinaurebuli, gamrekel Toreli Caudga.<br />
samxedro Zalebis Tavmoyrisa da sabrZolvelad momzadebis<br />
miuxedavad, Tamarma mainc scada sisxlisRvris Tavidan acileba,<br />
gulmowyaleba gamoiCina da amboxebulebTan mosalaparakeblad mravalgzis<br />
gagzavna qarTlis kaTolikosi Teodore I, quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposi<br />
anton saRirisZe, samefo karis moxeleebi _ ejibebi, mestumreebi da sxva.<br />
amboxebulebma centralur xelisuflebasTan molaparakebaze uari<br />
ganacxades da <strong>Tamaris</strong> winaaRmdeg sabrZolo moqmedebebi daiwyes. maT<br />
laSqari Suaze gayves da ori mimarTulebiT daiwyes moZraoba.<br />
samxedro SenaerTebis erTma nawilma lixis qedi gadmolaxa, qarTlSi<br />
Semovida, qalaq gors zemoT mdebare teritoria daikava da adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobis Zarcva-rbevas Seudga.<br />
qarTlel didebulTa erTi nawili amboxebulTa mxares gadavida. maT<br />
laSqars SeuerTdnen CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosul meomarTa razmebic.<br />
amboxebulTa laSqris meore nawili, romelsac vardan dadiani da<br />
sxva dadianebi xelmZRvanelobdnen, fersaTis qediT samcxeSi gadavida da<br />
cixe-qalaqi oZrxe dawva.<br />
13
oZrxesTan vardan dadians boco jayeli da sxva mesxi didebulebi<br />
SeuerTdnen. aq amboxebulebma samxedro moqmedebebis saboloo gegma<br />
SeaTanxmes.<br />
gegmis Tanaxmad, vardan dadiani da boco jayeli, pirvel rigSi,<br />
javaxeTis ZiriTad cixe-qalaqebs _ Tmogvsa da axalqalaqs daikavebdnen,<br />
aqedan, aRmosavleTisaken daiZvrebodnen, TrialeTze sakuTar kontrols<br />
daamyarebdnen, qvemo qarTlSi Cavidodnen da aq, agaraTa cixis * midamoebSi<br />
SeuerTdebodnen gagidan da CrdiloeT somxeTidan mosul momxreebs.<br />
sabrZolo moqmedebebis bolo etapze agaraTa cixis midamoebSi<br />
Tavmoyrili laSqari Tbiliss dasavleTidan da samxreTidan miadgeboda,<br />
goris midamoebidan daZruli <strong>mxedroba</strong> _ CrdiloeTidan da alyaSi<br />
moqceul dedaqalaqs ieriSiT aiRebdnen.<br />
oZrxesTan mdgomi amboxebulebi SeTanxmebuli gegmis Tanaxmad,<br />
javaxeTisaken daiZrnen.<br />
centralurma xelisuflebam sapasuxo zomebs mimarTa, sakuTari<br />
laSqari javaxeTSi gagzavna da mtkvris napirze gamagreba ubrZana.<br />
male mtkvars meore napiridan amboxebulebic moadgnen da mdinareze<br />
gadebuli xidis midamoebSi sisxlismRvreli brZola gaCaRda.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> momxreTa laSqars amirspasalari, gamrekel Toreli<br />
meTaurobda. masTan erTad iyvnen TorelTa feodaluri saxlis sxva<br />
warmomadgenlebi, mxargrZelebi _ zaqaria da ivane sargisis Zeebi, zaqaria<br />
da sargis varamis Zeebi, savaraudod, yvaryvare cixisjvareli da sxva.<br />
amboxebulTa samxedro SenaerTebs vardan dadiani da boco jayeli<br />
sardlobdnen.<br />
sastiki brZola daRamebamde gagrZelda, Semdeg ki mowinaaRmdegeebma<br />
ukan daixies da Tavdapirvel poziciebze gamagrdnen.<br />
RamiT amboxebulebma TaTbiri gamarTes da vinaidan mixvdnen, rom<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> momxreebs winaaRmdegobas veRar gauwevdnen, gadawyvites, mtkvris<br />
ayolebaze ukan daexiaT da iseT strategiul adgilas gamagrebuliyvnen,<br />
sadac mowinaaRmdegis ieriSebis mogeriebas da warmatebuli kontrSetevis<br />
ganxorcielebas SeZlebdnen.<br />
RamiT amboxebulebma poziciebi datoves da eruSeTisaken daixies.<br />
gamrekel Toreli mowinaaRmdeges fexdafex mihyva, nialis velze * daewia<br />
da ieriSi miitana maTze.<br />
sisxlismRvreli brZola didxans gagrZelda da bolos <strong>Tamaris</strong><br />
momxreTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda. damarcxebuli amboxebulebis<br />
umravlesoba tyved Cauvarda gamrekel Torelis laSqars.<br />
nialis velze mopovebuli gamarjvebis ambavi TbilisSi saswrafod<br />
Caitana sargis mxargrZelma.<br />
vardan dadianis damarcxebis ambis SetyobisTanave <strong>Tamaris</strong> karze<br />
myofi samxedro moxeleebi dauyovnebliv Seudgnen moqmedebas, sakuTari<br />
SenaerTebi Tbilisidan gaiyvanes da dasavleTis mimarTulebiT daiZrnen.<br />
14
Tbilisidan gamosul laSqars gzad SeuerTdnen qarTlis erisTavis,<br />
rati suramelis samxedro danayofebi, romlebic manamde goris<br />
midamoebamde mosuli amboxebulebisagan icavdnen dedaqalaqs.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> momxreTa laSqars piradad meTaurobda daviT soslani.<br />
masTan erTad iyvnen: mandaturTuxucesi Wiaberi, qarTlis erisTavi rati<br />
surameli, heri, kaxeli da qarTleli didebulebi.<br />
daviT soslanis samxedro operaciaSi monawileobas iRebdnen yivCaRTa<br />
sabrZolo razmebic.<br />
qarTlSi myofma amboxebulebma, romlebmac ukve icodnen vardan<br />
dadianis javaxeTSi damarcxebis ambavi, daviT soslanTan SebrZolebaze<br />
uari Tqves, qarTli datoves da ukan, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavidnen.<br />
daviT soslani Tbiliss dabrunda da TamarTan erTad qvemo qarTls<br />
mivida.<br />
gagsa da CrdiloeT somxeTSi gamagrebuli amboxebulebi mixvdnen,<br />
rom brZolis gagrZelebas azri aRar hqonda da Tamars, morCilebis<br />
niSnad, yelze sabelSebmulebi eaxlnen.<br />
zogierTi amboxebuli ufro Sorsac wavida da samefo karisaTvis<br />
erTgulebis damtkicebis mizniT, sakuTari biZac ki gamoasalma<br />
sicocxles.<br />
Tamarma amboxebulebi keTilad Seiwynara da Ralati apatia, Tumca<br />
ki, manamde kuTvnili cixe-qalaqebi da saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi<br />
CamoarTva da Tavis erTgul feodalebs gadasca.<br />
kerZod, msaxurTuxucesoba da kaenis provincia CamoarTves vardan<br />
dadians da mis nacvlad, gadasces nialis brZolaSi daWril ivane<br />
mxargrZels. ivane mxargrZels uboZes manamde mayas kuTvnili kaiwonis<br />
provinciac.<br />
cvlilebebi Seexo gagis provinciasac, romelic CamoarTves mis Zvel<br />
mflobels, ivane vardanisZes da gadasces zaqaria varamis Ze mxargrZels.<br />
qvemo qarTlsa da CrdiloeT somxeTSi mdgomareobis mowesrigebis<br />
Semdeg Tamari Sida qarTls mivida da naWarmagevis sasaxleSi dadga.<br />
aq mas dasavleT saqarTvelodan mosuli Suamavlebi eaxlnen.<br />
lixTimereli didebulebi Tamars srul morCilebas ucxadebdnen, oRond<br />
uvneblobis pirobas ixvewebodnen da Tavdebobas dedofal rusudans,<br />
kaTolikos Teodore I-s, mandaturTuxuces Wiabersa da sxva maTTvis<br />
misando pirebs sTxovdnen.<br />
Suamavlebis gamogzavnis paralelurad, dasavleT saqarTvelodan<br />
svani didebulebi gadmovidnen, Tan giorgi bogolubskic moiyvanes da<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> pasuxs daelodnen.<br />
<strong>mefe</strong>m amboxebulebsac da <strong>mefe</strong>-yofilsac uvneblobis piroba misca.<br />
maSin isini dedofal rusudanTan erTad, naWarmagevSi eaxlnen<br />
Tamars.<br />
15
Tamarma amboxebulebs Ralati apatia da mxolod dakavebuli<br />
Tanamdebobebis CamorTmeva akmara, giorgi bogolubskis ki, ivane<br />
mxargrZelis TanxlebiT daatovebina saqarTvelos farglebi.<br />
giorgi bogolubskis gamosvlis CaxSobidan mcire xnis Semdeg<br />
gardaicvala amirspasalari gamrekel Toreli.<br />
madlierma Tamarma mis memkvidreebs yvelaferi xelSeuxeblad<br />
SeunarCuna, mxolod cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi CamoarTva da sargis mxargrZels<br />
uboZa.<br />
rac Seexeba amirspasalarobas, es Tanamdeboba zaqaria sargisis Ze<br />
mxargrZels gadaeca.<br />
amave zaqarias, romelic mamis gardacvalebis Semdeg cixe-qalaq<br />
lores memkvidreobiT flobda, damatebiT, cixe-qalaqi rusTavic eboZa.<br />
Tamarma uxvad daasaCuqra mandaturTuxucesi Wiaberic da mas cixeqalaqi<br />
Jinvali da aragvis xeobis didi nawili gadasca.<br />
wyalobis gareSe arc <strong>Tamaris</strong> erTguli sxva didebulebi darCenilan.<br />
<strong>mefe</strong>m jerovnad daasaCuqra: wirqvalelebi, zartibisZeebi, grigolisZeebi,<br />
WiaberisZeebi, maxatlisZeebi, TorRaisZeebi da sxva.<br />
TamarTan patiebis saTxovnelad gamocxadebul amboxebulebs Soris,<br />
rogorc Cans, ar iyo guzan taoskareli. am ukanasknelma, araTu ar<br />
Seinana sakuTari saqcieli, aramed gaagrZela kidec centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg brZola da am mizniT, axal mokavSireebs<br />
dauwyo Zebna.<br />
kerZod, guzan taoskareli piradad eaxla xlaTis * sulTans da mas<br />
taoskaris * , vaSlovanisa * da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva cixeebi<br />
gadasca.<br />
guzan taoskarelTan erTad, xlaTis sulTans morCileba gamoucxades<br />
amboxebis monawile sxva qarTvelma didebulebmac: samcxidan gamoqceulma<br />
samZivarma da misma aznaurebma, meRvineTuxucesis Tanamdebobis mqone vinme<br />
ucnobma feodalma da sxva.<br />
guzan taoskarelTan erTad, xlaTis sulTanTan imyofeboda misi<br />
erT-erTi vaJi, Tumca guzanis meuRle da misi meore Svili<br />
kvlavindeburad qarTvelTa mier kontrolirebad teritoriaze rCebodnen.<br />
xlaTis sulTanma guzanis ojaxis gamosayvanad da cixeebSi Turquli<br />
garnizonebis Casayeneblad saqarTveloSi laSqari gamogzavna. samxedro<br />
eqspediciaSi monawileobas iRebda guzanis vaJic.<br />
Turquli sabrZolo SenaerTebis moZraoba kargad SeniSnes <strong>Tamaris</strong><br />
erTgulma taoelma didebulebma: zaqaria fanaskertelma, Zinielebma da<br />
kalmaxelebma.<br />
maT saxeldaxelod Sekribes <strong>mxedroba</strong> da sadRac mtkvris<br />
saTaveebTan, kolas provinciaSi gadaeRobnen mowinaaRmdeges.<br />
Turqebi ricxobrivad didad aRematebodnen qarTvelebs da Tormet<br />
sabrZolo droSas flobdnen.<br />
16
miuxedavad amisa, zaqaria fanaskertelma jiqur miitana ieriSi<br />
TurqTa laSqarze da brZolis velidan gaaqcia igi.<br />
guzan taoskarelis ojaxi qarTvelebs CauvardaT xelT.<br />
zaqaria fanaskerteli kolaSi mopovebuli gamarjvebiT ar<br />
dakmayofilda, taoSi dabrunda da sul mokle xanSi Turqebs guzan<br />
taoelis mier gacemuli yvela cixe waarTva.<br />
