politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ Zi
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politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ Zi

politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ Zi politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ Zi

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2008 wlis 13 Tebervals hainrih biolis fondSi gaimarTa sajaro diskusia Temaze: ZiriTadi momxseneblebi: ia anTaZe, radio `Tavisufleba~ `politikuri kultura: Tavisufleba da wesrigi~ malxaz saldaZe, politologi/ombudsmenis aparatTan arsebuli eTnikuri umciresobebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli mdivani emzar jgerenaia, sociologi/ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti moderacia: daTo paiWaZe daTo paiWaZe _ erTi SexedviT, TiTqos naTelia, ras niSnavs politikuri kultura, ra SinaarsiT SeiZleba daitvirTos es cneba, magram am codnas gamoxatva da artikulireba sWirdeba. Cveni momxseneblebisgan veli am cnebis Sinaarsis warmoCenas da misi qarTuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb saubars. warmogidgenT Cvens dRevandel momxseneblebs: malxaz saldaZe - politologi; emzar jgerenaia - sociologi da ia anTaZe - Jurnalisti. SevecadeT, profesiuli speqtri rac SeiZleba mravalferovani yofiliyo, raTa gansxvavebuli kuTxiT Segvexeda problemisTvis _ politikuri kultura saqarTveloSi. malxaz saldaZe _ ra aris politikuri kultura? amis Sesaxeb erTiani definicia ar arsebobs. politikuri kulturis Seswavlis mimarT midgomebis gansxvavebis Sesabamisad, definiciac, skolebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia sxvadasxvagvarad iyos Camoyalibebuli. zogadad, rasac politikuri kultura gulisxmobs, es aris sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi, molodinebi, qcevis formebi da socializaciis is meqanizmebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikur procesebze ama Tu im qveyanaSi. imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis politikuri kultura ikveTeba saqarTveloSi, farTomasStabiani debatebi ar yofila da amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. TviTon imaze, rom politikuri kultura mniSvnelovani faqtoria politikis gansazRvrisas, Cveni bolodroindeli politikuri ganviTarebis etapebi da politikur elitaSi gamokveTili swrafi cvlilebebic miuTiTebs. 2007 wlis noembramde gvqonda aSkarad gamokveTili neolibertanuli midgoma saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis gagebisa, noembris Semdeg ki, mmarTveli politikuri elitisgan uceb viRebT axal formulirebebs ufro memarcxene-populisturi mimarTulebis diskursis saxiT. magaliTad, is lozungi, rac mmarTvel politikur partias hqonda winasaarCevnod _ `saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe~ - dapirispirebas garkveulwilad gamoxatavs. es niSnavs, rom vaSenebT saxelmwifos neolibertanuli 1

2008 wlis 13 Tebervals hainrih biolis fondSi gaimarTa sajaro diskusia Temaze:<br />

<strong>Zi</strong>riTadi momxseneblebi:<br />

ia anTaZe, radio `<strong>Tavisufleba</strong>~<br />

`<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>: <strong>Tavisufleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>wesrigi~</strong><br />

malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze, politologi/ombudsmenis aparatTan arsebuli eTnikuri<br />

umciresobebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli mdivani<br />

emzar jgerenaia, sociologi/ilia WavWava<strong>Zi</strong>s saxelmwifo universiteti<br />

moderacia: <strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ erTi SexedviT, TiTqos naTelia, ras niSnavs <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

<strong>kultura</strong>, ra SinaarsiT SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>itvirTos es cneba, magram am codnas gamoxatva<br />

<strong>da</strong> artikulireba sWirdeba. Cveni momxseneblebisgan veli am cnebis Sinaarsis<br />

warmoCenas <strong>da</strong> misi qarTuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb saubars. warmogidgenT Cvens<br />

dRevandel momxseneblebs: malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze - politologi; emzar jgerenaia -<br />

sociologi <strong>da</strong> ia anTaZe - Jurnalisti. SevecadeT, profesiuli speqtri rac<br />

SeiZleba mravalferovani yofiliyo, raTa gansxvavebuli kuTxiT Segvexe<strong>da</strong><br />

problemisTvis _ <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> saqarTveloSi.<br />

malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ ra aris <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>? amis Sesaxeb erTiani<br />

definicia ar arsebobs. <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Seswavlis mimarT midgomebis<br />

gansxvavebis Sesabamisad, definiciac, skolebis mixedviT, SesaZlebelia<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad iyos Camoyalibebuli. zoga<strong>da</strong>d, rasac <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong><br />

gulisxmobs, es aris sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi, ganwyobebi, molodinebi, qcevis<br />

formebi <strong>da</strong> socializaciis is meqanizmebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen politikur<br />

procesebze ama Tu im qveyanaSi.<br />

imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> ikveTeba saqarTveloSi,<br />

farTomasStabiani debatebi ar yofila <strong>da</strong> amas Tavisi mizezebi aqvs. TviTon imaze,<br />

rom <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> mniSvnelovani faqtoria politikis gansazRvrisas, Cveni<br />

bolodroindeli <strong>politikuri</strong> ganviTarebis etapebi <strong>da</strong> politikur elitaSi<br />

gamokveTili swrafi cvlilebebic miuTiTebs.<br />

2007 wlis noembramde gvqon<strong>da</strong> aSkarad gamokveTili neolibertanuli midgoma<br />

saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis gagebisa, noembris Semdeg ki, mmarTveli <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

elitisgan uceb viRebT axal formulirebebs ufro memarcxene-populisturi<br />

mimarTulebis diskursis saxiT. magaliTad, is lozungi, rac mmarTvel politikur<br />

partias hqon<strong>da</strong> winasaarCevnod _ `saqarTvelo siRaribis gareSe~ - <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas<br />

garkveulwilad gamoxatavs. es niSnavs, rom vaSenebT saxelmwifos neolibertanuli<br />

1

gziT <strong>da</strong> mere uceb socialuri keTildReobis saxelmwifoze keTdeba aqcenti. es<br />

SemTxveviT, <strong>da</strong> mxolod diskursis doneze momx<strong>da</strong>ri cvlileba ar gaxlavT, mas Rrma<br />

sazogadoebriv-socialuri ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi axlavs.<br />

swored im definicii<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, Tu ras moicavs <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vwyvite komponentebad <strong>da</strong>meyo Cemi moxseneba. <strong>da</strong>viwyeb imiT, Tu ra<br />

sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi ganapirobeben politikis procesis Taviseburebebs<br />

saqarTveloSi. am SemTxvevaSi rTulia Rirebulebebis akademiur analizs <strong>da</strong>veyrdnoT.<br />

ufro, SesaZlebelia, sakuTari gamocdilebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kvirvebi<strong>da</strong>n gamovitanoT<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnebi, diskursebis safuZvelze gavaanalizoT isini. ver vityvi, rom arsebobs<br />

erTi dominanturi RirebulebaTa sistema, romelsac emyareba politika, aseve, ar<br />

ikveTeba <strong>Zi</strong>riTadi tendenciebi, Tu ra Rirebulebebze SeiZleba iyos politika<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobili. aseT diskursebad, pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT eTnonacionalizmi,<br />

religiuri nacionalizmi, nacionalizm-etatizmi, es aris ga<strong>da</strong>savlurebuli<br />

nacionalizmis forma, romelic `vardebis revoluciam~ moitana saqarTveloSi; aseve<br />

pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT e.w. modernuli <strong>da</strong>savluri diskursi, romelic yvelaze<br />

viwroa. TavisTavad, rodesac vambobT, rom es pirobiTi <strong>da</strong>yofaa, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

imasTan, Tu ra socialur struqturebs moicavs RirebulebaTa es sistemebi. sias<br />

rom ga<strong>da</strong>vxedoT, qarTuli <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis ganviTarebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva etapze,<br />

politikur ganviTarebaTa es sistemebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva JReradobiT gvxvdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Sesabamisad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva poziciebi hqon<strong>da</strong> TiToeul maTgans.<br />

90-ian wlebSi prevalireb<strong>da</strong> eTnikuri nacionalizmi, romelic gansxvavdeba<br />

religiuri nacionalizmisgan, romelic <strong>da</strong>iZlia 90-ian wlebSi garkveuli Zvrebis<br />

wyalobiT. es ukavSirdeba Zveli sazogadoebrivi struqturebis rRvevas, romelic<br />

sabWoTa kavSirSi iyo Camoyalibebuli, Tumca, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, es ar gulisxmobs, rom<br />

RirebulebaTa sistema mTlianad iqna <strong>da</strong>kninebuli <strong>da</strong> gaqra Cveni dRevandeli<br />

diskursi<strong>da</strong>n. bolo dros vxe<strong>da</strong>vT iseTi diskursis warmoCenas, gansakuTrebiT im<br />

ritoriki<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, romelic 2008 wels hqon<strong>da</strong>T politikosebs Tu garkveul<br />

politikur jgufebs, rogoric aris religiuri nacionalizmi. man, dominanti<br />

diskursi, romelic nacionalizm-etatizmSi SeiZleba movaqcioT, ase Tu ise, <strong>da</strong>Cagra.<br />

am SemTxvevaSi, empiriuli <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis doneze mediis ga<strong>da</strong>xedvac sakmarisia imis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sanaxavad, Tu rogor Semodis religiuri nacionalizmi qarTul diskursSi.<br />

maxsendeba erTi fraza: inga grigolias ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi - `praim-Taimi~ - erT-erTma<br />

monawilem Tqva, rom `mkrexelobaa, raRac ar aRiaro, imitom rom mas aRiarebs wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

sinodi <strong>da</strong> patriarqi~. bevri sxva magaliTis moyvanac SeiZleba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> gemovnebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> jgufebi<br />

ikveTeba, mainc ori banaki gvaqvs ase Tu ise mocemuli <strong>da</strong> orive apelirebs am<br />

