I nawili. dro da kalendari - Ganatleba
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I nawili. dro da kalendari - Ganatleba

I nawili. dro da kalendari - Ganatleba I nawili. dro da kalendari - Ganatleba

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I nawili. dro da kalendari 1.1. ra aris istoria istoria aris mecniereba, romelic sazogadoebas, mis ganviTarebas Seiswavlis. istoriis sagani zogadad warsulis Seswavlas ar gulisxmobs. istoria adamians da mis namoRvawars ikvlevs. amdenad, istoriis Seswavlis obieqti adamiania, misi warsulia. es aris mecniereba, romelic mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor cxovrobdnen Zvelad adamianebi, ras saqmianobdnen da ra dautoves STamomavlobas. wyaro 1 `daviwyeba istoriisa momaswavebelia eris suliT da xorciT moSlisa,.. dar- Rvevisa da warwymedisa. warsuli mkvidri safuZvelia awmyosi, iseve rogorc awmyo momavlisa. Tu daviviwyeT Cveni cxovrebis saZirkveli, raRazed unda davamyaroT Cveni awmyo, Cveni mermisi?~ ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907) TiToeul adamians gaaCnia maxsovroba. Cveni tvini inaxavs auarebel informacias. swored am informaciis meSveobiT adamianebi moqmedeben, moRvaweoben da, saerTod, cxovroben. Cvens maxsovrobaSi Senaxuli informacia gviadvilebs, avicdinoT cxovrebaSi Secdomebi. es informacia Wkuis maswavlebelia da gvexmareba ukeT ganvsazRvroT momavali. kacobriobasac gaaCnia aseTi saxis informaciis Senaxvis unari. amis funqcias swored istoria asrulebs. wyaro 2 `saWiroa xalxma icodes Tavisi warsuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis istoria... unda icodes rasakvirvelia, utyuari, WeSmariti istoria da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi.~ ivane javaxiSvili (1876-1940) wyaro 3 `istoriis yvelaze didi gakveTili aris is, rom erTxel daSvebul Secdomebs kvlav imeoreben. adamianebi cudad iTviseben warsulis gakveTilebs.~ aleqsandr engeli kiTxvebi leqsikoni horizonti _ aq: TvalTaxedva, Tvalsawieri radioaqtiuroba _ atomgulis daSla, rasac Tan sdevs elementaruli nawilakebis gamosxiveba. perspeqtiva _ aq: momavlis gegmebi, SesaZleblobani momavalSi. tirani _ sastiki mmarTveli, despoti. es sainteresoa: VI saukuneSi bizantiaSi, imperator iustinianes karze moRvaweobda istorikosi prokopi kesarieli. igi imperatoris davalebiT aRwerda bizantielTa omebs, saxelmwifos Tavgadasavals. misi istoriis mTavari gmiri TviT imperatori iustiniane gaxldaT, _ yvelaze brZeni mmarTveli, gamoCenili mxedarTmTavari, gulmowyale raindi. aseTad icnobdnen mas momavali Taobebi. didi xnis Semdgom veneciis erT biblioTekaSi istorikosebi waawydnen xelnawers. es aRmoCnda prokopi kesarielis manamde ucnobi Txzuleba `saidumlo istoria~. am TxzulebaSi iustiniane warmoCenili iyo, rogorc sastiki mbrZanebeli, xarbi da daundobeli tirani. prokopi kesarielma imperatorisgan malulad aRwera WeSmariti istoria, romelic momaval Taobebs dautova gasacnobad. nax.1.1.1. imperatori iustiniane. 1. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris mniSvnelovani istoriis kargad codna? rogori kavSiri SeiZleba arsebobdes warsulis codnasa da momavlis Senebas Soris? 2. ramdenad eTanxmebi engelis mosazrebas, rom adamianebi cudad iTviseben warsulis gakveTilebs? 3. rogor fiqrob, ramdenad gamarTlebulia istorikos prokopi kesarielis moqmedeba? Seni azriT, ra bedi eloda mis am saidumlo Txzulebas iustinianes mier aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi? imsjeleT klasSi. 4. ra ziani SeiZleba moutanos sazogadoebas istoriis gayalbebam?

I <strong>nawili</strong>. <strong>dro</strong> <strong>da</strong> kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

1.1. ra aris istoria<br />

istoria aris mecniereba, romelic sazogadoebas,<br />

mis ganviTarebas Seiswavlis. istoriis<br />

sagani zoga<strong>da</strong>d warsulis Seswavlas ar gulisxmobs.<br />

istoria a<strong>da</strong>mians <strong>da</strong> mis namoRvawars<br />

ikvlevs. amdenad, istoriis Seswavlis obieqti<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miania, misi warsulia. es aris mecniereba,<br />

romelic mogviTxrobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor<br />

cxovrobdnen Zvelad a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, ras saqmianobdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> ra <strong>da</strong>utoves STamomavlobas.<br />

wyaro 1<br />

`<strong>da</strong>viwyeba istoriisa momaswavebelia eris suliT <strong>da</strong> xorciT moSlisa,.. <strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Rvevisa <strong>da</strong> warwymedisa. warsuli mkvidri safuZvelia awmyosi, iseve rogorc awmyo<br />

momavlisa. Tu <strong>da</strong>viviwyeT Cveni cxovrebis saZirkveli, raRazed un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vamyaroT<br />

Cveni awmyo, Cveni mermisi?~<br />

ilia WavWavaZe (1837-1907)<br />

TiToeul a<strong>da</strong>mians gaaCnia maxsovroba.<br />

Cveni tvini inaxavs auarebel informacias.<br />

swored am informaciis meSveobiT<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebi moqmedeben, moRvaweoben<br />

<strong>da</strong>, saerTod, cxovroben. Cvens maxsovrobaSi<br />

Senaxuli informacia gviadvilebs,<br />

avicdinoT cxovrebaSi Secdomebi.<br />

es informacia Wkuis maswavlebelia <strong>da</strong><br />

gvexmareba ukeT ganvsazRvroT momavali.<br />

kacobriobasac gaaCnia aseTi saxis informaciis<br />

Senaxvis unari. amis funqcias<br />

swored istoria asrulebs.<br />

wyaro 2<br />

`saWiroa xalxma icodes<br />

Tavisi warsuli sazogadoebrivi<br />

cxovrebis istoria...<br />

un<strong>da</strong> icodes rasakvirvelia,<br />

utyuari, WeSmariti<br />

istoria <strong>da</strong> ara gazviadebuli,<br />

yalbi.~<br />

ivane javaxiSvili<br />

(1876-1940)<br />

wyaro 3<br />

`istoriis yvelaze didi gakveTili aris<br />

is, rom erTxel <strong>da</strong>Svebul Secdomebs kvlav<br />

imeoreben. a<strong>da</strong>mianebi cu<strong>da</strong>d iTviseben warsulis<br />

gakveTilebs.~<br />

aleqsandr engeli<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

leqsikoni<br />

horizonti _ aq: TvalTaxedva, Tvalsawieri<br />

radioaqtiuroba _ atomgulis <strong>da</strong>Sla, rasac<br />

Tan sdevs elementaruli nawilakebis gamosxiveba.<br />

perspeqtiva _ aq: momavlis gegmebi, SesaZleblobani<br />

momavalSi.<br />

tirani _ sastiki mmarTveli, despoti.<br />

es sainteresoa:<br />

VI saukuneSi bizantiaSi, imperator iustinianes karze<br />

moRvaweob<strong>da</strong> istorikosi prokopi kesarieli. igi imperatoris<br />

<strong>da</strong>valebiT aRwer<strong>da</strong> bizantielTa omebs, saxelmwifos<br />

