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saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli<br />

Stabis, wvrTnebisa da <strong>samxedro</strong> ganaTlebis<br />

sardlobis Tavdacvis erovnuli akademia<br />

<strong>polkovniki</strong> <strong>daviT</strong> <strong>maRlakeliZe</strong><br />

<strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />

istoriis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad<br />

d i s e r t a c i a<br />

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />

profesori elver kupataZe<br />

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />

profesori Tedo dundua<br />

Tbilisi<br />

2010<br />

2

S e s a v a l i<br />

saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze uxdeboda<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTva TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis.<br />

mtris gamudmebul Tavdasxmebs ganapirobebda saqarTvelos<br />

geopolitikuri mdgomareoba da mis irgvliv myofi saxelmwifoTa<br />

strategia, rac miznad isaxavda saqarTveloze zewolas da amiT kavkasiis<br />

regionis dauflebas (interesi gamowveuli iyo saerTaSoriso<br />

mniSvnelobis ,,abreSumis didi gziT~ da saqarTvelos bunebrivgeografiuli<br />

pirobebiT). aRniSnuli problema yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo<br />

saqarTvelos mTeli istoriis manZilze da dResac pirvelxarisxovani<br />

mniSvneloba eniWeba. es dausrulebeli politikuri procesebi Sesabamis<br />

asaxvas poulobda <strong>samxedro</strong> dapirispirebebSi. aRniSnul brZolebSi<br />

warmatebis mosapoveblad mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT im mebrZolebs,<br />

romlebic, TavianTi simamaciT, individualuri sabrZolo xelovnebis<br />

ileTebis codniT da taqtikur moqmedebaTa elementebis gonivruli<br />

gamoyenebiT, mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdegesTan imarjvebdnen. aseTi<br />

magaliTebi mravladaa Semonaxuli istoriul wyaroebsa da<br />

istoriografiaSi. ra Tqma unda, iyo damarcxebebic sxvadasxva mizezTa<br />

gamo, magram qarTvelTa brZolas gadarCenisTvis sistematiuri xasiaTi<br />

hqonda.<br />

epoqebis mixedviT sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri procesebis<br />

ganviTarebis Sesabamisad viTardeboda sabrZolo iaraRisa da TavdacviTi<br />

saSualebebis warmoeba, safortifikacio nagebobebis mSeneblobebi.<br />

yovelivem zegavlena iqonia brZolebis warmarTvis formebsa da<br />

meTodebze. aqedan gamomdinare, ufro daxvewili da srulyofili xdeboda<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>, razec misi ganmarteba miuTiTebs: <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis istoria <strong>samxedro</strong> istoriis Semadgeneli nawilia. is ikvlevs<br />

SeiaraRebuli brZolis warmoqmnisa da warmarTvis formebisa da xerxebis<br />

ganviTarebas. igi ganazogadebs warsuli omebis gamocdilebas, gviCvenebs<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis ganviTarebis process da amJRavnebs mis<br />

3

kanonzomierebebs, riTac xels uwyobs Tanamedove <strong>samxedro</strong> Teoriis<br />

ganviTarebas (155, 301).<br />

imis gamo, rom qarTveli xalxi Tvisi arsebobis istoriis manZilze,<br />

sxvadasxva juris dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg gamudmebiT brZolebs<br />

awarmoebda da mSvidobianobis periodebi Zalze xanmokle iyo, amitom<br />

Cveni samSoblos istoria faqtiurad ,,omebis istoriaa~, rogorc amas<br />

samarTlianad aRniSnaven mecnier-istorikosebi.<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis saxelovani mefis, <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

warmoCena, mravalsaukunovani <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoriis Seswavlis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, <strong>samxedro</strong>-patriotuli kuTxiT, aqtualuri da saintereso<br />

sakiTxia.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II, 15 wlis asakidan moyolebuli, sicocxlis bolomde<br />

mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdeges ebrZoda. igi ara mxolod mamaci da<br />

uSiSari meomari, aramed qarTl-kaxeTis samefos brwyinvale<br />

mxedarTmTavari iyo.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-m qveynisaTvis saWiro da metad sasargeblo <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

reformebi ganaxorciela. mefis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli mudmivi jaris<br />

msgavsi SeiaraRebuli organizaciis, e.w. `morige jaris~ Seqmna,<br />

sadroSoTa sistemis (imdroindeli <strong>samxedro</strong> olqebis. Tumca olqi<br />

gacilebiT bevrad met farTobs moicavs vidre sadroSo iyo)<br />

organizaciis srulyofa, zarbaznebis Camomsxmeli, Tof-iaraRis<br />

damamzadebeli qarxnebis gaxsna, sazarbazne Wurvebisa da tyvia-wamlis<br />

warmoeba, axali cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba, Zvelebis SekeTeba, <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

dazvervis sistemis organizeba, sayaraulo samsaxuris masStabebis<br />

gafarToeba da srulyofa. agreTve mTeli rigi sxva sakiTxebis gadaWra,<br />

romlebmac saboloo jamSi mniSvnelovnad Seuwyves xeli qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefos Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebas da gareSe mtrebis masobrivi<br />

Tavdasxmebis warmatebiT mogeriebasa da damarcxebas.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II yovel Rones xmarobda, raTa saxelmwifoSi, daenerga is<br />

siaxleebi da miRwevebi, rasac im droisaTvis adgili hqonda ruseTsa da<br />

evropis sxva saxelmwifoebSi. amitom <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis specialistebs,<br />

rogorc ucxoelebs, ise qarTvelebs (romlebsac saTanado codna da<br />

4

gamocdileba gaaCndaT ruseTis jarSi samsaxurisa) TavisTan iwvevda da<br />

xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnida muSaobisaTvis.<br />

igi ara marto gamoCenili saxelmwifo moRvawe iyo, aramed Tavis<br />

epoqis didi mxedarTmTavaric, romelic gaizarda qarTuli <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis tradiciebze. misi, rogorc brwyinvale sardlis,<br />

CamoyalibebaSi garkveuli roli Seasrula <strong>samxedro</strong> laSqrobebSi<br />

SeZenilma sabrZolo gamocdilebam, evropuli da aziuri qveynebis<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis gacnobam.<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m sruliad samarTlianad daimkvidra saxeli iseTi<br />

saxelovani mefeebisa da mxedarTmTavrebis gverdiT, rogoric iyvnen:<br />

farnavazi, vaxtang gorgasali, <strong>daviT</strong> aRmaSenebeli, giorgi saakaZe da<br />

sxvebi.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-m didi da mcire masStabis 100-ze meti brZola gadaixada,<br />

romelTagan umravlesoba misi brwyinvale gamarjvebiT damTavrda. XVIII<br />

saukunis II naxevarSi misi saxeli ganTqmuli iyo rogorc aRmosavleTSi,<br />

ise dasavleTSi.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis principebis gamoyenebiT <strong>erekle</strong> mefem mravali<br />

brZola STambeWdavi gamarjvebiT daasrula. am brZolebis analizi<br />

cxadyofs, rom igi brwyinvale <strong>samxedro</strong> taqtikosi iyo, romlis saxelTan<br />

samarTlianadaa dakavSirebuli qarTuli <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

ganviTareba XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi.<br />

miuxedavad mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-is didi sabrZolo damsaxurebisa, dRemde<br />

misi <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis Sesaxeb erTiani mecnieruli gamokvleva ar<br />

arsebobs, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT zogierTi mkvlevaris naSromebs,<br />

romlebSic <strong>erekle</strong> II-is sardlobiT Catarebuli esa Tu is brZola<br />

umTavresad ganxilulia <strong>samxedro</strong> istoriis kuTxiT. kerZod,<br />

al. gorgaZes, iv. SaiSmelaSvilsa da a. klimiaSvils srulyofilad ar<br />

aqvT Seswavlili <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier gatarebuli <strong>samxedro</strong> reformebi,<br />

principebi da brZolebis taqtikuri formebi. Cvens istoriografiaSi am<br />

naklis arseboba mniSvnelovnad zrdis winamdebare sakvlevi Temis<br />

aqtualobas. sadoqtoro disertacia swored am naklis Sevsebis cdas<br />

warmoadgens.<br />

5

sadisertacio naSromis miznad davisaxeT, kompleqsurad Segveswavla<br />

XVIII saukunis me-2 naxevarSi mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong>-politikuri<br />

moRvaweoba, gansakuTrebiT ki misi <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>, warmogveCina da<br />

konkretulad gagveSuqebina Semdegi problemuri sakiTxebi:<br />

1. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong>-reformatoruli moRvaweoba (RonisZiebani<br />

SeiaraRebis, sabrZolo masalebis sawarmoeblad da sainJinro-TavdacviTi<br />

nagebobebis mosawyobad; SeiaraRebuli organizaciis (morige jaris)<br />

Seqmna; <strong>samxedro</strong> dazvervisa da sayaraulo (saguSago) samsaxuris<br />

organizeba);<br />

2. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is umniSvnelovanesi brZolebi: yarabaRSi, yirbulaxSi,<br />

mWadijvrisa da yvarlis cixeebTan, aspinZis brZola;<br />

3. <strong>erekle</strong> mefis roli XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi, evropisa da aziis qveynebSi <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

strategiasa da taqtikaSi momxdari cvlilebebis fonze.<br />

pirvelad Cvens sadisertacio naSromSi axleburad, Seswavlilia<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobis periodSi (1735 – 1795 ww.), mis mier<br />

Setanili wvlili qarTul <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>Si. gansakuTrebiT<br />

yuradReba gamaxvilebulia am saxelovani mefis mier gamarjvebiT<br />

damTavrebul mniSvnelovan brZolebze, maTi analizis safuZvelze<br />

Seswavlili da warmoCenilia taqtikuri moqmedebebis Semadgeneli<br />

elementebi, romelTa unariani gamoyenebiT brwyinvale gamarjvebebi iqna<br />

mopovebuli. Seswavlili iqna im brZanebebisa da gankargulebebis<br />

punqtebi, romlebic TavianTi SinaarsiT Tanamedrove sabrZolo<br />

(sabrZolo brZanebebi, gankargulebebi, direqtivebi) dokumentebs<br />

miesadageba.<br />

sadisertacio naSromze muSaobisas kritikulad SeviswavleT<br />

sakvlevi problemis irgvliv arsebuli masalebi, dokumentebi da<br />

literatura. Cvens mier pirvelad iqna SemuSavebuli da mecnierulad<br />

dasabuTebuli <strong>erekle</strong> II-is droindeli sadazvervo sistemis organizebis,<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqtura da sabrZolo moqmedebis sqemebi.<br />

sadisertacio naSromSi siaxles warmoadgens brZolis procesis<br />

maTematikuri modelirebis meTodebis gamoyeneba (lanCesteris<br />

6

gantolebebi), romlis realizacia ganxorcielda kompiuterSi. misi<br />

saSualebiT davadgineT uSualod brZolebSi monawile dapirispirebul<br />

mxareTa raodenoba, danakargebi da sxva. Cven ar SeudgebiT maT analizs,<br />

avRniSnavT mxolod imas, Tu ris saSualebas gvaZleven isini.<br />

Tu or mowinaaRmdege mxares gaaCnia raime sabrZolo saSualebebi<br />

(cecxlsasroli iaraRi an sxva SeiaraReba), brZolis mimdinareobisas<br />

xdeba am erTeulebis raodenobrivi cvlilebebi _ realurad kleba.<br />

gantolebebi gvaZleven saSualebas aRiweros Tu rogori kanonzomierebiT<br />

xdeba am erTeulTa kleba.<br />

vTqvaT erT mxares hyavs 100 erTeuli, meores 120, maTi kleba<br />

SeiZleba xdebodes sxvadasxva kanonzomierebiT. magaliTad ase:<br />

#<br />

# mxareebis sabrZolo erTeulebis raodenoba sxvadasxva etapze<br />

sawyis etapze T 1 droSi T 2 droSi T 3 droSi T 4 droSi T 5 droSi<br />

1 100 99. 77 99. 54 99. 31 99. 09 98. 87<br />

2 120 119 118 117 116. 01 115. 02<br />

an sxva wesiT. am mimdevrobidan bevri daskvnis gakeTeba xerxdeba,<br />

xolo TviT masze gavlenas axdens sxvadasxva garemoeba. yovelive amis<br />

aRwera xdeba xsenebuli gantolebebiT. amiT SegviZlia viangariSoT<br />

ramdeni erTeuli darCeba erT mxares, rodesac meore mxare (pirobiTad<br />

susti) srulad ganadgurdeba an ganadgurdeba misi es Tu is nawili.<br />

amrigad, Tu viciT mxareTa Zalebis raodenobebi da maTi Tvisebrivi<br />

maxasiaTeblebi, am gantolebebis saSualebiT SegviZlia aRvadginoT<br />

realobasTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli suraTi mimdinare procesisa.<br />

Tumca am dros warmoiqmneba bevri sirTule. aRvniSnavT zogierT maTgans,<br />

romelic CvenTvis arsebiTia.<br />

brZola rTuli procesia, romlis mimdinareobisas zemoaRniSnuli<br />

,,garemoebani~ xSirad icvlebian. zogjer brZolis procesSi CaerTvebian<br />

damatebiTi Zalebi, zogjer Seicvleba mebrZolTa brZolisunarianoba,<br />

zogjer procesSi aRiniSneba garkveuli pauza, da a.S. es cvlilebebi<br />

7

iwveven gantolebebSi Semavali e.w. parametrebis cvlilebebs, aRniSnuli<br />

garemoebaTa gamo am gantolebebis erTiani amoxsna aRar xerxdeba. amitom<br />

aseT SemTxvevaSi viqceviT Semdegnairad: mTel process davyofT<br />

ramdenime etapad. TiToeuli etapis SigniT parametrebi ar icvlebian da<br />

amitom advilia Sedegebis gaangariSeba, mag:Yyirbulaxis brZolis<br />

raodenobrivi analizi, (danarTi #2, 163). Semdeg etapze miiReba axali<br />

sawyisi pirobebi da kvlav movaxdenT gaTvlebis Catarebas, da a.S., magram<br />

kvlav warmoiSoba axali siZneleebi. rogor Seicvlebian parametrebi?, Tu<br />

brZolisas iqneba pauza, ramden xans gastans is? da sxva.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi vsargeblobT kompiuteris SesaZleblobebiT da<br />

gaTvlebs vatarebT sxvadasxva variantebiT. miRebul Sedegebs vadarebT<br />

sakontrolo ricxvebs, romelsac cnobili istoriuli monacemebidan<br />

viRebT. Tu damTxveva moxdeba, Cvens mier miRebuli varianti, romelmac<br />

dadebiTi Sedegi mogvca, Semdgomi kvlevis safuZvlad daideba. rig<br />

SemTxvevaSi erTi aseTi monacemic ki Zvirfas samsaxurs gviwevs.<br />

samwuxarod, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac absoluturad aranairi ricxvi ar<br />

mogvepoveba. aseT SemTxvevaSi miRebuli Sedegebis analizi xdeba<br />

eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodiT. saxelmZRvaneloSi ,,marTvelobiTi<br />

gadawyvetilebis miRebis Teoria da praqtika~, eqspertuli Sefasebis<br />

meTodi ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: ,,eqspertuli Sefasebis meTodi<br />

gulisxmobs problemis eqspertuli analizis CatarebiT raodenobriv<br />

Sefasebas da eqspertiziT miRebuli Sedegebis damuSavebas~ (166, 254).<br />

aq Cven TviT es gantolebebi da miTumetes misi amoxsnebi Segnebulad<br />

ar mogvyavs, gvindoda mxolod maTi arsi da SesaZleblobebi<br />

warmogveCina.<br />

bolos ki naCvenebia XVIII saukuneSi evropis, aziis da saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> strategiisa da taqtikis SedarebiTi analizi. aseve <strong>erekle</strong> II-is<br />

sabrZolo damsaxureba da mis mier Setanili mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />

qarTuli <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi.<br />

sadisertacio naSromi da masSi warmodgenili kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi<br />

SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes: d. aRmaSeneblis saxelobis Tavdacvis<br />

erovnuli akademiis msmenelebTan, agreTve, Zalovani uwyebebis profilis<br />

8

saswavleblebSi saqarTvelos omebisa da <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoriis<br />

swavlebisas, umaRlesi saswavleblebis humanitarul fakultetebze,<br />

saqarTvelos istoriis kursis kiTxvisas; brZolis procesis maTematikuri<br />

modelirebis nimuSi qmnis baziss am mimarTulebiT momavali kvlevebis<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

naSromis qronologiuri CarCo, 1735-1795 wlebs, <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis periods moicavs. qveda mijnad aviReT<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli pirveli brZola, xolo zeda<br />

mijnad _ 1795 weli, radgan mefe _ sardali sicocxlis bolomde ibrZoda<br />

da eweoda <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobas.<br />

naSromis meTodologiuri baza efuZneba istoriis obieqtur gagebas,<br />

faqtebisa da movlenebisadmi midgomis kritikul-analitikuri meTods,<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis principebis kvlevas da aRiarebas.<br />

ZiriTadi masalebi (sul 4 samecniero statia) gamoqveynebulia<br />

Tavdacvis erovnuli akademiis referirebul samecniero JurnalSi<br />

,,akademiis Sromebi", #2, #3.<br />

moxsenebebi disertaciis TemasTan dakavSirebiT wakiTxulia<br />

Tavdacvis erovnul akademiaSi, adiunqtebisa (aspirantebis) da samecniero<br />

xarisxis maZieblebis <strong>samxedro</strong>-samecniero konferenciebze, sxvadasxva<br />

saxelmwifoebriv mniSvnelovan TariRebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />

naSromis struqtura gansazRvrulia sadisertacio kvlevis miznebiT<br />

da amocanebiT. Sedgeba Sesavlis, literaturis mimoxilvis, sami Tavis, 10<br />

paragrafis, daskvnis, sqemebis, danarTis, gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />

CamonaTvalisa da Sinaarsisagan. saerTo moculoba Seadgens<br />

kompiuteruli teqstis 177 nabeWd gverds, sadac mocemulia: teqsti – 151<br />

gv, sadazvervo sistemis sqema - 1, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqtura - 1,<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis sqema - 5, sabrZolo wyobebis sqema – 4<br />

danarTi – 4 gv, damowmebuli wyaroebisa da literaturis nusxa – 10 gv,<br />

Sinaarsi – 1gv.<br />

9

wyaroebisa da literaturis mimoxilva<br />

wyaroebi _ <strong>erekle</strong> II Tavisi mravalmxrivi moRvaweobiT<br />

popularuli da gamorCeuli moRvawea ara mxolod aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos _ qarTl-kaxeTis samefos, aramed mTel saqarTvelos<br />

istoriaSi. <strong>erekle</strong> mefis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb uamravi wyaro arsebobs.<br />

TavianTi xasiaTiT, SinaarsiTa da specifikurobiT es wyaroebi SeiZleba<br />

ramdenime jgufad davyoT: pirvel jgufs qarTul enaze arsebuli<br />

wyaroebi Seadgenen, meore jgufs – rusul enaze Sedgenili wyaroebi,<br />

mesames jgufs dasavleT evropuli unda mivakuTvnoT, meoTxes – somxuri,<br />

mexuTes _ Turquli da meeqvses iranul enebze arsebuli wyaroebi. ra<br />

Tqma unda, wyaroebis aseTi klasifikacia pirobiTia.<br />

pirvel jgufSi Semavali wyaroebidan, upirveles yovlisa,<br />

aRsaniSnavia mefeebis Teimuraz II-isa da <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier gamocemuli<br />

brZanebebi, samefo darbazis dadgenilebebi, werilebi qveynis maRali<br />

saero Tu sasuliero Tanamdebobis pirebTan, mimowerebi sazRvargareTis<br />

saxelmwifoebis mefeebTan, elCebTan, sxvadasxva rangis pasuxismgebel<br />

moxeleebTan. dasaxelebuli wyaroebi inaxeba saqarTvelos centralur<br />

saxelmwifo arqivSi, xelnawerTa erovnul centrsa Dda Telavis<br />

g. CubiniSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo eTnografiul muzeumSi.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is mefobis garkveuli periodi, vidre XVIII saukunis 50-iani<br />

wlebis Suaxnebamde sainteresod aqvs aRwerili papuna orbelians Tavis<br />

naSromSi - `ambavni qarTlisani~ (41), romelic Zvirfas cnobebs gvawvdis<br />

aRniSnul periodSi <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mravalxrivi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis moRvaweobis erT-erT mniSvnelovani wyaroa oman<br />

xerxeuliZis Txzuleba _ `mefoba irakli <strong>meoris</strong>a~ (47). Txzulebis<br />

qronologiuri CarCoebia 1722-1787 wlebi. avtoris ZiriTad mizans<br />

warmoadgens <strong>erekle</strong> II-is moRvaweobis Sefaseba, rac, Tavis mxriv,<br />

uSualod aris dakavSirebuli aRniSnuli periodis qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefos politikuri da socialuri istoriis gadmocemasTan.<br />

dasaxelebuli pirvelwyaros erT-erT Rirsebad isic unda CaiTvalos,<br />

rom o. xerxeuliZe mis mier aRwerili istoriuli movlenebis didi<br />

nawilis TviTmxilveli da Tanamedrovea.<br />

10

pirvelwyaroebidan sayuradReboa <strong>daviT</strong>, bagrat (27) da Teimuraz (29)<br />

batoniSvilebis naSromebi, agreTve ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasoba~ (30)<br />

da `sjuldeba~ (31), aseve vaxuSti bagrationis naSromebi (33-35).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is moRvaweobis rusuli wyaroebi, romelTa mniSvnelovani<br />

nawili qarTveli mkvlevarebis (v. maWaraZe, i. cincaZe, g. paiWaZe da sxvebi)<br />

mieraa gamocemuli saTanado komentarebiT, umTavresad politikuri,<br />

diplomatiuri da <strong>samxedro</strong> sakiTxebiT aris warmodgenili. maTgan<br />

pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT a. cagarelis `sigelebis~ I da II tomi<br />

(51), maTSi uamravi xasiaTis cnobebia motanili, romelTa kompleqsuri<br />

Seswavla-gaanalizebis Semdeg <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mravalmxrivi moRvaweoba<br />

ufro TvalsaCinod ikveTeba. E<strong>erekle</strong> mefis <strong>samxedro</strong>-politikuri<br />

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani masalebia daculi ruseTis<br />

federaciis centralur saxelmwifo <strong>samxedro</strong>-istoriuli, sagareo<br />

politikisa da saxelmwifo sabWos arqivebsa da fondebSi, romelTa<br />

udidesi raodenoba aRniSnul problemebze momuSave mkvlevarebma, didi<br />

xania, Semoitanes samecniero brunvaSi.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier gatarebuli <strong>samxedro</strong>-administraciuli<br />

RonisZiebebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />

Tavdacvisunarianobis amaRlebas, gadmocemulia i. doliZis naSromSi<br />

,,qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~ (38).<br />

kavkasiisa da kerZod, qarTl-kaxeTis axali istoriisaTvis masalebi<br />

ramdenime wignad gamosca p. butkovma (49). pirvelwyarosOTvalsazrisiT,<br />

interess iwvevs qarTveli mefeebis ruseTis xelmwifeebTan mimowera,<br />

romelic rusul enazea gamocemuli (50).<br />

qarTveli mefis - <strong>erekle</strong> II-is moRvaweobasa da warmatebebs didi<br />

interesiT adevnebda Tvals ruseTis imperia, romlis dadasturebaa XVIII<br />

s-is ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis amsaxveli sabuTebi. gamoqveynebuli<br />

cnobebi <strong>erekle</strong> II-is Sesaxeb gamocemuli aqvs profesor i. cincaZes (45).<br />

dasavleT evropuli wyaroebidan yuradRebas ipyrobs germaneli<br />

mecnierisa da mogzauris giuldenStedtis mier motanili metad<br />

saintereso cnobebi XVIII saukunis qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da, kerZod,<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is moRvaweobis Sesaxeb (36,37).<br />

11

franguli wyaroebidan sainteresoa kapitan de grai de fuasa da<br />

frangi komersantis peisonelis cnobebi, romlebic, germanuli masalebis<br />

msgavsad Targmnilia qarTulad (39).<br />

evropuli cnobebi <strong>erekle</strong> II-is Sesaxeb gamoaqveyna cnobilma<br />

mecnierma, profesorma d. SveliZem, romelSic saTanado komentarebiT<br />

mocemulia ZiriTadad ,,sankt-peterburgskie vedomostSi”<br />

konstantinopolidan, smirnadan, veneciidan miRebuli cnobebi. amaTgan<br />

Tavisi mniSvnelobiT yuradRebas ipyrobs Svedi oficris gustav<br />

Fferdinand gillenramis mier Sekrebili informaciebi (132).<br />

osmaluri wyaroebidan <strong>erekle</strong> mefis moRvaweobis Sesaswavlad<br />

mniSvnelovania Turqulidan qarTul enaze Targmnili dokumentebi (44).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> politikuri moRvaweobis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo<br />

cnobebia somexi istorikosebis ioseb eminis, leosa da abraam erevancis<br />

naSromebSi.<br />

Cvens mier dasaxelebul sxvadasxva jgufSi klasificirebuli<br />

wyaroebi, ra Tqma unda, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba TavianTi sandoobiT,<br />

SinaarsiT da moculobiT.<br />

wyaroebs ganekuTvneba agreTve rusuli da evropis qveynebis presaSi<br />

gamoqveynebuli werilebi <strong>erekle</strong> II-is moRvaweobaze, ama Tu im kuTxiT,<br />

xalxuri Tqmulebebi da zepirsityvieri gadmocemebi.<br />

istoriografia _ rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, <strong>erekle</strong> II-is moRvaweoba<br />

metad mravalmxrivia. saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi <strong>daviT</strong> IV<br />

aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis Semdeg erT-erTi popularuli pirovnebaa.<br />

amitom, bunebrivia, rom am saxelmwifo moRvawisa da saxelovani<br />

mxedarTmTavris cxovrebas uamravi samecniero gamokvleva, narkvevi da<br />

sxvadasxva xasiaTis naSromi mieZRvna. maTi saerTo raodenoba ramdenime<br />

aseuls aRemateba. Cveni mizani ar aris maTi sruli analizi. Cvens mTavar<br />

amocanas <strong>erekle</strong> mefis <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis Seswavla warmoadgens.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, upiratesad im naSromebs daeTmoba yuradReba,<br />

romelSic misi <strong>samxedro</strong>-reformatoruli moRvaweoba, samefos<br />

Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkiceba, <strong>samxedro</strong>-diplomatiuri saqmianoba da,<br />

rac mTavaria, mis mier Catarebuli brZolebi, <strong>samxedro</strong> strategia da<br />

12

taqtikaa aRwerili.<br />

marTalia, saqarTvelos istoria, uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli,<br />

omebisa da ganuwyveteli brZolebis istoriaa, magram, samwuxarod, dRemde<br />

ar Seqmnila srulyofili <strong>samxedro</strong> istoria, miTumetes, saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoria. Tumca am TvalsazrisiT ramdenime<br />

sayuradRebo naSromi mogvepoveba.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>s Seexo <strong>samxedro</strong> mecnierebis<br />

doqtori general-leitenanti, akademikosi i. jorjaZe (148), Tumca mas<br />

specialurad, dawvrilebiT ar Seuswavlia mefis mier gadaxdili<br />

brZolebi. <strong>erekle</strong> mefis brZolebis SedarebiT vrceli analizi, misi<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> strategia da taqtika aRwerili aqvs a. gorgaZes (69), romelic<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-s msoflios genialur mxedarTmTavarTa kuTxiT warmogvidgens<br />

da xazgasmiT aRniSnavs mis wvlils qarTuli <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

ganviTarebaSi.<br />

calkeuli brZolebis analizis safuZvelze <strong>erekle</strong> mefis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli general-maior<br />

i. SaiSmelaSvilis naSromSi (130).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II iyo Tavis drois didi sardali da <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvawe. misi<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebuli ramdenime brZola <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

nimuSs warmoadgens. amitom bunebrivia, rom mkvlevarebma specialuri<br />

naSromebi miuZRvnes <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier gadaxdil mniSvnelovan brZolebs.<br />

am mxriv gansakuTrebiT yuradRebis centrSi moeqca aspinZis brZola,<br />

romelic Cvens mkvlevar-mecnierebs umTavresad <strong>samxedro</strong> istoriis<br />

kuTxiT aqvT gaSuqebuli. aRsaniSnavia v. maWaraZis (98), g. qiqoZis (125),<br />

z. WiWinaZis (140) da s. xositaSvilis (141) naSromebi. dasaxelebul<br />

literaturaSi <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis ramdenime faqtorzea saubari, Tumca<br />

maT jerovani Sefasebebi ara aqvT micemuli. am SromebSi, maTi avtorebi<br />

zogierT sakiTxSi ar eTanxmebian erTmaneTs, magram erTsulovnad usvamen<br />

xazs <strong>erekle</strong> II-is maRal mxedarTmTavrul niWs, mis sabrZolo SemarTebas<br />

da pirad mamacobas.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier brwyinvale gamarjvebiT Catarebuli mWadijvris,<br />

yvarlisa da aspinZis brZolebis mokle aRwera mocemulia avtorTa<br />

13

koleqtivis mier gamocemul damxmare saxelmZRvaneloSi ,,<strong>samxedro</strong><br />

swavleba” (54).<br />

aspinZis brZolas Zalze didi rezonansi hqonda ara marto <strong>erekle</strong><br />

mefis TanamedroveTa Soris, aramed momdevno epoqaSic. <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

TvalsazrisiT, am <strong>samxedro</strong> operacias ara mxolod istorikosebma<br />

miapyres yuradReba, aramed mwerlebmac. mweralma da sazogado moRvawem<br />

i. gogebaSvilma pirvelwyaroebisa da saTanado literaturis SeswavliT,<br />

aspinZis brZolas naSromi miuZRvna (67), sadac saomar moqmedebaTa<br />

dawyebis mizezebi, misi dinamika sainteresodaa gaSuqebuli. amave sakiTxs<br />

exeba r. erisTavis naSromi (74).<br />

aspinZis omis oras wlisaTvs mieZRvna samecniero sesia, romelic<br />

i. javaxiSvilis sax. axalcixis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumisa da aspinZis<br />

mSromelTa deputatebis raisabWos aRmaskomis TaosnobiT 1970 wlis 20<br />

maiss Catarda aspinZaSi. am sesiis masalebi Tezisebis saxiT daibeWda<br />

(56).<br />

aspinZis omze, omSi monawile glexebisa da calkeuli pirebis<br />

sabrZolo gmirobis Sesaxeb, werilebi daibeWda gaz. ,,iveriasa” da<br />

,,droebaSi” (62, 63, 79, 107, 137).<br />

aspinZis brZolis Sesaxeb sagazeTo da saJurnalo statiebi<br />

gamoqveynda XIX _ XX saukuneebis qarTul presaSi (96, 99, 137, 144).<br />

aspinZis cnobil brZolas mravali leqsi da folklori mieZRvna,<br />

romelic Tavis droze presaSi gamoqveynda (95).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis sardlobiT Catarebuli da gamarjvebiT damTavrebul<br />

sxva brZolebze, rac ar unda gasakviri iyos, specialurad miZRvnili<br />

erTiani naSromebi ar arsebobs. yvarlis cixisaTvis brZolas naSromi<br />

miuZRvna T. petriaSvilma (110). masSi, pirvelwyaroebsa da samecniero<br />

literaturaze dayrdnobiT, Tanmimdevruladaa aRwerili yvarlis<br />

cnobili brZola, rac garkveulwilad avsebs Cvens istoriografiaSi<br />

arsebul xarvezs. aRsaniSnavia, rom <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobasa<br />

da mis mier Catarebul brZolebs zogierTma avtorma specialuri naSromi<br />

miuZRvna (69, 88, 89, 141).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis nayofieri <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobidan didad<br />

14

sayuradReboa qarTuli artileriis Seqmnaze zrunva, rasac, praqtikuli<br />

TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod didi mniSvneloba qonda<br />

TavdacvisunarianobisaTvis. <strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> mefobis periodSi Tofzarbaznebisa<br />

da sabrZolo masalebis warmoebis sakiTxs Tavis<br />

disertaciaSi Seexo <strong>polkovniki</strong> m. gogitiZe (68).<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi saartilerio warmoebis ganviTarebas<br />

specialuri naSromi miuZRvna mkvlevarma a. klimiaSvilma (87). amave<br />

sakiTxs saJurnalo statiebi miuZRvnes p. RvinaZem (128) da v. maWaraZem (99).<br />

omebisa da brZolebis warmatebiT sawarmoeblad didi mniSvneloba<br />

eniWeba safortifikacio nagebobebs da maT sistemebs. am TvalsazrisiT,<br />

sainteresoa cnobili mecnieris p. zaqaraias naSromebi (75).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefe ara marto saxelmwifo moRvawe da brwyinvale sardali<br />

iyo, aramed SesaniSnavi diplomatic. misi mefobis xanaSi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefodan ramdenime elCoba gaigzavna ruseTSi, rac specialurad<br />

Seiswavla profesorma i. cincaZem (135,136).<br />

XVIII saukunis ruseT-saqarTvelos (pirvel rigSi, qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefos) urTierTobis problema GRrmad da safuZvlianad Seiswavla<br />

profesorma valerian maWaraZem, romlis naSromebSi (100, 101, ) TiTqmis<br />

yvela sakiTxi srulfasovnad, maRal mecnierul donezea Seswavlili.<br />

XVIII saukunis periodis qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sagareo politikis<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvs profesorebs g. paiWaZes (109) da<br />

i. tabaRuas (117).<br />

ruseT-amierkavkasiis sagareo urTierTobis sakiTxebi ganxiluli aqvs<br />

o. markovas (164).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong>-reformatoruli moRvaweoba, mis mier<br />

Catarebuli mniSvnelovani brZolebi, saxelmwifo, politikuri da<br />

diplomatiuri saqmianoba saTanadodaa gaSuqebuli saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

narkvevebis IV tomSi (112). <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mravalmxrivi moRvaweobis<br />

sakiTxebi aisaxa rogorc calkeul, ise avtorTa jgufebis mier<br />

gamocemul saqarTvelos istoriis ganmazogadebel naSromebSi (57).<br />

rogorc wina saukuneebSi, ise XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi jaris<br />

15

sabrZolo gawvrTnisa da misi gamZleobis SenarCunebisaTvis mniSvnelovan<br />

rols asrulebda laSqar-nadiroba, romelmac mudmivi jaris<br />

nairsaxeobis-morige jaris Seqmnis gamo Tavis ZiriTadi funqcia dakarga.<br />

es sakiTxebi ganxilulia q. CxataraiSvilis naSromSi (132).<br />

XVIII saukunis ruseT-saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTierTobis<br />

sakiTxebi ganxilulia e. tartaraSvilis naSromSi (119).<br />

s. qvarianis wignSi (124) yuradReba umTavresad gadatanilia ruseTsaqarTvelos<br />

urTierTobasa da misi mTavrobis politikaze<br />

saqarTveloSi, aqcenti gakeTebulia 1783 wlis traqtatze, rusuli<br />

marTva-gamgeobis damyarebasa da rusi Cinovnikebis TviTnebobaze.<br />

16

Tavi I. <strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> <strong>samxedro</strong> - reformatoruli<br />

moRvaweoba.<br />

1.1. <strong>samxedro</strong>-administraciuli reformebi.<br />

XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi politikuri krizisis daZlevis<br />

Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefos avtoriteti metad gazarda iranisa da<br />

ruseTis oficialurma aRiarebam. saxelmwifoSi droebiTma wesrigma<br />

gaafarTova vaWroba, xelosnoba da msubuqi mrewvelobac. ganaxlda<br />

qarTul safortifikacio nagebobaTa mSenebloba (112).<br />

Tumca, jer kidev aRniSnuli saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli,<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefe da mis garSemo myofi moRvaweebi kargad xedavdnen, rom<br />

saqarTvelos feodaluri mmarTveloba CamorCenili iyo da axali drois<br />

moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebda. amitom <strong>erekle</strong> II da misi momxreni<br />

iZulebuli gaxdnen, ganexorcielebinaT rigi reformebi, romlebic<br />

gamoasworebda saxelmwifos imdroindel savalalo mdgomareobas,<br />

gardaqmnida samoxeleo marTvis aparats, ganamtkicebda mefis<br />

xelisuflebas da ganaviTarebda ekonomikas.<br />

Zveli mmarTvelobis gardaqmnisa da mefis xelisuflebis<br />

gaZlierebisken mimarTul erT-erT mniSvnelovan RonisZiebas<br />

warmoadgenda 1743 wels aragvisa da 1778 wels qsnis saerisTaoebis<br />

gauqmeba, romelTa mosaxleoba uSualod mefis moxeles, mouravs<br />

daeqvemdebara (112, 529). centraluri mmarTvelobis ganmtkicebis mizans<br />

emsaxureboda aseve qarTl-kaxeTis ganapira mxareebis gamgeblobaSi<br />

momxdari cvlilebebi. kerZod, 1755 wels <strong>erekle</strong>m `yazaxSi xanoba<br />

gaauqma da es qveyana samouravod aqcia, xolo 1765 wlisaTvis borCalobaidarsac<br />

mefis mouravebi ganagebdnen~ (83, 183). akademikos<br />

n. berZeniSvilis gadmocemiT, zogierTi saTavados moSla, zogis<br />

Semcireba, saglexo kanonebi, myreloba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis<br />

dargobrivi danawileba (<strong>samxedro</strong>, sagareo saqmeTa, sasamarTlo,<br />

mecnierebis ganviTareba) CamorCenil feodalur - Tavadur saxelmwifo<br />

wyobas veRar egueboda da pirobebs amzadebda im politikuri<br />

naxtomisaTvis, romelsac SeeZlo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

17

arseboba gaqrobisagan gadaerCina (60, 137). zemoT CamoTvlili<br />

reformebidan qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifos winaSe mwvaved idga mudmivi<br />

jaris Seqmnis problema. samefo karze myofi qarTveli moRvaweebi kargad<br />

xedavdnen, rom im drois saqarTveloSi aseTi jaris Seqmna SeuZlebeli<br />

iyo, radgan mefes ar gaaCnda jaris saWiro amuniciiT momaragebis<br />

saSualeba, arc Tavadebi miscemdnen mefes TavianT ymebs aseTi<br />

laSqrisaTvis.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, 1762 wlis 29 ivniss mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-m mamis,<br />

Teimuraz II-is ruseTSi gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavi qarTl-kaxeTis mefed<br />

gamoacxada, ramac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos saerTo politikuri<br />

interesebis qveS gaerTianeba ganapiroba. mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda<br />

sagareo da saSinao politikis ukeTesad warmarTvisaTvis, sadac<br />

mniSvnelovan rols mefis mier gatarebuli <strong>samxedro</strong>-administraciuli<br />

RonisZiebebi gansazRvravda. am RonisZiebebze sruli warmodgena rom<br />

viqonioT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, gavaanalizoT im periodSi arsebuli<br />

sadroSoebisa da maTi sardlebis funqcia-movaleobani, rasac<br />

garkveulwilad Tanamedrove pirobebSic ar daukargavs aqtualoba da<br />

mniSvneloba.<br />

sadroSo Taviseburi <strong>samxedro</strong>-teritoriuli erTeuli iyo, jer kidev<br />

maSin, rodesac saqarTvelo erT mTlian feodalur monarqias<br />

warmoadgenda. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, saqarTvelo dayofili iqna<br />

oTx sadroSod. Amis Sesaxeb igi ase gadmogvcems: `xolo wesTa amaTTa<br />

iyo yoveli iveria anu giorgia oTx sadroSoT ganyofili, rameTu<br />

winambrZolni iyunen Torelni, cixisjvarelni da axalcixelni, da<br />

mimyolni maTni sruliad mesxni da klarjni, da somxiTisa, romelni<br />

epyraT; xolo memarjvne mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad lixTiqiTi afxazjiqiTurT;<br />

memarcxeneT mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad her-kaxni. xolo<br />

mefisa da adamis mpyrobelni qarTvelni da romelni roqiT spani epyrnes<br />

mefesa~ (35 , 22).<br />

rogorc vxedavT, aseT dayofas safuZvlad edo Temobrovteritoriuli<br />

da <strong>samxedro</strong>_strategiuli principebi. <strong>samxedro</strong> wyobis<br />

aseT dayofas, feodaluri urTierTobis pirobebSi, saxelmwifos<br />

18

TavdacvisaTvis uTuod didi mniSvneloba hqonda. sadroSo iqmneboda<br />

teritoriuli principiT, rasac garkveuli upiratesoba gaaCnda.<br />

teritoriis mosaxleni erTmaneTs icnobdnen, adgilmdebareobis reliefi<br />

da buneba kargad hqondaT Seswavlili, cixe-simagreTa ganlageba ukeT<br />

icodnen. garda amisa, maT naTesauri Tu megobruli urTierTobebi<br />

akavSirebdaT. rac mTavaria, zemoT moyvanili yvela aspeqti ganapirobebda<br />

saxelmwifos Tavdacvisa Tu sxva saWiro SemTxvevisaTvis jaris<br />

saswrafod mobilizebas.<br />

rodesac erTiani saqarTvelo samefo-samTavroebad daiSala,<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba Zveli wesze darCa. <strong>samxedro</strong> organizaciac am<br />

wesis Tavisebur mimsgavsebas warmoadgenda. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom<br />

sadroSo <strong>samxedro</strong> teritoriuli erTeuli iyo, romelic sruliad<br />

garkveuli principebis safuZvelze gamoiyofoda. qarTlis samefoSi<br />

Sedioda 4 sadroSo: I - zemo qarTlis, sardali amilaxvari; II - muxranbatonis<br />

sadroSo, sadac Sedioda samuxranbatono, qsnisa da aragvis<br />

saerisTao; III - mewinave sadroSo, sardali orbeliani, romelSic<br />

Sedioda qvemo qarTlSi mdebare somxiT sabaraTianos saTavadoebi;<br />

IV - mefis sadroSo, sardlebi metwilad yofilan ciciSvilebi, sadac<br />

Sedioda qarTlis nawili da mcxeTis eklesiis qvesadroSo (86, 179). es<br />

principebi arc gvian feodalur saqarTveloSi Secvlila, mxolod<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is mefobis xanaSi, qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gaerTianebis Semdeg<br />

nawilobriv Seicvala. rogorc istoriuli masalebidan irkveva, am<br />

periodisaTvis arsebobda qvemo qarTlis (somxiT-sabaraTiano) _ mewinave,<br />

zemo qarTlis _ memarjvene, kaxeTisa _ memarcxene da TviT mefis<br />

sadroSo _ centraluri (samuxranbatono, qsnisa da aragvis saerisTavo).<br />

somxiT-sabaraTiano qarTlis samefos samxreTiT mdebareobda,<br />

romelic, <strong>samxedro</strong> TvalsazrisiT, TbilisSi samxreTidan Semosasvlel<br />

gzebs ketavda. Tu es gzebi daketili ar iqneboda, maSin osmaleTsa da<br />

sparseTs SeeZloT rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos<br />

SuagulSi SemoWriliyvnen, romlis magaliTebi mravladaa istoriaSi.<br />

amitom zemoxsenebuli administraciuli erTeuli mewinave sadroSod<br />

iwodeboda. mas ZiriTadad pirveli dartymebis miReba da mogerieba<br />

19

uxdeboda. am sadroSos teritoriaze arsebuli cixe-simagreebis<br />

sainJinro mowyoba da sabrZolo mzadyofnisaTvis momzadeba uTuod<br />

sadroSos sardlis zedamxedvelobis funqciaSi Sedioda. MmarTalia, igi<br />

am teritoriis mxolod moxele iyo da saTavados faqtiur mflobelad<br />

Tavadi iTvleboda, magram sardals centraluri xelisuflebis mier<br />

uflebamosileba hqonda miniWebuli da jaris mobilizaciaze,<br />

momzadebaze pasuxs agebda (66, 390-391).<br />

Tuki zemo qarTlis sadroSos ganvixilavT oTx sadroSoTa Soris,<br />

is erT-erTi mTavari sadroSao iyo. igi or mTavar magistrals<br />

meTvalyureobda: I _ samxreT-dasavleTidan borjomis xeobis, II _ lixTimereTidan<br />

momavali gzebs. Tu davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom varZia-TmogvixerTvisi-surami-gori-sxvilo<br />

erT mTlian magistrals qmnida.<br />

dasaxelebuli cixeebi garkveul <strong>samxedro</strong> strategiul simagreebs<br />

warmoadgendnen. qarTvelebi cdilobdnen, mudam mzadyofnaSi hqonodaT es<br />

simagreebi. roca qarTvelebi axalcixis mxares kargavdnen, kidev ufro<br />

mwvaved dgeboda qarTlis cixe-simagreebis movla-Senaxvis sakiTxi. Aam<br />

mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs <strong>erekle</strong> mefis `anderZidan~ erTi detali:<br />

`cixebisac ase dagviweria: qalaqis Tbilisis cixeebi, goris cixe,<br />

suramis cixe, wirqolis cixe, boWormis cixe da gremis cixe, rom am<br />

cixeebis nariyalis cixeebica aqvs da nariyalebi cotas kaciT Seinaxeba.<br />

am Svid alagas nariyalebSi saerTod kacni unda eyenoso, ra erTic<br />

moundesT mcvelad da sxva cixeebi da galavnebi, rom didroni arian,<br />

qarTlSi, Tu kaxeTSi, isini cotas kaciT xom ar Seinaxeba, is saTemo<br />

aris~ (40, 205).<br />

mefe miTiTebebs aZlevda sadroSoTa sardlebs, raTa TavianTi Zalebi<br />

ise gaenawilebinaT, rom sabrZolo amocanis Sesruleba mcire<br />

danakargebiT yofiliyo SesaZlebeli. aRniSnuli dasturdeba Sesabamisi<br />

samecniero naSromebis avtorTa mier sadroSoTa sardlebis uflebamovaleobebis<br />

Sesaxeb motanili punqtebiTa da saqarTvelos centralur<br />

saistorio arqivSi Seswavlili masalebidan. sadroSos ufrosi didi<br />

xelisufali iyo da, laSqrobis garda, igi samoqalaqo da sisxlis<br />

20

samarTlis saqmeebis mowesrigebaSic monawileobda. BbrZolis velze<br />

gamoyvanili jaris nawils is Tavadi xelmZRvanelobda, romelic am<br />

mebrZolTa uSualo batoni iyo. sabrZolo wyobaSi razmis adgili<br />

sardlis mier iyo gansazRvruli Seqmnili viTarebisa da Sesasrulebeli<br />

amocanebidan gamomdinare.<br />

papuna orbelians aRwerili aqvs 1749 wlis erevnis brZola, sadac<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> da Teimurazi erevnis xans exmarebodnen.Aaq mocemulia<br />

sadroSoebis meTaurTa dasaxeleba teritoriis administraciuli dayofis<br />

mixedviT, romelic metad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda jaris marTvaSi.<br />

,,ganawyves jari qarTvelT da kaxT, oTxs droSad, mewinaved orbeliani,<br />

revaz sardali sabaraTaSvilos jariT da TaTris qarTlis eliT, qisiyis<br />

mouravi Tamaz qisiyis jariT. . .memarjvned amilaxori amirindo zemo<br />

qarTlis jariT da vina memarjvene jari iyo kaxis batonisa da yazaxis<br />

jarsac amaTTan ubrZanes misvla, memarcxvned muxranis batoni,<br />

saxlTxucesi kostantine. . .mefe <strong>erekle</strong> xan erTs droSaze mibrZandis xan<br />

meores droSaze, jarebs arigebdis, aZlierebdis. . .~(41, 421).<br />

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi, qarTlSi <strong>erekle</strong> II cdilobda<br />

mmarTvelobis adgilobrivi organoebi samouraoebis erTian sistemaze<br />

aego da amiT Seesustebina saTavadoebis roli qveynis marTva-gamgeobaSi.<br />

amas, ra Tqma unda, kaxeTSi gatarebuli RonisZiebis gamocdilebis<br />

gaTvaliswinebiT akeTebda (58, 226. 116, 402.). kaxeTi dayofil iqna oTx<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> teritoriul erTeulad _ sadroSod, magram sadroSoebis<br />

sardloba kaxeTis mefem TavadTa gvars ki ar Caabara, rogorc es<br />

qarTlSi moxada, aramed episkoposebs (58, 208). mogvianebiT kaxeTis<br />

sadroSos gamgeblebad ZiriTadad mouravebi gvevlinebian. mag: bodbis<br />

sadroSoze qiziyis mouravi agebda pasuxs, nekreselis sasardloSi _<br />

eniselis mouravi, rusTavelis sasardloSi _ martyofis mouravi (92, 46).<br />

mouravs pirvel rigSi evaleboda sistematiurad daecva wesrigi<br />

mosaxleobaSi, mefis, feodalisa Tu eklesia-monastrebis mamulebis<br />

movla-patronoba, sameurneo saqmis gaZRola. am kuTxiT is saxlTuxucess<br />

emorCileboda (92, 42). mouravi adglobrivi administraciis moxele iyo.<br />

21

<strong>samxedro</strong> xaziT mxolod sadroSos sardals eqvemdebareboda da<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> funqciebis Sesruleba hqonda dakisrebuli. igi pasuxs agebda<br />

mis sagamgebloSi myofi mebrZolebis aRWurvaze, momzadebaze da<br />

brZolaSi xelmZRvanelobaze (92, 46). A<br />

papuna orbelianis mier aRweril Teimuraz II-sa da <strong>erekle</strong> II_is<br />

brZolebSi, sadroSoebis sardlebad episkoposebi ki ara, mouravebi<br />

gvevlinebian.Mmiuxedavad amisa, episkoposebs mTlianad mainc ar<br />

daukargavT TavianTi <strong>samxedro</strong> funqciebi. iuridiulad isinic pasuxs<br />

agebdnen mouravTan erTad mefis winaSe sadroSos gamgeblobaze da am<br />

sadroSodan laSqris gamoyvanaze. am faqts adasturebs 1769 wlis erTerTi<br />

sabuTi, sadac <strong>erekle</strong> meore nekresel episkoposs, eniselT<br />

mouravsa da sxva moxeleebs akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas wesrigis dacvasa<br />

da jaris gamoyvanaze (10, f. Ad-281). saistorio wyaroebi cxadyofdnen, rom<br />

qarTl-kaxeTSi sadroSoebi warmoadgendnen ara marto sasardlo<br />

erTeulebs, aramed erTgvar administraciul punqtebs saxelmwifoSi.<br />

xalxis aRwera, rac miznad isaxavda molaSqreTa da saxelmwifo<br />

gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa siis dadgenas, warmoebda sadroSoebis<br />

mixedviT (121, 13). saxelmwifos amgvar administraciul erTeulebad<br />

dayofa aadvilebda xelmZRvanel pirTa mier xelqveiTTa marTvas,<br />

sxvadasxva samoqalaqo RonisZiebebis Catarebas da, ra Tqma unda,<br />

mebrZolTa mobilizacias saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

yvela sadroSos Tavisi niSani hqonda. es niSani iyo droSa<br />

sxvadasxva simboloebiT. sulxan-saba orbelians misi mniSvneloba<br />

Semdegnairad aqvs ganmartebuli: `mwyobrTa niSani, ferad-feradi, gundTa<br />

da gundTa sacnobeli~ (108, 102). am cnobis safuZvelze SeiZleba vTqvaT,<br />

rom sxvadasxva sadroSos sxvadasxva feris droSa da gamosaxulebebi<br />

hqonda. Tu zemoT moyvanil magaliTs <strong>samxedro</strong> TvalsazrisiT<br />

ganvixilavT, savaraudoa, rom droSa warmoadgenda ara marto sadroSos<br />

aRmniSvnel simbolos, aramed mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda jarebis<br />

marTvisa da urTierTmoqmedebis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi rogorc<br />

sasignalo saSualeba. mag: droSiT sxvadasxva moZraobis gakeTeba<br />

22

SeiZleba niSani iyo raime moqmedebis dasawyisisa.<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sadroSoebis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda<br />

saeklesio laSqari, romelic eqvemdebareboda sardals, xolo is Tavis<br />

mxriv _ kaTalikoss. igi xels uwyobda imdroindeli laSqris<br />

gaZlierebas. yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqtic, rom sveticxovlis eklesias<br />

odiTganve hyolia Tavisi laSqari, romelic saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

monawileobas Rebulobda sabrZolo moqmedebebSi. mis naTeli<br />

dadasturebaa <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier gamocemuli erT-erTi dokumenti. igi<br />

brZanebis wignis saxiTaa Semonaxuli, sadac weria:M`radgan ZvelaT<br />

netarxsenebulis Cvenis Camomavlobisagan sveticxovlis ymisa ase<br />

ganweseba yofila, rom rac sveticxivlis yma qarTls, imereTs, kaxeTs,<br />

saaTabagos, somxeTs Tu saca iyos, mis uwmindesobas kaTalikozs unda<br />

axldes da Tavis ymiT Cvens droSaze brZandebodes. Cvenc ase<br />

gangviwesebia, rac kaxeTSi sofeli, sveticxovlis yma aris, imaTi jari<br />

mis uwmindesobas Cvens Zmas kaTalikozs antonis eaxlebodnen da Tavisi<br />

jariT Cvens droSaze brZandebodes da Tu maTi uwmindesoba im jarSi ar<br />

brZandebodes, romelic maTi sardali aris, maTi yma yovelive imas<br />

ebaros, Cvens droSaze imyofebodnen da Cvenis brZanebiT yovelsave maTs<br />

saqmes SoSia sardali arigebdes, sxvas xeli nuravisa aqvs~(1, 226).<br />

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, qarTl-kaxeTis saeklesio laSqars<br />

sardali hyolia, romelic mefisa da kaTalikosis brZanebis mixedviT<br />

iniSneboda. 1766 wels <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier gacemuli dokumentaciidan Cans,<br />

rom gabriel sardlis nacvlad SoSia gedevaniSvili dauniSnavs (2, 226,<br />

#420). a. klimiaSvili statiaSi ,,saeklesio laSqris sakiTxisaTvis<br />

feodalur saqarTveloSi~, exeba XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi qarTlkaxeTis<br />

saeklesio laSqars da mis daniSnulebas (86, 109-112). garda imisa,<br />

rom saeklesio laSqari mefis brZanebaze saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebSi monawileobas Rebulobda, mas sxva funqciamovaleobebic<br />

ekisra, romelSic Sedioda mcxeTis, misi mimdebare<br />

teritoriebis, xidebis, cixe-koSkebis dacva. sardali, garda<br />

zemoxsenebulisa, pasuxs agebda baJis aRebaze, qaravnebis mSvidobian<br />

mimosvlaze, mcxeTis cixe-galavnebis SekeTebaze.Aamis naTel<br />

23

dadasturebas warmoadgens <strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> mier SoSia gedevaniSvilisTvis<br />

micemuli sabuTi: `Cveni brZaneba aris gedevaniSvilT sardalo SoSiav da<br />

gogiav: merme radgan ZvelTagan mcxeTis xidzed kacis mdgomareoba da<br />

Senaxva Tqveni yofila, axla Cvenc TqvenTvis gviboZebia amgvarad, rom<br />

mcxeTis xidi da koSki kargad da rigianad SeanaxvinoT. Tqvenis<br />

brZanebiT da Cvenis Zmis kaTalikosis brZanebiT wreulobiT aRdgomela<br />

dagviyenebia, rac xidis ganweseba aris baJi, amisi sia da oqmic gviboZebia.<br />

ragvaradac TqvenTvis oqmSi eweros da siaSi, imgvarad unda aiRoT xolme<br />

baJi. sveticxovelzedac Semwe unda iyvneT da Sematebas ecadnoT~ (2. 226).<br />

rogorc Cvens mier moyvanili sabuTebidan Cans, garda oTxi <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

administraciuli erTeulisa e.i. sadroSosi, qarTlSi iyo mcxeTis<br />

eklesiis sasardlo erTeulic, romlis saTaveSi idga mefisa da<br />

kaTalikosis mier daniSnuli sardali. Uunda aRiniSnos isic, rom, sxva<br />

sadroSoebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi calkeul sadroSos ar Seadgenda,<br />

radganac mcxeTis eklesias ymebi arsebuli samefos yvela kuTxeSi<br />

hyavda. vinaidan saeklesio laSqris mebrZolebi sxvadasxva regionebSi<br />

cxovrobdnen. isini, garda Tavisi funqcionaluri movaleobisa, sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebSic Rebulobdnen monawileobas, ZiriTadad, TavdacviT<br />

brZolebSi.<br />

1754-1755 wlebSi, nursal-begis damarcxebis Semdeg kvlav gagrZelda<br />

lekTa mcire Semosevebi. Ddidi raodenobiT Tavmoyrili laSqris Senaxvas<br />

mefeebi Teimurazi da <strong>erekle</strong> ver uzrunvelyofdnen, amitom lekTa mcire<br />