Tematikaze. rac Seexeba modernul-<strong>da</strong>savlurs, igi, marTalia, sustad, jer kidev 90-<br />

iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n iyo mocemuli; susti rCeba dResac. misi gamovlineba politikaSi<br />

realurad arc gvxvdeba, igi ufro samoqalaqo seqtorSia akumulirebuli <strong>da</strong> iqac ki<br />

sustia. amis maCvenebelia is, rom memarcxene-<strong>da</strong>savluri diskursi, romelic am<br />

segmentisTvis aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli, saqarTveloSi sakmaod sustad aris warmoCenili.<br />

rac Seexeba sazogadoebriv ganwyobebs, SeiZleba ramdenime punqti gamoiyos.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> ganwyobebis CamoyalibebaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti<br />

socializaciis is meqanizmebia, romlebic socialur kapitals <strong>da</strong> amaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebiT<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mimarT individebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas,<br />

momavlis xedvis TvalsazrisiT gansazRvraven. socialuri kapitalis akumulirebis<br />

meqanizmebi socializaciis meqanizmebSi un<strong>da</strong> ve<strong>Zi</strong>oT. samwuxarod, verc am SemTxvevaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>veyrdnobi akademiur kvlevebs, imitom, rom msgavsi kvleva saqarTveloSi jer ar<br />

Catarebula, magram SemiZlia visaubro isev sakuTari <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiTa <strong>da</strong> gamocdilebiT.<br />

2

am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli sazogadoeba win namdvilad ar wasula. socialuri<br />

kapitali ndobis xarisxis indeqss gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong> misi gazomva sazogadoebaSi<br />

jgufuri kuTvnilebis an amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, individebisadmi ndobas efuZneba. anu,<br />

socialuri kapitali maRalia sazogadoebebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ndoba individebs Soris ar<br />

efuZneba pirad urTierTobebs an jgufur kuTvnilebebs. es imas niSnavs, rom a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />

mxolod imitom ki ar vendobi, rom is marTlmadidebeli an qarTvelia an sxva<br />

erovnebis warmomadgeneli, aramed vendobi imis gamo, rom is am qveynis moqalaqea. Tu<br />

am tipis ndoba gvaqvs sazogadoebaSi, socialuri kapitali ufro maRalia. aseTi<br />

tipis ndoba ganapirobebs zoga<strong>da</strong>d urTierTqmedebas soli<strong>da</strong>robis <strong>da</strong> garkveuli<br />

sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris TvalsazrisiT, mobilizebis maRalunarianobas sazogadoebaSi.<br />

Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis kapitalis mqone, anu maRali socialuri kapitalis mqone<br />

sazogadoebas, SesaZlebelia <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis kontrolis meti albaToba<br />

hqondes. sazogadoeba, sa<strong>da</strong>c socialuri kapitali <strong>da</strong>balia, <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema<br />

sazogadoebriv cxovrebas mowyvetilia. amis sapirispirod saqarTveloSi SeiZleba<br />

moiyvanon argumenti, rom arsebobs mobilizebis meqanizmebi: rom noemberSi vxe<strong>da</strong>vdiT<br />

100-aTasian Tu 200-aTasian mitingebs, magram isic un<strong>da</strong> gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ris<br />

safuZvelze xdeba moqalaqeebis mobilizeba. arsebobs mobilizebis ganmapirobebeli<br />

ori <strong>Zi</strong>riTadi faqtori <strong>da</strong> isini ar ukavSirdeba socialur kapitals. Cvens<br />

SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi mobilobis unari sazogadoebas negatiuri faqtoriT<br />

mobilizaciis garemoebam misca. anu, sazogadoebas uaryofiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aqvs<br />

garkveul sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, iqmneba gare faqtori, romelic iwvevs<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebas am problemasTan. am SemTxvevaSi gare mobilizebis meqanizmTan gvaqvs<br />

saqme.<br />

radgan ndobaze vsaubrobdiT, kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, bolodroindeli movlenebis<br />

Semdeg gvqono<strong>da</strong> analizis saSualeba, Tu ra <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebebi <strong>da</strong> ndobis xarisxi<br />

ikveTeba ama Tu im <strong>politikuri</strong> institutis Tu saerTod, sazogadoebrivi<br />

institutebis mimarT. samwuxarod, arc aseTi kvleva Catarebula saqarTveloSi.<br />

rTulia, isaubro, romeli institutebis mimarT aris ndoba ufro maRali. magram Tu<br />

kvlav sakuTar gamocdilebas movixmobT, <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom Tu 2003 wlis revoluciis<br />

Semdeg ndoba saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> insitutebis mimarT mkveTrad gaizar<strong>da</strong>, am etapisTvis,<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>texa 2007 wlis noembris movlenebis dros ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra, ndobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis<br />

procesi ufro adre <strong>da</strong>iwyo. dReisTvis, sazogadoebrivi institutebis didi speqtria<br />

diskreditirebuli. mTeli is media-kampaniebi, romelTa mowmenic Cven gavxdiT, imis<br />

mixedviT, Tu rogor kampanias awarmoebdnen <strong>politikuri</strong> Zalebi erTmaneTis mimarT <strong>da</strong><br />

ra Sedegebic miviReT, yovelive aman sazogadoebaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> institutebis mimarT<br />

ndoba mkveTrad Seamcira. kampaniebs imitom gavusvi xazi, rom saidumlo Canawerebis<br />

gaJRerebam mkveTrad Seamcira ndoba mediis mimarTac <strong>da</strong> samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />

institutebis mimarTac ki. Tumca, saqarTveloSi am mxriv, gansakuTrebuli<br />

mdgomareoba arc yofila. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis institutebs naklebad icnob<strong>da</strong><br />

farTo sazogadoebrioba. politikur cnobierebaSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />

segmentebis muSaoba miTologizebuli iyo. erTaderTi instituti, romelic<br />

saqarTveloSi ndobis maRal xarisxs inarCunebs, aris eklesia. eklesiis mimarT<br />

ndobis maRali xarisxi ganpirobebulia religiuri nacionalizmiT, romelzec weRan<br />

vsaubrobdi.<br />

erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic ganwyobebSi ikveTeba <strong>da</strong> romelic aseve xdeba<br />

Sefasebis sagani, aris pluralizmi. ramdenad aris <strong>da</strong>culi igi saqarTveloSi,<br />

rogorc Rirebuleba? ra ganwyobaa mis mimarT? dRevandel politikur diskursebSi,<br />

gansxvavebuli azris miuRebloba, saqarTveloSi pluralisturi kulturis<br />

uqonlobaze miuTiTebs. amis Sedegia eqstremizmis maRali done, rac qarTul<br />

3

politikas axasiaTebs. vaRiarebT, rom arseboben Zalebi, romlebic absolutur<br />

WeSmaritebas floben <strong>da</strong> maT vemxrobiT, gadis raRac periodi, Cveni molodini ar<br />

marTldeba <strong>da</strong> mere uceb mTlianad vupirispirdebiT am politikur Zalas. amis mizezi<br />

ar aris sazogadoeba. amis mizezia is, Tu rogor muSaobs <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema,<br />

romelic Tavad aris socializaciis garemo. rodesac <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema Caketilia<br />

sazogadoebrivi monawileobisTvis, TavisTavad, <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis formebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, igi radikaluri <strong>da</strong> xSirad, eqstremistuli gzebiTac ki vlindeba. am<br />

Caketilobis Sedegi iyo swored noembris aqciebi <strong>da</strong> misi Semdgomi movlenebi.<br />

pluralizmTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kidev erT moments gamovyofdi _ cnobierebaSi mxareebi<br />

gamarjvebul <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Cagrul Zalebad iyofa. iqi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, rom sistemisgan<br />

sazogadoeba ver iRebs Tavisi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad <strong>da</strong>debiT Sedegebs, simpaTiebi<br />

yovelTvis <strong>da</strong>Cagrulis mxares ga<strong>da</strong>dis <strong>da</strong> esec <strong>politikuri</strong> aqtivobis<br />

eqstremistuli gamovlinebaa.<br />

rac Seexeba molodinebs, romlebic <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis erT-erTi<br />

mniSvnelovani komponentia, risi <strong>da</strong> rogori molodini SeiZleba ikveTebodes qarTul<br />

sazogadoebaSi <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis mimarT? ra xedvebi SeiZleba yalibdebodes<br />

momavlis TvalsazrisiT im krizisis fonze, romelic axlaxans ganviTar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> jerac<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>srulebula realurad? erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong> Cveni diskusiis<br />

saTaurSic aris gamotanili es sityvebi _ `<strong>Tavisufleba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>wesrigi~</strong>, am or cnebas<br />

Soris aris sakiTxebis gamaSualebeli fena, romelsac SeiZleba zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

samarTlianoba <strong>da</strong>varqvaT. sistemis mimarT molodini ukve noemberSi gamoikveTa.<br />

xalxi samarTlianobas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. <strong>Tavisufleba</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> wesrigs Soris zRvarsac swored<br />

samarTlianobis cneba aregulirebs. wesrigi SeiZleba iyos nebismieri saxis, amis<br />

gamocdileba arsebobs. idealuri wesrigi stalinuri tipis reJimis drosac SeiZleba<br />

iyos <strong>da</strong> iseT sistemaSic, rogoric aris aSS-Si, sa<strong>da</strong>c samarTlianobis ganc<strong>da</strong> ufro<br />

maRalia, vidre es sabWoTa kavSirSi, stalinis periodSi iyo. amitom samarTlianobis<br />

gagebis gareSe wesrigis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba absoluturad gamoricxulia. es <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

mignebaa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs ar ekuTvnis. realurad kanonmorCileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

sistemis mimarT <strong>da</strong>debiTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rogorc legitimuri formis aRiareba,<br />

samarTlianobis ganc<strong>da</strong>s efuZneba. wina periodisgan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi dRes<br />

swored samarTlianobaze keTdeba aqcenti. samwuxarod, samarTlianobis moTxovnam<br />

<strong>da</strong>azarala demokratiis imiji saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>azarala <strong>da</strong>savleTis, rogorc<br />

demokratiis uzrunvelmyofeli faqtoris saxe. Tu gavixsenebT mTel im aqciebs,<br />

romlebic imarTebo<strong>da</strong> arCevnebis Semdeg, apelireba rogorc gamaSualebel Zalaze,<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarT xdebo<strong>da</strong>. sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>savleTisgan elo<strong>da</strong> Carevas demokratiuli<br />