xlaTis sulTnis mier mitacebuli teritoria kvlavindeburad<br />
saqarTvelos samefos daubrunda.<br />
gamarjvebuli taoeli didebulebi zaqaria fanaskertelis<br />
winamdgomobiT Tbiliss Cavidnen da Tamars warudgnen.<br />
rac Seexeba Tavad guzan taoskarels, is arc mogvianebiT iSlida<br />
Tavisas da xlaTis sulTnisagan zurgmomagrebuli ganuwyvetliv Tavs<br />
esxmoda saqarTvelos sazRvrispira raionebs.<br />
erT-erTi aseTi marbieli laSqrobisas guzan taoskareli mTibavebma<br />
Seipyres kolaSi da datyvevebuli Tbiliss gagzavnes.<br />
daviT soslani kargad icnobda <strong>Tamaris</strong> mowyale bunebas da SeeSinda,<br />
<strong>mefe</strong>s sxva amboxebulebis msgavsad, guzan taoskarelic ar Seewyalebina.<br />
amitom aCqarda, gandgomil didebuls Tavad gamoutana ganaCeni da<br />
Tvalebis dawviT dasaja.<br />
1192 wels qveynierebas moevlina <strong>Tamaris</strong>a da daviT soslanis pirmSo<br />
vaJi _ giorgi laSa.<br />
samefo taxtis memkvidris dabadebis aRsaniSnavad, 1193 wels<br />
qarTvelebma marbieli laSqroba moawyves samxreT-aRmosavleTis<br />
mimarTulebiT da ranis teritoriaze SeiWrnen.<br />
samxedro eqspedicia, savaraudod, gagidan daiwyo.<br />
qarTulma <strong>mxedroba</strong>m TareSiT gaiara TiTqmis mTeli rani,<br />
gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, umokles droSi aiRo qalaqi<br />
bardavi * , ocdaaTi aTasi tyve wamoasxa saqarTveloSi da gamarjvebuli<br />
movida Tbiliss.<br />
Tamarma Cveuli gulmowyaleba gamoiCina, ocdaaTiaTasive tyve<br />
upirobod gaaTavisufla da mSvidobiT daabruna ukan, bardavSi.<br />
bardavis aRebidan ramdenime kviris Semdeg qarTvelebma kidev erTi<br />
marbieli laSqroba moawyves TurqTa winaaRmdeg.<br />
samxedro SenaerTebi, amjerad samxreT-dasavleTisaken daiZrnen da<br />
uSualod karnuqalaqze miitanes ieriSi.<br />
saomari mimrTulebis placdarmad, rogorc Cans, SerCeuli iyo<br />
xlaTis sulTnisaTvis axlad warTmeuli taos teritoria.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTulma SenaerTebma swrafad gadalaxes<br />
saqarTvelos sazRvari da mokle xanSi karnuqalaqis kedlebTan<br />
aRmoCndnen, Turqebma mainc moaswres sapasuxo zomebis miReba da qalaqis<br />
dasacavad sakmaod mniSvnelovan Zalas mouyares Tavi.<br />
17
sakuTriv karnuqalaqSi idga adgilobriv TurqTa maravalricxovani<br />
garnizoni, romelsac meTaurobdnen nasr-adin salduxis Ze da misi ori<br />
vaJi.<br />
qalaqis Soriaxlos dabanakebulni iyvnen karnuqalaqelTa<br />
dasaxmareblad mezobeli provinciebidan _ yarsidan da surmanidan<br />
mosuli samxedro SenaerTebi.<br />
qarTvelebma karnuqalaqze Seteva gamTeniisas daiwyes. sastiki<br />
brZola daRamebamde gagrZelda.<br />
sibnelis dadgomasTan erTad, mowinaaRmdegeebma brZola Sewyvites da<br />
Tavdapirvel poziciebs daubrundnen.<br />
karnuqalaqSi gamagrebuli meomrebi koconebis aliT ganaTebul<br />
qarTvelTa banakSi mTeli Rame xedavdnen sakuTari ojaxis datyvevebul<br />
wevrebs, Tumca maTTvis daxmarebis gawevas verafriT axerxebdnen.<br />
gamTeniisas, sakuTari uZlurebiT gaafTrebulma Turqebma mTeli<br />
laSqari gamoiyvanes qalaqidan da iqve, galavnis win ganalages<br />
sabrZolvelad.<br />
TurqTa qveiT da cxenosan SenaerTebs zurgs umagrebdnen qalaqis<br />
kedlebze gadmomdgari meSurduleebi da mSvildosnebi, romlebic<br />
ganuwyvetliv uSendnen qvasa da isars mowinaaRmdeges.<br />
TurqTa moqmedebis paralelurad, sabrZolo poziciebi daikaves<br />
qarTvelebmac da Setevaze gadasasvlelad moemzadnen.<br />
brZola qarTulma kavaleriam daiwyo. SubSemarTulma cxenosnebma<br />
daviT soslanis winambrZolobiT, jiquri ieriSi miitanes TurqTa<br />
razmebze da elviseburad gaarRvies maTi rigebi.<br />
mowinaveebs danarCeni <strong>qarTuli</strong> SenaerTebic mihyvnen.<br />
Turqebma qarTvelTa masirebul ieriSs veRar gauZles, brZolis veli<br />
miatoves da qalaqis Sesasvlelisaken gaiqcnen.<br />
gamarjvebulma daviT soslanma aRar gaagrZela karnuqalaqze<br />
ieriSebi, daubrkoleblad moiTareSa qalaqis midamoebi, saqarTveloSi<br />
mravali tyve wamoiyvana da didi alafiT warudga Tamars.<br />
amave 1193 wels, karnuqalaqis winaaRmdeg mowyobili warmatebuli<br />
laSqrobis Semdeg qarTvelebma isev samxreT-aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT<br />
gadawyvites samxedro eqspediciis mowyoba.<br />
amjerad, laSqroba, savaraudod, loredan daiwyo.<br />
Tavdapirvelad <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong> samxreT-dasavleTisaken moZraobda.<br />
maT TareSiT gaiares TurqTa kontrolis qveS myofi gelaquni da<br />
Zveli albanuri provinciebi _ xaCeni * da yaryari * .<br />
aqedan, laSqrobis mimarTuleba Secvales, araqsis marcxena napiris<br />
dayolebaze, Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken gaemarTnen, bailayanis midamoebi<br />
daarbies, ukan gamobrundnen da ranis gavliT saqarTvelosaken wamovidnen.<br />
qarTvelebma yaryaridan saqarTvelos sazRvris axlos mdebare cixeqalaq<br />
Samqoramde * mosvlas eqvsi dRe moandomes da am eqvsi dRidan erTi<br />
18
dRec ki ar gasula ise, rom qarTvelebs brZola ar gadaexadaT<br />
TurqebTan.<br />
gansakuTrebiT sastiki iyo qalaq ganZis kedlebTan momxdari<br />
Setakeba. yvela am brZolaSi gamarjveba qarTvelebs darCaT da isinic<br />
Zlevamosili mividnen Tbiliss, <strong>Tamaris</strong> winaSe.<br />
momdevno, 1194 wels qarTvelebma marbieli laSqroba axla ukve<br />
samxreTis mirTulebiT moawyves.<br />
samxedro eqspedicia amjeradac loredan daiwyo. mas Zmebi _<br />
amirspasalari zaqaria da msaxurTuxucesi ivane mxargrZelebi<br />
xelmZRvanelobdnen.<br />
laSqrobis mizani iyo araqsis marcxena napiris moTareSeba da am<br />
regionSi TurqTa kontrolis Sesusteba.<br />
mxargrZelebma saqarTvelos sazRvari gadakveTes da araqsis marcxena<br />
napirisaken daiZrnen, Tumca gzad moulodnelad gadaeyarnen TurqTa<br />
razmebs, romlebic, piriqiT, CrdiloeTisaken modiodnen da saqarTvelos<br />
moTareSebas apirebdnen.<br />
TurqTa laSqari Zveli somxuri cixe-qalaqebidan _ dvinidan,<br />
bijnisidan * da amberdidan * gamoyvanili sabrZolo danayofebisagan<br />
Sedgeboda.<br />
erTmaneTis pirispir aRmoCenil Turqebsa da qarTvelebs Soris<br />
sastiki brZola gaimarTa da mxargrZelTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda.<br />
qarTvelebma laSqroba gaagrZeles, saqarTveloSi didi alafiT<br />
dabrundnen, Tbiliss Cavidnen da gamarjvebulebi warudgnen Tamars.<br />
imave 1194 wels msaxurTuxucesma, ivane mxargrZelma saqarTvelos<br />
samefo kars samxreTis mimarTulebiT, axali didi samxedro eqspediciis<br />
organizeba SesaTavaza.<br />
gegmis Tanaxmad, qarTvelebs TareSiT unda gaevloT gelaquni,<br />
misuliyvnen naxiCevans, aeRoT araqsis marcxena napirze mdebare qalaqi<br />
sparsi-bazari * da daerbiaT misi midamoebi.<br />
qveynis samxedro xelmZRvanelobam ivane mxargrZelis gegma moiwona.<br />
laSqrobas saTaveSi piradad Caudga daviT soslani.<br />
qarTvelebma swrafad daarbies gelaqunSi damkvidrebuli Turqmanebi,<br />
SeiWrnen naxiCevanSi da ieriSiT aiRes qalaqi sparsi-bazari.<br />
Turqebma winaaRmdegobis gaweva ramdenimejer scades, magram _<br />
uSedegod, daviT soslanma yvela SetakebaSi daamarcxa mowinaaRmdege.<br />
am mravalricxovani gamarjvebebis aRsaniSnavad, qarTulma <strong>mxedroba</strong>m<br />
pirdapir sparsi-bazris teritoriaze, Turqi sulTnisaTvis gankuTvnil<br />
moedanze gamarTa samxedro TamaSoba.<br />
qarTvelebma laSqrobis Sedegad uzarmazari alafi moipoves da<br />
Tbiliss, <strong>Tamaris</strong> winaSe mividnen.<br />
19
qarTvelTa laSqrobebiT Sewuxebulma iranis azerbaijanis * aTabagma, *<br />
abu baqrma gadawyvita, <strong>Tamaris</strong> dasasusteblad qveyanaSi axali<br />
Sidaareuloba gamoewvia da am mizniT, giorgi bogolubskis daukavSirda.<br />
<strong>mefe</strong>-yofili iranSi Cavida, aqedan, abu baqris brZanebiT, ganZas<br />
gamoemgzavra, ranis laSqars saTaveSi Caudga, 1194 wels mtkvari<br />
gadmolaxa da saqarTvelos farglebSi SemoiWra.<br />
giorgi bogolubski, Tavdapirvelad kambeCovanSi mivida da mimdebare<br />
teritoriis darbevas Seudga.<br />
ranis laSqris Tavdasxmis ambavi pirvelma cixe-qalaq xornabujis<br />
patronma saRir maxatlisZem Seityo, damxmare laSqars aRar daeloda da<br />
sakuTari razmebiT giorgi bogolubskis winaaRmdeg daiZra.<br />
saRir maxatlisZesTan erTad iyo misi sami vaJic.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom Turqebi ricxobrivad aTjer aRmatebodnen<br />
qarTvelebs, saRir maxatlisZem moulodneli gadawyvetileba miiRo da<br />
Tavganwiruli ieriSi miitana mowinaaRmdegeze.<br />
ranis laSqari aseT jiqur Setevas ar elodeboda da damarcxda.<br />
qarTvelebi kvaldakval mihyvnen ukan daxeul mters da mravali<br />
maTgani tyved Seipyres.<br />
giorgi bogolubskis Sepyroba ver moxerxda da man gaqceviT uSvela<br />
Tavs.<br />
daaxloebiT amave periodSi samxreT kavkasiaSi mniSvnelovani<br />
movlenebi ganviTarda.<br />
saqarTveloSi movida iranis azerbaijanis ufliswuli amir mirmani<br />
da Tamars Zmis, aTabag abu baqris winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmarebis gaweva<br />
sTxova.<br />
amir mirmansa da saqarTvelos samefo kars Soris Suamavlis rols<br />
Sirvanis Sahi, amir mirmanis simamri, aRsarTan I asrulebda.<br />
viTareba Semdegi iyo: abu baqrma aTabagoba ZaliT waarTva ufros<br />
Zmas, xutlu inanCs da umcros Zmas, amir mirmans devna dauwyo.<br />
amir mirmanma Tavi simamrs, Sirvanis Sahs, aRsarTan I-s Seafara. abu<br />
baqrma umcrosi Zmis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra da siZe-simamris<br />
gaerTianebuli laSqari sastikad daamarcxa.<br />
amas daerTo SirvanSi momxdari saSineli miwisZvra, romlis drosac<br />
qalaqi Samaxa mTlianad ganadgurda, aRsarTan I-is meuRle da Svilebi ki<br />
nangrevebSi daiRupnen.<br />
yovelmxriv Seviwroebul amir mirmansa da aRsarTan I-s meti gza<br />
aRar darCaT da daxmarebisaTvis saqarTvelos samefo kars mimarTes.<br />