Tavga<strong>da</strong>savals. misi istoriis mTavari gmiri<br />

TviT imperatori iustiniane gaxl<strong>da</strong>T, _ yvelaze brZeni<br />

mmarTveli, gamoCenili mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavari, gulmowyale raindi.<br />

aseTad icnobdnen mas momavali Taobebi.<br />

didi xnis Semdgom veneciis erT biblioTekaSi istorikosebi<br />

waawydnen xelnawers. es<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> prokopi kesarielis manamde<br />

ucnobi Txzuleba `saidumlo<br />

istoria~. am TxzulebaSi iustiniane<br />

warmoCenili iyo, rogorc sastiki<br />

mbrZanebeli, xarbi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>undobeli<br />

tirani. prokopi kesarielma<br />

imperatorisgan malulad aRwera<br />

WeSmariti istoria, romelic momaval<br />

Taobebs <strong>da</strong>utova gasacnobad.<br />

nax.1.1.1. imperatori<br />

iustiniane.<br />

1. rogor fiqrob, ratom aris mniSvnelovani istoriis<br />

kargad codna? rogori kavSiri SeiZleba arsebobdes<br />

warsulis codnasa <strong>da</strong> momavlis Senebas Soris?<br />

2. ramdenad eTanxmebi engelis mosazrebas, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

cu<strong>da</strong>d iTviseben warsulis gakveTilebs?<br />

3. rogor fiqrob, ramdenad gamarTlebulia istorikos<br />

prokopi kesarielis moqmedeba? Seni azriT, ra bedi<br />

elo<strong>da</strong> mis am saidumlo Txzulebas iustinianes mier<br />

aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi? imsjeleT klasSi.<br />

4. ra ziani SeiZleba moutanos sazogadoebas istoriis<br />

gayalbebam?

istoria, VII klasi<br />

`istoria~ berZnuli sityvaa <strong>da</strong> qarTulad Txrobas, moTxrobas<br />

niSnavs. dReisaTvis `istorias~ ori mniSvnelobiT viyenebT: 1. am<br />

terminiT zoga<strong>da</strong>d yvelafris warsuls aRvniSnavT. 2. istoria es<br />

aris mecniereba, romelic swavlobs kacobriobis socialur-politikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> kulturul warsuls.<br />

qarTul saistorio TxzulebebSi termini `istoria~ XIII saukuneSi<br />

gvxvdeba. Zveli qarTveli istorikosebi warsulis, gar<strong>da</strong>suli<br />

periodis aRmniSvnelad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva termins xmarobdnen: cxovreba,<br />

matiane, ambavi.<br />

istorikosebi swavloben ara marto imas, ra mox<strong>da</strong>, aramed imasac,<br />

Tu ratom mox<strong>da</strong>. warsulis Sesaswavlad istorikosebi wyaroebs<br />

ikvleven. nebismieri masala, romelic Seicavs istoriul informacias,<br />

aris wyaro. arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili nivTebi, werilobiTi<br />

wyaroebi Tu materialuri Zeglebi saSualebas iZleva aRvadginoT<br />

mravali saukunis win mcxovreb a<strong>da</strong>mianTa cxovreba.<br />

oriod saukunis win kacobriobis Zveli<br />

istoriis Sesaxeb TiTqmis araferi vicodiT.<br />

arqeologis <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa is, rom dReisaTvis<br />

Cven sakmao codna gagvaCnia egviptis,<br />

SuamdinareTis, asureTis, xeTebis, indo-CineTis,<br />

inkebis, maias, actekebis <strong>da</strong> sxva civilizaciebis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

arqeologiis wyalobiT msoflio istoriaSi<br />

gacocxl<strong>da</strong> mTeli epoqebi <strong>da</strong> civilizaciebi.<br />

apeninis naxevarkunZulze, romis<br />

saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>arsebamde udidesi civilizacia<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong>, romelic etruskebs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

XIX saukunemde etruskebis Sesaxeb<br />

naxevrad legen<strong>da</strong>rul istoriebs hyvebodnen.<br />

1828 wels erTi toskaneli glexi Ta-<br />

nax.1.1.3. arqeologebi muSaobis <strong>dro</strong>s.<br />

arqeologia<br />

vis mamuls xnav<strong>da</strong>. uceb xarma waiborZika <strong>da</strong><br />

wina fexebiT did ormoSi Cavar<strong>da</strong>. glexma<br />

Zlivs amoaTria xari <strong>da</strong> ormos <strong>da</strong>Tvalierebas<br />

Seudga. im saRamos glexi sakmaod gvian<br />

<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> saxlSi. man ojaxSi didi fuTiT<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis Zvirfasi nivTebi moitana.<br />

ukve mogvianebiT aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom toskanel<br />

glexs uZveles etruskTa samarxisaTvis miugnia.<br />

male am regionSi <strong>da</strong>wyebulma arqeologiurma<br />

gaTxrebma naTelyo, rom centraluri<br />

italia – etruskTa uZvelesi<br />

civilizaciis kera iyo.<br />

wyaro 4<br />

`arqeologiam ga<strong>da</strong>trialeba moaxdina istoriul<br />

mecnierebaSi. man istoriis sivrcobrivi horizonti<br />

gaafarTova iseTive odenobiT, rogorc<br />

teleskopma gazar<strong>da</strong> astronomiis xedviTi are. man<br />

asiaTasjer gazar<strong>da</strong> istoriis perspeqtiva, zustad<br />

iseve, rogorc mikroskopma<br />

aRmoaCina biologiisaTvis is,<br />

rom didi organizmebis iqiT<br />

imaleba umciresi ujredebi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, man iseTive cvlilebebi<br />

Seitana istoriuli mecnierebis<br />

moculobasa <strong>da</strong> SinaarsSi,<br />

rogorc radioaqtivobam<br />

Seitana qimiaSi.~<br />

gordon Caildi, ingliseli arqeologi<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

nax.1.1.2. klio _ istoriis muza.<br />

rogor gesmis arqeolog Caildis sityvebi? ranairad<br />

gazar<strong>da</strong> arqeologiam istoriis kvlevis areali?

werilobiTi wyaroebi<br />

werilobiTi wyaro istoriis aRsadgenad<br />

yvelaze srulyofil suraTs Seicavs. werilobiTi<br />

wyaro mravalgvaria:<br />

istoriuli dokumenti (mefeTa mier gacemuli<br />

sigelebi, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa dokumentacia,<br />

prezidentis, parlamentisa Tu mTavrobis<br />

brZanebebi).<br />

saistorio Txzuleba (gabmuli Txrobis Semcveli<br />

matiane, mag., `qarTlis cxovreba~).<br />

mxatvruli nawarmoebi (mag., `SuSanikis wameba~,<br />

`vefxistyaosani~).<br />

epigrafikuli Zeglebi (eklesiaze, sasaxleze,<br />

cixeze gakeTebuli warwerebi).<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 2<br />

nax.1.1.4. istoriuli dokumenti.<br />

nivTieri anu materialuri<br />

masala<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani Tavis arsebobis manZilze<br />

qmni<strong>da</strong> materialur simdidres. Cvenamde<br />

moRweulia saomari Tu Sromis iaraRebi,<br />

sayofacxovrebo nivTebi, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />

Zveleburi sacxovrisi, transportis<br />

saSualebebi, Cacmuloba <strong>da</strong> sxva. isini<br />

warsulis utyvi mowmeebi arian. am masalaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT istorikosi aRadgens<br />

saukuneebis win mcxovrebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />

yoveldRiur cxovrebas.<br />

imuSaveT jgufebSi an wyvilebSi <strong>da</strong> SeavseT cxrili: `teqstis informacia <strong>da</strong> istoriuli wyaro~.<br />

<strong>da</strong>alage werilobiTi wyaroebi sandoobis mixedviT (Tu romeli tipis wyaroa ufro sando <strong>da</strong> obieqturi)<br />

<strong>da</strong> mianiWe maT reitinguli qulebi.<br />

teqstis informacia<br />

<strong>da</strong> wyaro<br />

istoriuli <strong>dro</strong> istoriuli wyaros tipi sandoobis xarisxi<br />

wyaro 1. 1837-1907 ww. werilobiTi<br />

es sainteresoa VI saukune<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 1<br />

mSoblebis <strong>da</strong> ojaxis wevrebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

moiZie raime Zveli nivTi (sayofacxovrebo<br />

nivTi, tansacmeli,..), romelic arcTu<br />

Soreuli warsulis amsaxvelia. gaige am<br />

nivTis istoria <strong>da</strong> Semdeg mouyevi Tanaklaselebs.<br />

nax.1.1.5. vefxistyaosnis xelnaweri.

istoria, VII klasi<br />

es sainteresoa:<br />

<strong>dro</strong>Ta ganmavlobaSi a<strong>da</strong>mians Camouyalib<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>dro</strong>is gansazRvris ramdenime erTeuli: dRe-Rame,<br />