TamaSis wesebis <strong>da</strong>sacavad. aq Cven iseT problemas vukavSirdebiT, rogoric aris<br />

sakuTari saxelmwifoebriobis ganc<strong>da</strong>. sazogadoebas naklebad aqvs gacnobierebuli is,<br />

rom gare<strong>da</strong>n TamaSis wesebi ar mkvidrdeba, SesaZlebelia mxolod gavlenis moxdena.<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis saxe, romelic gaidealebuli iyo qarTul sazogadoebaSi, SesaZloa, nelnela<br />

racinalur CarCoebSic moeqces, Tumca aris safrTxe, rom isev moxdes<br />

miTologizacia <strong>da</strong> gaidealebi<strong>da</strong>n sapirispiro mxares - stigmatizaciasa <strong>da</strong><br />

demokratiuli Rirebulebebis diskreditaciaSi ga<strong>da</strong>veSvaT. es, TavisTavad, gaRvivdeba,<br />

Tuki religiuri nacionalizmis diskursi saqarTveloSi dominanturi diskursis<br />

saxes miiRebs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ didi madloba, malxaz. axla ia anTaZes movusminoT.<br />

ia anTaZe _ <strong>da</strong>viwyeb imiT, rom me politologi ar gaxlavarT <strong>da</strong> sakmaod<br />

subieqturi warmodgenebi maqvs <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Sesaxeb. amitom, CemTvis<br />

4

advili iyo, <strong>da</strong>vTanxmebuliyavi, rom am CemTvis sakmaod bundovan Temaze mesaubra im<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebTan, romlebsac udides pativs vcem. amitom, CemTvis didi pativi iqneba,<br />

movismino Tqveni azri <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Sesaxeb.<br />

me, Cemi mxri<strong>da</strong>n, sayrden wertilad SevarCie mimdinare <strong>politikuri</strong> momenti,<br />

romelic, vfiqrob, saetapoa swored <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

pirobiTad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom es momenti <strong>da</strong>iwyo 2007 wlis or noembers <strong>da</strong>,<br />

albaT, saparlamento arCevnebiT <strong>da</strong>sruldeba. am etapisaTvis ra aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

iseTi, rac <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Tvisebriv cvlilebaze saubris safuZvels<br />

gvaZlevs?<br />

vfiqrob, es aris <strong>da</strong>pirispirebul ZalTa met-naklebi wonasworoba, rac<br />

saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur process, rogorc wesi, ar axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

wonasworobis gulisgulSi aris sazogadoeba, romelsac, erTi mxriv, aRar un<strong>da</strong><br />

Zveleburad cxovreba, magram, meore mxriv, arc radikaluri <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis momxrea.<br />

diax, mimdinare politikur moments axasiaTebs xalxmravali mitingebi, saprotesto<br />

suliskveTeba, periodulad dialogis Sewyveta xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> opozicias Soris.<br />

magram swored es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic Tavs iyrian saprotesto mitingebze, qmnian<br />

politikur kalapots rogorc xelisuflebisTvis, ise – opoziciisTvis.<br />

Cven, albaT, vTanxmdebiT, rom sazogadoebis protestma aiZula prezidenti<br />

mixeil saakaSvili, va<strong>da</strong>mdeli arCevnebi <strong>da</strong>eniSna. am arCevnebze, pirvelad<br />

saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi, gaCn<strong>da</strong> realuri saprezidento alternativa;<br />

pirvelad arCevnebis win ar iyo cnobili, vin gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> gamarjvebuli; <strong>da</strong> is faqti,<br />

rom centraluri saarCevno komisiis monacemebiT mixeil saakaSvilma orjer meti xma<br />

miiRo, vidre meore adgilze gasulma levan gaCeCilaZem, jer kidev ar niSnavs imas,<br />

rom prezidents <strong>da</strong> mis partias orjer meti momxre hyavs, vidre opozicias.<br />

sinamdvileSi, mimdinare politikur process axasiaTebs orientacia dialogze, radgan<br />

ZalTa realuri balansi xelisuflebasac <strong>da</strong> opoziciasac aiZulebs, erTmaneTTan<br />

salaparako ena moZebnon.<br />

sazogadoeba dRes <strong>politikuri</strong> procesis mTavari mokarnaxea. sazogadoebrivi<br />

<strong>da</strong>kveTis safuZvelze opoziciis mniSvnelovani nawili iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />

gaerTianebuliyo, <strong>da</strong> erTian saprezidento kandi<strong>da</strong>tze SeTanxmebuliyo. dResac,<br />

rodesac opozicia saparlamento arCevnebs saprezidento arCevnebis meore turad<br />

ganixilavs, sazogadoeba isev iTxovs erTianobas <strong>da</strong> arCevnebze erTiani siiT gasvlas.<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Zlieri <strong>da</strong> reitinguli partiebi iZulebulni arian, sazogadobriv azrs<br />

angariSi gauwion, sakuTari ambiciebi gverdze ga<strong>da</strong>don <strong>da</strong> iseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi Seiyvanon<br />

parlamentSi sakuTari xmebiT, romlebic, <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, 5%-ian bariers ver<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>laxavdnen. ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba ara sakuTari ambiciebis karnaxiT, aramed,<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> mizanSewonilobis principiT, mimdinare <strong>politikuri</strong> momentis erT-erTi<br />

<strong>Zi</strong>riTadi maxasiaTebelia.<br />

Tavis mxriv, prezidentic iZulebulia, xalxis azrs angariSi gauwios. misi<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>Svebuli Secdomebis aRiareba, saxalxo <strong>da</strong>mcvelis ofisSi stumroba 1 <strong>da</strong><br />

sozar subarisTvis instituciuri TanamSromlobis SeTavazeba, mTavrobis wevrebis<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi nawilis SerCeva profesiuli niSniT <strong>da</strong> partiuli siis <strong>da</strong>kompleqteba<br />

upartio a<strong>da</strong>mianebiT – es swored is kalapotia, romelSic prezidenti moZraobs ara<br />

sakuTari gemovnebis Sesabamisad, aramed, sazogadoebrivi azris zewoliT.<br />

1 2008 wlis 5 ianvris saprezidento arCevnebis Semdeg (14.01.2008) saqarTvelos saxalxo <strong>da</strong>mcvelma<br />

sozar subarma Ria weriliT mimarTa mixeil saakaSvils. 15 ianvars mixeil saakaSvili saxalxo<br />

<strong>da</strong>mcevls estumra sasaubrod.<br />

5

ese igi, sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong>kveTa dRes ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone<br />

faqtoria rogorc xelisuflebisTvis, aseve opoziciisTvis. sazogadoeba qmnis erTian<br />

kalapots, romelSic yvela <strong>politikuri</strong> Zala moZraobs. amitom, mimdinare<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> momentis gar<strong>da</strong>uvali atributia dialogi erTian kalapotSi moqceul<br />

xelisuflebasa <strong>da</strong> opozicias Soris. am process axasiaTebs Tvisebrivad axali<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, ris gamoc procesi xarvezebiT, CavardnebiT, rTulad<br />

mimdinareobs, magram ualternativoa manam, sanam romelime mxare – xelisufleba an<br />

opozicia – sazogadoebis mier moniSnul kalapots Zalis gamoyenebiT ar <strong>da</strong>arRvevs<br />

<strong>da</strong> jebirebs ar ga<strong>da</strong>va. swored aseT Zaladobad SeiZleba ganvixiloT saparlamento<br />

arCevnebi, Tu es arCevnebi gayalbdeba. amitom, me vfiqrob, swored arCevnebamde<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenil droSi un<strong>da</strong> moxdes cvlilebebi, romlebic sazogadoebas miscems<br />

garantiebs, rom saparlamento arCevnebic Cajdeba, moTavsdeba mis mier Camoyalibebul<br />

kalapotSi. am TvalsazrisiT, ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet faqtorebad mimaCnia saarCevno<br />

kanonmdeblobisa <strong>da</strong> saarCevno administraciis maqsimalurad gakeTilSobileba <strong>da</strong>, ra<br />

Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis ga<strong>Tavisufleba</strong> cenzurisgan.<br />

Zalian gulaxdilad getyviT, rom gasuli kviris samSabaTs miviRe<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, CaverTo procesSi <strong>da</strong> kenWi viyaro sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis<br />

generaluri direqtoris postze gamocxadebul konkursSi. aqve min<strong>da</strong>, bodiSi<br />

mogixadoT yvelas imis gamo, rom ori kviris ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT uars<br />

vambobdi am konkursSi monawileobaze <strong>da</strong> Semdeg Sevcvale ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. magram<br />

axali ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miviRe imis Semdeg, rac Sevityve, rom Zalian mcire iyo<br />

resursi xelisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> opoziciis SesaTanxmeblad am sakiTxze <strong>da</strong> Cemi Tanxmoba<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Sansi sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad. albaT, konkursSi monawileobas<br />

miviReb im SemTxvevaSi, Tu procesSi CarTuli yvela mxare mzad iqneba, momandos es<br />

Zalian rTuli <strong>da</strong> sapatio posti. arian Cemi kolegebi, romlebsac me TviTon didi<br />

siamovnebiT <strong>da</strong>vuWer mxars generaluri direqtoris postze <strong>da</strong> aseve didi<br />

siamovnebiT vimuSaveb maTTan erTad am televiziaSi. vici, zogs ar moswons,<br />

generaluri direqtoris posti <strong>politikuri</strong> SeTanxmebis sagnad rom iqca. magram me<br />

mgonia, rom es Zalian misaRebia, radgan is a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelsac sameurveo sabWo<br />

airCevs, un<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdes ara mxolod am cxra a<strong>da</strong>mianis ndobiT – Cven ukve<br />

vnaxeT, rom es sakmarisi ar aris – aramed, un<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdes ndobiT rogorc<br />

xelisuflebis, ise opoziciis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. jer erTi, televiziis ama Tu im saxis<br />

cenzurisgan ga<strong>Tavisufleba</strong> SeuZlia mxolod im a<strong>da</strong>mians, romelic procesSi<br />