Semosevebis aRkveTis mizniT maT Camoayalibes qarTl-kaxeTis aTaskaciani<br />

laSqari (41, 461). es iyo pirveli mcdeloba daqiravebuli jaris Seqmnisa<br />

(d. m.). dauniSnes jamagiri da asmeTaurebi (uzbaSebi): amilaxvrisSvili<br />

nikoloz, amirejibi zaza, ciciSvili revaz da qarTlis sxva<br />

TavadiSvilebi (43. 226). maTi funqcia nawilobriv Seesabameboda<br />

dRevandeli swrafi reagirebis Zalebis daniSnulebas, e.i. Tu aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos mteri Semoeseoda, isini valdebulni iyvnen droulad<br />

aRekveTaT mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebebi da SeeqmnaT xelsayreli pirobebi<br />

mobilizebuli laSqris brZolaSi CabmisTvis.<br />

miuxedavad zemoT Tqmulisa, XVIII saukunis 60-ian wlebSi da 70-iani<br />

24

wlebis dasawyisSi, radgan saxelmwifo intensiur Semosevebs ganicdida<br />

da zemoaRniSnuli laSqari ar kmaroda samefos dasacavad, <strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

iZulebuli iyo, gaetarebina RonisZiebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofda<br />

qveynis dacvas mcire danakargebiT. EerT-erTi aseTi RonisZiebaTagani iyo<br />

lekebis winaaRmdeg brZolis formebis SemuSaveba, romelsac mefem<br />

warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. amis damadasturebelia xelnawerTa erovnul<br />

centrSi daculi istoriuli dokumenti (20, Hd. 13714), romelic aseve<br />

mocemulia profesor i. doliZis redaqtorobiT gamocemul naSromSi<br />

,,qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi~ t. II. igi dayofilia punqtebad.<br />

TiToeulSi axali-axali azria Cadebuli, romlebic direqtivebis<br />

(brZanebebis) saxiTaa gadmocemuli:<br />

1. ,,q. rodesac rom muxranidam yarauli movides, cxeniani jari<br />

wamovidao, yvelani gafrTxildnen. Tu mxurvaleTSi Sevides lekis jari,<br />

rogorc gaCenili aris, mdevari Seiyaros, Tavi da bolo moudrikon,<br />

yaraulebi gagzavnon, Tavs daayenon, mdevars dauZaxon, mejvrisxevs<br />

Seiyarnen; Tu Tavs dasxma amjobinon, gza Seukran, Tu win daxvedra<br />

amjobinon win dauxvdnen, romelic amjobinon im gziT ecadnen mtris<br />

pasuxis gacemasa da gayrasa~.<br />

2. `q. Tu cxeniani lekis jari iyos, erTmaneTs nu moucdian, yvelani<br />

sirbiliT gamoiqcnen; Tu qveiTi jari iyos, sofeli da sofeli erTad<br />

Seiyarnen, damrgvaldnen da ise mividnen, sadac sarqardebma (sardlebma)<br />

dauZaxon~.<br />

3. `q. beloTidam mokidebuli sacxenisi, didi vanaTi, arbo, qordi,<br />

dici da patara liaxvis gamoRmarTi, gverdis Ziri da vake goriT,<br />

berSoeTamdis, rac amaT Sua soflebia, eseni erT samdevrod unda iyvnen<br />

Sepirebulni~.<br />

4. `q. Tu rom didis jaris ambavi movides da sarqardebma dauZaxon,<br />

orsav mxaris mdevari unda saCqarod sirbiliT wamovidnen. cxeniani sul<br />

WenebiT gamoiqcen da qveiTni sofel da sofel Seiyarnen, damrgvalden<br />

da sadac sarqardebma amjobinon da dauZaxon iq micvivdnen~.<br />

5. `q. Tu samaCablosaken gaCndes lekis jari, an didis liaxvis gaRma<br />

sadme, am didis liaxvis mdevari da patara liaxvis gaRmarTi mdevari,<br />

25

omelic mdevrad migviCenia, saCqarod gacvivdnen da, rogorc<br />

sarqardebma amjobinon, ise Seebnen. Tu, rom kidev moundesT mdevari da<br />

sarqardebma dauZaxon, gamoRma mxris mdevaric wavides da RvTiT pasuxi<br />

gascen~.<br />

6. `q. Tu qarelidam mdevari daiZaxon, maSinve q cxilvanis qveiT kaci<br />

didis liaxvisa, patara liaxvisa gaRmarTi kaci da dirbis wylis<br />

soflebi yvelani Seiyarnen da gacvivdnen cxeniani da qveiTi, nuravin<br />

daakldeba~.<br />

7. `q. vinc daakldes mdevars, ase gardahxdesT: Tu Tavadis Svili<br />

daakldes, saWakod waarTvan SemZlebels xuTi minalTulni, Raribis sami<br />

minalTulni~.<br />

8. ,,q. Tu aznauriSvili daakldes saWakod waarTvan erTi saklavi,<br />

erTi koka Rvino da oci joxi dahkran beWebSi~.<br />

9. ` q. Tu SemZlebeli glexi kaci daakldes, amav aznauriSvilisaviT<br />

gardahxdes da, Tu Raribi iyos, erTi koka Rvino waarTvan da ormoci<br />

joxi dahkran~.<br />

10. `q. Tu amilaxori da erisTavi zemo qarTlSi iyvnen, imaT unda<br />

Seiyaron mdevari da ise imdevron~.<br />

11. `q. Tu eseni ar iyvnen, yuralaRasma giorgim da mdivanbegma iasem<br />

qmnan~.<br />

12. `q. Tu arc eseni iyvnen, aRababam da an Salvam, beJan da omanma<br />

qmnan da imdevron~.<br />

13. `q. romelic erisTvisSvili da amilaxvrisSvili daeswros,<br />

mdevroba gvibrZanebia, amaT Semoeyarnen da rogorc Aamjobinon, ise<br />

moiyvanon, didad bejiTad iyvnen erisTvisSvilebi da amilaxvrisSvilebi<br />

mdevrobisa, rom es mdevroba amaT aqvT~.<br />

14. `q. es mdevroba rexulas wylidam mokidebuli alis wylamdis da<br />

goridam, sadamdisac mohyvebodnen da qarelidam, sadamdisac mohyvebodnen<br />

unda imdevron~.<br />

15. `q. gaRma mxrisa garigebulia, oqmi gviboZebia da kargadac<br />

mdevroben, madrielic varT da wyalobasac davmarTebT~.<br />

16. `q. es icodeT TavadiSvilebmac, aznauriSvilebmac, glexmakacmac<br />

26

amis ukeTes vercaras RmerTs aamebT, vercaras Cven gvaamebT da vercaras<br />

qveyanas SematebT, rom qristes mterni Tqvenis colisa da Svilis<br />

dasatyveveblad darbian, amaT pasuxi misceT da RvTis mowyalebiT<br />

dahxocoT da sircxvileulni daabrunoT~.<br />

es icodeT, romelic Cvengan saqmneli saqmea, patronymobisa, movlisa,<br />

garjisa, wyalobisa da Cemis qveynisaTvis Tavis dadebisa, RvTiT ar<br />

davzogavT.<br />

Tqven ase ecadeniT da Cven kidev ufro Zliersa da mtkices<br />

saqarTvelos Sewevnas vcdilobT~ (38, 426-428). mefis beWedze SuaSi weria<br />

`<strong>erekle</strong>~, irgvliv ki ,,qnars micems <strong>daviT</strong>i mixmobs, mxneT, kaxeTis mefed<br />

cxebuls~. aseTia es mniSvnelovani dokumenti, romelic SeiZleba<br />

CaiTvalos imdroindel mefis mier gamocemul direqtivad (brZanebad). am<br />

dokumentis erTi adgilidan Cans, msgavsi Sinaarsis instruqciebi<br />

daugzavnia sxva sadroSoebSic. marTalia, aRniSnul sakiTxs _ morige<br />

jaris Seqmnas, Cemze gacilebiT adre Seexo mkvlevari a. klimiaSvili _<br />

,,zemo qarTlis mdevrobis ganweseba 1772 wlisa~ (89. 91-95), sadac<br />

gaanalizebulia smdevroebis mniSvneloba, rac misi damsaxurebaa, magram<br />

Cven SevecadeT, CamoTvlili punqtebi sakvlevi Temis<br />

mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare gagveSuqebina. irkveva, rom mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />

Tavisi samefo <strong>samxedro</strong> olqebad dahyo mowinaaRmdegeebTan<br />

sabrZolvelad. TiToeuli <strong>samxedro</strong> olqi, Tavis mxriv, calkeul<br />

samoqmedo ubnebad, samdevrod iqna danawilebuli. maT miTiTebuli<br />

hqondaT Tu vis, sad, ra, rodis da ra mizniT unda gaekeTebina. Cans mefe<br />

olqebad dayofis dros xelmZRvanelobda iseTi principiT, romelic<br />

gamoricxavda lekTa moulodneli Tavdasxmebis ganxorcielebas<br />

ZiriTadad strategiuli mimarTulebebidan. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT<br />

CamoTvlil muxlebSi Cadebuli moqmedebis principi: ,,vin, sad, ra, rodis<br />

da ra mizniT~, emTxveva qarTul jarSi dRes arsebuli oceulis, aseulis<br />

meTauris sabrZolo brZanebis me-2 punqts, romelic qvedanayofis marTvis<br />

procedurebs ganekuTvneba (94, 8).<br />

Cvens mier Seswavlil masalebze dayrdnobiT da analizis<br />

27

safuZvelze SemuSavebuli iqna sadazvervo informaciis gadacemisa da<br />

Setyobinbis organizaciuli struqturis sqema (ix. sqema #1, 151). amitom<br />

aseTi TanmimdevrobiT xorcieldeboda sadazvervo monacemebis gadacema,<br />

romelsac ZvelTaganve iyenebdnen saqarTveloSi da <strong>erekle</strong> II-is<br />

Tanmimdevruli RonisZiebebis Sedegad garkveulwilad srulyofili saxe<br />

miiRo. mefes aseve eyoleboda agenturuli dazverva, romelsac elCebi,<br />

vaWrebi da specialurad SerCeuli pirebi Seasrulebdnen, ris Sesaxebac<br />

konkretuli informacia ar gagvaCnia. sqemaze ar gamovsaxeT, radgan<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> dazvervis sferos ar ganekuTvneba.MmiRebuli informaciis<br />

damuSaveba da Setyobineba saTanado pirebs evalebodaT. isini erTmaneTs<br />

Sikrikebis (yaraulis) saSualebiT an sxva dadgenili signaliT<br />

acnobebdnen mowinaaRmdegis laSqris moaxloebas da moqmedebis<br />

mimarTulebas, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeboda sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebisaTvis RonisZiebebis gansazRvra.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> olqebSi Semavali soflebi, adgilmdebareobidan<br />

gamomdinare, calkeul ubnebad anu, rogorc teqstSiaANnaTqvami,<br />

samdevroebad nawildeboda. Ees SemTxveviTi sulac ar iyo, radgan lekTa<br />

gamudmebulma Tavdasxmebma is gamoiwvia, rom ,,mTeli saqarTvelos xalxi<br />

mdevrad gadaiqca: mefe, Tavadni, aznaurni da glexni sul mdevarSi iyvnen<br />

unametnavesi dro, yovel cismare dResa da Ramesa amis meti ambavi aRara<br />

iyo ra mTels saqarTveloSi, rom xan aq da xan iq daiZaxebdnen: mdevario!<br />

sofels mteri daeca da mdevari mieSurebao; aqedan tyve waiyvanes da<br />

mdevari daedevnao; aqa da aq mouklavT da mdevarsac mouswriao (kacisa,<br />

dedakacisa da ymawvilis gakiTxva aRar iyo mtrisagan, visac ki<br />

moaswrebdnen, zogs xocavdnen da zogs tyved waiyvandnen); axali<br />

mdevridgan mosuli qarTveli xizans rom gverdiT wamouwveboda. . .am<br />

dros daiZaxebdnen, mdevario; es daRlil-dawyvetili kaci gaognebuli<br />

wamovardeboda da coli gatenils Tofsa xelSi aZlevda am sityvebiT:<br />

kaco! ras gaognebulxar, kidev mdevars iZaxian, ha Tofi! . . . qarTveli<br />

damSvidebiT etyoda: kidev mdevari, am erTs kviraSi 7-jer vyofilvar<br />

mdevrad da esec merve iqnebao~ (145, 2-4). zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi<br />

dasturia imisa, Tu ra pirobebSi uxdeboda cxovreba qarTvelebs.<br />

28

Msamdevros meTaurebs mefisagan gansazRvruli hqondaT sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebis warmarTvis taqtika (ix. muxli 1), e.i. Seqmnili viTarebidan<br />

gamomdinare, erTi samdevro mowinaaRmdeges saSualebas ar aZlevda win<br />

wawevisa, xolo meore, garkveuli manevris Semdeg, mters ukandasaxev gzas<br />

uWrida.AaseTi swrafi da gabeduli moqmedebebis Sedegad qarTvelebs<br />

SeeZloT mowinaaRmdege alyaSi moeqciaT an sxvadasxva mxridan<br />

ganxorcielebuli ieriSebis Sedegad gaenadgurebinaT.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefes kargad hqonda SemuSavebuli mowinaaRmdegeze<br />

moulodnelad Tavdasxmis taqtika, romelic nawilobriv efuZneboda<br />

sadazvervo da diversiul moqmedebebs. Aamis dasturs warmoadgens 1764<br />

wlis 25 ivliss gagzavnili werili, sadac igi miuTiTebs: `dasaviwyars.<br />

javaxiSvils mzeWabuks mravali mokiTxva moaxseneT: damarcxebuli lekebi<br />

walkisaken wasulan. Sen axlav oTxi kargi beladi kaci yaraulad<br />

gagzavne. isini daayaraulon. Cven am ors zedized qalaqs wavalT, Tu eg<br />

kacni swores ambavs mogvitanen da qalaqs Segvatyobineben da iqiT mxares<br />

im lekebs Segvyrian sadme, kacis Tavs Svid-Svid minalTuns TeTrs<br />

uboZebT da Senc samsaxurSi CavagdebT: or rom Tavs dadges da orma<br />

ambav mogvitanos da sadac movides ambav ar dagvakldes. Aamgvarad<br />

daarige da gaafrTxile~ (21, Hd.2492).<br />

paralelurad, XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi mefem misi samflobelo<br />

dayo sayaraulo ubnebad. am ubnebs unda gamoeyvana gansazRvruli<br />

raodenobis yarauli, romelic mcire qvedanayofebiT 2-10 kacis<br />

raodenobiT (89, 196) dgeboda misTvis gankuTvnil adgilebSida sapatrulo<br />

samsaxurs asrulebdnen. kerZod, mdinaris fonebze, xeobebSi,<br />

magistralur gzebze, cixe-simagreTa misasvlelebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />

iseT adgilebSi, sadac xelsayreli pirobebi iyo mowinaaRmdegis<br />

moqmedebebisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, moyarauleTa gonivruli moqmedebebiT<br />

SesaZlebeli iqneboda informaciebis mopoveba mowinaaRmdegis savaraudo<br />

moqmedebebis Sesaxeb.<br />

yaraulis arsebobas mniSvnelovani adgili eWira mosaxleobis<br />

Setyobinebisa da droulad mobilizaciis saqmeSic. a. klimiaSvilis mier<br />

29

moZiebul masalaSi sayarauloebi moxseniebulia qiziyisa da kaxeTis<br />

aRmosavleT nawilSi. kerZod: yaraiaSi, bedenze, sxalnarSi, algeTze,<br />

veris xevze, SiraqSi, kldekarze, skris xeobaSi da sxv. Mmoyarauleebi<br />

ufrosis e. w. beladis miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen (89, 196).<br />

XVIII saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, morige jaris funqciebi TandaTanobiT<br />

yaraulze gadadis. ,,jer morigedan gamoyofdnen ramdenime molaSqres da<br />

ganawesebdnen moyarauled, xolo Semdeg <strong>erekle</strong> mefes SemouRia morige<br />

yaraulis saxeoba laSqrisa~ (89, 196). amas mowmobs ori dokumenti. Ees<br />

dokumentebi warmoadgens javaxiSvilebisa da TarxniSvilebis mxaris<br />

morige yaraulis nusxebs, romelTa mixedviT <strong>erekle</strong> mefis brZanebiT<br />

yovelTviurad unda gamoeyvanaT yarauli (22, Hd. 1152, 14066).<br />

a. klimiaSvilis mier Seswavlili masalebidan naTeli warmosadgenia<br />

mefis mier gacemuli gankargulebebi morige jarisa da sayaraulo<br />

samsaxuris warmarTvis Sesaxeb (88, 198-209), romelic garkveulwilad<br />

xels uwyobda samefos Tavdacvisunarianobas.<br />

aucilebelia, yuradReba gamaxvildes <strong>erekle</strong>s miTiTebaze, igi<br />

sardalTa Tu samdevroebis ufrosebis moqmedebebis sferos<br />

kardinalurad ar zRudavda (ix. Mmuxli 1. gv. 24). maT SeeZloT<br />

damoukideblad gamoeCinaT iniciativa, mieRoT gadawyvetileba<br />

moxerxebuli taqtikuri xerxis gamoyenebisa, romelic mcire danakargebiT<br />

uzrunvelyofda mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebas, Ee.i. maTi moqmedebebi<br />

Sablonuri xasiaTisa ar iyo. M<br />

miTiTebebi aseve iTvaliswinebda mowinaaRmdegis jaris gvareobas da<br />

aRWurvilobas, ris Semdegac Sesabamis miTiTebebs aZlevda (ix. Mmuxli 2,<br />

gv. 24). sxvadasxva muxlSi gaTvaliswinebulia disciplinaruli sasjeli,<br />

samdevroTa xelmZRvanelobis sakiTxebi da CamoTvlili RonisZiebebis<br />

mniSvneloba. EerTi sityviT, sadroSoTa da sardlis ufleba-movaleobani<br />

metad datvirTuli iyo, sadac sardals yvelaze didi pasuxismgebloba<br />

ekisreboda. Mmis movaleobaSi Sedioda: adgilze cixe-simagreebis dacvapatronoba,<br />

sadroSoSi Semavali <strong>samxedro</strong> olqebisa da samdevroebis<br />

organizacia, jaris mobilizacia da maTi urTierTmoqmedeba, misi<br />

30

sadroSos mezoblad mdebare saxelmwifoTa ambebis codna da sxva.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier SemuSavebuli brZaneba 16 muxlisagan Sedgeba, (gv.<br />

24-25), romlebic, <strong>samxedro</strong> TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba Semdeg<br />

gankargulebebad da punqtebad daiyos:<br />

pirveli, (1-6) <strong>samxedro</strong> olqebis (ubnebis) dazvervis, urTierTqmedebis<br />

organizacia da sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis meTodebi.<br />

meore, (7-8) dezertirTaTvis disciplinaruli sasjeli, romlis<br />

sidide da forma socialuri kuTvnilebis principze iyo<br />

damyarebuli.<br />

mesame, (9-13) molaSqreTa xelmZRvanelobis sakiTxi da maTi<br />

pasuxismgebloba.<br />

meoTxe, (14-16) ganmartebulia gacemuli gankargulebebisa da<br />

RonisZiebebis mniSvneloba qveynis dacvis saqmeSi uflisa da eris winaSe.<br />

Tu dRevandeli Tvalsawieridan gadavxedavT, mefem 1772 wels<br />

mterTan sabrZolvelad erTgvari instruqcia SeimuSava. sacxovrebeli<br />

adgilebis dacvisa da gadasaxadTa gadaxdis uzrunvelsayofad, ,,mefes<br />

moqmedi armiisaTvis SeuZlia gamoiyvanos ara umetes 5000 kacisa~ (36, 261).<br />

es faqti mowmobs <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis SesaZleblobas, romelic arsebul<br />

viTarebaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, damakmayofileblad asrulebda dakisrebul<br />

movaleobas. mefem kargad icoda mis samefoSi Semavali adgilmdebareobis<br />

damcavi da SemniRbveli pirobebi, Tavdasxmis mimarTulebebi,<br />

mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebis taqtika, gawvrTniloba, misi susti da Zlieri<br />

mxareebi, moralur-fsiqologiuri faqtorebi. Yyovelive es mefesa da<br />

sadroSos sardals gadawyvetilebis sworad miRebis saSualebas aZlevda<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi, sadac meti wili<br />

gamarjvebebisa qarTvelTa mxareze iyo.<br />

raki qarTl-kaxeTis samefo <strong>erekle</strong> mefis meTaurobiT, erTi mxriT<br />

ise gaZlierda, rom farTo saerTaSoriso politikis warmarTva daiwyo,<br />

xolo, meore mxriT, sazRvrebi daculi ar iyo mtrebis, gansakuTrebiT,<br />

lekTa Semosevebisagan, pirvel rigSi morige jaris Seqmnis sakiTxi<br />

daisva. imdroindeli qarTuli jari Sedgeboda glexTa qveiTi da TavadaznaurTa<br />

cxenosani razmebisagan. is ikribeboda saWiroebis mixedviT da<br />

31

iSleboda, rogorc ki es saWiroeba gaivlida. yoveli mebrZoli<br />

SeiaraRebuli unda gamosuliyo salaSqrod. mebrZoli SeiaraRebuli iyo<br />

xmliT, xanjliT, SubiT, dambaCiT an TofiT. aRWurvilobaSi Sedioda<br />

jaWvis perangi, sabarkuli, samklauri, CaCqani, fari da sxva.<br />

mebatone am razmebis intendantic (momaragebeli) iyo da oficeric.<br />

misi wona saomar operaciebSi, umetes SemTxvevaSi, damokidebuli iyo ara<br />

mis <strong>samxedro</strong> niWsa da gamocdilebaze, aramed imaze Tu ramden yma<br />

molaSqres xelmZRvanelobda. <strong>erekle</strong> mefe kargad grZnobda, rom aseTi<br />

jariT is ver SeZlebda TviTneba feodalebis alagmvasa da gareSe<br />

mtrebis gamklavebas. . .magram jaris reorganizacias didi fuli<br />

sWirdeboda. ,,qarTl-kaxeTis Semosavali ki imdenad mcire iyo, rom Zlivs<br />

yofnida marTva-gameobis mTavar xarjebs. amitom <strong>erekle</strong> mefe iZulebuli<br />

iyo sesxad fuli eTxova ucxo saxelmwifoebisaTvis" (126, 57-58-59). <strong>erekle</strong><br />

mefis <strong>samxedro</strong>-reformatorul moRvaweobaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili<br />

ukavia morige jaris Seqmnas. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, qarTul<br />

istoriografiaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. Cven misaRebad<br />

migvaCnia mkvlevar a. klimiaSvilis mosazrebebi.<br />

feodaluri laSqari, e.w. ,,saqveyno laSqari~ saqarTveloSi iyo<br />

batonymuri jari, sadac yma laSqrobda batonis xelqveiT. feodaluri<br />

ierarqia, damyarebuli miwis sakuTrebis uflebis ganawilebaze,<br />

gadatanili iyo laSqarSic. laSqari Sedgeboda rogorc profesional<br />

molaSqreTa, TavadaznaurTa da msaxurTagan, ise yma glexTaganac. am<br />

ukanasknelTa ricxvobrivi Semadgenloba damokidebuli iyo imaze, Tu<br />

rogori iyo gawveva: qudze kaci, komlze kaci, an SeweriT.<br />

saqveyno laSqris garda, saqarTveloSi uZvelesi droidanve<br />

mimarTavdnen ucxoeTidan daqiravebuli laSqris moyvanas. es tradicia<br />

grZeldeboda XVIII saukuneSic. mebrZolebs qiraobdnen umTavresad<br />

kavkasiis mTis mosaxleobidan~ (90, 1). laSqris Tavisebur wyobas<br />

warmoadgenda mecixovne jari, romelsic, <strong>samxedro</strong> TvalsazrisiT,<br />

aranaklebi mniSvnelobisa iyo (88, 179). mefes es jari gamohyavda<br />

nawilobriv Tavis mamulidan da, nawilobriv, sabatono mamulebidan(85, 1).<br />

32

feodalurma laSqarma mTlianad ver aRkveTa lekTa Tavdasxmebi.<br />

mterma gaafarTova samoqmedo areali da qarTlSic TareSi daiwyo.<br />

gadamWreli RonisZiebebis gatarebis Semdeg warmoiSva e.w. ,,morige<br />

laSqari~, rac mudmivi jaris Tavisebur saxeobas warmoadgenda~ (90, 3),<br />

man XVIII saukunis bolomde iarseba, Tumca am xnis manZilze mravali<br />

cvlileba ganicada. zemoaRniSnuli laSqari, rogorc mudmivi jaris<br />

saxeoba, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi uaRresad sayuradRebo socialurpolitikuri<br />

movlena iyo (90, 3). dasadgenia TviT morige laSqris<br />

warmoqmnis TariRi da misi arsebobis xanrZlivoba. dRemde qarTul<br />

istoriografiaSi miRebuli iyo mosazreba, rom ,,morige laSqari”<br />

daarsda 1774 wlidan, rodesac daiwera morigis wesdeba, e. w. ,,ganaCeni<br />

morigeobis laSqrisa~. gavaanalizeT a. klimiaSvilis mier Seswavlili<br />

ramdenime dokumenti 1756-1773 wlebisa ,,morige laSqris” Sesaxeb,<br />

romlebic adastureben, rom laSqris saxeoba saxelwodebiT ,,morige” 1774<br />

welze adrindelia da XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi iqna daarsebuli (90,<br />

4). rac Seexeba morige laSqris arsebobis xangrZlivobas, dokumentebi<br />

aseve ar adastureben qarTul istiriografiaSi damkvidrebul azrs, rom<br />

igi Tavadebma gaauqmes. levan batoniSvilis gardacvalebis, 1781 wlis<br />

Semdeg, arsebobs mravali dokumenti 1781-1800 wlebisa ,,morigis” Sesaxeb,<br />

romlebic mowmoben, rom ,,morige laSqari” arsebobda l. batoniSvilis<br />

sikvdilis Semdegac, ruseTTan SeerTebamde (88, 192).<br />

Seswavlili dokumentebidan yvelaze adreuli 1756 welsaa Seqmnili,<br />

Tumca amave dokumentSi moixsenieba wina wlis, e. i. 1755 wlis davTari<br />

zemo qarTlis morigisa: ,,Cven. iasauli nikoloz uzbaSi, zurab<br />

naxucriSvilo, wadiT da rac am siiT mudam saxleblaT monacvle<br />

laSqars kaci Segviweria SarSandels davTarze, es asi cxenosani cxeniT<br />

da qveiTi qveiTad uzbaSebs (asisTavi) miabareT. yvelas gamoarTviT<br />

ukleblaT” (25, Qd.8723). ,,Tu cxeni an kaci aklia, visme Tqvenc<br />

gardagaxdevineb da imaTac didaT gardavaxdevinebT. maisis oTxs dRes<br />

gasuls unda SemogeyaroT erTis Tvis nuzliT~. aprilis i. qk-s umd (1756)<br />

e. i. morige laSqari funqcionirebda 1755 wlidan (88, 182).<br />

33

am ganapiroba morige laSqris Seqmna XVIII saukunis Sua<br />

wlebisaTvis? ,,igi warmoadgenda mudmivi jaris Tavisebur saxes da,<br />

rogorc cnobilia, SemoRebul iqna mTieli aborigenebis, e.w.<br />

,,lekianobis” winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~ (88, 182). maT winaaRmdeg uZluri<br />

aRmoCnda feodaluri laSqari, saWiro iyo mudmivad mzadmyofi, e.i.<br />

regularuli jari, magram igi feodaluri wyobilebis bunebas ver<br />

egueboda. Tavad-aznaurTa interesebSi ar Sedioda, rom maTi yma-glexebi<br />

mudmivad mefis laSqarSi yofiliyvnen. es ewinaaRmdegeboda maT<br />

ekonomikur da socialur-politikur interesebs, radgan xdebodnen<br />

centralur xelisuflebaze damokidebuli. Seqmnil viTarebaSi<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xelisufleba aRniSnul periodSi mainc<br />

iZulebuli gaxda, SemoeRo regularuli laSqris Taviseburi saxeoba<br />

,,moriges” saxiT, rac gulisxmobda mosaxleobis morigeobiT gawvevas<br />

TiTo Tvis vadiT da am xnis ganmavlobaSi sayofi sursaTiT (38, 437),<br />

(5, 226, #2857), (90, 3).<br />

daRestneli tomebis Tavdasxmebma saqarTveloze, kerZod, kaxeTze<br />

sistematiuri xasiaTi miiRo XVI saukunidan, magram XVIII saukunis<br />

dasawyisamde lekebi kaxeTs ar gascilebian. qarTlSi isini pirvelad<br />

1717 wels gamoCndnen (85, 8). amrigad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos masStabiT<br />

,,lekianobas” adgili aqvs aRniSnuli wlidan. XVI saukunis bolomde<br />

kaxeTi axerxebda lekebTan gamklavebas (103, 52-53-65). . . ,,XVIII saukuneSi,<br />

Sah-abasis laSqrobaTa Semdeg, kaxeTSi daiwyo lekebis Camosaxleba.<br />

gaCnda maTi ubatono Temebi: Wari da belaqani. es ubatono Temebi iqcnen<br />

lekianobis kerad~ (103, 90).<br />

1723-1744ww. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi jer ,,osmalobis”, xolo Semdeg<br />

,,yizilbaSobis” xana iyo da faqtiurad moiSala adgilobrivi<br />

saxelmwifoebrioba (90, 9). maSasadame, am periodSi ,,morige” laSqari ver<br />

Seiqmneboda.<br />

Teimurazisa da <strong>erekle</strong>s mmarTvelobis pirvel periodSi lekebis<br />

TareSis aRsakveTad gadawyvites War-belaqnis dapyroba. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, es cda marcxiT damTavrda. aji Calabis meTaurobiT Seqmnilma<br />

mahmadianurma koaliciam 1751 wlis 15 Tebervals <strong>erekle</strong>-Teimurazis<br />

34

laSqari daamarcxa da War-belaqnis dapyrobis saqme CaiSala. lekebma<br />

gaaZlieres TareSi. saWiro iyo brZolis axali saSualebebis gamonaxva,<br />

pirvel rigSi ki mudmivad mzadmyofi laSqris Seqmna. zogjer gamouval<br />

viTarebaSi feodaluri saqarTvelo garkveuli safasuris gaRebis Semdeg<br />

daqiravebuli jariT aZlierebda laSqars, romelic Semdgari iyo<br />

umTavresad mTielebisagan. samefoebs ar gaaCnda imdeni materialuri<br />

saxsrebi, rom daqiravebuli jari xangrZlivad Seenaxa.<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelom yizilbaSobis xanaSi gaicno adgilobrivi<br />

e. w. ,,noqari~. iv. javaxiSvili noqarze aRniSnavs: ,,noqaris saxiT,<br />

monRolTagan sparsulSi SeTvisebuli es sityva XVII-XVIII saukunis<br />

saqarTveloSiac Cndeba, jer viTarca eranis <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalis garkveuli<br />

nawilis saxeli, SemdegSi viTarca savaWro dawesebulebis ufrosis,<br />

vaWrisa da meduqnis, TanaSemwis gamomxatveli termini~(90, 10. 142, 32).<br />

qarTuli ,,noqari” warmoadgenda adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan gamoyvanil<br />

daqiravebul jars, romlis qiras ixdida TviT mosaxleoba.<br />

akademikosi n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs: ,,exla yizilbaSobisas~<br />

qarTls uaresi dRe adga, vidre ,,osmalobisas~ iyo. . . exla mosaxleoba<br />

movale iyo, sakuTari xarjiT gamoeyvana da Seenaxa jaris garkveuli<br />

raodenoba (,,noqari”), xolo qarTlSi myofi yizilbaSTa jarisaTvis<br />

,,sursaTi eZlia~ (85, 10. 56, 203).<br />

sexnia CxeiZis gadmocemiT, nadir-Sahma qarTlis ,,noqris~ gamoyvana<br />

daakisra 1736 wels: ,,amave ukd. . .dasdves qarTls samiaTas samasi Tumani<br />

da xuTasi noqari col-SviliT qalaqsa unda damdgariyo kac-cxeniaraRiT<br />

(90, 11. 133, 340). Semdeg nadir-Sahs araerTxel mouTxovia ,,noqari~<br />

qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis (41, 348-374-416). yizilbaSobis Semdeg, rogorc Cans,<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis xelisuflebam gadawyvita ,,noqari~ kvlav gamoeyvana da<br />

gamoeyenebina adgilobrivi erovnuli interesebisaTvis.<br />

p. butkovi ,,noqris~ SemoRebaze aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aRniSnavs:<br />

,,saqarTveloSi ar iyo mudmivi jari. saWiroebis mixedviT mas krebdnen da<br />

uSvebdnen. TiToeuli meomari TviTon irCenda Tavs. jer kidev Teimuraz<br />

nikolozis-Zem, <strong>erekle</strong>s mSobelma, mTieli mtrebisagan saqarTvelos<br />

sazRvrebis dasacavad, daaarsa milicia, noqris saxelwodebiT da<br />

35

daadgina, rom saxazino (saxaso), saeklesio da memamuleTa mier<br />

gamoyvanili yofiliyo kordoni ori aTasi cxenosani meomris raodenobiT<br />

yovelwliurad. provianti da furaJi maT eZleodaT xazinidan, xolo<br />

jamagirs aZlevdnen TavianTive soflebi, 30-40 maneTamde wliurad.<br />

mefe iraklim gaauqma noqari da 1773 wels, avariis xanis damarcxebis<br />

Semdeg, SemoiRo sxva laSqari morigis saxelwodebiT~ (49, 287-288).<br />

p. orbelianis cnobiT, ,,noqari” SemoRebuli iqna ,,lekianobis”<br />

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad 1755 wels: ,,radgan lekebma qarTlsa da<br />

kaxeTze mtroba aRar daiSales, zamTar da zafxul Camodgis da<br />

aoxrebdis umetes qarTlsa, maradis qarTlis jari Semoeyaris mefeTa<br />

CvenTa, lekis jari Caudgis saxlebSi da aRara-vina hyvandaT mepasuxe amis<br />

mizezisaTvis gamoarTves qarTlsa da kaxeTs aTasi kai vaJkaci, jamagiri<br />

gauweses, uzbaSebi (asisTavi) ganaweses da daayenes qalaqsa Tbilissa,<br />

saca visme gasWirebodaT amaT miaSvelebodnen qveynis jarebiT” (41, 461).<br />

a. klimiaSvilis mier Seswavlili sabuTi gvamcnobs: ,,axlad dawesebuli<br />

jari gansakuTrebiT lek-abragTa Semosasvlel adgilebSi Caayenes da<br />

qveynis sanapiro adgilebis dacva miandves. ,,gaistumres es axali<br />

ganwesebuli jari da daayenes baidarSi monapired, am jarebTa asisTavni<br />

da ufrosni iyvnes amilaxvriSvili nikoloz, amirejibi zaza, ciciSvili<br />

Teimuraz da TarxniSvili mamuka. agreTve sabaraTaSvilos uzbaSi,<br />

romel-ars asis-Tavi ioTamisSvili revaz. . . ~ (90, 12-13).<br />

arsebobs aTamde sabuTi ,,noqris” Sesaxeb (1738 wlidan 1772 wlamde).<br />

am sabuTebidan Cans, rom ,,noqris” gayvana xdeboda mosaxleobidan da<br />

mosaxleoba ixdida misTvis misacemel gadasaxads. mis sidideze 1760 wlis<br />

mxolod erTi nusxaSia mocemuli, sadac jamagiris raodenoba erT<br />

mebrZolze wliurad 25 maneTs udrida (15, f. S.ie-78).<br />

amrigad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ,,lekianobis”<br />

winaaRmdeg gamoiyena ,,yizilbaSobis~ droidan SemoRebuli jaris saxeoba<br />

,,noqari~, xolo Semdeg SemoiRo misi saxecvlileba ,,morige~. ,,morige~<br />

1774 wlis ganCinebamde ,,noqrisagan~ gansxvavdeboda mxolod imiT, rom<br />

gasamrjelos ar Rebulobda.<br />

36

qveynis dasacavad 1773 wlis dasasruls <strong>erekle</strong>m darbazis sxdoma<br />

moiwvia. msjeloba Seexeboda iseTi jaris Seqmnas, romelic lekTa<br />

qurdul Tavdasxmebs aRkveTda da qarTvelobas mSvidobiani Sromis<br />

saSualebas miscemda. sxdomis safuZvelze darbazma SeimuSava `ganCineba~<br />

anu direqtiva (d. m.) ` morige laSqris~ daarsebis Sesaxeb (23, Hd.1536).<br />

xuTdokumentiani `ganCinebis~ teqsti, romelic 1774 wlis 1 ianvriTaa<br />

daTariRebuli, Sedgeba ocdaCvidmeti punqtisagan (38, 436-447). maTSi<br />

miTiTebulia: Tu vis daevalos da rogor unda iqnes aRwerili<br />

mosaxleoba, romelmac morige jarSi unda imsaxuros. Aaseve<br />

dazustebulia, Tu sad, rogor, riT unda gamocxaddes mebrZoli.<br />

gaTvaliswinebulia ,,morigeSi~ gamoZaxebis uzrunvelyofaze<br />

pasuxismgebeli pirebi. AagreTve mocemulia dasjis meTodi ,,morigeSi`<br />

dagvianebis da dezertirobis gamo. Mmag: ` . . . Tu CvenTan mzas ar iqneba<br />

da Tavisis morigeobis Tvisa EerTi dRe gaiyvana, erTxel gavataroT<br />

rusulad wkeplaSi;…. . . da ramdeni dRec daigvianos imdenjer<br />

gavataroT. . .~. pirovnebis droul gamocxadebaze soflis moxele da<br />

sofeli agebda pasuxs. Mmag: ` . . .……Tu damalva daiwyos aqa da iq tyeebSi<br />

da soflebSi, amisTana kaci imave sofelma an ipovnos mogvces da an<br />

eqauri jarima waerTos da is gaqceuli kaci romelisac dastisa ar iyos,<br />

Cvenis brZanebiT is jarima im dastebs gaeyoT . . . Tu romelmac kacma<br />

imisi gaparva icodes da ar gaamxila, es equsi Tumani imas gamoerTvas,<br />

Tu ar SeeZlos saxli, kari, mamuli da deduli gaeyidos, jarimaSi<br />

mieces da esec ganawesebisaebr Cvenis brZanebiT sxva sasardlo jars<br />

gaeyos~ (23,Hd. 1536).<br />

aRniSnulidanDACans, Tu rogor da ra kanoniT uzrunvelyofda mefe<br />

dezertirobis faqtebis aRkveTas. brZanebaSi mefe kategoriulad<br />

miuTiTebs samRvdelo, saTavado, aznaurTa da glexTa klasis<br />

warmomadgenlebs, daicvan kanoni ise, rogorc sjuli moiTxovs, radgan<br />

misi Secvla aravis ar SeuZlia. ganCinebis gragnils garedan dasmuli<br />

aqvs beWedi, romelzec mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s saxelia amotvifruli.<br />

yvela brZolis SemZle mamakaci movale iyo, weliwadSi erTi TviT<br />

laSqarSi emsaxura Tavisi xarjiTa da sakuTari iaraRiT. Aamitom mefem<br />

37

glexoba sursaTis gadasaxadisagan gaanTavisufla. morige laSqarSi<br />

xalxis ukleblad gamocxadebaze soflis mebatone da moxele iyvnen<br />

pasuxismgebelni. garda Amisa, valdebulni iyvnen, morige laSqarSi<br />

mimavali glexi moemaragebinaT, roca am ukanasknels sakuTari saSualeba<br />

ar gaaCnda. morige laSqari calke erTeulebad iyofoda da TiToeuls<br />

mefis mier daniSnuli meTauri xelmZRvanelobda, xolo mTavari ufrosi<br />

laSqrisa iyo <strong>erekle</strong> mefis vaJi levan batoniSvili. Ddebuleba morige<br />

jarSi samsaxuris Sesaxeb qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi oficialurad 1774<br />

wlis 4 ianvridan (83, 212) moqmedebda.<br />

axali sajariso formirebebis Camoyalibebam dRis wesrigSi daayena<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> Sinaarsis wignebisa da wesdebebis gacnoba, gadaTargmna,<br />

romelic <strong>samxedro</strong> ganaTlebas aamaRlebda. regularuli jaris Seqmnis<br />

saWiroebisaTvis mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m gaioz reqtors ubrZana, eTargmna petre<br />

didis <strong>samxedro</strong> tipikoni, anu wesdebis wigni. Targmanis Tavfurcelze<br />

vkiTxulobT: . . .xolo qarTulsa zeda enasa iTargmna brZanebiTa misis<br />

mefobisa simaRlis iraklis <strong>meoris</strong>aTa arqimandritisa da Telavis<br />

seminariis reqtoris gaiozis mier ~ (71, 127). . . .<br />

ivane SaiSmelaSvili aRniSnavs: ,,<strong>erekle</strong>s dros qarTveli mxedrobis<br />

taqtikuri xerxebis ganmartebisas SeuZlebelia raime garkveuli wesebisa<br />

da kanonebis Camoyalibeba . . . saerTod aRiarebuli saxelmZRvanelos<br />

msgavsi araferi arsebobda~ (130, 19). moyvanili citata simarTles ar<br />

Seesabameba, radgan zemoT CamoTvlil punqtebSi (gv. 24-25) garkveviTaa<br />

Camoyalibebuli, Tu romeli mxaris sadroSom, samdevrom da yaraulma<br />

rogor imoqmedos. yovelives, dRevandelis msgavsad, saxmeleTo wesdebis<br />

saxelmZRvanelos forma ar qonda, magram mefis mier gagzavnili<br />

gankargulebebis an brZanebebis Sesabamisad moqmedebdnen sadroSoebi da<br />

Sedegic saxeze iyo. amasve amtkicebs m. darCias naSromic gaioz reqtoris<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

morige jaris Seqmnis Taobaze SesaniSnavad gadmogvcems <strong>daviT</strong><br />

bagrationi saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonTmcodneobis mimoxilvaSi.<br />

saerTod unda aRiniSnos, rom <strong>samxedro</strong> sakiTxebze <strong>daviT</strong>s Tavis<br />

`mimoxilvaSi~ sagangebo Tavi aqvs miZRvnili `Tavi IV. <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalebi~<br />

38

(28, 233), muxlebSi 63-77 Camoyalibebulia debulebebi morige jarisa,<br />

droebiTi laSqris, artileristebis, damxmare jarisa da <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

kantoris Sesaxeb.<br />

morige jaris garda, mefe mudmivad zrunavda artileriis Senaxvasa<br />

da dafinansebaze. saartilerio saqmis momsaxure personali:<br />

mezarbazneebi (TofCebi-rigiTebi) da sxva specialistebi<br />

ganTavisuflebuli iyvnen yvela gadasaxadisagan, morige jarSi<br />

samsaxuridan. isini sakmaod did gasamjelos Rebulobdnen da<br />

garkveulwilad privilegirebul mdgomareobas inarCunebdnen samefo<br />

karze (87, 265-266-267). sagangebo sabWo aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

ikribeboda mefis TandaswrebiT, sadac sabWos dadgenilebiT cxaddeboda<br />

mefis brZanebuleba droebiTi laSqris Seqmnis Taobaze da mebrZolTa<br />

raodenoba nawildeboda TiToeul kuTxeze. molaSqreTa Sekreba<br />

erisTavebsa da mouravebs evalebodaT. maT mier Sekrebili razmebi<br />

eqvemdebareboda saolqo <strong>samxedro</strong> generals. saolqo laSqris marTvaSi<br />

generals exmarebodnen ramdenime oficeri amave provinciidan<br />

(konkretulad generlebis gvarebi miTiTebuli ar aris, magram, SesaZloa,<br />

sadroSoTa sardlebs gulisxmobdes). jaris Sekrebisas sabrZolo<br />

eqspediciisa da mTavarsardlis daniSvna mefis ZalauflebiT<br />

ganisazRvreboda. MmarSis ganxorcielebisas iniSneboda Sesvenebisa da<br />

dasvenebis raionebi, avadmyofebsa da daWrilebs daxmarebas uwevdnen<br />

mefis mkurnalebi. sabrZolo moqmedebebis damTavrebis Semdeg mebrZolebs<br />

saxlSi uSvebdnen (28, 234-235).<br />

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom morige jaris debulebaSi <strong>erekle</strong> II-s<br />

gansazRvruli hqonda punqti viTarebisda Sesabamisad damxmare jaris<br />

dabarebis Taobaze, romlebic mowveuli iqnebodnen mezobeli<br />

provinciebdan. maTi Senaxva da anazRaureba damokidebuli iyo maT<br />

meTaursa da mefes Soris dadebul xelSekrulebaze.MmaT<br />

xelmZRvanelobda sakuTari meTauri, magram eqvemdebarebodnen mefis<br />

sardals (28. 236). amasve mowmobs S. mesxias mier mokvleuli erT-erTi<br />

dokumenti, sadac vkiTxulobT, rom `saqarTvelos Cveulebrivi jaris<br />

gamoyvanis garda, mefe iraklim moiwvia jamagiris aRTqmiT noqraT da<br />

39

236).<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samoxeleo aparati da sxva didebulebi 1769-<br />

TofCaT dasadgomni kacni. movidnen da ganwesdnen. imaT hqondaT ganweseba,<br />

wlis ulufa da jamagiri~ (104, 42). SesaZlebelia, am droisaTvis mefis<br />

xazina ise mdidari ar iyo, rom didi jamagiri exada daqiravebul<br />

ucxoeli mebrZolebisaTvis, magram, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebSi daxmarebis aRmoCenisaTvis mefe garkveul<br />

gasamrjelos mainc SesTavazebda, raTa maT winaSe mdgari problemebi<br />

moegvarebinaT.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> reformebma, romelic E<strong>erekle</strong> II-is TaosnobiT<br />

ganxorcielda, samoxeleo aparatis gazrda gamoiwvia. <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

organizaciaSi didi roli daekisra laSqarniviss (sameurneo dargis<br />

moxele <strong>samxedro</strong> uwyebaSi, SemoiRo <strong>erekle</strong> II-m (77, 444). mas laSqris<br />

aRricxva-momarageba da jamagiris gacema evaleboda. qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefoSi eqvsi laSqarnivisi iyo: oman xerxeuliZe, manuCar Tumanovi,<br />

svimon gurgeniZe, aslan vaCnaZe, ivane qobulovi (artileriis <strong>polkovniki</strong>),<br />

ioseb meliqovi. E<strong>erekle</strong>s reformebTanaa dakavSirebuli XVIII s-is meore<br />

naxevarSi SemoRebuli Tanamdebobebi (saxeloebi): fonsadbaSi, rac<br />

niSnavda xuTasisTavs, TofCibaSi - mezarbazneTa ufross. funqcionirebda<br />

mudmivi sabWo, romelic mefis gareSe ar ikribeboda. mudmiv sabWosTan<br />

(umaRlesi xelisufleba) daarsebuli iqna gansakuTrebuli dawesebuleba<br />

`<strong>samxedro</strong> kantora~, romelic yovelgvar <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmes awesrigebda (28,<br />

1771 wlebSi uSualod gaecnen rusTa regularuli jaris cxovrebas.<br />

rusTa jaris gavlenam aSkarad iCina Tavi <strong>erekle</strong>s mier SemoRebul<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> wodebebSi -KAkaprali, serJanti, unter-oficeri, oficeri,<br />

artileriis kapitani, maiori, <strong>polkovniki</strong>, generali. QqarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefos laSqars specialuri momzadebis mqone pirebi wvrTnidnen<br />

rusuli wesis mixedviT (112, 530). generali lazarevi cxenosan jarze<br />

ambobda: ,,es jari saukeTesod gawvrTnili da momzadebulia, rom<br />

SeiaraRebis mxriv Raribi ar iyos~ (69, 60-61).<br />

zemoxsenebulidan kargad Cans, Tu raoden mondomebiT ekideboda mefe<br />

morige jaris wvrTnasa da uzrunvelyofas, rac mis mier SemoRebuli<br />

40

debulebis muxlebsa da sazRvargareTeli specialistebis mozidvaSi<br />

gamoixateboda. E<strong>erekle</strong> mefisa da misi politikis mxardamWer moxeleTa<br />

mier Catarebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad morige jarSi im droisaTvis<br />

6000-mde mebrZoli msaxurobda. morige laSqris es raodenoba zamTris<br />

pirobebSi naxevrdeboda sam-sam aTasamde, rac gamowveuli iyo zamTris<br />

periodSi mowinaaRmdegis iSviaTi TavdasxmebiT. Ees gasagebicaa, radgan am<br />

dros saomari kampaniebis Catareba momxvduri mxarisaTvis xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi wamgebiani iyo. AaRniSnulis damadasturebelia cnoba: ` eqvseqvsi<br />

aTasi kaci morige qveviTi da cxenosani, kargis <strong>samxedro</strong>s yovelis<br />

saxmarebiT da TavianTis erTis Tvis nuzdliT dasdgebodes<br />

ganmzadebulni mterTa zeda, sadaca ebrZanebodaT mefisagan, marjveTa<br />

adgilTa. zamTriT eqvsTa TveTa sam-sami aTasi morige iyvis mzad (47, 92).<br />

batoniSvilebi (mefis Svilebi) aqtiur monawileobas Rebulobdnen morige<br />

jaris funqcionirebaSi da rigrigobiT gadiodnen <strong>samxedro</strong> samsaxurs (83,<br />

213).<br />

morige jari regularul <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalas warmoadgenda. aseTi Zalis<br />

Seqmna, saWiro pirobebis uqonlobis gamo Wianurdeboda, magram misi<br />

mniSvneloba aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTvis didi iyo. gansakuTrebiT<br />

didi wvlili Seitana morige jaris saSualebiT lekTa Tavdasxmebis<br />

aRkveTis saqmeSi levan batoniSvilma. is cnobili iyo simamaciT,<br />

ganaTlebiT da goneba–gamWriaxobiT. mTeli qarTl-kaxeTi Sehxaroda<br />

energiul batoniSvils. am faqts adasturebs o. xerxeuliZe: `odesaca<br />

wliTi-wlad mefesa hyvandes morigeni mxedrobani, igini maradis<br />

mdgomare iyvnes gamosavalTa adgilTa pirsa lekTa da sxvaTa mterTasa.<br />

mravalgzis miiRes Zleva-Semosileba mterTa zeda mefis ZeTa –giorgim<br />

da leonman xvedrTa TvisTa, morigeobasa Sina da qmnes saxelovanni<br />

saqmeni~. . . (47, 93).<br />

arsebuli mdgomareobiT saqarTvelos kidev erTxel gamouCnda<br />

xelSemwyobi pirobebi, raTa Seeqmna erTiani Zlieri saxelmwifo,<br />

romelic SeZlebda sakuTari Tavis dacvas da amis Semdgom ekonomikur<br />

Tu kulturul aRorZinebas. Mmocemuli periodisaTvis <strong>erekle</strong> II da misi<br />

saxelmwifo SedarebiT gaZlierebuli Canda. Mfaqtis naTeli<br />

41

dadasturebaa mefis mdivanbegis mier aRwerili erTi momenti: 1780 wlis<br />

agvistoSi erevnis xani usein-ali dasajes qveSevrdomebTan erTad, mefis<br />

morCilebaSi iyvnen ganjisa da yarabaRis mmarTvelebic.Uukan<br />

gamobrunebisas <strong>erekle</strong> II-s brZola mouxda qurTTa laSqarTan da<br />

gamarjveba moipova (47, 93). ganjisa da yarabaRis xanebis garda, mefes<br />

emorCilebodnen Tavrizis, xois, urumiis, maraRis xanebi, baiazeTis da<br />

yarsis faSebi, gadmogvcems o. xerxeuliZe. Cveni azriT, es cnoba<br />

zedmetad gazviadebulia da sinamdviles ar Seesabameba. sxvadasxva<br />

masalebis analizidan cxadia erTi ram _ CamoTvlili saxanoebisa da<br />

safaSoTa xelmZRvanelebi <strong>erekle</strong>s ar emorCilebodnen. isini mxolod<br />

Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis Sesabamisad angariSs uwevdnen qarTlkaxeTis<br />

mefes, rac droebiT xasiaTs atarebda. o. xerxeuliZe<br />

gadmogvcems: `esmodaT maradis simxne-qveloba misi da verc aravis<br />

xedavdnen mopirispired mefisa <strong>erekle</strong>ssa . . . (47, 94). es dasturia imisa,<br />