Tve <strong>da</strong> weliwadi.<br />

dRe-Rame – es aris periodi, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>miwa<br />

akeTebs srul bruns Tavisi RerZis garSemo. amas<br />

igi undeba 24 saaTi.<br />

Tve – es aris <strong>dro</strong>, rodesac mTvare akeTebs<br />

srul bruns de<strong>da</strong>miwis garSemo. TebervalSi 28/29<br />

dRe, <strong>da</strong>narCen TveebSi _ 30/31 dRe.<br />

weliwadi _ es aris periodi, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>miwa<br />

Semouvlis mzes. moicavs 365 dRes, 5 saaTs,<br />

48 wuTs <strong>da</strong> 46 wams. Cveulebrivi weli Sedgeba<br />

365 dRisagan. <strong>da</strong>rCenili <strong>dro</strong> anu: 5 saaTi, 48<br />

wuTi <strong>da</strong> 46 wami rom gaswordes, amisTvis yovel<br />

meoTxe weliwads TebervalSi emateba erTi dRe.<br />

amitomacaa, rom am SemTxvevaSi Tebervali 29<br />

ricxviTaa, xolo aseTi anu nakiani weliwadi, 366<br />

dRisgan Sedgeba.<br />

saukune Seicavs 100 wels.<br />

aTaswleuli Sedgeba 10 saukunisagan anu 1000<br />

wlisagan.<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

maTematikis kursi<strong>da</strong>n gaixseneT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT<br />

<strong>dro</strong>is gansazRvris yvelaze mcire erTeuli; romelia<br />

misi Semadgeneli nawilebi?<br />

dRes msoflios umetes qveynebSi miRebulia<br />

welTaRricxvis erTiani sistema. es aris<br />

welTaRricxva qristes <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n. qristianulma<br />

welTaRricxvam msoflio istoriis<br />

qronologia or nawilad gayo: qristes<br />

Sobamde, anu Zveli welTaRricxviT momx<strong>da</strong>r<br />

istoriad <strong>da</strong> qristes Sobis Semdgom, anu<br />

axali welTaRricxviT momx<strong>da</strong>r ambebad.<br />

wignebSi Tqven xSirad SexvdebiT <strong>da</strong>Tari-<br />

Rebas: qristes Sobamde (SemoklebiT iwereba:<br />

q. S-mde an q. w.-qristes winare), an sxvagvarad<br />

SegviZlia vTqvaT _ Zveli welTaRricxviT<br />

(SemoklebiT iwereba Zv. w.). qristes<br />

2001<br />

1901<br />

1801<br />

1701<br />

1601<br />

1501<br />

1401<br />

1301<br />

1201<br />

1101<br />

XX<br />

XIX<br />

XVIII<br />

XVII<br />

XVI<br />

XV<br />

XIV<br />

XIII<br />

XII<br />

XI<br />

1.2. kalen<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> <strong>dro</strong>is aRricxva<br />

1001<br />

901801<br />

701 601<br />

X<br />

IX<br />

VIII<br />

VII<br />

VI<br />

V<br />

501<br />

401<br />

IV<br />

III<br />

101<br />

301<br />

201<br />

II<br />

I<br />

leqsikoni<br />

lami _ wylis <strong>da</strong>naleqi wmin<strong>da</strong> sila.<br />

sistema _ garkveuli wesrigi, principebis erToblioba,<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufeba.<br />

meqanikuri _ mamoZrevebeli mowyobilobiT moqmedi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli ki TariRebs mivu-<br />

TiTebT qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n (SemoklebiT q. S<strong>da</strong>n),<br />

an sxvagvarad SegviZlia vTqvaT _ axali<br />

welTaRricxviT (SemoklebiT ax. w-iT).<br />

qristianuli welTaRricxvis safuZveli,<br />

rogorc iTqva, qristes <strong>da</strong>badebaa. qristes<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebamde wlebi <strong>da</strong> saukuneebi klebiT modis,<br />

rac niSnavs, rom amiT aRvniSnavT _ Tu<br />

ramdeni weli <strong>da</strong>rCa qristes <strong>da</strong>badebamde.<br />

ase rom, qristes <strong>da</strong>badebamde periodis<br />

movlenebis swavlisas un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom<br />

jer iqneba V saukune, Semdeg IV, Semdeg III,<br />

II, I saukuneebi. asevea wlebic: Zveli wel-<br />

TaRricxvis 123 wlis Semdgomi welia 122<br />

weli. uSualod qristes <strong>da</strong>badebis wina periods<br />

ase vaTariRebT 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. wlebi.<br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n ki wlebisa <strong>da</strong> saukuneebis<br />

aTvlas matebiT viwyebT. ase magaliTad, 1,<br />

2, 3, 4, 5 wlebi, an<strong>da</strong> XVIII, XIX, XX saukune,<br />

am ukanasknels ki XXI saukune mohyva.<br />

aseTi <strong>da</strong>TariReba ki niSnavs imas, rom Cven<br />

vuTiTebT _ Tu ramdeni weli gavi<strong>da</strong> qristes<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

aleqsandre makedoneli qristes <strong>da</strong>badebamde<br />

moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>, amitomac istorikosebi<br />

miuTiTeben, rom aleqsandre makedoneli<br />

<strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> qristes Sobamde, anu Zveli wel-<br />

TaRricxvis 356 wels, xolo gar<strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

qristes Sobamde, anu Zveli welTaRricxvis<br />

323 wels. <strong>da</strong>viT IV aRmaSenebeli ki <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong><br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n anu axali welTaRricxviT<br />

1073 wels <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1125 wels. aseve<br />

1 1 101<br />

201<br />

I<br />

II<br />

<strong>dro</strong>is xazi<br />

301<br />

401 501601701<br />

III<br />

IV<br />

V<br />

VI<br />

801 901<br />

VII<br />

VIII<br />

IX<br />

X<br />

XI<br />

1001<br />

1101<br />

XII<br />

XIII<br />

1201<br />

1301<br />

XIV<br />

XV<br />

1401<br />

1501<br />

1601<br />

XVI<br />

XVII<br />

XVIII<br />

1701<br />

1801<br />

XIX<br />

XX<br />

XXI<br />

1901<br />

2001<br />

weli<br />

saukune

un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes, rom axali welTaRricxvis<br />

TariRebs wignebSi win ukve aRar uTiTeben.<br />

wlebs pir<strong>da</strong>pir weren, rac niSnavs, rom es<br />

TariRi ekuTvnis axal welTaRricxvas. mag.,<br />

jvarosnebma ierusalimi aiRes 1099 wels,<br />

Tamar mefe gamef<strong>da</strong> 1184 wels <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

Tqven ukve iciT, rom saukuneSi 100 welia.<br />

Sesabamisad I saukune iwyeba 1 wels <strong>da</strong><br />

mTavrdeba 100 wels. 101 weli ukve II saukunea,<br />

201 weli III saukune <strong>da</strong> ase Semdeg.<br />

2001 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo XXI saukune. Zveli wel-<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 1<br />

SeavseT cxrili<br />

TaRricxvis wlebi aseve ukusvliT ebmis Sesabamis<br />

saukuneebs. magaliTad, Zv. w. 100<br />

weli aris Zv. w. I saukune, xolo Zv. w. 101<br />

weli ukve Zv. w. II saukunea.<br />

ganvixiloT <strong>dro</strong>is xazi. miwaTmoqmedeba<br />

warmoiSva Zv. w. 7 000 wels. ramdeni weli<br />

gavi<strong>da</strong> am ambi<strong>da</strong>n? amis gasarkvevad qristes<br />

Sobi<strong>da</strong>n gasul 2000 wels vumatebT Zveli<br />

welTaRricxvis 7 000 wels <strong>da</strong> varkvevT,<br />

rom miwaTmoqmedebis gaCeni<strong>da</strong>n 9 000 weli<br />

gasula.<br />

weli saukune weli saukune weli saukune weli saukune<br />

1146 Zv. w. 1199 Zv. w. 1400 1001<br />

Zv. w. 200 Zv. w. 3500 901 1501<br />

1300 1199 458 1800<br />

1901 1217 1222 Zv. w. 1101<br />

888 Zv. w. 1699 Zv. w. 328 Zv. w. 1601<br />

Zv. w. 1215 Zv. w. 1200 Zv. w. 111 1257<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri ewodeba <strong>dro</strong>is aRricxvis<br />

sistemas, romelSic erT mTlianobaSia warmodgenili<br />

dReebi, kvirebi, Tveebi, wlebi,<br />

saukuneebi. jer kidev pirvelyofil a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />

gauCn<strong>da</strong> imis survili, rom <strong>dro</strong>Si Tanmimdevrulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>elagebina mis cxovrebaSi<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ri faqtebi. ase gaCn<strong>da</strong> primitiuli<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri. magram kalen<strong>da</strong>ri ar Seqmnila<br />

mxolod warsuli movlenebis aRwerisaTvis.<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri a<strong>da</strong>mianma Seqmna cxovrebaSi yoveldRiuri<br />

gamoyenebisaTvis. uZveles <strong>dro</strong>Si<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebs sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>T ganesazRvraT weliwadis<br />