CarTuli yvela mxaris ndobiT sargeblobs. meorec, verc erTi mxare ver gabe<strong>da</strong>vs,<br />

mxari <strong>da</strong>uWiros im kandi<strong>da</strong>ts, romelsac ar endoba sazogadoeba. swored<br />

sazogadoebis ndoba un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong> iqneba kidec ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti faqtori rogorc<br />

centraluri saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomaris <strong>da</strong>niSvnis, ise televiziis<br />

xelmZRvanelis arCevis dros. Tu arCevnebamde <strong>da</strong>rCenil ramdenime Tves Cveni qveyana<br />

gaivlis sworad – dialogis, SeTanxmebis gziT – <strong>da</strong> Cven yvela erTad SevqmniT<br />

patiosani, gauyalbebeli arCevnebis Catarebis winapirobebs, <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT SemiZlia<br />

vTqva, rom saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg, swored <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo ga<strong>da</strong>va ganviTarebis Tvisebrivad axal –<br />

kidev ufro maRal – safexurze.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ didi madloba. movusminoT emzar jgerenaias <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ukve<br />

diskusias gaxsnilad gamovacxadebT.<br />

emzar jgerenaia _ mogesalmebiT. erTi ambavi min<strong>da</strong> mogiTxroT. amaswinaT avad<br />

gavxdi <strong>da</strong> eqimi gamoviZaxe. un<strong>da</strong> genaxaT ojaxis eqimis gaocebuli saxe, rodesac<br />

6

varkeTilSi, oTaxnaxevrian, gauremontebel binaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. arafriT undo<strong>da</strong> imis<br />

<strong>da</strong>jereba, rom me am binaSi vcxovrob. radgan zogjer televizorSi mxe<strong>da</strong>ven,<br />

sazogadoebas hgonia, rom aucileblad faliaSvilis quCaze un<strong>da</strong> vcxovrobde <strong>da</strong><br />

cotaTi korumpirebulic un<strong>da</strong> viyo. ras izam, aseTia Cveni sazogadoebis molodini.<br />

dRevandeli moxsenebis ramdenime varianti maqvs mofiqrebuli. pirveli, rac<br />

vifiqre, mindo<strong>da</strong> TqvenTvis meTxova, erTad migvego pativi u<strong>da</strong>naSaulod<br />

`mokvdinebuli~ <strong>da</strong> `jeo-bari<strong>da</strong>n~ gagdebuli pakosTvis 2 . sityva `mokvdinebuli~, ra<br />

Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, metaforuli mniSvnelobiT un<strong>da</strong> vixmaroT <strong>da</strong> ara pir<strong>da</strong>piri. rogorc<br />

Semdeg gairkva, es biWi iqi<strong>da</strong>n sazogadoebis, eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> prezidentis erToblivi<br />

CareviT gaaZeves. yvelani erTgulni aRmoCndnen am saqmeSi. sabolood, albaT pako<br />

uaryof<strong>da</strong> sakutar orientacias <strong>da</strong> xatzec <strong>da</strong>ificeb<strong>da</strong>, rom misi mxri<strong>da</strong>n es mxolod<br />

uwyinari xumroba iyo. vin icis, iqneb es marTlac asea <strong>da</strong> Cven mxolod mogveCvena.<br />

axla <strong>da</strong>vubrundebi Cvens dRevandel Temas. politikur <strong>kultura</strong>ze vsaubrobT.<br />

ras gulisxmobs es cneba? Cemi azriT, politikur <strong>kultura</strong>ze iq SeiZleba saubari,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>Zabulobis moxsna SeuZliaT socialur institutebs, an saerTod,<br />

institutebs, anu, sa<strong>da</strong>c institutebs aqvT konfliqtebis STanTqmis/absorbaciis<br />

unari. sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos stabiuluroba, bevrad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli<br />

moqnili institutebis arsebobaze, romelsac konfliqtebis moxsna SeuZlia. dRes am<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbazSi rom vikiTxoT, gayalb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara arCevnebi, TiTqmis yvela ityvis, rom<br />

gayalb<strong>da</strong>. SesaZloa, vinmem Tqvas, rom ar gayalbebula. magram sai<strong>da</strong>n viciT an erTi,<br />

an meore? problema is aris, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi socialur institutebs ar endobian.<br />

amaswinaT no<strong>da</strong>r la<strong>da</strong>riasTan viyavi ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi “Ramis saubrebi” <strong>da</strong> mkiTxa, Tu ra<br />

ufro kargad aRwers Cvens sazogadoebas, eTnografia Tu sociologia. es Zalian<br />

Wkvianurad <strong>da</strong> eSmakurad <strong>da</strong>smuli SekiTxva iyo. ra mkiTxa me am a<strong>da</strong>mianma? _ aris Tu<br />

ara Cveni sazogadoeba modernuli, romelsac, rogorc wesi, Seiswavlian<br />

sociologebi, Tu aris tradiciuli, romelic eTnografebis Seswavlis obieqtia?<br />

Sevecade bundovani pasuxi gameca, radgan mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc didi gambe<strong>da</strong>obiT ar<br />

gamovirCevi. vTqvi, rom sociologiis obieqtia. ufro swori iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu vityodi,<br />

rom Cveni sazogadoebis zogierTi socialuri fenis aRsawerad sociologia, zogis<br />

ki, eTnografia ufro upriani iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. es kiTxva politikur sistemaSi rom<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vitanoT <strong>da</strong> sakiTxi ase <strong>da</strong>vayenoT, ra ufro kargad Seiswavlis Cvens politikur<br />

sistemas, eTnografia Tu sociologia, amaze pasuxi ar maqvs. magram aseTi kiTxva<br />

SeiZleba gaCndes. aris Tu ara is sociologiis Seswavlis obieqti, Tu is iseTive<br />

eTnografiuli obieqtia, rogorc romelime kunZulis mkvidrTa cxovreba, romelic<br />

frezerma an tailorma SeiZleba aRweron?<br />

wesrigi <strong>da</strong> <strong>Tavisufleba</strong> _ ras vgulisxmob me am cnebebSi. saerTod,<br />

sociologiac <strong>da</strong> eTnografiac, iseTi mecnierebebia, romlebic mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc di<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />

2 Ppako tabataZe monawileob<strong>da</strong> rusTavi-2-is realur SouSi „bari-4“. Sou 2007 wlos 13 oqtombers<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo pir<strong>da</strong>pir eTerSi. Sous msvlelobis dros pakom Riad ganacxa<strong>da</strong> misi homoseqsualobis Sesaxeb.<br />

meore diliT Sous saprodiusero jgufma auwya mas, rom Sou un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebina. am faqtze komentari<br />

rusTavi-2-is dierqtorma koba <strong>da</strong>varaSvilma gaakeTa <strong>da</strong> aRniSna, rom rusTavi-2-isTvis<br />

sazogadoebrivi morali komerciul <strong>da</strong>interesebaze metad mniSvnelovani iyo. ramdenime dReSi k.<br />

<strong>da</strong>varaSvilma televiziis direqtoris posti <strong>da</strong>tova. rusTavi-2-is TanamSromlebi <strong>da</strong> zogierTi mediasaSualeba<br />

avrceleb<strong>da</strong> informacias, rom pakos Sou<strong>da</strong>n gagdeba ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> patriarqis mier<br />

prezidentTan ganxorcielebul satelefono zars, romelsac maSinve mohyva prezidentis gamoxmaureba.<br />

Tavad monawile acxadebs, rom igi swored im pirobiT aiyvanes SouSi, rom mas Riad gaecxadebina<br />

sakuTari seqsualuri orientaciis Sesaxeb. wyaro: Georgia: TV Show Reveals Country's Changing Mores/<br />

By Salome Asatiani/ http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/10/8d13efe1-2b1d-4a6a-920d-476761394ab8.html<br />

7

megobroben istoriasTan. Cveni problema ki, mainc mgonia, rom istoriuli problemaa.<br />

malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Zes msurs mivmarTo, misi gamosvla Zalian kompetenturi iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>savluri politologii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sociologii<strong>da</strong>n aRebuli cnebebiT gajerebuli. es<br />

iyo swori <strong>da</strong> bunebrivi midgoma. magram rodesac axal droSi, an sulac,<br />

reformaciis, martin luTeris Semdeg evropuli azri iwyebs imaze fiqrs, Tu rogor<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moewyos sazogadoeba, ras niSnavs saxelmwifo, vin aris moqalaqe, ra uflebebi<br />

aqvT a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, rogoria <strong>politikuri</strong> sistema an rogori un<strong>da</strong> iyos is <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

saqarTveloSi am dros qarTveli poetebi sxe<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> weren Tavian poetur Sedevrebs.<br />

literaturas aravin uaryofs, es Zalian didi <strong>kultura</strong>a, magram is, rasac hqvia<br />

socialur wesrigsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebis mowyobaze refleqsia,<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> sistemebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, anu rogorc dRes vambobT – diskursi,<br />

Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>s an saerTod ar aqvs an literaturuli formiTaa mowodebuli. amis<br />

gamo vitanjebiT <strong>da</strong> vTamaSobT <strong>da</strong>savleTs, magram sinamdvileSi ra aris <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

buneba, rogor aris mowyobili <strong>da</strong>savleTis socialuri <strong>da</strong> <strong>politikuri</strong> yofa CvenTvis<br />

srulebiT gaugebaria. amitom, umTavresad, mainc im barbarosebiviT viqceviT,<br />

evropuli kostumiT rom Semoses, magram mentalitetis TvalsazrisiT, mainc iq varT,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c didi xnis win viyaviT. Sesabamisad, Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>s ar aqvs “sacecebi”<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur politikur sistemasTan <strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad, <strong>da</strong> dRes arsebuli <strong>politikuri</strong>,<br />

ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> socialuri struqturebi “xeliT gakeTebuls” ufro hgavs, vidre<br />

Cveni sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis bunebriv produqts – nacionalur<br />

“brends”.<br />

erTi raRac maxsendeba: 2002 welia. zaza SaTiriSvilTan erTad Tbilisobaze<br />

var, Zveli qarTuli tipis, uwesrigo, WuWyian Tbilisobaze - sufrebiT qalaqis<br />

centrSi, `iveriis~ win. maSin vTqviT, rom es bolo aseTi Tbilisoba iyo <strong>da</strong> rom<br />

male moxdebo<strong>da</strong> misi “evropeizacia.” rac marTlac mox<strong>da</strong>. problema is aris, rom<br />

erTi mxriv, arsebobs Zveli <strong>kultura</strong>, <strong>da</strong> meore mxriv, arsebobs axali fenomeni<br />

qarTuli saxelmwifos saxiT. me meCveneba, rom arsebobs kolizia am Zvel <strong>kultura</strong>sa<br />