Tu raoden hqonda saxeli ganTqmuli mefe <strong>erekle</strong>sa da aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelos.<br />

n. berZeniSvilis aRniSnavs, rom 1781 wlis Semdeg morigeTa ricxvma<br />

TandaTan iklo da bolos sul gaqra (58, 222).<br />

zemoxsenebuli azri srul WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba, radgan<br />

arsebobs sabuTebi, romlebic mowmoben aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi morige<br />

jaris arsebobas XVIII saukunis bolomde. KkerZod, morige jari (laSqari)<br />

levan batoniSvilis sikvdilis Semdegac ar moSlila. 1782-1784 wlebis<br />

sabuTebSi asaxulia mefis brZanebebi, romlebic exeba morige laSqris<br />

Sekrebas, morigeSi gausvlelobis gamo sasjelis moxdis Semdeg<br />

patimrobidan ganTavisuflebas, gamoucxadeblobis gamo dasjas, sajaro<br />

samsaxuris gavlis dasrulebisas morigdan ganTavisuflebas (83,<br />

195).E<strong>erekle</strong> II-s uxdeboda mkacri RonisZiebebis gatareba, raTa<br />

mosaxleobis yvela socialuri fenidan wamoWrili winaaRmdegobebi<br />

gadaelaxa da uzrunveleyo morige laSqris funqcionireba. Ggatarebuli<br />

RonisZiebebi samefoSi arsebuli naklovanebebidan gamomdinare xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi mainc ver Sveloda saqmes da morige ramdenjerme daSlis<br />

piras iyo misuli.<br />

42

dokumenti gvamcnobs, rom mefe ver axerxebs morigis gamoyvanas<br />

kaxeTis gaRma mxridan. nekreseli episkoposi agzavnis giorgi mRvdels<br />

mefis wigniT morigis gawvevis Sesaxeb gremidan yvarlamde da avalebs,<br />

moawerinos xeli yvelas ,,morigeSi~ samsaxurze (11, Ad.250). xolo<br />

1790 wlis 5 ivlisis dokumenti gvatyobinebs, <strong>erekle</strong> mefis sayvedurs<br />

aTasisTav beJan amilaxvrisSvilisadmi, rac mowmobs, rom morige jari<br />

TiTqmis moSlilia (12, Ad.1360), amitom, 1791 wlis 14 maiss gamocemuli<br />

brZanebis safuZvelze, mefe avaldebulebs yvelas ,,morigeSi~ xelaxali<br />

gawvevis Sesaxeb (13, Qd.594).<br />

zemoxsenebuli periodis Semdeg morige jari arsebobas<br />

ganagrZobda ruseTTan SeerTebamde, ris mtkicebulebasac warmoadgens<br />

Seswvlili dokumentebi:<br />

a) 1792 wlis 13 noemberi, BbrZaneba <strong>erekle</strong> mefisa TuST mourav<br />

durmiSxanisadmi, morigis gamoyvanisa da daklebulTa darbevis Sesaxeb.<br />

dedani (17,HHd 2994).<br />

b) 1793 wlis 20 agvisto brZaneba <strong>erekle</strong> mefisa vefxis cixis mourav<br />

erasti ColoyaSvilisadmi morigis gamoyvanis Sesaxeb (18, Hd 576).<br />

faqtia, rom <strong>erekle</strong> II-is gardacvalebis Semdegac samefo karidan<br />

gaicemoda brZanebebi morigeSi gawvevisa da samsaxuridan daTxovnis<br />

Sesaxeb. 1799 wlis 27 noembris (3, 226. 5692) da 1800 wlis 13 dekembris<br />

(3, 226, 5692) sabuTebi. rogorc zemoT avRniSneT mocemuli dokumentebi<br />

a. klimiaSvils aqvs Seswavlili.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom 90-iani wlebis morige jari<br />

ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda wina periodis morigisagan. Uupirveles<br />

yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom morigeSi gawvevis nusxebi Sedgenilia ara<br />

TiToeuli soflisaTvis cal-calke, aramed mTeli mxarisaTvis erTad<br />

(13, Ad. 594). klimiaSvili aRniSnavs, yvelaze mniSvnelovan gansxvavebas,<br />

rom mefe iZulebulia morige jarSi momsaxures jamagiri misces (14,<br />

Ad.11052, 24, Hd.2894) e.i. morige jari iqca adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan<br />

daqiravebul jarad. morige jaris daSla zogierTi Tavadisa da maTi<br />

mxardamWeri pirebis didi gamarjveba iyo mefis xelisuflebaze, ramac<br />

43

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Tavdacvisunarianobis politikis dasusteba<br />

gamoiwvia. morige laSqarma, miuxedavad xanmokle arsebobisa, sakmaod<br />

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarTveli xalxis erovnuli<br />

TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis saqmeSi. arsebul masalebze dayrdnobiT<br />

SevadgineT imdroindeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqtura (ix. sqema #2,<br />

152). mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-m saRad da obieqturad Seafasa Tavisi samefos<br />

feodaluri CamorCeniloba da amitom misi daZlevis mizniT<br />

mizanmimarTulad ganaxorciela saxelmwifo-administraciuli da<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> reformebi.<br />

amgvarad, zemoT aRniSnuli masalebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze<br />

SeiZleba gakeTdes Semdegi daskvnebi:<br />

1. mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT, man<br />

gaauqma zogierTi Zlieri saerisTavo (qsnis, aragvis) da saxano<br />

(baidaris), romlebic uSualod dauqvemdebara saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis<br />

aparats. amasTan, gauqmebuli saxanos teritoria dahyo ufro wvril<br />

administraciul erTeulebad _ samouravoebad, riTac mniSvnelovnad<br />

gaaZliera centraluri mmarTveloba, Tumca, danarCeni saerisTavoebi,<br />

mefis Sexedulebisamebr, Zvel tradiciul uflebebs inaCunebdnen.<br />

2. cvlilebebi ganxorcielda sadroSoebis sistemaSi. axleburad<br />

ganisazRvra sardlebisa da maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis funqciamovaleobebi.<br />

movaleobebis axleburad gansazRvram TiTqmis yvela<br />

ierarqiaze xelqveiTTa marTvis sistema ufro moqnili gaxada.<br />

aRniSnulma sakiTxebma xeli Seuwyo laSqris droulad mobilizaciasa<br />

da Sekrebas. Tumca feodaluri jaris xasiaTi Zirfesvianad ar Secvlila.<br />

3. mefis gankargulebiT, sadroSoebsa da samouravoebSi Seiqmna<br />

samdevroebi, rac gamiznuli iyo mtris mcire jgufebis moulodneli<br />

Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad. isini mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen<br />

sadazvervo sistemis funqcionirebaSic.<br />

4. feodaluri jaris dromoWmulobisa da CamorCenilobis<br />

aRmosafxvrelad TiTqmis warmatebiT ganaxorciela mudmivi jaris<br />

nairsaxeobis _ ,,morige laSqris” Seqmna, rac etapobrivad ase gamoixata:<br />

44

Tavdapirvelad _ ,,noqari”, XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi _<br />

,,morige” jari. romelic 1774 wlidan ganaxlda.<br />

5. <strong>samxedro</strong> reformis TvalsazrisiT, garkveul siaxles<br />

warmoadgenda saeklesio jaris gamoyvanis ganaxleba, rac mcxeTis<br />

sakaTalikosos <strong>samxedro</strong> begaris saxiT ekisreboda.<br />

6. <strong>samxedro</strong> wesdebebis, darigebebisa da instruqciebis saxiT<br />

iTargmna sxvadasxva wigni, rasac morige jaris gawvrTnasa da<br />

funqcionirebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Sehqonda.<br />

7. jarSi gasawvevi kontingentis sruli mobilizaciis mizniT, <strong>erekle</strong><br />

II-m mosaxleobis aRwera Caatara. amis safuZvelze sadroSoebs zustad<br />

ganesazRvraT jarSi gasagzavni (gasawvevi) kontigentis raodenoba.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> samsaxurisTvis Tavis aridebisa da mouravTa mier gasawvevi<br />

pirebis damalvis, dafarvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT gamoica specialuri<br />

brZanebebi yvela kategoriis xelmZRvanelisadmi.<br />

8. laSqris organizaciul struqturad dayofam (aTaseuli,<br />

xuTaseuli, aseuli da sxv.) da Sesabamisi danayofebis meTaurebis<br />

daniSvnam jari ufro organizebuli, marTvadi da, rac mTavaria,<br />

daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebadi gaxada.<br />

9. disciplinis regulireba imdroindeli wesdebebisa da<br />

instruqciebis mixedviT xdeboda. marTvis gasaumjobeseblad Seiqmna e. w.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> kancelaria. SemoRebul iqna rigi Tanamdebobebi: minbaSi –<br />

aTasisTavi, fonsadbaSi - xuTasisTavi, uzbaSi – asisTavi, TofCibaSi -<br />

mezarbazneTa ufrosi da sxva.<br />

10. SemoRebul iqna <strong>samxedro</strong> wodebebi -KAkaprali, serJanti, unteroficeri,<br />

oficeri, artileriis kapitani, maiori, <strong>polkovniki</strong>, generali.<br />

Sesabamis Tanamdebobebze daniSvna uSualod mefis mier<br />

xorcieldeboda. yovelive zemoT aRniSnuli aZlierebda imdroindeli<br />

jaris brZolisunarianobas, rac pirvelxarisxovan RonisZiebebs<br />

warmoadgenda lekTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmebisa da mahmadianur<br />

saxelmwifoTa Semosevebis aRsakveTad.<br />

45

1.2. SeiaraRebisa da tyvia-wamlis warmoeba.<br />

XVIII saukunis II naxevridan qarTl-kaxeTis samefo gaZlierda da<br />

mrewvelobis ganviTareba TandaTan aRorZinebis gzaze dadga. amuSavda<br />

sxvadasxva sawarmo. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia SevexoT samTamadno<br />

warmoebas, radgan igi SeiaraRebis SeqmnisaTvis mniSvnelovan rols<br />

asrulebda. am saqmis ganviTarebisaTvis mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m moaxerxamadnis<br />

berZeni ostatebis osmaleTidan gadmoyvana didi gasamjelos dapirebiT,<br />

romlebmac 1774 wels axtalasa da alaverdSi spilenZisa da vercxlis<br />

mopoveba-gamodnobis saqme ganaviTares (58, 223). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

samTamadno warmoebis ganviTarebam mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> mrewvelobis ganviTarebaze, romelic arsebuli periodisaTvis<br />

prioritetuli iyo. SeiaraRebis ganviTareba zegavlenas axdenda <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis ganviTarebaze, igi mniSvnelovnad zrdida saxelmwifos<br />

Tavdacvisunarianobas. <strong>samxedro</strong> warmoebis ganviTarebaSi igulisxmeba im<br />

droisaTvis arsebuli zarbaznebis, zambulakebis (sparsuli didi Tofi<br />

(48, 118), cixis Tofebis, xelyumbarebis, Tof-iaraRis da sxvaTa damzadeba.<br />

,,TbilisSi arsebobda Tof-iaraRis damamzadebeli qarxana, sadac, sxva<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> saWurvelis garda, zarbaznebsac amzadebdnen. aq muSaobdnen<br />

sxvadasxva specialobis xelosnebi - xuroebi, durglebi, zarbaznis<br />

mburRavebi, mqlibavebi. isini xelfass fuliT iRebdnen~ (87, 265).K<br />

a. koWlavaSvilis mier moZiebuli masalebidan Cans, rom 1744 wels,<br />

rodesac qarTlis mefe Teimurazi TbilisSi Semovida da metexis xidze<br />

fexi Sedga, zarbaznis Sedluxma yurTasmena dafarao, xolo qviSxeTSi,<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s qorwilis Rames, kaxur mravalJamiers Turme suramis cixis<br />

zarbaznebi aZlevdnen bans. Aamave versias mowmobs p. orbelianis ` ambavni<br />

qarTlisani~ (43, 94). wignSi iseTi epizodebia moyvanili, sadac sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebis dros mefe Teimurazi da <strong>erekle</strong> II iyenebdnen zarbazans<br />

ZiriTadad safortifikacio nagebobebis dasangrevad Tu cocxali Zalis<br />

gasanadgureblad. ,,. . . baraTaSvilma . . . Tofxana waravlina kexvis<br />

cixesa, dauwyes srola cixesa kexvisasa zarbazniTa da yumbariTa~ (41,<br />

376).<br />

46

<strong>erekle</strong>saTvis kargad iyo cnobili omebSi artileriis mniSvneloba.<br />

amitom Tavis erT-erT amocanad isaxavda saqarTveloSi samTo warmoebis<br />

aRdgenas da amis safuZvelze artileriis Semdgom gaumjobesebas. Mmisi<br />

iniciativiT, TbilisSi jer kidev 1749 wels aages saartilerio qarxana<br />

(jabaxana), sadac cixis Tofebs, zambulakebs, Tof-iaraRsa da zarbaznebs<br />

asxamdnen (83, 379). saqarTveloSi, saxelmwifos Tavdacvisunarianobis<br />

saqmeSi kargad acnobierebdnen artileriis mniSvnelobas.Aam mizniT<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefe gamudmebiT cdilobda, visganme zarbaznebis gakeTeba da<br />

xmareba Seeswavla.<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m isargebla saqarTveloSi general totlebenis<br />

meTaurobiT jaris SemoyvaniT, romelsac monawileoba unda mieRo<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg dawyebul omSi da mas saartilerio saqmis<br />

qarTveli specialistebis masTan gagzavna Txova.<br />

totlebenis brZanebis safuZvelze, ,,1769 wlis noembridan 1770 wlis<br />

Tebervlamde pod<strong>polkovniki</strong> s. ColoyaSvili, ruseTis mTavrobis<br />

warmomadgenel anton Tarxan-mouravTan erTad tfilisSi imyofeboda.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s misTvis iaraRis sawyobebi uCvenebia da artileriis gamarTvis<br />

saqmeSi daxmareba uTxovia. s. ColoyaSvils am sakiTxze Ppataki<br />

gaugzavnia totlebenisTvis. Ees Ppataki sabediswero aRmoCnda misTvis. . .<br />

totlebenma s. ColoyaSvili saswrafod mejvrisxevSi daibara. . . da<br />

daapatimra . . . 1770 wlis 6 Tebervals graf CerniSovisTvis gagzavnil<br />

moxsenebaSi totlebeni werda: ,,Cemi brZanebebis miuxedavad<br />

s. ColoyaSvili kvlav tfilisSi rCeba da <strong>erekle</strong>s zarbaznebis keTebasa<br />

da lafetze gawyobas aswavliso, me saswrafo brZaneba gaugzavne<br />

dabrunebuliyo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi davapatimreb da mozdokSi<br />

gavgzavnio~ (67, 62-63). Seswavlili masalebidan naTlad Cans, rom<br />

artileriis podpolkovnikma s. ColoyaSvilma da Tavadma Tarxan<br />

mouravma mizanmimarTulad ikisres davalebis Sesruleba. isini <strong>erekle</strong><br />

mefes zarbaznebis mortirebis gakeTebasa da gamoyenebas aswavlidnen<br />

(mesxia S., Tbilisis istoriuli warsuli, naw. I, 1990, 379).<br />

ruseTis jaris ufrosma generalma totlebenma, Seityo ra am ambis<br />

Sesaxeb, s. ColoyaSvilsa da Tarxan-mouravs satikad aukrZala,<br />

47

qarTvelebisaTvis saartilerio saqme eswavlebinaT. rogorc Cans,<br />

totlebenis amgvari brZaneba ukanonod miuCneviaT, radgan maT moqmedebas<br />

saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris imdroindeli <strong>samxedro</strong>-politikuri<br />

kavSiri amyarebda. Aamitom oriveni TbilisSi darCnen da TavianTi moRvaweoba<br />

ganagrZes (82, 111-112). am garemoebam didad Seuwyo xeli<br />

saqarTveloSi artileriis ganviTarebas. qarxana mdebareobda Zveli<br />

Tbilisis gareubanSi-kojris Zveli gzis dasawyisis dRevandeli<br />

k. leseliZis, S. dadianis, l. asaTianis quCis midamoebSi (93, 4). ucxoeli,<br />

monastris winamZRvari ioseb delaporti, romelic TbilisSi imyofeboda<br />

1768 wels, aRniSnavs zarbaznis warmoebis arsebobas am qalaqSi:<br />

` . . . tfilisSi akeTeben zarbaznebs, yumbarebs, wamals~. . . (33, 75). 1771<br />

wlis 15 oqtombers mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-m miiRo akademikosi giuldenStedti.<br />

mas, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan irkveva, scodnia samTamadno<br />

warmoeba. Mmefe <strong>erekle</strong>s misTvis saqarTveloSi darCena SeuTavazebia,<br />

radgan sabadoTa damuSavebis specialisti sWirdeboda, magram stumarma<br />

SemoTavazebul winadadebas Tavi aarida (36, 12).<br />

giuldenStedtis gadmocemiT, 1772 wlis 18 Tebervals man<br />

daaTvaliera Tofiswamlis qarxana. Mmisi aRweriT, iq gamoyenebuli<br />

wamlis Semadgeneli nawilebis proporcia Semdegia: 13 - citra anu wili<br />

gvarjila, 2 - wili gogirdi da 3 - wili naxSiri tirifisa an Txilisa.<br />

aseT Semadgenlobas nayaven mTeli dRe kaklis xis sanaySi, romelsac<br />

Signidan aqvs odnav konusiseburi forma, zeviT aris 10 duimis (25.4 sm.)<br />

siganisa da 12 duimi (30.48 sm.) siRmisa, aqvs granitis konusuri filTaqva,<br />

romliTac mTeli dRe nayaven. Ees filTaqva zeviT iweva RerZis<br />

meSveobiT, romelic fexiT mohyavT moZraobaSi. Semdeg wamali ifxvneba<br />

spilenZis rofSi da fskeri aqvs daCvretili (36, 15). es faqti kidev<br />

erTxel amtkicebs <strong>samxedro</strong> warmoebis arsebobas saqarTveloSi mocemuli<br />

periodisaTvis. <strong>erekle</strong>s dros artileriis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis<br />

istorikosi butkovi: ... droTa viTarebaSi zarbaznebis ricxvi gaizarda<br />

15-mde paata andronikovis (andronikaSvili) xelSewyobiT, romelmac<br />

codna saartilerio mecnierebaSi ruseTSi miiRo. Mman moawyo TbilisSi<br />

Camosasxmeli saamqro, sadac gadaadno zarbaznebi da Camoasxa isini<br />

48

evropuli kalibrebis mixedviT (49, 287). butkovs mxedvelobidan gamorCa<br />

is, rom zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana paata andronikaSvilamde<br />

arsebobda saqarTveloSi, razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. Aaseve cnobas<br />

gvawvdis <strong>polkovniki</strong> burnaSovi, romelic saqarTveloSi 1783-1787 wlebSi<br />

imyofeboda: `qarTul artilerias atareben xarebiT . . . saSiSia maTi<br />

mezobeli mtrebisaTvis. E<strong>erekle</strong>s aqvs 12 sakuTari zarbazani, Camosxmuli<br />

tfilisSi~ (151, 7). es cnobebi WeSmariti dadasturebaa imisa, Tu ra<br />

ganviTarebis stadiaSi imyofeboda maSindeli saqarTvelos artileria.<br />

xelnawerTa erovnuli centris fondebSi daculia erT-erTi<br />

xelnaweri S-167. igi Targmnilia qarTulad vaxtang VI-is brZanebiT,<br />

mixeil elieviCis mier, 1725 wels. is ori didi nawilisagan Sedgeba:<br />

pirvelia `sivakis mzomeloba anu planimetria~ da meore `saartilerio<br />

wigni~. xelnaweris qveda ydis Sida mxareze mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s brZanebiT<br />

Tarxan–mouravs aseTi minaweri gaukeTebia: `RvTisagan amaRlebulman<br />

mefeT-mefeman da TviT xelmwifeman mpyrobelman qarTlisa, kaxeTisa,<br />

SamSadinisa, yazaxisa da borCalos meoreman patronma iraklim mibrZana<br />

rusuls dasturze artileriis gakeTeba saqarTvelois kacs giorgi<br />

Tarxans saxeliTa mxTisaTa, SewevniT patronisa CemisaTa gavakeTe gavawye<br />

zarbaznebi, rom rusTac didad moswonT, qarTvelTa da kaxTac did<br />

imedad uCansT, vinc warikixavdes, Sendobas mobrZandeT, R-Ti SegindobisT<br />

Tqvens codvasa~ (16, S.167).<br />

es faqti mowmobs, rom mefe <strong>erekle</strong> da giorgi Tarxan-mouravi am<br />

saxelmZRvaneloTi sargeblobdnen. wignSi mocemulia cnobebi<br />

saartilerio Wurvebis, xelyumbarebis, Tofiswamlisa da sxva iaraRis<br />

damzadebis Sesaxeb. magaliTisaTvis: `sostavi xeliT sasrolis granatisa:<br />

24 luti wminda marili, 10-is 1/2 luti gvarjila, 3 luti gogirdi,<br />

½luti naxSiri. Ees sostavi erTmaneTSi kargad aurie da cota wyali zed<br />

daaprkvie da mere is cinderi magra gastene~.<br />

xelnawerSi gaTvaliswinebulia damzadebis procesSi usafrTxoebis<br />

zomebis dacva, wamlebis da minarevebis raodenobrivi maCveneblebi,<br />

romlisganac mzaddeboda Wurvebi da xelyumbarebi. naSromis didi<br />

nawili eTmoba zarbaznebis Tematikas, sadac vrcladaa mocemuli<br />

49

sxvadasxva tipis zarbaznis daniSnuleba, maTi gamoyenebis principebi da<br />

cxrilebi srolisaTvis (16, 264). giorgi Tarxan-mouravis mier 1776 wels<br />

mdivan laSqarnivisaTvis micemul baraTSi aRniSnulia ` ... me TofCibaSs<br />

Tarxans giorgis dascems naibs gabriels samis Tvisa Cemi, Cemis naibisa<br />

da Tofxanis sruliad amalisa samocdaTvrameti Tumani eqvsi minalTuni<br />

da xuTi Sauri. Tqven laSqarnivisis manuCarisagan mogvebara baraTebi~<br />

(19, Hd 3843). . .amrigad, 1776 wels ganaxlebuli saartilerio qarxnisa da<br />

artileriis ufrosi is giorgi Tarxn-mouravi iyo, romelmac mefe<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s zarbaznebi daumzada. igi am Tanamdebobaze, rogorc wyaroebidan<br />

irkveva, 1780 wlamde moRvaweobda.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefes ar akmayofilebda zarbaznis adgilobrivi warmoeba da<br />

Tbilisis saartilerio qarxnis uaxloesi teqnikis mixedviT gardaqmna<br />

ganizraxa. XVIII saukunis meore naxevridan zarbaznebis warmoeba evropasa<br />

da ruseTis armiebSi sagrZnoblad gaumjobesda. gluvluliani<br />

zarbazani foladis daRarullulianiT Seicvala.<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>samxedro</strong> kadrebis nakleblobas ganicdida XVIII<br />

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, <strong>erekle</strong> meorem saartilerio saqmis Sesaswavlad<br />

ruseTs paata andronikaSvili miavlina. paatam ruseTis armiis<br />

artileriis oficris wodeba miiRo. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi<br />

samSobloSi dabrunebuls saartilerio saqmis xelmZRvaneloba daevala.<br />

igi saTaveSi Caudga saqarTvelos <strong>samxedro</strong> warmoebis gardaqmnas,<br />

romelic <strong>erekle</strong> mefis TaosnobiT daiwyo (106, 33). es iyo pirveli<br />

mcdeloba saqarTveloSi <strong>samxedro</strong> warmoebis evropul yaidaze<br />

gadasvlisa, rac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobda xels <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

Semadgeneli nawilis _ taqtikis ganviTarebas (d. m.). am faqts adasturebs<br />

mdivanbegi o. xerxeuliZe. is gadmogvcems: `amasa Sina iwyoca mefeman<br />

artileriisa, e. i. Tofxanisa, evropulsa gvarssa zeda gawyoba da diax<br />

Cinebuli artileria gamarTa. aRezarda mefesa iraklis warsagebeliTa<br />

TvisiTa TavadTa Zeni rosiasa Sina artileriisa swavliTa da maT Soris<br />

gamovida pirveli xelovani Tavadi andronikaSvili paata da uxucesi<br />

ganmgeoba artileriisa, anu felcixmeisteroba, romelsa TofCibaSad<br />

50

uxmobdnen, misca mas da ganewyo yovelive moxeleni da msaxurni<br />

cecxlsasroleTani evropulad~ (47, 92).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is dros artileriaSi samsaxuri sapatiod iTvleboda.<br />

gansakuTrebuli privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen artileriis ufrosi<br />

(TofCibaSi) da misi moadgileebi (naibi), romelTa xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

amzadebdnen qarxnis xelosnebi cecxlmfrqvevad saWurvels, kerZod,<br />

zarbaznebsa da mis mowyobilobas. Pp. andronikaSvilma SesaniSnavad<br />

gaarTva Tavi mefis mier micemul davalebas. rogorc sabuTidan irkveva,<br />

saartilerio ganxriT momsaxure pirebi mxolod didi Sromisa da garjis<br />

Semdeg Rebulobdnen maRal Tanamdebobas. 1780 wels p. andronikaSvilma<br />

artileriis ufrosoba miiRo.Mmis ZiriTad amocanas Seadgenda<br />

artileristebis momzadeba, maTi gawvrTna da movla-patronoba. amas<br />

amtkicebs saqarTvelos centralur saistoro arqivSi Seswavlili sabuTi<br />

`Cven qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefem iraklim giboZeT Sen, qisiyis mouravis<br />

Svils paatas TofCibaSs. Aaqamdin TobCibaSoba gayofili iyo. axla<br />

mTlaT da sakuTraT Sen dagadgineT da Sen giboZeT, rac TofCibaSebi<br />

Tarxans giorgis ebarnen, isinic Sen unda miibaro da amaTs swavlazed<br />

bejiTi unda iyo da sxvis Semoyvanasac ecade, rom TofCibaSi TofCeb<br />

gaimravlo. SenTvis jamagirad weliwadSi ormoci Tumani madnidam<br />

mogecema da jinSi ocis Tumnisa sabeWdavis ijaridam mogecema. Amas<br />

yovelwliv Cveni moxeleni ukleblad mogcemen. amas garda, rac SenTvis<br />

ulufa gamogvCenia, is sxva oqmiT mogecema~ (16, 268) (4, 226). <strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

artileriaSi momsaxure nebismieri rangis pirovnebas garkveul<br />

SeRavaTebs aZlevda, jamagirs uxdida da usamarTlobisganac icavda,<br />

aseve damsaxurebis mixedviT wodebebs aniWebda. mas mowmoben saqarTvelos<br />

centralur saistorio arqivSi daculi dokumentebi (6, 226. # 5124, 5125,<br />

2616, 8719).<br />

XVIII saukunis 70-ian-80-ian wlebSi artileria saqarTveloSi kidev<br />

ufro gaumjobesda, ramac saxelmwifos Tavdacvisunarianobis saqmeSi<br />

mniSvnelovani roli Sasrula: `mefe irakli Tavis samefos kualobazed<br />

Zlieri iyo. imas hqonda ocdaoTxi gawyobili zarbaznebi Tavis<br />

Camosasxmelis saxliTa, romelsaca siTkenac undoda, iqiT waiRebda im<br />

51

zarbaznebs, magram ufrosi erTi sul adgilobriv ewyo da TviTon ki<br />

qarTvelebiT mters sdevnida xan somxiTSi, xan qarTlSi da xan<br />

kaxeTSi. . .im zarbaznebiT da im jariT, romlis mtersa SemouSvebda<br />

saqarTveloSi? aramc Tu SemouSvebda, sxva qveynebsac SeiZenda~ (146, 8).<br />

mefe gamudmebiT cdilobda saartilerio saqmis<br />

srulyofas.AartileristTa kadrebis mosamzadeblad zogjer ucxoel<br />

specialistebsac iwvevda. Mmis SviliSvils, <strong>daviT</strong> batoniSvils<br />

saartilerio <strong>samxedro</strong> ganaTleba avstrieli ioseb iakobis Ze<br />

getingisagan miuRia (111, 418). 1794 wels man ruseTSi gagzavna saqarTvelos<br />

mkvidri stefane meliqovi saartilerio saqmis Sesaswavlad. amasTan<br />

dakavSirebiT, mefe <strong>erekle</strong> Tavis elCs, garsevan WavWavaZes swerda:<br />

`. . .somxiTis meliqovi stefan pavliCi ruseTs iyo, iq rusuli ena da<br />

wigni iswavla da aq CvenTan movida da Cven isev mand ruseTs SenTan<br />

gamovistumreT im mizezebisaTvis, rom … artileriis agebis saqme<br />

iswavlos da am qveyanas gamoadges. Amaszed ram gulmodgineba ixmaro,<br />

Sens mSobels qveyanas vals dasdeb da Cvens gulsac moimadleb. . .Tu<br />

Sengan SeiZlebodes, drozed kapitnobis Cinis Sovnazed Seewio da<br />

uSovno, ufro mxiarulebiT ecdeba swavlis miRebas da saqarTvelos<br />

Sesamati saqme iqneba~ (7, 227). sabuTi gaanalizebulia a. klimiaSvilis<br />

mier.<br />

saWiro iyo saartilerio saqmis ganviTarebisaTvis feTqebadi<br />

masalebis damzadeba. XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi Tofiswamals<br />

garkveulwilad moqalaqe xelosnebi amzadebdnen da vaWrobdnen. mefe<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m Tofiswamlis, gvarjilis damzadeba da individualuri pirebis<br />

mier damoukideblad gayidva akrZala. warmoebis ufleba man mxolod erT<br />

pirs - TayuaSvils uboZa. mefis nebarTviT man 1770 wels Tofis wamlis<br />

qarxana aaSena. Tofis wamlis damzadeba da gayidva mxolod am pirovnebas<br />

miando (87, 272). TayuaSvilebisadmi <strong>erekle</strong>s mier micemul nebarTvaSi<br />

aRniSnulia: `Cveni brZaneba aris TayuaSvilo isaiaRav, merme did Wirobas,<br />

qveynisa da Cveni samsaxurisaTvis da qalaqsa da xalxis mraval rigis<br />

movlis samagieroT qalaqSi Tofis wamlis danayvis brZaneba mamaSens, Sen<br />

da SvilTa SenTa giboZeT, Tqvens meti kaci veravin daanayvinebda da verc<br />

52

gorjilasa da Tofis wamals gahyidda. . maSinve Tqvenc qarxana gamarTeviT<br />

da asaqmebdiT, merme Tofxanasa da cixeebisaTvis Seni qarxana TxoebiT<br />

CamogarTviT da samagieroT mamulis boZebas dagpirdiT~ (8, 229).<br />

amrigad, gvarjilisa da Tofiswamlis damzadeba-vaWrobas <strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

akontrolebda, romelic Semdgom xels Seuwyobda saxelmwifo<br />

daniSnulebisaTvis feTqebadi masalebis maqsimalurad gamoyenebas.<br />

interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos isic, Tu sad mdebareobda asafeTqebeli<br />

masalebis qarxana, ramdenad uzrunvelyo erTma gvarma metad saWiro<br />

davalebis Sesruleba da sad iyo ganlagebuli mniSvnelovani <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

obieqtebi. amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi dokumenti: `avlabris cixis gareT,<br />

sadac amjobino, qarxana unda gagekeTebina; sadac gimjobesebia da<br />

giSenebia, is adgili Cvenc moviwoneT ~. . . ocdaxuTi adli alagi gvTxove<br />

Cven. inebeT da is alagi Sen da Sen Svilebs samkvidrod mamulad<br />

giboZeT, duqnebi gaakeTe da wamalic iq gaayidvine~ (9, 229). es sakiTxi<br />

gaaanaliza a. klimiaSvilma, rodesac saartilerio mSeneblobas Seexo.<br />

rogorc vxedavT, Tofiswamlis qarxana avlabris teritoriaze<br />

mdebareobda.<br />

saxelmwifos moTxovna Tofiswamalsa da gvarjilaze imdenad<br />

dakmayofilebuli yofila, rom mefes neba daurTavs TayuaSvilebisaTvis<br />

damzadebuli wamlis individualurad gayidvaze. saartilerio<br />

saWurvelisa da sxva sabrZolo masalebis sawyobi ki nariyalas cixeSi<br />

iyo ganlagebuli (156, 48). es adgili SedarebiT ukeT uzrunvelyofda<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> produqciis obieqtebis movlasa da dacvas.<br />

zemoT aRweril masalaSi, romelic saqarTveloSi saartilerio<br />

saqmis ganviTarebas exeba, saubari iyo paata andronikaSvilis<br />

ganswavlulobaze. Cvenis azriT, mas ganaTleba ruseTSi hqonda miRebuli,<br />

saartilerio aRmSeneblobis saqmesac rusul yaidaze warmarTavda,<br />

romelic nawilobriv evropulze iyo dafuZnebuli.Aam mosazrebis<br />

ganmtkicebisaTvis moviyvanT magaliTs: wignSi `saartilerio SeiaraReba~,<br />

nawili I, warmodgenilia rusuli artileriis ganviTarebis etapebi. masSi<br />

moyvanilia monacemebi, saidanac naTlad Cans, rom 1757-1796 wlebSi<br />

saartilerio qvemexebis kalibri meryeobs 76 mm-dan 245 mm-mde. paata<br />

53

andronikaSvilis moRvaweobis periodSi 120 mm-dan 152 mm-de, srolis<br />

manZili ki 20-22 gradusiani kuTxiT gasrolisas 1066 m-dan 2980 m-mde<br />

ganisazRvreboda (165, 169). Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia, paata<br />

andronikaSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT damzadebuli zarbaznebi miaxloebiT<br />

igive teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebisa yofiliyo.<br />

naSromSi ,,saartilerio mSenebloba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi XVIII<br />

saukunis II naxevarSi~ mkvlevarma a. klimiaSvilma Seiswavla<br />

artileriis ganviTareba. igi aRniSnavs mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s ganswavlulobas<br />

misi gamoyenebis saqmeSi. ,,. . .Tu isini gamovidnen da omi mouxdesT, Tqven<br />

mindorzed Sebmas ecadeniT. kinklaobasa da imaTsaviT Tofebis<br />

miSvelebasa da ise Sebmas daexseniT. . .qveiTi kaci iberim xansac bevri<br />

eyoleba, cxenianic rom daaqveiToT da ise mixvideT, zarbaznebic win<br />

miimZRvaroT da omi zarbaznebs daacadoT. . .ar auCqardeT, daacaloT,<br />

isini Tqvenze moiyvanoT da Tqven imaTze ar mixvideT, ise sjobs, rom<br />

isini Tqvenze mosvliT daRaloT da RvTiT Tqven im daRaluls erTianaT<br />

SeebaT; isini aqeT-iqidam tanebas dagiwyeben, Tqven zarbaznis srolis<br />

mets nuras iqmT, isini amaSi daiRalvian, masukan erTianad miaweviT. . .~<br />

(87, 273-274). aRniSnulidan naTlad Cans, rom mefe <strong>erekle</strong> artileriis<br />

miznobrivad gamoyenebasa da sabrZolo moqmedebis warmarTvis xerxze<br />

miuTiTebda. masSi mocemulia mowinaaRmdegis SecdomaSi Seyvanis<br />

RonisZieba - yvela mebrZolis daqveiTeba (rogorc yirbulaxis<br />

brZolisas), mtris moqancva da axlos moSveba. zarbaznis uecari cecxli<br />

ieriSis misatanad gamzadebul mowinaaRmdeges rom demoralizebuls<br />

gaxdida, es faqtia. amitom brZolis dawyebiT etapze artileriis<br />

gamoyeneba garkveulwilad xels uwyobda cocxali Zalis SenarCunebas,<br />

misi sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRlebas da mtris danakargebis gazrdas.<br />

amrigad, rogorc masalebidan Cans, XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli iyo artileriisa da<br />

Tofiswamlis, xelyumbarebis warmoeba, romlis gazrdasa da<br />

gaumjobesebas mefe <strong>erekle</strong> yovelmxriv cdilobda, radgan saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> Zlierebas <strong>samxedro</strong> mrewvelobis ganviTareba gansazRvravda.<br />

54

1.3. sainJinro – TavdacviTi nagebobebi<br />

XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi <strong>erekle</strong> II-m mniSvnelovani RonisZiebebi<br />

gaatara cixe-galavnebis, cixe-simagreebis asaSeneblad da<br />

ganaxlebisaTvis, romlebic erTgvar safortifikacio nagebobebs<br />

warmoadgendnen.Mmocemuli periodi daRestneli feodalebisa da<br />

sxvadasxva saxanoebis winaaRmdeg qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis urTulesi brZolis<br />

xana iyo. mowinaaRmdegis Tavdasxmebisagan dasacavad adreul periodSi<br />

agebuli simagreebis raodenoba da konstruqcia mocemul periodSi<br />

moTxovnebs nawilobriv akmayofilebda. amitomMmefe <strong>erekle</strong>m, Seqmnili<br />

viTarebidan gamomdinare, arsebuli mdgomareoba cixe-simagreTa erTiani<br />

sistemis SeqmniT gamoaswora. cixe-simagreTa centri iyo Telavi (75, 17).<br />

p. zaqaraias naSromSi `kaxeTis safortifikacio nagebobani~<br />

damajerebladaa aRwerili im cixe-simagreebis, cixe-darbazebisa da<br />

galavnebis daxasiaTeba, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebdnen<br />

mosaxleobis Tavdacvisunarianobis saqmeSi. GgansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />

wignSi mocemuli suraTi 1, sadac mocemulia cixe-simagreTa ganlagebis<br />

sqema. isini dasaxlebul punqtebSi ZiriTadad strategiul<br />

mimarTulebebze iyvnen ganlagebuli, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo mosaxleobis<br />

swrafi Sexizvna da xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi brZolis warmarTva.<br />

XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebidan TavdacviT nagebobaTa mSenebloba<br />

qarTl-kaxeTSi swrafi tempiT grZeldeboda. amis mizezi mtrulad<br />

ganwyobili mezoblebis intensiuri Semosevebi iyo. aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelo cixeebiTa da galavnebiT daifara, sadac mosaxleoba mZime<br />

dReebSi Tavs afarebda da warmatebiT igeriebda mtrebs. AaSenebdnen ara<br />

marto axal simagreebs, aramed amagrebdnen da restavracias ukeTebdnen<br />

Zvelebs (112, 626).<br />

Cveni azriT, rogorc Seswavlili masalebidan irkveva, zemoaRniSnul<br />

periodSi da Semdgom saxelmwifos Tavdacis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni cixesimagreebi,<br />

cixe-galavnebi da koSkebi iyo, romlebic erTian TavdacviT<br />

sistemas qmnidnen. am sistemis efeqtur moqmedebaze did gavlenas axdenda<br />

sasignalo-Setyobinebis sistema. Tu igi organizebulad moqmedebda,<br />

maSin mowinaaRmdegis mier moulodnelad Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi<br />

55

saxelmwifos SigniT mobilizebuli xvdebodnen. cixe-simagreebisa da<br />

galavnebis damakavSirebeli sayaraulo koSkebi iyo. maTi daniSnulebidan<br />

gamomdinare, iseT adgilmdebareobaze ganalagebdnen, saidanac maTi<br />

saSualebiT xdeboda umokles droSi signalis gadacema. signalis<br />

adreul saxes koSkebis Tavze danTebuli koconi warmoadgenda.<br />

SemdgomSi ki paralelurad cecxlsasroli iaraRi, droSebi da Sikrikebi<br />

gamoiyeneboda. safortifikacio nagebobebi ZiriTadad strategiulad<br />

mniSvnelovan adgilebze iyo ganlagebuli. isini garkveulwilad<br />

ketavdnen sazRvrebze gadmosasvlel gzebs, xolo saxelmwifos SigniT _<br />

gzajvaredinebs, centralur da mniSvnelovan magistralebs.<br />

saqarTveloSi cixe-simagreebisa da galavnebis asagebad bunebrivi<br />

pirobebi xelsayreli iyo, amitom maT vake adgilmdebareobaze iSviaTad<br />

agebdnen. Tu ki simagreTa vakeze ageba aucileblobas warmoadgenda,<br />

adgilTan SefardebiT mas Txrilebsac Semoavlebdnen, raTa mters<br />

Tavisuflad ieriSis mitana ar SeZleboda.<br />

safortifikacio nagebobebisa da mtris Tavdasxmisas qarTvelTa<br />

moqmedebebis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis germaneli mkvlevari da<br />

mogzauri giuldenStedti. is gadmogvcems: ` aq Canda mrgvali da<br />

oTxkuTxedi moednebi, miwayrilebi, sadac mcxovrebni afareben Tavs da<br />

pirutyvs, roca droze SeamCneven mZarcvelebs, mamacurad icaven Tavs.<br />

mkacrad dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, yoveli qiziyeli miiCqaris Tavisi<br />

TofiT iqiT, saidanac esmis srolis xma am RonisZiebebis wyalobiT,<br />

lekebi maT ufro iSviaTad esxmian Tavs~ (36, 27).<br />

Semdeg mkvlevari aRwers im safortifikacio nagebobebis<br />

moyvanilobasa da TviT mosaxleobis moqmedebas, romelTac esoden<br />

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules TviTgadarCenis saqmeSi:. . . ,,umetesad<br />

yovel sofels aqvs erTi an ramdenime mrgvali koSkebi. Tavdasxmis dros<br />

qveda sarTulze Tavs afareben qalebi da bavSvebi, zeda sarTulze ki<br />

ikribebian SeiaraRebuli kacebi da esvrian yaCaRebs. Bbevr sofels aqvs<br />

. . .kedliT garSemortymuli . . . oTxkuTxa moedani karebebiTa da<br />

sasroli koSkebiT. aseT adgilebSi, romlebsac cixeebi hqviaT, an ar<br />

56

cxovroben, an cxovroben cotani, Tavdasxmebis dros yvelani cdiloben,<br />

am cixeebSi gadairCinon Tavi saqonliTa da qonebiT~ (36, 249-251).<br />

TavdacviTi nagebobebis daniSnulebasa da gamZleobaze miuTiTebs<br />

yvarlis cixeSi, alyaSi moqceuli qarTvelebis brZola, romelzec<br />

Semdgom TavSi gveqneba saubari. Aaq sayuradReboa is faqti, rom ocdasami<br />

dRis ganmavlobaSi (110, 12) alyaSemortymul cixeSi mowinaaRmdegem<br />

qarTvelTa damarcxeba ver moaxerxa. sainteresoa mematianis erTi cnoba ...<br />

sxva Rone rome movipovneTo da yvarlis cixe ganvaZlieroTo, Tu im<br />

cixes (mteri-d. m.) aiRebda, gaRma mxari xelT darCebaT da raxan gaRma<br />

mxars iSovnian, kaxeTis Sovnac gauadvildebaTo. Mmere dasustebuls<br />

qarTls riTRa SevimagrebTo~ (43, 229). yvarlis ,,cixis kedlebis mTel<br />

perimetrze koSkebis gareSe Tavisuflad SeeZlo erTdroulad emoqmeda<br />

aTasamde msrolels. amas Tu mivumatebT Svidi koSkis saTofeebs,<br />

miviRebT saTofeTa iseT raodenobas, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs,<br />

warmovidginoT Zlieri garnizoni.<br />

yvarlis cixis meore galavanze da arxze gviyveba<br />

,,kalmasobaSi~ misi mnaxveli ioane, sadac vkiTxulobT: ,,ioane warvida<br />

cixisken da Tan gayva alaverdis saxlTuxucesi. ra cixesTan mivida<br />

ioane, ixila meore sxva galavani Semortymuli da galavans gare arxi. . .<br />

hkiTxa saxlTuxucess: es simagre vin gaakeTao? man uTxra: ioane<br />

batoniSvilman, rom mefe iraklim aq ubrZana yofnao, odes omarxan<br />

movidoda ocdaxuTi aTasis kaciT am yvarelzed, maSin es simagre<br />

gagvikeTa batonis-Svilman SigniT galavanSi dedakacni da ymawvilni<br />

daayena da burjebSi TofaCni da meTofeni da TviTon jariT da Cven aq<br />

videqiT. da eserd magrad viyaviT, rom movidnen mtris jarni, bursas<br />

verRa gascildnen, da orjel aq dagveswro Cvens gaWirvebis dRes, da<br />

RmerTs garda iman dagvixsna im mterT tyveobisagan~ (75, 109-110).<br />

rogorc safortifikacio nagebobebis istoriidan irkveva,<br />

saTofurebis ganlageba da daxriloba imdagvarad yofila mowyobili,<br />

romelic uzrunvelyofda axlo da Sor manZilze cecxlis efeqturad<br />

warmarTvas. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, Tu ra didi<br />

57

mniSvneloba hqonda qarTl_kaxeTisaTvis yvarlis cixes. Aam brZolis<br />

dros qarTl-kaxeTi mTlianad mindobili yofila aRniSnul simagreze.<br />

zogierTi istorikosis cnobiT cixis aReba saxelmwifosaTvis<br />

karibWis Camoxsnis tolfasi iyo. sxvadasxva saxis simagreebSi, es iqneba<br />

saxelmwifo daniSnulebis cixe, cixe-darbazi, Tu galavani, maTi<br />

koSkebidan erTi yovelTvis gamoirCeoda. reliefis sirTulis<br />

SemTxvevaSi sxvebze didi koSki maRal adgilze Sendeboda. iseT cixegalavnebSi,<br />

romlebic vakeze iyo ganlagebuli, erT-erT koSks,<br />

romlidanac garemo ufro moxerxebulad da Sors Canda, sxvebze maRals<br />

agebdnen. aseTi koSkebidan xdeboda ara marto midamoebis dazverva,<br />

aramed mtris gamoCenisas signalis micema, rac uzrunvelyofda<br />

mosaxleobis mokle droSi mobilizebas.<br />

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom cixe-simagreebis, galavnebisa da koSkebis,<br />

aseve sxva TavdacviTi mniSvnelobis nagebobebze pasuxismgebelni iyvnen im<br />

teritoriis mouravebi da mflobelebi, romelTa daqvemdebarebaSic<br />

safortifikacio nagebobebi Sedioda. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mefobis periodSi<br />

qarTlsa da kaxeTSi TiTqmis ar darCenila arc erTi mniSvnelovani xeoba<br />

Tu magistrali, sadac cixe-simagreebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebi ar<br />

aegoT. QqarTlSi aSenebul-ganaxlebul simagreTagan aRsaniSnavia<br />

saSaburo - bazaleTis Crdilo aRmosavleTiT, satixari - patara liaxvis<br />

Sua welSi, xaduriani-patara liaxvis xeobaSi, fca - frones marcxena<br />

napirze, aradeTi-frones marjvena napirze, lamisyana-qsnis xeobaSi,<br />

muxranis, kodis, qvemoWalis, MmWadijvris da sxv.<br />

kaxeTSi <strong>erekle</strong>s dros aSenda da ganaxlda cixeebi da cixe-galavnebi<br />

_ Telavis cixe, vaxvaxiSvilis cixe, boWorma, siRnaRi, axmeta, ruispiri,<br />

sabue, alaverdi, yvareli, lalisyuri, nafareuli, Silda, iyalTo da<br />

sxva. aSenda koSkebi kardenaxSi, kisisxevSi, oJioSi, martyofsa da sxva<br />

(57). CamoTvlilTagan aRsaniSnavia siRnaRis cixe-darbazi, romelic 1762<br />

welsaa aSenebuli. igi ganlagebulia maRali mTis koncxze, rogorc<br />

sartyeli. mas uWiravs 40 heqtaramde farTobi. garSemoweriloba 2500 m-<br />

mdea. cixis galavnis kedelebSi 23 koSkia aSenebuli (75, 66), romlebic,<br />

reliefidan gamomdinare, iseT adgilzea ganlagebuli, saidanac<br />

58

SesaZlebeli iyo jvaredini cecxlis warmarTva da koSkebs Soris<br />

mdebare kedlebisa da sivrcis dacva. iq sadac koSki ar dgas galavanSi<br />

gakeTebulia saTofurebi. cixis kedlebi oriarusiani iyo. qveda iarusi<br />

mebrZolTa gadaadgilebas uzrunvelyofda. cixe-darbazi irgvliv mdebare<br />

soflebis TavSesafars warmoadgenda. CrdiloeTidan akontrolebda<br />

alaznis vels, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan dedofliswyarosa da Siraqis<br />

velis mimarTulebebs.<br />

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebs xazgasmiT aRniSnavs o. xerxeuliZe,<br />

romelic ambobs, rom . . . ,,aSendnen qarTl-kaxeTis 160-mde galavani da<br />

burji~ (47, 74). yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare naTlad Cans, rom<br />

qarTvelTa TavdacvisaTvis, brZolisunarianobis asamaRleblad da<br />

gansamtkiceblad safortifikacio naebobebs XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi<br />

didi mniSvneloba qonda.<br />

maSasadame, ganxiluli masalebi cxadyofen, rom: <strong>erekle</strong> II-m<br />

axtalasa da alaverdSi spilenZisa da vercxlis madnis sabadoebis<br />

amoRebiTa da gamodnobiT aaRorZina samTamadno warmoeba, ramac, Tavis<br />

mxriv, pirvelad saqarTveloSi (da ara mxolod qarTl-kaxeTSi)<br />

garkveulwilad safuZveli Cauyara <strong>samxedro</strong> mrewvelobis Seqmnas, ramac<br />

mniSvnelovnad gazarda qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba.<br />

swored <strong>samxedro</strong> mrewvelobis SeqmniT gaxda SesaZlebeli<br />

saartilerio saqmis ganviTareba. zarbaznebis, zambulakebis, Tofebis,<br />

xelyumbarebisa da asafeTqebeli nivTierebebis warmoebiT aRiWurva<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos jari. man, Tavis mxriv, aamaRla misi<br />

brZolisunarianoba. amave mizans emsaxureboda saartilerio da sxva<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> specialistebis mozidva qveyanaSi da erovnuli <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

kadrebis aRzrda-momzadeba, rusuli jaris msgavsad, <strong>samxedro</strong> wodebebis<br />

SemoReba qarTul jarSi, wesdebebisa da sxva <strong>samxedro</strong> literaturis<br />

gadmoTargmna rusulidan qarTulad, axlis Seqmna.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is mefobis periodSi, misi <strong>samxedro</strong>-reformatoruli<br />

moRvaweobis Sedegad, qarTuli jari Sedgeboda qveiTebis, cxenosnebisa<br />

da artileristebisagan, romelTagan saukeTeso nawils cxenosani jari<br />

Seadgenda.<br />

59

qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebas isaxavda<br />

miznad arsebuli cixeebisa da galavnebis masobrivi SekeTeba, axlebis<br />

ageba da sainJinro-TavdacviTi daniSnulebiT maTi mowyoba. maTTvis<br />

adgilebis SerCeva optimaluri gziT, ZiriTadad, <strong>samxedro</strong> TvalsazrisiT<br />

xdeboda. aseve gaTvaliswinebuli iyo sasignalo sistemis mniSvneloba da<br />

misi srulyofis saWiroeba, rasac saTanado yuradReba eqceoda.<br />

60

Tavi II. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is umniSvnelovanesi brZolebi<br />

2.1. yarabaRis brZola<br />

XVIII saukunis 40-iani wlebidan qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi<br />

erTmaneTs mWidrod daukavSirdnen, rac ganapiroba qarTlis mefis<br />

Teimuraz II-is da kaxeTis mefis <strong>erekle</strong> II-is SeTanxmebulma brZolam<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gaZlierebisTvis.<br />

1747 wels nadir-Sahis gardacvalebis Semdeg iranis saxelmwifo<br />

TandaTan uZlurdeboda da igi Sinaganma anarqiam moicva. ispahanis (iranis<br />

maSindeli dedaqalaqi) mmarTvelbis xSiri cvalebadobiT da sisustiT<br />

sargeblobdnen didebulebi, romlebicAarbevdnen, atyvevebdnen da<br />

awiokebdnen iranis provinciebs. erT-erTi aseTi pirovneba iyo yarabaRis<br />

xani-fana jevanSireli, romelmac marjved gamoiyena arsebuli situacia<br />

da yarabaRis mmarTveli gaxda (127, 66). Tavisi mdgomareobis ganmtkicebis<br />

mizniT, 1750 wels fana-xanma daarRvia ganjis saxanos sazRvrebi da<br />

ganjis cixes miadga (47, 49). amasTan dakavSirebiT p. orbeliani<br />

mogviTxrobs: ,,aiSalnen fana-xan da ganjis xani Saverdi-xan, moindoma<br />

fanam ganjis xanoba TavisTavis da adribeJanis sardlobasac cdilobda.<br />

es Saverdi xan ar iyabula da fanam jari Semoiyara, TviTonac kai eli<br />

hyvanda, javanSir da yarabaRSi Sig Cadga, jari ase Semoiyara, rom ganjis<br />

qalaqis meti aRar darCa, gamogzavna ganjis xanma Tavisi Zma riza yuli<br />

beg qarTlSi da Semoexvewa mefes Teimurazsa da Zesa missa mefes<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s: ,,damixseniT am kacisagano, me da Cemi qveyana Tqveni mona<br />

SeviqmnebiTo, jarsac jamagirs mivcemTo . . . batonebma Tavs Seidves da<br />

jaris Tadarigi daiWires . . . ubrZanes mefeTa qarTlisa da kaxeTis<br />

jarebs da daeSurnen miSvelebasa ganjasa~ (43, 164). e. i.Gganjis xanis<br />

meSveobiT <strong>erekle</strong> II-s fana-xanis Semosevis ambavi Seatyobines. Semdeg<br />

somexi episkoposi da meliqebic (vaWar-moqalaqeTa warmomadgenlebi)<br />

mefesTan mividnen saTxovnelad: ,, qristiani xelmwife brZandebiT, Tqveni<br />

qveSevrdomebi gagvxadeT, urjulos xelidan dagvixseniTo~ (43, 165).<br />

ganjis saxano qarTl-kaxeTis mfarvelobaSi Sedioda. igi <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

mfarvelobis xarjebis asanazRaureblad xarks ixdida, aseTive<br />

61

mdgomareobaSi iyo erevnis saxanoc. Ggadasaxdeli xarkis raodenoba<br />

icvleboda saxanoTa finansuri SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, zogjer<br />

wliurad ormoc aTas maneTs aRwevda da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis saxelmwifo xazinaSi.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-m Seafasa arsebuli viTareba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fana-xani<br />

ganjas aiRebda, Semdgom, savaraudoa, rom yazax-borCalos dapyrobasac<br />

daapirebda, ris Sedegadac kaxeTis samefo safrTxis qveS aRmoCndeboda.<br />

faqtiurad, buferul zonaze kontrols dakargavda. Aamitom <strong>erekle</strong>m da<br />

Teimurazma fana-xanisa da misi laSqris sabolood ganadgureba<br />

gadawyvites. qarTvelTa laSqarSi, qarTl-kaxelebis garda, TuS-fSavxevsurebic<br />

Sediodnen, aseve imerlebi da Cerqezebi. gaigo ra,<br />

mowinaaRmdegem ganjaSi gardauvali Setakebis Sesaxeb, fana-xanma RamiT<br />

ganjis cixes alya moxsna da Tavisi jariT yarabaRSi gadavida. Dismis<br />

kiTxva _ ratom daixia mowinaaRmdegem? AalbaT imitom, rom man kargad<br />

icoda <strong>erekle</strong> mefis <strong>samxedro</strong> warmatebebis Sesaxeb. Aase, rom Tu fanaxani<br />

ganjaSi qarTvelebTan brZolaSi Caebmeboda, igi damarcxdeboda.<br />

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo daxmarebas droze ver miiRebda,<br />

amitomac amjobina, ukan daexia da Tavis samflobeloSi waremarTa<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebi, rac <strong>samxedro</strong> TvalsazrisiT did upiratesobas<br />

mianiWebda.<br />

1750 wlis Tebervlis TveSi qarTvelTa laSqari yarabaRSi SeiWra. ,,<br />

. . . viTac ver SeZlebda pirdapir qarTvelTasa, aiyara maSin RamiT<br />

ganjidam da wavida, Cavida Tavis elebSi, dauwyo ayra da magreba~ (42,<br />

166). ganjis cixis garda, fana-xanis laSqarma meCeTebidan dawyebuli<br />

TiTqmis yvela Senoba miwasTan gaaswora da gapartaxebuli saxano<br />

miatova. man Tavisi elebi (Turqmanuli momTabare tomebi) md. araqsis<br />

sanapirosaken gadaajgufa, xolo TviTon 6 000 mebrZoliT mTian adgilze<br />

tyis piras gamagrda. Mmis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen javanSiris,<br />