<strong>dro</strong>ebi <strong>da</strong> Tveebi, raTa miwis <strong>da</strong>muSavebisas<br />

scodno<strong>da</strong>T, rodis <strong>da</strong>eTesaT <strong>da</strong><br />

rodis mieRoT mosavali.<br />

egviptelTa kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

pirveli srulyofili kalen<strong>da</strong>ri Zvelma<br />

egviptelebma Seqmnes. Tavi<strong>da</strong>n egviptelebma<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

mzeze <strong>da</strong> varskvlavebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisas <strong>da</strong>inaxes<br />

erTi saintereso kavSiri: yovel zafxuls<br />

egvipteSi iwyebo<strong>da</strong> nilosis adideba,<br />

romelic ramdenime Tve grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. mdinare<br />

aremares farav<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg wyali ikleb<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> kvlav kalapots ubrundebo<strong>da</strong>. mdinaris<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>tovebuli lami ki miwas anayofiereb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amis Semdeg iwyebo<strong>da</strong> sasoflosameurneo<br />

samuSaobebi. amdenad, nilosis<br />

adidebis zusti <strong>dro</strong>is gansazRvras egviptelTaTvis<br />

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Zvelma egviptelebma varskvlavebze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT<br />

SeamCnies, rom nilosis kalapotSi<br />

wylis momateba emTxveo<strong>da</strong> caze yvelaze<br />

kaSkaSa varskvlavis _ siriusis gamoCenas.<br />

yovel wels varskvlavi siriusi acnobeb<strong>da</strong><br />

egviptelebs nilosis mosalodnel adidebas.<br />

amas mohyva egviptelebis mier pirveli mzis

10<br />

istoria, VII klasi<br />

kalendris Seqmna. egviptelTa kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi<br />

Sedio<strong>da</strong> 360 dRe, romelic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

iyofo<strong>da</strong> ara Tveebad, aramed sam nawilad _<br />

sam sezonad. mogvianebiT egvipteSi SemoiRes<br />

12 Tviani kalen<strong>da</strong>ri. TiToeul TveSi 30<br />

dRe iyo. wlis bolos 360 dRes (12×30=360)<br />

umatebdnen 5 dRes.<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

1. romel mcenareTa ayvaveba miganiSnebT gazafxulis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgomaze Tqvens <strong>da</strong>saxlebul punqtSi?<br />

2. <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT weliwadis <strong>dro</strong>Ta cvlasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

Sirebuli bunebis movlenebi?<br />

iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

dRevandel kalen<strong>da</strong>rs safuZvlad udevs<br />

qristes Sobamde anu Zv. w. 46 wels iulius<br />

keisris brZanebiT aleqsandrieli mecnieris<br />

sozigenes mier Seqmnili kalen<strong>da</strong>ri. sozigenem<br />

gaiTvaliswina egviptelTa gamocdileba.<br />

man 360 dRes 5 dRe ki ar miumata, aramed<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>pir 365 dRe <strong>da</strong>yo 12 Tved. magram Taname<strong>dro</strong>ve<br />

<strong>da</strong>angariSebiT weliwadi moicavs<br />

365 dRes, 5 saaTs, 48 wuTsa <strong>da</strong> 46 wams.<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenili 5 saaTisaTvis, 48 wuTisa <strong>da</strong> 46<br />

wamisaTvis iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> yoveli<br />

sami wlis Semdeg, meoTxe<br />

wels, erTi dRis <strong>da</strong>matebas.<br />

amdenad, is weli 366 dRian<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. es sistema dRemdea<br />

SemorCenili. iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

mogvianebiT Secvala<br />

grigolianurma kalen<strong>da</strong>rma.<br />

grigorianuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>rs, romelic dRes<br />

nax.1.2.1. gaius<br />

iulius keisari.<br />

moqmedebs, TiTqmis mTel msoflioSi romis<br />

papis, grigol XIII pativsacemad hqvia grigorianuli<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom iuliusis kalendris<br />

mixedviT, yovel mesame weliwads erTi<br />

dRe ematebo<strong>da</strong>, weliwadis bunebrivi xangrZlivoba<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>rul wels ramdenime<br />

wamiT mainc aWarbeb<strong>da</strong>. 128 welSi am<br />

cdomilebam 1 dRe Seadgina. XVI saukuneSi<br />

am cdomilebam ukve 10 dRes miaRwia. amis<br />

gamo romis papma grigol XIII-m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita,<br />

gamoesworebina es Secdoma <strong>da</strong> kalendris<br />

reforma gaatara. axal kalen<strong>da</strong>rs grigori-<br />

anuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri ewo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

papis specialuri brZanebiT<br />

1582 wlis 5 oqtomberi<br />

gamocxa<strong>da</strong> 15<br />

oqtomberad, e. i. kalen<strong>da</strong>rs<br />

<strong>da</strong>karguli 10<br />

dRe miemata.<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aseTi cvlileba<br />

yvelam ar gaiziara.<br />

axali kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

mxolod ramdenime qvey-<br />

nax.1.2.2.romis papi<br />

grigol XIII.<br />

anam miiRo. saqarTveloSi grigorianuli<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri 1918 wlis 1 maiss SemoiRes. sagangebo<br />

brZanebiT 18 aprili gamocxa<strong>da</strong> 1<br />

maisad.<br />

iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rsa <strong>da</strong> grigolianur<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>rs Soris gansxvaveba XX-XXI saukuneebSi<br />

13 dRea. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, iuliusis<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri dResac moqmedebs, mag., qar-<br />

Tuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia iuliusis<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>riT sargeblobs. albaT gsmeniaT<br />

an wagikiTxavT, es movlena Zveli stiliT<br />

ama <strong>da</strong> am ricxvSi mox<strong>da</strong>o. Sesabamisad arsebobs<br />

`Zveli~ <strong>da</strong> `axali~ stili.<br />

yvela Tqvengans aRuniSnavs saqarTveloSi<br />

gavrcelebuli Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali weli – 1 <strong>da</strong><br />

14 ianvari. Zveli `axali weli~ iuliusis<br />

kalendris mixedviT dgeba 1 ianvri<strong>da</strong>n 13<br />

dRis Semdeg.<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 2<br />

<strong>da</strong>ingariSe ramdeni wamiT meti iyo Cveulebrivi<br />

weliwadi iuliusis kalen<strong>da</strong>rze.<br />

es sainteresoa:<br />

berZnebi imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen<br />

olimpiur TamaSebs, rom olimpiadebis mixedviT<br />

angariSobdnen kidec <strong>dro</strong>s: `es mox<strong>da</strong> 95-e olimpiadis<br />

<strong>dro</strong>s~ _ werdnen berZeni istorikosebi.<br />

olimpiuri TamaSobani pirvelad Zv. w. 776 wels<br />

Catar<strong>da</strong>, meored _ Zv. w. 772 wels <strong>da</strong> ase Semdeg.<br />

ukanasknelad is aRiniSna ax. w. 394 wels. am<br />

<strong>dro</strong>mde qristiani mwerlebic ki movlenebs olimpiadebiT<br />

aTariRebdnen. Tu viciT, romeli olimpiadis<br />

<strong>dro</strong>s mox<strong>da</strong> esa Tu is ambavi, Cven Segvi-<br />

Zlia gamoTvaloT, romel wels miekuTvneba igi.<br />

Zvel romSi wlebs romis <strong>da</strong>arsebi<strong>da</strong>n iTvlidnen.<br />

romaelebma gamoTvales, rom meeqvse olimpiadis mesame<br />

wels romulusma mokla Tavisi Zma remi <strong>da</strong> axal<br />

adgilze aaSena qalaqi. ase warmoiSva romi. meeqvse<br />

olimpiadis mesame weli _ Zv. w. 753 welia.