<strong>da</strong> axal warmonaqmns Soris, romelsac saxelmwifo hqvia. Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT<br />

<strong>da</strong>savlur cnebebze, gamoviyenoT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Teoria, magram racionalizaciis<br />

gamocdileba ar gvaqvs. ratom? _ pirvel rigSi imitom, rom reformacia ar<br />

gagvivlia. Cven gamovtoveT hipebis moZraoba, evropuli <strong>da</strong>pirispireba mamebis<br />

<strong>kultura</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> bevri sxva ram. Cven Sinagani, inteleqtualuri muSaoba ar<br />

Cagvitarebia tolerantobaze sasaubrod. sad laparakoben tolerantobaze? _<br />

luTeris Semdeg, rodesac kaTolikuri eklesiis erTiani sxeuli <strong>da</strong>iSala, evropuli<br />

sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong>iyo mraval erTmaneTTan moqiSpe religiur Temad, rodesac<br />

moqalaqeebma religiuri gansxvavebis gamo erTmaneTi <strong>da</strong>xoces, <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

kontrreformacia <strong>da</strong> a.S. mxolod am gamocdilebis wiaRSi ibadeba tolerantobis<br />

cneba. Cven dRes vlaparakobT tolerantobaze <strong>da</strong> amiT Cven vimeorebT evropis<br />

istorias istoriuli gamocdilebis gareSe.<br />

wesrigisadmi ndoba arsebobs iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianebi wesrigisaTvis muSaoben,<br />

rodesac wesrigi gaigeba, rogorc sakuTari kulturis Sinagani muSaobis produqti,<br />

rogorc wesrigis qmnadobaSi moqalaqeebis monawileobis produqti. CvenTan,<br />

tradiciulad, wesrigTan mimarTebaSi yovelTvis arsebob<strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegoba <strong>da</strong> es<br />

winaaRmdegoba gaigebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc <strong>Tavisufleba</strong>. imitom, rom es wesrigi Cven<br />

istoriaSi didi xnis man<strong>Zi</strong>lze gare<strong>da</strong>n iyo importirebuli. Cveni wesrigi iyo an<br />

sparsuli, an Turquli, rusuli <strong>da</strong> sabWoTa wesrigi. am “wesrigebs” Cven<br />

Tavisuflebis Cveneul gagebas vagebebdiT. Sesabamisad, gvaqvs winaaRmdegoba wesrigis<br />

mimarT, imitom, rom igi Cveni istoriuli aqtivobis organuli produqti ar aris.<br />

aris Tu ara wesrigi, romelic dRes gvaqvs, Cvens mier Seqmnili? saSualo<br />

8

statistikuri qarTveli getyviT, rom is wesrigi, romelic Cven gvaqvs, ukiduresad<br />

araqarTuli movlenaa, rom es aris sazizRari <strong>da</strong> aramarTlmadidebluri, radgan<br />

globalizaciis mier aris Tavsmoxveuli, rom un<strong>da</strong> arsebobdes sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja <strong>da</strong><br />

hamurabis kanonebi. istoriulad wesrigis Sinaganad formirebisTvis qarTvels<br />

muSaobis Catareba ar <strong>da</strong>scal<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>naa problemebi.<br />

rac Seexeba ia anTa<strong>Zi</strong>s mosazrebas, rom sazogadoeba karnaxobs xelisuflebasac<br />

<strong>da</strong> opoziciasac Tavis moTxovnebs, Cemi azriT, es ufro Cveni sazogadoebis<br />

ganviTarebis perspeqtivaa. sazogadoebis SekveTa aris dialogze, magram mTavaria, sad<br />

Catardeba es “dialogi”: quCaSi Tu <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis SigniT. Tu moxdeba<br />

problemis “institucionaluri <strong>da</strong>muSaveba”, politikur sistemas miecema Semdgomi<br />

arsebobis saSualeba. amitom, vfiqrob, rom Tanamedrove qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />

umTavresi gamowveva aris instituciuri krizisis <strong>da</strong>Zleva, anu, instituciebisadmi<br />

ndobis amaRleba.<br />

inteleqtualur wreebSi yovelTvis dominireb<strong>da</strong> mosazreba, rom arCevnebis<br />

Sedegebis garkveuli koreqcia aucilebelia, imitom, rom qarTveli xalxis nebaze<br />

miSveba warsulSi <strong>da</strong> komunistur Tu fsevdokomunistur bnelSi <strong>da</strong>gvabrunebs. ar<br />

vici. SesaZloa es marTalac ase iyos, magram amgvar koreqcias ufro cudi Sedegi<br />

moaqvs: wesrigisadmi undobloba.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ diskusias gaxsnilad vacxadeb. manamde, mec min<strong>da</strong> mogaxsenoT<br />

Cemi azri. SekiTxvac maqvs. iam sazogadoebis ndobaze, ndobis aucileblobaze isaubra,<br />

malxazma, piriqiT, socialuri kapitalis ararsebobaze.<br />

emzar, Tqven TqviT, rom qarTvelebs ar <strong>da</strong>scal<strong>da</strong>T im gzis gavla, romelic<br />

gaiara <strong>da</strong>savleTma imisTvis, rom Camoyalibebuliyo iseTi saxiT, rogoric dRes aqvs.<br />

amis Sesaxeb xom aris <strong>da</strong>grovili codna <strong>da</strong> gamocdileba, xom arsebobs literatura,<br />

romelic ireklavs am gzas, nuTu am codnis gaziarebas <strong>da</strong> aTvisebas is dro<br />

sWirdeba, rac mis <strong>da</strong>grovebas <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>?<br />

emzar jgerenaia _ Tuki qarTvelebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi varT, es imas niSnavs, rom sxva<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianuri gamocdilebis aTviseba SegviZlia. SeiZleba raRac <strong>da</strong>iswavlo, magram<br />

problema is aris, rom amas, etyoba, mainc sWirdeba didi dro. nacia yalibdeba didi<br />

sisxliT, samoqalaqo omebiT - gaixseneT safrangeTis revolucia. demokratiis<br />

mimarT nu geqnebaT gansakuTrebuli molodini. demokratia es aris tanjva, brZola,<br />

es triali, maias samyaroa, mdinare romelSiac orjer ver Sexval. <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis ase<br />

iqneba, sanam iqneba demokratia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ ia, rodesac saubrobT imaze, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> konsensusia<br />

saWiro sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblobis sameurveo sabWos <strong>da</strong> Semdeg generaluri<br />

direqtoris SesarCevad, Tuki es xalxi mxolod <strong>politikuri</strong> subieqtebis mier <strong>da</strong><br />

ara farTo sazogadoebis mier SeirCeva, xom ar fiqrobT, rom aseT pirobebSi,<br />

SesaZloa, rogorc direqtori, aseve sameurveo sabWo, romelime <strong>politikuri</strong> klanis<br />

mZevali aRmoCndes?<br />

Cven aq arCevnebi <strong>da</strong> kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi vaxseneT. dRes universitetSi saarCevno<br />

geografiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli erTi Zalian saintereso kvlevis prezentacias<br />

<strong>da</strong>veswari. kvlevis avtorebma kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi or jgufad <strong>da</strong>yves. iam Tqva, rom es<br />

konkurentunariani arCevnebi iyo <strong>da</strong> realurad arsebob<strong>da</strong> oponenti. am kvlevis<br />

mixedviT, erT jgufSi iyvnen kandi<strong>da</strong>tebi, romlebic socialur dRis wesrigs<br />

warmoudgendnen moqalaqeebs, socialuri problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wraze iyvnen<br />

orientirebulni, meoreni _ umTavresad politikur cvlilebebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

9

uflebebze saubrobdnen. pirvel jgufSi moeqcnen badri patarkaciSvili, Salva<br />

naTelaSvili <strong>da</strong> mixeil saakaSvili, meoreSi _ <strong>da</strong>viT gamyreliZe <strong>da</strong> levan gaCeCilaZe.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> im maxasiaTebliTac warmoCndeba Cvens winaSe, Tu ras aniWebs<br />

amomrCeveli met mniSvnelobas - politikosebis socialur problemebze Tu<br />

politikur cvlilebebsa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebebze orientirebas. kvlevaSi geografia<br />

regionebis mixedviT gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong>. Zalian saintereso <strong>da</strong>skvna iyo imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />

regionebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mohyavT citrusebi, yurZeni <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c isxmeba borjomi, saakaSvilma<br />

marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>; regionebSi ki, sa<strong>da</strong>c modis xil-bostneuli <strong>da</strong> marcvlovani<br />

kulturebi, met xmas agrovebs. es naxevrad xumrobiT iyo naTqvami, magram mainc<br />

sainteresoa.<br />

me maqvs ganc<strong>da</strong>, rom ver ga<strong>da</strong>vWeriT, Tumca ki ramdenadme mivuaxlovdiT<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis, rogorc cnebis, Sinaarsis gagebas. diskusia gaxsnilia,<br />

SegiZliaT <strong>da</strong>svaT SekiTxvebi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT arabiZe, maswavlebelTa Tavisufali profkavSiris Tavmjdomare _ b-no<br />

malxaz, ra socialur, klasobriv, ideologiur <strong>da</strong> strategiul gansxvavebas xe<strong>da</strong>vT<br />

im or kandi<strong>da</strong>ts Soris, romlebmac centraluri saarCevno komisiis monacemebiT 53<br />

<strong>da</strong> 26 procenti aiRes?<br />

q-no ia, sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli dRes <strong>da</strong>ketilia iseTi principebisTvis,<br />

rogoric aris socialuri demokratia. iq ar aris saubari Sromis uflebaze, Sromis<br />

teqnikur, samarTlebriv, ekologiur usafrTxoebaze. rogor fiqrobT, sameurveo<br />

sabWos Secvlis Semdegac ase gagrZeldeba?<br />

<strong>da</strong> b-n emzarTanac maqvs SekiTxva _ aris Tu ara liberaluri demokratiis<br />

zeoba guantanamo <strong>da</strong> is, rac dRes xdeba avRaneTSi?<br />

emzar jgerenaia _ Tqven fiqrobT, rom liberaluri demokratiis iseTi momxre<br />

var, rom Tavs moviklav mis gamo? aris erTi saflavi vakis sasaflaoze. saflavis<br />

qvaze <strong>da</strong>badebisa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis TariRi aweria: 1935 - 1985. zaza SaTiriSvilis<br />