SamSadilis, barguSaTis da Sahisevanis mebrZolebi (42, 166).<br />

mowinaaRmdegis jari, romelic tyian serebze iyo Casafrebuli, safridan<br />

ar gamodioda, vinaidan taqtikurad momgebian situaciaSi imyofeboda da<br />

gaSlil adgilze brZolaSi SeiZleba damarcxdebuliyo. fana-xans, ra<br />

62

Tqma unda ecodineboda qarTl-kaxeTis jaris siZliere da amitom daikava<br />

iseTi poziciebi, romelic upiratesobas mianiWebda bZolis<br />

msvlelobisas.<br />

savaraudoa, rom mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s, dazvervam Seatyobina mowinaaRmdegis<br />

poziciebis ganlagebis Sesaxeb. ,,ra gaviareT mcire ram alagi, movediT<br />

erTsa kldovansa alagsa, movida Cveni yarauli, moaxsena mefes <strong>erekle</strong>s:<br />

,,aqaT jari dgas fanasio~(43, 167). mefem viTarebis Sesabamisad miiRo<br />

gadawyvetileba: mewinave (avangardi – d. m.) sadroSoTi Seteva<br />

ganexorcielebina mtris poziciebze, xolo mTavari Zala mefe Teimuraz<br />

II-is meTaurobiT qveviT mindorSi datova, raTa xelsayrel momentSi<br />

gamoeyenebina. BbrZolis msvleloba rom naTeli warmosadgeni gaxdes,<br />

moviSveliebT mematianis aRweras, rac Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTebis<br />

saSualebas mogvcems: ` wabrZanda mewinaves jariT…... tyiani mTa iyo, isini<br />

(mowinaaRmdege) imazed warmomdgariyvnen, sanamdis avidodiT, rac jari<br />

mogvdevda naxevari veRar amogvyva da abrZanda mefe <strong>erekle</strong>, mcire ram<br />

kaci ayva, ase davaxlovdiT, rom Cveni da imaTi kaci erTmaneTs ecnen.<br />

brZana mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m: ` vin aris erTguli Cemi da aqvs guli mamacobisao,<br />

Jami es aris~. TiTonac, viTa lomi, egre miesiva da jari, vinc iq iyvnes,<br />

vinRa dadgeboda ... Tavs viRa dazogavda. mere yizilbaSis jarze<br />

qarTvelni da kaxni ase gamamacebuliyvnen, rom erTi Cveni kaci as<br />

yizilbaSs ar daerideboda. MmiuZRva revaz orbeliani, sardali<br />

baraTaSvilis jarisa da qisiyis mouravi Tamaz qisiyeli, TiTo Tofi<br />

dascales da mere xmaldaxmal gaerivnes, pirvelze isinic kargad iyvnes,<br />

rom almebi Cvens jarSi Semoitanes. Mmagram ra qarTvelni da kaxni<br />

TavgamometebiT imaT jarSi Sig Secvivdnen, veRar dadgnen yizilbaSni da<br />

gaiqcnen. ra Seityo fana-xanma, mefe <strong>erekle</strong> am mowinaves jarSi ureviao,<br />

maSinve gaiqca~ (42, 168).BbrZolis mocemul etapze mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m Sikriki<br />

gaugzavna mefe Teimuraz II-s da ZiriTadi Zalebis brZolaSi CarTva<br />

sTxova. Setyobinebis Semdeg qarTvelebi qvemodan tyian zeganze avidnen<br />

da panikaSi Cavardnil mowinaaRmdegeze ieriSi miitanes. gaqceuli<br />

yarabaRelebis devna da maTi ganadgureba gvian Ramemde gagrZelda.<br />

mefeebi fana-xanis mTavar sangarSi Sevidnen da iq datovebul Tof-iaraRs<br />

63

daepatronen. QqarTvelTa laSqarma md. araqsamde miaRwia, misi gaRmagamoRma<br />

mxareebi moarbia, mravali tyve da saqoneli wamoiyvana.<br />

YyarabaRSi gamarjvebiT qarTl-kaxeTis samefos administraciulma<br />

sazRvrebma aRmosavleTiT, md. Zegamze gadainacvla. AamiT ganjis saxanos<br />

Semdgomi gaZlierebis pirobebi SeizRuda, xolo fana-xanis damarcxebiT<br />

amierkavkasiaSi pirvelobisaTvis mebrZolTa rigebs erT-erTi saxano<br />

gamoaklda (112, 616). Aamrigad, fana-xanTan yarabaRis brZolaSi gamarjveba<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis xelmZRvanelobiT mewinave sadroSos Zlierma frontalurma<br />

dartymam ganapiroba. mtris sabrZolo wyoba dairRva.Mmiuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom mTis ferdobebze Casangrebul mowinaaRmdeges adgilmdebareoba<br />

kontrieriSze gadasvlis saSualebas aZlevda, arsebuli upiratesoba ver<br />

gamoiyena. aseve xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom mowinaaRmdegis sardlis<br />

gaqcevam uzrunvelyo mtris sabrZolo wyobaSi panikis gavrceleba da<br />

mebrZolTa demoralizeba. QqarTvelTa laSqris ZiriTadi Zalebis mier<br />

Setevis ganviTarebam da gaqceul mowinaaRmdegeze dadevnebisas<br />

miyenebulma dartymebma misi sruli ganadgureba gamoiwvia. ra Tqma unda,<br />

am brZolaSi mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa mewinave (avangardi) sadroSoSi<br />

myof mebrZolTa xelCarTuli brZolebis <strong>xelovneba</strong>m, romelic mematianes<br />

teqstSi aqvs aRwerili. Aaseve mefis, rogorc mTavarsardlis piradama<br />

magaliTma garRvevis ubanze moqmedebisas. xazgasasmelia isic, rom<br />

qarTvelTa laSqari taqtikurad wamgebian situaciaSi imyofeboda, magram<br />

E<strong>erekle</strong> II-m rTul reliefze Setevis ganxorcielebis gadawyvetileba<br />

miiRo. Ees ki amtkicebs mowinaaRmdegis Sesaxeb yovelmxriv saTanado<br />

informaciis flobas, romelsac udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. mterze<br />

gamarjvebam didi zegavlena moaxdina azerbaijanis teritoriaze myof<br />

saxanoebze. warmatebulma moqmedebebma saerTo jamSi qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT sazRvrebis gafarToeba ganapiroba, ramac xeli<br />

Seuwyo aRmosavleT saqarTvelosadmi ganjis, yarabaRis da naxWevanis<br />

saxanoebis vasalur damokidebulebas.<br />

SevecadoT maTematikuri modelirebis meTodiT vipovoT ramden xans<br />

gagrZelda brZola, aseve Cveni da mowinaaRmdegis danakargebi:<br />

64

gaTvlebisTvis gamoviyeneT raodenobebi, Cveni 4000, mowinaaRmdegis<br />

6000, romelic pirvelwyaroSia gadmocemuli [43, 165, 166].<br />

brZila davyaviT sam etapad: I _ mewinave razmis moqmedebebi; II _<br />

generaluri Setakeba; III _ mowinaaRmdegeze dadevneba.<br />

kompiuteruli gaTvlebiT ganxiluli iyo variantebi. I etapze Cveni<br />

mewinave razmis Semadgenloba ≈ 350 – 400, mowinaaRmdegis 600, 700, 800<br />

mebrZoli. aq erT-erT faqtorad gaviTvaliswineT, is garemoeba, rodesac<br />

mowinaaRmdege ukan daixevda 30 - 35%-is danakargebis SemTxvevaSi. sul<br />

gamovida 12 varianti. variantebis eqspertuli Sefasebidan amovirCieT<br />

Semdegi: mewinave Zalebis Setakeba gagrZelda ≈ 56 wuTi, Cvenma mxarem<br />

dakarga ≈ 73, mowinaaRmdegem ≈ 284 mebrZoli, ris Sedegadac mtris mewinave<br />

razmebi ukuiqcnen. am variantSi qarTveleTa mewinave razmis<br />

Semadgenloba iyo 400, mowinaaRmdegis 800 da mtris mowinave Zalebis<br />

danakargi 35%.<br />

brZolis II etapze SetakebaSi monawileoba miiRo orive mxaris<br />

ZiriTadma Zalebma. am droisTvis ZalTa Tanafardoba gaTvlebidan<br />

gamomdinare, daWril-daxocilTa gamoklebiT, iqneboda Cveni ≈ 3 900,<br />

mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 5700 kaci. brZola gagrZelda ≈ 47 wuTi. aRniSnuli<br />

monacemebis gamoyenebiTa da gaTvlebiT danakargebi iqneboda Cveni ≈≈ 388,<br />

mtris≈≈ 1737 mebrZoli.<br />

brZolis III etapze mowinaaRmdegem dadevnebisas ganicada danakargebi.<br />

sxva brZolebis analizidan gamomdinare viciT, rom dadevnebisas<br />

uSualod brZolaze modis drois 2/3. aRniSnul brZolaSi mterze<br />

dadevneba ≈ 4 saaTi gagrZelda [43, 169]. Cven SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom 4 •<br />

2/3 = 160 wuTs. e. i. dadevnebisas 160 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, miaxloebiT 5<br />

jer moxdeboda dapirispirebul mxareTa Setakeba. aseT viTarebaSi,<br />

(rodesac mteri demoralizebulia da qarTveli mebrZolis Tvisobrivi<br />

maCvenebeli 1/3 ki ara 1/6) TiToeuli SebrZolebisas, gaTvlebiT miRebuli<br />

danakargebi 30 wuTSi gamodis, Cveni ≈ 15, mtris ≈ 174. sul SetakebebSi<br />

ganadgurdeboda Cveni≈ ≈ 75, mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 870 mebrZoli.<br />

65

sabolood miviReT, rom brZolis samive etapze danakargebi yofila<br />

Semdegi: Cveni ≈ 550, mowinaaRmdegis≈≈ 2791. sul sabrZolo moqmedebebi<br />

warmarTula ≈ 6 saaTi da 30 wuTi. maT Soris uSualo brZola ≈ 4 saaTi<br />

da 20 wuTi.<br />

YyarabaRis teritoriaze Catarebuli brZola fana-xanis winaaRmdeg<br />

warmoadgenda SeteviTi saxis sabrZolo operacias.MmasSi gamoyenebuli<br />

iyo Semdegi saxis taqtikuri elementebi, rogoricaa:<br />

_ umokles droSi taqtikuri marSis (msvlelobisas mowinaaRmdegis<br />

Tavdasxmis saSiSroeba) ganxorcieleba;<br />

_ mowinaaRmdegis Sefaseba;<br />

_ avangardis moqmedebebi garRvevis monakveTze;<br />

_ urTierTqmedebis organizeba;<br />

_ ZiriTadi Zalebis brZolaSi drouli CarTva;<br />

_ sruli ganadgurebis mizniT mowinaaRmdegeze dadevneba.<br />

aRniSnuli taqtikuri elementebi <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis im principebs<br />

ganekuTvneba, rogoricaa ZalTa araTanabari ganawileba, mTavari da<br />

damxmare dartymebis mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, rac aqtualuria<br />

Tanamedrove sabrZolo operaciebis Catarebisas.<br />

isic unda avRniSnoT, rom <strong>erekle</strong>m mowinaaRmdeges Tavs moaxvia<br />

brZolis sakuTari gegma, aiZula igi, qarTvelebisTvis misaRebi sabrZolo<br />

gegmis mixedviT emoqmedaT, ramac maT daakargvina iniciativa.<br />

mowinaaRmdege, miuxedavad taqtikurad xelsayrel poziciebze yofnisa,<br />

qarTvelTa laSqris avangardis Zlieri ieriSis gamo iZulebuli gaxda,<br />

gaqceuliyo. aq kargad gamoikveTa <strong>erekle</strong>s, rogorc mTavarsardlis<br />

fsiqologiuri zegavlena. mtris ukan daxevisTanave man droulad CarTo<br />

brZolaSi mTavari Zalebi, ganaviTara devna da ganxorcielebuli<br />

manevriT gamanadgurebeli dartymebi miayena mas. am brZolaSi garkveuli<br />

roli iTamaSa Cveni mebrZolebis fizikurma gamZleobm da<br />

individualurma sabrZolo <strong>xelovneba</strong>m. ,,roca Zlieri da susti<br />

erTnairad amJRavneben vaJkacobas niSnavs, rom moqmedebs adgilis kanoni,<br />

amitom, unarian sardals TiTqos xelCakidebuli mihyavs Tavisi jari,<br />

TiTqos erTi kaci iyos, niSnavs, rom Seqmna mdgomareoba, saidanac<br />

66

gamosavali ar aris~ _ sun Zi (91, 62). ase moxda aRniSnuli brZolis<br />

dawyebiT etapze, ramac viTareba qarTvelTa sasargeblod Secvala.<br />

2.2. yirxbulaxis brZola<br />

XVIII saukunis II naxevari erT-erT mniSvnelovan etapad iTvleba<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos istoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac Teimuraz II-m iranSi<br />

garkveuli dro dahyo, saqarTveloSi Camoitana Sahis sigeli imis Sesaxeb,<br />

rom yazax-borCalo qarTl-kaxeTis samefos kuTvnileba iyo. amieridan<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvari md. aRstafis<br />

xeoba gaxda (112). gafarTovda teritoriuli farglebi. QqarTl-kaxeTis<br />

istoriaSi daiwyo ramdenadme axali periodi, rodesac saqarTvelo Zalze<br />

rTul viTarebaSi ganagrZobda sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmoebas<br />

mozRvavebuli mtris winaaRmdeg. es ganpirobebuli iyo saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong>-politikuri aRorZinebis gzaze dadgomiT.<br />

zemoaRniSnul periodSi qarTvelTa damoukideblobis SenarCunebisa<br />

da ganmtkicebisaTvis Tavdadebuli brZolis SesaniSnav nimuSad iTvleba<br />

1751 wlis ivlisSi Catarebuli brZola azat-xan avRanTan. Ees brZola<br />

mniSvnelovania <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />

iranSi nadir-Sahis sikvdilis Semdeg azat-xanma avRanTa da uzbekTa<br />

jarebiT daimorCila Tavrizi, urmia da xoi (maSindeli iranis<br />

teritoria). laSqriT gadmolaxa md. araqsi, daikava naxWevnis saxano,<br />

moarbia somxeTis teritoriebi da erevnis cixes alya Semoartya.<br />

strategiul mizans aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi gabatoneba warmoadgenda<br />

(112, 621).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefem, Seityo ra yovelive momxdaris Sesaxeb, Sekriba<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis, yazax-borCalos laSqari da soRanluRi-marneulis gziT<br />

erevnisken gaemarTa. Teimuraz II-m brZolaSi wasvla moindoma, magram<br />

TviT <strong>erekle</strong> II-isa da warCinebuli Tavadebis TxovniT TbilisSi darCa<br />

(127, 99). es gamowveuli iyo Semdegi garemoebiT: 1751 wlis 15 Tebervals<br />

aji CalabTan (Saqis xani) brZolaSi gancdili marcxis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong> II-m<br />

da misma mxardamWerma Tavadebma kargad gaacnobieres, rom<br />

orsardlianobas azat-xanTan brZolaSi SeiZleboda kidev ufro<br />

67

savalalo Sedegi mohyoloda.Mmama da Svilis erTdrouli<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweoba aRniSnuli droisaTvis ase Tu ise mainc<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos stabilizacias unarCunebda. sabrZolo<br />

operaciebis warmarTvisas ki, ra Tqma unda, erTi sardali sjobda,<br />

romelic organizebul marTvas ganaxorcielebda. amiT aixsneboda, rom<br />

Semdgom warmoebul sabrZolo moqmedebebSi Teimuraz II-m <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

asparezi <strong>erekle</strong> II-s dauTmo, rogorc gamocdil mxedarTmTavars.<br />

qarTvelTa laSqris somxeTisken wasvla mowinaaRmdegis dazvervas<br />

gaugebari ar darCenia. azat-xanis laSqarma erevnis cixes alya moxsna da<br />

ukan daixia. Eerevnis mecixovne jari Zalian damSeuli aRmoCnda. TiTqmis<br />

mTelo saxano daclili iyo muSaxelisagan. Tanac, mkis dro iyo: <strong>erekle</strong><br />

mefem Tavis mebrZolebs moamkevina, gaalewina puri da aTas-aTasi kodi<br />

cixeSi Seatanina. erevanSi man ramdenime politikurad saeWvo warCinebuli<br />

piri daatyvevebina da colSviliTurT TbilisSi gamozavna. Aamis Semdeg<br />

man momaRlo adgilas daiWira poziciebi yirxbulaxSi, saidanac erTi<br />

mxriT Tvalyurs adevnebda erevans, xolo meore mxriT marbieli razmebis<br />

TavdasxmiT mters did zians ayenebda (43, 184). darbeuli erevnis cixe<br />

kvlav qarTvelTa daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida, ramac xeli Seuwyo momavali<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebisaTvis dasayrdenis mopovebas.<br />

azat-xanma, gaigo ra <strong>erekle</strong> mefis moqmedebebis Sesaxeb, mematianis<br />

gadmocemiT: ,,aRborgda mxeci cofovani da ganizraxa saqme boroti,<br />

yaTlani (mokvla) qarTvelTa da mooxreba qarTlisa, Semoiyara Tvrameti<br />

aTasi kaci, Tofxana xelmwifuri... da egre didebiT wamovida mefe<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>ze, lamobda idumal dasxmasa, movida yirxbulaxs da sada mefe<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> idga, mTaTa ze wamodga’’ (43, 185).<br />

rac Seexeba meore mematianis, oman xerxeuliZis cnobas am brZolis<br />

Sesaxeb, igi gadmogvcems, TiTqos brZola 1752 wlis ivlisSi momxdariyo<br />

da mowinaaRmdeges 40 000 mebrZoli hyolodes. aseT azrs Cven ver<br />

gaviziarebT, radgan papuna orbelianis gadmocema ufro sarwmunoa<br />

damadasturebelia. igi TviTmxilvelia am brZolisa, xolo o. xerxeuliZe<br />

ZiriTadad XVIII s-is 60-ian wlebs ufro dawvrilebiT aRwers, vidre<br />

manamdels.<br />

68

yirbulaxis adgilmdebareobis dadgena, sadac sabrZolo moqmedebebi<br />

warimarTa, Cvens xelT arsebuli rukebis meSveobiT ver moxerxda.<br />

vaxuSti bagrationi, XVIII s-is amierkavkasiis zogad rukaze ar<br />

migviTiTebs aRniSnul adgilmdebareobas da arc 1886 wels dabeWdili<br />

xuTversiani topografiuli rukis planSetebze ar aris miniSnebuli,<br />

rogorc dasaxlebuli punqti. vfiqrobT, rom es iyo garkveuli adgilis<br />

saxeli. brZolis adgilis monakveTi arc am saxelwodebiT ar aris<br />

fiqsirebuli, magram, rogorc saxelwodebidan Cans Turqulad ,,qirq~ _<br />

ormocia, ,,bulaq~ Turquli xalxuri eniT niSnavs wyaros (78, 353).<br />

maSasadame brZolis adgilis dasaxeleba ,,ormociwyaro~, imas adasturebs,<br />

rom am adgilebSi unda yofiliyo mravali wyaro. amitom, sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebi mTebiT Semofarglul adgilebs Soris arsebul reliefze<br />

unda momxdariyo. dReisaTvis aseT adgils reliefis taqtikuri<br />

klasifikaciis mixedviT saSualo mTians uwodeben. brZola erevnis<br />

cixidan arc Tu didi manZilze mimdinareobda, rasac wyaro adasturebs.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> TaTbirma, romelic <strong>erekle</strong> mefem moiwvia, ukan dabruneba<br />

gadawyvita, magram mefe winaaRmdegi iyo. mematianis gadmocemiT, man<br />

mimarTa TaTbiris monawileebs: `icodeT, me azat-xanis Seubmeli ar<br />

davsdgebi. amaRam rom gaviqceT, xval gzazed mogvewvevian, da unamusod<br />

sikvdils namusianad sikvdili sjobs. Eese yvelam uwyiT, rom yvelani<br />

sikvdilis Svilni varT da Cvens gvarsa da saxels ori dRisTvis nu<br />

movayinvebT~ (47, 51). rasakvirvelia, am sityvebis Semdeg qarTveli<br />

sardlebi daTanxmdnen, radgan kargad icodnen <strong>erekle</strong> II-is brZolebis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

qarTvelTa laSqris saerTo raodenoba 3000-mde mebrZols Seadgenda.<br />

maTgan xuTasamde saWurvelTmtvirTveli (mebrZolTa momsaxure,<br />

momaragebeli da sxv. – d. m.) da avadmyofi iyo (47, 51). e. i. brZolaSi<br />

2 500 mebrZoli Rebulobda monawileobas.<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-m gadawyvita brZola gaemarTa ricxobrivad eqvsjer<br />

aRmatebul mowinaaRmdegesTan, rodesac mteri xelsayrel poziciebs<br />

flobda, metad saSiSi iyo. rogorc Cans, mefe gadawyvetilebis miRebisas<br />

mowinaaRmdegis <strong>samxedro</strong> Sefasebebidan gamomdinare xelmZRvanelobda.<br />

69

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ubrZolvelad ukan gamobruneba mefis<br />

avtoritetsa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos imijze garkveul zegavlenas<br />

moaxdenda.<br />

brZolis dawyebis win <strong>erekle</strong> mefe loculobda. QqarTvelTa<br />

sabrZolo wyoba Semdegnairi iyo: mowinave droSis qveS sabaraTaSvilosa<br />

da qiziyelTa mebrZolebi erTad dadgnen, memarjvene da memarcxene<br />

sadroSoebSi qarTlelebi da kaxelebi _ Sereulad. mahmadianTa razmebi<br />

mefem memarcxene da memarjvene sadroSoSi gadanawila. nawili laSqrisa<br />

ganalaga calke (safiqrebelia, igi rezervis movaleobas Seasrulebda -<br />

d. m.), xolo <strong>erekle</strong> II idga marjvena da marcxena sadroSoebis Soris<br />

safexuriT ukan. Mmematianis aRweriT: `kacisagan amas ara daegvareba rao~<br />

(43, 186).<br />

mowinaaRmdegis saerTo raodenoba 18 000 kacs Seadgenda, maTgan md.<br />

gaknisis napirze ganlagebul azat-xanis banakSi 1500-mde banakis mcveli<br />

da saWurvelTmtvirTveli darCa. Ee.i. brZolaSi monawileobda 16 500<br />

mebrZoli. Ees mtkicdeba p. orbelianis gadmocemiT: `jaric aseTi hyvanda,<br />

rom qarTvelTa jari maTi mexuTedi Zlivs iqneboda~(43, 185-186).<br />

mowinaaRmdegis laSqari brZolis dawyebamde 6 nawilad yofila<br />

dayofili. yvelaze mZafri ieriSi azat-xanma qarTvelTa memarcxene<br />

frTaze moitana. Mmemarcxene sadroSo iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia da<br />

erT nasoflarSi gamagrebuliyo (43, 186).<br />

azat-xani mowinave ZalebiT gars Semoertya danarCen sam sadroSos<br />

da qarTvelTa laSqari mTlianad alyaSi moaqcia. arsebul situaciaSi<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m Sikrikis meSveobiT spasalar orbelians ubrZana, mowinaveni<br />

misi laSqrisaTvis SeerTebina. Semdeg ki gonebamaxviluri xerxi<br />

gamoiyena. mefe Camoxta cxenidan, CamoqveiTeba ubrZana mTel mxedrobas da<br />

win gauZRva laSqars. MmebrZolebi gafrTxilebulebi iyvnen, mefis niSnis<br />

micemamde iaraRidan ar gaesrolaT. alag-alag dapirispirebul mxareTa<br />

razmebi imdenad miuaxlovdnen erTmaneTs, rom maT Soris Subi<br />

gaimarTeboda, gadmogvcems mematiane. azat-xanis razmebis meTaurebma<br />

ifiqres, rom qarTvelebi maTTan mosalaparakeblad midiodnen. Ees imiTac<br />

aixsneba, rom mefe daqveiTebul laSqars miuZRoda, ramac mteri<br />

70

SecdomaSi Seiyvana. am faqtorma mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis Setevis SeCereba<br />

ganapiroba. mtris rigebidan cxenmali mxedarTmTavari gamovarda,<br />

romelic mefesTan Serkinebas apirebda. <strong>erekle</strong> II-m moulodnelad Tofi<br />

gaisrola da avRanTa erT-erTi sardali Zirs Camoagdo. QqarTvelebma<br />

saSineli Tofis srola atexes, xolo Semdeg cxenze amxedrebulebi<br />

ieriSze gadavidnen da mowinaaRmdegis dajgufeba gaarRvies. Setevis<br />

ganviTarebis Semdeg mtris razmebi panikam moicva. brZolis velidan<br />

uwesrigod ukan daxeva da gaqceva daiwyo. `gadrka jari azat-xanisa,<br />

sididisagan Zliv iZroda, mefe <strong>erekle</strong> viTa lomi dauSromeli, egre<br />

ibrZoda TviTca da jarsac abrZolebda. ,,amowyvites avRanni ... oTxs<br />

aRajze (28 km.) xocviT ukan miyvnen~ (43, 187).<br />

gaqceul mowinaaRmdeges gzadagza xocavda qarTvelTa mdevari<br />

razmebi. md. araqsis gamoRma sanapiro sruliad gaiwminda mtris<br />

razmebisagan. azat-xanma darCenili mcveli razmebiT gaqceviT uSvela<br />

Tavs. qarTvelebs xelSi CauvardaT Tof-zarbaznebi, zambulaki<br />

(sparsuli didi Tofi), jabaxana (saomari masala), karvebi sursaTsanovagiT<br />

da saWapano transporti mTlianad (43, 187). (ix. sqema #3, 153).<br />

yirbulaxis brZolis aRweridan naTlad Cans imdroindeli qarTuli<br />

jaris sabrZolo wyoba da saomari taqtikia. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier dawyobili<br />

laSqari qarTuli tradiciuli <strong>samxedro</strong> wesis Sesabamisad iyo<br />

ganlagebuli. jaris aseT sabrZolo wyobas saTanado saomari taqtika<br />

sWirdeboda.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, mowinaaRmdegesTan SedarebiT qarTvelebs jari<br />

yovelTvis mcirericxovani hyavdaT. amitom isini Tavis taqtikas masiur<br />

Setakebebze ver daamyarebdnen. garda amisa, qarTvelebs brZola metwilad<br />

mTagorian da rTul adgilmdebareobaze uxdebodaT, sadac farTo masis<br />

moZraoba da mwyobrSi moqmedeba SeuZlebeli iyo. Aamitom iZulebuli<br />

iyvnen, hqonodaT iseTi sabrZolo wyoba, romelic ukeT uzrunvelyofda<br />

manevrirebis siswrafes da xels Seuwyobda, gamklavebodnen nebismieri<br />

mxridan moulodnelad Tavdasxmuli mowinaaRmdegis Semotevas.<br />

warmodgenili brZolis taqtikuri moqmedebebis aRweridan<br />

gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, rom <strong>erekle</strong> II, safiqrebelia, xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />

71

sadroSoebis oTxnawiliani sabrZolo wyobiT iwyebda brZolas, rac<br />

ZalTa drouli gadanawilebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.Ees SegviZlia<br />

warmovidginoT Semdegnairad: wina flangze mowinaaRmdegis Setakebis<br />

mxridan dgeboda SedarebiT kargad gawvrTnili, msubuqad SeiaraRebuli<br />

da brZolebSi gamocdili I sadroSo. safexuriT ukan marjvniv,<br />

safexuriT ukan da marcxniv ganlagdebodnen II da III sadroSoebi, xolo<br />

IV sadroSo dgeboda meore da mesame sadroSos Soris safexuriT ukan,<br />

romelic mTavarsardlis gankargulebaSi iyo da saerTod maSveli jaris<br />

rols asrulebda. ZiriTadad, logikidan gamomdinare, IV sadroSos<br />

amocana ganisazRvreboda Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare. KkerZod, II<br />

da III sadroSos Sevseba danakargis SemTxvevaSi da sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebis ganviTareba saWiro mimarTulebiT. laSqris aseT<br />

ganlagebaze miuTiTebs giorgi anCabaZe naSromSi ,,<strong>samxedro</strong> istoria~ (53,<br />

52)<br />

I mewinave<br />

III memarcxene<br />

II memarjvene<br />

IV mefis<br />

davakvirdeT laSqris wyobas. misi aseTi danawileba, sadac<br />

TiToeuls SeeZlo Tavisuflad da damoukideblad moZraoba,<br />

Sefardebuli iyo adgilmdebareobis TvisebebTan. mTagorian adgilebSi<br />

aseTi sabrZolo wyoba sadroSoebis damoukidebeli moqmedebis<br />

saSualebas iZleoda mowinaaRmdegisgan dafarvisa da manevris<br />

ganxorcielebisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, sadroSoebs SeeZloT nebismieri<br />

72

mxridan mtris moulodneli Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi mzad yofiliyvnen<br />

wriuli TavdacvisaTvis an ganeviTarebinaT Setevebi miTiTebuli<br />

mimarTulebiT, aseve nebismier sadroSos Seesrulebina meore eSelonis<br />

movaleoba. swored ase moxda aRweril brZolaSic. gasagebi xdeba,<br />

ramdenad kargad iyo organizebuli da Sefardebuli aseTi wyoba<br />

adgilobriv pirobebTan, aseve dazRveuli moulodneli SemTxvevebisagan,<br />

magram aseTi sabrZolo wyobis upiratesoba marto amiT ar<br />

ganisazRvreboda. laSqari ramdenime nawilad iyo dayofili, TiToeul<br />

nawils gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba hqonda, amitom sadroSoebis<br />

ufrosebs didi iniciativis gamoCenis saSualeba eZleodaT, ra Tqma unda,<br />

mTavarsardalTan SeTanxmebiT. Ees garemoeba mefes jaris mixmarebisa da<br />

brZolis saerTo xelmZRvanelobis gaumjobesebul pirobas uqmnida. garda<br />

amisa, Tu erT romelime sadroSos mowinaaRmdege Seutevda da ukan<br />

daaxevinebda, es garemoeba sxva nawilebSi areulobas ar gamoiwvevda,<br />

piriqiT, meTauris gadawyvetilebiT, darCenili sadroSoebs SeeZloT<br />

ukuqceul TavianT sadroSos daxmarebodnen da dadevnebul<br />

mowinaaRmdegisTvis flangidan an zurgidan mieyenebinaT dartyma.<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom <strong>erekle</strong> II, garda brZolaSi monawile<br />

sadroSoebisa, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi gamoyofda rezervs, romlis<br />

funqcia, SeiZleba iTqvas, dRevandeli rezervis analogiuri iyo, anu _<br />

brZolis dawyebamde an misi mimdinareobis procesSi winaswar<br />

gansazRvruli an uecrad wamoWrili amocanebis Sesruleba. rezervSi<br />

ZiriTadad iniSneboda mxedroba, romelic ramdenime aseul cxenosans<br />

Seadgenda, rac ganapirobebda mobilurobas da, Sesabamisad, manevris<br />

farTod gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. igi emorCileboda mTavarsardals.<br />

mas SeeZlo sabrZolo moqmedebebis mimdinareobaSi rezervis gonivruli<br />

gamoyenebiT gardatexa Seetana.<br />

Cvens droSi, rodesac rezervs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba da misi<br />

dazogva nebismieri meTauris movaleobad iTvleba, maSindel periodSi,<br />

garda dakisrebuli movaleobisa, mTavarsardlis da laSqris sulieri<br />

mdgomareobis asamaRlebel saSualebas warmoadgenda. mxolod taqtikuri<br />

viTarebis, droisa da sivrcis gonivruli gamoyenebiT SeiZleba rezervis<br />

73

moqmedeba meTaurma warmatebis garantad gamoiyenos. Tumca brZolaSi<br />

CarTvis dro da adgili metad rTuli Sesafasebeli faqtoria.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, misi mizanSewonili gamoyeneba brZolis Sedegze<br />

mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens. aseTi amocanis gadasawyvetad mxolod<br />

codna ar aris sakmarisi, am SemTxvevaSi did rols TamaSobs<br />

gamocdileba da rezervis Semadgenloba. yovelive meTaurs<br />

Sesasrulebeli savaraudo amocanis Sesabamisad unda hqondes<br />

gaTvaliswinebuli. brZolaSi, rogorc warsuli brZolebidanaa cnobili,<br />

moulodneli, swrafi da gabeduli moqmedeba xSirad ufro gadamwyvet<br />

Sedegs iZleva. amitom, savaraudoa is, rom <strong>erekle</strong> II-m yirbulaxis<br />

brZolaSi cxenosanTa rezervis Semadgenloba gamoiyena, rasac, ra Tqma<br />

unda, arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqonda mowinaaRmdegeze zurgidan<br />

moulodnel Tavdasxmasa da mis sabolood damarcxebas, ris Sesaxebac<br />

mematianeni cnobebs ar gvawvdian.<br />

mocemuli brZolis analizis dros yuradReba unda gamaxvildes<br />

adgilmdebareobis reliefze, sadac brZola iqna Catarebuli. mematianis<br />

gadmocemiT: `gadrka jari azat-xanisa, sididisgan Zliv iZroda~ (43, 187).<br />

adgilmdebareobam mowinaaRmdegis manevrirebis SesaZlebloba SezRuda<br />

brZolis mimdinareobis procesSi. am garemoeebas amtkicebs isic, rom man<br />

ver SeZlo mravalricxovani Zalis efeqturad gamoyeneba. sun Zi<br />

gadmoqvcems, rom ,, . . .mTavarsardlis goniereba mowinaaRmdegis kargad<br />

Sfasebis, gamarjvebis organizebis, adgilis Tvisebebisa da manZilis<br />

gaTvaliswinebis unarSi mdgomareobs. vinc brZolas awarmoebs, Tu<br />

yovelive es icis, igi uTuod gaimarjvebs~ (93, 58).<br />

yuradReba unda mieqces mefis, rogorc mxedarTmTavris pirovnul<br />

Tvisebebs: pirvel rigSi, mebrZolebTan mWermetyvelurad warmoTqmul<br />

sityvas, xelCarTuli orTabrZolis pirad magaliTs, mamacobasa da<br />

gonivrul moqmedebebs. Semdgom uflisadmi rwmenas, rac samarTlian<br />

brZolaSi warmatebis erT-erTi pirobaa; es momentebi kargad aris<br />

gadmocemuli wyaroebSi ` maSin gardaxda mefe irakli, daemxo miwasa da<br />

RmerTsa evedra, xolo ze ra aRsdga, gadmobrunda da uTxra mxedrobaTa:<br />

,,Cemno Zmano da Svilno, Tqven Cemis gaZlierebisa da Cemisa gulisaTvis<br />

74

ixocebiT da me RmerTTan Tqveni didi movale varo da dRes rac me<br />

giTxraT, is damijereT da sisxlsa Tqvensa me vindobo~@(47, 51). ra Tqma<br />

unda, am sityvebis Semdeg mebrZolTa moraluri ganwyoba garkveulwilad<br />

amaRldeboda, rasac xels Seuwyobda TviT mefis Tavganwiruli brZola.<br />

`mefe <strong>erekle</strong>, viTa lomi dauSromeli, egre ibrZoda TviTca da jarsac<br />

abrZolebda~ (43, 187).<br />

rac Seexeba laSqris erTpirovnul marTvas, <strong>erekle</strong> II warmatebiT<br />

xelmZRvanelobda brZolas. `ubrZana mefem . . . amirspasalar revaz<br />

orbelians TavisTan miaxloeba. Mmividnen mewinaveni da batonisa jars<br />

SeuerTdnen. Camoxda batoni da brZana `vina xarT vaJkaci, es aris Jami<br />

gulovnobisao, Tavi Cemi damidvia sakvdavad da me aqedam xmal mouqnelad<br />

ar gavalo.~ zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans mTavarsardlis,<br />

rogorc erTpirovnuli marTvelis moqmedeba alyaSi moqceuli<br />

sadroSoebis marTvis centralizaciaSi, ramac ganapiroba samive<br />

sadroSos erT muStad gaerTianeba da moralur-fsiqologiuri faqtoris<br />

amaRleba. MmebrZolTa Tavganwirvis safuZveli aseve gaxda mefis piradi<br />

magaliTi.<br />

BbrZolaSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier<br />

gamoyenebul <strong>samxedro</strong> xriks, romelic sityvieri brZanebis saxiT gaica<br />

`sanamdis me Tofi ar vesrolo, nurvin moindomebT Setevaso~. Aam xrikma,<br />

romelic moulodnelobis faqtorad iqna gamoyenebuli, uzrunvelyo<br />

mowinaaRmdegis centraluri dajgufebis sardlisa da irgvliv wina<br />

rigebSi myofi mebrZolebis uecari ganadgureba. Aamis Semdgom garRvevis<br />

monakveTze amxedrebul qarTvelTa laSqris solisebri sabrZolo wyobiT<br />

mtris dajgufebaSi SeWram moaxdina ZiriTadi Zalebis gaxleCadanawevreba.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is taqtikurma xrikma gamoiwvia mowinaaRmdegis<br />

sabrZolo wyobaSi panika, marTvis moSla da demoralizebuli ZiriTadi<br />

Zalebis araorganizebulad ukan daxeva. BbrZolis Semdeg etapze<br />

ganxorcielebulma devnam, mowinaaRmdeges ar misca Zalebis<br />

koncentraciis saSualeba, ramac ganapiroba misi saboloo ganadgureba.<br />

ganvixiloT Yyirbulaxis brZolis raodenobrivi analizi, romlis<br />

mizania, davadginoT miaxloebiTi sizustiT dapirispirebul mxareTa<br />

75

danakargebi, romelsac brZolis dinamikis maTematikuri meTodis<br />

gamoyenebis Sedegad miviRebT.<br />

brZolis raodenobrivi analizisaTvis monacemebi aRniSnuli<br />

brZolis Sesaxeb metad mwiria. cnobilia mxolod, rom Cveni mxridan<br />

masSi monawileobda 2500-mde mebrZoli, romelic xuT nawilad iyo<br />

dayofili, daaxloebiT, Tanabrad. TiToeulSi 500-mde mebrZoli unda<br />

yofiliyo. maTi ganlageba arsebuli wesis mixedviT Semdegnairi iyo:<br />

pirveli nawili _ win, meore da mesame marjvnidan da marcxnidan _<br />

safexuriT ukan, meoTxe _ ukan da erTic, ZiriTadi Zalebidan moSorebiT<br />

_ rezervSi. mowinaaRmdeges brZolisTvis gamoyofili hyavda 16500-mde<br />

mebrZoli, romelic brZolis dawyebamde 6 nawilad gayo.<br />

mterma brZolis sawyis etapze erTi meeqvsediT Semoutia Cvens<br />

marcxena flangze ganlagebul sadroSos. brZolis am etapze qarTvelebma<br />

ganicades ziani, ukan daixies da erT-erT nasoflarSi gamagrdnen.<br />

mowinaaRmdegem danarCen sadroSoebs, rezervis garda, alya Semoartya.<br />

garemocvaSi Cveni Zalebis gadajgufebis Semdeg ganxorcielda alyis<br />

garRveva, gaqceul mowinaaRmdegeze dadevneba da gamarjveba. sxva raime<br />

raodenobrivi monacemebi ar arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom devna<br />

ganxorcielda 28 km-is manZilze.<br />

garda amisa, SegviZlia, vivaraudoT: brZola ar mimdinareobda<br />

gaSlil velze, amitom sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT dadevnebisas<br />

mowinaaRmdeges ukana rigebSi e. i. ariergardSi, romelic periodulad<br />

winaaRmdegobas uwevda Cvens dadevnebul mowinave razmebs ≈ 200-mde<br />

mebrZoli eyoleboda.<br />

Cven SevecadeT kompiuteris daxmarebiT zogierTi raodenobrivi<br />

maxasiaTebeli aRgvedgina.<br />

pirveli SebrZoleba, romelic gaimarTa Cvens marcxena flangze,<br />

pirobiTad davarqvaT fragmentuli brZola, vinaidan mTeli brZolis erT<br />

nawils warmoadgenda da mas davyofT sam fazad:<br />

_ razmebis SetakebisTvis daaxloeba;<br />

_ saduelo brZolis procesi;<br />

_ ZalTa daSoriSoreba.<br />

76

gaTvlebis Sedegad saduelo brZolis procesi, sadac qarTvelebi ≈<br />

500 mebrZoliT, xolo mowinaaRmdege daaxloebiT 2600 mebrZoliT<br />

upirispirdebodnen erTmaneTs, daaxloebiT 14-18 wuTi gagrZelda.<br />

danarCeni ori faza gagrZelda savaraudod 20-25 wuTi. sul procesi<br />

mimdinareobda 35-45 wuTi. gaTvlebis SedegebiT, qarTvelTa danakargebi<br />

iyo daaxloebiT 128 mebrZoli, am dros mtris danakargi 77 erTeulamde<br />

iqneboda. 128 erTeuli daaxloebiT 1/4-ia Cveni aq myofi razmis (1/4 X<br />

500=125).<br />

qarTvelebma, danakargebis Semdeg, igrZnes ra marcxis moaxloeba,<br />

ukan daixies _ nasoflarSi. Amis Semdeg mtris danarCenma Zalebma alyaSi<br />

moaqcies Cveni sami sadroSo. AmowinaaRmdege mxareTa Zalebis<br />

ganlagebidan, rogorc wyaroSia mocemuli vvaraudobT, alyis zomebi<br />

daaxloebiT aseTi iyo: diametri 2km-mde, xolo garSemoweriloba _<br />

Sesabamisad, daaxloebiT 6km-mde. es maCveneblebi savaraudod aris<br />

dapirispirebul mxareTa Zalebis ganlagebisTvis saWiro teritoriis<br />

geometriuli parametrebi.<br />

rogorc Cans, aq mowinaaRmdegis sardlobam ver gamoiCina saTanado<br />

mxedruli goniereba da daayovna moqmedebebis ganviTareba. amiT<br />

isargebla <strong>erekle</strong> II-m da moulodneli ieriSiT alya gaarRvia (es<br />

epizodi detalurad da damajerebladaa aRwerili). Sesabamisad,<br />

garRvevis monakveTze mowinaaRmdegis rkalis mxolod nawilma moaswro<br />

SebrZoleba. am SemTxvevaSi moulodnelobis faqtorma didi roli<br />

iTamaSa. amasTan gaviTvaliswineT mowinaaRmdegeze Cveni mebrZolebis<br />

ganzogadebuli Tvisobrivi maCveneblis upiratesoba (istoriuli<br />

brZolebis eqspertuli SefasebiT aRebuli gvaqvs saSualo maCvenebeli<br />

1 : 3, ris Sedegadac davaskveniT, rom <strong>erekle</strong>m gaarRvia mtris alyis<br />

rkali da miayena garkveuli danakargi, magram rac mTavaria didi<br />

moraluri ziani. mtris dajgufeba umarTav, araorganizebul masad<br />

gadaiqca da ukuiqca. masve daemata Cveni marjvena flangis mier ieriSis<br />

ganxorcieleba moalyeTa nawilebTan.<br />

kompiuteris gaTvlebiT, <strong>erekle</strong>s mier alyis garRvevisas mxareebs<br />

hqondaT Semdegi danakargebi: Cveni ≈ 445 erTeuli, mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 1028<br />

77

erTeuli, xolo marjvena flangze brZolisas danakargebi iyo: Cveni ≈ 227,<br />

mtris ≈ 514. Aamave dros gaaqtiurda Cvens marcxena flangze, pirvelad<br />

ukandaxeuli sadroSoc da aq Cveni danakargebi iyo ≈ 62 erTeuli, xolo<br />

mtris ≈ 168 erTeuls utoldeboda.<br />

brZolis msvlelobisas didi roli iTamaSa aseve Cvenma rezervma,<br />

romelmac mowinaaRmdeges ar misca saSualeba <strong>erekle</strong>sa da marjvena<br />

flangze myofi dajgufebebisaTvis zurgidan mieyenebinaT dartymebi.<br />

AaRniSnuls didi mniSvneloba hqonda garRvevis warmatebiT SesrulebaSi.<br />

Ggarda amisa, man, ganicada ra Tavis mxriv danakargi ≈ 28 erTeuli, mters<br />

miayena zarali ≈ 170 erTeuli. yovelive aRniSnulis Semdeg<br />

mowinaaRmdegem Tavs gaqceviT uSvela.<br />

xuTive SetakebaSi danakargebi orive mxridan aseTia:<br />

1. pirveli Setakebisas, rodesac memarcxene sadroSom<br />

nasoflarisaken brZoliT daixia da poziciuri brZola gamarTa,<br />

danakargebia: Cveni _ 128, mtris _ 77;<br />

2. mewinave da mefis sadroSos gaerTianebuli ZalebiT alyiis<br />

garRvevisas, danakargebia: Cveni _ 455, mtris _ 1028;<br />

3. memarjvene sadroSos alyidan gamosvlisas, danakargebia:<br />

Cveni _ 228, mtris _ 515;<br />

4. memarcxene sadroSos mier kontrieriSis dros danakargebia:<br />

Cveni _ 62, mtris _ 168;<br />

5. rezervis brZolisas, romelic Cveni sadroSoebis kontrieriSs<br />

zurgidan faravda, danakargebia: Cveni _ 28, mtris _ 170.<br />

gaTvlebi emyareboda lanCesteris kanonebs da Tvisobrivi<br />

maCveneblis TanafardobaT aRebuli iyo 1/3, xolo moulodnelobis<br />

faqtoris gaTvaliswineba xdeboda imiT, rom am maCvenebels viRebdiT<br />

1.5-jer mets. TviT ricxvi 3, rogorc ukve avRniSneT miRebulia sxvadasxva<br />

brZolis analiziT da is Zalze axlosaa qarTvelebis mier Catarebuli<br />

brZolebis eqspertul SefasebebTan. mTlianobaSi brZola mimdinareobda<br />

saSualod 3 saaTi, 13 sT. 30wT-mde. mxareebis danakargebi aseTia: Cveni ≈<br />

900 erTeuli, mowinaaRmdegisa ≈ 1957 erTeuli.<br />

78

mterma didi danakargi ganicada (aseve kompiuteris gaTvlebiT)<br />

dadevnebis dros. gaTvlebis algoriTmSi Cadebuli iyo Semdegi: yoveli<br />

wamowevisa da SebrZolebis dros orive mxridan monawileobda orasorasi<br />

mebrZoli. cxadia, aq mowinaaRmdegis ganzogadebuli Tvisobrivi<br />

maCvenebeli sul mcire 2-jer Semcirda, Sesabamisad Tvisobriv<br />

maCvenebelTa Tanafardoba 2-jer gaizarda qarTvelTa<br />

sasargeblod.Aamgvarad, erTi Setakebis dros danakargebis gaTvlebi<br />

gvaZlevs Semdeg maCvenebels: Cveni danakargebi ≈ 15 erTeuli,<br />

mowinaaRmdegis ≈ 174 erTeuli. Cndeba kiTxva _ ramdeni Setakeba SeiZleba<br />

yofiliyo?<br />

rogorc cnobilia, devna xorcieldeboda 28 km-is manZilze.<br />

Mmocemuli manZilis gavlas Setakebebis gareSe dasWirdeboda savaraudod<br />

2 saaTi. sul devna grZeldeboda daaxloebiT 4-5 saaTi. gaTvlisTvis<br />

aviReT drois maqsimumi. amrigad 2-3 saaTi daikava SebrZolebebma,<br />

romelic dadevnebis marSrutebze ganxorcielda. am drois ganmavlobaSi<br />

savaraudod 8-9 Setakeba Sedgeboda.<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT adgilmdebareobis faqtors, savaraudoa, rom<br />

mowinaaRmdegis razmebis ukan daxeva kolonebSi mouwesrigebeli formiT<br />

ganxorcieldeboda, rac ramdenime marSrutze moxdeboda. Cvens mier<br />

daSvebulia dadevnebis savaraudo 2-3 marSruti. Sesabamisad, danakargebis<br />

saerTo raodenoba iqneba:<br />

Cveni: 8 X 15 X 3 = 360 mowinaaRmdegis: 8 X 174 X 3 = 4176<br />

amrigad, Sedegebi miRebulia naxazze naCvenebi brZolis parametrebis<br />

angariSis algoriTmiT (danarTi #1, 161).<br />

sabolood, brZolebis msvlelobisas danakargebis saerTo raodenoba<br />

miviReT: qarTvelebma dakarga ≈ 1260 mebrZoli, mowinaaRmdegem ≈ 6133<br />

mebrZoli. magaliTisTvis saTanado gaTvlebis Casatarebeli programa<br />

moyvanilia danarTSi #2 (162-164).<br />

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom yirbulaxis brZolaSi<br />

mowinaaRmdegem ver gamoiyena verc eqvsmagi upiratesoba, verc qarTvelTa<br />

mier daSvebuli taqtikuri Secdoma _ alyaSi moqceva, ramac<br />

kardinalurad Secvala brZolis msvleloba. amaSi udavod gadamwyveti<br />

79

oli iTamaSa qarTvelTa sardlis _ <strong>erekle</strong> II-is sworad miRebulma<br />

taqtikurma gadawyvetilebam da misi xelmZRvanelobiT qarTvelTa jaris<br />

gansacvifrebelma moqmedebam. yovelive aRniSnulma saboloo jamSi<br />

yirbulaxis brZolaSi qarTvelebs saarako gamarjveba moutana. es<br />

brZola imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom msoflio <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>Si<br />

mas analogi Znelad moeZebneba.<br />

yirbulaxis brZola metad mniSvnelovania agreTve <strong>samxedro</strong>politikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT. Tu aRniSnul brZolaze qarTvelebi uars<br />

ganacxadebdnen an damarcxdebodnen, qarTl-kaxeTis zegavlena<br />

aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis saxanoebze (erevnis, naxWevanis, yarabaRis,<br />

ganjis) dakarguli iqneboda. Sesabamisad, azat-xans mier zemoCamoTvlili<br />

saxanoebis dapyroba mas avtoritets mouxveWda da <strong>samxedro</strong> potencialic<br />

gaezrdeboda. Seqmnili viTareba ki kaxeTisa da qarTlis mimarTulebiT<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvis SesaZleblobas iZleoda, rac<br />

mowinaaRmdegis mTavari miznis ganxorcielebaSi xels uwyobda.<br />

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo strategiulad<br />

wamgebian situaciaSi aRmoCndeboda. E<strong>erekle</strong> II-is gadawyvetileba, mieRo<br />

brZola ricxobrivad didi upiratesobis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan am<br />

garemoebamac ganapiroba.<br />

brZolaSi mopovebulma gamarjvebam ganapiroba zemoaRniSnul<br />

saxanoebze zegavlenis ganmtkiceba, qarTl-kaxeTis saSinao da sagareo<br />

politikis simtkice, riTac saqarTvelos Tavdacvis unarianoba<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. Aazat_xanis damarcxebis Semdeg qarTl_kaxeTis<br />

politikuri gavlena sagrZnoblad gaizarda samxreT kavkasiaSi. amis<br />

Semdeg <strong>erekle</strong>s mTavar sazrunavs lekebis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />

warmoadgenda. am warmatebam <strong>erekle</strong> II-s da saqarTvelos saxeli<br />

gauTqva axlo aRmosavleTsa da evropaSi, razec ucxouri wyaroebic<br />

miuTiTeben (112, 625. 129, 4,7,6]. amis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi gveqneba saubari.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> kuTxiT aRniSnul brZolaSi gamoyenebul iqna taqtikur<br />

moqmedebaTa Semdegi elementebi:<br />

_ sabrZolo wyoba da brZolis Canafiqris swori gansazRvra;<br />

_ adgilmdebareobis faqtorebis gonivruli gamoyeneba;<br />

80

_ mTavari dartymis mimarTulebis sworad SerCeva;<br />

_ jaris sabrZolo suliskveTebis amaRleba;<br />

_ mowinaaRmdegis dadevnebis organizeba;<br />

_ brZolis msvlelobisas uwyveti urTierTqmedeba.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli dResac aqtualuria nebismieri saxelmwifos<br />

jarisaTvis, miTumetes, iseTi saxelmwifosaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa.<br />

brZolis Sedegi, niWieri mTavarsardlisa da qarTveli mebrZolebis<br />

gonivruli moqmedebis magaliTia. yirbulaxSi gamarjveba dResac iwvevs<br />

gaocebas da uaRresad sainteresoa. <strong>erekle</strong> II-m, <strong>samxedro</strong> TaTbirze<br />

gamoTqmuli sxvadasxva mosazrebis miuxedavad, ukan ar daixia, aramed<br />

moaxdina ZalTa gadajgufeba. ganalaga isini imdagvarad, rom SeZlo<br />

eqvsjer Warbi Zalebis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan dapirispireba. man<br />

gaiTvaliswina moralur-fsiqologiuri faqtoris mniSvneloba. alyaSi<br />

moxvedris miuxedavad, mTavarsardali amxnevebda mebrZolebs. mgznebared<br />

warmoTqmuli sityviT, moulodnelobis faqtoris gamoyenebiT da piradi<br />

brZolis magaliTiT aamaRla mebrZolTa ganwyoba, gaarRvia alya,<br />

sruliad daabnia mowinaaRmdege da ganaxorciela dadevneba saboloo<br />

gamarjvebis mopovebamde. TiTqmis wagebuli brZolis kardinalurad<br />

Semobrunebam da misma warmatebam <strong>erekle</strong> II-is, rogorc sardlis<br />

avtoriteti didad aamaRla. aRniSnuli brZola arastandartuli formis<br />

sabrZolo operacia iyo. mefes amis Semdeg sxva brZolebi rom ar moego,<br />

esec sakmarisi iqneboda misi, rogorc niWieri sardlisa da brwyinvale<br />

taqtikosis dasaxasiaTeblad. yirxbulaxis brZolam gaamdidra da axali<br />

furceli Cawera mravalsaukunovani da mdidari tradiciebis mqone<br />

qarTuli <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoriaSi.<br />

2.3. brZola mWadijvarTan<br />

1751 wels azat-xanis damarcxebis Semdeg qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />

umTavresad daRestnis mxridan lekTa mcire da zogjer sakmaod<br />

mravalricxovani, organizebuli Tavdasxmebis winaaRmdeg brZolas<br />

ganagrZobda (112, 627). amis mizezi iyo, rogorc istoriuli wyaroebidan<br />

irkveva, osmaleTisa da saqarTvelos aRmosavleTiT mdebare mahmadianuri<br />

81

saxanoebis mier xunZaxis batonis nursal-begis waqezeba qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

samefoTa winaaRmdeg. dapirispirebuli mxare didad imedovnebda<br />

osmaleTis mxardaWeras.<br />

nursal-begma daRestneli begebis daxmarebiT avariel tomTa didi<br />

nawili gaaerTiana da mezobeli provinciebis damorCilebas Seudga. sxvis<br />

teritoriaze sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTva avarielTa Semosavlis<br />

erT-erTi wyaro iyo. amitom 1754 wlis agvistoSi zemoaRniSnul mizezTa<br />

gamo nursal-begi mravalricxovani laSqriT kaxeTs moadga. (58, 204).<br />

kaxeTi da qarTli didi safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda. Teimuraz II-m da<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-m mSvidobiani mosaxleobis gafrTxileba da simagreebSi<br />

gaxizvna moaswres.<br />

avarielebma daarbies kaxeTis ramdenime sofeli (ruispiri, axmeta,<br />

gagnakora) da Semdeg aragvis saerisTavoSi gaagrZeles mZarcveluri<br />

moqmedebebi. aaoxres aragvis xeoba. DduSeTSi gadawves erisTavTa<br />

sasaxle, wabilwes monasteri da mWadijvris cixes alya Semoartyes.<br />

xunZaxis batoni cixis bolos WalaSi dabanakda, sadac Tavis mebrZolebs<br />

gaakeTebina sangrebi.<br />

alyaSi brZola dRedaRam grZeldeboda. mecixovneebma uamravi leki<br />

daxoces.Mmuxran-batoni mWadijvris cixeSi gamagrebulebs tyvia-wamals<br />

awvdida (43, 216). <strong>erekle</strong> II kaxeTis laSqriT da Teimuraz II qarTlis<br />

laSqriT duSeTSi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. Mmefe <strong>erekle</strong>m Sikrikebis<br />