Tbiliss mosuli mahmadiani siZe-simamri Tamars samxedro daxmarebis<br />
gawevas, abu baqris damarcxebasa da amir mirmanis aTabagis taxtze ayvanas<br />
sTxovdnen.<br />
Tamarma gaiTvaliswina Seqmnili mdgomareoba da amir mirmans<br />
daxmareba aRuTqva.<br />
20
amasobaSi Tbiliss ambavi movida, rom abu baqri rans iyo mosuli da<br />
qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg gamosalaSqreblad emzadeboda.<br />
mas Tan hqonda baRdadis xalifas mier gamogzavnili droSa, niSani<br />
mahmadianTa sayovelTao mxardaWerisa.<br />
abu baqris mravalricxovani armia koaliciuri xasiaTisa iyo.<br />
xalifas droSis qveS idgnen ara mxolod iranidan moyvanili<br />
samxedro SenaerTebi, aramed samxreT kavkasiis sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan<br />
mosul TurqTa sabrZolo danayofebic.<br />
saqarTvelos samefo kari abu baqris ranSi mosvlas srul<br />
mzadyofnaSi daxvda.<br />
Tamarma laSqari mTeli saqarTvelodan Sekriba: hereTidan, kaxeTidan,<br />
qarTlidan, mesxeTidan, Toridan, SavSeTidan, klarjeTidan, taodan,<br />
somxeTidan, afxazeTidan, svaneTidan, odiSidan, guriidan, raWidan,<br />
Takveridan, margveTidan da sxva.<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> laSqarSi iyvnen osTa razmebi da yivCaReTidan qiriT<br />
moyvanili sabrZolo danayofebi.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samxedro SenaerTebi Tbilisis samxreTiT, mtkvris marjvena<br />
napirze, mdinareebis _ algeTis, qciisa da debedas qvemo welze<br />
dabanakdnen.<br />
laSqars saTaveSi Caudga daviT soslani. masTan iyo saxelovani<br />
gorgaslian-daviTiani droSac.<br />
samxedro eqspediciaSi uSualo monawileobas iRebda qveynis pirveli<br />
ministri, Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi, anton glonisTavisZe, romelic<br />
jvriT xelSi win uZRvoda laSqars.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> samxedro SenaerTebi mtkvris marjvena napirs qvemoT,<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken dauyvnen.<br />
laSqarma saqarTvelos sazRvari gadalaxa da 1195 wlis 1 ivniss<br />
cixe-qalaq Samqoris maxloblad dabanakda.<br />
uSualod Samqoris kedlebTan iyo dabanakebuli abu baqris laSqaric.<br />
2 ivnisis, gamTeniisas daviT soslanma <strong>qarTuli</strong> sabrZolo danayofebi<br />
ise ganalaga, rom laSqris marcxena kidem Samqoris velis CrdiloeTiT<br />
mdebare mtkvars miaRwia, marjvena kidem ki _ Samqoris velis samxreTiT<br />
aRmarTul mTas.<br />
ieriSi qarTvelebma daiwyes. daviT soslanma laSqari Suaze gahyo.<br />
aqedan, pirveli dajgufebis amocana iyo cixe-qalaq Samqorze cru<br />
ieriSis dawyeba, mowinaaRmdegis yuradRebis mipyroba, misi ZiriTadi<br />
Zalebis am mimarTulebiT koncentrireba, brZolis maqsimalurad<br />
gaWianureba, bolos ki, meore dajgufebasTan erTad, gadamwyveti ieriSis<br />
mitana abu baqrze.<br />
gansxvavebuli amocana hqonda meore dajgufebas, romelic saerTod<br />
unda garideboda pirveli dajgufebis brZolis adgils, flangidan an<br />
zurgidan moevlo cixe-qalaqisaTvis da maSin, roca abu baqris Zalebi<br />
21
mTlianad qarTvelTa pirveli dajgufebis winaaRmdeg iqneboda<br />
koncentrirebuli, meore mxridan dasxmoda mters.<br />
gegmis Tanaxmad, pirvelma dajgufebam amirspasalar zaqaria<br />
mxargrZelis meTaurobiT, pirdapir cixe-qalaq Samqorisaken aiRo gezi,<br />
mis kedlebTan axlos daikava pozicia da karibWeze ieriSis mitana<br />
winambrZol razms daavala.<br />
moieriSe danayofs saTaveSi Caudga zaqaria varamis Ze mxargrZeli.<br />
cixe-qalaqis SesasvlelTan sisxlismRvreli Setakeba daiwyo.<br />
amasobaSi, qarTvelTa meore dajgufebam, romelsac uSualod daviT<br />
soslani xelmZRvanelobda, moxerxebuli manevri ganaxorciela, cixeqalaq<br />
Samqors Soridan mouara ise, rom es ukanaskneli qarTul<br />
<strong>mxedroba</strong>s xelmarjvniv darCa, gadalaxa mdinare Samqoris wyali, Semdeg<br />
mkveTrad Semobrunda da cixe-qalaqisaken gaiWra.<br />
qarTvelTa mier dasaxuli gegma Tavdapirvelad warmatebiT<br />
xorcieldeboda, Tumca Semdeg erTi gauTvaliswinebeli ambavi moxda:<br />
daviT soslanis samxedro SenaerTebma mTagoriani da qvaRorRiani<br />
reliefis gamo, cixe-qalaqisaken swrafi gadaadgileba ver moaxerxes da<br />
am monakveTis gavlas imaze bevrad didi dro moandomes, vidre es gegmiT<br />
iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
daviT soslanis gauTvaliswinebelma dayovnebam kinaRam mTeli<br />
brZolis bedi gadawyvita.<br />
zaqaria mxargrZelis mier cixe-qalaqis karibWesTan gagzavnili<br />
winambrZoli razmi TandaTanobiT daiRala, danayofis meTaurs zaqaria<br />
varamis Ze mxargrZels cxeni moukles, mis mxardamxar mebrZoli<br />
didebulebis umravlesobam ki, Wriloba miiRo.<br />
winambrZoli razmi ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda.<br />
maSin zaqaria mxargrZelma ZmasTan, msaxurTuxuces ivane<br />
mxargrZelTan erTad, gadawyvita, aRar dalodeboda daviT soslanis<br />
SenaerTebis gamoCenas da sakuTari danayofebiT Cabmuliyo brZolaSi.<br />
swored am kritikul momentSi, mxargrZelebma Soridan SeniSnes, rom<br />
daviT soslanis SenaerTebs ukve gadalaxuli hqondaT gzis Znelad<br />
savali monakveTi da brZolis velisaken moiCqarodnen.<br />
maT win amayad mofrialebda mravalomgamovlili gorgasliandaviTiani<br />
droSa.<br />
mxargrZelebma swrafad Seafases Seqmnili viTareba da dauyovnebliv<br />
gadavidnen Setevaze.<br />
abu baqris laSqris erTma nawilma qarTvelTa ieriSs ver gauZlo,<br />
poziciebi miatova da ukandaxeva daiwyo.<br />
Tumca, aTabagis samxedro SenaerTebis meore nawili kvlavindeburad<br />
inarCunebda sabrZolo poziciebs da medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda<br />
mxargrZelebs.<br />
brZola didxans aRar gagrZelebula.<br />
22
male cixe-qalaqis kedlebTan daviT soslanis SenaerTebic gamoCndnen<br />
da gadamwyveti ieriSi miitanes mowinaaRmdegeze.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis uecarma gamoCenam abu baqris laSqars Tavzari<br />
dasca. maT saerTod Sewyvites winaaRmdegobis gaweva da uwesrigod<br />
gaiqcnen brZolis velidan.<br />
Tavs gaqceviT uSvela abu baqrmac, romelic saswaulebrivad<br />
gadaurCa datyvevebas.<br />
samagierod qarTul <strong>mxedroba</strong>s xelT Cauvarda xalifis mier<br />
gamogzavnili droSa, romelic misma axalma mflobelma Salva<br />
axalcixelma gelaTis monasters Seswira.<br />
gamarjvebuli qarTvelebi or nawilad gaiyvnen.<br />
erTi nawili iranis azerbaijanSi SeiWra da mahmadianTa wesis<br />
Sesabamisad, sami didi qalaqi gaZarcva: erTi _ abu baqris kuTvnili,<br />
meore _ abu baqris vaJis, xolo mesame _ azerbaijaneli didebulis,<br />
saTmaz ezdinis Zisa.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis meore nawili mowinaaRmdegis devnis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg ukan, Samqoris velze dabrunda da abu baqris laSqris nabanakarze<br />
gaaTia Rame.<br />
maT Soris iyo daviT soslanic, romelsac brZolis adgilas<br />
Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesi anton glonisTavisZe daxvda.<br />
am ukanasknels, rogorc sasuliero pirs, sisxlisRvraSi<br />
monawileoba ar miuRia da mxolod zurgidan adevnebda Tvals sabrZolo<br />
moqmedebebs.<br />
qarTvelebTan erTad Samqoris kedlebTan Rame gaaTies amir mirmanma<br />
da aRsarTan I-mac.<br />
meore dRes, 3 ivnisis, dilas Samqoris mosaxleobam daviT soslans<br />
qalaqis gasaRebi miarTva.<br />
qarTvelebs danebdnen Samqoris axlomdebare cixeebica da qalaqebic.<br />
daviT soslanma damorCilebuli qalaqebi amir mirmans gadasca.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong> Samqoridan qalaq ganZisaken daiZra.<br />
qalaqis misadgomebTan adgilobrivi aristokratia win miegeba daviT<br />
soslans da ganZis gasaRebi gadasca. <strong>mefe</strong> qalaqSi Sevida da sulTnis<br />
taxtze dajda.<br />
sulTnisave sasaxleSi qarTvelebma didi lxini gadaixades. sapatio<br />
adgilebi daikaves amir mirmanma da aRsarTan I-ma. dadgenili ierarqiuli<br />
TanamimdevrobiT dasxdnen qarTveli moxeleebic: mandaturTuxucesi<br />
Wiaberi, amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli da sxvani.<br />
daviT soslanma saxelovani gamarjvebis macned saqarTveloSi<br />
mandaturTuxucesi Wiaberi gamogzavna.<br />
es ukanaskneli tabaxmelis sazafxulo rezidenciaSi eaxla Tamars<br />
da sasaxarulo ambavi iq auwya <strong>mefe</strong>s.<br />
23
male saqarTveloSi danarCeni <strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong>c dabrunda da Tan<br />
uzarmazari alafi moitana: Tormeti aTasi tyve, ormoci avaza, oci aTasi<br />
cxeni, Svidi aTasi jori, TxuTmeti aTasi aqlemi, mravali droSa,<br />
auracxeli ganZeuli da sxva.<br />
daviT soslanma damorCilebuli ganZa da mTlianad rani amir mirmans<br />
gadasca.<br />
qarTvelebis ranidan wasvlis Semdeg naxWevanSi gaxiznulma abu<br />
baqrma amir mirmans mkvleli miugzavna da moawamvlina.<br />
umcrosi Zmis mokvlis Semdeg abu baqrma mmarTvelis gareSe<br />
darCenil ranSi laSqari gagzavna, amir mirmanis erTguli moxeleebi<br />
daaxocina da ganZaze sakuTari kontroli daamyara.<br />
amir mirmanis mokvlis ambis SetyobisTanave qarTvelTa samxedro<br />
SenaerTebi ganZisaken daiZrnen.<br />
abu baqrma winaaRmdegobis gaweva ver SeZlo.<br />
maSin SeSinebuli raneli didebulebi win miegebnen SamqorTan misul<br />
daviT soslans da ficiT aRuTqves abu baqrisadmi daumorCilebloba.<br />
qarTvelebma erTgulebis fici ikmares, ukan gabrundnen, Tan waiyvanes<br />
patronis gareSe darCenili amir mirmanis mravalricxovani amala da<br />
pativiT istumres saqarTveloSi.<br />
veragulad mokluli amir mirmani didi mwuxarebiT daitira Tamarma.<br />
Samqoris omis mogebis Semdeg qarTvelebi TurqTa winaaRmdeg axali<br />
marbieli laSqrobebis organizebas Seudgnen.<br />
erT-erTi pirveli samxedro operacia msaxurTuxucesma ivane<br />
mxargrZelma Caatara.<br />
is mcire laSqriT gelaquns mivida da Casafrda.<br />