es sainteresoa:<br />

dRes msoflioSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d romauli Tveebis<br />

saxelebia gavrcelebuli.<br />

ianvari _ momdinareobs cisa <strong>da</strong> sinaTlis Rmer-<br />

Tis, ianusis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

Tebervali _ momdinareobs miwisqveSa samefos<br />

anu micvalebulTa RmerTis, februsis saxeli<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

marti _ (ianvrisa <strong>da</strong> Tebervlis SemoRebamde es<br />

Tve romis kalendriT weliwadis pirvel Tved iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>).<br />

qalaq romis <strong>da</strong>maarseblebis remisa <strong>da</strong><br />

romulusis mamis – martiusis (marsis) saxels<br />

ukavSirdeba. imav<strong>dro</strong>ulad, martiusi – marsi, omis<br />

RvTaebac iyo.<br />

aprili _ laTinurad `aperire~ _ gaSlas, gafurCqvnas<br />

niSnavs. marTlac, gazafxulis am mSvenier<br />

Tves iSleba mcenareTa kvirtebi.<br />

maisi _ yvavilebisa <strong>da</strong> silamazis qalRmerTis –<br />

maias, anu igive `maiestas~ saxeli<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs.<br />

ivnisi _ (iunius) am Tves <strong>da</strong>erqva RvTaeba iupiteris<br />

colis, nayofierebis qalRmerT iunonas sapativsacemod.<br />

ivlisi _ saxeli am Tves Zv. w. I saukuneSi ewo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 3<br />

iulius keisris sapativsacemod. manamde romaul<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi am Tves kvintilisi ewodebo<strong>da</strong> (kvintilisi<br />

mexuTe Tves niSnav<strong>da</strong>, vinai<strong>da</strong>n, romauli<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri martSi iwyebo<strong>da</strong>).<br />

agvisto _ am Tves Zveli romauli kalendriT<br />

seqstilisi erqva. imperator oqtaviane avgustusis<br />

sapativsacemod, romelmac Zv. w. 8 wels <strong>da</strong>asrula<br />

iuliusis kalendris reformireba, am Tves avgustusisa<br />

_ agvisto uwodes.<br />

seqtemberi _ (laT. September, Septemb – Svidi)<br />

meSvide Tves niSnavs. rogorc iTqva, Zveli romauli<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri martSi iwyebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> seqtemberi rigiT meSvide Tve<br />

iyo.<br />

oqtomberi _ (laT. October,<br />

octo - rva) merve Tves niSnavs.<br />

noemberi _ (laT. November, novem<br />

_ cxra) mecxre Tves niSnavs,<br />

dekemberi _ (laT. December),<br />

meaTes niSnavs.<br />

nax.1.2.3. imperatori oqtaviane<br />

avgustusi _ romauli kalendris<br />

reformatori<br />

SeavseT cxrili `msoflios xalxTa kalen<strong>da</strong>ri~ <strong>da</strong> klasSi imsjeleT, ra edo safuZvlad sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

xalxTa kalendris Seqmnas?<br />

kalendris<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxeleba<br />

egviptelTa<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

Seqmnis<br />

safuZveli<br />

mnaTobebze,<br />

nilosze<br />

<strong>da</strong>kvirveba<br />

dReTa<br />

raodenoba<br />

weliwadSi<br />

360<br />

Tveebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

weliwadSi<br />

3 <strong>nawili</strong>, 12<br />

Tve<br />

dReebis<br />

raodenoba<br />

TveSi<br />

30<br />

SeniSvna<br />

boloSi weliwads<br />

ematebo<strong>da</strong><br />

5 dRe<br />

saaTi<br />

dRevandel msoflioSi Zneli warmosadgram Zvelad <strong>dro</strong>isadmi srulebiTac ar iyo<br />

genia a<strong>da</strong>miani saaTis gareSe. Cvens cxovre- aseTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. Zvel egvipteSi Tu<br />

baSi <strong>dro</strong>s, mis zustad gamoyenebas udidesi SuamdinareTis qveynebSi, Zvel indoeTsa Tu<br />

mniSvneloba aqvs. tyuilad ki ar ityvian CineTSi, antikur periodsa Tu Sua sauku-<br />

`<strong>dro</strong> fuliao.~ TiTeulma Tqvenganma icis, neebSi a<strong>da</strong>miani bunebis ritmTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavzustad<br />

romel saaTze un<strong>da</strong> wavides skola- Sirebuli, saqmianobas iwyeb<strong>da</strong> gaTenebisas _<br />

Si. ramdeni wuTi grZeldeba gakveTili, `mamlis yivilisTanave,~ muSaob<strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />

romel saaTze un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brundes saxlSi. ma- dRe <strong>da</strong> iZineb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Ramebisas.<br />

11

12<br />

istoria, VII klasi<br />

uZveles <strong>dro</strong>Si dRe saaTebad ki ar iyo <strong>da</strong>yofili, rogorc<br />

Cvens epoqaSia, aramed ramdenime erTeulad, romlebic<br />

dRis ama Tu im monakveTs aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: ganTiadi, dila,<br />

Sua dRe, saRamo.<br />

dRisa <strong>da</strong> Ramis e. w. saaTebad <strong>da</strong>nawileba erT-erTi<br />

pirveli egviptelebma moaxdines. maT calke dRe <strong>da</strong><br />

calke Rame oc nawilad <strong>da</strong>yves. egviptelebi mzis saa-<br />

Tis meSveobiT axdendnen <strong>dro</strong>is gansazRvras. magram<br />

weliwadis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>dro</strong>s dRis xangrZlivoba gansxvavdeba<br />

erTmaneTisagan. zamTarSi dRe moklea, zafxul-<br />

Si ki grZeli. Sesabamisad, egviptelTa saaTebis xangrZlivoba<br />

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT srulyofili iyo romaelTa mier Seqmnili<br />

dRis saaTebad <strong>da</strong>nawilebis sistema. 24 saaTad dRe-Ramis<br />

<strong>da</strong>yofam sayovelTao gavrceleba swored romaelebisgan<br />

miiRo. romaelebma dRe oTx nawilad <strong>da</strong>yves, TiToeulSi<br />

sami saaTi iyo. romauli dRis 24 saaTiani <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />

gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> dRevandelisagan. isini dRes <strong>da</strong> Rames<br />

12+12 saaTad hyofdnen. mzis amosvlisas iwyebo<strong>da</strong> pirveli<br />

saaTi, xolo mzis Casvlisas sruldebo<strong>da</strong> meTormete<br />

saaTi. 12 saaTi iyo RameSic. magram am sistemasac erTi<br />

xarvezi hqon<strong>da</strong>. romaelebisaTvis, rogorc manamde egviptelTaTvis,<br />

weliwadis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>dro</strong>s saaTis xangrZlivoba<br />

ar iyo erTnairi. zafxulSi dRis xangrZlivoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 15 saaTia, maSin roca zamTarSi _ <strong>da</strong>ax.<br />

wyaro 1:<br />

amonaweri sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikoni<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

Jami – erTi dRe <strong>da</strong> erTi Rame ars oc<strong>da</strong>oTxi Jami,<br />

<strong>da</strong> erTi Jami 4 wentili.<br />

weliwadi _ weliwadsa erTsa TTveni 12, Svideulni<br />

52, dReni 365 <strong>da</strong> Jamni 8765.<br />

wentili _ Jamis naoTxali<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 5<br />

gaarCieT klasSi sulxan-sabaseuli es monacemebi.<br />

es sainteresoa:<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 4<br />

imisaTvis rom ukeT warmoidginoT<br />

romauli dRe-Ramis saaTebad <strong>da</strong>nawilebis<br />

sistema, Tavad <strong>da</strong>iangari-<br />

SeT zafxulSi <strong>da</strong> zamTarSi ramdeni<br />

wuTisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> `erTi saaTi.~<br />

saaTi zafxuli zamTari<br />

mzis<br />

amosvla<br />

I saaTi<br />

4.27 7.33<br />

II saaTi<br />

III saaTi<br />

IV saaTi<br />

V saaTi<br />

VI saaTi<br />

VII saaTi<br />

VIII saaTi<br />

IX saaTi<br />

X saaTi<br />

XI saaTi<br />

mzis<br />

Casvla 19,33 17.27<br />

mzis saaTs a<strong>da</strong>miani uZvelesi <strong>dro</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n iyeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>dro</strong>is<br />

gansasazRvrelad. igi Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> wriuli firfitisagan,<br />

romelze<strong>da</strong>c Tanabari <strong>da</strong>SorebiT iyo <strong>da</strong>xazuli <strong>dro</strong>is<br />

erTeulebi <strong>da</strong> RerZisagan, romelic vertikalur mdgomareobaSi<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. RerZi<br />