SetyobinebiT icoda, rom mowinaaRmdegis laSqari ricxobrivad bevrad<br />

aRemateboda qarTvelTa laSqars, amitom saWiro gaxda CerqezeTidan<br />

daqiravebul jars dalodebodnen. am xnis ganmavlobaSi mWadijvris cixe<br />

mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. mematianis gadmocemiT: ` mosdioda kaci<br />

muxranis batons: ,,Tu ar mogveSvelebiTo, amis meti Rone aRara gvaqvso~<br />

(43, 217). meti lodinic aRar SeiZleboda, damxmare jari ar modioda da<br />

sakuTari ZalebiT brZolaSi Cabma gadawyvites.<br />

1754 wlis 19 agvistos (112, 627) mefeebi wamovidnen duSeTidan,<br />

gadmovidnen sofel Wilurtis mxares da mWadijvris cixes zemo mxridan<br />

miadgnen. gaiges ra mecixovneebma maSveli Zalis mosvlis Sesaxeb<br />

brZola kidev ufro gaaaqtiures. Mmefeebma jari gahyves, cal-calke<br />

82

daayenes kaxelTa da qarTlelTa laSqari. win qveiTebi waimZRvares,<br />

romlebic Tof-zarbazniT iyvnen gaZlierebulni da mowinaaRmdegesTan<br />

udanakargod miaxloebis mizniT xis morebiT (jarjiT) datvirTuli<br />

urmebi gamoiyenes, romlebic qveiTobas win miuZRvoda (43, 217). orive<br />

mxare saomar velze erTmaneTs miuaxlovda. QqveiTebma qveiTebze<br />

moitanes ieriSi, cxenosnebma cxenosnebs Seuties. BbrZolis msvlelobis<br />

aRsawerad moviSveliebT mematianis gadmocemas: ` Seiqmna omi ficxeli.. ra<br />

gaWirda brZola, brZana batonma daqveiTeba jarisa, gardaxda TviT mefe<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> cxenisgan da ubrZana gardaxdoma yovelTa. `es aris dRe<br />

vaJkacobisao da siyvaruli rjulisao~. DdaiqveiTes qarTlelTa da kaxTa.<br />

Seiqmna srola TofTa. mefe <strong>erekle</strong> xan iqiT da xandaxan aqa aZlirebda<br />

jarsa. Seutives qarTlelTa da kaxTa gulsrulad, dauSines zamburakni<br />

(didi Tofi, falkoneti) da zarbazanni~ (43, 218). rTul viTarebaSi<br />

lekebis laSqris erTma nawilma ukan daixia da meore nawilze ieriSis<br />

mitanis Semdeg ukandaxeuli mtris laSqari erTmaneTSi airia. `<br />

daesivnen Sig, rom viTa kata, egre xocavdnen lekTa, TiTon mefem <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />

Camokafa leki xmaldaxmal, mihyvnen xocviT aragvamdis, rom maTis<br />

mZovriT aRavses tye da veli~ (43, 218). qarTvelebs mravali cxeni, iaraRi<br />

da 500-mde tyve xeliT CauvardaT. Nnursal-begi gadarCenili ZalebiT<br />

daRestnisaken gaiqca (ix. sqema #4, 154).<br />

brZolaSi Tavi gamoiCines: konstantine muxran-batonma, mowinave<br />

sadroSos sardalma revaz orbelianma, qsnis erisTavma <strong>daviT</strong>ma, aragvis<br />

erisTavma jimSerma, amilaxvarma amirindom, aleqsandre ciciSvilma da<br />

sxvebma. es faqti imaze miuTiTebs, rom <strong>erekle</strong> II-s hyavda iseTi sardlebi,<br />

romlebic organizebulad xelmZRvanelobdnen TavianT razmebs da, ra<br />

Tqma unda, piradi magaliTis safuZvelze gmirulad abrZolebdnen<br />

xelqveiTebs, ramac mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia brZolis warmatebaze.<br />

ismis kiTxva: ram ganapiroba qarTvelTa gamarjveba, Tu ki<br />

mowinaaRmdege ricxobrivad did upiratesobas flobda?<br />

jer, unda gaviTvaliswinoT is, rom qarTvelebTan SedarebiT,<br />

mowinaaRmdegis SeiraReba da brZolis taqtika dabal doneze idga,<br />

radgan, rogorc wyaroebidan irkveva, maT ufro metad axasiaTebda<br />

83

mZarcveluri moqmedebebi, vidre farTomasStabiani brZolebi.<br />

mowinaaRmdeges cecxlsasroli iaraRi mcire raodenobiT hqonda,<br />

romelmac efeqturi gavlena ver moaxdina qarTul laSqarze.<br />

aRniSnul brZolaSi mowinaaRmdegis raodenobrivi upiratesoba<br />

gaabaTila <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier saartilerio cecxlis efeqturma gamoyenebam.<br />

am faqtors garkveulwilad xels uwyobda is, rom sacecxle saSualebaTa<br />

gamoyeneba ganxorcielda iq, sadac mtris ZiriTadi Zalebi iyo<br />

Tavmoyrili.<br />

mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom nursal-begma da misma momxreebma<br />

icodnen 1751 wels azat-xanTan mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s gamarjvebis ambavi. amitom<br />

qarTvelTa ieriSebis mitanas mtris Zalebze <strong>erekle</strong> II-is<br />

xelmZRvanelobiT didi fsiqologiuri zegavlena hqonda. SeSinebuli<br />

mewinave razmebis ukan daxevam, maT ZiriTad ZalebSi panika Seitana.<br />

artileriisa da Tofebis mier miyenebulma didma zaralma SiSis faqtori<br />

kidev ufro gazarda da mowinaaRmdegis danarCeni Zalebis gaqceva<br />

ganapiroba.<br />

qarTuli laSqris sabrZolo wyoba evropuli jaris msgavsi iyo,<br />

romlis upiratesoba adglimdebareobidan gamomdinare <strong>erekle</strong>m kargad<br />

icoda. Aam faqts isic adasturebs, rom brZolis aRweraSi qveiTebs<br />

qveiTebze miutaniaT ieriSi, xolo cxenosnebs cxenosnebze. yuradReba<br />

unda mieqces qarTvelTa Tavganwirul brZolas. cixe-simagreSi<br />

mecixovneebis garda mSvidobiani mosaxleobac iyo Sexiznuli da maTi<br />

bedi qarTvelTa gamarjvebaze iyo damokidebuli. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is<br />

xelCarTuli brZolis piradma magaliTma da zemoxsenebuli<br />

TavadiSvilebis Tavganwirvam mebrZolebs kargi magaliTi misca.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebis ZalTa<br />

gaerTianebam, <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier sworad miRebulma gadawyvetilebam,<br />

urTierTqmedebam, dartymaTa mimarTulebebis sworad gansazRvram<br />

mowinaaRmdegis damarcxeba ganapiroba.<br />

mWadijvris brZolis maTematikuri analizisTvis pirvelwyaroSi<br />

ricxvobrivi monacemebi Cveni da mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis raodenobaze ar<br />

mogvepoveba. amitom gadavwyviteT yvarlis cixesTan momxdari brZolis<br />

84

analizi gamogveyenebina, radgan mtris laSqris mxedarTmTavari da<br />

brZolis organizatori erTi da igive pirovneba iyo. mematianis<br />

gadmocemiT, nursal - begs yvarlis cixesTan brZolaSi 20 000-iani<br />

koaliciuri laSqari hyolia. amitom savaraudoa, rom mters, mWadijvarSi<br />

8 – 10 aTasamde mebrZoli eyoleboda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT <strong>erekle</strong>sa da<br />

Teimurazis im droindel SesaZleblobebs, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom maT<br />

eyolebodaT 2 - 4 aTasamde mebrZoli. Cveni Zalebis simcires da mtris<br />

simravles adasturebs papuna orbelianic, radgan mefeebi iZulebuli<br />

gamxdaran Crdilo kavkasiidan moewviaT laSqari [43, 215].<br />

gaTvlebisas gaviTvaliswineT mebrZolTa Tvisobrivi maxasiaTeblebi<br />

(aRWurviloba, gawvrTniloba, fsiqologiuri ganwyoba, fizikuri<br />

SesaZleblobebi). Sedgenili iqna kompiuteruli programa, romelmac<br />

Caatara saTanado gaTvlebi. Cven movaxdineT zemoaRniSnuli parametrebis<br />

varireba. mowinaaRmdegis ZalebisTvis gasinjuli iqna variantebi: 8000,<br />

9000, 10 000, 11 000, 12 000. Cveni ZalebisTvis: 2500, 3000, 3500. Sefasebuli<br />

iqna dro, Tu ramden xans mimdinareobda uSualod xelCarTuli brZola<br />

da ganxilul iqna variantebi: 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 saaTi. garda amisa, xelCarTuli<br />

brZolis dawyebamde Tof-zarbazneniT ganadgurda mtris mebrZolTa<br />

raRac raodenoba. Cven aviReT variantebi: 100, 200, 300. gaviTvaliswineT<br />

cecxlsasroli iaraRis Tanafardoba da isic, rom brZolis dros Cveni<br />

mecixovneebi (gaiges ra Cveni laSqris mosvla) gaaqtiurdnen da srola<br />

gaaZlieres, ramac mtris brZolisunarianobaze imoqmeda.<br />

kompiuteridan miRebuli variantebis analizis Sedegad, gakeTebuli<br />

iqna Semdegi daskvnebi:<br />

_ brZolaSi mowinaaRmdeges hyavda ≈ 8000, qarTvelebs ≈ 3500<br />

mebrZoli;<br />

_ uSualod generaluri brZola mimdinareobda ≈ 1 saaTi;<br />

_ xelCarTul brZolamde ramdenime zarbazniTa da TofebiT<br />

ganadgurda mtris ≈ 300 mebrZoli;<br />

_ qarTvelebma daWril-daxocilTa saxiT brZolaSi dakarges ≈≈ 506<br />

da mowinaaRmdegem ≈ 2715 mebrZoli.<br />

85

erTi SeniSvnac unda gavakeToT: 2715 ganadgurebuli mebrZoli<br />

8000-is daaxloebiT 34%-s Seadgens, ris Semdegac mtris gaqceva brZolis<br />

velidan gasagebi unda iyos.<br />

qarTvelebma brZolaSi maqsimalurad gamoiyenes TavianTi<br />

SesaZleblobebi, mowinaaRmdegisa ki SezRudes. maT safuZvlianad<br />

Seasustes mtris meTofeTa moqmedeba xis morebiT datvirTuli urmebiT.<br />

zarbaznebisa da Tofebis efeqturi gamoyenebiT ara mxolod gaanadgures<br />

mowinaaRmdegis garkveuli nawili, aramed panikac daTeses maTSi.<br />

Cvens mier gamoyenebuli programiT ara mxolod garkveul<br />

daskvnebamde mivediT, aramed uaryaviT ramdenime aseuli sxva varianti.<br />

kompiuteruli modeli ar aris erTjeradi gamoyenebisTvis da nebismier<br />

msurvels SeuZlia misi gasinjva Tavisi parametrebiT.<br />

rogorc wina brZolebSi aqac didi iyo sabrZolo suliskveTeba –<br />

isini mSobliur miwa-wyals icavdnen. mefe zrunavda cixis<br />

damcvelebisaTvis droulad miewodebina iaraRi, sabrZolo masala da<br />

sursaTi. am gziT cixis garnizonis SenarCuneba moxerxda. ramac Tavis<br />

mxriv mowinaaRmdege aiZula yuradReba mxolod cixeze gadaetana da<br />

ZiriTadi Zalebi iqve ganelagebina. <strong>erekle</strong>m jaris sabrZolo wyoba<br />

brZolis mosalodneli ganviTarebis mixedviT aago. jaris sardlebs<br />

sabrZolo amocanebi dausaxa. artileriis efeqturad gamoyenebam,<br />

sardlis sabrZolo SemarTebis piradma magaliTma, sinqronizebulma<br />

moqmedebebma, maRlobebidan SedarebiT vake adgilebisaken<br />

mizanswrafulma Setevam uzrunvelyo mravalricxovan mterze qarTvelTa<br />

gamarjveba.<br />

2.4. brZola yvarlis cixesTan<br />

qarTvelTa brZola nursal-begis winaaRmdeg mxolod mWadijvarSi ar<br />

damTavrebula. erTi wlis Semdeg mahmadiani xanebis waqezebiT<br />

dainteresebulma nursal-begma avarielTa didi nawili gaaerTiana, maT<br />

SeurTdnen War-belaqneli, daRestneli lekebi da 1755 wels 20 000-iani<br />

laSqriT kaxeTSi SemoiWra (112, 627). mas 1754 wlis 19 agvistos<br />

mWadijvarTan gancdili marcxis gamosworeba da qarTvelTa damarcxebis<br />

86

survilebi amoZravebda. Ggarda amisa, mowinaaRmdegis koaliciuri<br />

laSqris amocanas warmoadgenda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mooxreba da<br />

dauZlureba.<br />

qarTvelTaTvis nursal-begis gamolaSqreba moulodneli ar yofila.<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m, Seityo ra mosalodneli Tavdasxmis Sesaxeb, Cavida<br />

TelavSi, Sekriba kaxeTis laSqari, mSvidobiani mosaxleoba cixesimagreebSi<br />

Sexizna. yovel cixeSi oTxi Tvis sakmari sursaT-sanovage<br />

Seitana (43, 227). garda amisa, Teimuraz II-m qarTlis laSqari Sekriba da<br />

ananuris teritoriaze dabanakda. mowinaaRmdegis ricxvobrivi simravlis<br />

gamo, iase maCabeli da ramaz andronikaSvili CerqezeTSi gaagzavnes<br />

damxmare laSqris gadmosayvanad. Cerqezebma mtris simravlis gamo<br />

daxmarebaze uari ganacxades. qarTvelTa mxardasaWerad Tavadi girei oZi<br />

wamvida mcire laSqriT. misi qaliSvili mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s vaJze _ giorgize<br />

iyo daniSnuli da mis sasimamrod iTvleboda. dasaxmareblad osTa da<br />

yalmuxTa mebrZolebic gadmovidnen mcire razmiT(110, 9).<br />

mowinaaRmdegis laSqars kakis sulTnisa da ganjis xanis razmebic<br />

SeuerTdnen. nursal-begma mtris laSqris nawili qarTlisken gagzavna,<br />

raTa qarTvelebs Zalebis koncentracia ar moxdinaT saWiro<br />

mimarTulebiT. es taqtikuri xriki ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi marTlac<br />

sasurvel Sedegs moitanda mtrisTvis. Teimuraz II-m, ise rogorc <strong>erekle</strong>m,<br />

mosaxleoba cixe-simagreebSi daxizna. am droisaTvis <strong>erekle</strong> mefem<br />

Teimuraz II-s Seatyobina gardauvali brZolis Sesaxeb da qarTlis mefe<br />

Tavisi laSqriT kaxeTSi <strong>erekle</strong>s SeuerTda. gaimarTa <strong>samxedro</strong> TaTbiri,<br />

romelSic, mefeTa garda monawileobas Rebulobdnen: konstantine muxranbatoni,<br />

revaz da amirindo amilaxvrebi, revaz baraTaSvili, Tamaz<br />

andronikaSvili da papa beburiSvili-vaCnaZe. <strong>erekle</strong>s winadadebiT<br />

gadawyda:<br />

_ gaemagrebinaT yvarlis cixe, yvela TvalsazrisiT, xangrZlivi<br />

brZolis sawarmoeblad;<br />

_ Teimuraz II TelavSi unda mdgariyo Tavisi laSqriT, mzadyofnaSi,<br />

raTa mowinaaRmdege uecari Tavdasxmis SiSiT ar moesvenebinaT;<br />

_ <strong>erekle</strong> II-s Telavidan Waris teritoriaze Tavisi laSqris<br />

87

nawiliT demonstraciuli moqmedebebi unda ganexorcielebina raTa<br />

mowinaaRmdegis yuradReba yvarlis cixidan sakuTar miwa-wyalze<br />

gadaetana.<br />

_ ezrunaT laSqris dakompleqtebaze.<br />

mowinaaRmdege imdenad mravalricxovani aRmoCnda, rom sagarejos,<br />

martyofis, muxranisa da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebis mosaxleobas,<br />

romelic mtris Tavdasxmas moeloda, ayra da cixe-simagreebSi Sesvla<br />

mouwia. Amasve dasZens p. orbelianic: ` iyo yovelgan SiSi didi da cda<br />

simagreTa cixeTa qveyanaTa qarTlisa da kaxeTisaTa~ (43, 228). es faqti<br />

mowmobs imas, rom mowinaaRmdege didi upiratesobiT apirebda sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebis warmarTvas.<br />

mTebidan daSvebulma mowinaaRmdegis laSqarma yvarlis cixes alya<br />

Semoartya. BbrZola dRedaRam mimdinareobda. Mmecixovneni mamacurad<br />

ibrZodnen. mowinaaRmdege brZolis dawyebis pirvel etapze cixesTan<br />

ieriSis misatanad axlos ver midioda, mecixovneTa mier efeqturi<br />

cecxlis warmoebis gamo. qarTvelebis sabrZolo masalebis xarji didi<br />

iyo. vinaidan mterma cixis aReba ramdenime dReSi ver moaxerxa,<br />

safiqrebelia, rom mefe <strong>erekle</strong> cixeSi myofT daxmarebas uwevda,<br />

romelic mterma Tavidan ar icoda. am gzebis arsebobis Sesaxeb mematiane<br />

arafers gveubneba, momarageebis sakiTxi ki metad mniSvnelovania<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvisas. mowinaaRmdegem mecixovneebze<br />

cecxlis efeqturad warmarTvisaTvis xis koSkebi gamoiyena. mematiane<br />

gvamcnobs: ` magram aseTi maRali safrebi Seukres garedam, rom Sig<br />

cixeSi Tofs Caisrodnen. Seawuxes, Torem sxva rigad ara uWirdaT ra.<br />

Mmudam dRe ugzavnidnen mefeni kacsa, tyvia-wamalsa, anu romeli ram<br />

akldaT cixeSi da aZlierebdnen imediT myofTa cixisaTa~ (43, 229). aseve<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rodesac mowinaaRmdeges gauWirda cixis aReba,<br />

man gaigo cixeSi Sesasvleli da gamosasvleli faruli gzebis arseboba.<br />

ra Tqma unda, alya gaaZliera da gadamWreli zomebi miiReo saidumlo<br />

gzebis gadasaketad. Mmtkicebulebad moviSveliebT magaliTs: `Sewuxdnen<br />

friad myofni mas Sina umetes misTvis, rameTu mouWres wyali,<br />

SemoakldaT tyvia-wamalica, romlisTvisac miscnes Tavni Tvisni<br />

88

yuarelTa ganwirulebasa~ (47, 56). cixeSi am dros yofila vinme <strong>daviT</strong><br />

laraZe, romelic amxnevebda mecixovneebs, rac ki SeeZlo. Mman aRuTqva<br />

cixeSi myof xalxs, mebrZolebs wylisa da tyvia-wamlis Sovna, Tundac<br />

sicocxlis fasad. rodesac daRamda da wyvdiadma garemo moicva, igi<br />

cixidan gamovida. farulad mivida wyalsacavTan, romelsac<br />

mowinaaRmdegis Tormeti mcveli yaraulobda, daxoca xanjliT da cixeSi<br />

wyali SeuSva. Semdeg <strong>daviT</strong> laraZe warsdga mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s winaSe da<br />

aRuwera cixeSi arsebuli mdgomareoba (47, 56). Cveni azriT, savaraudoa,<br />

rom igi cixeSi myofi mebrZolebis erTi nawilis moqmedebebs<br />

xelmZRvanelobda. radgan Seqmnilma situaciam meTauri iZulebuli gaxada<br />

gmiruli nabiji gadaedga.<br />

qarTvelebma mowinaRmdegesTan pirdapiri Sebma ver gabedes.Aamitom<br />

moTaTbirebis Semdeg <strong>erekle</strong> II-m gonivruli taqtikuri xerxi gamoiyena,<br />

rac mters iZulebuls gaxdida, alya moexsna. Mman didi saCuqari aRuTqva<br />

maT, vinc garedan alyis garRvevasa da tyvia-wamlis SegzavnaSi<br />

monawileobas miiRebda.Aam winadadebas daTanxmdnen aTamde aznauriSvili<br />

da ramdenime glexi. eseni iyvnen: sabaraTaSvilodan _ revaz ioTamiSvili,<br />

vaxtang gugunaSvili, tariel soloRaSvili, zemo qarTlidan _ ZaRlua<br />

maCabeli, muxran batonis aznauriSvili, zedgeniZe, erasti namoraZe, erTi<br />

xucesi, qsnis saerisTavodan ori kaci, kaxTa TavadiSvilebi _ papa<br />

beburiSvili, solomon mdivniSvili, faremuz TayaSvili, beJan ratiSvili<br />

(47, 239-230). mefem moxaliseTa razmSi mebrZolebis saWiro raodenoba ver<br />

miiRo. Aamitom <strong>erekle</strong> II zemoTCamoTvlil mebrZolebTan da qarTlkaxeTis<br />

cxenosani laSqris garkveuli nawilis TanxlebiT qiziySi Cavida,<br />

xolo TelavSi mamamisi, Teimuraz II darCa. Sekriba mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />

qiziyelebi da War-belaqnis teritoriaze moqmedebis sabrZolo amocana<br />

dausaxa. aseve dapirda did wyalobas: KkerZod, Tavadsa da aznaurs<br />

Sesaferis Tanamdebobas da mamulebs, xolo glexs-batonymobisagan<br />

ganTavisuflebas, or sakomlo miwas da fulad jildos, vinc yvarlis<br />

cixeSi sabrZolo masalebs Seitanda (43, 230). mefem bodbeSi Sekriba<br />

xalxi da auxsna, Tu ra mniSvneloba hqonda aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTvelosTvis yvarlis cixis SenarCunebas, ra Sedegi mohyveboda mis<br />

89

dakargvas, ra sirTulesTan iyo dakavSirebuli misi Canafiqris<br />

Sesruleba. Semdeg mebrZolebs mimarTa: ,,jer RvTis siyvarulisTvis da<br />

sarwmunoebisTvis, mere Tavis mefeTa da Cvenis qveynis erTgulebisaTvis,<br />

vinc garjasa da Tavs ar dazogavs, vinc vaJkacia da Tavisi nebiT,<br />

gaWirvebuli yvarlis cixis gadarCenaSi dagvexmareba, . . .Seva cixesa<br />

yvarlisasa _ azatobas da sxva uSurvel wyalobas mivcemo” (110, 16).<br />

saerTo jamSi 208 mebrZolma moiyara Tavi. maTgan 8 warCinebuli da 200<br />

glexi: 103 qiziyidan, 97 qarTl-kaxeTidan (112, 557). bodbeSi, wminda ninos<br />

saflavTan mebrZolebma fici dades. ioane bodmelma (jorjaZem) _<br />

monastris moZRvarma paraklisi gadaixada da mebrZolebs gza dauloca.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m isini tyvia-wamliT moamaraga, moqmedebis gegma gaacno da<br />

cixisaken gagzavna. maT xelmZRvanelobda papa beburiSvili-vaCnaZe,<br />

brZolebSi gamobrZmedili da <strong>erekle</strong>s mier gamocdili pirovneba. razms<br />

Tan axlda moZRvari iase maWavariani. es kidev erTxel amtkicebs imas,<br />

rom sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvisas, laSqars Tan axlda saeklesio<br />

piri rwmenisa da sabrZolo suliskveTebis asamaRleblad. aRsaniSnavia<br />

isic, rom qarTul laSqarSi myofi sasuliero pirebi (episkoposi,<br />

mRvdeli da sxva) ara marto aziarebdnen meomrebs brZolis dawyebis win,<br />

aramed TviTonac aqtiurad ibrZodnen.<br />

razmma yvarlisken daiwyo gadaadgileba. veliscixe Cumad gaiares, md.<br />

alazani foniT gadalaxes da sof. gavazSi SeCerdnen, sadac sabolood<br />

razmSi gadanawilebul iqna amocanebi. aqedan gamomdinare, Seiqmna ori<br />

jgufi:<br />

a) pirvels evaleboda tyvia-wamliT da sursaT-sanovagiT gavsili<br />

xurjinebis tareba da cixeSi Setana;<br />

b) meores xurjinebis matarebeli jgufis usafrTxoebis<br />

uzrunvelyofa.<br />

im droisaTvis yvarlis cixes qvemo mxares sof. Ggavazis mxridan<br />

idgnen Warelebi, kakis sulTani laSqriT, ganjis xani, zemo mxridan _<br />

suxrai-xani da nursal-begi.<br />

gvian RamiT razmma cixisken svla ganagrZo da Tavdasxma<br />

gamTeniisas ganxorcielda. lekTa moyarauleebma gvian SeamCnies axlo<br />

90

manZilze alyis gamrRvevi jgufis misvla. mowinaaRmdegem qarTvelTa<br />

Tavdasxma ver moigeria. operacia dawyebiT etapze cecxlsasroli<br />

iaraRis gamoyenebis gareSe warimarTa, raTa moalyeTa ZiriTad nawils ar<br />

gaRviZeboda. Tavdasxmis meore etapze Tof-dambaCebis gamoyenebiT<br />

moyarauleTa misaSveleblad mosuli lekTa jgufebis nawili<br />

ganadgurda. SeSinebuli mteri, vinc sikvdils gadaurCa, visac SeeZlo,<br />

daWrilebTan erTad brZolis velidan garboda. Sesabamisad<br />

dasaxmareblad wamosuli mowinaaRmdege cecxlsasrol iaraRs efeqturad<br />

ver iyenebda, raTa Tavisianebi ar gaenadgurebinaT. mebrZolebma<br />

xmaldaxmal brZoliT alya gaarRvies, cixeSi Sevidnen da tyvia-wamali<br />

miaSveles iq myofT. mecixovneni da cixeSi Sexiznuli mosaxleoba<br />

sixaruliT Sexvda dasaxmareblad misul mebrZolebs. naSimSilebi<br />

mecixovneebi sursaTis nacvlad sabrZolo masalebiT gavsil xurjinebs<br />

miscvivdnen, galavnis sabrZolo bilikze avidnen da Zveleburad<br />

ganagrZobdnen gamiznuli cecxlis warmarTvas. CiraRdnebi aanTes, zeimi<br />

da sixarulis yiJina ismoda cixidan (110, 19), rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />

hqonda mowinaaRmdegeze fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebisaTvis. mterma ukan<br />

daxeva daiwyo.<br />

amave dros mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m qiziyelTagan Semdgari cxenosani laSqari<br />

Seusia War-belaqans asaoxreblad. es ambavi yvarlis cixis alyaze<br />

mdgomma Warelebma Seityves da xunZaxis batons usayvedures: ` Cven aq<br />

ubralod erTs cixeze viRalebiTo da Cvens saxlebs kaxi batoni<br />

aoxrebso~ (58, 205). nursal-begma didi dapirebebiT SeaCera koaliciis<br />

laSqari. `ager am cixes aviReb da kaxeTic xelT damrCebao da Tqvens<br />

garjas gardavixdio~ (43, 231). maSin mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m ufro mozrdili<br />

laSqari gagzavna Warisaken. yvarels mdgomi Warelebi ficxliv wavidnen<br />

qarTvelebTan sabrZolvelad e. i. TavianT samSobloSi. qarTvelebi mefis<br />

brZanebis Tanaxmad brZolas moeridnen, ukan gamobrundnen da qiziySi<br />

ganlagdnen. Warelebs saqme gaurTuldaT, qarTvelTa laSqari maT<br />

aoxrebiT emuqreboda (58, 206). <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier gamoyenebulma<br />

taqtikurma xrikma Sedegi gamoiRo. sabolood Warelebi cixes<br />

gascildnen da TavianT mxareSi wavidnen, maT Tan gahyva koaliciis<br />

91

laSqaric. DdaRestnelebs cixis aRebis imedi gadaewuraT. mowinaaRmdegem<br />

igrZno ra moaxloebuli saSiSroeba, 28 seqtembers, didZali danakargis<br />

fasad, iZulebuli gaxda cixisTvis alyis darCenili nawili moexsna da<br />

Tavis samflobeloSi dabrunebuliyo (ix. sqema #5. 155).<br />

aRniSnuli brZolis analiziT gamoikveTa iseTi taqtikuri<br />

elementebi, romlebmac ganapirobes brZolaSi warmatebis mopoveba.<br />

mematianis gadmocemiT, yvarlis cixe didi xnis ganmavlobaSi alyaSi<br />

imyofeboda, Tumca sabrZolo moqmedebebi rodis daiwyo, konkretulad<br />

wyaroebSi mocemuli ar aris. yvarlis cixe 23 dRe alyaSi yofila<br />

moqceuli. sabrZolo moqmedebebi 28 seqtembers dasrulebula. maSasadame,<br />

cixis alya 5 seqtembers unda dawyebuliyo. Tu am xnis manZilze<br />

mowinaaRmdegem cixis aReba ver SeZlo, es imaze migvaniSnebs, rom<br />

Tavdacva kargad yofila organizebuli. mas SeiZleba citadeli uwodoT.<br />

cixe-simagre imgvarad iyo agebuli, rom iq myof xalxs SeZleboda mtris<br />

Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi xangrZlivi winaaRmdegoba gaewia<br />

mowinaaRmdegisaTvis. yvarlis cixeSi mecixovne laSqarTan erTad<br />

gamagrebuli iyvnen Tavadebi - <strong>daviT</strong> vaCnaZe, bespaz da melqisadeq<br />

WavWavaZeebi, TavianTi ojaxebiT, mxleblebiT da msaxurebiT. cixeSi<br />

Sexiznuli iyo yvarlis, gavazis, eniselis, Wiauris da alaznis marcxena<br />

napirze ganlagebuli sxva soflebis mosaxleobis didi nawili (110, 8).<br />

Tavdacvis karg organizebas ganapirobebs rigi faqtorebisa,<br />

romelzedac meTaurma unda gaamaxvilos gansakuTrebuli yuradReba.<br />

mosaxleoba <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier winaswar iqna cixe-simagreebSi daxiznuli<br />

da sabrZolvelad momzadebuli. es faqti mowmobs im dros dazvervisa da<br />

Setyobinebis sistemis karg funqcionirebas. tyvia-wamlis miwodeba<br />

brZolis msvlelobisas adasturebs cixeSi Sesasvleli da gamosasvleli<br />

faruli gzebis arsebobas, rac uzrunvelyofda cixis momaragebas.<br />

mocemul brZolaSi yuradReba unda gamaxvildes kidev erT sakiTxze.<br />

mefem garedan alyis gamrRvevi razmi moxaliseebisagan Camoayaliba. ismis<br />

kiTxva: ratom? Cveni azriT, albaT imitom, rom dasaxuli amocanis<br />

Sesasruleblad, romelsac aucileblad warmateba unda mohyoloda, mas<br />

mebrZolebSi jer unda aemaRlebina TviTSegnebis done, ris Semdegadac<br />

92

momavalSi gasawevi riskis faqtors ufro efeqturs gaxdida. aseve<br />

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom orasi glexi, romelic momxvdurs<br />

ebrZoda, batonymobisagan ganTavisuflebas swiravda Tavs. <strong>erekle</strong> II-m,<br />

rogorc sarwmuno wyaroebidan irkveva, pirnaTlad Seasrula maTTvis<br />

micemuli piroba. mefem gonivrulad gamoiyena manevri. igi Telavidan<br />

pirdapir ieriSze ar gadasula. yvarlis cixes samxreT-aRmosavleTidan<br />

mouara uecari dartyma ganaxorciela. moulodnelobis faqtori<br />

gamoixata SemdegSi: Mman alyis garedan gamrRvevi razmi qveiTad gagzavna,<br />

raTa mowinaaRmdeges axlo manZilze farulad miaxloebodnen, ramac<br />

uecari ieriSis mitaniT dasaxuli amocanis mokle droSi Sesruleba<br />

ganapiroba.<br />

mowinaaRmdegis yuradRebis gadatanis mizniT, <strong>erekle</strong> II-m gamoiyena<br />

demonstraciuli moqmedebebi. e.i. qvedanayofebis realuri saqmianoba<br />

winaswar gansazRvruli cru moqmedebebiT. Ees ki taqtikuri SeniRbvis<br />

erT-erT saxes warmoadgens, romelic War-belaqnis teritoriaze<br />

qiziyidan wasuli cxenosani laSqris moqmedebebSi gamoixata. mefem<br />

gamoiyena Mmanevris erT-erTi saxe _ Semovla, ris Sedegadac<br />

ganxorcielda moulodneli dartyma, rogorc yvarlis cixeze, ise<br />

mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze. aseTma moqmedebam didi fsiqologiuri<br />

zegavlena iqonia mowinaaRmdegeze. alyis gamrRvevi razmisa da cxenosani<br />

laSqris moulodnelma Tavdasxmebma mtris ganlagebaSi panika gamoiwvia,<br />

ramac mefes gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi moyvana gauadvila.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> TeoriaSi, Tavdacvis erT-erTi mTavari principia, arasdros<br />

gaCerde pasiur mdgomareobaSi. sangrebi da safortifikacio nagebobebi<br />

ar gamoiyeneba mxolod imisaTvis, rom daimedebulad SegeZlos Tavdacva,<br />

aramed imisaTvis, rom didi warmatebiT miitano ieriSi (cecxliT da<br />

manevriT) mowinaaRmdegeze. zemoxsenebuli principi <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier<br />

sworad iqna gamoyenebuli, ramac yvarlis cixisaTvis brZolaSi<br />

brwyinvale gamarjveba moutana mcire danakargis fasad. AaRniSnulma<br />

faqtma erT-erTi strategiuli momarTulebis SenarCuneba ganapiroba.<br />

SevecadoT maTematikuri modelirebis meTodiT vipovoT Semdegi:<br />

1. uSualod alyis garRvevisas ramdenma mebrZolma miiRo<br />

93

monawileoba SetakebaSi;<br />

2. ramden xans gagrZelda epizoduri brZola;<br />

3. ramdeni iyo Cveni da mowinaaRmdegis danakargebi alyis garRvevis<br />

seqtorSi;<br />

zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebze Semdegma ZiriTadma faqtorebma imoqmedes:<br />

_ qarTvelTa razmebis mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze 2-jer<br />

ganxorcielebulma marbielma moqmedebebma, romelmac mtris koaliciis<br />

daSla da TavianT samSobloSi wasvla ganapiroba;<br />

_ SeCveva Seqmnil viTarebaze, romelic droSi gaiwela, ramac<br />

saalyo brZolisas yuradRebis moduneeba gamoiwvia;<br />

_ drois faqtori _ gariJraJi, rodesac mebrZolis fizikuri<br />

SesaZleblobebi minimumamdea dasuli;<br />

_ moqmedebaTa siswrafe;<br />

_ moulodnelobis faqtori.<br />

yvarlis cixis zomebi daaxloebiT 250 X 150 metria (p. zaqaraias,<br />

Cvens mier gamoyenebul wignSi, romelic safortifikacio nagebobebs<br />

exeba, mocemuli ar aqvs cixis zomebi). e.i. perimetri aris 800 metri. mas<br />

garSemo ertya mtris laSqari. mebrZolebi uSualod kedels ar<br />

ebjinebodnen, radganac isini mecixovneTa advili msxverplni<br />

gaxdebodnen, arc Zalze Sors unda yofiliyvnen, radganac xis koSkebidan<br />

cixis SigniT qarTvelebi unda gaenadgurebinaT. am mosazrebebidan<br />

gamomdinare isini kedlidan daaxloebiT 65 metrze unda yofiliyvnen<br />

daSorebuli, rac im droisTvis Tofebis efeqturi cecxlis manZils<br />

warmoadgenda. amrigad, mowinaaRmdegis mebrZolTa ganlagebis perimetri<br />

ara 800, aramed daaxloebiT 1100 metri iyo. sul moalye jari 16 000<br />

mebrZoli iqneboda, radgan 4000-mde, moalyeTa zurgis dacvasa da<br />

momaragebas daWirdeboda.<br />

gaTvlebis Sedegad miviReT, rom aRniSnul perimetris erT metr<br />

frontze 16 000 : 1100 15 mebrZols unda moexdina sabrZolo amocanis<br />

Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa. es proporcia aris is mdgomareoba sanam<br />

moxdeba uSualo sabrZolo Setakeba. brZolis dro ki es monacemebi<br />

cvalebadia Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare. amasTanave<br />

94

gaTvaliswinebuli gvaqvs Ramis pirobebSi xilvadobis SezRudva da cixis<br />

faruli momaragebis aRkveTis mizniT sabrZolo Zalis perimetrze<br />

Tanabari ganawileba.<br />

garRvevis mimarTulebaze realuri mdgomareobis SefasebisaTvis<br />

aucilebelia cixis karibWis zomebis gaTvaliswineba (5 metri).<br />

vRebulobT rom am ubanze daaxloebiT 75 mebrZoli iqneboda. am<br />

viTarebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebi _ Ramis pirobebi;<br />

garemo pirobebze SeguebiT gamowveuli moduneba, Rame sayaraulo<br />

samsaxuris Sesrulebis specifika, rac iTvaliswinebs piradi<br />

Semadgenlobis 1/3 dasvenebas (Zils). amrigad, zemoaRniSnulidan<br />

gamomdinare unda davuSvaT, rom cixis karibWesTan mowinaaRmdeges<br />

savaraudod hyavda 50 mebrZoli. anu qarTvelebs pirveli Setakeba<br />

mouxdebodaT 50 mebrZolTan. rogorc viciT qarTvelebs amocanis<br />

SesrulebisaTvis sul hyavdaT 20 kaci.<br />

exla ganvsazRvroT im pirTa raodenoba, romlebic am 208<br />

mebrZolidan uzrunvelyofda amocanis Sesrulebas. radgan pirvel<br />

wyaroSi ar aris mocemuli Cveni Zalebis danakargebi, maSin Cven,<br />

logikidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom es raodenoba<br />

umniSvnelo iqneboda. cdomilebaTa TeoriaSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs<br />

gazomvebTan, umniSvneloT iTvleba 0-dan 5%-mde. aq saSualod aviReT<br />

2.5%. anu CavTvaleT, rom umniSvnelo danakargi niSnavs _ maCvenebeli aris<br />

2.5%-is maxloblad. ganvixiloT konkretuli variantebi:<br />

_ Cveni Zalebi 80 erTeuli _ danakargebi 3.55%;<br />

_ Cveni Zalebi 90 erTeuli _ danakargebi 2.65%;<br />

_ Cveni Zalebi 100 erTeuli _ danakargebi 2.5%;<br />

_ Cveni Zalebi 110 erTeuli _ danakargebi 1.8%;<br />

_ Cveni Zalebi 120 erTeuli _ danakargebi 1.6%.<br />

maSasadame Cvens mier 2.5% danakargTan yvelaze axlos aris is<br />

SemTxveva, rodesac amocanis Sesrulebis uzrunvelsayofad gamoyofilia<br />

100 mebrZoli (usafrTxoebis jgufi).<br />

amrigad pirveli Setakebis dros (mas ufro Tavdasxma SeiZleba<br />

ewodos), 100 kaci ebrZoda mowiaaRmdegis 50 mebrZols, romelTa<br />

95

mdgomareoba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT modunebuli iyo. wina gaTvlebidan<br />

miRebuli koeficientebidan gamomdinare 15-16 kacis ganadgurebas (50-is<br />

mesamedi, ris Semdegac isisni arabrZolisunariani xdebian) Cveni 100<br />

mebrZoli (usafrTxoebis jgufi) moaxerxebda daaxloebiT 10 wuTi<br />

ganmavlobaSi, ris Semdegac tyvia-wamliT datvirTuli 100-ze meti<br />

mebrZoli daiZra cixis karibWesaken, sadac gasavleli hqondaT 65 metri<br />

(manZili alyidan cixis kedlamde) + mowinaamdegis ganlagebis siRrme am<br />

seqtorSi (daaxloebiT 50 metri, sul 115 metri). logikidan gamomdinare<br />

10 wuTi aris drois is monakveTi, rodesac mowinaaRmdeges eqneboda<br />

resursi mosuliyo gons da moexdina Zalebis gadajgufeba. vinaidan<br />

istoriuli wyaroebiT aRniSnuli faqti ar dasturdeba, amitom<br />

qarTvelebma amocanis Sesrulebas moandomes naklebi dro. am etapze<br />

drois simcire SesaZlebelia mxolod moulodnelobis faqtoris<br />

xarisxis gazrdiT, rac eqspertuli Sefasebidan gamomdinareobs.<br />

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare da gaTvlebze dayrdnobiT am manZilis<br />

gavlas qarTvelebi moandomebdnen saSualoT 7 wuTs.<br />

kidev erTi epizodi qarTvelTa brZolisa, romelic kvlav gveubneba,<br />

rogor efeqturad iyenebdnen qarTvelebi moulodnelobis faqtors da<br />

siswrafes. am brZolaSi yuradRebas erTi garemoeba ipyrobs. es SeiZleba<br />

iTqvas taqtikur doneze azrovnebis brwyinvale nimuSia. brZolis am<br />

etapze mizani ar iyo mtris sruli ganadgureba. saWiro iyo alyis<br />

garRveva da isic, mxolod mcire xniT. operaciis msvlelobisas kargad<br />

Cans, rom mefes kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli aseTi moqmedebis Sedegi,<br />

swored aman ganapiroba Canafiqris esoden warmatebuli ganxorcieleba<br />

da misi umniSvnelo danakargebiT Catareba.<br />

mocemul brZolaSi gamoyenebuli iyo iseTi taqtikuri elementebi,<br />

rogoricaa: 1. jarebis drouli gadajgufeba saWiro mimarTulebiT; 2.<br />

taqtikuri marSi; 3. wylis dabrkolebis gadalaxva; 4. reidi da Casafreba;<br />

5. Seteva RamiT;<br />

aseve damxmare operaciebis saxeebi: 6. dazverva; 7. taqtikuri SeniRbva;<br />

8. zurgis (logistikuri) uzrunvelyofa.<br />

amrigad, Tu ki <strong>samxedro</strong> Teoretikosis, sun Zis azrs gaviziarebT,<br />

96

Zolis umaRlesi kanonebi daiyvaneba arsebiTad elementarul Zvel<br />

WeSmaritebaze. sabrZolo operaciebsa da brZolebSi ar unda akeTo is,<br />

rac mowinaaRmdegisTvisaa cnobili, rasac is Sengan elodeba da<br />

risTvisac momzadebulia. Ee. i. dartyma miayeno iq saidanac Aar gelodeba.<br />

,,omSi umTavresia siswrafe xelT igdo, . . . Tavs daesxa iq, sadac igi ar<br />

frTxilobs (90, 61). ase iyo ganxorcielebuli yvarlis cixisaTvis<br />

brZolaSi, romelic qarTuli <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis nimuSad iTvleba da<br />

iq gamoyenebuli taqtikuri elementebi dResac aqtualuria Tanamedrove<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebisaTvis.<br />

sabolood, yvarlis brZolis gamarjvebiT damTavreba ramdenime<br />

faqtorma ganapiroba: mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m kargad icoda mowinaaRmdegis<br />

sabrZolo (sacecxle, samanevro) SesaZleblobebi. nursal-begis<br />

mosalodnel Tavdasxmas momzadebuli daxvda, rac gamoixateboda<br />

mosaxleobis drouli gaxizvnisa da swrafi samobilizacio RonisZiebebis<br />

gatarebaSi aisaxa. mWadijvris brZolis gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-m gaiTvaliswina yvarlis cixis strategiuli mniSvneloba. man<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xerxis gamoyenebiT uzrunvelyo cixisa da misi garnizonis<br />

brZolisunarianobis SenarCuneba. kerZod: cixis faruli momaragebiT,<br />

alyis gamrRvevi jgufis kargi koordinaciiT, WarelTa mxareSi marbieli<br />

razmebis gagzavniT, cxenosnebisagan Semdgari jgufebis SemovliTi<br />

manevris CatarebiT, ori mimarTulebidan erTdrouli Setevis<br />

ganxorcielebiT. aRniSnulma ganapiroba mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdegis<br />

damarcxeba.<br />

A2.5. aspinZis brZola<br />

XVIII s-is 60-iani wlebis dasasruls feodaluri saqarTvelo erTian<br />

saxelmwifos ar warmoadgenda. igi danawevrebuli iyo qarTl-kaxeTis,<br />

imereTis samefod da ramdenime samTavrod. samxreT nawili ki osmaleTis<br />

mier iyo dapyrobili, romelic axalcixis safaSos emorCileboda.<br />

am droisaTvis ruseTi saerTaSoriso asparezze seriozul Zalad<br />

gamoiyureboda da Tavisi sagareo politikis dRis wesrigSi amocanebi<br />

dasaxa Savi zRvis sanapiroebis dapyrobasa da iq Tavisufali naosnobis<br />

mopovebisa (112, 650).<br />

97

useTs osmaleTTan omSi evropis saxelmwifoTa mxardaWeris imedi<br />

ar hqonda da amitom, religiuri motiviT SeniRba Tavisi namdvili<br />

miznebi da mowodebiT mimarTa kavkasiel da balkanel qristianebs, rom<br />

igi ,,iZulebulia’’ ebrZolos TurqeTs ,,qristes sarwmunoebisaTvis’’ (112,<br />

650). ruseTi kavkasiaSi axali frontis Seqmnas did mniSvnelobas<br />

aniWebda, radgan osmaleTi iZulebuli gaxdeboda, jarebis mniSvnelovani<br />

nawili moexsna saomar moqmedebaTa Teatridan yubani-yirimi-daRestnis<br />

mimarTulebebze da kavkasiis frontze gadmoeyvana.<br />

1769 wlis 21 maiss TbilisSiQqarTl-kaxeTis mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II da<br />

imereTis mefe solomon I erTmaneTs Sexvdnen da erTobliv moqmedebaze<br />

SeTaxmdnen (112, 651), romelic miznad isaxavda samcxe-javaxeTis<br />

gaTavisuflebas. aseTi momenti ruseT-osmaleTis dapirispirebam moitana.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-s saqarTveloSi ruseTis jaris mcire saeqspedicio razmi,<br />

romelic 1769 wels generali totlebenis gankargulebaSi iyo, ar miaCnda<br />

sakmarisad am amocanis gadasaWrelad da yoveli gziT cdilobda<br />

ruseTidan 5 aTasiani korpusis miRebas. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am<br />

umTavres amocanas ruseTTan diplomatiuri molaparakebebisas mefe<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> calke ar gamoyofda.<br />

magaliTad, 1769 wlis 4 seqtembers <strong>erekle</strong> n. panins werda: ,,es xuTi<br />

anilki jari amad gvnebavs zamTramdis da amisaTvis mogaxsenebT da<br />

gTxovT, rom radgan osmalT Zali Cvenis sazRvramdis ar moweula, Cven im<br />

jaris SewevniT, romelnic rom araratis mTis garSemo, anu axalcixisa<br />

da anu yarsisa garSemo qristiani arian, da isini osmalTa monebasa queSe<br />

imyofebian, da kvalad romelnic Savi zRvis garemo Cven kerZo adgili<br />

uWiravs, SesaZlebel ars, rom yovelive ZalTa RvTisaTa miuRoTo”<br />

(98, 54). aq naTlad Cans, Tu romeli mimarTulebaa <strong>erekle</strong>saTvis ufro<br />

saintereso. igi saqristiano qveynebis ganTavisuflebis saerTo lozungsa<br />

da am mimarTulebiT mtrisaTvis daswrebis saerTo gegmas sTavazobda<br />

ruseTis xelisuflebas.<br />

amrigad, axalcixeze laSqrobis gegma <strong>erekle</strong>s mier iqna<br />

wamoyenebuli jer kidev 1769 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi, magram mefe mis<br />

ganxorcielebaze Tavs ikavebda, sanam ruseTi damxmare jars ar<br />

98

gamoagzavnida. mas gadawyvetili qonda esargebla ruseT-osmaleTis omiT,<br />

rogorc xelsayreli viTarebiT, raTa ruseTis <strong>samxedro</strong> da<br />

diplomatiuri daxmarebiT mtrisTvis xelidan gamoeglija ZvelisZveli<br />

qarTuli miwa-wyali.<br />

aqedan gamomdinare, aspinZis brZolis gamomwvevi mizezi 1768 wels<br />

dawyebuli ruseT-osmaleTis omi iyo. <strong>erekle</strong> II da solomon I saerTo<br />

mtris winaaRmdeg molaparakebis safuZvelze iwyebdnen sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebs ruseTis daxmarebiT (125, 49).<br />

am amocanis wina planze wamoweva imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom Cveni<br />

samSoblos samxreTiT, uZveles kulturul mxareSi axalcixis Turquli<br />

safaSo arsebobda, romelic osmalTa agresiis bazas warmoadgenda. vidre<br />

es placdarmi qarTlsa da imereTSi Semosasvlel gzebze batonobda da<br />

mtris xelSi iyo, cxadia, saqarTvelos danarCeni raionebis usafrTxoeba<br />

uzrunvelyofili ver iqneboda. amitom, <strong>erekle</strong> mefis strategiuli<br />

Canafiqris ganxorcielebisaTvis ruseTTan <strong>samxedro</strong> kavSiris dadeba, Tu<br />

logikas daveyrdnobiT im droisaTvis yvelaze uaxloesi da realuri<br />

nabiji iyo. mis mier SemuSavebul <strong>samxedro</strong> moqmedebebis gegmas Semdegi<br />

upiratesoba gaaCnda:<br />

1. osmaleTs xelidan aclida moxerxebul <strong>samxedro</strong> strategiul<br />

placdarms, romelic ukeT uzrunvelyofda saomar moqmedebaTa<br />

warmatebiT gaSlas, vidre sxva romelime mimarTuleba.<br />

2. SemuSavebuli gegma ukeT uzrunvelyofda mokavSire mxareTa<br />

erTobliv moqmedebas, radgan mas orive qarTuli samefosaTvis garkveuli<br />

mniSvneloba hqonda:<br />

a) qarTl-kaxeTisaTvis _ axalcixis dakavebiT qarTls osmaleTis<br />

Kaqtiuri Semotevis safrTxe exsneboda, ispoboda baza, saidanac mteri<br />

saqarTvelos dapyrobas cdilobda.<br />

b) imereTisTvis _ axalcixeze laSqroba imereTze Tavdasxmis bazas<br />

moSlida, radgan dasavleT saqarTvelos saqmeebs osmaleTi axalcixis<br />

faSas meSveobiT akontrolebda. axalcixis dakaveba imereTis cixesimagreebSi<br />

myof Turq mecixovneebs daxmarebis wyaros gadauketavda,<br />

rasac, bunebrivia, maTi danebeba mohyveboda.<br />

99

zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, garkveuli molaparakebebis Semdeg,<br />

ruseTis mTavrobam <strong>samxedro</strong> nawili gamogzavna saqarTveloSi 1200<br />

kaciTa da 12 zarbazniT, general totlebenis meTaurobiT. vin iyo<br />

totlebenis pirovneba? rogorc istoriuli masalebidan irkveva, igi<br />

tomiT iyo saqsonieli germaneli, avantiuristi. is farulad Ralatobda<br />

ruseTs evropaSi warmoebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros. Mmas faruli<br />

mimowera hqonda prusiis mefe fridrix II-Tan da <strong>samxedro</strong> saidumloebebs<br />

acnobda. RalatSi mxilebuli dapatimrebul iqna 1763 wels. 1769 wels<br />

ekaterine II-is SewyalebiT igi gaanTavisufles da saqarTveloSi<br />

gamogzavnili eqspediciis ufrosad daniSnes (112, 655). MmowinaaRmdege<br />

mxareTa dapirispirebaSi <strong>erekle</strong> II Svidi aTasi mebrZoliTa da 3<br />

zarbazniT gamodioda (112, 653).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier SeTavazebuli <strong>samxedro</strong> moqmedebebis gegma 1769<br />

wlis Semodgomaze totlebens miuRia da rus-qarTvelTa jars am gegmiT<br />

unda daewyo moqmedeba. surda Tu ara totlebens, igi mainc unda<br />

daZruliyo <strong>erekle</strong>sTan erTad axalcixisaken, radgan misi adrindeli<br />

gancxadebebi axalcixeze laSqrobebSi monawileobaze aSkara uaris Tqmis<br />

uflebas ar aZlevda. 1770 wlis 14 aprils <strong>erekle</strong> mefe da totlebeni<br />

rus-qarTvelTa jariT sadgerSi idgnen. totlebens mefisTvis winadadeba<br />

miucia, qarTuli jaris nawili sadgeris cixeSi daetovebina, TviTonac<br />

survili gamouTqvams 1 zarbaznisa da 60 jariskacis datovebaze, magram<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefe amis winaaRmdeg wasula. ,,sadgeris cixeSi jari mTxova<br />

dasagdeblad, _ werda <strong>erekle</strong> ratievs, _ Tavisis jarisac miTxra 60 kacs<br />

da erT zarbazans davagdebo. dauSale, magram Cemi rCeva ar miiRo"(98, 59).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> qarTvelTa jariT md. Savi wylis (,,borjomka~) gayolebiT<br />

awyurisaken daiZra. totlebens Tavisi razmis naxevari da 6 zarbazani<br />

sadgerSi dautovebia da meore dRes umoklesi gziT (md. mtkvris xeobiT)<br />

awyurisken wasula (98, 59).<br />

,,mokavSire Zalebi 1770 wlis 17 aprils borjomis xeobis gavliT<br />

mimaval gzaze sakiresTan SeerTda da SuadRisas awyuris cixes alya<br />

nawilobriv Semoartyes~ (98, 59). ,,awyura cixis Semodgoma Cemi neba ar iyo<br />

_ werda <strong>erekle</strong> golicins 1770 wlis 10 maiss, - imisaTvis rom radgan<br />