cota xanSi qarTvelebma SeniSnes, rom ganZidan surmanisaken TurqTa<br />
didi laSqari miemarTeboda.<br />
aq iyvnen: dvinis mflobeli balSani, surmanis patronis Zma,<br />
surmanelTa samxedro SenaerTebiT, cnobili sardali ali SuriSami da<br />
sxvebi.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom ricxobrivad Turqebi qarTvelebs aTgzis mainc<br />
aRematebodnen, ivane mxargrZelma mowinaaRmdegeze Tavdasxma gadawyvita.<br />
qarTvelebma Turqebs moulodnelad Seuties, isargebles<br />
mowinaaRmdegis dabneulobiT da mTlianad gaanadgures maTi sabrZolo<br />
danayofebi.<br />
ieriSisas gansakuTrebuli simamace gamoiCina ivane mxargrZelma,<br />
romelmac ramdenime Turqi mokla, xolo oTxi meomari tyved Seipyro.<br />
qarTvelebi Tbiliss Cavidnen da gamarjvebuli eaxlnen Tamars.<br />
amasobaSi ranSi isev gaCnda anti<strong>qarTuli</strong> moZraobis niSnebi.<br />
daviT soslanma mTeli saqarTvelodan Sehyara laSqari da ganZas<br />
miadga.<br />
24
qarTul <strong>mxedroba</strong>s gzad SeuerTdnen Sarvanis Sahi aRsarTan I da<br />
misi razmebi.<br />
qarTvelebs ocdaxuTi dRis manZilze alya hqondaT Semortymuli<br />
qalaqisaTvis.<br />
bolos ganZelebi danebdnen da daviT soslans qalaqis aoxrebisagan<br />
gadarCenis mizniT, xaraja * gadauxades. qarTvelebs xaraja misces ranis<br />
sxva qalaqebmac.<br />
daviT soslanma mTeli rani moiTareSa, didi alafiT dabrunda ukan<br />
da kojris cixeSi eaxla Tamars.<br />
daviT soslanis ranSi laSqrobis paralelurad, samxedro eqspedicia<br />
moawyo msaxurTuxucesma, ivane mxargrZelmac. is mravalricxovani<br />
sabrZolo danayofebiT gelaqunis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT gaiWra da mTeli<br />
xaCenis provincia daarbia. qarTvelebma xaCenis Turqi didebulebi tyved<br />
wamoiyvanes da uzarmazar alafTan erTad, kojris cixeSi eaxlnen Tamars.<br />
XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, qarTvelTa mier warmoebulma<br />
mravalricxovanma marbielma laSqrobebma udidesi Sedegi gamoiRo da<br />
Turqebma mTel rig Zvel somxur provinciebze kontroli dakarges.<br />
TurqTaTvis warTmeul teritoriebze saqarTvelos saxelmwifo<br />
iurisdiqcia gavrcelda.<br />
Sedegad, qveynis samxreTma sazRvarma gacilebiT ufro samxreTisaken<br />
gadaiwia da mdinare araqsze daido, basianSi ki, araqsis marjvena napiric<br />
moicva. saqarTvelos SemouerTda Semdegi teritoriebi: qalaqi anisi * da<br />
Siraki * , qalaqi dvini da airarati * , bijnisi, amberdi, gelaquni, xaCeni,<br />
karnifori, basiani, da sxva.<br />
qarTvelTa mier samxreT kavkasiaSi mopovebulma warmatebebma mTeli<br />
Turquli samyaro SeaSfoTa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mahmadianma<br />
mmarTvelebmac sapasuxo RonisZiebebis gatarebaze daiwyes fiqri.<br />
1203 wels iniciativa sakuTar Tavze aiRo rumis * sulTanma ruqn<br />
ad-dinma da aRmosavleT anatoliaSi oTxasiaTasiani laSqari Sekriba.<br />
samxedro eqspediciis dawyebamde sulTanma Tamars werili miswera,<br />
muhamedis saxeliT saqarTvelos omi gamoucxada da misi laSqris<br />
ganadgureba uwinaswarmetyvela.<br />
Tamari ruqn ad-dinis gamowvevas mSvidad Sexvda, TurqebTan<br />
SebrZolebis gadawyvetileba miiRo, sapasuxo weriliT ki mowinaaRmdeges<br />
amcno, rom mTlianad uflis nebas iyo mindobili da gamarjvebis<br />
mopovebasac swored uflis SemweobiT apirebda.<br />
sapasuxo werilis gadacemisas Turqi mociquli TamarTan waradgines.<br />
am ukanasknelma elCisaTvis Seuferebeli saqcieli Caidina da Tamars<br />
Sehkadra, Tu qarTvelTa damarcxebis Semdeg qristianobas uaryof, maSin<br />
ruqn ad-dini colad SegirTavs, xolo Tu rjuls ar Seicvli, maSin<br />
sulTani xarWad dagisvamso.<br />
25
gakadnierebul mociquls amirspasalarma zaqaria mxargrZelma xeli<br />
Semohkra da ugonod dasca.<br />
roca Turqi gons moego, amirspasalarma <strong>Tamaris</strong> sapasuxo werili<br />
gadasca da ganumarta, elCi rom ar iyo, mefis SeuracxyofisaTvis jer<br />
enis, Semdeg ki Tavis mokveTis Rirsi iqnebodi, axla wauRe werili<br />
sulTans da auwye, rom brZolisTvis mzad varT da Cvens Soris marTali<br />
ufalma gamoaCinoso.<br />
mociqulis ukan gagzavnis Semdeg Tamarma mTeli samxedro Zalebis<br />
TavSeyra brZana. samxedro SenaerTebi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxidan<br />
movidnen. laSqari Tavdapirvelad javaxeTs dabanakda.<br />
samxedro SenaerTebs saTavSi piradad daviT soslani Caudga. masTan<br />
erTd laSqars meTaurobdnen: amirspasalri zaqaria mxargrZeli,<br />
mandaturTuxucesi Salva axalcixeli, misi Zma, ivane axalcixeli da<br />
sxvani.<br />
samxedro SenaerTebis brZolis velze gagzavnisTanave Tamari varZias<br />
mivida da varZiis RmrTismSobels <strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis gamarjvebas<br />
Seevedra. aqedan, <strong>mefe</strong> cixe-qalaq oZrxeSi mivida da saqarTvelos<br />
gamarjvebisaTvis dRiTa da RamiT daucxromel locvas Seudga.<br />
amasobaSi ruqn ad-dinis laSqari basianis provinciaSi movida da<br />
boloscixesTan dabanakda.<br />
mcire xnis Semdeg boloscixes <strong>qarTuli</strong> samxedro SenaerTebic<br />
miuaxlovdnen.<br />
Turqebi sakuTari mravalricxovanobis imedad iyvnen da qarTvelTa<br />
gamoCenisas maincadamainc ar SeSfoTebulan.<br />
daviT soslanma kargad gamoiyena miwinaaRmdegis daudevroba da<br />
moulodneli ieriSis gadawyvetileba miiRo.<br />
qarTvelebma samxedro SenaerTebi sabrZolvelad ganalages. mewinave<br />
razms saTaveSi Caudgnen: amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli,<br />
mandaturTuxucesi Salva axalcixeli, ivane axalcixeli, TorelTa<br />
feodaluri saxlis wevrebi da sxva.<br />
laSqris flangebze ganlagdnen: erT mxares _ dasavleT<br />
saqarTvelodan mosuli samxedro SenaerTebi, xolo meore mxares _<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gamoyvanili sabrZolo danayofebi.<br />
laSqris sabrZolvelad ganlagebis Semdeg daviT soslani<br />
mowinaaRmdegisaken uCumrad daiZra.<br />
Turqma guSagebma mxolod maSin SeamCnies qarTvelebis moZraoba,<br />
roca isini Zalze axlos mividnen ruqn ad-dinis banakTan. Turqebma<br />
gangaSi atexes, saswrafod moemzadnen brZolisaTvis da samxedro<br />
danayofebi banakis win ganalages.<br />
brZola qarTvelTa da TurqTa winambrZoli razmebis ormxrivi<br />
ieriSebiT daiwyo. amis Semdeg mowinaaRmdegeebma mTeli danarCeni Zalebic<br />
CarTes brZolaSi.<br />
26
Tavdapirvelad upiratesoba qarTvelebis mxares iyo. maT brZolis<br />
dawyebisTanave Seaviwroves mteri da didi zianic miayenes mas, Tumca,<br />
ricxobrivma upiratesobam TandaTanobiT Tavisi gaitana da upiratesobas<br />
ukve Turqebi daeuflnen.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda mowinaaRmdegis<br />
ganlagebaSi Rrmad SeWrili qarTvelTa winambrZoli razmi. Turqebma<br />
cxenebi dauxoces am razmis meTaurebs: mandaturTuxuces Salva<br />
axalcixels, msaxurTuxuces ivane mxargrZels, ivane axalcixels, zaqaria<br />
gagels, Tayaiadin Tmogvelsa da sxvebs.<br />
mowinaaRmdegis ganlagebaSi Rrmad SeWril da cxenebis gareSe<br />
darCenil qarTul samxedro elitas ueWveli daRupvis safrTxe daemuqra.<br />
katastrofuli mdgomareoba mcire xniT gamoaswora winambrZoli<br />
razmis danarCeni meomrebis Tavganwirvam. isini cxenebidan Camoxdnen,<br />
meTaurebis mxardamxar, qveiTad gaagrZeles brZola da cxendacxen<br />
gaqcevas saxelovani sikvdili amjobines.<br />
aranaklebad mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen <strong>qarTuli</strong> laSqris sxva<br />
SenaerTebic. isini veRar uZlebdnen mravalricxovan TurqTa dawolas da<br />
nel-nela tovebdnen poziciebs. brZola, praqtikulad, wagebuli iyo.<br />
swored am dros, <strong>qarTuli</strong> kavaleriis orma danayofma erTdroulad<br />
ganaxorciela samxedro manevri, romelmac sabolood gadawyvita kidec<br />
brZolis bedi. erT-erTma cxenosanma razmma daviT soslanis meTaurobiT,<br />
xelmarcxniv aiRo gezi, gascda qarTvelTa ganlagebas, Soridan mouara<br />
xelCarTuli brZolis xazs da jiquri ieriSi miitana TurqTa laSqris<br />
marjvena frTaze.<br />
zustad igive xerxs mimarTa <strong>qarTuli</strong> kavaleriis meore danayofma,<br />
romelsac amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli meTaurobda. es razmi<br />
marjvnidan gascda qarTvelTa ganlagebas da ieriSi ruqn ad-dinis<br />
laSqris marcxena frTaze miitana.<br />
Turqebma ormxriv Setevas veRar gauZles, brZolis veli miatoves<br />
da uwesrigod gaiqcnen. qarTvelebi kvaldakval mihyvnen ruqn ad-dinis<br />
meomrebs, mravali maTgani daxoces, mravali ki, tyved Seipyres. TurqTa<br />
devna daRamebamde gagrZelda, mTeli maTi banaki da auracxeli alafi ki<br />
qarTvelebs CauvardaT xelT.<br />
basianis omi <strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis brwyinvale gamarjvebiT dasrulda.<br />
ruqn ad-dinis koaliciuri laSqris damarcxebis Semdeg saqarTvelo<br />
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZlieres saxelmwifod gadaiqca da am<br />
regionSi sabolood ganimtkica hegemonoba.<br />
daaxloebiT amave periodSi arankleb saintereso movlenebi<br />
ganviTarda saqarTvelos dasavleT sazRvrebTanac.<br />
yvelaferi 1203 wels daiwyo, roca bizantiis imperatori aleqsi III<br />
Tavs daesxa samSoblodan momaval qarTvel sasuliero pirTa jgufs da<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> mier boZebuli Zvirfasi saCuqrebi waarTva maT.<br />
27
saqarTvelos samefo karma aleqsi III-is saqcieli Seuracxyofad<br />
aRiqva, laSqari Sekriba da 1204 wels bizantiis imperiis aRmosavleT<br />
provinciebze, ufro zustad ki, trapizonis regionze miitana ieriSi.<br />
qarTvelebma samxedro operacia warmatebiT ganaxorcieles da<br />
umokles droSi daikaves qarTveluri tomebiT _ lazebiT dasaxlebuli<br />
mTeli samxreT-aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTi. Tamarma <strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis<br />