TqmiT, es a<strong>da</strong>miani bednieri iyo. imitom, rom meore msoflio omSi ar wauyvaniaT <strong>da</strong><br />

is saSinelebebi ar unaxavs. 37 welic asc<strong>da</strong> mas. 1985 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo `perestroika~,<br />

Sesabamisad, arc sabWoTa kavSiris <strong>da</strong>ngrevas moswrebia. Tu es a<strong>da</strong>miani komunisti<br />

iyo, mokv<strong>da</strong> im rwmeniT, rom komunizmi kargia; Tu disidenti iyo, im rwmeniT<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>icvala, rom <strong>da</strong>savleTia kargi <strong>da</strong> sadRac mainc aris sikeTe. Tanamedrove<br />

samyaro aseTia. aseTia demokratia, es aris mudmivi procesi. gavimeoreb adre Cems<br />

mier naTqvam frazas _ demokratia weliwadis drosaviT Cveni Carevis gareSe ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgeba. is TavisTavad arasodes <strong>da</strong>dgeba. mas sWirdeba Zalisxmeva, am process Tan<br />

axlavs Secdomebic. nu elodebiT samoTxes. liberaluri demokratia ar aris<br />

samoTxe, <strong>da</strong> is saerTo<strong>da</strong>c aq de<strong>da</strong>miwaze ar aris <strong>da</strong> Cven meti realizmi gvWirdeba.<br />

malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ socialur-klasobriv CarCoebSi cota rTuli asaxsneli<br />

iqneba Tqveni SekiTxva. rom SevxedoT, Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>nawil<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi xmebi<br />

saakaSvilsa <strong>da</strong> gaCeCilaZes Soris, did sxvaobas ver <strong>da</strong>inaxavT, imitom rom<br />

saakaSvilma ara marto vakeSi, aramed, im raionebSic waago, romlis mosaxleobac<br />

naklebi socialuri statusiT sargeblobs. am niSnuliT gamijvna WeSmarit suraTs<br />

ver mogvcems. rac Seexeba ideologiurs, erTi saintereso <strong>da</strong>kvirveba SemiZlia<br />

SemogTavazoT. jer kidev 2003 wli<strong>da</strong>n nacionalur moZraobas realurad, yvela<br />

ideologiuri niSa hqon<strong>da</strong> Sevsebuli. masSi iyo nacionaluri komponentic,<br />

socialisturic, memarjvenec <strong>da</strong> a.S. rodesac winasaarCevno periodSi kandi<strong>da</strong>tebma<br />

TavianTi programebi warmoadgines, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maT Soris gansxvaveba arc<br />

10

yofila. TiTqmis yvela kandi<strong>da</strong>ti erTsa <strong>da</strong> imaves sTavazob<strong>da</strong> amomrCevels. Tumca,<br />

levan gaCeCila<strong>Zi</strong>s programasa <strong>da</strong> mis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerTa ritorikaSi socialuri sakiTxebi<br />

naklebad iyo wamoWrili, iseve, rogorc naklebad iyo saubari am Temebze noembris<br />

aqciebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom socialuri Tematika prioritetuli ar yofila.<br />

sazogadoeba win samarTlianobis sakiTxs ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. arCevnebis Semdgom ritorikaSi<br />

ufro wamovi<strong>da</strong> win socialuri sakiTxebi.<br />

aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom opozicia antisistemuri iyo <strong>da</strong> dRemde aseTia, imitom<br />

rom mTeli opoziciuri speqtri gaerTianebulia im ideis irgvliv, rom arsebuli<br />

sistema ar aris swori. es opoziciis antisistemurobaze miuTiTebs. opoziciis<br />

mTavari ganmasxvavebelic es iyo, <strong>da</strong>narCen sakiTxebSi gansxvavebas opozicias <strong>da</strong><br />

xelisuflebas Soris ver naxavT.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ emzarma Tqva, rom <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> aris iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

<strong>da</strong>Zabulobis moxsna institutebs SeuZliaT. kargad maxsovs, irakli melaSvilis<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 17 wlis win gakeTebuli komentari amis Sesaxeb. maSin igi uzenaesi<br />

sabWos wevri iyo, 1991 wlis Semodgoma idga, xalxi ukve gamofenili iyo quCaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

arc Cqarob<strong>da</strong> sadme Sesvlas <strong>da</strong> iq saubars. imxanad irakli melaSvili garkveul<br />

jgufTan erTad distancirdebo<strong>da</strong> zviad gamsaxurdiasgan <strong>da</strong> maSin man zustad es Tqva.<br />

misi TqmiT, <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba mxolod saparlamento <strong>da</strong>rbazSi SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> moxsniliyo.<br />

axla irakli melaSvili erovnuli forumis wevria <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>politikuri</strong> taqtika<br />

aqvs.<br />

hamlet zukakiSvili, `kavkasiuri saxli~ _ Tqven neolibertanuli <strong>da</strong><br />

memarcxene ideebi axseneT. dRevandeli xelisufleba TiTqos neolibertanul ideebs<br />

atareb<strong>da</strong>. nuTu neolibertanizmia, rodesac prokuraturaSi <strong>da</strong>ibareben <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>barebuli<br />

Tavis qonebas saxelmwifos Cuqnis, an sakuTrebas arTmeven, ungreven? aviRoT, Tun<strong>da</strong>c,<br />

ganaTlebis reforma. ra miviReT, arsebobs dRes skola? aris arbitraJi? aris<br />

sasamarTlo? iqneb, yvelaferi marTlac TamaSi iyo?<br />

Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svili, Jurnal `cxeli Sokoladis~ mTavari re<strong>da</strong>qtori _ ras<br />

niSnavs xalxi? Cven viciT, razec dgas demokratia. es aris samoqalaqo sazogadoeba.<br />

aris dRes CvenSi samoqalaqo sazogadoeba? Sedga igi CvenTan? uamravi kvleva<br />

arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa umravlesoba qsenofobiuri <strong>da</strong><br />

viwronacionaluria, aseve migvaCnia, rom marTlmadidebloba privilegirebuli<br />

religia un<strong>da</strong> iyos. anu, maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba ar aris Camoyalibebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas, ramdenad<br />

angariSgasawevia demokratiul institutebsa <strong>da</strong> maT gaZlierebaze saubari? ramdenad<br />

yuradRebiT un<strong>da</strong> vusminoT xalxis miTiTebebs?<br />

guram svimoniSvili, moZraoba `mdgradi saqarTvelo~ _ erTi SekiTxva b-n<br />

malxazTan maqvs _ Tu gicdiaT, gageanalizebinaT <strong>politikuri</strong> mdgomareoba,<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebuli, Tun<strong>da</strong>c 1918-21 wlebi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde, rogori viTareba iyo <strong>politikuri</strong><br />

kulturis TvalsazrisiT? Cemi azriT, <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong> urTierTobis<br />

<strong>kultura</strong>a.<br />

malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ pirveli SekiTxva imas exebo<strong>da</strong>, jdeba Tu ara liberalizmis<br />

CarCoebSi saqarTveloSi gatarebuli reformebi. me vaxsene sityva `deklarirebuli~.<br />

ramdenad realuri iyo, es kidev sxva sakiTxia. iseve, rogorc demokratiaze<br />

saubrisas aris ori midgoma _ demokratia, rogorc substancia <strong>da</strong> demokratia,<br />

11

ogoc aqcidencia. es exeba imas, rom aris <strong>da</strong>savleTi, romelsac Cven vaRiarebT,<br />

rogorc demokratiis akvans <strong>da</strong> arsebobs <strong>da</strong>narCeni samyaro, sa<strong>da</strong>c demokratiis<br />

imitireba mainc xdeba. peruel politologs, ernando de sotos, amavdroulad<br />

samoqalaqo aqtivists, aqvs wigni: `ratom aris kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi <strong>da</strong> arsad<br />

sxvagan~. Cven libertanelobas varqmevT imas, rac saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri<br />

reformebis TavlsazrisiT xdebo<strong>da</strong>. libertanelobis <strong>Zi</strong>riTadi principi ki, ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferoSi, maT Soris ekonomikis<br />

sferoSic, saxelmwifos minimaluri Carevaa. 90-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli CvenSi<br />

sakuTrebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis procesSi saxelmwifo Zalian aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

procesebSi libertanuls verafers <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT. magram isini, vinc am reformebs<br />

axorcielebdnen <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri reformebis bloks xelmZRvanelobdnen,<br />

deklarirebulad mainc, Tavs libertanelebad aRiarebdnen. ase iyo kaxa benduqi<strong>Zi</strong>sa<br />