100

mtris mamuls viyaviT, umjobesad es aRmoCnda: maTni qonebulni,<br />

romelnic soflebiT sursaTi aqundaT, sul Cven mogvegrovebina da<br />

Semdgomad misisa, ukueTu umjobes iqneboda, mivsuliyaviT axalcixezed~<br />

(98, 60).<br />

awyurisaTvis drois dakargva Secdoma iyo, radgan rus-qarTvelTa<br />

jars saalyo qvemexebi ar hqondaT; xolo mcirekalibriani qvemexebis<br />

daxmarebiT cixis ieriSiT aRebis cda, bunebrivia, uSedegod<br />

damTavrdeboda. sanam garnizons sakvebi, wyali da garedan daxmarebis<br />

imedi qonda, cixis aReba didi msxverplis gaRebasa da dros iTxovda.<br />

awyuris cixis aRebis sxva saSualebac arsebobda _ mtris zurgSi Rrmad<br />

SeWra, mecixovne jaris mowyveta mtris damxmare jarebisagan _ ai, ras<br />

SeeZlo cixis garnizonis winaaRmdegobis gatexa. aseT pirobebSi cixis<br />

alya mcire ZaliTac SeiZleboda ganxorcielebuliyo da garedan<br />

daxmarebas moklebuli mowinaaRmdege winaaRmdegobas veRar gawevda.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s gegma gabeduli da swori iyo. Mmas undoda es cixe ukan<br />

moetovebina, mtrisTvis mofiqrebis saSualeba ar mieca da dauyonebliv<br />

misi mTavari strategiuli punqtisTvis _ axalcixisTvis daertya,<br />

raTqmaunda, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi. <strong>samxedro</strong> taqtikuri<br />

TvalsazrisiT, awyuris cixis aReba arasworad iqna Catarebuli. rusTa<br />

moqmedebidan Cans, rom 1770 wlis 17-18 aprils awyuris cixisTvis brZola<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTis mxridan mimdinareobda. mtkvris gaRma ar iyo<br />

arcerTi kaci rus-qarTvelTa jarisa da axalcixidan momavali gza<br />

gadauketavi iyo. radganac sruli garemocva ar moxerxda, mters<br />

saSualeba hqonda, cixeSi Seegzavna dammxmare jari saWurvliTa da<br />

sursaTiT. Tu totlebens cixis aReba namdvilad surda da es mas<br />

SesaZleblad miaCnda, maSin mas cixeze alya mTlianad unda Semoertya.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> awyuris garemocvis winaaRmdegi iyo. amitom totlebenis<br />

jiuti saqcielis gamo xeli aiRo sakuTar iniciativaze da iZulebuli<br />

gaxda, saqme rusi sardlisTvis miendo. rogorc mefis werilebidan Cans,<br />

totlebens piroba daudvia, rom cixes dauyonebliv aiRebda.<br />

SesaZlebelia, mefem jer kidev ar icoda ruseTidan Camotanili<br />

zarbaznebis sacecxle SesaZleblobebi da miendo kidec totlebenis<br />

101

dapirebas. <strong>erekle</strong> wers, rom ,,totlebenma piroba dasdo jarSi, rom<br />

mters dResve cixes wavarTmevo, da es ver SevityveT _ ver SeZlo Tu ar<br />

inebao~. radganac cixeze misasvleli gza gadaketili ar iyo, axalcixis<br />

faSas usargeblia da 18 aprils 2000 kaci Seugzavnia cixeSi (98, 62).<br />

totlebeni ukan daxevis samzadiss Seudga, ramdenjerme awyuris cixes<br />

zarbazani esrola da suramisaken gamobrunda (98, 59).<br />

sami kviris Semdeg <strong>erekle</strong> II ruseTis vice-kancler golicins werda:<br />

`me movel da Rrafs didad vevedre da Cemi Tavi viTa erTi misisa<br />

komandis aficeri egreT kamandaSi vaZlive da mravals vevedre<br />

gamobrunebas mterzed. . . im Cems vedrebazed ori zarbazani amoabruna da<br />

erTs maRal gorazed aitanes, romelic didad Sorevda mterzed, muniTgan<br />

4 - 5 zarbazani esrola da gabrunda, da aRmiTqva rom aqave axlo erTs<br />

balaxian adgils Camovxdebio da am saxiT gamobrunda~ (98, 59).<br />

totlebenis mier brZolis velis mitovebas qarTvelTa laSqarSi<br />

uwesrigoba mohyolia, xolo mteri gamZvinvarebula. ,,es gamoparva<br />

iaranalisa, _ werda <strong>erekle</strong> golicins, _ Cvenma jarma ra scna, didsa da<br />

gamouTqmelsa drtvinvasa miecnes. da mterTa, ra ixiles da scnes, didad<br />

ganixares simxne miiRes”. <strong>erekle</strong>s mTeli simkacris gamoyenebiT<br />

mouxerxebia qarTvelTa laSqarSi disciplinis aRdgena da cixidan ukan<br />

dauxevia. gamxnevebuli mteri Setevaze gadmosula, magram qarTvelTa<br />

kontrSeteviT damarcxebuli isev cixes Sefarebia (98, 62). amrigad,<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT arasworad organizebulma alyam<br />

marcxi ganicada.<br />

saTanado literaturis gacnobiT irkveva, rom awyurTan totlebenis<br />

Ralati sursaTis uqonlobiT ar SeiZleba aixsnas. saqarTvelos<br />

centralur saistorio arqivSi daculi <strong>erekle</strong> mefis gankargulebebi<br />

(1769-1770 wlebisa) naTlad adastureben, rom mefe did yuradRebas aqcevda<br />

ruseTis jaris momaragebis saqmes da maTTvis sursaTis miyidva<br />

organizebul xasiaTs atarebda. al. cagarelis mier gamoqveynebuli<br />

dokumentebiT cnobilia, rom <strong>erekle</strong> usasyidlodac aZlevda ruseTis<br />

jars sursaTs, amitom sursaTis naklebobis momizezeba totlebens<br />

mxolod 19 aprils moagonda, raTa brZolis velis mitoveba<br />

102

gaemarTlebina. 13 maiss amasve imeorebda lvovic, raTa ruseTis<br />

mTavrobis TvalSi awyuridan dabruneba gaemarTlebina (98, 65-66). Ralati<br />

aSkarad Canda. Amis dasamtkiceblad, garda zemoxsenebulisa, moviyvanT<br />

or magaliTs, sadac moTxrobilia <strong>erekle</strong> mefesa da totlebens Soris<br />

ukmayofilebis gamomwvevi mizezi da xazgasmulia is, rom arsebuli<br />

droisTvis ruseTis mTavroba ormag TamaSs eweoda: `xolo STaagdes Suri<br />

borotTa kacTa da uzidavdnen Rraf totlebens avsa sityvasa~. aseve<br />

ruseTis elCis lvovis winadadeba <strong>erekle</strong> mefisadmi: `vinaiTgan Tqvensa<br />

da Rraf totlebens Soris SfoTi rame ars STamovardnili, Tu rom<br />

osmalT ar aeSlebi da erTs rasme samsaxurs ar daanaxveb imperatrica<br />

xelmwife ekaterinas, uTuod Rrafi Segasmens da ar vargao. amis rCeviT<br />

ganigula mefeman aSla~ (64).<br />

pativmoyvare generals surda rus-qarTvelTa mTeli jari da TviT<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>c usityvod damorCileboda mis mier dasaxul mcdar gegmas<br />

da brZanebebs. <strong>erekle</strong> ar iyo iseTi sardali, rom totlebenis survilebi<br />

bolomde gaeTavisebina. bolos mefis principulma gadawyvetilebam,<br />

gaelaSqra mterze, totlebeni aiZula, ukan gamohyoloda. mefisTvis isic<br />

gasagebi gamxdara, Tu ratom uRalata totlebenma awyurTan. frangi<br />

kapitani de grai de fua amis Sesaxeb wers: ukan dabrunebulma<br />

totlebenma ,,iqidan (suramidan) <strong>erekle</strong>sTan me gamgzavna da damabara:<br />

,,puri gamomelia da qarTlSi davbrundi mis saSovnelado. <strong>erekle</strong>m civad<br />

mimiRo~. man sTqva: ,,me kargad vxedav im mizezs, risTvisac miRalata da<br />

mimatova grafma. mas imedi aqvs, rom am omSi osmalebi bolos momiReben<br />

. . .Tu Tqven CemTan darCebiT, Tqveni TvaliT dainaxavT, rogor<br />

gaucruvdeba imedi generals. Semdeg amis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT moaxsenoT<br />

mas~ (39).<br />

. . . man (<strong>erekle</strong>m) Turq tyveTa dakiTxviT da adgilobrivi<br />

qarTvelebis saSualebiT Seityo, rom axalcixis faSas ganzraxuli<br />

hqonda, general totlebens fexdafex ukan dasdevneboda da borjomis<br />

viwro xeobaSi mTlad gaenadgurebina. es ambavi da axalcixis faSas<br />

ZalTa raodenoba mefe <strong>erekle</strong>sTvis ucnobebia sof. udis (adigenis r-ni)<br />

adgilobriv mcxovrebs, vinme iakob gziriSvils (79). <strong>erekle</strong>s mTavari<br />

103

amocana iyo, axalcixeSi ganlagebuli faSas mTavari Zalebi Tavisken<br />

miezida, raTa ruseTis jars borjomis xeoba daetovebina. ruseTis jaris<br />

wasvliT imdenad gaTamamdnen awyuris mecixovneebi, rom osmaleTis<br />

delibaSebTan (TavzexelaRebuli, kargad gawvrTnili vaJkacebi, meomrebi)<br />

erTad qarTvelebs Tavs daesxnen. adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gadmocemiT<br />

mterma pirveli TavdasxmisTanave 70 qarTveli moitaca, cixeSi Seiyvana da<br />

daxoca (79).<br />

gaTamamebuli delibaSebi awyuris gzaze Sejaxebian qarTvelebs ,, . . .<br />

gzasa zeda SeemTxva mefesa mxedroba delibaSebisa, romelsac sZlo<br />

mefeman” (141, 81). mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m laSqari sam ZiriTad nawilad ganalaga<br />

awyuris midamoebSi, soflebis sayuneTi – tyemlanas teritoriaze. pirvel<br />

nawils aleqsandre ciciSvili usardla da xididan marcxniv axlo<br />

mdebare tyeSi Caasafra. ciciSvilma miiRo davaleba, rodis unda<br />

Cabmuliyo brZolaSi da ra unda gaekeTebina. meore nawils mefem Tavisi<br />

vaJi - giorgi Cauyena saTaveSi da xididan marjvniv sami versis (3200<br />

metri _ sof. sayuneTis mxares) manZilze ganalaga. mesames TviT <strong>erekle</strong><br />

sardlobda. mefe win wauZRva Tavis razms, xididan oTxi versiT (4264<br />

metri) ukan daixia da mowinaaRmdegis pirveli dartymis misaRebad<br />

gaemzada. axalcixis, namir faSas mier gamogzavnili TurqTa kargad<br />

SeiaraRebuli mxedroba awyuris cixis mxridan erT dros <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />

brZanebiT agebul xids moadga. mcire yoymanis Semdeg (savaraudod,<br />

dazverva Catarda – d. m.) mtris jarma xidi gadaiara da md. mtkvris<br />

marjvena mxares gadavida. rodesac maT Cveni Zalebi ver dainaxes, gza<br />

gaagrZeles sof. tyemlanas mimarTulebiT da pirdapir <strong>erekle</strong>s razmis<br />

ganlagebas miadgnen. gaimarTa ficxeli brZola. orive mxare TavganwirviT<br />

ibrZoda. am dros giorgi batoniSvili Tavisi razmiT Tavzardamcemi<br />

yiJiniT CaerTo brZolaSi. moulodnel dartymas veRar gauZlo osmalTa<br />

jarma. rodesac ciciSvilma dainaxa, rom TurqTa jari Sedrka da<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m mowinaaRmdege xidisaken ukuaqcia, gamovida safridan da Turqebs<br />

ukan dasaxevi gza mouWra. mteri xids moawyda. xidi rom dakavebuli<br />

daxvda gadacurvis imediT mtkvarSi gadaeSvnen (141, 82). adidebuli<br />

mdinare vercerTma maTganma ver gadalaxa. (ix. sqema #6, 156). <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />

104

dauZaxa de grai de fuas da uTxra: - ,,wadiT da moaxseneT Tqvens<br />

generals, rac Tqveni TvaliT naxeT, uTxari mas, rom ar geRalata, erT<br />

kviraSi aviRebdiT axalcixesTqo, me davbrundebi Tbiliss da Tqveni<br />

generlis moqmedebis Sesaxeb yvelafers mis udidebulesobas imperators<br />

Sevatyobinebo~ (137). ruseTis samefos warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi<br />

anton mouravovi, am brZolis monawile, Semdeg wers: ,,gamxnevebuli 500<br />

cxenosan. . .gadavida Setevaze Turqebisa da lekebis winaaRmdeg,<br />

romlebmac im wuTSive daiwyes ukan gaqceva. am brZolaSi <strong>erekle</strong>s erTi<br />

meomari moukles da sami dauWres~. mterma ki awyuris midamoebSi didZali<br />

msxverpli gaiRo. nawili adidebulma mtkvris talRebma daaxrCo, nawili<br />

ki qarTvelTa xmliT moisra. . .~ (141, 83).<br />

awyuris midamoebSi brZolisas gansakuTrebiT usaxelebia Tavi<br />

xevsurTa razms, romelic mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s mcvelTa banakSi imyofeboda.<br />

mefis Semdeg am brZolis legendarul gmirad asaxeleben sof. kolagis<br />

mkvidrs _ luarsab oTaris Ze vaCnaZes, romelsac mravali brZolis<br />

gmirad icnobdnen. am gadmocemis sinamdviles istoriuli dokumentic<br />

adasturebs, kerZod, mefe giorgi XII-is wyalobis sigeli luarsab<br />

vaCnaZisadmi, romelSic vkiTxulobT: ,,Seni siyrmiTagan mraval omebSi<br />

saxelovnad garja, mokvla da tyveTa morTmeva, agreTve aspinZas, didad<br />

rom gagviWirda, batons mamaCvens da Cvens win saxsovrad xelis gamoReba<br />

TviT Cvenis TvaliT uyurebdiT, delibaSma pirdapir SubiT piris saxezed<br />

mZimed dagWra, magram rogorc mamacobas Svenoda, ar umtyune da TofiT<br />

Camoagde~ (141, 84).<br />

miuxedavaT qarTvelebis aseTi gmiruli gamarjvebisa, mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m<br />

zogierT mizezTa gamo q. axalcixeze ieriSis ganxorcieleba ver gabeda.<br />

amrigad axalcixis aRebis gegma CaiSala. borjomis xeobiT TbilisSi<br />

dabruneba saSiSi iyo. lek-osmalTa laSqari jer kidev sabolood<br />

ganadgurebuli ar iyo da SesaZloa ukan gabrunebuli qarTvelebi<br />

borjomis xeobis viwro gasasvlelebSi gaenadgurebinaT.<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m awyurSive Seityo adgilobrivi (qarTveli)<br />

mosaxleobisagan, kerZod ki niko beriZisagan (nikoloz beriZe<br />

warmoSobiT javaxeTidan _ sof. koTeliadan, romelic megzurobas uwevda<br />

105

qarTvelTa laSqars da TrialeTze gavliT qarTlisaken mihyavda isini),<br />

rom axalcixis faSas brZanebiT awyuris cixis mosaSveleblad wamosulan<br />

axalqalaqisa da xerTvisis mecixovne ianiCrebi (regularuli, kargad<br />

gawvrTnili qveiTi jari (77, 308. 113, 163), romlebsac davalebuli hqondaT<br />

aspinZis mimarTulebiT qarTvelebisaTvis gzebi SeekraT, nawili ki<br />

awyuris mecixovneebs miSveleboda: ,,. . . cudi saqme moeloda qarTvel<br />

jars. igi exla xafangSi momwyvdeuliviT iyo, amitom axalcixis faSa<br />

gaTamamda da imedi hqonda <strong>erekle</strong> exla xelidan veRarsad wauvidoda da<br />

ise Seananebda am Tavxed SemoWras osmaleTSi, rom mTel sicocxleSi ar<br />

daiviwyebda. qarTvelTa mxedrobas mTlad ganadgurebas upirebda, xolo<br />

TviT mefes tyved wayvanas~ (141, 89).<br />

amrigad, lek-osmalTa jars ganzraxuli hqonda qarTvelebisTvis<br />

aspinZis xeobaSi gzebi Seekra, erTi mxridan _ axalqalaq-xerTvisis<br />

mecixovneebis daxvedriT, xolo meore mxridan _ awyur-axalcixis<br />

jarebis SeteviT. mowinaaRmdege mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s fexdafex dadevnebia. amis<br />

Sesaxeb istorikosi oman xerxeuliZe wers: awyuris midamoebSi ,, . . .iqmna<br />

brZola ficxeli, vidre sam saaTamde da lekni da osmalni ukudgnen<br />

simagreTa da rusnic Semovidnen xeobaSi samSvidobos da amisa Semdgomad<br />

mefe irakli aiyara masve dResa (19 aprili) da wamovida javaxeTis<br />

mxrisaken mindorzed, gamovlo awyuridam 12 versi (12792 metri) da amas<br />

Ramesa mun daivana gamoyvnen osmal-leknica~ (40, 491. 48, 80).<br />

axalcixis faSas qarTvelTa moqmedeba mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia.<br />

1770 wlis 19 aprilsAaxalqalaqisa da xerTvisis cixeebidan 1500 mebrZoli<br />

gamoiyvana, raTa gza gadaeWra <strong>erekle</strong> mefis laSqrisaTvis aspinZasTan<br />

(125, 106). adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gadmocemiT, axalcixisa da xerTvisis<br />

mecixovneebs awyurisaken wamosvlis dros saSinlad daurbeviaT gzis<br />

piras mdebare qarTvelebis sofeli nijgori (aspinZis r-ni). am soflis<br />

mosaxleoba axlomaxlo gamoqvabulebsa da xevebSi Sexiznula. soflis<br />

Tavkacis dimitri londariZis xelmZRvanelobiT mamakacebi Sekrebilan da<br />

mterTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZola gaumarTavT. axalqalaqisa da<br />

xerTvisis mecixovneebs radgan nabrZanebi hqondaT qarTvelTa<br />

laSqrisTvis aspinZasTan gzebi CaeketaT, sofel nijgors male<br />

106

gascilebian, riTac soflis mosaxleobas safrTxe ascilebia (141, 90).<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s brwyinvale <strong>samxedro</strong> niWi sof. idumalasTanac<br />

gamovlinda. man mters cxenosani razmi Seageba. mowinaaRmdege Sedrka.<br />

mefem brZolaSi axali razmebi Caaba. qarTvelebi moxerxebuli maRlobi<br />

adgilebidan utevdnen osmalebs. isini TavganwirviT ibrZodnen da ar<br />

surdaT, brZolis veli qarTvelebisTvis daeTmoT, magram qarTvel<br />

mebrZolTa axali Zalebis brZolaSi Cabmam Sedegi gamoiRo. mteri<br />

erTmaneTSi airia da Tavs gaqceviT uSvela. mowinaaRmdegem brZolis<br />

velze 500 meomari datova, danarCeni adidebulma mtkvarma daaxrCo.<br />

qarTvelebs moukles 4 Tavadi da 10 rigiTi meomari, rac maTi<br />

xelCarTuli sabrZolo xelovnebis maRal ostatobaze miuTiTebs.<br />

ai, ras wers amis Sesaxeb am Setakebis TviTmxilveli anton<br />

mouravovi 1770 wlis 30 aprils general totlebens: ,, . . . sofel<br />

aspinZas, maT (qarTvelebs) SexvdaT xuTiaTasi cxenosani delibaSis,<br />

levandis . . . sadac marcxniv (sof. idumalasa da oSoris) maRali<br />

gorebia, romlebzedac zeviT misvla verafriT ver moxerxda da marjvniv<br />

ki mtkvari iyo. gorebidan ki md. mtkvramde manZili iyo mxolod ori<br />

kilometri, sadac irakli arCeuli cxenosnebiT Seejaxa maT. Tumca,<br />

Turqebi Zalian icavdnen Tavs, magram bolos iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan<br />

daexiaT, imaT (osmalebs) miwaze 500 mkvdari meomari darCaT, TviTon<br />

iraklis ki moukles 4 Tavadi da 10 rigiTi meomari~ (51, I, 107).<br />

idumalasTan DbrZola mTlad damTavrebuli ar iyo, roca <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />

acnobes, rom axalcixis faSas mier gamogzavnili <strong>samxedro</strong> korpusi<br />

aspinZis mimarTulebiT gamoCnda da xidis gagavliT mtkvris marjvena<br />

napirze gadmosvlas apirebso. lek-osmalTa laSqari axalcixis<br />

garnizonidan aspinZis midamoebSi movida. uravlis xeobiT, soflebis:<br />

WobareTis, zvelis, orgora saxudabelis- gaswvriv gavliT da aspinZis<br />

xidze gadasvliT.<br />

am droisaTvis mefes Tan hyavda sul 3000-mde meomari. MmaTSi iyvnen<br />

borCaloeli TaTrebi. gansacdelSi myofi, samefos mowyvetili,<br />

mowinaaRmdegis did Zalas unda dapirispireboda. AaseT viTarebaSi Tavi<br />

iCina sardlis niWma. <strong>erekle</strong> mefem kargad icoda, rom xelsayreli<br />

107

pozocia, moxerxebuli saomari adgili yvelaze metad iyo saWiro<br />

ricxobrivad didi upiratesobis mqone mowinaaRmdegeze gamarjvebisaTvis.<br />

amitom aseTi bunebrivi poziciis SerCevas Seudga dauyovnebliv. Mmefem<br />

aspinZis maRlobebi amoirCia. ai, ras wers am adgilebis Sesaxeb XVIII-is<br />

istorikosi da geografi vaxuSti bagrationi: ,,amas (svelis, anu<br />

laSisxevis) zeiT erTvis mtkvars aspinZis xevi aRmosavleTidam, gamodis<br />

kodianisas anu javaxeTis mTas. amis SesarTavTan aris xidi mtkvarsa<br />

zeda. aspinZis Tavs da agaras bolos aris cixe kldesa zeda Seni, magari.<br />

aspinZis zeiT, CrdiloeTiT ars mgelcixe. magari didSeni. amave xevzed<br />

oTas, ars kldesa Sina gamokveTilni qvabni did-didni saxizrad” (33,<br />

127).ESetakebis adgilebi mdebareobda dasaxlebul punqtebis idumalasa<br />

da aspinZas Sua mtkvris marjvena napiras. Mmtkvarsa da simaRleebs<br />

Soris 2 kilometramde sigrZis viwro vake-borcviani adgili iyo<br />

darCenili. ,,<strong>erekle</strong>m es kldovani simaRleebi airCia saomari<br />

moqmedebebisaTvis da iq Caasafra mebrZolebi~ (52, 18), romelnic sam<br />

nawilad dahyo.EerT nawils TviTon xelmZRvanelobda, meores _ <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />

ufrosi vaJi giorgi, xolo mesames _ <strong>daviT</strong> orbeliani. qarTvelTa<br />

sabrZolo ganlageba TavdacvaSi aseTi iyo: centralur dajgufebas<br />

sardlobda TviT mefe, romelic Sua maRlobebze ganlagda, marjvena<br />

frTas _ giorgi batoniSvili, romelsac mefisagan nabrZanebi hqonda,<br />

Tavisi laSqriT Tavdapirvelad brZolaSi monawileoba ar mieRo, mas<br />

Tavisi Zalebi gaWirvebis dros an ieriSis ganviTarebisaTvis unda<br />

gamoeyenebina, rogorc rezervi, marcxena frTaze ki <strong>daviT</strong> orbeliani<br />

imyofeboda zaal orbelianTan erTad.<br />

qarTvel mebrZolebs poziciebi jer kidev bolomde ar hqondaT<br />

dakavebuli aspinZis maRlobebze, rom TurqTa razmebma gadmosvla<br />

daiwyes xidze, romelic mtkvarze iyo gadebuli. <strong>erekle</strong>m gangeb acala<br />

mowinaaRmdeges xidze mebrZolTa gadmoyvana, raTa Tavisi taqtikuri<br />

Canafiqri ganexorcielebina (viwrobebSi Zalebis manevrirebis SezRudva -<br />

d. m.) mowinaaRmdegem mTlad aavso grZeli da viwro vake mtkvris marjvena<br />

sanapiroze. daRamda,Mmcire nawili laSqrisa marcxena napirze dabanakda<br />

da brZola Semdegi dRisaTvis gadaido.<br />

108

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m, gaiTvaliswina rom mters axali maSveli Zalebi<br />

Seemateboda, amitom 19 aprils md. mtkvarze xidi ayara. mtkvris marcxena<br />

mxares mtris laSqris nawili da mahmadiani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli<br />

mravali sofeli (didi da patara varneTi, bnela, oskeria, awyvita, qunca,<br />

rokeTi, orgora, saxudabeli, axaSeni da sxva) Seecdeboda, daxmareba<br />

aRmoeCinaT axalcixis faSasaTvis qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.<br />

,,movida mefe irakli aspinZas da aspinZis xidis isrebi aayrevina da<br />

mtkvarSi gadaayrevina~ (48, 80) brZolis wina Rames <strong>erekle</strong> II-m<br />

mcirericxovani razmi gaagzavna xidis mwyobridan gamosayvanad,<br />

romelSic aRabab erisTavi, svimon muxran-batonis Svili da xudia<br />

borCaloeli monawileobdnen. jgufma moulodneli TavdasxmiT mcvelebi<br />

gaanadgura da Seasrula mefis mier micemuli davaleba ise, rom<br />

mowinaaRmdeges meore dRemde araferi Seutyvia (141, 102).<br />

1770 wlis 20 aprils, . . . mowinaaRmdege ar aqtiurobda,<br />

qarTvelebisgan moeloda Setevis dawyebas. mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m mtris<br />

mosatyueblad <strong>samxedro</strong> xerxs mimarTa: daaxloebiT 100-mde mebrZoli<br />

gagzavna mtris mmarTulebiT cxenebze xurjingadakidebuli, viTomda<br />

,,sursaT-sanovagis~ mosatanad, raTa mteri SecdomaSi Seeyvana da<br />

Casafrebis adgilidan wamoeSala. rogorc irkveva, qarTvelebma mefis<br />

darigebisamebr, xmlebis qneviT, ukan-ukan daixies (141, 102). faqtia, rom<br />

TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari aRniSnuli brZolisa, osmalebis mier Setevis<br />

dawyebas amtkicebs, amitom s. xositaSvilis gadmocema marTebulia.<br />

osmalebisa da lekebisagan Semdgarma jarma win waweva da dadevneba<br />

daiwyo. TofiT srolis manZilze miaxloebisas erTbaSad srola daiwyo,<br />

magram Camwkrivebul da safrebs amofarebul qarTvelebs mteri verafers<br />

aklebda. <strong>erekle</strong>m axlo manZilze mouSva mowinaaRmdege, misi niSnis<br />

Semdeg qarTvelTa Tofebma erTdroulad iquxes da moaxloebuli mtris<br />

pirveli rigi mocelili balaxiviT daeca. aseTive bedi ewia meore da<br />

mesame rigebsac. iarusebad ganlagebuli qarTvelebi setyvasaviT<br />

esrodnen tyvias osmalebs, rogorc amas istoriuli literatura<br />

gadmogvces. qarTvelebi sabrZolo upiratesobas flobdnen. maRlobebidan<br />

gasrolili iaraRi mowinaaRmdeges meti sizustiT anadgurebda, rasac<br />

109

xels uwyobda viwro adgilmdebareobiT gamowveuli mtris Zalebis<br />

simWidrove da Tavisufali manevrirebis SezRuda.<br />

mowinaaRmdegis ricxobrivma siWarbem Tavisi gaitana da qarTvelTa<br />

centralur dajgufebas axali razmebiT Seutia. D<strong>daviT</strong> orbelianma<br />

gaaZliera marjvena frTidan cecxlis daSena. E<strong>erekle</strong> II-m mebrZolebs<br />

sityviT mimarTa: ` ... mxneno qarTvelno, es amisTana gaWirvebuli omi Cven<br />

Tavzed pirveli ar aris. Kkargad gaarCieT, dainaxeT, ra sikvdilis lxini<br />

aris dRes! viomoT sikvdilamdis, rom Cveni zurgi mterma ar naxos ...<br />

mec aq TqvenSi vimyofebi, <strong>erekle</strong> ~ (63, 5). am grZnobiT warmoTqmulma<br />

sityvebma mebrZolTa moraluri mdgomareoba gaaaTkeca im donemde, roca<br />

Tavdadeba da samSoblosaTvis sikvdili, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, netarebad<br />

miaCnia adamians, miT umetes, umravlesobam icoda <strong>erekle</strong> mefis brZolis<br />

ambavi. Q<br />

qarTvelebma maRlobebidan ieriSi miitanes. mefis saocari mamacobiTa<br />

da simarjviT aRtacebaSi mosuli cxenosani jari umowyalod Cexda<br />

mowinaaRmdeges. mematianis gadmocemiT, ` <strong>erekle</strong>m gaswira Tavi Tvisi da<br />

ekveTa ficxlad vidre sikvdilamde da iyvnen mefisa Tanamyofni qarTvelkaxni<br />

mxned da umetes Svidni igi xevsurnio~. brZolis kulminaciur<br />

momentSi mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m mowinaaRmdegis winamZRoli lekTa aTasisTavi<br />

koxta beladi (malaCila) mokla. XIX s-Si sofel xizabavraSi mcxovrebi<br />

dele pavliaSvili , romelsac i. alxaziSvilma gamokiTxa aspinZis<br />

brZolis Sesaxeb, saidanac vgebulobT, rom ` mefe <strong>erekle</strong> erT serze,<br />

sadac TaTrebis sasaflao yofila koxta belads Setakebia. wamsve koxtas<br />

moqneuli xmali ascda mefes, radgan cxens mucelzed moeqca. xmalma su<br />

waiRo unagiris aiar-yaSi (Tavi) ... moajda mefe cxens…... <strong>erekle</strong>m mouqnia<br />

xmali da ise gauara xmalma ro lekma verc-ki gaigo ... gadasWra kaci ...<br />

giauro ver momartyio, magram cota ro SeinZra tani Zirs Camovarda da<br />

fexebi ki uzangSi darCa . . . ~ (52, 3).<br />

raoden gadaWarbebuladac ar unda mogveCvenos dele pavliaSvilis<br />

monaTxrobi (mxatvruli gaformeba), <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier koxta beladis<br />

mokvlas mravali istoriuli masala adasturebs. ra gasakviria, rom am<br />

orTabrZolis mxilveli mowinaaRmdege SeSinda da maTi damarcxeba<br />

110

SedarebiT gaadvilda. mefis msgavsad, mamacurad ibrZodnen qarTveli<br />

mebrZolebic. osmal-lekTa laSqarma ukan daxeva daiwyo. AmaT mxolod<br />

imis imedi amxnevebda, rom xidze gadavidodnen da Tavs gaqceviT mainc<br />

uSvelidnen.<br />

im garemoebam, rom ukuqceul mowinaaRmdeges xidi ayrili dauxvda da<br />

erTaderTi ukandasaxevi gza moWrili iyo, maT rigebSi panika gamoiwvia.<br />

igi moralurad daeca da brZolis unari dakarga. mtkvris marcxena<br />

napirze darCenilma mcirericxovanma mowinaaRmdegem, xidis ganadgurebis<br />

gamo, mdinaris marjvena mxares gadmosvla da mebrZolebze miSveleba ver<br />

SeZlo. sabolood mowinaaRmdege qarTvelebisa da azvirTebuli mtkvris<br />

msxverpli gaxda. (ix. sqema #7. 157). adgilmdebareobis rekognoscirebaSi<br />

dagvexmra aspinZis mkvidri, istorikosi roberti beriZe.<br />

qarTvelebma daatyveves 56 Turqi da 1 leki. xelT igdes mravali<br />

droSa, cxeni da didZali iaraRi. Cveni mxridan danakargi ramdenime<br />

aTeul daWril-daxocils Seadgenda. daWrilTa Soris moxseniebulia<br />

aleqsandre ciciSvili da iase erisTavi.<br />

mowinaaRmdegis ricxobrivi raodenoba istoriul masalebSi<br />

sxvadasxvanairadaa mocemuli. n. berZeniSvilis gadmocemiT ≈ 4000,<br />

o.xerxeuliZis ≈ 6000, g. qiqoZisa da v. maWaraZis ≈ 8000. miuxedavad imisa,<br />

rom o. xerxeuliZე aRwerili periodis mematianea, sandoobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, v. maWaraZis mier moZiebuli dokumentebi ufro sarwmunoa.<br />

tyved Cavardnili ramdenime meTauris CvenebiT, rvaaTasiani<br />

korpusidan 4000-ze meti mebrZolis velze daRupula (98, 68), asobiT<br />

mebrZoli wyaldidobiT azvirTebulma mtkvarma daaxrCo. DdaRupula<br />

mowinaaRmdegis korpusis sardali; 12 sanjayis mflobeli; yulianis,<br />

karcxlisa da olTisis faSebi. <strong>erekle</strong> II paninisadmi gagzavnil werilSi<br />

moklulTa Soris asaxelebs _ TurqTagan: artanbegs, beqirbegs, gola<br />

faSas, SavSeTis begs da sxva. lekTagan: aTasisTavs - malaCilas (koxta<br />

beladi), usuf belads, haji mamed belads da sxva. daRupulad Tvlida<br />

mefe yumuxis mTavris Svils, sulTnis mier winaswar Tbilisis faSad<br />

daniSnuls, radgan am ukanasknelis cxeni mefes mihgvares (141, 115).<br />

111

<strong>erekle</strong> II-sa da mis mebrZolebis gmirobis Sesaxeb mravali leqsia<br />

dawerili solomon caiSvilis wignSi ,,<strong>erekle</strong> mefis gmiruli saxe<br />

xalxur SemoqmedebaSi~ (134).<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefem tyveTagan axalcixeli izmail-aRa, erzerumeli reJebaRa<br />

da leki saxelad ata, ruseTis samefo karze gaagzavna (52, 3).<br />

aRniSnuliT ruseTs daumtkica, rom Turme SesaZlebeli yofila <strong>erekle</strong><br />

II-is mier SeTavazebuli gegmis ganxorcieleba. totlebenis Ralatisa da<br />

samefoSi Seqmnili viTarebis gamo brZola axalcixis aRebisTvis aRar<br />

gagrZelebula.<br />

aspinZis brZolaSi qarTvelebma mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-is sardlobiT<br />

daamarcxes mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdege. es brZola, <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT, TavdacviTi sabrZolo operaciaa. rodesac<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m gaigo, rom mtris jari awyurisaken miemarTeboda, daaswro maT<br />

gadmosvlas da TviTon gadavida aspinZaSi dasaxvedrad. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

moqmedebis gegma aseTi iyo, daeswro mowinaaRmdegisTvis da sruliad<br />

moulodnelad Tavs dasxmoda mas. Seafasa ra arsebuli viTareba,<br />

osmalebs daaswro da aspinZis maRlobebi daikava. AaseTi moqmedeba misi<br />

taqtikuri Canafiqria. sun Zi aRniSnulis Sesaxeb ambobda: ,,vinc pirveli<br />

midis brZolaSi da mters elodeba, igi savsea ZalebiT, vinc Semdeg<br />

daRlilia. vinc kargad ibrZvis, is marTavs mowinaaRmdeges da<br />

saSualebas ar aZlevs, rom marTos Tavisi Tavi~ (101, 47), ase moxda am<br />

brZolaSic. es imiTac aixsneba, rom mowinaaRmdegem ramdenejerme miitana<br />

ieriSi maRlobebze, magram warmatebas ver miaRwia, radgan sainJinro<br />

TvalsazrisiT gamagrebul qarTvel mebrZolebs sammagi upiratesoba<br />

gaaCndaT:<br />

I _ winaswar SerCeuli adgili Tavdacvis karg saSualebas iZleoda,<br />

rac mcire danakargs gamoiwvevda;<br />

II _ mowinaaRmdegis efeqturi dazianeba simaRlidan axlo manZilze.<br />

III _ swrafi kontrieriSis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, rac<br />

warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli.<br />

rogorc viciT, aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs mebrZolTa sabrZolo<br />

SemarTebas, rac damokidebulia ideologiasa da rwmenaze. <strong>erekle</strong> mefem<br />

112

ieriSis win sityviT mimarTa mebrZolebs da maTi ganwyoba aamaRla,<br />

aspinZis xidis gafuWebiT gamarjvebis rwmena ganumtkica.<br />

raki mowinaaRmdegem pirdapiri ieriSebiT veraferi gaawyo da<br />

danakargs uSedegod ganicdida, savaraudoa, gadawyvita qarTvelTa<br />

sabrZolo wyobisTvis zurgidan moevlo. Aam Canafiqris sisruleSi<br />

mosayvanad xidis mimarTulebiT ukan daixia da reliefidan gamomdinare<br />

viwro dablobze moaxdina Zalebis koncentracia. am dros gamomJRavnda<br />

sardlis niWi, man mebrZolebi kontrieriSze gadaiyvana. osmal-lekni<br />

daibnen, vinaidan aseT moqmedebas ar elodnen. koxta beladis sikvdilma<br />

da xidis mwyobridan gamoyvanam mteri sasowarkveTilebaSi Caagdo da<br />

moralurad daaZabuna, ramac mniSvnelovnad gazarda moulodnelobis<br />

faqtori da qarTvelebs gamarjveba moutana.<br />

aspinZis brZolis arsis srulad aRwerisaTvis saWiroa ganvixiloT<br />

generalur brZolamde momxdari ori Setakeba, romlebic masTan kavSirSi<br />

moiazrebian. sanam aspinZaSi mividoda <strong>erekle</strong> II, mas, awyuris midamoebSi,<br />

sofel tyemlanasTan mouwia brZolebis Catareba.<br />

axalcixis faSasTvis cnobili gaxda <strong>erekle</strong>s gegmebi, (is axalqalaqi<br />

_ walkis gziT TbilisSi dabrunebas cdilobda) amitom man axalcixis<br />

garnizonidan gamoagzavna jari <strong>erekle</strong>s Sesaxvedrad. mefem droze Seityo<br />

am mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb da moxerxebulad ganalaga Tavisi<br />

jari sof. tyemlanas midamoebSi. am dros <strong>erekle</strong>s 3 000-mde mebrZoli<br />

hyavda, magram rogor ganawilda es Zalebi cnobili ar aris.<br />

Cvens mier Catarebulma rekognoscirebam saSualeba mogvca<br />

miaxloebiT dagvedgina, rom <strong>erekle</strong>s razmSi iyo 1500, giorgis razmSi<br />

1000, xolo ciciSvilis razmSi 500 mebrZoli. Tu ramdeni iyo osmalTa<br />

jari cnobebi ar gagvaCnia. aseve ucnobia osmalTa danakargebi.<br />

SevecadoT am suraTis raodenobriv aRdgenas. am brZolaSi <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />

daeRupa 1 da daeWra 3 mebrZoli. praqtikulad SeiZleba iTqvas rom man es<br />

brZola udanakargod Caatara.<br />

aseTi ram Teoriulad SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi rodesac<br />

erT-erTi mxare sargeblobs moulodnelobiT da brZolis procesi<br />

praqtikulad manamde wydeba, sanam mxare, romlisTvisac Setakeba<br />

113

moulodneli aRmoCnda gons moegeboda. am SemTxvevaSi brZola zustad<br />

aseTi scenariT warimarTa.<br />

osmalebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini qarTvelebTan saomrad<br />

midiodnen, konkretulad im adgilze Sexvedra moulodneli aRmoCnda da<br />

am faqtorma Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo. garkveuli drois Semdeg, gons<br />

mosuli mteri ukuiqca.<br />

sainteresoa ramden xans SeiZleboda gagrZelebuliyo mowinaaRmdegis<br />

gaurkvevel situaciaSi yofna? anu ramdeni dro dasWirdeboda<br />

meTaurobas gons mogebuliyo da miecaT miTiTebebi qveSevrdomTaTvis?<br />

miuxedavad imasa, Tu informaciis gadacemis ra saSualebebi iyo im dros<br />

da Tanamedrove Teoriuli gaTvlebiTa da eqspertuli SefasebiT es<br />

daaxloebiT aris 10 wuTamde, anu es is droa, ra droSic imuSava<br />

moulodnelobis faqtorma sawyis etapze mTlianobaSi. aq Cven<br />

vgulisxmobT <strong>erekle</strong> mefisa da giorgi batoniSvilis razmebis<br />

moulodneli qmedebebis erTobliobas.<br />

sainteresoa ramdeni SeeZlo qarTvelebs gaenadgurebinaT saSualod<br />

brZolis procesSi?<br />

sxvadasxva brZolebis analizidan mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom im<br />

drois qarTvelTa mebrZolebisTvis Sesabamisi koeficienti lanCesteris<br />

gantolebebSi, Tu drois erTeulad miviRebT wuTs, aris 0,015<br />

koeficienti. es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac dapirispirebuli mxare<br />

winaaRmdegobas uwevs. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mowinaaRmdege pasiuria,<br />

es koeficienti izrdeba da is SeiZleba iyos saSualod orjer meti.<br />

moulodnelobis faqtoriT ganpirobebuli procesis garda,<br />

mimdinareobda devnac. aq mowinaaRmdege isev pasiur mdgomareobaSia da<br />

amitom procesi midis igive kanonzomierebiT, rogorc moulodnelobisas,<br />

magram erTi faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT _ is droSi welvadia.<br />

gavixsenoT, rom am SetakebaSi monawileobda <strong>erekle</strong>sa da giorgis<br />

razmebi e.i. 2500 mebrZoli isini 10 wuTSi gaanadgurebdnen<br />

2500 10 2 0,015=750 mebrZols, sadac 2500 aris <strong>erekle</strong>-giorgis mebrZolTa<br />

raodenoba, 10 _ Setakebis xangrZlivoba, 2 0,015 _ mebrZolis koeficienti.<br />

dadevnebisas gveqneba 2500 15 0,015=562, sadac 15 devnis droa, danarCeni<br />

114

analogiurad. sul mters daeRupa 750+562=1312 mebrZoli. magram mTeli<br />

jaris ra nawili unda yofiliyo es raodenoba? dReisaTvis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

<strong>xelovneba</strong>Si miRebulia rom qvedanayofi kargavs brZolisunarianobas<br />

Tavisi Zalebis 35 %-is danakargis Semdeg. Tu CavTvliT, rom es 1312 iyo<br />

osmalTa jaris 35%, maSin maT hyoliaT daaxloebiT 3750 mebrZoli.<br />

aq SegviZlia angariSi gavuwioT rig garemoebebs. pirveli es arsi is,<br />

rom icodnen ra visTan hqondaT saqme (<strong>erekle</strong>s am dros ukve avtoriteti<br />

hqonda moxveWili) maT SeeZloT gaqceuliyvnen ufro adre. aseT<br />

SemTxvevaSi daRupulTa zemoTmoyvanili ricxvi (1312) yofiliyo mTeli<br />

jaris 30%. meore faqtori isaa, rom osmalebi modiodnen swored <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad da Sexvdnen swored mas. aqedan gamomdinare<br />

maT SeeZloT male ar Semdrkaliyvnen da winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT didxans.<br />

am SemxvevaSi ricxvi 1312 SeiZleba yofiliyo 40%.<br />

zemoaRniSnuli procentuli maCveneblebi (30% da 40%) aris pirobiTi<br />

zRvari, romlis CarCoSic movaxdineT gaTvlebi. am daSvebebidan<br />

gamomdinare osmalTa jari yofila 3200-dan 4500-mde. Tu maT saSualos<br />

aviRebT (3850), vuaxlovdebiT isev im ricxvs romelic pirvelad miviReT<br />

3750.<br />

es ricxvi sruliad misaRebi gaxdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ori<br />

dRiT adre axalcixis faSam awyuris cixis gasamagreblad gamogzavna<br />

2000 kaci. cxadia <strong>erekle</strong>s sruli ganadgurebis mizniT mas SeeZlo<br />

daaxloebiT orjer meti jari gamoegzavna.<br />

mematianis gadmocemiT danarCeni (1312 daRupulis garda) mtkvarSi<br />

daixrCo. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT rom es brZola moxda 19 aprils rodesac<br />

mtkvari savaraudod, weliwadis droidan gamomdinare, maqsimalurad<br />

iqneboda adidebuli, mematianis gadmocema damajereblad JRers.<br />

am SesaniSnavad organizebuli brZolis dros <strong>erekle</strong>m Tavisi gza<br />

TrialeTisaken ganagrZo. amis gamo mis Sesaxvedrad, axalcixis faSas<br />

brZanebiT, axalqalaqis da xerTvisis cixeebidan gamoemarTa 1500 kaciani<br />

osmalTa laSqari.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> maT Sexvda sofel idumalasTan. qarTvelebi ganlagdnen<br />

Zalze moxerxebulad _ daikaves mniSvnelovani maRlobebi. <strong>erekle</strong>m mters<br />

115

jer mewinave cxenosani jari daaxvedra da rodesac mterma mTeli<br />

yuradReba maTken gadaitana, man, SetakebaSi Tanmimdevrulad CarTo sxva<br />

razmebi, rac mtrisTvis moulodneli aRmoCnda. igi Sedrka da gaiqca,<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m maT gza mouWra da gadarCenilebi mtkvarSi gadacvivdnen. mterma<br />

brZolis velze dakarga 500 mebrZoli (Zalebis 1/3), <strong>erekle</strong>m es brZolac<br />

praqtikulad, udanakargod Caatara (dakarga 14 mebrZoli).<br />

mocemul 2 SetakebaSi mowinaaRmdegem moklulTa saxiT 1312+500=1812<br />

mebrZoli da mtkvarSi damxvrCvalTa saxiT 2438+1000=3438 mebrZoli<br />

dakarga. sul: 1812+3438=5250 kaci.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s Seusvenia. am dros aspinZis mxridan gamoCnda osmalTa<br />

laSqari, romelic axalcixis garnizonidan iqna gamogzavnili. 20 aprils<br />

gaimarTa generaluri brZola. zemoT ukve iTqva, rom <strong>erekle</strong>s am<br />

brZolaSi 3000 mebrZoli yavda. aspinZaSi dakarga ,,ramdenime aTeuli~. ra<br />

Zalebi yavda mters? cnobebi sxvadasxvaa: 4, 6, 8 aTasi, an ramdeni dakarga<br />

man, ucnobia. SevecadoT am monacemebis aRdgenas.<br />

Cven bevri sxvadasxva brZolis analizisas, eqspertul monacemebze<br />

dayrdnobiT vRebulobT rom qarTvelTa sabrZolo Tvisobrivi<br />

maCvenebeli a (mebrZolis TvisebaTa erToblioba, romelic zegavlenas<br />

axdens brZolis procesis mimdinareobaze da gamoisaxeba koeficientiT)<br />

3.5-jer metia, vidre mtris _ b. e.i. c= a/ b= 3.5 imis gamo, rom am brZolaSi<br />

qarTvelebs uaRresad moxerxebuli poziciebi ekavaT da mteri Zalze<br />

mWidrod idga, anu dapirispirebul mxareTa urTierTganlagebis sawyisma<br />

mdgomareobam es koeficienti _ a sul mcire orjer gazarda, mtris _ b<br />

orjer Seamcira. amrigad maCvenebeli c, 4-jer unda gavzardoT. rac<br />

Seexeba <strong>erekle</strong>s danakargebs _ `ramdenime aTeuli~, miviRoT rogorc<br />

sakontrolo maCvenebeli, mowinaaRmdegis ZalebSi, ganvixileT sxvadasxva<br />

varianti. miviReT, iseve rogorc wina SemTxvevebSi da CavTvaloT, rom<br />

mteri ukuiqca mas Semdeg, rac man dakarga Tavisi Zalebis 30%. aviRoT<br />

magaliTad, rom mters yavda 10 000 mebrZoli. rogorc kompiuteruli<br />

gaTvlebi gviCvenebs, imisaTvis rom mters daekarga 3000 (anu 10 000-is 30%),<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s unda daekarga ara ramdenime aTeuli, aramed 693 erTeuli. am<br />

116

Sedegs gvaZlevs lanCesteris gantolebebis amoxsna, im koeficientiT,<br />

romelic zemoT miviReT. amrigad, es varianti (rom, mters hyavda 10 000<br />

mebrZoli) miuRebelia. ase iqna ukugdebuli uamravi sxva variantebic,<br />

bolos am kriteriumebiT misaRebi aRmoCnda 3500 erTeuli. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> dakargavda 78 erTeuls (ramdenime aTeuli), mteri - 1078, rac<br />

3500-is daaxloebiT 30%-ia. Tu CavTvliT rom xids gaRma darCa mTeli<br />

Zalebis erTi meoTxedi, gamodis rom osmalebs hyoliaT daaxloebiT 5000<br />

mebrZoli.<br />

3500 is ricxvia, romelic sxva gaTvlebiTac miiReba. magaliTad<br />

ramdeni kaci (cxenosani) daeteoda im farTobze, sadac mowinaaRmdege<br />

ganlagda mtkvris marjvena mxares? (1500 200 m 2 ). ramden cxenosans<br />

SeeZlo im xidze gavla im droSi, romelic maT qondaT amisaTvis?<br />

amrigad aspinZis brZolis raodenobrivi mxare SeiZleba ase<br />

warmovidginoT: <strong>erekle</strong>s 3000 mebrZolis winaaRmdeg gamoemarTa osmalTa<br />

5000-ani laSqari. aqedan xidze gadmovida 3500, danarCeni darCa mtkvris<br />

marcxena napirze (`mcire nawili~, rogorc mematiane ambobs). am 3500-dan<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m brZolaSi gaanadgura daaxloebiT 1100, ris Semdegac mterma<br />

daiwyo gaqceva. mas Semdeg rac mters xidi ayrili dauxvda, isini<br />

mtkvarSi gadacvivdnen.<br />

sami brZolis Sedegad osmalebma saerTo jamSi dakarges<br />

5250+3500=8750 mebrZoli. <strong>erekle</strong>s danakargi am dros 100-s ar aRemateba.<br />

marTlac brwyinvale gamarjvebaa.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m am warmatebas riT miaRwia?<br />

Tu brZolis dinamikis aRweris Teorias mivmarTavT (154, 172-207),<br />

ZalTa Tanafardobas ganapirobebs ori faqtori ricxovnoba<br />

(raodenobiTi mxare) da Tvisobrivi mxare. Tvisobriv mxares Tavis mxriv<br />

ganapirobeben bevri faqtorebi, moulodneloba, reliefi da sxva. pirvel<br />

brZolaSi <strong>erekle</strong>m brwyinvaled gamoiyena moulodnelobis faqtori.<br />

meore brZolaSi man aseve SesaniSnavad gamoiyena reliefi, xolo<br />

kulminaciuri brZola iyo mxedarTmTavruli niWis ubadlo gamovlineba.<br />

erTis mxriv man SesaniSnavad ganalaga Tavisi Zalebi, xolo<br />

117

mowinaaRmdege Seityua iseT pirobebSi, sadac mas moqmedebis aRaraviTari<br />

Sansi ar dautova. amiT man Tavisi jaris Tvisobrivi mxare gaaumjobesa,<br />

xolo mowinaaRmdegis ukiduresad dabal niSnulze daiyvana. rac Seexeba<br />

mowinaaRmdegis raodenobriv mxares (rogorc cnobilia mis winaaRmdeg<br />

erTi saSualeba arsebobs _ mowinaaRmdege rogorme unda daanawevro) aq<br />

man brwyinvale xerxi moifiqra, xidis dangreviT mters mouspo saSualeba<br />

mtkvris marcxena mxares darCenili Zalebi saWiro dros CaerTo<br />

brZolaSi.<br />

qarTuli sabrZolo xelovnebis istoriSi aris amgvari magaliTebiT<br />

da Tuki vinme odesme am magaliTebis klasifikacias Seecdeba, maTSi<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s mier aspinZaSi gadaxdili brZolebi uaRresad TvalsaCino<br />

adgils daikaveben.<br />

Tu strategiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi debulebaa moqmedeba viTarebis<br />

mixedviT, xolo am azrs taqtikis gonivruli gamoyeneba ganamtkicebs,<br />

maSin, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am brZolaSi <strong>erekle</strong> II-m savsebiT daicva es<br />

debuleba, rac sardlis mier <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis kargad codnaze<br />

metyvelebs.Mman gonivrulad gamoiyena Tavdacvisa da kontrieriSis<br />

Semadgeneli elementebi: adgilmdebareobis swori SerCeva da viTarebis<br />

Sefaseba; mowinaaRmdegis SeCereba da danakargis miyeneba; kontrieriSze<br />

drouli gadasvla; mowinaaRmdegis blokirebiT Seqmnili upiratesobis<br />

ganviTareba; mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis ganadgureba.<br />

mocemul brZolaSi aseve gamovlinda SeteviTi operaciis<br />

maxasiaTeblebic: mTavari dartymis mimarTulebis sworad SerCeva;<br />

moulodneli Tavdasxma da iniciativis xelSi Cagdeba; siswrafe,<br />

mobiluroba da gambedaoba.<br />

aspinZis brZolaSi gamoyenebul iqna iseTi taqtikuri elementebi,<br />

romlebic dResac ar kargaven aqtualobasa da mniSvnelobas Tanamedrove<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebis sawarmoeblad. esenia:<br />

_ sabrZolo moqmedebaTa warmarTva manevris gamoyenebiT;<br />

_ adgilmdebareobis gonivruli SerCeva;<br />

_ jarebis moxerxebuli ganlageba da urTierTqmedeba;<br />

_ mowinaaRmdegis mier brZolis velze maSveli Zalebis miRebisa da<br />

118

manevris Catarebis SesaZleblobis aRkveTa sadazvervo da diversiuli<br />

moqmedebebis gziT;<br />

_ kontrieriSis ganxorcieleba adgilis, droisa da miznis mixedviT.<br />

mowinaaRmdegis Secdomis gonivrulma gamoyenebam, misi fsiqologiuri<br />

garemos uaryofiTad Secvlam, romelic analizSia mocemuli, brZolis<br />

velze mtris sruli ganadgureba ganapiroba.<br />

qarTvelma xalxma didebis SaravandediT Semosa aspinZis gmirebi.<br />

xolo am brZolis sardali _ mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II qarTveli xalxis erT-erT<br />

sayvareli gmiri gaxda (101, 23). aspinZis brZolis <strong>samxedro</strong> operaciaSi<br />

mTeli sisruliT gamovlinda <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis umTavresi principebi:<br />

_ ZalTa araTanabari ganawileba;<br />

_ adgilmdebareobis efeqturi gamoyeneba;<br />

_ Setevis mimarTilebis SerCeva,<br />

_ moulodnelobis faqtorze dayrdnobiT mcire ZalebiT<br />

mravalricxvovani mowinaaRmdegis ganadgureba.<br />

amrigad, aspinZis brZoliT kidev erTi furceli Caiwera XVIII<br />

saukunis saqarTvelos <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoriaSi. brZolis<br />

Seswavlisa da analizis safuZvelze unda gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi:<br />