mier dakavebuli regioni saerTod CamoaWra bizantiis imperias da am<br />
teritoriaze axali politikuri erTeuli _ trapizonis imperia daaarsa.<br />
trapizonis imperias saTaveSi Caudga cnobili bizantiuri<br />
saimperatoro gvaris warmomadgeneli _ aleqsi I komnenosi, romelic<br />
Tamars naTesavad ergeboda.<br />
Sedegad, saqarTvelos samefos dasavleT sazRvarTan Camoyalibda<br />
sakmaod Zlieri saxelmwifo, romelic vasalur damokidebulebaSi iyo<br />
<strong>Tamaris</strong> karTan da mis erTgul mokavSires warmoadgenda.<br />
1206 wels qarTvelebma TurqTa winaaRmdeg laSqrobebi ganaaxles da<br />
axla yarsze miitanes ieriSi. <strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis miaxloebisTanave<br />
Turqebma qalaqi datoves da gaiqcnen. daviT soslanma yarsi ivane<br />
axalcixels gadasca. axalma mmarTvelma yarsi erTgvar samxedro<br />
placdarmad aqcia da ganuwyveteli ieriSebis Sedegad, Turqebs mTeli<br />
yarsis provincia waarTva. daviT soslanma es teritoriebic ivane<br />
axalcixels gadasca.<br />
yarsis aRebidan sul mokle xanSi, 1207 wels gardaicvala daviT<br />
soslani. misi gardacvalebisTanave mahmadianuri gaerTianebebi isev<br />
gaaqtiurdnen da qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli samxedro<br />
eqspediciebis organizebas Seudgnen.<br />
pirveli laSqroba saqarTveloSi ardebilis * sulTanma moawyo. misi<br />
samxedro eqspediciis mizani qalaqi anisis aReba da adgilobrivi<br />
qristianebis gaJleta iyo. amave mizniT, sagangebod SeirCa qristianTa<br />
udidesi dResaswauli _ aRdgoma dRe.<br />
1208 wlis didmarxvis vnebis kviraSi ardebilis sulTani araqsis<br />
xeobas aRma auyva, gzad Zarcva-rbevisagan Tavi Seikava, uCumrad miadga<br />
qalaq aniss da mis karibWesTan Casafrda.<br />
aRdgoma dilas qalaqis mcvelebma wesisamebr gaxsnes anisis karibWe.<br />
sulTnis kavaleria qalaqSi SeiWra da anisi ubrZolvelad aiRo.<br />
Tavdamsxmelebma qristianebis devna da xocva-Jleta daiwyes. mosaxleobis<br />
erTi nawili pirdapir quCebsa da saxlebSi daxoces, meore nawili _<br />
Tormeti aTasi qristiani ki, qalaqis eklesiebSi cxvariviT dakles.<br />
sikvdils mxolod aniselTa mcire nawili gadaurCa. maT qalaqis<br />
mimdebare gamoqvabulebsa da kldis napralebs Seafares Tavi.<br />
sulTanma qalaqidan didi alafi waiRo da ukan, ardebilSi dabrunda.<br />
anisis aRebis ambavi Tamarma geguTis sasaxleSi yofnis dros Seityo.<br />
28
<strong>mefe</strong>sTan erTad iyvnen anisis patroni, amirspasalari zaqaria da misi Zma,<br />
msaxurTuxucesi ivane mxargrZelebic.<br />
Tamarma ardebilis sulTnis winaaRmdeg iranis azerbaijanSi<br />
farTomasStabiani laSqrobis mowyoba gadawyvita, Tumca mxargrZelebma<br />
gansxvavebuli gegma SesTavazes. maT <strong>mefe</strong>s sakuTriv qalaq ardebilze<br />
Tavdasxmis ufleba gamosTxoves, anisSi dabrundnen, narCevi meomrebisagan<br />
mcirericxovani razmi moamzades, mahmadianTa mTavari dResaswaulis _<br />
ramadanis dadgomas daelodnen da misi moaxloebisTanave ardebilisaken<br />
daiZrnen. qarTvelebma ardebilamde uCumrad iares da qalaqis<br />
misadgomebTan Casafrdnen.<br />
dResaswaulis gamTeniisas, roca mueZini minareTze gadmodga da<br />
mahmadianebs locvisaken mouwoda, mxargrZelebma yvela mxridan miitanes<br />
ieriSi ardebilze da sul mokle xanSi aiRes qalaqi. ardebilSi Sesulma<br />
mxargrZelebma sulTanica da misi ojaxis wevrebic sikvdiliT dasajes.<br />
amis Semdeg Tormeti aTasi rCeuli moqalaqe meCeTSi Seiyvanes da<br />
anisis eklesiebSi daxocili Tormeti aTasi qristianis msgavsad,<br />
cxvariviT dakles.<br />
qarTvelebma ardebili sastikad daarbies, moqalaqeTa erTi nawili<br />
daxoces, meore nawili tyved aiyvanes, uzarmazari alafi aiRes da ukan,<br />
saqarTveloSi dabrundnen.<br />
mxargrZelebi Tamars kolaSi eaxlnen da iq amcnes gamarjvebis ambavi.<br />
ardebilis aRebidan arcTu didi xnis Semdeg, 1210 wels<br />
mxargrZelebma _ amirspasalarma zaqariam, msaxurTuxucesma ivanem da<br />
zaqaria gagelma Tamars axali didi samxedro eqspediciis gegma<br />
SesTavazes. maTi gegmiT, qarTvelebs Zlevamosili laSqroba unda<br />
moewyoT iranSi da Soreuli mxareebi moeTareSebinaT.<br />
eqspediciisaTvis samxedro SenaerTebi mTeli saqarTvelodan<br />
Seikribnen. laSqarma Tbiliss moiyara Tavi. Tamarma qarTvelebs<br />
saxelovani gorgaslian-daviTiani droSa gadasca da daloca. laSqars<br />
saTaveSi amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli Caudga.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong> Tavdapirvelad samxreTisaken daiZra, gaiara<br />
naxWevani, miadga qalaq juRas * , gadalaxa araqsi da qalaq marands *<br />
miuaxlovda.<br />
roca marandis mosaxleobam maTken momavali qarTvelebi SeamCnia,<br />
qalaqi miatova da mTebSi gaixizna.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> <strong>mxedroba</strong> marandSi Sevida, Tumca qalaqi mTlianad<br />
daclili daxvda. am dros zaqaria mxargrZelma mTebSi gaxiznuli<br />
marandelebi SeamCnia, CaTvala, rom iq iranis azerbaijanis laSqari iyo<br />
dabanakebuli da samxedro SenaerTebi maRlobisaken daZra. Tumca, manamde<br />
xuTaskaciani cxenosani razmi gamoyo, saTaveSi Tayaiadin Tmogveli<br />
Cauyena, ferdobze swrafad asvla, platoze gamagreba da ZiriTadi<br />
laSqris usafrTxo gadaadgilebis uzrunvelyofa daavala.<br />
29
Tayaiadin Tmogvelma amirspasalaris davaleba Seasrula, platoze<br />
avida da TavdacviTi pozicia daikava.<br />
roca marandelebma maRlobze amosuli mcirericxovani <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>mxedroba</strong> SeniSnes, gadawyvites, dauyovnebliv dasxmodnen Tavs da<br />
ZiriTadi laSqris mosvlamde gaenadgurebinaT isini. maT saxeldaxelod<br />
Seadgines cxenosanTa samxedro SenaerTi da swrafad miitanes ieriSi<br />
qarTvelebze. Tayaiadin Tmogveli mowinaaRmdegis gamoCenas momzadebuli<br />
daxvda da sakuTar razms konrSetevaze gadasvla ubrZana.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kavaleriis ieriSi imdenad Zlieri gamodga, rom<br />
marandelebma momentalurad miatoves brZolis veli da uwesrigod<br />
gaiqcnen. qarTvelebi fexdafex mihyvnen mowinaaRmdeges da did manZilze<br />
sdies maT.<br />
im dros, roca marandelTa devnaSi garTuli Tayaiadin Tmogvelis<br />
razmi Tvals miefara, platoze qarTvelTa ZiriTadi samxedro<br />
SenaerTebic avidnen.<br />
zaqaria mxargrZels Setakebis adgilas mxolod daxocili<br />
meomrebiRa daxvda.<br />
roca qarTvelebma daxocilebi kargad daaTvalieres, aRmoCnda, rom<br />
brZolis velze xuTasi marandeli cxenosani egdo da xuTasive maTgani<br />
qarTveli mxedris SubiT iyo mokluli.<br />
mcire xnis Semdeg platoze marandelTa devnidan dabrunebuli<br />
qarTveli cxenosnebic gamoCndnen.<br />
samxedro xelmZRvanelobam Tayaiadin Tmogvels brwyinvale gamarjveba<br />
miuloca, Tumca, maTTan SeuTanxmebeli moqmedebis gamo SeniSvnac misca<br />
mas.<br />
marandidan zaqaria mxargrZelma samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, iranis<br />
azerbaijanis udidesi qalaqis Tavrizisaken * aiRo gezi. qarTvelebis<br />
gamoCenam Tavrizis mosaxleobas Tavzari dasca. maT qalaqis<br />
didebulebisagan saswrafod Seadgines elCoba da zaqaria mxargrZelTan<br />
mosalaparakeblad gagzavnes. Tavrizis mosaxleoba srul morCilebas<br />
ucxadebda qarTvelebs da imis sanacvlod, rom qalaqi ar aeoxrebinaT,<br />
auracxel simdidres sTavazobda maT. zaqaria mxargrZelma SemoTavazeba<br />
miiRo, TavrizSi <strong>qarTuli</strong> garnizoni Caayena da qalaqs uomrad gaecala.<br />
iranis azerbaijanis dalaSqvris Semdeg qarTvelebma<br />
aRmosavleTisaken gaagrZeles gza da qalaq mianes * miadgnen. mianes<br />
meliqma * TvarizelTa msgavsi winadadebiT mimarTa qarTvelebs. zaqaria<br />
mxargrZelma amjeradac miiRo iranelTa SemoTavazeba, mianeSi <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
garnizoni Caayena da samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken gaagrZela gza.<br />
iranis azerbaijanidan qarTvelebi gilanSi * SeiWrnen da am iranuli<br />
provinciis centralur qalaqs zanjans * miadgnen. adgilobrivma<br />
mosaxleobam zaqaria mxargrZelisaTvis morCilebis gamocxadeba ar<br />
isurva da qalaqSi gamagrda. qarTulma <strong>mxedroba</strong>m zanjans alya Semoartya<br />
30
da qalaqze yvela mxridan daiwyo ieriSi. qarTvelTa TiToeul samxedro<br />
danayofs, romlebic, Tavisi mxriv, saqarTvelos erTi romelime<br />
provinciidan gamosuli memomrebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli, SetevisaTvis<br />
zenjanis galavnis erTi konkretuli monakveTi gamoeyo. qalaqis alya<br />
didxans gagrZelda.<br />
bolos mesxTa sabrZolo danayofma moaxerxa zanjanis galavnis erTerTi<br />
monakveTis Sengreva. mesxebi qalaqSi SeiWrnen. maT kvaldakval<br />
galavani sxva samxedro SenaerTebmac Seangries da mcire xanSi zanjani<br />
qarTvelTa xelSi aRmoCnda. zaqaria mxargrZelma winaaRmdegobis gawevis<br />
gamo sastikad aaoxra qalaqi da laSqroba samxreT-aRmosavleTisaken<br />
ganagrZo.<br />
aq zaqaria mxargrZelma jer qalaq yazvinis * midamoebi daarbia,<br />
Semdeg ki, aRmosavleTisaken wavida da xorasnis teritoriaze Rrmad<br />
SeiWra.<br />
qarTvelebis mier iranis CrdiloeT provinciebSi mowyobili<br />
Zlevamosili laSqroba kaspiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare<br />
qalaq gorganis * midamoebSi dasrulda.<br />
zaqaria mxargrZelma samxedro eqspediciis kidev ufro<br />
aRmosavleTiT gagrZeleba saWirod aRar CaTvala, qalaq gorganis<br />
mimdebare teritoria moiTareSa, auracxeli alafi wamoiRo da ukan<br />
gamobrunda.<br />
im dros, roca qarTvelebi xorasanSi laSqrobdnen, qalaq mianeSi xma<br />
gavrcelda, rom gilanelebma da iranis sxva provinciebidan mosulma<br />
samxedro SenaerTebma zaqaria mxargrZelis laSqars gza Seukres da<br />
mTlianad gaanadgures. mianes meliqma axali ambavi sixaruliT miiRo,<br />
qalaqSi datovebul qarTvelTa razms Tavs daesxa, daxoca isini,<br />