Crdils iZleva, romelic ciferblats<br />

ecema <strong>da</strong> miuTiTebs mzis<br />

<strong>dro</strong>s. xSirad mzis saaTs kedelze<br />

gamosaxavdnen. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />

<strong>dro</strong>is saCvenebeli RerZi hori-<br />

nax.1.2.5. mzis saaTi.<br />

zontalur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. aseTi saaTebi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul<br />

Zeglebzec gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong>. meqanikuri saaTis gamogonebamde mzis saaTebs a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

aqtiurad iyenebdnen yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.<br />

nax.1.2.4. mzis saaTi.<br />

10 saaTi. Sesabamisad, dRis Tanabar<br />

12 saaTad <strong>da</strong>yofisas zafxul-<br />

Si gacilebiT `xangrZlivi~ erTi<br />

saaTi gamodio<strong>da</strong>, vidre zamTarSi.<br />

Sua saukuneebSic, karga xans,<br />

swored romaelebisagan memkvidreobiT<br />

miRebuli <strong>dro</strong>is gamoTvlis<br />

wesi iyo gabatonebuli. magram Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />

meqanikuri saaTis SemoRebam<br />

<strong>dro</strong>is aRricxvis sistema Secvala.

1.3. welTaRricxva Zvel saqarTveloSi<br />

Zvelad saqarTveloSi ise, rogorc sxva<br />

qristianul saxelmwifoebSi, gavrcelebuli<br />

iyo welTaRricxvis sami sistema: <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n<br />

anu samyaros gaCeni<strong>da</strong>n, qoronikoni <strong>da</strong><br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n. es sistemebi VIII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

un<strong>da</strong> Semosuliyo. manamde ki istoriuli<br />

movlenebis aTvla xdebo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli an<br />

<strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli imperiis mmarTveli mefis<br />

gamefebis wli<strong>da</strong>n. amis ara erTi magaliTi<br />

gvaqvs Zvel qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi.<br />

magaliTad, iakob curtavelis `SuSanikis<br />

wameba~ iwyeba fraziT: `iyo mervesa welsa<br />

sparsTa mefisasa karad samefod waremarTa<br />

varsqen pitiaxSi, Ze arSuSaisi~...<br />

V s-is qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglis,<br />

bolnisis sionis kedelze amokveTilia qar-<br />

Tuli asomTavruli warwera, sa<strong>da</strong>c TariRi<br />

mocemulia iranis Sahis perozis gamefebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

`evstaTi mcxeTelis wamebaSic~ movlenis <strong>da</strong>saTariReblad<br />

mefis gamefebis welia aRebuli<br />

(mag.: `welsa meaTesa xvasro mefisasa...<br />

qarTlisasa movi<strong>da</strong> kaci erTi sparseTiT~.).<br />

maT paralelurad saqarTveloSi gavrcele-<br />

Zv.w.<br />

5604<br />

Zv.w.<br />

5072<br />

nax.1.3.1. bolnisis sionis warwera<br />

Zv.w.<br />

4540<br />

Zv.w.<br />

4008<br />

Zv.w.<br />

3476<br />

Zv.w.<br />

2944<br />

Zv.w.<br />

2412<br />

Zv.w.<br />

1880<br />

qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n – welTaRricxvis am<br />

sistemisaTvis ZiriTadi sayrdenia ieso<br />

qristes <strong>da</strong>badebis TariRi. 532 wels dionise<br />

mcirem wamoayena kalendris gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis<br />

kidev erTi varianti. manamde evropaSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

diokletianes welTaRricxviT sargeblobdnen.<br />

imperatori diokletiane qris-<br />

leqsikoni<br />

faza _ calkeuli stadia, momenti raime movlenis,<br />

procesis.<br />

fasadi _ Senobis wina, mTavari mxare, romelic<br />

Cveulebriv quCaSi gamodis.<br />

ikonografia _ garkveuli (umTavresad miTologiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> istoriuli) pirebis an siuJetebis gamosaxulebaTa<br />

sistemuri Seswavla <strong>da</strong> aRwera.<br />

buli iyo aseve muslimuri era, rac saqarTveloSi<br />

arabTa batonobiT iyo ganpirobebuli.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n – saqarTveloSi miRebuli<br />

tradiciiT, RmerTma qveyana Seqmna qristes<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebamde 5604 wels. am welTaRricxvis<br />

mixedviT, 2009 wels qveynis <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n<br />

7613 weli Sesrul<strong>da</strong> (5604+2009=7613).<br />

qoronikoni – welTaRricxvis sistema,<br />

romelsac Sua saukuneebSi marTlmadideblur<br />

samyaroSi aqtiurad iyenebdnen. es<br />

sistema VI saukunis Sua xanebSi Seqmna italielma<br />

berma dionise mcirem. saqarTvelo-<br />

Si qveynis <strong>da</strong>sabams, rogorc iTqva, qristes<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebamde 5604 wliT angariSobdnen. am<br />

<strong>dro</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli mTeli periodi iyofa<br />

Tanabar 532 wlian ciklebad anu moqcevebad.<br />

amdenad, erTi moqceva 532 wels Seicavs. moqcevis<br />

TiToeul wels qoronikoni ewodeba.<br />

ax. welTaRricxvis 248 wels <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> XI<br />

moqceva – 5604+248=532×11. 2009 weli aris<br />

XV moqcevis qoronikoni 165.<br />

ratom Seicavs erTi moqceva mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc<br />

532 wels? saqme is aris, rom yovel 532<br />

weliwadSi erTxel zustad meordeba kalen<strong>da</strong>ri.<br />

anu weliwadis 365-ve dRis aRmniSvneli<br />

Tveebis ricxvebi <strong>da</strong> kviris dReebi<br />

zustad emTxveva erTmaneTs.<br />

qoronikonis xazi<br />

ax.w.<br />

1 1<br />

248<br />

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV<br />

Zv.w.<br />

1348<br />

Zv.w.<br />

816<br />

Zv.w.<br />

284<br />

ax.w.<br />

780<br />

ax.w.<br />

1312<br />

ax.w.<br />

1844<br />

weli<br />

moqceva<br />

tianobis erT-erTi yvelaze didi mowinaaRmdege<br />

iyo, romlis <strong>dro</strong>sac aTasobiT qristiani<br />

sicocxles gamoasalmes. qarTul xatebze<br />

xSirad SexvdebiT iseT ikonografiul<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas, rodesac wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgi gvele-<br />

Sapis magivrad imperator diokletianes<br />

gangmiravs SubiT. diokletianes mmarTvelo-<br />

13

14<br />

istoria, VII klasi<br />

bis <strong>dro</strong>s moewyo qristianebis bolo, yvelaze masStaburi<br />

devna. diokletianes gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, misi<br />

kalen<strong>da</strong>ri TiTqmis 250 weli arsebob<strong>da</strong>. dionise mcires<br />

azriT, ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> diokletianes, rogorc qristianobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>undobeli mtris<br />

kalendriT sargebloba <strong>da</strong> amitom<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong> misi Secvla. diokletianes<br />

welTaRricxvis 249-e<br />

weli gamocxad<strong>da</strong> qristes <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

533 wlad. ase <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong><br />

axali welTaRricxva `qristes<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n~, anu `qristes aqeT~.<br />

nax.1.3.2. dionise mcire.<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

ras efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> welTaRricxvis sistemebi:<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n, qoronikoni <strong>da</strong> qristes<br />

Sobi<strong>da</strong>n?<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 1<br />