<strong>da</strong> asea lado gurgeni<strong>Zi</strong>s SemTxvevaSic. cota gaugebrad ki gamoiyureba, roca<br />

mTavrobaSi gavleniani pirebi gyavs, romlebic Tavs libertaneleblad moiazreben <strong>da</strong><br />

meores mxriv, maT mier populisturi reformebis gatareba. esec aris swored pasuxi<br />

imaze, Tu ra aris demokratia <strong>da</strong> liberalizmi <strong>da</strong>savleTSi <strong>da</strong> rogor aRiqmeba igi<br />

saqarTveloSi.<br />

hamlet zukakiSvili _ Tu asea, rogor gvaniWebdnen saerTaSoriso<br />

organizaciebi aseT maRal reitings liberalur reformebSi, ver xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen, ra<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>?<br />

emzar jgerenaia _ SeiZleba iyos ideologiuri momenti. viRac iRebs Sens<br />

Rirebulebebs. es ukve mniSvnelovania <strong>da</strong> upirispirdeba im mosazrebas, rom<br />

aRmosavleTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi verasodes Sexvdebian erTmaneTs.<br />

malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ maRali qulebis <strong>da</strong>weris mizezi isic aris, rom<br />

oficialurad garkveuli RirebulebaTa sistemis deklarireba mainc xdeba. aviRoT<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c SromiTi kodeqsi. saqarTvelos mxri<strong>da</strong>n misi miReba liberaluri reformebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT winga<strong>da</strong>dgmul nabijad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. mas SromiTi urTierTobebi un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaemartivebina <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos monawileoba am urTierTobebis regulaciaSi<br />

gamoericxa.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ me rogorc maxsovs, Sromis kodeqsis miRebas kidev erTi<br />

aspeqti hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>axloebiT ori wlis win hainrih biolis fondSi gvqon<strong>da</strong> diskusia<br />

am Temaze. is, rac Sromis kodeqsis kritikosebisTvis <strong>da</strong>qiravebulTa <strong>da</strong>ucvelobad<br />

aRiqmeba, am kodeqsis adeptebisTvis aris piroba ucxouri investiciebis mosazi<strong>da</strong>d.<br />

visac fuli Semoaqvs, imas uqmni maqsimalurad komfortul pirobebs imisaTvis, rom<br />

vinc un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iqiravos <strong>da</strong> roca un<strong>da</strong>, gauSvas, oRond ki, fuli Semoitanos.<br />

malxaz sal<strong>da</strong>Ze _ meore kiTxva samoqalaqo sazogadoebas exebo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>savleTSi,<br />

magaliTad, sazogadoeba imdenad aris samoqalaqo, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c sazogadoebis SigniT<br />

urTierTobebs samoqalaqo Rirebulebebi aregulirebs. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba ar<br />

aris mxolod samoqalaqo institutebi <strong>da</strong> formalurad arsebuli organizaciebi.<br />

saqarTvelo, samwuxarod, am segments ver gasc<strong>da</strong>. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba CvenTan<br />

gaigeba, rogorc arasamTvarobo seqtori <strong>da</strong> igi demonizebulia farTo sazogadoebis<br />

TvalSi. SeiZleba visaubroT imaze, Tu ramdenad aqtiuria sazogadoebis esa Tu is<br />

segmenti sazogadoebriv sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi. ratom gamodis saqarTveloSi<br />

konfliqti quCaSi? imitom, rom instituciuri garemo <strong>da</strong>ketilia. arsebobs<br />

12

parlamenti, sa<strong>da</strong>c absolutur umravlesobas erTi partia warmoadgens <strong>da</strong> arseboben<br />

partiebi, romlebic parlamentSi Zalian mcired, an saerTod ar arian<br />

warmodgenilebi. amave dros arsebobs interesTa jgufebi, romlebic imis gamo, rom<br />

dominant partiaze gavlenis meqanizmebi ar aqvT, ver SeZleben saparlamento sivrceSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miRebis procesze gavlenis moxdenas. Sesabamisad, erTaderTi gzad<br />

politikaze gavlenis mosaxdenad <strong>da</strong> imisTvis, raTa SenTvis sasurveli<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miaRebino, quCis aqciebi iqceva.<br />

emzar jgerenaia _ maqs vebers hqon<strong>da</strong> SekiTxva _ ras niSnavs <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />

kapitalizmi <strong>da</strong> ras niSnavs <strong>da</strong>savleTi zoga<strong>da</strong>d. <strong>kultura</strong>, garkveulwilad, Cveni im<br />

sabaziso survilebis represiaa, romelTa pir<strong>da</strong>piri wesiT <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba ar<br />

SegviZlia <strong>da</strong> mrude sarkis saxiT vlindeba. <strong>politikuri</strong> <strong>kultura</strong>, veberis droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moyolebuli mainc, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi problemis instituciis SigniT, racionaluri gzebiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Wras gulisxmobs. es aris <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis arsi. albaT, yvela Tqvenganma<br />

icis aleqsis de tokvilis wigni `demokratia amerikaSi~. <strong>da</strong>meTanxmebiT, ramdenad<br />

araorganulia Cveni kulturisTvis is, rac am wignSia aRwerili. erT SemTxvevas<br />

movixmob. Cems korpusSi 1999 wlis Semdeg ar umuSavia lifts, saxuravic<br />

SesakeTebeli gvqon<strong>da</strong>. ga<strong>da</strong>vwyviteT am yvelafris mogvareba. meriam amxanagobis<br />

Sesaqmnelad Tanxa gamogviyo. TiTqos Zalian iolad un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>gveWra problemebi,<br />

magram mxolod didi tanjvis Semdeg moxerx<strong>da</strong> liftis SekeTeba. meore magaliTsac<br />

getyviT _ Cems sofelSi udenobis periodSi, mdinareze patara generatoris <strong>da</strong>dgma<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites, magram Zlivs mividnen konsensusamde. rodesac wesrigi qvevi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba,<br />

maSin adis is zeviT <strong>da</strong> maSin aqvs mas azri, magram am <strong>kultura</strong>s ar aqvs wesrigis<br />

qvemo<strong>da</strong>n, - anu konstrurebis gamocdileba. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba saqarTveloSi<br />

didi tyuilia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis kidev erTi aspeqti msurs<br />

SemogTavazoT gansaxilvelad: Tu SeiZleba, rom saqarTveloSi vilaparakoT realur<br />

<strong>da</strong> oficialur politikur <strong>kultura</strong>ze, anu normebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze, romlebsac<br />

gvTavazobs saxelmwifo moqalaqeebs <strong>da</strong> normebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebze, romlebic<br />

gansxvavebulia <strong>da</strong> maT moqalaqeebi atareben?<br />

guram svimoniSvili _ <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis mxriv, Cemi azriT, adgili aqvs<br />

ukusvlas. is konstitucia, romelic menSevikurma mTavrobam SeimuSava, maRali<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis nayofi iyo. iq maT araferi CauweriaT iseTi, rac maT pirad<br />

interesebs exebo<strong>da</strong>. masSi mxolod is iyo Cadebuli, rac xalxs waadgebo<strong>da</strong>. iq ewera,<br />

rom demokratiul respublikaSi xelmwifoba xalxs ekuTvnis. Cadebuli iyo<br />

meqanizmebic, Tu rogor un<strong>da</strong> ganexorcielebina es xalxs. gamsaxurdias dros es<br />

konstitucia Cven safuZvlad aviReT. SevardnaZem xalxis Zalaufleba Zalian Cumad<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeumCnevlad SezRu<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ maSindeli <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis Camoyalibebis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, ise <strong>da</strong>ikarga <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, rom konsesusi, vTqvaT, 1921 wlis 25<br />

Tebervlis <strong>da</strong> Semdgom ambebze, sazogadoebaSi ar yofila. sazogadoebis nawilma es,<br />

erTi partiis meore partiiT Canacvlebad aRiqva <strong>da</strong> ara qveynis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargvad.<br />

13

emzar jgerenaia _ aris aseTi wigni _ `istoriis <strong>da</strong>sasruli anu ukanaskneli<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani~ 3 . misma erTma Tavma gansakuTrebiT miipyro Cemi yuradReba. gansakuTrebiT<br />

erTma magaliTma: mravali indoeli, romelic <strong>da</strong>savleTSi miemgzavreba saswavleblad,<br />

Zalian did warmatebas aRwevs profesiuli TvalsazrisiT, magram rogorc ki<br />

brundeba indoeTSi, es warmatebebi qarwyldeba. ratom? isini xvdebian induri<br />

sazogadoebis socialur struqturaSi <strong>da</strong> warmatebas ver aRweven. magaliTad, salome<br />

zurabiSvili am <strong>kultura</strong>Si “iqauri” kulturi<strong>da</strong>n aris mosuli <strong>da</strong> Cven, iqneb arc<br />

viciT, vin aris igi, an SesaZloa, mas ar esmodes, aq ra xdeba? aviRoT sasamarTlo.<br />

ratom ar aris is <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli? ar SeuZlia mosamarTles, iyos <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli?<br />

magram is socialur urTierTobaTa iseT qselSia Cabmuli, romlis gawyveta mas<br />

qarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> kacurkacobis imijs <strong>da</strong>ukargavs. Cvens <strong>kultura</strong>s aklia askeza.<br />

ia anTaZe _ min<strong>da</strong> vupasuxo Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svils samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT. absoluturad veTanxmebi emzars. amaze mec bevri mifiqria <strong>da</strong> Ria<br />

eTerSic misaubria imis Sesaxeb, rom Cven jerjerobiT ar gvaqvs unari, rom<br />

lokaluri problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad TviTorganizeba movaxdinoT. es Zalian<br />

mniSvnelovani nawilia <strong>politikuri</strong> kulturis, romelic Cven ar gagvaCnia. magram me<br />

mainc optimisturad vuyureb erT moments. Cvens xalxs aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> ori mniSvnelovani<br />

Rer<strong>Zi</strong>. pirveli _ Rirsebis, <strong>da</strong> meore _ samarTlianobis ganc<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>viwyoT imiT, rom<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebsac procesebSi monawileobis misaRebad instituciurad marTlac<br />

<strong>da</strong>xuruli hqon<strong>da</strong>T yvelanairi saSualeba, quCaSi gamovidnen. isini protests<br />

acxadebdnen qveyanaSi arsebuli usamarTlobis mimarT. 7 noembers es a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

Rirseulad idgnen quCaSi, Tumca, maT rogorc uRirs a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, ise gaumaspinZldnen.<br />

ra mox<strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg? _ <strong>da</strong>iniSna arCevnebi. me vfiqrobdi, rom Tu am arCevnebze<br />

mTeli saqarTvelo kvlav prezidentis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>, aRarasodes<br />

gavidodi mitingebze. magram ase ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. xalxi arCevnebze wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xma misca<br />

sakuTar kandi<strong>da</strong>ts. yazbegis raionSi levan gaCeCilaZem meti xma <strong>da</strong>agrova. is maT<br />

gansakuTrebuls arafers Sehpirebia. amis Semdeg isev gamovi<strong>da</strong> xalxi quCaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

wesieri arCevnebi moiTxova. wynarad modian, dganan, amboben saTqmels <strong>da</strong> mere<br />

iSlebian. me es Zalian mniSvnelovan procesad mimaCnia.<br />

Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svili _ is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebsac ar gamouxatavT protesti <strong>da</strong><br />

ar miuRiaT monawileoba am aqciebSi, uRirsi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi iyvnen? SesaZloa Tu ara, rom<br />

iyo Rirseuli a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> ar monawileobde quCis aqciebSi?<br />

ia anTaZe _ ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>. yvela a<strong>da</strong>mians aqvs Tavisi funqcia. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