moklul meomrebs tyavi gaaZro da Zelze Camokida. sikvdils<br />
saswaulebrivad gadaurCa erTaderTi qarTveli meomari, romelic sadRac<br />
iqve miimala.<br />
amasobaSi xorasnidan dabrunebuli zaqaria mxargrZeli mianes miadga<br />
da mis mier datovebuli qarTveli molaSqreebi moikiTxa.<br />
Tavzardacemulma mianes meliqma zaqaria mxargrZelis motyueba<br />
gadawyvita, qarTvelTa razmma miane TviTneburad miatova da Tavrizs<br />
wavidao. am dros samalavidan gamovida sikvdils gadarCenili qarTveli<br />
molaSqre da zaqaria mxargrZels simarTle amcno.<br />
ganrisxebulma qarTvelebma mianes meliqica da yvela misi maxlobelnaTesavic<br />
sikvdiliT dasajes, daxocili qarTveli meomrebis msgavsad,<br />
tyavi gaaZres da mTeli qalaqis dasanaxad, minareTze gamohkides. amis<br />
Semdeg qarTulma <strong>mxedroba</strong>m sastikad aaoxra mTeli qalaqi, mravali<br />
mianeli tyved aiyvana da Tavrizisaken wavida. SeSinebuli Tavrizis<br />
mosaxleoba Zvirfasi saCuqrebiT miegeba qarTvelebs.<br />
31
aqedan, zaqaria mxargrZeli Crdilo-dasavleTisaken daiZra, araqsi<br />
gadmolaxa, saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Semovida, Tbiliss Cavida da isnis<br />
samefo sasaxleSi gamarjvebuli eaxla Tamars.<br />
xangrZlivi samxedro eqspediciidan dabrunebulma qarTulma<br />
<strong>mxedroba</strong>m arnaxuli raodenobis alafi moitana qveyanaSi.<br />
iranSi mowyobili laSqrobidan dabrunebis Semdeg, mcire xanSi<br />
gardaicvala amirspasalari zaqaria mxargrZeli.<br />
Tamarma gadawyvita, amirspasalaris Tanamdeboba zaqarias Zmis,<br />
msaxurTuxuces ivane mxargrZelisaTvis mieca.<br />
ivane mxargrZelma madlierebiT miiRo mefis wyaloba, Tumca iTxova,<br />
rom sagangebod misTvis SemoeRoT <strong>qarTuli</strong> saxelmwifosaTvis manamde<br />
ucnobi Tanamdeboba _ aTabagoba da mahmdianuri wesisamebr, samefo<br />
taxtis memkvidre gasazrdelad misTvisve CaebarebinaT. Tamarma ivane<br />
mxargrZels Txovna ausrula da erTdroulad aTabagisa da<br />
amirspasalaris saxeloebi uboZa.<br />
ivane mxargrZelis Zveli Tanamdeboba _ msaxurTuxucesoba Tamarma<br />
zaqaria gagelis vaJs, varams uboZa.<br />
daaxloebiT amave xanebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis erTerTi<br />
kuTxis _ fxovis mosaxleoba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb<br />
didoelebs daukavSirda da <strong>Tamaris</strong> winaaRmdeg amboxeba daiwyo. <strong>mefe</strong>m<br />
amboxebis Casaqarobad samxedro SenaerTebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
mTianeTis danarCeni kuTxeebidan gamoiyvana: dvaleTidan, cxrazmidan,<br />
xevidan, xadadan, cxavatidan, WarTlidan da erwo-TianeTidan.<br />
laSqars saTaveSi aTabag-amirspasalari ivane mxargrZeli Caudga.<br />
centraluri xelisuflebis mier gagzavnilma sabrZolo danayofebma<br />
aragvis xeoba aRma aiares, fxovs dasavleTidan uomrad auares gverdi,<br />
xadaSi Sevidnen da male kavkasionis wyalgamyofi qedis Txemze<br />
aRmoCndnen.<br />
aqedan, ivane mxargrZelma laSqari aRmosavleTisaken Semoabruna, qedqed<br />
iara da wyalgamyofze iseTi sabrZolo poziciebi daikava, rom misi<br />
samxedro SenaerTebi, erT mxares _ fxovsa da didoeTs, xolo meore<br />
mxares _ durZukeTs zemodan qvemoT gadascqerodnen. aseTi moxerxebuli<br />
manevris Semdeg, durZukTa mmarTvelebi ivane mxargrZels ZRveniT eaxlnen<br />
da amboxebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daxmareba aRuTqves.<br />
zurgis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis Semdeg centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis mier gagzavnilma samxedro SenaerTebma fxovelebsa da<br />
didoelebze zemodan miitanes ieriSi. sabrZolo moqmedebebi sami Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, ivnisidan agvistomde gagrZelda da ivane mxargrZelis<br />
sruli gamarjvebiT dasrulda. fxovelebma da didoelebma mowinaaRmdeges<br />
sruli morCileba gamoucxades da pirobis daurRvevlobis niSnad,<br />
mZevlebi misces.<br />
ivane mxargrZeli Tbiliss mivida da gamarjvebuli warudga Tamars.<br />
32
am ambebidan arcTu didi xnis Semdeg, 1210 wels tabaxmelas mdgomi<br />
Tamari, qarTvel gvirgvinosanTa Soris upirvelesi xelmwife,<br />
ormocdaaTiode wlis asakSi gardaicvala.<br />
saxelovani <strong>mefe</strong>-qali, visi zeobis periodic saqarTvelos istoriis<br />
`oqros xanas~ warmoadgens, dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadaabrZanes da<br />
gelaTis monasterSi, bagrationTa sagvareulo saZvaleSi udidesi pativiT<br />
dakrZales.<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis mwvervalze mdgomi saqarTvelos samefo<br />
taxtze <strong>Tamaris</strong> vaJi _ giorgi IV laSa avida da <strong>qarTuli</strong> mxedrobis<br />
istoriaSic axali, mravali siZneliTa da xifaTiT aRsavse xana daiwyo.<br />
33
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *<br />
agaraTa cixe (igive kojris cixe, azeulas cixe) _ istoriuli cixesimagre<br />
qvemo qarTlSi, gardabnis raionis daba kojris ganapiras.<br />
mdebareobda Tbilisidan istoriul qalaq samSvildisaken mimaval gzaze.<br />
iyo saqarTvelos <strong>mefe</strong>Ta sazafxulo sadgomi.<br />
aTabagi _ qveynis mmarTveli an maRali saxelmwifo moxele Sua<br />
saukuneebis maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. Turqul-mahmadianur sivrceSi<br />
Tavdapirvelad ewodeboda sulTnis memkvidris aRmzrdels, xolo<br />
mogvianebiT _ ama Tu im damoukidebeli an naxevraddamoukidebeli<br />
politikuri erTeulis mmarTvels. saqarTveloSi aTabagis wodebas<br />
atarebda qveynis erT-erTi umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxele, ministri anu<br />
veziri. misi ZiriTadi movaleoba iyo taxtis memkvidris aRzrda da<br />
saufliswulo mamulebis marTva. XIII saukunis dasawyisSi Sedioda<br />
vezirTa pirvel sameulSi mandaturTuxucessa da amirspasalarTan erTad.<br />
mogvianebiT aTabagebma TandaTanobiT Seaviwroves mwignobarTuxuces-<br />
Wyondidelebi da Tavad iqcnen qveynis `vazirTuxucesebad~ anu pirvel<br />
ministrebad.<br />
airarati _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq erevnis<br />
samxreT-dasavleTiT. misi centri iyo Sua saukuneebis somxeTis erT-erTi<br />
dedaqalaqi dvini.<br />
albaneTi _ erT-erTi uZvelesi saxelmwifo aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi.<br />
moicavda axlandeli azerbaijanis teritorias da daRestnis samxreT<br />
nawils. Sedioda Semdegi provinciebi: hereTi, kambeCiani, Saqi, yabala,<br />
Sirvani, darubandi, gardmani, rani, xaCeni, sivnieTi da sxva. V saukuneSi<br />
albaneTis dasavleTi provinciebi _ hereTi (amJamindeli kaxeTis<br />
aRmosavleTi nawili da saingilo) da kambeCiani (mermindeli qiziyi)<br />
qarTlis samefom daipyro da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gaqarTvelebas<br />
Seudga. XI saukuneSi albaneTSi masiurad Camosaxldnen mravalricxovani<br />
Turqulenovani tomebi, rasac adgilobrivi mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTi<br />
gaqroba mohyva. albanelebis erTma nawilma Tanamedrove azerbaijaneli<br />
xalxis CamoyalibebaSi miiRo monawileoba, meore nawili ki qarTvelebs,<br />
somxebsa da daRestnelebs Seerwya.<br />
amberdis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-simagre somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq<br />
erevnis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda bijnisis cixidan qalaq<br />
anisisaken mimaval gzaze. iyo amberdis provinciis centri.<br />
amilaxori _ samxedro uwyebis maRali moxele Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSi. iyo amirspasalaris TanaSemwe. eswreboda da saTaTbiro<br />
xmiT sargeblobda saveziros sxdomaze. mas eqvemdebarebodnen sxva<br />
samxedro moxeleebi: meabjreTuxucesi da mejinibeTuxucesi. darbazobis<br />
dros pativiT gaTanabrebuli iyo meWurWleTuxucesTan da<br />
msaxurTuxucesTan.<br />
34
amira _ qalaqis mmarTveli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. iyo<br />
saqarTvelos mefis moxele. misi ufleba-movaleobebi daaxloebiT<br />
emTxveva mermindeli qalaqis mouravisa da qalaqis Tavis uflebamovaleobebs.<br />
amirebi isxdnen saqarTvelos did qalaqebSi: TbilisSi,<br />
quTaisSi, rusTavSi, JinvanSi, dmanisSi da sxva.<br />
amirspasalari _ samxedro ministri anu veziri Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSi. ganagebda qveynis samxedro Zalebs: regularul samxedro<br />
SenaerTebs, mefis pirad gvardias, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebidan<br />
gamoyvanil laSqarsa da daqiravebul ucxoel meomarTa razmebs. omis<br />
dros iyo jaris uSualo xelmZRvaneli mefis Semdeg. ebara saxelmwifo<br />
droSa da win miuZRvoda laSqars. Sedioda vezirTa pirvel sameulSi<br />
aTabagsa da mandaturTuxucesTan erTad.<br />
qalaqi anisi _ Zveli somxuri qalaqi amJamindeli TurqeTis respublikis<br />
Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, qalaq yarsis aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda<br />
aRmosavleT anatoliidan kaspiispireTisaken da saqarTvelodan siriaerayisaken<br />
mimavali gzebis Sesayarze. iyo Sua saukuneebis somxeTis erTerTi<br />
dedaqalaqi da Sirakis provinciis centri.<br />
qalaqi ardebili _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdiloeT<br />
nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis samxreT-dasavleT sanapirosTan, qalaq Tavrizis<br />
aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda CrdiloeT iranidan Sirvanisaken mimaval<br />
gzaze. iyo iranis azerbaijanis erT-erTi centri.<br />
afxazeTi _ istoriuli provincia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. VIII-XV<br />
saukuneebSi moicavda teritorias Tanamedrove axali aTonidan<br />
dasavleTiT, vidre qalaq nikofsiamde. amave VIII-XV saukuneebSi aq<br />
moqmedebda saqarTvelos ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi samxedroadministraciuli<br />
erTeuli _ afxazeTis saerisTavo.<br />