Sea<strong>da</strong>reT welTaRricxvis samive sistema<br />

erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong> gaakeTeT <strong>da</strong>skvnebi?<br />

es sainteresoa:<br />

anbani <strong>da</strong> ricxviTi niSnebi<br />

Sua saukuneebis qarTul werilobiT<br />

wyaroebSi TariRi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, anbanis<br />

meSveobiT gamohyav<strong>da</strong>T. TiToeuli<br />

aso-niSani romelime ricxvs Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

a – 1-s niSnav<strong>da</strong>, b – 2-s <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />

magaliTad, matianeebSi Tu epigrafikul<br />

Zeglebze xSirad SexvdebiT:<br />

`qoronikoni mv (46)~ an<strong>da</strong> `qoronikoni<br />

rJ-g(193)~ <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />

arabuli ricxvebiT gakeTebuli<br />

warwera pirvelad gvxvdeba XI saukuneSi<br />

bagratis taZris CrdiloeT fasadze:<br />

`odes ganmtkicna iataki, qoronikoni<br />

iyo 223.~ magram, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />

saqarTveloSi arabuli cifrebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas<br />

kidev ramdenime saukune <strong>da</strong>s-<br />

Wir<strong>da</strong>. Sua saukuneebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d mainc<br />

qarTuli aso-miSnebis anbanuli saTvalavi<br />

iyo miRebuli.<br />

nax.1.3.3. wmin<strong>da</strong> giorgi amarcxebs<br />

imperator diokletianes.<br />

nax.1.3.4. qarTuli anbanis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi.

mahmadianuri welTaRicxva anu hijra –<br />

welTaRricxvis es sistema VII saukuneSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amave periodi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> gavrcelebuliyo<br />

is saqarTveloSic. VIII-IX saukuneebis<br />

eklesiaTa warwerebsa <strong>da</strong> werilobiT ZeglebSi<br />

qristianuli welTaRricxvis gverdiT gvxvdeba<br />

mahmadianuri eriT <strong>da</strong>TariRebac.<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi atenis SesaniSnav taZarSi<br />

Semonaxulia warwera, romelSic buRa-Turqis<br />

mier Tbilisis aRebazea saubari. warweraSi<br />

moxseniebulia qronikoniT 73, xolo<br />

hijris 239 weli. orive SemTxvevaSi qristes<br />

Sobi<strong>da</strong>n 853 welia.<br />

wyaro 1:<br />

`TTuesa agustossa<br />

e-sa, dResa SabaTsa,<br />

qronikonsa<br />

r-g-sa, ismaitelTa<br />

welsa sl-T-sa, qalaqi<br />

tfilisi <strong>da</strong>wua<br />

buRa <strong>da</strong> Seipyra<br />

amirai sahak...~<br />

nax.1.3.5. atenis sionis warwera.<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

1. ram ganapiroba welTaRricxvis sistemis _ hijra<br />

gavrceleba saqarTveloSi?<br />

2. romeli wyaro a<strong>da</strong>sturebs muslimuri welTaRricxvis<br />

gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi? gaixseneT<br />

rogori tipis wyaroa igi?<br />

3. ras efuZneba muslimuri welTaRricxvis sistema?<br />

4. gaaanalizeT, Seqmni<strong>da</strong> Tu ara problemas saqarTveloSi<br />

welTaRricxvis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sistemis<br />

arseboba? saqarTvelos romel kuTxeSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

es problema?<br />

5. dRevandel saqarTveloSi Tu arsebobs welTaRricxvasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli raime problema?<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 2<br />

gamoiyeneT hijris welTaRricxvaze ga<strong>da</strong>yvanis<br />

formula <strong>da</strong> gamoTvaleT Tqveni <strong>da</strong>badebis weli<br />

hijriT (muslimuri welTaRricxviT)?<br />

hijra _ arabulad<br />

`gaqcevas~ niSnavs. 622<br />

wels islamis religiis<br />

fuZemdebeli muhamedi meqi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

medinaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

es TariRi muslimuri<br />

welTaRricxvis sayrdenad<br />

iqca. muslimuri kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

mTvaris kalen<strong>da</strong>ria<br />

<strong>da</strong> 354 dRisagan Sedgeba.<br />

bunebriv, anu mzis kalen-<br />

nax.1.3.6. winaswarmetyveli<br />

muhamedi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>rs mahmadianuri kalen<strong>da</strong>ri 10 dRiTa <strong>da</strong> 21<br />

saaTiT CamorCeba. 33 weliwadSi es sxvaoba<br />

erT bunebriv weliwads iZleva.<br />

amdenad, qritianuli welTaRricxvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

muslimur eraze TariRis ga<strong>da</strong>yvana ubralo<br />

maTematikuri gamoTvliT SeuZlebelia. magaliTad,<br />

Tu gvin<strong>da</strong> garkveva hijriT romeli<br />

welia 2000 wels, amisaTvis 2000 ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamovakloT 622. miviRebT 1378, rac Secdomaa.<br />

aseve Secdoma iqnebo<strong>da</strong> atenis sionis<br />

warweraSi moxseniebuli hijriT 239 weli<br />

622 wlisaTvis rom migvematebina. am SemTxvevaSi<br />

miviRebdiT 861 wels, rac arasworia.<br />

saqme imaSia, rom muslimuri kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

ar iTvaliswinebs 11 <strong>da</strong>klebuli dRis anaz-<br />

Raurebas. es cdomileba momaval wels ga<strong>da</strong>ecema.<br />

amitomacaa, rom muslimuri kalendris<br />

Tveebi wlis sezonTan mimarTebiT moZravia.<br />

imisaTvis rom gavarkvioT hijris esa<br />

Tu is weli qristianuli welTaRricxvis<br />

romel wels Seesabameba, saWiroa Semdegi<br />

formulis gamoyeneba: 622+(V×32:33)=X.<br />

am formulaSi V-hijris welia, xolo X<br />

aRniSnavs wels qristianuli eriT. magaliTad,<br />

ras Seesabameba atenis sionis warweraSi miTiTebuli<br />

hijris 239 weli? 622+(239×32:33)=62<br />

2+231=853. amdenad, atenis sionis warweraSi<br />

hijriT miTiTebuli welic eTanxmeba qristianuli<br />

eriT miTiTebul 853 wels.<br />

mecnierebs gamocemuli aqvT cxrilebi, romelSic<br />

mocemulia wlebi hijriT <strong>da</strong> misi Sesabamisi<br />

wlebi qristianuli welTaRricxviT.<br />

rodis iwyebo<strong>da</strong> weliwadi saqarTveloSi<br />

saqarTveloSi saukuneebis manZilze ram- saqarTveloSi qristianobis SemoRebis<br />

denimejer Seicvala axali wlis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdeg CvenSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> bizantiuri seqtem-<br />

TariRi. Zveli qarTuli kalendriT axali bris weliwadi. weliwadi 1 seqtembers iwye-<br />

weli 6 agvistos iwyebo<strong>da</strong>. amis gamo kalenbo<strong>da</strong>. am sistemam X saukunemde iarseba.<br />

dris pirvel Tves `axalwlisai~ ewodebo<strong>da</strong>. VIII-IX saukuni<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi Tan-<br />

1

1<br />

istoria, VII klasi<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tan mkvidrdeba qoronikonis welTaRricxva. rogorc<br />

saqarTveloSi, aseve ucxoeTSi qoronikonis<br />

sistemisaTvis axali weli iwyebo<strong>da</strong> 1 marts. amieri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

ramdenime saukunis manZilze saqarTveloSi iyenebdnen<br />

rogorc martis, aseve seqtembris weliwads.<br />

SemdgomSi martis weliwadi <strong>da</strong>iviwyes <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi<br />

axali wlis pirvel dRed ucvlelad 1 seqtemberi<br />

iqca.<br />

X saukuni<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi bizantiuri kalendris<br />

gavleniT Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan fexs ikidebs ianvris weliwadi,<br />

rodesac axali weli 1 ianvars iwyebo<strong>da</strong>. sabolood,<br />

saqarTveloSi es sistema XIV saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gabaton<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> is dRemde arsebobs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 5<br />

1. `qoronikonebis <strong>dro</strong>is xazis~ gamoyenebiT gamoTvale, qristes Sobi<strong>da</strong>n romel wels <strong>da</strong>usrulebiaT<br />

bagratis taZris mSenebloba.<br />

2. <strong>da</strong>asruleT wina gakveTilze Sesrulebuli cxrili `msoflios xalxTa kalen<strong>da</strong>ri~.<br />

es sainteresoa:<br />

wyaro 2:<br />

Zveli qarTuli warmarTuli kalen<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