TavianTi bunebiT arian pasiurebi <strong>da</strong> aqtiurebi. arian a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic<br />

monawileoben aqciaSi <strong>da</strong> moiTxoven centraluri saarCveno komisiis Secvlas. magram<br />

arian a<strong>da</strong>mianebic, romlebsac SeuZliaT, xelewifebaT xeli Seuwyon am komisiis<br />

Secvlas. magram im a<strong>da</strong>mianebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n rom ar iyos Zalian seriozuli wnexi<br />

xelisuflebaze, Cvennairi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis saqmianoba, romlebic ar gavdivarT quCaSi,<br />

Sedegs ar moitan<strong>da</strong>. demokratia Sendeba didi simamaciT <strong>da</strong> didi SromiT. me vfiqrob,<br />

rom qarTvel xalxs erTic aRmoaCndeba <strong>da</strong> meorec <strong>da</strong> isini aaSeneben demokratias. am<br />

modelSi yvelas Cveni funqcia <strong>da</strong> adgili gvaqvs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ eleqtoraluri TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi yvelaze<br />

pluralisturi mTa aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. svaneTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi oTxma<br />

3 Francis Fukuyama (frensis fukuiama): The End of History and the Last Man.<br />

14

kandi<strong>da</strong>tma ga<strong>da</strong>laxa aTprocentiani zRvari. es ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra saqarTvelos sxva<br />

regionebSi. yazbegis raionSi gaCeCila<strong>Zi</strong>s gamarjvebis mizezi ki, SeiZleba isic iyos,<br />

rom yazbegis raions adre gacilebiT msubuqi savizo reJimi hqon<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan<br />

mimosvlisTvis. es iqauri mosaxleobisTvis ekonomikurad xelsayreli iyo. aseve<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T gazi, romlis safasursac ar ixdidnen, an ixdidnen Zalian <strong>da</strong>bali tarifiT.<br />

axla arc erTi es sikeTe arsebuli xelisuflebis xelSi aRar aqvT. SesaZloa, esec<br />

yofiliyo maTi pasuxi am xelisuflebisaTvis.<br />

irakli xorbalaZe, respublikuri partiis iuristi _ Tqven ikiTxeT, aris Tu<br />

ara a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebs saxli<strong>da</strong>n adevnebs Tvals,<br />

Rirseuli? Cemi azriT, aseTi a<strong>da</strong>miani SeiZleba iyos Rirseuli.<br />

Sorena Saver<strong>da</strong>Svili _ me mxolod pasiuri <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli ar migulisxmia.<br />

vigulisxme isic, vinc gansxvavebulad fiqrobs.<br />

irakli xorbalaZe _ Cemi azriT, Cveni kulturis done gansazRvravs im<br />

viTarebas, romelSic vimyofebiT. magram aris sxva <strong>kultura</strong>c, <strong>da</strong>savluri <strong>kultura</strong>.<br />

iq aseTi sakiTxebi instituciurad wydeba. Cvenc gvsurs, saqarTveloSic ase<br />

xdebodes, magram rodesac ase ar xdeba, Cndeba saWiroeba, maT ga<strong>da</strong>saWrelad sxva<br />

gzebi gamoinaxos. amis gamo gamodis xalxi quCaSi. maTi pirveli moTxovna aris<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis Secvla, rom problemebi quCis nacvlad instituciebSi wydebodes<br />

<strong>da</strong> xalxs hqondes ndoba institutebis <strong>da</strong> ara pirovnebebis mimarT. dRes CvenTan<br />

yvelaze avtoritetuli pirovneba <strong>da</strong> instituti, patriarqi <strong>da</strong> eklesiaa. magram<br />

warmovidginoT erTi momenti. patriarqs rom mieces qveynis marTvis ufleba, rogori<br />

iqneba sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba mis mimarT aseT SemTxvevaSi? ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Seicvleba.<br />

sakiTxebis instituciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>Wris ufleba Cven Tavad un<strong>da</strong> movipovoT.<br />

ubrZolvelad es arc erT demokratiul <strong>kultura</strong>Si ar <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebula.<br />

emzar jgerenaia _ yvela problema institutis SigniT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wydes.<br />

<strong>politikuri</strong> problema <strong>politikuri</strong> sistemis SigniT un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iWras. magram aris ki,<br />

Camoyalibebuli aseTi sistema? problemac es aris <strong>da</strong> amitom movlenebi, romlebsac<br />

sistema ver akontrolebs, gareT viTardeba.<br />

irakli xorbalaZe _ Cemi azriT, dRevandeli procesebi Cveni <strong>da</strong>bali<br />

kulturis maniSnebelia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ me velodi aseT Sefasebebs _ `maRali~ <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>bali~. imis Tqma,<br />

rom qarTuli <strong>kultura</strong> an maRalia, an <strong>da</strong>bali, Tu am naTqvams konkretuli SinaarsiT<br />

ar Seavseb, arafris mTqmelia. iam xalxis Rirsebis niSnad mis mitingebze gamosvla,<br />

iq dgoma <strong>da</strong> Semdeg mSvidobianad <strong>da</strong>Sla miiCnia. SeiZleba, aman sxva problemaze<br />

gagviyvanos. es aris mediaciis meqanizmebis sisuste, radgan, rodesac Sen quCaSi<br />

gixdeba gamosvla saimisod, rom xelisuflebas Seni Setyobineba gaugzavno, imaze<br />

metyvelebs, rom media ar varga, arc xelisuflebisadmi loialuri <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

opoziciisadmi loialuri. ar varga imitom, rom is orientirebulia politikur<br />

klasze; klasi<strong>da</strong>n ganisazRvreba, misadmi loialuria <strong>da</strong> ara sxva kriteriumebisadmi.<br />

Tqven SeiZleba TqvaT, rom varga <strong>da</strong> amaze misi popularoba metyvelebs. modiT,<br />

aviRoT ga<strong>da</strong>cema `praim-Taimi~. Tu SegiZliaT, gaixsenoT Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTi SemTxveva,<br />

rodesac SouSi warmodgenili mxareebis mier ga<strong>da</strong>cemis msvlelobisas garkveula<br />

15

aime idea? me miWirs aseTi SemTxvevis gaxseneba. aris ki am ga<strong>da</strong>cemi mizani es? es<br />

aris swored saqme. mediis yvelaze produqtiuli procesi ar emsaxureba im <strong>Zi</strong>riTad<br />

funqcias, romelic aqvs mas; ar emsaxureba mediacias, xaxunis Zalis Semcirebas<br />

interesebs Soris. Sesabamisad, rogorc xalxi gamodis quCaSi realur SouSi, aseve,<br />

nacvlad imisa, rom am realuri Sous wuxili ga<strong>da</strong>vides mediaSi, iq sxvanairad<br />

artikulirdes <strong>da</strong> Serbildes, <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebamac Seisminos iq gamoTqmuli azrebi,<br />

amis nacvlad isev Sou imarTeba, oRond televiziaSi.<br />

aris media, romelic cdilobs amis gakeTebas, magram radio ar aris<br />

popularuli. mas cota msmeneli hyavs, iq Sous ver moawyob, un<strong>da</strong> isaubro. amas<br />

vinmes saqebrad an <strong>da</strong>saZraxad ar vambob politikur klasSi, magram merwmuneT,<br />

rodesac Jurnalistebs sayveduroben, rom isini ar iwveven politikosebs, un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaiTvaliswinon is, rom rom es ori banaki amJamad erTdroulad mxolod inga<br />

grigoliasTan midis. me sazogadoebriv radioSi vmuSaob <strong>da</strong> seriozuli problema<br />

maqvs erTmaneTTan ori mxaris <strong>da</strong>smis. maT ar surT ga<strong>da</strong>cemaSi erTad monawileoba <strong>da</strong><br />

saubari, ris gamoc cal-calke momyavs. amitom, mosTxovo pasuxi Jurnalists,<br />

prodiusers an mauwyebels imis gamo, rom is xSirad calmxrivia, ar aris<br />

informirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. Tu vinme am procesebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

moralurad <strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong>, Cemi azriT, erT-erTi, mediaa, imitom, rom man ver Seasrula<br />

is funqcia, rac mas bunebrivad akisria. man Seasrula sul sxva funqcia, erTma<br />

mediam gansakuTrebiT, <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>yva kidec am funqciis Sesrulebas <strong>da</strong> aRarc iarsebebs.<br />

`imeds~ vgulisxmob.<br />

ia baxtaZe, mxatvari/ Tarjimani _ me arCevnebze <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli viyavi <strong>da</strong><br />

aqtiurad viyavi masSi CarTuli. mqon<strong>da</strong> saSualeba <strong>da</strong>vkvirvebodi amomrCevlebs,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>satan yuTTan erTad ojaxebSic momiwia Sesvla. amitom <strong>politikuri</strong> procesebis<br />

Sesaxeb bevri a<strong>da</strong>mianis azris mosmenis saSualeba momeca. xalxi absoluturad<br />

gauTviTcnobierebuli iyo imaSi, Tu visTvis mieca xma. xalxi politikurad<br />

gaunaTlebelia <strong>da</strong> Tavs ar aRiqvams politikosebis gverdiT, procesebis monawiled.<br />

is ar cdilobs am procesebSi ufro aqtiurad CarTvas. sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis<br />

sakiTxi didi kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas. sakiTxavia, ramdenad varT Cven sazogadoeba,<br />

ramdenad SegviZlia vmarToT qveyana <strong>da</strong> avaSenoT normaluri saxelmwifo.<br />

<strong>da</strong>To paiWaZe _ albaT, klasikuri literaturi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyolili Cvevaa, miyvars<br />

rodesac wre ikvreba xolme. sruldeba imiT, riTic <strong>da</strong>viwyeT. modiT, amiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>vasruloT dRevandeli diskusia.<br />

16

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