_ aspinZis brZola unda ganvixiloT erTi mTliani sabrZolo<br />

operacia, romelic Sedgeboda awyuris, sayueTi-tyemlanas da aspinZis<br />

brZolis daskvniTi etapisagan. aspinZis gadamwyvet Serkinebamde<br />

gamarTulma brZolebma ara marto sagrZnobi danaklisi miayena<br />

mowinaaRmdeges, aramed qarTvelebs didi fsiqologiuri upiratesoba<br />

SesZina.<br />

_ aspinZis velze xelsayrel poziciebze qarTvelTa jaris sworad<br />

ganlagebam, kargad mofiqrebuli gegmiT brZolis warmarTvam, sardlebisa<br />

da calkeuli razmebis meTaurTa mamacurma da unarianma moqmedebam, mefis<br />

gmirobam, qarTvelTa gamarjveba ganapiroba.<br />

119

Tavi III. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> strategia, taqtika da<br />

principebi<br />

3.1. XVIII s-is dasavleT evropis, aziisa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> strategiisa da taqtikis SedarebiTi analizi<br />

disertaciis I da II TavSi SevexeT XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is mier gatarebul <strong>samxedro</strong>-administraciul reformebs da mis<br />

mier gadaxdil umniSvnelovanes brZolebs, romlebic gamarjvebiT<br />

damTavrda. sanam gavecnobodeT aRniSnul periodSi saqarTveloSi<br />

arsebul <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>s, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia ganvixiloT<br />

imdroindeli dasavleT evropis, ruseTis, aziis (osmaleTis, iranis,<br />

avRaneTis) qveynebis <strong>samxedro</strong> strategia da taqtika, romelic saSualebas<br />

mogvcems SevafasoT <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mxedarTmTavruli moRvaweoba.<br />

XVIII s-Si mravalricxovani armiebis Seqmnam da gaumjobesebuli<br />

iaraRiT aRWurvam didi gavlena moaxdina sabrZolo moqmedebebis<br />

warmarTvis xasiaTze da <strong>samxedro</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>ze. omebSi mravalaTasiani<br />

armiebis monawileobam mniSvnelovnad gazarda SeiaraRebuli brZolis<br />

teritoriuli masStabi. Sesabamisad mxedarTmTavrebs SeeZloT sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebi erTdroulad ramdenime mimarTulebiT waremarTaT (53, 62).<br />

jarebis gamoyenebis strategiuli SesaZleblobebis gazrdis<br />

mniSvnelovani komponenti gaxda maTi zurgis (lojistikuri)<br />

centralizebuli momarageba. zemoaRniSnuli dasavleT evropaSi gustav II<br />

adolfma (1611-1632) SemoiRo. sabrZolo moqmedebebis raionSi igi qmnida<br />

bazebs (sawyobebs), saidanac misi jari maragdeboda. aseTma momaragebam<br />

mniSvnelovnad gazarda armiis brZolisunarianoba (53, 41).<br />

zurgis momaragebis aseTi sistemis arsi iyo is, rom omis dawyebamde<br />

da misi msvlelobisas sabrZolo moqmedebaTa asparezze cixe-simagreebsa<br />

da sxva gamagrebul adgilebSi iqmneboda iaraRis, sabrZolo masalebis,<br />

sursaTisa da furaJis saWiro raodenoba. Sesabamisad, mterialuri<br />

kmayofis yvela saxe moqmed armias pirdapir miewodeboda, ramac gazarda<br />

sabrZolo SesaZleblobebi: sacecxle siZliere, damrtymeli Zala da<br />

120

moqmedebaTa tempi. mogvianebiT evropis sxvadasxva qveynebic gadavidnen<br />

momaragebis aseT sistemaze.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom momaragebis am sistemas naklovanebebic hqonda.<br />

kerZod, armia damokidebuli aRmoCnda momaragebis sawyobebze, romelTa<br />

dakargva SimSilisa da damarcxebis tolfasi iyo. Aamitom jarebi<br />

momaragebis bazebs Sors ar scildebodnen, raTa isini mowinaaRmdeges ar<br />

Cavardnoda xelSi. konkretuli teritoriis dapyrobis SemTxvevaSi<br />

mxedarTmTavrebi ar Cqarobdnen warmatebis ganviTarebas, sanam armias ar<br />

miuaxlovebdnen momaragebis sawyobebs. dauSveblad iTvleboda<br />

momaragebis bazebidan Sors daaxloebiT 80-120 km-ze metad moSoreba<br />

(53, 62).<br />

cecxlsasroli iaraRis xarisxis gazrdam sabrZolo moqmedebebi<br />

ufro sisxlismRvreli gaxada. amitom didi danakargebis SiSiT<br />

cdilobdnen Tavi aeridebinaT generaluri brZolebisTvis da gamarjveba<br />

moepovebinaT gonivrulad ganxorcielebuli ZalTa manevrirebiT.<br />

mowinaaRmdegis flangebze da zurgSi misi momaragebis bazebisa da<br />

komunikaciebis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT. iTvleboda, rom warmatebiT<br />

Catarebuli manevriT SeiZleboda mtris ukugdeba da misi teritoriis<br />

dapyroba. <strong>samxedro</strong> moqmedebebis mTavari mizani gaxda ara mowinaaRmdegis<br />

armiis ganadgureba, aramed misi teritoriis mokle droSi dakaveba.<br />

omebis warmoebis aseTma formam ,,manevruli~ strategiis saxelwodeba<br />

miiRo.<br />

zemoaRniSnul mizezTa gamo, saxelmwifoebma teritoriebis<br />

SenarCunebisa da dacvis mizniT, sazRvrispira raionebSi, sakomunikacio<br />

kvanZebsa da strategiul adgilebSi aSenebdnen Zlier cixe-simagreebs,<br />

cixe-galavnebs, romlebSic mowyobili iyo saTofurebi da adgilebi<br />

sagalavne artileriisTvis. Sig cocxali Zalis garda ganTavsebuli iyo<br />

momaragebis sawyobebi xelSeuxebeli maragebiT. maT dacvas kargad<br />

gawvrTnili da SeiaraRebuli garnizonebi axorcielebda. XVIII s-Si cixesimagreTa<br />

mSeneblobisa da dacvis teqnikam wina periodebTan SedarebiT<br />

ufro maRal dones miaRwia. yvela saxelmwifo cdilobda sazRvrispira<br />

regionebSi rac SeiZleba meti cixe-simagre hqonoda, raTa mtris<br />

121

Semotevis SesaZlo mimarTulebebi gadaeketa. Sesabamisad teritoriis<br />

perimetrze cixe-simagreebsa da sayrden punqtebSi jarebi ganawilebuli<br />

iyvnen mosalodneli safrTxis gaTvaliswinebiT. ZalTa aseTi Tavmoyris<br />

sistemas da pasiuri omebis warmoebis formas ,,sakordono~ (sasazRvro)<br />

strategia ewoda (154, 360).<br />

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare mowinaaRmdeges eSinoda qveynis siRrmeSi<br />

swrafi SeWra, raTa sazRvrispira raionebSi ganlagebul jaris nawilebs<br />

zurgidan ar daertyaT da xelSi ar CaegdoT maTi momaragebis nawilebi<br />

(ix. sqema #8, 158).<br />

qveynis siRrmeSi Seteva rekomendebuli iyo mxolod sazRvrispira<br />

cixe-simagreebisa da raionebis dauflebis Semdeg. amitom simagreTa<br />

aSeneba da alyis dros xangrZlivi Tavdacva an piriqiT, im droisTvis<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis Semadgenel nawiliad iTvleboda.<br />

petre I-is gardacvalebis (1725w) Semdeg zemoaRniSnuli strategiebis<br />

momxreebi iyvnen ruseTis mmarTveli wreebis reaqcioneri<br />

warmomadgenlebi (pavle I, arakCeevi, bironi da sxvebi). isini<br />

miiswrafodnen rusul armiaSi SemoeRoT evropuli, gansakuTrebiT<br />

prusiuli <strong>samxedro</strong> sistema. amis mizezi maTi eTnikuri warmomavloba da<br />

ganaTleba iyo. rusuli armia, evropulis msgavsad, Sedgeboda qveiTebis,<br />

cxenosnebis da saartilerio nawilebisagan, aseve <strong>samxedro</strong> sazRvao<br />

flotidan. miuxedavad amisa, rig omebSi (CrdiloeTis omi 1700-1721, ruseTosmaleTis<br />

1768-1774 da 1787-1791 wlebSi) p. a. rumiancevis, a. v. suvorovis<br />

da sxvaTa mier Catarebul sabrZolo operaciebSi gamoikveTa ,,aqtiuri<br />

moqmedebebis~ (Setevis) strategia, romelic miznad isaxavda<br />

moswinaaRmdegis mTavari Zalebis ganadgurebas (159, 30), rac mkveTrad<br />

gansxvavdeboda dasavleT evropis <strong>samxedro</strong> strategiidan.<br />

Zireuli cvlilebebi dasavleT evropuli armiebis strategiaSi<br />

Seitanes napoleon I bonapartes xelmZRvanelobiT Catarebulma omebma.<br />

safrangeTSi Camoyalibebuli armiebis didi xniT Senaxvam saxelmwifoze<br />

uaryofiTad imoqmeda ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT. amitom frangma<br />

generlebma jarebis ,,kordonuli~ ganlagebisa da manevrirebis nacvlad<br />

airCies ZalTa Tavmoyra gadamwyvet mimarTulebaze. sabrZolo<br />

122

moqmedebebis warmarTvis ZiriTadi meTodi gaxda Seteva, xolo manevri<br />

gamoiyeneboda saWiro dajgufebebis Seqmnis mizniT, raTa mowinaaRmdege<br />

erT-or generalur brZolaSi gaenadgurebinaT. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />

brZolebi, romlebic XVIII s-is omebSi ganixileboda gamarjvebis<br />

misaRwevad, saomari kompaniis mTavari Semadgeneli nawili gaxda. omis<br />

warmoebis aseT xerxs ,,ganadgurebis~ strategia ewoda da srulyofili<br />

saxe napoleon I-is <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobis periodSi miiRo. droTa<br />

ganmavlobaSi am strategiaze sxva qveynis armiebmac daiwyes gadasvla<br />

(53, 64).<br />

XVII s-Si iranis saxelmwifos mmarTveli Sahi _ abas I gaxda. man<br />

gonivruli politikis Sedegad Seqmna centralizebuli saxelmwifo.<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> kuTxiT reformebis ganxorcilebam xeli Seuwyo axladSeqmnili<br />

sajariso SenaerTebis potencialis gazrdas. oTxi SenaerTidan ori<br />

ZiriTadad tyve mebrZolebidan iyo dakompleqtebuli, danarCeni<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobidan, romelic araregularuli jaris saxiT<br />

arsebobda (139, 15-17).<br />

iranelTa jari Sedgeboda cxenosnebis gvardielTa korpusisagan<br />

(moisarebi), momTabareTa cxenosani laSqrisagan, romelsac SenarCunebuli<br />

hqonda tomobrivi organizacia da salaSqrod ojaxebiTa da jogebiT<br />

gamodioda. jarSi nawilobriv Sedioda feodaluri laSqaric. Sahis<br />

gadawyvetilebiT jaris reorganizacia alaverdi-xan undilaZes (im dros<br />

iranis jarebis sardali) da inglisel <strong>samxedro</strong>ebs, Zmebs anton da<br />

robert Serlebs daavales (85, 352). Camoyalibda meTofeTa mudmivi jari<br />

Tormeti aTasi mebrZoliT (SeiaraRebuli iyvnen muSketebiT) da Seiqmna<br />

cxenosanTa gvardiuli korpusi aTi aTasi mebrZoliT. Camoayalibes<br />

saartilerio parki da nawilebi (85, 353). ZiriTadad hqondaT msubuqi<br />

zarbaznebi e. w. zambulakebi, romlebsac aqlemebze amagrebdnen (85, 411).<br />

CamoTvlili SenaerTebi saxelmwifo xazinis kmayofaze imyofeboda. maT<br />

jarSi yorCi-baSi iyo gvardiuli korpusis da yizilbasTa feodaluri<br />

laSqris meTauri. yular-aRasi (Turq., azerb., ,,monaTa ufrosi~) cxenosan<br />

gvardielTa korpusis meTauri iyo, TofangCi-aRasi ewodeboda meTofeTa<br />

gvardiuli korpusis meTaurs. TofCi-baSi artileristebis ufross (85,<br />

123

392). saxelmwifos sazRvrispira regionebSi <strong>samxedro</strong> da administraciul<br />

RonisZiebebs beglarbegebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />

camet sabeglarbegos daaxloebiT 52 aTasi mebrZoli gamohyavda (85, 393).<br />

XVII s-Si iranSi arsebuli saxelmwifo marTvelobis struqtura da<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> organizacia XVIII saukuneSic gagrZelda. qveynis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

saqmis ganviTarebaSi arsebiTi pozitiuri cvlilebebi ar momxdara (139,<br />

18-19). 1736 wels iranis saxelmwifo mmarTveli nadir-Sahi gaxda (85, 426).<br />

misi <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweoba mxolod iranis erTianobis aRdgeniTa da<br />

dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebiT ar Semofarglula. mas hqonda<br />

SeteviTi <strong>samxedro</strong> strategia. dapyrobiTi da mZrcveluri moqmedebebis<br />

mTavari mizani iyo <strong>samxedro</strong> nadavliT xazinis Sevseba. istorikosi<br />

guliam xuseini gadmoqvcems: 1739 wlis ianvarSi, rodesac sparselebi<br />

delisken (indoeTi) salaSqrod midiodnen, muhamed-Sahi didi jariT, 300<br />

qvemexiT da 2000 spiloTi, gaemarTa nadir-Sahis Sesaxvedrad. Tebervlis<br />

bolos delidan axlos, karnalTan moxda gadamwyveti brZola. nadir-<br />

Sahma <strong>samxedro</strong> eSmakobiT ( aqlemebze mowyobil rkalebs cecxli moukida<br />

da spiloebis sabrZolo wyobisken garbodnen _ d. m.) SeaSina spiloebi,<br />

romlebic mobrundnen indoelTa jaris sapirispirod da sabrZolo wyoba<br />

mraval adgilze gaarRvies, sadac sparselebi SeiWrnen . . . nadir-Sahi<br />

20 marts delSi ubrZolvelad Sevida, gaZarcva qalaqi da 700 mln. rupis<br />

Rirebulebis simdidre wamoiRo (152).<br />

miuxedavad Sua aziaSi warmatebiT Caterebuli sabrZolo<br />

moqmedebebisa da indoeTSi warmoebuli xangrZlivi laSqrobisa (155, 159),<br />

man ver moaxerxa laSqris gardaqmna dasavleT evropis armiebis msgavsad.<br />

Sah abas I-is mier gatarebuli <strong>samxedro</strong> reformebTan SedarebiT nadir<br />

Sahma sworad ver warmarTa <strong>samxedro</strong>-reformatoruli moRvaweoba da<br />

jari daSlispiramde miiyvana. Tumca dasustebuli irani 1779-1797 wlebSi<br />

aRa mahmad-xanis marTvelobis periodSi umniSvnelod gaZlierda.<br />

XVI saukunidan dawyebuli suleiman I-is dros osmaleTis imperiaSi<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> reformebi daiwyo da etapobrivad xorcieldeboda Semdegi<br />

sulTnebis moRvaweobis periodSi. osmaleTis laSqari ori nawilisagan<br />

Sedgeboda: feodaluri laSqari (130 aTasi), romelic omis SemTxvevaSi<br />

124

ikribeboda; sulTnis kmayofaze myofi mudmivi jari da <strong>samxedro</strong>-sazRvao<br />

floti 300-ze meti <strong>samxedro</strong> gemiT.<br />

mudmiv jarSi Sedioda: ianiCarTa korpusi (muslimuri fanatizmiT,<br />

kargad gawvrTnili qveiTi jari, 20 aTasi); TofCuebi (zarbaznis<br />

Camomsxmelebi da msrolelebi. suleimanis 300 zarbazani hqoniaT,);<br />

silahdarebi (regularuli cxenosani jaris nawilebi); jebejiebi<br />

(meabjreebi _ <strong>samxedro</strong> aRWurvilobis Semqmnelebi da momarageblebi,<br />

XVII ss. 78 aTasi) (113, 163-164).<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> reformebSi asaxva hpova 12 aTasiani axali jaris Seqmnam.<br />

igi evropul wesze iyo gawvrTnili mowveuli <strong>samxedro</strong> instruqtorebis<br />

mier. jaris dakompleqteba nebayoflobis safuZvelze xdeboda<br />

gansazRvruli wesebis Sesabamisad.<br />

selim III-is moRvaweobisas (1789-1807) daarsda <strong>samxedro</strong>-sainJinro<br />

saswavlebeli, sadac mzaddeboda specialistebi armiasa da flotisTvis.<br />

didi yuradReba mieqca artileriis reorganizacias. daiwyo zarbaznebis<br />

Camosxma franguli da rusuli yalibis Sesabamisad. saartilerio<br />

korpusi 800 mebrZols iTvlida (114, 120-121). zemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad,<br />

rogorc iranis saxelmwifo, osmaleTi mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda<br />

evropis <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalebs.<br />

iranisa da osmaleTis garda mizanSewonilad migvaCnia ganvixiloT<br />

XVIII saukunis avRaneTis <strong>samxedro</strong> Zalebis organizacia da misi<br />

moqmedebebi, romelic ufro kargad warmoaCens aziis saxelmwifoTa<br />

strategias.<br />

avRaneTis armia Camoyalibda, aRmosavleT iranis, samxreT<br />

TurqmeneTsa da Crdilo-dasavleT indoeTSi warmoebuli dapyrobiTi<br />

laSqrobebis Sedegad. gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda axmad-Sahis moRvaweobis<br />

dros. XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi igi did upiratesobas flobda<br />

mezobeli saxelmwifoebis armiebTan SedarebiT. avRanTa regularuli<br />

jaris birTvs cxenosanTa gvardiuli korpusi Seadgenda. armiaSi<br />

msaxurobdnen iranidan gadmosuli qarTvelebi, somxebi, tajikebi,<br />

yalmuxebi da sxvadasxva qveynebidan nayidi monebi (158, 5).<br />

125

Sahis gvardia iyo ZiriTadi Zala, romlis daxmarebiTac<br />

xorcieldeboda armiis mizanmimarTuli da urTierTSeTanxmebuli<br />

moqmedebebi. regularul armiaSi arsebobda aqlemebiT aRWurvili<br />

specialuri razmi, romlis mebrZolebi exmarebodnen qveiTebs mdinaris<br />

forsirebaSi. gvardiaSi Semaval nawilebs ,,dasta~ erqva da 12 aTas<br />

cxenosnamde iTvlidnen. maT meTaurebs yularaRasebs uwodebdnen.<br />

avRaneTis armiis meoTxeds daqiravebuli qveiTebi Seadgendnen, romlebic<br />

muSketebiT (grZeli Tofi) iyvnen SeiaraRebuli (158, 6). <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

nawilebis garda funqcionirebda ramdenime aseuli mebrZolidan Semdgari<br />

specialuri razmi _ Sahis dacva. Seqmnili iyo savele Jandarmeriis<br />

nawilebi, romlebic sasazRvro samsaxurs asrulebdnen. brZolis dros<br />

isini jarebis ukan ganlagdebodnen da ukuqceulebs klavdnen (158, 7).<br />

armiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eWira mZime da msubuq artilerias. mis<br />

safuZvels Seadgenda zamburaki (msubuqi zarbazani). maTi gadatana<br />

aqlemebiT xdeboda. zarbaznis garda aqlems gadahqonda 40 Wurvi (600-800<br />

gr. birTvi). zamburaki damagrebuli iyo unagirze moZravi sadgariT.<br />

ingliseli mzveravis, gulam sarvaris gadmocemiT, 1793-1801 wlebSi<br />

avRanTa armiaSi 5800 zamburaki yofila (158, 8). savele artileria 40<br />

qvemexidan Sedgeboda, sagalavne ≈ 600, romlebic mTel imperiaze iyo<br />

ganawilebuli. 1751 wlidan gaCnda mZime saalyo qvemexebi, romlebic 3 kg.<br />

birTvs isrodnen.<br />

garda amisa, axmed-Sahis armiis SeiaraRebaSi hqondaT indoeTidan<br />

Semotanili e.w. saraketo danadgarebi. maTi gadatana aqlemebiT an<br />

urmebiT xdeboda. is warmoadgenda mZime mils, romlis diametri 7 sm.,<br />

sigrZe 50 sm. iyo. igi 230 sm-is sigrZis rkinis an bambukis Zelakze<br />

magrdeboda. raketa moqmedebaSi modioda fiTilis anTebiT da damizneba<br />

xeliT xdeboda (savaraudoa feirvergis principze iyo mowyobili – d. m.).<br />

raketis frenis siSore 1 km-s aRwevda. mas gamoiyenebdnen qveiTebisa da<br />

cxenosnebis mWidro sabrZolo wyobis winaaRmdeg. ingliseli avtoris a.<br />

dous gadmocemiT raketebi mowinaaRmdegeze ufro fsiqologiur<br />

zemoqmedebas axdenda vidre danakargebs ayenebda maT (158, 9).<br />

126

armiaSi moqmedi yvelaze mcire qvedanayofi 50 mebrZolidan Semdgari<br />

oceuli iyo. ori oceuli qmnida aseuls, ramdenime aseuli batalions.<br />

calkeuli <strong>samxedro</strong> nawilebi 3-5 aTasi mebrZolisgan Sedgeboda. omis<br />

dros am nawilebidan 12-18 aTasiani korpusis formireba xdeboda.<br />

amgvarad saerTo jamSi 60-70 aTasiani armia iqmneboda. armiis 30%-s<br />

cxenosani regularuli nawilebi Seadgendnen, 70%-s araregularuli,<br />

tomobriv-Temobrivi mosaxleoba. imis gamo, rom isini ZiriTadad<br />

dakavebuli iyvnen miwaTmoqmedebiTa da mecxoveleobiT, ar SeeZloT<br />

xangrZliv omebSi monawileoba. evropulidan gansxvavebiT cudad qondaT<br />

organizebuli jarebis zurgidan momaragebis sakiTxebi (158, 25).<br />

regularuli jari SeiaraRebuli iyo iranelTa msgavsad. cxenosnebs<br />

hqondaT muSketi, mSvild-isari da xmali, savele Jandarmerias sabrZolo<br />

najaxi, xmali da xanjali (158, 14). mudmivi jarisa da gvardiis ZiriTadi<br />

nawilis dislokaciis adgili dedaqalaqSi iyo, calkeuli regularuli<br />

nawilebi, romlebic araregularuli qvedanayofebiT Zlierdeboda,<br />

provinciebis centrebSi ganlagdebodnen.<br />

armiis mmarTvelobaSi did rols asrulebda <strong>samxedro</strong> kancelaria.<br />

igi aregulirabda mebrZolTa raodenobas, ganagebda <strong>samxedro</strong> biujets<br />

da <strong>samxedro</strong> maragebs. pasuxismgebeli iyo jaris yvela saxis<br />

uzrunvelyofaze. kancelariis ufross laSqarnivisi erqva (158, 18).<br />

funqcionirebda <strong>samxedro</strong> sasamarTlo. organizebuli iyo sagarnizonosayaraulo<br />

samsaxuri. yarauli, romelsac gzebis, uReltexilebis,<br />

samdinaro gadasasvlelebis dacvisTvis gamoyofdnen, gaTavisuflebuli<br />

iyo saxelmwifo gadasaxadebidan (158, 23).<br />

XVIII s-is bolos avRaneTSi 195 cixe-simagre arsebobda (158, 20), Tu<br />

mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT sxvadasxva saxiT gamagrebul mcire punqtebs.<br />

cixe-galavani ZiriTadad oTkuTxedi an marTkuTxedi formis yofila,<br />

romelTac irgvliv TixiT naSeni sqeli kedeli qonda Semovlebuli.<br />

kedelSi gakeTebuli iyo saTofurebi da sabrZolo biliki. kedelSi<br />

erTmaneTidan gansazRvrul manZiliT CaSenebuli iyo koSkebi, sadac<br />

sagalavne artilerias ganalagebdnen. cixe-simagres saWiroebisamebr<br />

Semovlebuli hqonda wyliT savse ganieri Txrili (158, 194).<br />

127

avRaneTis armias mZarcveluri sabrZolo moqmedebebi axasiaTebda.<br />

maTi xangrZlivoba, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, 3-4 Tve grZeldeboda<br />

(158, 25) strategiis ZiriTadi mizani erT brZolaSi swrafi SetakebebiT<br />

mowinaaRmdegis ZalTa gafantva da damarcxeba iyo. gamarjvebis mopovebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi brZola wydeboda da mtris Zalebis sruli ganadgurebiT ar<br />

mTavrdeboda (149, 23) rac didi Secdoma iyo.<br />

evropisa da warmodgenili aziis saxelomwifoTa armiebis <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

organizaciis, strategiis Seswavlisa da disertaciis I TavSi<br />

warmodgenili masalebis safuZvelze SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom XVIII s-Si<br />

saqarTveloSi, kerZod, qarTl-kaxeTSi funqcionirebda feodaluri<br />

morige jari, artileria, damxmare jari da <strong>samxedro</strong> kantora (28, 233),<br />

romlis gardaqmna evropul yidaze iyo mimarTuli (saartilerio saqmis<br />

ganviTareba, <strong>samxedro</strong> specialistebis momzadeba, gaumjobesebuli morige<br />

jaris momzadeba da gawvrTna, <strong>samxedro</strong> wodebebis SemoReba, <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

literaturis Targmna). miuxedavad <strong>erekle</strong> II-s mier gatarebuli<br />

sxvadasxva RonisZiebisa, geopolitikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare<br />

samefos ar SeeZlo pirdapiri kavSiri hqoneboda evropasTan da<br />

dawyebuli procesi mokle droSi ganeviTarebina. Tu davakvirdebiT<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqturas (gv. 152) vnaxavT, rom igi<br />

raodenobrivi monacemebisa da sxva zogierTi detalis garda TiTqmis<br />

analogiuria avRanuri jarisa.<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo jaris SeiaraReba xarisxobrivad da<br />

ricxobrivad CamorCeboda evropuls, ZiriTadi mizezi saxelmwifo<br />

mrewvelobis ganviTarebis dabali done, misi SezRuduli ekonomikuri<br />

SesaZleblobebi da mezobeli muslimuri saxelmwifoebis Tavdasxmebi iyo.<br />

Tu am mxriv, Cvens mier ganxilul aziis qveynebs SevadarebT, garkveuli<br />

periodis (1750-1780) ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos marTlac aRiqvamdnen<br />

aziaSi Zlier saxelmwifod (47, 107. disertacia 134-136), razec metyvelebs<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is xelmZRvanelobiT Caratebuli sabrZolo moqmedebebi.<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobidan irkveva, rom igi saxelmwifoSi<br />

arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare emxroboda ,,sasazRvro“ anu<br />

128

,,sakordono~ strategias. ,,. . .Teimuraz nikolozis-Zem <strong>erekle</strong>s mSobelma,<br />

mTieli mtrebisagan saqarTvelos sazRvrebis dasacavad, daarsa milicia,<br />

noqris saxelwodebiT da daadgina, rom saxazino (saxaso), saeklesio da<br />

memamuleTa gamoyvanili yofiliyo kordoni 2000 cxenosani meomris<br />

raodenobiT. . .~ (49, 287-288). Tumca xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom es<br />

imdenad evropuli <strong>samxedro</strong> strategiis gavlena ar yofila, ramdenadac<br />

ganpirobebuli iyo qveynis geograpiuli mdebareobiT, teritoriisa da<br />

jaris simciriT. sakordono strategias emsaxureboda <strong>erekle</strong>s mier<br />

gatarebuli RonisZiebebi TavdacviTi nagebobebis (cixeebi, cixe-galavnebi,<br />

koSkebi) ganaxlebisa da axlis aSenebisaTvis, maTi mowyoba alyis dros<br />

xangrZlivi brZolebisTvis. magaliTad, brZolebi mWadijvrisa da yvarlis<br />

cixeebTan, romelic ramdenime dRe mimdinareobda. faqtia, rom<br />

mowinaaRmdegem sasurvel Sedegs ver miaRwia da didi danakargebis<br />

Sedegad ukuiqca.<br />

im SemTxvevaSi Tu mteri samefos teritoriis siRrmeSi SemoiWreboda,<br />

morige jaris garda mowinaaRmdegesTan sabrZolvelad gamodioda<br />

sazRvrispira regionebSi moqmedi qvedanayofebi, romlebic winaswar<br />

miRebuli brZanebis Sesabamisad iqceodnen. aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis<br />

safuZvels gvaZlevs disertaciis I Tavis, 1.2 paragrafSi mocemuli<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis mier gamocemuli direqtivis 1-6 punqtebi.<br />

karl fon klauzevicis ganmartebiT Semtevi armia, rodesac iwyebs<br />

marSis ganxorcielebas, igi sustdeba, radgan ukan tovebs Tavis cixesimagreebs,<br />

momaragebis sawyobebs. rac ufro didia operaciis raioni,<br />

sadac man unda gaiaros, miT ufro met Zalebs kargavs igi marSis<br />

msvlelobis usafrTxoebis dasacavad da sxva RonisZiebebis<br />

gasatareblad. am dros TavdacvaSi myofi armia arafriT ar sustdeba. igi<br />

inarCunebs kavSirs cixe-simagreebTan, SeuZlia gamoiyenos iq myofi<br />

Zalebi da axlosaa cocxali ZaliT Sevsebisa da momaragebis punqtebTan<br />

(166. 295) ZiriTadad aseT strategias misdevda mefe <strong>erekle</strong>, rac samefoSi<br />

arsebuli politikuri da ekonomikuri viTarebidan gamomdinareobda.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II, garda ,,sakordono~ strategiisa, Sesabamis viTarebaSi<br />

iyenebda ,,aqtiuri moqmedebebis~ (Setevis) strategias. amis<br />

129

damadasturebelia brZola yarabaRSi, tulq-TafaSi, erevanSi, yirbulaxsa<br />

da War-belaqanSi.<br />

evropisa da aziis qveynebidan gansxvavebiT, qarTl-kaxeTis samefo<br />

arsebuli resursebidan da viTarebidan gamomdinare ufro adre iyenebda<br />

,,sakordono~ da ,,SeteviT~ sarategias.<br />

XVIII s-is dasawyisSi evropuli qveynebis taqtikaSi mniSvnelovani<br />

cvlilebebi moxda. cecxlsasroli iaraRis masobrivma gamoyenebam<br />

sabrZolo wyobis danawevreba gamoiwvia, romelic Seicavda ara marto<br />

qveiT da cxenosan nawilebs, aramed artileriasac.<br />

cecxlsasroli iaraRis gaumjobesebasTan erTad Semcirda jarebis<br />

wyobaSi mwkrivebis raodenoba, ramac sabrZolo wyobis siRrmis Semcireba<br />

ganapiroba (53, 44).<br />

bataliebis taqtika, romelic sabolood raindebis SetakebebiT<br />

mTavrdeboda, xazovanma taqtikam Secvala. mis ZiriTad arss warmoadgenda<br />

frontze gaSlili Zalebis Tanabari ganawileba (160, 39). pirvelad<br />

xazovani taqtika gamoyenebul iqna holandieli mxedarTmTavris moric<br />

oranelis mier 1600 wels niuportis brZolaSi (53, 44).<br />

XVII s-is meore naxevarSi xazovan taqtikaze gadavidnen evropuli<br />

armiebi. Tumca sabolood XVIII s-is dasawyisSi damkvidrda, rodesac<br />

moxda Tofze xiStis damagreba (gaerTianda cecxlsasroli da civi<br />

iaraRis sabrZolo SesaZleblobebi) da qveiTebi axali iaraRiT aRWurves.<br />

aRniSnulma taqtikam ganviTarebis maRal etaps miaRwia XVIII s-is 70-ian<br />

wlebSi, qaRaldis masriani vaznebisa da rkinis zumbis damzadebis Semdeg,<br />

ramac SesaZlebeli gaxada Tofebis swrafsrolis gazrda (160, 39).<br />

jariskacTa sistematiuri varjiSi iaraRis swrafad, erTdroulad<br />

datenvasa da gasrolis aTvisebaSi mniSvnelovani iyo xazovani taqtikis<br />

warmarTvisas (53, 68). XVIII s-is dasawyisidan moyolebuli cecxlsasroli<br />

iaraRis efeqturad gamoyenebis mizniT jarebi brZolis sawarmoeblad<br />

dgebodnen or xazSi, TiToeulSi 4-6 mwkrivi Sedioda. xazebs Soris<br />

manZili 50-200 nabijamde iyo. Tu gasul saukuneebSi brZoli beds<br />

xelCarTuli Setakeba wyvetda, am SemTxvevaSi dapirispirebuli mxareebi<br />

gamarjvebis miRwevas Tof-zarbaznidan gaxsnili jgufuri cecxliT<br />

130

cdilobdnen (160, 32). sabrZolo wyobaSi Sedioda qveiTebis, cxenosnebis<br />

da artileriis samxdro nawilebi.<br />

sabrZolo wyobis centrSi ganlagdeboda qveiTebi, flangebze<br />

cxenosnebi eskadronebad (XVI s-is Suaxanidan das. evropis armiis<br />

cxenosani polkis ZiriTadi qvedanayofi, 15-17 mwkrivisagan Semdgari<br />

marTkuTxedis formis kolona (169, 608) 3 xazSi, polkebis artileria<br />

batalionebis intervalebSi, savele artileria sardlis<br />

gadawyvetilebiT, win an flangebze (ix. sqema #9, 159).<br />

miuxedavad imisa, rom meore xazis mebrZolebs ar SeeZloT cecxli<br />

gaxsna, isini mudam mzadyofnaSi iyvnen SeevsoT pirveli xazis<br />

danakaregebi. jaris aseTi dawyoba SesaZleblobas iZleoda brZolaSi<br />

erTdroulad gamoeyenebinaT meTofeTa umetesi raodenoba. xazovan<br />

sabrZolo wyobaSi gamoricxuli iyo calkeuli nawilebis meTaurTa mier<br />

gansxvavebuli moqmedebebisTvis iniciativis gamoCena, radgan, Sablonuri<br />

moqmedebis rRvevas gamoiwvevda.<br />

brZolis dawyebamde dapirispirebuli mxareebi erTmaneTis pirdapir<br />

ganlagdebodnen da brZanebis miRebis Semdeg mwyobriT iwyebdnen nelnela<br />

daaxloebas. mebrZolebi drodadro Cerdebodnen zaTqiT<br />

srolisTvis da Tofefis xelaxla dasatenad, Semdeg sabrZolo xazebi<br />

erTmaneTisken miiwevdnen. amave dros artileria pirdapiri damiznebiT<br />

(rodesac Wurvis traeqtoria miznis simaRles ar aRemateba) karteCs<br />

(findixi _ zarbaznis Wurvi Ria adgilze cocxali Zalis<br />

gasanadgureblad, romlis momakvdinebel elementebs mravalricxovani<br />

sferuli tyviebi warmoadgenda (168, 103), isroda. bolos, romelime mxare<br />

cecxlis zemoqmedebas veRar uZlebda da ukuiqceoda, mopovebul<br />

warmatebas cxenosani nawilebi agvirgvinebdnen (53, 45).<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom xazovan wyobas naklovanebebic hqonda. brZolis<br />

dasawyebad da misi msvlelobisas qvedanayofebi da nawilebi<br />

gadaadgildebodnen nela. gamoricxuli iyo manevris Catareba, raTa wyoba<br />

ar daSliliyo. ar SeiZleboda Zalebis gamoyofa flangebidan<br />

SetevisTvis an gadajgufeba mowinaaRmdegis ganlagebis yvelaze sust<br />

adgilze ieriSis misatanad (160, 40). yovelives arsSi Cadebuli iyo, is<br />

131

om cecxlis efeqturoba ar dakarguliyo. amitom brZolebs axasiaTebda<br />

frontze Tanabrad ganawilebuli jarebis Setakeba. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu<br />

sabrZolo momzadebis done miaxloebiT Tanabari iyo, imarjvebda is,<br />

visac ricxobrivi upiratesoba gaaCnda da mowinaaRmdegis flangze<br />

gaiWreboda.<br />

gvianfeodalur xanaSi, <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmeSi, kerZod taqtikaSi, siaxles<br />

warmoadgenda fridrix II-is mier iribi <strong>samxedro</strong> wyobis SemoReba (e. w.<br />

iribi ieriSi, mowinaaRmdegis flangze maxvili kuTxiT (159, 32), sadac<br />

gadamwyveti roli eniWeboda Tofebis zalpur cecxlsa da cxenosanTa<br />

masiur gamoyenebas (154, 786), (ix. sqema #10, 160).<br />

xazovanma taqtikam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira aqtiuri SeteviTi<br />

moqmedebebis roli, vinaidan TavdacvaSi ufro advili iyo sabrZolo<br />

wyobis SenarCuneba, ufro zustad damizneba da cecxlis siZlieris<br />

uzrunvelyofa. aseT taqtikas XVIII s-is bolomde gamoiyenebdnen.<br />

aziuri taqtika SegviZlia avRaneTis armiis magaliTze ganvixiloT,<br />

sadac mocemulia marSis Sesrulebisa da sabrZolo wyobis elementebi.<br />

avRaneTis jarebis erTi dRis savali manZili 25-30 km-s Seadgenda.<br />

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT didi marSis Sesrulebac, raSic xels<br />

uwyobda Turqmanuli da uzbekuri jiSis cxenebi, romlebic gamZleobiTa<br />

da siswrafiT xasiaTdebodnen. mag: 1762 wlis TebervalSi 2 dReSi 160 kmde<br />

gaiares (158, 15). marSis dros ZiriTadi Zalebis win midioda cxenosani<br />

avangardi, romelic armiis meoTxeds Seadgenda. igi agrovebda<br />

informacias mowinaaRmdegeze, moZraobis marSrutze anadgurebdnen<br />

yvelas, visac SeeZlo mtris gafrTxileba. mowinaaRmdegis mowinave<br />

nawilebTan Sexvedrisas iwyebdnen brZolas armiis ZiriTadi Zalebis<br />

brZolaSi CarTvamde. mTavari Zalebi zurgidan daculi iyo ariergardiT.<br />

marSze Sesvenebis dros TiToeuli razmi wris formaze<br />

ganlagdeboda. armiis didi xniT dasvenebisas razmebis ganlagebis<br />

adgils irgvliv Rrma da ganier Txrils Semoavlebdnen. razmebis<br />

xelmZRvanelebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodnen Sikrikebisa da dadgenili<br />

signalebis (koconi, droSa, dasakravi instrumenti)saSualebiT. sabrZolo<br />

dacvis Zalebis gamoyofiT organizebuli iyo usafrTxoeba.<br />

132

ZolisTvis armiis Zalebi iyofoda: centri, marjvena, marcxena<br />

frTa da rezervi. sabrZolo wyobis SuaSi ganlagebuli iyo Sahis<br />

sameTauro punqti da rogorc wesi mis win ewyoboda muSketerebis<br />

korpusi, romlebic gaZlierebuli iyvnen savele artileriiT. (ix. sqema<br />

#11, 161). gvardielebi ganlagdebodnen rezervSi Sahis miTiTebul<br />

adgilas, romlebsac brZolis dros eqstremalur viTarebaSi iyenebdnen.<br />

zamburakebiT SeiaraRebuli nawilebi savele artileriis win an ukan<br />

dgebodnen, xaxdaxan mowinaaRmdegis SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT, taqtikur<br />

eSmakobas mimarTavdnen da qveiTebis an cxenosnebis ukan ganalagebdnen.<br />

maTi manevrirebis SesaZlebloba saSualebas iZleoda mowinaaRmdege<br />

axlos moeSvaT, pirdapiri cecxliT da erTdrouli zaTqiT<br />

mniSvnelovani danakargebi mieyenebinaT (158, 8).<br />

evropisa da aziis saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT qarTuli laSqris<br />

taqtika mniSvnelovnad gaxsxvavdeboda. sxvaobas ganapirobebda reliefis<br />

Taviseburebani, laSqris sabrZolo (sacecxle, samanevro) SesaZleblobebi<br />

da ZalTa simcire. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tu evropeli mxedarTmTavrebi<br />

sabrZolo xazebis ukan dgebodnen, maTgan gansxvavebiT mefe xSir<br />

SemTxvevaSi, mewinave ZalebTan imyofeboda. amiT garkveul fsiqologiur<br />

zemoqmedebas axdenda mowinaaRmdegeze, Cvens mebrZolebze da, rac<br />

mTavaria iniciativis xelSi aRebiT Tavis Canafiqrs axorcielebda.<br />

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinareMmefe <strong>erekle</strong> brZolebSi gamoiyenebda<br />

oTxnawilian sabrZolo wyobas. igi Semdegnairi iyo: mewinave sadroSo,<br />

romelic avangards Seadgenda, memarjvene da memarcxene sadroSoebi _<br />

pirveli eSeloni, mefis sadroSo _ meore eSeloni an rezervi, Seqmnili<br />

viTarebidan gamomdinare:<br />

mewinave ---------------------- avangardi<br />

sadroSo<br />

memarcxene<br />

sadroSo<br />

mefis<br />

sadroSo<br />

memarjvene -------- I eSeloni<br />

sadroSo<br />

--------------------------- II eSeloni (rezervi)<br />

133

mocemul ganlagebaSi sadroSoebi erTmaneTidan daSorebuli iyvnen,<br />

iseT DmanZilze, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneboda vizualuri sasignalo<br />

kavSiri an Sikrikebs SeZlebodaT sardlobisTvis mokle droSi<br />

informaciis miwodeba, daaxloebiT 700-1200 metrze (SeiZleba metic<br />

yofiliyo d. m.). brZolis dawyebamde, mocemul sabrZolo wyobaSi<br />

artileriis, cxenosnebisa da qveiTebis ganlageba an gadanawileba<br />

xdeboda mefis gadawyvetilebiT adgilmdebareobis, cecxlsasroli<br />

saSualebebis SesaZleblobebis da mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis sabrZolo<br />

wyobis gaTvaliswinebiT. frontsa da siRmeSi danawevrebuli aseTi wyoba<br />

gamoirCeoda moqnilobiT da brZolis msvlelobisas manevris swrafad<br />

ganxorcielebis saSualebas iZleoda. garda amisa, SesaZlebeli iyo<br />

brZolis warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi nebismieri mxridan momxvdur<br />

mowinaaRmdeges momzadebuli daxvedrodnen. mniSvnelovania is, rom<br />

urTierTSeTanxmebuli qmedebiT ZalTa gadajgufebis safuZvelze,<br />

SeeZloT alyis garRveva da sasurveli Sedegebis miRweva. Aamis<br />

magaliTia brZola yirbulaxSi da yvarlis cixesTan. SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom qarTl-kaxeTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi xSir SemTxvevaSi sabrZolo<br />

SesaZleblobebiT mowinaaRmdeges sjobdnen. amitom sabrZolo epizodebi,<br />

romlebsac istoriuli masalebi gadmogvcemen ZiriTadad qarTvelTa<br />

gamarjvebiT sruldeboda. garda gamonaklisi ramdenime damarcxebisa,<br />

romelic ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo saqarTveloSi Sida areulobiT,<br />

sagvareuloTa mier gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebiT da mokavSireTa<br />

mxridan RalatiT, zogjer mefis mier arasworad miRebuli politikuri<br />

gadawyvetilebiT. AaseTi brZolebi iyo:<br />

_ Saqis xanis aji-Calabis laSqarTan damarcxeba 1751 wlis<br />

Tebervlisa da 1952 wlis aprilSi;<br />

_ 1785 wlis omarxanTan (brZola arc gamarTula da <strong>erekle</strong><br />

gadasaxadis gadaxdas daTanxmda);<br />

_ saqarTvelosTvis yvelaze mtkivneuli 1795 wlis 9-11 seqtembris<br />

krwanisis brZola aRa-mahmad-xanTan. Tumca am brZolaSi mkafiod<br />

gamovlinda manevruli Tavdacvis organizebuli warmarTva da taqtikur<br />

moqmedebaTa elamentebi: mcire ZalebiT Tavdacvis organizeba, ZalTa<br />

134

manevrireba, urTierTmoqmedeba, kontrieriSebi, maRali sabrZolo<br />

suliskveTeba.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnul brZolebSi gancdili damarcxebebi<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis mxedarTmTavrul Rirsebas Crdils ver ayenebs, radgan mas,<br />

garda disertaciaSi ganxiluli brZolebisa, warmatebiT aqvs mogebuli<br />

mravali brZola. mematianeTa mier mefis Catarebuli brZolebis aRwera<br />

epizoduria da saSualebas ar gvaZlevs maTi vrceli analizisa. amitom<br />

mizansewonilad CavTvaleT am brZolebis CamoTvla, romelic warmodgenas<br />

Seqmnis <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mxedarTmTavrul moRvaweobaze. <strong>daviT</strong> batoniSvili<br />

gvamvnobs:<br />

,,welsa 1745-s gamovida leki da moarbvia avWala da martyofi da<br />

warvida. xolo mefe ganvida sayinulesaTana wyalsa tivebiTa . . . STavida<br />

qiziys, Semoikriba mxedrobani kaxTani, . . . sZlo. . . moswyuvitna umetes<br />

samasisa lekni cxeniTurT . . . (27, 3).<br />

,,welsa 1751, maSin Zleva Semosili aRa-qiSi miiwiva ra saxlad<br />

Tavisad, Sekriba mun mxedrobani Saqisa, Sirvanisa da lekTa da warmovida<br />

welsave amas, amovlo ganja, Tana wamoiyvana xani ganjisa mxedrobiTa<br />

TvisiTa, amovlo SimSadini da yazaxi da movida baidars . . . mefeman<br />

Teimuraz, wargzavna Ze Tvisi irakli stefanwmindas da mouwoda<br />

mxedrobasa CerqezTasa. Mmun mefeni ewvivnen SamSadinsa Sina, Tulqi-Tafad<br />

wodebulsa adgilsa, ikeTnen mun, iZliva aRa-qiSi, romelsaca mihyvnen<br />

kafiTa Sanqoramdin" (27, 6).<br />

1755 wels . . . lekTani movidnen RarTis-karsa, wartyvnes qaravani<br />

qarTlisa da mokles mun muxranis batoni kostantine mimavalTa maT<br />

lekTa kaxeTs. . . mefeman iraklim Seukrna maT gzani da moswyvitna<br />

sruliad. kvalad movidnen kekni da moaoxres jugaani. mefe Teimuraz da<br />

mefe irakli imyofebodnen qiziys, da Seudgnen mefeni ukana, miewivnen<br />

maxlobel danRisisa da moswyvitnes lekni. . .~ (27, 7).<br />

mematianis – o. xerxeuliZis gadmocemidan vgebulobT<br />

1757 wels mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m da Teimurazma zemo qarTlSi lekebi orsamgan<br />

daamarcxes. mcire amaliT cxinvalSi dabrundnen. daRestnis<br />

135

eladi ConCol-musa 4000 mebrZoliT Semoesia. radgan mefeebs laSqari<br />

Tan ar axldaT. cixe - simagridan gasces pasuxi moxvdurs, ris Sedegadac<br />

mowinaaRmdege imave Rames ukan gabrunda.<br />

1759 wels kvlav gadmovida daRestnidan lekTa laSqari 8000<br />

mebrZoliT koxta beladisa da ConCol-musas meTaurobiT. DdiliT adre<br />

Tavs daesxnen lekis laSqars, koxta beladi gaiqca, mravali leki<br />

gawyda. Aacnobes ConCol-musas momxdaris Sesaxeb. MmaSin igi Tavisi<br />

laSqriT avnevs gascilda da dvanis simagreSi gamagrda. mouswres<br />

mefeebma. damarcxeba gardauvali iyo. mtris laSqris meTauri darCenili<br />

razmiT gaipara.<br />

1760 wels qerim-xanis (iranis mmarTveli) werilisa da diplomatiuri<br />

viTarebis mogvarebis Semdeg, <strong>erekle</strong> mefem azat-xans yazaxSi gadaaswro,<br />

romelsac daRestanSi gadasvla surda. Seipyro azat-xani Tavisi<br />

razmebiT. avRanTa beladi qerim-xans gaugzavna. aseTi moqmedebis gamo<br />

iranis mmarTvelma <strong>erekle</strong> II-s erevani, azerbaijani da sxva saxanoebi<br />

dauqvemdebara, romlebic Semdgom valdebulebisamebr xarks ixdidnen.<br />

1760 wlis 4 ivniss lekebma javaxeTi moarbies da mravali qristiani<br />

daatyveves. <strong>erekle</strong> II maT yaraiaze RamiT moulodnelad Tavs daesxa maT.<br />

mravali gawyvita da qarTveloba gaaTavisufla.<br />

1761 wels daRestnidan didi laSqari wamovida saqarTvelos<br />

asaoxreblad. <strong>erekle</strong> mefem laSqris Segroveba ver moaswro. amitom<br />

Tavisi amaliT mowinaaRmdeges suhyulianSi daemala, romelic<br />

naTlismcemlis monastris axlos mdebareobda. mefem RamiT dazverva<br />

Caatara. Seityo, rom lekis laSqari aTjer meti iyo, vidre misi amala.<br />

gamobrunda da mebrZolebi iseT adgilebze Caasafra, sadac brZola<br />

gauadvildebodaT. qarTvelebi Casafrebul adgilebSi mowinaaRmdegis<br />

SemosvlisTanave moulodnelad Tavs daesxnen. bevri amowyvites,<br />

mcireodenma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela.<br />

1762 wels <strong>erekle</strong> mefem axmetaSi gadmosuli lekebi daamarcxa.<br />

1763 wels samaCablos teritoriaze kexvSi gaimarjva.<br />

1764 wels mravalwyaroSi lekTa razmebi gaanadgura.<br />

136

1765 wels lekTa laSqarma gori daarbia da tyveebi wamoiyvana.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II samgoris mindorSi RamiT Tavs daesxa mowinaaRmdeges, isini<br />

gaanadgura da tyveebi gaanTavisufla.<br />

1767 wels lekTa laSqari imereTSi gadmovida, raWis soflebi<br />

moarbia. 300 tyve da saqoneli wamoiyvanes. <strong>erekle</strong>m Sekriba laSqari da<br />

ioris napirze Causafrda, Tan mzveravebi ganamwesa, raTa lekTa<br />

moZraobisTvis Tvali edevnebina. movidnen lekebi, Seeba mefe laSqariT.<br />

tyveebi da saqoneli gaanTavisufles. DdaRestnelTa laSqari ise<br />

gawyvites, rom saxlSi ambis wamRebic aRar darCa.<br />

1771 wels <strong>erekle</strong> II-m aiRo xerTvisi, aTabagis cixe-simagre. Aamave<br />

wels ramdenjerme daamarcxa aRsiR-faSa.<br />

1772 wels mefebma <strong>erekle</strong>m da solomonma axalqalaqi da misi<br />

mimdebare teritoriebi moarbies. solomonis avadmyofobis gamo qalaqis<br />

aReba ver moxerxda. imave wels <strong>erekle</strong>m ufliscixesTan daamarcxa<br />

suleiman faSa. QqiziySi yofnisas ki Wareli lekebi.<br />

1780 wels giorgi da levan batoniSvilebma mamis xelmZRvanelobiT<br />

daamarcxes erevnis usein-ali xani.<br />

dabolos, mematiane dasZens: `xolo eseviTarni gamarjvebani irakli<br />

mefisagan uangariSoni arian da amad yovelnive ver movixseneT, aramed<br />

igi aRvricxeT, romeli Rirsad xsovnisa iyo da sxvani mravalni wvrilni<br />

gamarjvebebi davidumeT~ (47, 67).<br />

CamoTvlili brZolebi kargi mtkicebulebaa <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mxedruli<br />

moRvaweobisa. TiToeuli maTgani mokle aRweriTaa warmodgenili.<br />

miuxedavad amisa, <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis mcodneTaTvis Zneli gasagebi ar iqneba,<br />

Tu ramdeni Sroma da energia dasWirdeboda mefes, rogorc sardals,<br />

raTa mis mier Catarebuli operaciebi warmatebiT damTavrebuliyo.<br />

sabrZolo moqmedebebSi mefe gonivrulad iyenebda taqtikis Semadgenel<br />

elementebs, rogoricaa: Zalebis drouli Sekreba da marSis<br />

ganxorcieleba, dazvervis organizeba, Casafrebebis, reidis mowyoba,<br />

moulodnelobis faqtoris gamoyeneba da mowinaaRmdegis dRisiT da<br />

RamiT mokle droSi ganadgureba SeteviTi moqmedebebis warmarTviT.<br />

istoriuli masalebidan irkveva, rom 1780 wlis agvistosTvis <strong>erekle</strong><br />

137

mefes emorCilebodnen erevnis, naxWevanis, ganjis saxanoebi. Teimuraz<br />

bagrationis gadmocemiT, mefe ise gaZlierda da gandidda, iranelebsac<br />

ki eSinodaT misi. ` aqvndaT cnoba mefis <strong>erekle</strong>si nadir-SahTan yofisa!<br />

esmodaT maradis simxne-qveloba misi da verc aravis xedavdnen<br />

mopirispired mefisa <strong>erekle</strong>ssa da amisTvis didad fiqrobdnen da<br />

yovelTvis molodeba hqondaT, iranisaken wamovao ~ (47).<br />

3.2. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobis Sefaseba<br />

saqarTvelos <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoriaSi, <strong>erekle</strong> II-s,<br />

TvalsaCino adgili ukavia qarTvel mxedarTmTavarTa gverdiT. <strong>erekle</strong>s<br />

pirveli sabrZolo naTloba, neiSenis velze moxda.<br />

aleqsqndre jambakur orbeliani aRwers: ,,xolo welsa 1735 movidnen<br />

lekni da qiziyi moarbives. . . ewia neiSnis velze. . .Sevida Sinagan jarsa<br />

lekisasa da pirvelad aman mokla kaci . . . moswyvites umravlesni. . .~<br />

(145). 1737 wlis Tebervlidan, <strong>erekle</strong> II nadir-Sahs Tan axlda indoeTSi<br />

laSqrobebis dros da mraval SetakebaSi miiRo monawileoba. <strong>erekle</strong> II-m<br />

gaiTqva saxeli, ris gamoc igi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobda. am faqts<br />

adasturebs qalaq delSi erT-erT eklesiaze gakeTebuli warwera: ` am<br />

eklesiaSi aravin Sedioda da arvis aZlevdnen Sesvlis uflebas, mxolod<br />

kaxeTis Tavads-<strong>erekle</strong>s~ (149, 196). Sahis simpatiis damsaxurebiT<br />

1744 wels misi kaxeTis mefed gamocxadeba mohyva. Aaxalgazrda<br />

ufliswulma garkveulwilad miiRo <strong>samxedro</strong> da nawilobriv<br />

diplomatiuri gamocdileba. 1739 wlis dekembris TveSi igi samSobloSi<br />

dabrunda. praqtikulad, saxelmwifoebrivi da <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobis<br />

dawyeba <strong>erekle</strong>s axalgazrda asakSi mouwia. ucxo qveynebis teritoriaze<br />

brZolebSi monawileobam praqtikulad xeli Seuwyo misi <strong>samxedro</strong> da<br />

politikuri horizontis gafarToebas. gamefebis Semdeg, is Seecada<br />

iranis periferiad qceuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefos msoflio politikis<br />

asparezze gamoyvanas.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefes sabrZolo moqmedebebis Catareba uxdeboda<br />

mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdegesTan. is awarmoebda TavdacviT da SeteviT<br />