qalaqi bailayani _ Zveli albanuri qalaqi azerbaijanis respublikis<br />
teritoriaze, mdinareebis _ mtkvrisa da araqsis SesarTavidan<br />
dasavleTiT. mdebareobda iranidan saqarTvelosaken momaval did savaWrosaqaravno<br />
magistralze. iyo ranis provinciis aRmosavleTi raionebis<br />
centri.<br />
qalaqi bardavi _ Zveli albanuri qalaqi azerbaijanis respublikis<br />
teritoriaze, qalaq ganjis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda iranidan<br />
saqarTvelosaken da somxeTidan Sirvanisaken mimavali didi savaWrosaqaravno<br />
magistralebis Sesayarze. iyo ranis provinciis erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi centri.<br />
basiani _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli TurqeTis respublikis<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, qalaq erzurumis aRmosavleTiT. misi<br />
centri iyo cixe-qalaqi basiani.<br />
baRdadis xalifa _ maxlobeli aRmosavleTis mahmadian sunitTa<br />
umaRlesi sasuliero meTauri X-XIII saukuneebSi. am wodebas atarebdnen<br />
mxolod abasianTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi. maTi rezidencia iyo<br />
35
qalaqi baRdadi. isini, rogorc mahamdianTa sulieri meTaurebi, aqtiurad<br />
monawileobdnen qristianuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTul<br />
samxedro-politikur RonisZiebebSi.<br />
bijnisis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-simagre somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq<br />
erevnis CrdiloeTiT. mdebareobda qalaq dvinidan saqarTvelosaken<br />
momaval gzaze. iyo bijnisis provinciis centri.<br />
gagi _ Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis respublikis<br />
teritoriaze, mdinare mtkvris marjvena napirze, mdinare debedasa da<br />
qalaq Samqors Soris. misi centri iyo cixe-qalaqi gagi.<br />
qalaqi ganZa (igive ganja) _ Zveli albanuri qalaqi azerbaijanis<br />
respublikis teritoriaze, mis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, mdinare<br />
mtkvris marjvena napirze. mdebareobda iranidan saqarTvelosaken momaval<br />
did savaWro-saqaravno magistralze. iyo ranis provinciis centri.<br />
geguTis sasaxle _ erT-erTi samefo rezidencia Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSi. mdebareobs qvemo imereTSi, qalaq quTaisis samxreTiT, 7<br />
kilometrSi, mdinare rionis marjvena napirze.<br />
gelaquni _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikaSi, sevanis<br />
(gelaqunis) tbis midamoebSi. misi centri iyo gelaqunis cixe.<br />
gilani _ istoriuli provincia iranis respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT<br />
nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis samxreT-dasavleTiT. misi centri iyo qalaqi<br />
zanjani.<br />
giSis cixe _ Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> cixe-simagre hereTSi, amJamindeli<br />
azerbaijanis respublikis teritoriaze, qalaq Saqis CrdiloaRmosavleTiT.<br />
mdebareobda Sirvanidan Tbilisisaken momaval gzaze. XII-<br />
XIII saukuneebSi warmoadgenda hereTis erisTavebis _ grigolisZeTa<br />
rezidencias.<br />
qalaqi gorgani _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdiloaRmosavleT<br />
nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda<br />
Sua aziidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.<br />
iyo mazandaranis provinciis erT-erTi centri.<br />
qalaqi dvini _ istoriuli qalaqi somxeTis respublikaSi, qalaq erevnis<br />
samxreTiT. mdebareobda aRmosavleT anatoliidan kaspiispireTisaken da<br />
saqarTvelodan siria-erayisaken mimavali gzebis Sesayarze. iyo Sua<br />
saukuneebis somxeTis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi da airaratis provinciis<br />
centri.<br />
erisTavi _ saxelmwifos administraciuli-teritoriuli erTeulis _<br />
saerisTavos gamgebeli Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. iyo umaRlesi<br />
samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisufali saerisTavoSi, saerisTavos jaris<br />
sardali. mas hqonda sasamarTlo xelisufleba, krefda saxelmwifo<br />
gamosaRebebs da saerisTavo gadasaxads. misi moxeleebi ganagebdnen<br />
saerisTavoSi Semaval sxvadasxva kuTxeebs. hqonda sakuTari rezidencia,<br />
36
sagvareulo monasteri da erisTavis insigniebi: droSa, beWedi, sayure da<br />
gansakuTrebuli Sesamoseli.<br />
vaSlovanis cixe _ Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> cixe-simagre taoSi, amJamindeli<br />
TurqeTis respublikis teritoriaze, qalaq olTus (olTisis)<br />
samxreTiT, mdinare olTisiswylis marcxena napirze. mdebareobda<br />
basianidan olTisisaken momaval gzaze.<br />
qalaqi zanjani _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT<br />
nawilSi, qalaqebs _ mianesa da yazvins Soris. mdebareobda<br />
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.<br />
iyo gilanis provinciis erT-erTi centri.<br />
qalaqi Tavrizi _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT<br />
nawilSi, qalaqebs _ marandsa da mianes Soris. mdebareobda<br />
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.<br />
iyo iranis azerbaijanis umniSvnelovanesi saqalaqo centri.<br />
TeTriwyali (igive aRsu) _ mdinare Tanamedrove azerbaijanis<br />
centralur nawilSi, qalaq Semaxas dasavleTiT, mtkvris marcxena<br />
Senakadi. Sua saukuneebSi erTmaneTisagan mijnavda Saqisa da Sirvanis<br />
provinciebs. XII-XIII saukuneebSi TeTrwyalze gadioda saqarTvelos<br />
saxelmwifos aRmosavleTi sazRvari.<br />
cixe-qalaqi Tmogvi _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi javaxeTSi, aspinZis<br />
raionis sofel TmogvTan, mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze. mdebareobda<br />
wina aziidan saqarTvelosaken momaval did savaWro-saqaravno<br />
magistralze.<br />
iranis azerbaijani _ msxvili politikuri erTeuli iranis azerbaijanis,<br />
CrdiloeT iranisa da samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze XII-XIII<br />
saukuneebSi. misi centri iyo qalaqi naxiCevani. marTavdnen aTabagebi<br />
ildeRizianTa dinastiidan. saqarTvelos mimarT atarebda agresiul<br />
saxelmwifo politikas.<br />
isnis sasaxle _ erT-erTi samefo rezidencia Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSi. mdebareobda TbilisSi, mdinare mtkvris marcxena kldovan<br />
napirze, amJamindeli metexis yovladwmida RmrTismSoblis eklesiis<br />
midamoebSi.<br />
kaeni _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT<br />
nawilSi, mdinare aRstevis zemo welze. misi centri iyo kaenis cixe.<br />
kaiwoni _ istoriuli provincia somxeTis respublikis CrdilodasavleT<br />
nawilSi, mdinare debedas marjvena napirze. misi centri iyo<br />
kaiwonis cixe.<br />
karnifori _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli TurqeTis<br />
respublikis qalaq yarsis samxreT-dasavleTiT.<br />
karnuqalaqi (igive arzurumi) saamiro _ Turq-selCukTa erT-erTi<br />
politikuri gaerTianeba XII-XIII saukuneebSi, TurqeTis respublikis<br />
37
Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, mdinareebis _ evfratisa da araqsis<br />
saTaveebTan. misi centri iyo karnuqalaqi (arzurumi).<br />
lore _ Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> provincia amJamindeli somxeTis respublikis<br />
teritoriaze, mis CrdiloeT nawilSi, mdinare debedas zemo welze. misi<br />
centri iyo cixe-qalaqi lore.<br />
mandaturTuxucesi _ sapolicio uwyebis xelmZRvaneli, ministri anu<br />
veziri Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. ganagebda sapolicioadministraciuli<br />
moxeleebis _ mandaturebisagan dakompleqtebul<br />
uwyebas. evaleboda wesrigis dacva samefo karze. mefis mgzavrobis dros<br />
asrulebda ceremonmaisteris rols. misi samoxeleo niSani iyo oqros<br />
joxi _ e. w. `samandaturo argani~. Sedioda vezirTa pirvel sameulSi<br />
aTabagsa da amirspasalarTan erTad.<br />
qalaqi marandi _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT<br />
nawilSi, qalaqebs _ juRasa da Tavrizs Soris. mdebareobda<br />
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.<br />
iyo iranis azerbaijanis erT-erTi centri.<br />
meliqi _ naxevraddamoukidebeli politikuri erTeulis mmarTveli Sua<br />
saukuneebis maxlobel aRmosavleTSi.<br />
meWurWleTuxucesi _ saxelmwifo xazinis mTavari gamge, ministri anu<br />
veziri Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. mas eqvemdebareboda xazinis<br />
moxeleebis _ meWurWleebisagan dakompleqtebuli uwyeba. ganagebda<br />
saWurWles anu xazinas, sadac inaxeboda saxelmwifos kuTvnili fuli da<br />
yoveldRiurad saxarjo qoneba. hyavda nacvali anu moadgile.<br />
meWurWleTuxucess emorCilebodnen qalaqebi, qalaqis amirebi da vaWrebi.<br />
Sedioda `orTa vazirTa~ jgufSi msaxurTuxucesTan erTad.<br />
qalaqi miane _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT<br />
nawilSi, qalaqebs _ Tavrizsa da zanjans Soris. mdebareobda iranidan<br />
kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze. iyo iranis<br />
azerbaijanis erT-erTi centri.<br />
mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondideli _ pirveli ministri anu veziri Sua<br />
saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. iyo sasuliero piri da saero Tanamdebobis<br />
garda, flobda maRali rangis sasuliero wodebas _ Wyondidis,<br />
iSviaTad, bediis an alaverdis episkoposobas. mis gareSe ar wydeboda<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis mniSvnelovani arc erTi sakiTxi, arc samxedro, arc<br />
sagareo-politikuri da arc raime sxva xasiaTisa. iyo upirvelesi<br />
mrCeveli da mzrdeli, `mama mefisa~. xelmZRvanelobda marTlmsajulebis<br />
umTavres organos – `saajo kars~.<br />
msaxurTuxucesi _ samefo karis maRali Tanamdebobis piri, ministri anu<br />
veziri Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. ganagebda samefo karze moqmed<br />
uwyebebs: salaros anu ganZTsacavs da sawols anu mefis mosasvenebel<br />
gansakuTrebul dawesebulebas. evaleboda `mefis Sekazmva~. mas<br />