138

Zolebs. amis damadasturebelia papuna orbelianisa da oman<br />

xerxeuliZis mier mowodebuli masalebi da sxva istoriuli cnobebi.<br />

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da geopolitikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare<br />

mefe ZiriTadad mainc TavdacviT brZolebs warmarTavda, romlebic<br />

kontrSetevebiT mTavrdeboda. k. klauzevici, naSromSi ,,omze~ ambobda:<br />

,,taqtikaSi Tavdacvisa da Setevis Tanafardoba damokidebulia im<br />

pirobebze, romelic brZolaSi gamarjvebas mogvitans. . .sami piroba,<br />

romelic gadamwyvet upiratesobas gvaniWebs aros moulodneloba,<br />

adgilmdebareoba da ieriSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT. . . Tu<br />

adgilmdebareobis Tvisebebs SevexebiT, erTnairi dapirispirebuli<br />

mxareebisTvis, igi xels uwyobs im mxares vinc kargad icnobs mas. ieriSi<br />

sxvadasxva mimarTulebidan moicavs taqtikur Semovlebs, romelic<br />

cecxlis efeqtis gasaormageblad xorcieldeba, aseve saWiroebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi ukan dasaxevad~ (166. 290). Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT<br />

gamarjvebis miRwevis zemoaRniSnul sam princips, maTgan pirveli da<br />

mesame naklebad uwyobs xels Semtev mxares, xolo meore principi did<br />

upiratesobas aniWebs TavdacvaSi myofs. sxvadasxva mxridan moulodneli<br />

Tavdasxma TavdacvaSi myofs ufro SeuZlia vidre Semtevs, radgan mas<br />

aqvs momxvdur mowinaaRmdegeze meti SesaZlebloba ganaxorcielos<br />

moulodneli dartymebi. amitom, rogorc Cans mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s moqmedebebi<br />

umetes SemTxvevaSi am principebze iyo damyarebuli.<br />

man moaxerxa gaetarebina rigi reformebisa, romlebic ukeT<br />

uzrunvelyofda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos jaris mdgomareobis<br />

gaumjobesebas. am SemTxvevaSi reformebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan nawils<br />

Seadgenda <strong>samxedro</strong> mrewvelobis aRorZineba, rac gamoixata<br />

SeiaraRebisTvis saWiro samTamadno mrewvelobis ganviTarebiT. swored<br />

mis safuZvelze Seiqmna TbilisSi zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana,<br />

mogvarda denTis warmoeba, Camoyalibda sadroSoebis organizebuli<br />

struqtura TavianTi sardlebiT, samdevroebiT, yarauliT da sadazvervo<br />

sistemiT, romlebic sqemazea mocemuli.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-s moRvaweobas saxeli hqonda ganTqmuli mTel samxreT<br />

kavkasiasa da evropaSic ki. cnobilia sxvadasxva Sefasebebi ucxoelebisa<br />

139

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is Sesaxeb. Mmas ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze Tvlidnen im<br />

drois erT-erT uZlieres pirovnebad. parizSi 1754 wels gamoica wigni<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is Sesaxeb. masSi 151-155 gverdebze moTxrobilia ,,sparseTisa da<br />

saqarTvelos mdgomareoba mimdinare 1753 wels~, romlis avtori frangi<br />

komersanti peisonelia (118, 4). igi aRniSnavda mefis iSviaT sidarbaisles,<br />

gonierebas, mxneobas da samarTlianobas, mis warmatebebs. Svedi oficeri<br />

_ gustav Fferdinand gillenrami erT-erTi pirvelTagani yofila,<br />

romelmac 1753 welSi mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s mxedarTmTavruli moRvaweobis<br />

Sesaxeb dawera (131, 6). germanelma mweralma gothold efraim lesingma<br />

mefes piesa-komedia miuZRvna: ,,mina fon barnhelmi anu jariskacis<br />

bedniereba~, romelic pirvelad q. hamburgis TeatrSi 1776 wels daidga.<br />

lesingi maRal Sefasebas aZlevs <strong>erekle</strong>s <strong>samxedro</strong> niWs da mis<br />

gamarjvebebs (118, 7). gamoCenil mxedarTmTavars prusiis mefe fridrix II<br />

uTqvams: `evropaSi me var pirveli, aziaSi _ <strong>erekle</strong>o~ (118, 6). aRniSnuli<br />

iTqva Tu ara sxva sakiTxia, magram <strong>erekle</strong>s mxedarTmTavrul moRvweobas<br />

rom icnobdnen sxvadasxva sabuTebiTac mtkicdeba. somxuri nacionaluri<br />

moZraobis erT-erTi moRvawe ioseb emini 1758 wels mefes londonidan<br />

swerda: `Seni saxeli indoeTSi gavigone, magram mxolod inglisSi gavige<br />

Seni gamarjvebis ambavi.~ Semdeg emins saWirod miuCnevia piradad exila<br />

mefe. is metad saintereso cnobebs iZleva am Sexvedraze: ,,<strong>erekle</strong> mefe<br />

momcro simaRlis mamakacia, mis Savgvreman saxes xan mwvane, xan yviTeli<br />

elferi dahkravs; mas kargi aRnagoba aqvs, is Zlieria suliTac da<br />

sxeuliTac. masTan saubari iseve sasiamovno da Wkuis saswavlebeli iyo,<br />

rogorc ganswavlul inglisel jeltmenTan saubaria. moklebulia<br />

yovelgvar ampartavnobas, Zaldatanebasa da qedmaRlobas, esoden<br />

Cveulebrivs sxva azieli xelmwifisaTvis; is did gonebamaxvilobas<br />

amJRavnebda da arasdros ar trabaxobda; misi xma iseTi melodiuri iyo,<br />

rom angelozis xma gegonebodaT~ (126, 115). Tu ki qarTveli mematianeebis<br />

daxasiaTebas davumatebT zemoT moyvanil cnobebs, naTeli warmosadgenia<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> IIO-is pirovneba. zogierTi cnobebi mefis Sesaxeb SeiZleba<br />

marTlac gadaWarbebulia, magram maTi obieqturad gageba kargad aqvs<br />

140

gaanalizebuli profesor d. SveliZes naSromSi ,,evropuli cnobebi<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> Sesaxeb~ (131).<br />

sabrZolo viTarebaSi mefis moqmedebis erT-erTi principi<br />

mowinaaRmdegisTvis Tavdasxmis daswreba iyo. amitom, rogorc brZolis<br />

dasawyisSi, ise mimdinareobisas aqtiurobas iCenda da umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />

gamarjvebebsac aRwevda. gamarjveba ki, rogorc mogexsenebaT mraval<br />

faqtorzea damokidebuli. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is simamacesa da <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

gamWriaxobaze miuTiTebs erTi aseTi magaliTi: goridan wamosuli mefe<br />

oci cxenosniT saCqarod TbilisSi unda Camosuliyo. rodesac avWalas<br />

dauaxlovdnen, ori sadroSos lekis laSqari tyidan gamovida da<br />

muxanaTurad Tavdasxmas lamobda. mefes Tan axldnen Svili levani da<br />

oTxi TavadiSvili: baraTaSvili, andronikaSvili, maCabeli, orbeliani,<br />

romlebic mefis gadmocemiT Zlieri mebrZolebi yofilan. <strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

SeCerebula da ukiTxavs maTTvis, ra vqnaTo. zogs ra uTqvams, zogs ra.<br />

mefem mxleblebs Tofebidan wamali daaclevina da misive amaliT mters<br />

Sua ganlagebaSi xmaldaxmal ekveTa. SetakebisTanave win myofi lekTa<br />

razmi ganadgurda da danarCenebi ukuiqcnen. bevrma tyeSi gaqceviT<br />

uSvela Tavs, zogi daxoces, zogic tyved wamoiyvanes . . .(146, 22).<br />

am SemTxvevaSi aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom <strong>erekle</strong> II ockaciani<br />

cxenosani jgufiT minimum rvamagi upiratesobis mqone mowinaaRmdeges<br />

SeebrZola da brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova. lekTa rvamagi upiratesoba<br />

mtkicdeba imiT, rom Tu jambakur-orbelianis sityvebs davimowmebT: `ra<br />

gldanisa mxares gavidnen, iq equsasi leki dainaxes avWalaze momavali<br />

equsis bairaxiT (droSiT)~. aseve Tu lekebis laSqris Semadgenlobas<br />

gavecnobiT, naTeli gaxdeba, rom erTi droSaSi savaraudod 80-100-mde<br />

kaci iqneboda gaerTianebuli, e. i. miaxloebiT aseulamde. mowinaaRmdegis<br />

taqtikidan gamomdinare, lekTa razmebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT<br />

daiqsaqsebodnen. amitom mefis amalasTan SemTxveviT Sexvedrili<br />

mowinaaRmdegis raodenoba, savaraudod, 120-160-mde kacs Seadgenda.<br />

bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: ratom gadawyvita mefem brZolaSi Cabma<br />

didi upiratesobis mqone mowinaaRmdegesTan? E<strong>erekle</strong> mefem lekebs<br />

mravali marcxi agema adrindel brZolebSi. rac mTavaria, kargad hqonda<br />

141

Seswavlili mowinaaRmdegis moqmedebani, SeiaraReba da misi moralurfsiqologiuri<br />

xasiaTi. amitom, yvelaferi es, xels uwyobda, rogorc<br />

sardals, mieRo swori gadawyvetileba. eqstremalur situaciaSi<br />

gadawyvetilebis sworad gansazRvra mTlianad uzrunvelyofs brZolis<br />

warmatebas. moyvanili magaliTi mowmobs im garemoebasac, Tu ra doneze<br />

hqondaT qarTvel mebrZolebs aTvisebuli individualuri xelCarTuli<br />

orTabrZolebis teqnika, agreTve sxvadasxva sabrZolo iaraRis<br />

gamoyenebis <strong>xelovneba</strong>. Mmefe, Seqmnil rTul viTarebaSi mudam unergavda<br />

mebrZolebs gamarjvebis rwmenas. miRebuli gadawyvetileba meTaurma<br />

xelqveiTebis sulSi unda Cados. yovelive amas <strong>erekle</strong> II Tavs kargad<br />

arTmevda brZolis win laSqarTan mWermetyveluri sityviT mimarTvisas.<br />

meTaurma brZolis dawyebamde miRebuli Canafiqri, rom realobad<br />

aqcios, aucilebelia maTi damakavSirebeli elementis moZebna, romelsac<br />

moqmedeba hqvia. moqmedebas swori mimarTuleba unda mieces da igi<br />

Sablonur xasiaTs ar unda atarebdes. <strong>erekle</strong>s mier warmoebul<br />

brZolebSi swored erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori gamarjvebisa iyo<br />

arastandartulad (taqtikaSi dadgenili, admkvidrebuli wesis<br />

sapirispiro moqmedeba) sabrZolo moqmedebebis Catareba, rac xels<br />

uwyobda Canafiqris realobad gadaqcevas. igi ara marto TviTon<br />

swavlobda, aramed sadroSoebis sardlebsa da samdevroebis ufrosebs<br />

aswavlida am xerxs, maT damoukideblad sxvadasxva taqtikuri xrikis<br />

gamoyenebisaken mouwodebda. mefe mcire ZalebiTa da danakargebiT<br />

axerxebda mravalricxovani mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebs. mokle droSi<br />

Catarebuli brZolebiT gamarjvebas aRwevda da swored amaSi<br />

mdgomareobs sardlis didi Rirseba. yovelive es gansakuTrebiT saWiro<br />

iyo da aris iseTi patara qveynisaTvis, rogoric saqarTveloa.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> mefis erT-erT amocanas brZolaSi mowinaaRmdegis laSqris<br />

meTaurTa ganadgureba warmoadgenda, ra Tqma unda Sesabamisi viTarebis<br />

dros. DdRevandeli SefasebiT igi cdilobda marTvis sistemis moSlas,<br />

romelzec mTlianad damokidebulia brZolis efeqturad warmarTva.<br />

nawilobriv amitom iyo, rom man Tavad mokla aragvTan malaCi,<br />

yirbulaxSi erT-erTi sardali da aspinZaSi-koxta beladi. A<br />

142

arastandartuli tipis moqmedebad unda CaiTvalos yvarlis cixesTan<br />

brZola, romlis msgavsi iSviaTia <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoriaSi. mefem<br />

Seafasa mowinaaRmdegisa da sakuTari Zalebis Tanafardoba. arsebuli<br />

viTarebis safuZvelze miiRo gadawyvetileba. sadazvervo-diversiuli<br />

moqmedebebis gamoyenebiT cixeSi tyvia-wamali Seagzavna. paralelurad<br />

qiziyelTa cxenosani laSqari mowinaaRmdegis teritoriaze mSvidobiani<br />

mosaxleobis dasarbevad gagzavna. aRniSnulma moqmedebam brZolaSi<br />

warmateba ganapiroba.<br />

rodesac pirovneba ecnoba <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mxedarTmTavrul cxovrebas,<br />

SesaZlebelia, daebados SekiTxva: saidan Seiswavla man <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

<strong>xelovneba</strong>? mis sapasuxod SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom yvela saxelovanma<br />

sardalma gamocdileba maT mier warmoebul brZolebSi miiRo, sanam<br />

didebis mwvervals miaRwevdnen. igi sabrZolo moqmedebebs Sablonurad<br />

ar warmarTavda, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda. <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

principebs sxvadasxva saxiT iyenebda. moqmedebda Seqmnili viTarebis<br />

Sesabamisad. igi xan TavdacvaSi moqmedebda da xan kontrieriSze<br />

gadadioda. mowinaaRmdegis mogeriebiT brZolis warmarTvas mefe im<br />

SemTxvevaSi mimarTavda, Tu ki amas mowinaaRmdegis mravalricxovnoba da<br />

arsebuli mdgomareoba moiTxovda. mag: aspinZis brZolis dros laSqari<br />

maRlobebze moaTavsa, pirvelad Seteva ar dauwyia, Seqmnil viTarebas<br />

uwevda angariSs da amitom poziciur Tavdacvas mimarTa. man kargad<br />

icoda, rom moxerxebuli saomari adgili metad saWiro iyo<br />

gamarjvebisaTvis. roca mowinaaRmdege mravalricxovani iyo,<br />

adgilmdebareobis SerCevas did mniSvnelobas aniWebda. aseTi saxis<br />

sabrZolo operacias krwanisis brZolis drosac mimarTa da rom ara<br />

Ralati, brZolis Canafiqrs warmateba xvdeboda wilad.<br />

danarCeni moqmedebebi SeteviT xasiaTisa iyo.Amis mtkicebulebas<br />

warmoadgens Cvens mier zemoT CamoTvlili brZolebi, rac ZiriTadad<br />

lekTa moulodneli SemosevebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. es ukanasknelni Tavs<br />

esxmodnen qarTl-kaxeTis soflebs, naZarcviTa da tyveebiT swrafad<br />

brundebodnen ukan. Tuki tyeSi Seaswrebdnen qarTvelebs, maTTan brZola<br />

uWirdaT, rac mefes kargad hqonda gaTvaliswinebuli. amitom samefos<br />

143

teritoriaze maTTan SebrZoleba, informaciis miRebasa da mtris ukan<br />

dasaxevi gzebis swrafad gadaketvaze da swrafad ganadgurebaze iyo<br />

damokidebuli.<br />

rodesac <strong>erekle</strong> mefis warmatebebze vsaubrobT, ar SeiZleba,<br />

xazgasmiT ar avRniSnoT misi energia da nebisyofa. savaraudod<br />

dasvenebisTvis oTxi-xuTi saaTi hyofnida, danarCen dros saxelmwifo<br />

saqmeebs axmarda. Mmas xSirad sauzmis Sewyveta uxdeboda, raTa sxvadasxva<br />

mxridan momxvduri lekebis moTareSe razmebi gaereka, romelnic<br />

sadilobis dros diRomSi Cndebodnen, xolo vaxSmobis dros tabaxmelaSi<br />

(127, 54).<br />

misi mxedruli niWi imaSi gamovlinda, rom mas SeeZlo brZolis<br />

dros araxelsayreli situaciidan gamosvla, mebrZolTa masis<br />

gaerTianeba da maTi moqmedebebis mimarTva iqiT, saiTac Seqmnili<br />

viTareba moiTxovda. xSir SemTxvevaSi brZolis win mefe mebrZolebs<br />

gansakuTrebuli sityviT mimarTavda, romelic maTSi patriotizms<br />

aRvivebda. Ees erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementia nebismieri rangis oficris<br />

sabrZolo muSaobisa. safrangeTis marSali ferdinand foSi ambobda<br />

`rwmena gamarjvebisadmi, ucilobeli pirobaa, romelic yvela jariskacis<br />

movaleobaa. agreTve gonivruli gadawyvetileba, romelic meTaurma unda<br />

Cados xelqveiTebis sulSi~ (122, 8). sardals unda SeeZlos<br />

mWermetyveleba, sadac mxolod WeSmariteba aisaxeba. es ki yvelaferTan<br />

erTad mas didad uwyobs xels mowinaaRmdegeze gamarjvebaSi, aseTi<br />

faqtebi mravladaa <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis istoriaSi .<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-s, rogorc sardals, winaswar hqonda SemuSavebuli<br />

savaraudo <strong>samxedro</strong> moqmedebebis gegma, romelsac viTarebis analizis<br />

safuZvelze adgenda. amis damadasturebelia 1768 wels dawyebuli ruseTosmaleTis<br />

omSi monawileobaze daTanxmeba. <strong>erekle</strong>m <strong>samxedro</strong> sabWos<br />

saukeTeso sabrZolo moqmedebebis gegma warudgina. mefes, rom maSveli<br />

jarebi mosvloda provinciebidan da ruseTs mxari daeWira, es gegmac<br />

sisruleSi iqneboda moyvanili da osmalTa laSqari erTianad<br />

ganadgurdeboda saqarTvelos miwaze.<br />

144

mefe xSirad iyenebda <strong>samxedro</strong> eSmakobas, rac niWieri sardlisTvisaa<br />

damaxasiaTebeli. aseT xerxs lekebisa Tu sxva momxvduris winaaRmdeg<br />

droulad iyenebda da SiSis zars scemda mowinaaRmdeges.<br />

gansakuTrebiT samagaliToa yirxbulaxSi brZola azat-xanis<br />

winaaRmdeg. am brZolaSi <strong>samxedro</strong> xerxianoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom<br />

daaqveiTa cxenosani jari da mters Tavisi uZlureba moaCvena.<br />

daqveiTebuli mebrZolebi Zneli SesamCnevi iyvnen da mterTan miaxloeba<br />

ufro gaadvilebuli iyo. Seqmnilma garemoebam mowinaaRmdege moaduna da<br />

gaaTamama. xazgasasmelia, rom CamoqveiTebuli cecxlis warmarTva bevrad<br />

ufro zustia vidre amxedrebulisa. amitom mefisa da mebrZolTa mier<br />

cecxlis uecarma gaxsnam, Semdeg cxenosnebiT moulodnelad<br />

ganxorcielebulma ieriSma alyis garRveva, marTvis moSla da mtris<br />

damarcxeba ganapiroba.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>m kargad icoda mowinaaRmdegis susti da Zlieri mxareebi,<br />

misi fsiqologia da amitomac metwilad imarjvebda. amas mowmobs<br />

yvarlisa da aspinZis brZolebi. igi sakuTar Tavze iRebda moqmedebis<br />

iniciativas da mowinaaRmdeges CaiTrevda brZolaSi misTvis xelsayrel<br />

momentSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg yovelTvis<br />

mravalricxovani jarebi ibrZodnen, nawils mowinaaRmdegis jarisas<br />

mayureblis mdgomareobaSi tovebda, im dros rodesac Tavisi<br />

mcirericxovani laSqriT erTianad brZolaSi iyo Cabmuli. amas mowmobs<br />

yvarlisa da aspinZis brZolebi.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmarTvisas iyenebda <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis principebs taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT, romlebic warsul<br />

brZolebSi mravaljer nacadi iyo. <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis principebi - es<br />

aris ZiriTadi ideebis erToblioba an mniSvnelovani rekomendaciebi,<br />

brZolis, operaciis, omis organizebisa da CatarebisaTvis (167, 158).<br />

arsebuli principebi warmoadgenen myar safuZvels, raTa meTaurma miiRos<br />

swori gadawyvetileba. aRniSnuli uzrunvelyofs brZolis warmatebiT<br />

damTavrebas.<br />

mefis mier warmoebul sabrZolo moqmedebebSi gamoyenebuli iyo<br />

Semdegi saxis <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis principebi:<br />

145

- Zalebis Tavmoyra ZiriTadi dartymis mimarTulebaze;<br />

- mowinaaRmdegis sust mxareze dartymis ganxorcieleba;<br />

- specialur moqmedebebze dayrdnobiT moulodnelobis principis<br />

gamoyeneba;<br />

- marSisa da taqtikuri marSis mokle droSi ganxorcieleba,<br />

mowinaaRmdegesTan xelsayreli mdgomareobis dasakaveblad;<br />

- ZalTa maqsimaluri daZabva da ricxobrivi umciresobiT gamarjveba;<br />

- adgilmdebareobis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT mowinaaRmdegis<br />

manevrirebis SezRudva;<br />

- Zalebis araTanabari ganawileba;<br />

- <strong>samxedro</strong> eSmakobiT dapirispirebuli Zalis SecdomaSi Seyvana.<br />

aRniSnuli principebis codna didad uwyobs xels meTauris moqnil<br />

azrovnebas da Seqmnil viTarebaSi swori gadawyvetilebis miRebas,<br />

brZolis msvlelobisas gonivruli iniciativis warmoCenas, rac kargad<br />

hqonda mefes gacnobierebuli.Aamitom Seqmnil rTul viTarebaSi maTi<br />

gamoyenebiT sasurvel Sedegs aRwevda. Aamgvarad, <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

principebis Rirebuleba mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia maTi<br />

gamoyenebis <strong>xelovneba</strong>ze. swored amaSi mdgomareobs <strong>samxedro</strong> saqmis<br />

siZnele. winaswar gansazRvruli principi momavali sabrZolo moqmedebisa<br />

mza rekomendaciis saxiT ar unda arsebobdes. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi<br />

Sablonur xasiaTs miiRebda. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is mxedruli Rirseba swored<br />

imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi ZiriTadad arastandartuli tipis sabrZolo<br />

operaciebis CatarebaSi iyenebda <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis principebs.<br />

qsenia sixaruliZis wignSi `qarTveli xalxis brZola<br />

samSoblosaTvis <strong>erekle</strong> II - is xelmZRvanelobiT ~, mocemulia moZiebuli<br />

masalebi e. TayaiSvilis, a. SaniZis, p. umikaSvilis, m. javaxiSvilis da<br />

sxvaTa mier, romelic <strong>erekle</strong> II-isa da masTan mebrZoli gmirebis<br />

moRvaweobas ukavSirdeba. MmaTi cnobebi damadasturebelia im faqtebisa,<br />

rac mefisa da qarTveli xalxis samSoblosadmi uangaro samsaxurze<br />

metyvelebs XVIII s-Si. esenia: ximikauri, loxauri, guguaSvili,<br />

kotoraSvili, ivaneuri, gulaneli, jamSaiZe, wowkolauri, saRiraSvili,<br />

maxaTaZe, TemuraSvili, janikauri; gmiri qalebi: Tamar vaSlovneli, Tina<br />

146

wavkiseli, maia wyneTeli da mefis Svili levani, bolos, 300 aragveli da<br />

mravali sxvani (105), romelTa Tavganwirulma brZolebma saqarTvelo<br />

ixsna ucxoeli dampyroblebisagan da Semogvinaxa `mamuli, ena,<br />

sarwmunoeba~, rac esoden aucilebelia CvenisTana qveynis arsebobisa da<br />

ganviTarebisaTvis. <strong>erekle</strong> II 1798 wlis 24 ianvars<br />

gardaicvala,DdakrZalulia sveticxovelSi.<br />

pirovnebis sulieri da zneobrivi saxe ufro srulad mamulisa da<br />

erisadmi mis damokidebulebaSi vlindeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nebismieri<br />

Cvenganis mier ganvlili gzac am interesebis sferos ar unda<br />

scildebodes. <strong>samxedro</strong> TvalsazrisiT, winaparTa Rirseuli tradiciebis<br />

gaTaviseba da SenarCuneba, SeZlebisdagvarad <strong>samxedro</strong> mosamsaxuris<br />

keTilsindisier da gonivrul moRvaweobaSi unda aisaxos.<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II, Tu ki <strong>samxedro</strong> Teoretikosis, sun Zis sityvebs<br />

moviSveliebT, `moqmedebda viTarebis Sesabamisad~(91). mas hqonda<br />

sardlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi niSanTviseba, intuicia, romelic<br />

mis mier Catarebul brZolebSi aisaxeboda.<br />

qarTvel mxedarTmTavarTa istoria mxolod arqivebsa da<br />

biblioTekebSi ar unda iyos Semonaxuli.Aawmyo unda gaiJRinTos<br />

warsuliT,Uanda gaaCndes ganvlilis sworad gaanalizebis unari. istoria<br />

albaT maSin, moaxdens Cvenze da STamomavlobaze Sesabamis zegavlenas.<br />

omis, brZolis mogeba erovnuli Zalisxmevis gansazRvris formulaSi<br />

Semdegnairad gamoixateba: (ekonomika + <strong>samxedro</strong> Zala +<br />

saxelmwifo strategia) × eris nebaze = gamarjvebas.<br />

formulis TiToeuli elementis gonivrulad da xarisxianad<br />

gamoyeneba saxelmwifos mier sabrZolo moqmedebebis warmatebiT<br />

damTavrebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />

sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, <strong>erekle</strong> II-s, rogorc mxedarTmTavars<br />

sapatio adgili unda miekuTvnos qarTuli <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

istoriaSi.<br />

147

d a s k v n a<br />

amgvarad, disertaciaSi aRniSnuli masalebis gaanalizebis<br />

safuZvelze SeiZleba gakeTdes Semdegi daskvnebi:<br />

1. mefe <strong>erekle</strong> II-m obieqturad Seafasa Tavisi samefos feodaluri<br />

CamorCeniloba, romlis daZlevis mizniT mizanmimarTulad ganaxorciela<br />

saxelmwifo-administraciuli da <strong>samxedro</strong> reformebi;<br />

2. mefis xelisuflebis gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebisaTvis man gaauqma<br />

zogierTi Zlieri saerisTavo da saxano, romlebic uSualod<br />

dauqvemdebara saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aparats. man teritoriebi dahyo<br />

ufro wvril administraciul erTeulebad _ samouravoebad, riTac<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera centraluri mmarTveloba;<br />

3. gaatara <strong>samxedro</strong> reformebi. cvlilebebi ganxorcielda<br />

sadroSoebis sistemaSi. axleburad ganisazRvra sardlebis da maT<br />

daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis funqcia-movaleobebi. movaleobebis<br />

erTmaneTisagan gamijvnam TiTqmis yvela ierarqiul safexurze ufro<br />

moqnili gaxada xelqveiTTa marTva, xeli Seuwyo laSqris droulad<br />

mobilizaciasa da Sekrebas;<br />

4. mefis gankargulebiT, sadroSoebsa da samouravoebSi Seiqmna<br />

samdevroebi, moyarauleTa jgufebi. gaumjobesda yaraulis<br />

funqcionireba, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda sadazvervo<br />

sistemis funqcionirebaSi;<br />

5. feodaluri jaris dromoWmulobisa da CamorCenilobis dasaZlevad<br />

pirvelad warmatebiT ganaxorciela mudmivi jaris nairsaxeobis ,,morige<br />

laSqris~ Seqmna, romelic etapobrivad ase ganxorcielda: Tavdapirvelad<br />

_ ,,noqari~, XVIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi _ ,,morige” jari,<br />

romlis ganaxlebac imave saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moxda;<br />

6. <strong>samxedro</strong> reformis garkveul siaxles warmoadgenda saeklesio<br />

jaris Tvisebrivad ganaxleba. jaris es saxeoba (saeklesio) Tavisi<br />

sardliT mefis sadroSo erTeulTan erTad gamodioda;<br />

148

7. wesdebebis, darigebebisa da instruqciebis saxiT iTargmna<br />

sxvadasxva <strong>samxedro</strong> wigni, ramac didi roli Seasrula ,,morige jaris”<br />

gawvrTnasa da funqcionirebaSi;<br />

8. jarSi gasawvevi kontingentis sruli mobilizaciis mizniT Catarda<br />

mosaxleobis aRwera. amis safuZvelze sadroSoebs zustad ganesazRvraT<br />

jarSi gasagzavni (gasawvevi) kontingentis raodenoba. <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

samsaxurze Tavis aridebis, damalvis Tavidan acilebis mizniT gamoica<br />

specialuri brZanebebi yvela kategoriis xelmZRvanelisadmi;<br />

9. laSqris organizaciul struqturad dayofam (aTaseuli,<br />

xuTaseuli, aseuli da sxv.) jari ufro mobiluri, marTvadi da, rac<br />

mTavaria daniSnulebisamebr gamoyenebadi gaxada;<br />

10. disciplinis ganmtkiceba imdroindeli (axlad Seqmnili)<br />

wesdebebisa da instruqciebis mixedviT xdeboda. marTvisa da kontrolis<br />

gasaumjobeseblad Seiqmna e.w. <strong>samxedro</strong> kancelaria;<br />

11. jaris marTvisa da kontrolis xarisxis asamaRleblad SemoRebul<br />

iqna rigi Tanamdebobebi: minbaSi – aTasisTavi, fonsadbaSi - xuTasisTavi,<br />

uzbaSi – asisTavi, TofCibaSi - mezarbazneTa ufrosi da sxva. <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

wodebebi -KAkaprali, serJanti, unter-oficeri, oficeri, artileriis<br />

kapitani, maiori, <strong>polkovniki</strong>;<br />

12. <strong>erekle</strong> II-m axtalasa da alaverdSi spilenZisa da vercxlis<br />

madnis sabadoebis damuSavebiT ganaviTara samTamadno warmoeba, ramac<br />

Tavis mxriv, saqarTveloSi gaaumjobesa <strong>samxedro</strong> mrewveloba.<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda qveynis Tavdacvisunarianoba;<br />

13. <strong>samxedro</strong> mrewvelobis Seqmnam xeli Seuwyo saartilerio saqmisa<br />

da swavlebis ganviTarebas. zarbaznebis, zambulakebis, Tofebis,<br />

xelyumbarebis warmoebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda qarTl-kaxeTis samefos<br />

jaris aRiWurva. amaRlda misi brZolisunarianoba;<br />

14. qveyanaSi ganxorcielda saartilerio da sxva <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

specialistebis mozidva da erovnuli <strong>samxedro</strong> kadrebis aRzrdamomzadeba.<br />

wesdebebis, instruqciebis, agreTve Sesabamisi sxva<br />

dokumentebis qarTulad Targmna da axlis Seqmna;<br />

15. <strong>erekle</strong>s mefobis periodSi, misi <strong>samxedro</strong> reformis Sedegad,<br />

149

qarTuli jari Sedgeboda qveiTebis, cxenosnebisa da artileristebisagan,<br />

romelTagan saukeTeso nawils cxenosani jari warmoadgenda;<br />

16. qarTl-kaxeTis samefos Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkicebis mizniT<br />

ganxorcielda cixeebisa da galavnebis masobrivi SekeTeba, axlebis ageba<br />

da safortifikacio nagebobebis kompleqsurad Seqmna;<br />

17. fana xanTan brZolisas <strong>erekle</strong>m mowinaaRmdeges Tavs moaxvia<br />

brZolis sakuTari gegma, mas daakargvina iniciativa. mtris taqtikurad<br />

xelsayrel poziciebze yofnis miuxedavad, qarTvelTa laSqris<br />

avangardis uZlieresi ieriSis gamo mowinaaRmdege ukuiqca. gamoikveTa<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s, rogorc mTavarsardlis fsiqologiuri faqtori. mtris ukan<br />

daxevisTanave mefem droulad CarTo brZolaSi mTavari Zalebi.<br />

gaanaviTara mopovebuli warmateba, ganaxorciela devna da Zlieri<br />

ieriSebiT gamanadgurebeli dartymebi miayena mas. am brZolaSi<br />

gamovlinda qarTvelTa fizikuri gamZleoba da xelCarTuli sabrZolo<br />

xelovnebis maRali done;<br />

18. yirbulaxSi brZolisas <strong>erekle</strong>m kargad gamoiyena mowinaaRmdegis<br />

mier daSvebuli Secdoma. alyaSi moxvedris miuxedavad man droulad<br />

moaxdina ZalTa gadajgufeba. garRvevis mimarTulebis sworad SerCevis,<br />

moulodnelobis faqtorisa da rezervis efeqturad gamoyenebiT SeZlo<br />

mtris eqvsjer aRmatebuli Zalebis damarcxeba;<br />

19. alyaSemortymul mWadijvris cixeSi mefem kargad gaarTva Tavi<br />

cixis momaragebis (logistikuri) uzrunvelyofis organizebas. am gziT<br />

cixis garnizonma brZolisunarianoba SeinarCuna. cecxlsasroli iaraRis<br />

efeqturad gamoyenebam, sabrZolo SemarTebam, SeTanxmebulma<br />

(sinqronizebulma) moqmedebebma da mizanswrafulma Setevam uzrunvelyo<br />

mravalricxovan mterze gamarjveba;<br />

20. yvarlis cixesTan brZolisas mefe-sardalma gamoiyena:<br />

samobilizacio RonisZiebebi, mWadijvris brZolis gamocdileba, alyis<br />

gamrRvevi jgufis koordinacia, taqtikuri SeniRbvis RonisZiebebi.<br />

mowinaaRmdegis sabrZolo momzadebis donis codnam, dartymebis<br />

mimarTulebaTa sworad gansazRvram mravalricxovani koaliciuri<br />

mowinaaRmdegis Zalebis damarcxeba ganapiroba;<br />

150

21. <strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> mier ruseTis-osmaleTis 1768-1774 wlebis omSi<br />

Cabma miznad isaxavda samcxe-javaxeTis osmalebisagan ganTavisuflebas.<br />

mis mier SemuSavebuli <strong>samxedro</strong>-strategiuli gegmis ganxorcieleba,<br />

SesaZlebeli iyo. aspinZis brZola ramdenime etapiani TavdacviTi saxis<br />

sabrZolo operacia iyo, romelSic gamovlinda <strong>samxedro</strong> xelovnebis<br />

ZiriTadi principebi;<br />

22. <strong>erekle</strong> mefis mxedarTmTavrul RirsebaTa Soris unda aRiniSnos<br />

Seqmnili garemoebis mixedviT swrafad da gonivrulad moqmedeba. igi<br />

mimarTavda taqtikur moqmedebaTa arastandartulobas. brZolis sakuTar<br />

gegmas Tavs axvevda mowinaaRmdeges, pasiur mdgomareobaSi ayenebda da<br />

xelidan aclida iniciativis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas;<br />

23. <strong>erekle</strong>m, rogorc mTavarsardalma, SesaniSnavad icoda <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis ZiriTadi principebi: ZalTa araTanabari ganawileba,<br />

adgilmdebareobis Tvisebebis gamoyeneba, dartymebis mTavari da damxmare<br />

mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, brZolis uzrunvelyofis saxeebisa da<br />

manevris farTo gamoyeneba, da, rac mTavaria maTSi moulodnelobis<br />

faqtoris gaTvaliswineba;<br />

24. mefis mier Catarebuli brZolebi cxadyofen, rom igi Tanabrad<br />

Zlieri iyo rogorc TavdacviTi, ise SeteviTi brZolebis warmoebaSi.<br />

taqtikuri moqmedebebis aseTi formebi mefe <strong>erekle</strong>m ganaviTara da<br />

TiTqmis srulyofilebamde miiyvana. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan<br />

gamomdinare, <strong>erekle</strong> II-m Tavisi wvlili Seitana saqarTvelos <strong>samxedro</strong><br />

xelovnebis ganviTarebaSi;<br />

25. <strong>samxedro</strong>-politikuri azrovnebiT, Catarebuli brZolebis<br />

raodenobiT, xarisxiTa da masStabebiT <strong>erekle</strong> II iyo SesaniSnavi<br />

sardali da brwyinvale taqtikosi.<br />

151

s q e m a #1<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II-is droindeli sadazvervo informaciis<br />

gadacemisa da Setyobinebis sqema (varianti)<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong><br />

sabWo<br />

qvemo<br />

qarTli<br />

zemo<br />

qarTli<br />

mefis<br />

saeklesio<br />

laSqari<br />

kaxeTis<br />

samdevro samdevro samdevro samdevro<br />

dazverva<br />

dazverva dazverva dazverva<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> organizaciis ierarqiuli ganlageba<br />

mopovebuli informaciis miwodeba<br />

S e t y o b i n e b a<br />

SeniSvna:<br />

mopovebuli<br />

informaciis gavrcelebas<br />

uzrunvelyofda misi pirveli<br />

mompovebeli<br />

152

s q e m a #2<br />

XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi qarTl-kaxeTis SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalebis struqtura (varianti)<br />

dazverva<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong> sabWo<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong><br />

kancelaria<br />

dazverva morige jari sadroSoebi artileria saeklesio<br />

jari<br />

<strong>samxedro</strong><br />

mrewveloba<br />

cxenosani<br />

qveiTi<br />

sagalavne<br />

savele<br />

dazverva<br />

samdevro<br />

warmoeba<br />

cxenosani<br />

qveiTi<br />

sawyobebi<br />

153

s q e m a #3<br />

yirbulaxis brZola 1751 w. (varianti)<br />

mxareTa savaraudo<br />

sabrZolo wyoba<br />

qarTvelebi<br />

2 500<br />

mowinaaRmdege<br />

16 500<br />

erevnis<br />

cixe<br />

rezervi<br />

E<strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

nasoflari<br />

pirobiTi niSnebi<br />

mxareTa savaraudo<br />

gadaadgileba<br />

Ppoziciuri mdgomareoba<br />

qarTvel sadroSoebis ganlageba<br />

brZolis dawyebamde<br />

mxareTa mTavari dartymis<br />

mimarTuleba<br />

qarTuli sadroSoTa<br />

gaerTianeba<br />

qarTvelTa laSqari alyaSi<br />

mtris ukan daxeva<br />

154

s q e m a #4<br />

brZola mWadijvarTan 1754 w. (varianti)<br />

axalgori<br />

duSeTi<br />

Teimuraz II<br />

Wilurti<br />

Teimuraz II<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

ganlagebis<br />

raioni<br />

Sekrebis<br />

raioni<br />

pirobiTi<br />

niSnebi<br />

qarTvelTa laSqris<br />

gadaadgileba<br />

qveiTebi mezarbazneebTan<br />

erTad<br />

cxenosnebi<br />

urmebi xis morebiT<br />

bazaleTis<br />

tba<br />

qveiTebi<br />

cxenosnebi<br />

CamoqveiTebuli cxenosnebi<br />

mxareTa ieriSebi<br />

mWadijvris<br />

cixe<br />

Mmtris ukan daxeva<br />

MSetevis ganviTareba<br />

da mtris ganadgureba<br />

nursal-begi<br />

155

s q e m a #5<br />

Silda<br />

brZola yvarlis cixisaTvis 1755 w. (varianti)<br />

surxavi - xani<br />

nursal-begi<br />

Telavi<br />

kakis sulTani<br />

yvarlis<br />

cixe<br />

.<br />

Warelebi<br />

Teimuraz II<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

Sekrebis raioni # 1<br />

mowinaaRmdegis ZalTa ganlageba<br />

mowinaaRmdegis mier cixis<br />

alyaSi moqceva da ieriSi<br />

<strong>erekle</strong> <strong>meoris</strong> gadaadgilebis<br />

marSruti<br />

cxenosani laSqari<br />

qveiTi razmi<br />

cxenosani da qveiTi<br />

razmebis moqmedebebi<br />

mowinaaRmdegis mier alyis<br />

moxsna da ukan daxeva<br />

ganjis - xani<br />

veliscixe<br />

gavazi<br />

vejini<br />

208<br />

qveiTi<br />

qiziyi<br />

Sekrebis raioni # 2<br />

156

s q e m a #6<br />

brZola awyuris midamoebSi 1770 w. (varianti)<br />

A al.<br />

ciciSvili<br />

1262<br />

1096<br />

agara<br />

awyuris<br />

cixe<br />

giorgiwminda<br />

sayuneTi<br />

giorgi<br />

batoniSvili<br />

tyemlana<br />

1204<br />

E<strong>erekle</strong> II<br />

wnisi<br />

axalcixe<br />

aspinZa<br />

pirobiTi niSnebi<br />

qarTuli laSqris gadaadgileba<br />

qarTvelTa razmebis moqmedeba<br />

qarTvelTa cxenosani laSqari<br />

mowinaaRmdegis gadaadgileba<br />

mowinaaRmdegis cxenosani laSqari<br />

<strong>erekle</strong>s Seteva<br />

giorgi batoniSvilis ieriSi<br />

mowinaaRmdegis ukan daxeva<br />

qarTvelTa mier xidis gadaketva<br />

al. ciciSvilis moqmedeba Casafrebidan<br />

157

s q e m a #7<br />

aspinZis brZola 1770 w. 20 aprili<br />

E<strong>erekle</strong> II II<br />

varianti<br />

osmalo--leki<br />

qarTvelebi<br />

8000 mebrZoli<br />

3000 mebrZoli<br />

axalcixe<br />

aspinZis cixe<br />

g. batoniSvili<br />

d. d. orbeliani<br />

idumala<br />

pirobiTi niSnebi<br />

aspinZa<br />

mdgomareoba1770 w. 20.04<br />

Turqebis ieriSi da ukan daxeva<br />

qarTvelTa Seteva<br />

dangreulixidi<br />

mowinaaR. ganadgureba<br />

jaris<br />

darCenili<br />

nawili<br />

xizabavra<br />

s q e m a #8<br />

158

s a k o r d o n o s t r a t e g i a XVIII s-Si<br />

varianti<br />

pirobiTi niSnebi<br />

saxel. sazRvari<br />

cixe-garnizoni<br />

mtris gasanadgurebeli<br />

obieqti<br />

sayrdeni punqti<br />

dapirispirebul mxareTa<br />

Setevis mimarTuleba<br />

qveiTebi<br />

cxenosnebi<br />

mtris zurgis qvedanayofebis<br />

nawilebi<br />

mtris gadaadgileba<br />

159

s q e m a #9<br />

dasavleT<br />

evropis jarebis sabrZolo wyoba<br />

XVIII s-Si<br />

varianti<br />

M m o w i n a a R m d e g e<br />

qveiTi<br />

batalioni<br />

50 – 200<br />

nabiji<br />

polkis<br />

artileria<br />

cxenosnebi<br />

savele<br />

artileria<br />

qveiTebis xazi 4-6 mwkrivisagan Sedgeboda<br />

cxenosnebis kolona 15-17 mwkrivisagan Sedgeboda<br />

r e z e r v i<br />

160

s q e m a #10<br />

Pprusiis armiis iribi sabrZolo<br />

wyoba XVIII s-Si<br />

varianti<br />

m o w i n a a R m d e g e<br />

polkebisa da batalionebis<br />

artileria<br />

qveiTTa 20 batalioni<br />

r e z e r v i<br />

qveiTTa 10 batalioni<br />

cxenosnebi<br />

161

s q e m a #11<br />

aziis jarebis sabrZolo wyoba XVIII s-Si<br />

varianti<br />

M m o w i n a a R m d e g e<br />

muSketerebis<br />

korpusi<br />

zamburakebiani<br />

razmebi<br />

sameTauro<br />

punqti<br />

savele<br />

artileria<br />

cxenosnebi<br />

r e z e r v i<br />

G g v a r d i a<br />

162

danarTi #1<br />

sawyisi<br />

informaciis<br />

dafiqsireba<br />

marcxena flangze brZolis Sedegis<br />

angariSi<br />

alyis garRveva<br />

(danakargebis gaTvla)<br />

brZola flangebze<br />

rezervis brZola<br />

dadevneba<br />

danakargebi<br />

sul<br />

naxazi - brZolis parametrebis angariSis algoriTmi.<br />

163

danarTi #2<br />

Yyirbulaxis brZolis raodenobrivi analizi.<br />

CLS<br />

x0 = 2500<br />

y0 = 2500<br />

x = x0<br />

y = y0<br />

x1 = 500<br />

x2 = 500<br />

x3 = 500<br />

x4 = 500<br />

xt = 500<br />

y1 = 2600<br />

a0 = .005<br />

k = 3.5<br />

LPRINT "pirveli brdzola"<br />

10 x2m = x2 - y1 * a0<br />

y1m = y1 - x2 * k * a0<br />

x2 = x2m<br />

y1 = y1m<br />

IF x2 > 500 * .75 THEN GOTO 10<br />

LPRINT "pirveli setakebisas danakargebi chveni", 500 - x2, "mtris"; 2600 - y1<br />

LPRINT "alkidan gamosvla"<br />

v = (16500 - (2600 - y1)) / 8<br />

u = x1 + x4<br />

v0 = v<br />

u0 = u<br />

20 um = u - a0 * v<br />

vm = v - a0 * 4.5 * u<br />

u = um<br />

v = vm<br />

164

IF v > v0 * .5 THEN GOTO 20<br />

LPRINT u, v<br />

LPRINT "alkis danakargebia chveni", u0 - u, "mtris", v0 - v<br />

LPRINT "brdzola marjvniv"<br />

umm = 500<br />

vmm = (16500 - (2600 - y1)) / 16<br />

umm0 = umm<br />

vmm0 = vmm<br />

30<br />

ummm = umm - vmm * a0<br />

vmmm = vmm - umm * 4.5 * a0<br />

umm = ummm<br />

vmm = vmmm<br />

IF vmm > vmm0 * .5 THEN GOTO 30<br />

danmu = umm0 - umm<br />

danmv = vmm0 - vmm<br />

LPRINT "marjvniv danakargebi chveni", umm0 - umm, "mteri", vmm0 - vmm<br />

LPRINT "brzola marcxniv"<br />

uc = x2<br />

vc = 2600 / 4<br />

uc0 = uc<br />

vc0 = vc<br />

40<br />

ucm = uc - vc * a0<br />

vcm = vc - uc * a0 * 4.5<br />

uc = ucm<br />

vc = vcm<br />

IF vc > vc0 * .75 THEN GOTO 40<br />

dcch = uc0 - uc<br />

dcm = vc0 - vc<br />

LPRINT "marcxniv danakargebi chveni", dcch, "mteri", dcm<br />

LPRINT "rezervis brdzola"<br />

165

uz = 500<br />

vz = 2600 / 4<br />

uz0 = uz<br />

vz0 = vz<br />

50 uzm = uz - vz * a0<br />

vzm = vz - uz * a0 * 7<br />

uz = uzm<br />

vz = vzm<br />

IF vz > vz0 * .75 THEN GOTO 50<br />

LPRINT "rezervis brzolisas chveni", uz0 - uz, "mtris", vz0 - vz<br />

LPRINT "devna"<br />

FOR ud = 100 TO 200 STEP 10<br />

FOR vd = 100 TO ud STEP 10<br />

ud0 = ud<br />

vd0 = vd<br />

60<br />

udm = ud - a0 * vd<br />

vdm = vd - a0 * 7 * ud<br />

ud = udm<br />

vd = vdm<br />

LPRINT ud, vd<br />

INPUT l<br />

IF vd > vd0 * .9 THEN GOTO 60<br />

LPRINT ud0 - ud, vd0 - vd<br />

NEXT vd<br />

INPUT l<br />

NEXT ud<br />

END<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura<br />

166

saarqivo masalebi:<br />

saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi (scsa)<br />

1. scsa, f. 226, sab. #9213<br />

2. scsa, f. 226, sab. #420<br />

3. scsa, f. 226, sab. # 5692, 3993<br />

4. scsa, f. 226, sab. #1381,<br />

5. scsa, f. 226, sab. #2857<br />

6. scsa, f. 226, sab. # 5124, # 5125, # 2616, # 8719<br />

7. scsa, f. 227, sab. #29<br />

8. scsa, f. 229, sab. #15<br />

9. scsa, f. 229, sab. #16<br />

xelnawerTa erovnuli centri (xec)<br />

10. xec. f. Ad sab. # 281<br />

11. xec. f. Ad sab. # 250<br />

12. xec. f. Ad sab. # 1360<br />

13. xec. f. Ad sab. # 594<br />

14. xec. f. Ad sab. # 11052<br />

15. xec. f. S, sab. ie-78<br />

16. xec. f. S, sab. # 167<br />

17. xec. f. Hd sab. # 2994<br />

18. xec. f. Hd sab. # 576<br />

19. xec. f. d sab. # 3843<br />

20. xec. f. sab. # 13714<br />

21. xec. f. Hd sab. # 2492<br />

22. xec. f. Hd sab. # 1152, 14066<br />

23. xec. f. Hd sab. # 1536<br />

24. xec. f. Hd sab. # 2894<br />

25. xec. f. Qd sab. # 8723<br />

26. xec. f. Qd sab. # 594<br />

wyaroebi:<br />

167

27. bagrationi d., axali istoria, batoniSvili b., axali moTxroba;<br />

gamosca T. lomourma, mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 1941 w.<br />

28. bagrationi d., saqarTvelos samarTlisa da kanonTmcodneobis<br />

mimoxilva, ap. rogavas redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT, saqarTvelos<br />

mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 1959 w.<br />

29. bagrationi T., axali istoria, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,<br />

gamokvleva da saZiebeli daurTo lela miqiaSvilma, qarTuli saistorio<br />

mwerlobis Zeglebi IV. mecniereba, Tb., 1983 w.<br />

30. bagrationi i., kalmasoba, ciskris gamocema, wigni I, Tb., 1869 w.<br />

31. bagrationi i., sjuldeba, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali,<br />

leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo iv. surgulaZem. Tbilisis universiteti,<br />

Tb., 1957 w.<br />

32. bagrationi i., ,,kalmasoba~, al. baramiZisa da k. kekeliZis<br />

redaqciiT, t. I, saxelgami, 1936 w., t. II, saxelgami, 1948 w.<br />

33. batoniSvili v., saqarTvelos geografia, m. janaSvilis<br />

redaqciiT, mogzauri, Tbilisi 1904 w.<br />

34. batoniSvili v., saqarTvelos cxovreba, nawili II, z. WiWinaZis<br />

gamocema, 1913 w.<br />

35. batoniSvili v., aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, T. lomourisLda<br />

n. berZeniSvilis red., stalinis saxelobis, sax. un-tis gam-ba, 1941 w.<br />

36. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanuli teqsti<br />

qarTuli TargmniTurT gamosca g. gelaSvilma, t. I, saq, mecn. akademia,<br />

Tb., 1962 w.<br />

37. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanuli teqsti<br />

qarTuli TargmniTurT gamosca g. gelaSvilma, t. II , saq, mecn. akademia,<br />

Tb., 1964 w.<br />

38. doliZe i., qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, mecniereba, Tb,<br />

1965 w.<br />

39. de grai de fua _ graf totlebenis 1769-1770 wlebis eqspedicia<br />

saqarTveloSi, Targmnili frangulidan k. gurulis mier, axalcixis<br />

raionuli gazeTi ,,wiTeli droSa", # 108, 114, 117, 118, 1964 w.<br />

168

40. TayaiSvili e., saqarTvelos siZveleni, t. I, saq. saistorio da<br />

saeTnografio sazogadoeba, Tb., 1941 w.<br />

41. orbeliani p., saqarTvelos cxovreba, qarTlis cxovreba, naw. II,<br />

d. CubinaSvilis redaqciiT, sanktpeterburgi, 1854 w.<br />

42. orbeliani p., ambavni qarTlisani, z. WiWinaZis redaqciiT,<br />

mecniereba, tfilisi 1913 w.<br />

43. orbeliani p., Aambavni qarTlisani, e. cagareiSvilis redaqciiT,<br />

saq. ssr. mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 1981 w.<br />

44. osmaluri dokumenturi wyaroebi saqarTvelosa da<br />

amierkavkasiis Sesaxeb XVIII s., Targmani, a. velkovi, n. Sengelia, saq. ssr.<br />

mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 1989 w.<br />

45. cincaZe i., ori sabuTi ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis<br />

istoriidan 1768-1774 w. ruseT-TurqeTis omSi, moambe, t. V-VI, ssrk.<br />

mecnierebaTa akademiis saq. filiali, Tb., 1940 w.<br />

46. WiWinaZe z., qarTvel mefeT drois qarTvel respublikanelebi da<br />

mefe <strong>erekle</strong>s werilebi veneciis respublikuri mTavrobis winaSe,<br />

varlam tyeSelaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1917 w.<br />

47. xerxeuliZe o., mefoba irakli <strong>meoris</strong>a mefis Teimurazis Zisa,<br />

saqarTvelos cxovreba, z. WiWinaZis redaqciiT, a. kereseliZis stamba,<br />

Tb., 1913 w.<br />

48. xerxeuliZe o., mefoba irakli <strong>meoris</strong>a, lela miqiaSvilis<br />

redaqciiT, mecniereba, Tb., 1989 w.<br />

49. Бутков П. - Матерялы для новой истории Кавказа с 1722 по 1803 г,Ч. I,<br />

спб. тип. имп. акад. наук, 1869 г.<br />

50. переписка грузинских царей с российскими государями , спб., 1659-1770 г.<br />

51. Цагарели А., Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетя,<br />

отнасящиеся до Грузии, т I-II, спб., 1891-1902г.<br />

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saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, Tb., 1965 w.<br />

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saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia Tb., 1966 w.<br />

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mniSvnelobisaTvis, mnaTobi # 6, Tb., 1954 w.<br />

61. bocvaZe T., daRestan-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriidan,<br />

mecniereba, Tb., 1968 w.<br />

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63. garsevaniSvili al., 20 aprili 1770 weli anu sakvirveli omi<br />

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90. klemiaSvili a., masalebi XVIII s-is II naxevris aRmosavleT<br />

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176

S i n a a r s i<br />

Sesavali-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2<br />

literaturis mimoxilva------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9<br />

Tavi I. <strong>samxedro</strong>-reformatoruli moRvaweoba ------------------------------------ 16<br />

1.1 <strong>samxedro</strong>-administraciuli reformebi ----------------------------------- 16<br />

1.2 SeiaraRebisa da tyvia-wamlis warmoeba ---------------------------------- 45<br />

1.3 sainJinro – TavdacviTi nagebobebi ----------------------------------------- 54<br />

Tavi II. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is umniSvnelovanesi brZolebi ----------------------- 60<br />

2.1. yarabaRis brZola ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60<br />

2.2. yirxbulaxis brZola --------------------------------------------------------------------- 66<br />

2.3. brZola mWadijvarTan -------------------------------------------------------------------- 80<br />

2.4. brZola yvarlis cixesTan ------------------------------------------------------------- 85<br />

2.5. aspinZis brZola ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 96<br />

Tavi III. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> strategia, taqtika da principebi --119<br />

3.1. XVIII s-is meore naxevris dasavleT evropis, aziisa da<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos <strong>samxedro</strong> strategiisa da taqtikis<br />

SedarebiTi analizi ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 119<br />

3.2. <strong>erekle</strong> II-is <strong>samxedro</strong> moRvaweobis Sefaseba ------------------------- 137<br />

daskvna ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 147<br />

sqemebi ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 151<br />

danarTebi ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 162<br />

damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura --------------------------------------- 166<br />

177

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