eqvemdebarebodnen `mefis msaxurebi~: molareTuxucesi, mesawoleTuxucesi,<br />
38
fareSTuxucesi, mexileTuxucesi da sxva. Sedioda `orTa vazirTa~<br />
jgufSi meWurWleTuxucesTan erTad.<br />
naWarmagevis sasaxle _ erT-erTi samefo rezidencia Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSi. mdebareobda qarTlSi, axlandeli goris raionis<br />
teritoriaze, sofel karaleTis adgilas.<br />
naxiCevani _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis<br />
naxiCevanis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze. misi centri iyo<br />
qalaqi naxiCevani.<br />
niali _ vrceli veli javaxeTSi, aspinZis raionis sofel Tmogvis<br />
samxreTiT, mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze.<br />
nikofsia _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi amJamindeli ruseTis federaciis<br />
teritoriaze, qalaq tuafses Crdilo-dasavleTiT, Savi zRvis CrdiloaRmosavleT<br />
sanapiroze. XII saukunis II naxevarSi nikofsiasTan gadioda<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ukiduresi Crdilo-dasavleTi sazRvari.<br />
cixe-qalaqi oZrxe _ istoriuli cixe-qalaqi samcxeSi, adigenis raionis<br />
daba abasTumnis maxloblad, mdinare oZrxiswylis marjvena napirze.<br />
mdebareobda samxreT saqarTvelodan dasavleT saqarTvelosaken mimaval<br />
did savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.<br />
palakacio _ Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> provincia amJamindeli TurqeTis<br />
respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, celis (igive Crdilis,<br />
Cildiris) tbis midamoebSi. aq idga cnobili cixe-simagreebi: qajiscixe,<br />
TeTrcixe da sxva.<br />
rani _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis respublikis<br />
teritoriaze, mis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, mdinare mtkvris marjvena<br />
napirze, mdinareebs _ debedasa da araqss Soris. misi umTavresi centri<br />
iyo qalaqi ganZa.<br />
rumi _ Turq-selCukTa msxvili politikuri gaerTianeba XI-XIV<br />
saukuneebSi, TurqeTis respublikis centralur da aRmosavleT<br />
raionebSi. misi centri iyo qalaqi konia. aqtiurad monawileobda<br />
jvarosanTa winaaRmdeg warmoebul omebSi.<br />
sivnieTi _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli somxeTis respublikis<br />
teritoriaze, mdinare araqsis marcxena napirze, axlendeli azerbaijanis<br />
mTiani yarabaRisa da naxiCevanis avtonomiur respublikebs Soris.<br />
qalaqi sparsi-bazari _ istoriuli qalaqi amJamindeli azerbaijanis<br />
naxiCevanis avtonomiuri respublikis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi, qalaq<br />
naxiCevanis aRmosavleTiT. mdebareobda mdinare araqsis marcxena napirze<br />
gamavali da saqarTvelosaken momavali gzebis gasayarze. iyo naxiCevanis<br />
provinciis erT-erTi centri.<br />
taoskaris cixe _ Zveli <strong>qarTuli</strong> cixe-simagre taoSi, amJamindeli<br />
TurqeTis respublikis teritoriaze, qalaq olTus (olTisis)<br />
CrdiloeTiT, mdinare olTisiswylis marjvena napirze. mdebareobda<br />
39
koladan da bana-olTisis raionidan TorTumiswylisa da Woroxis<br />
xeobisaken mimaval gzaze.<br />
qveSis cixe _ istoriuli cixe-simagre qvemo qarTlSi, bolnisis raionis<br />
sofel qveSis ganapiras, mdinare maSaveras marcxena napirze. mdebareobda<br />
istoriul qalaq samSvildidan lore-taSirisa da zurtaketjavaxeTisaken<br />
mimavali gzebis gasayarze.<br />
yabala _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis<br />
respublikis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, mdinare mtkvris marcxena<br />
napirze. misi centri iyo qalaqi yabala, albaneTis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi<br />
Sua saukuneebSi.<br />
qalaqi yazvini _ istoriuli qalaqi iranis respublikis CrdilodasavleT<br />
nawilSi, qalaqebs _ zanjansa da Teirans Soris. mdebareobda<br />
iranidan kavkasiisaken momaval msxvil savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.<br />
iyo Sua saukuneebis iranis erT-erTi dedaqalaqi.<br />
yaryari _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis mTiani<br />
yarabaRis avtonomiuri respublikis samxreT nawilSi.<br />
cixe-qalaqi Samqori _ Zveli albanuri cixe-qalaqi amJamindeli<br />
azerbaijanis respublikis teritoriaze, qalaq ganjis CrdilodasavleTiT.<br />
mdebareobda iranidan saqarTvelosaken momaval did savaWrosaqaravno<br />
magistralze. iyo ranis provinciis dasavleTi raionebis<br />
centri.<br />
Saqi _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis respublikis<br />
Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, mdinare mtkvris marcxena napirze. misi<br />
centri iyo qalaqi Saqi.<br />
Siraki _ Zveli somxuri provincia amJamindeli TurqeTisa da somxeTis<br />
respublikebis teritoriaze, am saxelmwifoebs Soris sazRvrad<br />
dadebuli mdinare arfaCais xeobaSi. misi centri iyo qalaqi anisi.<br />
Sirvani _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis<br />
respublikis teritoriaze, aRmosavleT nawilSi, kaspiis zRvis dasavleT<br />
sanapiroze. misi centri iyo qalaqi Semaxa.<br />
CuxCarxi _ samxedro uwyebis maRali moxele Sua saukuneebis<br />
saqarTveloSi. iyo mefis piradi dacvis ufrosi. mudmivad Tan axlda<br />
gvirgvinosans mgzavrobisas da win uZRvoda mas. valdebuli iyo,<br />
daeTvalierebina is adgilebi, sadac <strong>mefe</strong> unda misuliyo da ezruna mis<br />
usafrTxoebaze. saistorio wyaroebSi xSirad ixsenieba vezirTa gverdiT.<br />
cxumi _ istoriuli provincia dasavleT saqarTveloSi. misi centri iyo<br />
qalaqi cxumi, amJamindeli _ soxumi. VIII-XIV saukuneebSi moicavda<br />
teritorias Tanamedrove axali aTonidan aRmosavleTiT, vidre mdinare<br />
kodoramde. amave VIII-XIV saukuneebSi aq moqmedebda afxazeTis<br />
saerisTavos aRmosavleTiT mdebare samxedro-administraciuli erTeuli<br />
_ cxumis saerisTavo.<br />
xaraja _ dapyrobil xalxebze dakisrebuli gadasaxadi, xarki.<br />
40
xaCeni _ Zveli albanuri provincia amJamindeli azerbaijanis<br />
respublikis mTiani yarabaRis avtonomiuri respublikis CrdiloeT da<br />
centralur nawilSi. misi centri iyo xaCenis cixe.<br />
xlaTi _ Turq-selCukTa msxvili politikuri gaerTianeba XII-XIII<br />
saukuneebSi, amJamindeli TurqeTis respublikis aRmosavleT nawilSi,<br />
vanis tbis Crdilo-dasavleTiT. misi centri iyo qalaqi xlaTi.<br />
marTavdnen sulTnebi Sah-armenTa dinastiidan. imyofeboda vasalur<br />
damokidebulebaSi iranis azerbaijanis ildeRizianTa saxelmwifosTan.<br />
saqarTvelos mimarT atarebda agresiul saxelmwifo politikas.<br />
qalaqi juRa _ istoriuli qalaqi azerbaijanis naxiCevanis avtonomiuri<br />
respublikis teritoriaze, qalaq naxiCevanis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT,<br />
mdinare araqsis marcxena napirze. mdebareobda araqsis marcxena da<br />
marjvena napiris damakavSirebel msxvil-savaWro-saqaravno magistralze.<br />
iyo naxiCevanis provinciis erT-erTi centri.<br />
41
gamoyenebuli literatura wyaroebi:<br />
• i. anTelava, saqarTvelos centraluri da adgilobrivi mmarTveloba<br />
XI-XIII ss., Tb., 1983.<br />
• S. badriZe, saSinao politikuri viTareba <strong>Tamaris</strong> mefobaSi, wgn.:<br />
saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, Tb., 1979.<br />
• basili ezosmoZRvari, cxovreba <strong>mefe</strong>T-mefisa <strong>Tamaris</strong>i, qarTlis<br />
cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerebis mixedviT s.<br />
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II, Tb., 1959.<br />
• m. baxtaZe, erisTavobis instituti saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2003.<br />
• m. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebi XIII saukunis<br />
damdegs, kreb.: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi, Tb., 1966.<br />
• vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmnes nodar<br />
SoSiaSvilma da eka kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali, komentarebi da saZiebeli<br />
daurTo eka kvaWantiraZem, Tb., 2002.<br />
• Tamar mefis droindeli matiane (`cxovreba <strong>mefe</strong>T-mefisa <strong>Tamaris</strong>a~),<br />
teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da saZiebeli daurTo m.<br />
qadagiZem, Tb., 2001.<br />
• istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti<br />
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerebis mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier,<br />
t. II, Tb., 1959.<br />
• S. mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII<br />
saukunis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1979.<br />
• r. metreveli, <strong>mefe</strong> Tamari, Tb., 1991.<br />
• miqael panaretosi, trapizonis qronika, berZnuli teqsti <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
TargmniT, Sesavali weriliT, SeniSvnebiTa da saZiebliT gamosca al.<br />
gamyreliZem, kreb.: masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis,<br />
nakv.: 33, Tb., 1960.<br />
• g. oTxmezuri, XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis <strong>qarTuli</strong> lapidaruli<br />
warwerebi, rogorc saistorio wyaro, Tb., 1981.<br />
• b. silagaZe, XII-XIII ss. saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi ibn<br />
al-asiris cnobaTa Suqze, kreb.: saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi, Tb.,<br />
1966.<br />
• j. stefnaZe, saqarTvelo XII s. da XIII s-is pirvel meoTxedSi, Tb.,<br />
1985.<br />
• <strong>qarTuli</strong> istoriuli sabuTebi, t. I, XI-XIII ss. Seadgines da<br />
gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb.,<br />
1984.<br />
• iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. II, Tb., 1983.<br />
• g. jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro<br />
XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi, Tb., 1995.<br />
42
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