## Tve Tvis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi Tvis <strong>da</strong>sasruli<br />

I axalwlisaÁ 6 agvisto 4 seqtemberi<br />

II sTulisaÁ 5 seqtemberi 4 oqtomberi<br />

III tiriskani 5 oqtomberi 3 noemberi<br />

IV tirisdini 4 noemberi 3 dekemberi<br />

V apnisi 4 dekemberi 2 ianvari<br />

VI surwynisi 3 ianvari 1 Tebervali<br />

VII mirkani 2 Tebervali 3 marti<br />

VIII igrika 4 marti 2 aprili<br />

IX vardobisTve 3 aprili 2 maisi<br />

X ariali 3 maisi 1 ivnisi<br />

XI TibisaÁ/TibaTve 2 ivnisi 1 ivlisi<br />

XII quelTobisaÁ 2 ivlisi 31 ivlisi<br />

pagomenebi 1 agvisto 5 agvisto<br />

897 wels ga<strong>da</strong>weril adiSis oTxTavs (es xelnaweri ga<strong>da</strong>iwera Satberdis<br />

lavraSi. bolos is inaxebo<strong>da</strong> svaneTSi sofel adiSSi, amitomac mas `adiSis oTx-<br />

Tavs~ uwodeben.) aseTi minaweri aqvs gakeTebuli: `<strong>da</strong>iwera wmi<strong>da</strong>i ese oTxTavi<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabamiTgan welTa x–fa, qronikonsa r-iz, SobiTgan uflisa Cvenisa iesu qristesiT<br />

welTa C-a~. am minawerSi welTaRricxvis samive stilia gamoyenebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

samive erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave TariRs miuTiTebs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabamiTgan – x-fa=6501 (qarTuli eraTia naangariSebi – 6501-5604=897)<br />

qronikoni – r-iz=117 (mecamete moqcevis 117 weli modis 897 welze.<br />

780+117=897).<br />

qristeTi – C-a=1001 (naangariSevia aleqsandriuli welTaRricxvis mixedviT,<br />

romelic qarTuls 104 wliT CamorCebo<strong>da</strong>. 1001-104=897).<br />

saqarTvelos gaqristianebis Semdeg<br />

qarTul kalen<strong>da</strong>rSi Tveebis saxelwodebebi<br />

Seiicvala. gaCn<strong>da</strong> qristianul<br />

religiasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saxelebi.<br />

ioane naTlismcemlis Sobis dRis gamo<br />

ivniss ivanobisTve ewo<strong>da</strong>. mariamobis<br />

dResaswaulis gamo agvistos – mariamobisa.<br />

giorgobis dResaswaulis gamo<br />

noembers giorgobis Tve Seerqva. 25<br />

dekembers qristeSobis dResaswauli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, am Tves qristeSobis<br />

Tve ewo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

nax.1.3.7.<br />

adiSis oTxTavi

im periods, sai<strong>da</strong>nac aiTvleba de<strong>da</strong>miwis<br />

gaCena, geologiuri era hqvia. Cveni planetis<br />

istoriaSi es yvelaze xangrZlivi periodi<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> ramdenime milioni weli grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am xnis manZilze de<strong>da</strong>miwaze mimdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />

garemos formireba. geologiuri<br />

era dRemde grZeldeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n de<strong>da</strong>miwa<br />

yovelTvis ganicdis cvlilebebs.<br />

im epoqi<strong>da</strong>n ki, rodesac de<strong>da</strong>miwaze pirveli<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani gaCn<strong>da</strong>, Cven viwyebT a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

saqmianobis aRweras. kacobriobis istoria<br />

or ZiriTad perio<strong>da</strong>d iyofa: winareistoriul<br />

<strong>da</strong> istoriul xanebad.<br />

winareistoriul xanas mecnierebi uwodeben<br />

im periods, rodesac jer kidev gamogonebuli<br />

ar iyo <strong>da</strong>mwerloba. istoriuli<br />

periodi ki iwyeba <strong>da</strong>mwerlobis Seqmnis <strong>da</strong><br />

pirveli saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnis Semdeg.<br />

termini `winareistoria~ pirvelad ixma-<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

1.4. istoriuli <strong>dro</strong><br />

1. gaixseneT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>asaxeleT TqvenTvis cnobili geologiur <strong>dro</strong>Si mimdinare garemos (de<strong>da</strong>miwis) formirebis<br />

magaliTebi?<br />

2. CamoTvaleT istoriuli <strong>dro</strong>is is periodebi, romelic axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis yofas?<br />

nebismier istoriul faqtze saubrisas<br />

upirvelesad gvainteresebs, rodis mox<strong>da</strong><br />

igi. albaT, xSirad gagigoniaT, an wagikiTxavT<br />

fraza _ es movlena qvis xanaSi mox<strong>da</strong>,<br />

es ki brinjaos xanaSio. istoria <strong>dro</strong>Si vi-<br />

Tardeba. amitomac, istorikosebisaTvis upirvelesi<br />

amocana iyo, ise <strong>da</strong>eyoT epoqebad<br />

warsuli <strong>dro</strong>, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebs gaadvilebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />

istoriuli procesebis aRqma. amisaTvis mecnierebma<br />

kacobriobis istoria <strong>da</strong>anawiles<br />

garkveul periodebad. istoriis epoqebad <strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />

xelovnurad ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra. yvela periodi<br />

Tanabar <strong>dro</strong>s ar moicavs. mecnierebi-<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

leqsikoni<br />

ris safuZvelze mox<strong>da</strong> istoriuli <strong>dro</strong>is <strong>da</strong>yofa epoqebad?<br />

msoflio istoriis yvelaze xangrZlivi<br />

epoqaa qvis xana. igi moicavs sam did periods:<br />

paleoliTs anu Zveli qvis xanas,<br />

mezoliTs anu Sua qvis xanas <strong>da</strong> neoliTs<br />

anu axali qvis xanas.<br />

procesi _ raime movlenaTa Tanmimdevruli monacvleoba,<br />

risame ganviTarebis gza.<br />

formireba _ risames Camoyalibebis (formirebis)<br />

procesi<br />

metalurgia _ mZime mrewvelobis <strong>da</strong>rgi, romlis<br />

saqmea madni<strong>da</strong>n liTonis miReba <strong>da</strong> misi pirveladi<br />

<strong>da</strong>muSaveba.<br />

ra 1851 wels ingliselma arqeologma <strong>da</strong>niel<br />

uilsonma.<br />

winareistoriuli xana ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d moicavs<br />

qvis xanas <strong>da</strong> eneoliTs. am periodis istoriuli<br />

movlenebi sqematura<strong>da</strong>a aRdgenili.<br />

social-politikuri istoriis warmodgena<br />

TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. arqeologebis mier aRmoCenili<br />

masalis wyalobiT, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, warmodgena<br />

gveqmneba am epoqaSi mcxovrebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis<br />

yofasa <strong>da</strong> sameurneo saqmianobaze.<br />

winareistoriuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli xana<br />

saTvis am epoqebis gansazRvrisas upirvelesi<br />

amosavali iyo kacobriobis istoriis am<br />

etapisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSan-<br />

Tviseba. magaliTad, kacobriobis istoriis<br />

uZveles periods Cven vuwodebT paleoliTs,<br />

anu igive Zveli qvis xanas.<br />

ratom vuwodebT istoriis am monakveTs qvis<br />

xanas? pasuxi martivia. a<strong>da</strong>mianis sameurneo<br />

iaraRebi mzaddebo<strong>da</strong> qvisagan. pirvelyofili<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebaSi qvas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. CvenTvis cnobilia aseve brinjaos<br />

xana. am periodSi ki sameurneo Tu sabrZolo<br />

iaraRi brinjaosagan keTdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

paleoliTi – kacobriobis istoriis<br />

yvelaze xangrZlivi periodi, Zv. w. 2, 5<br />

milioni wli<strong>da</strong>n _ Zv. w. 12-10 aTas wlamde.<br />

paleoliTis epoqaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianma miiRo Taname<strong>dro</strong>ve<br />

saxe. man iswavla garemosTan Segueba<br />

1

1<br />

istoria, VII klasi<br />

nax.1.4.1. neoliTis xanis sazogadoeba.<br />

<strong>da</strong> bunebis Tavis interesebisadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba.<br />

istoriis am periods es saxeli 1865<br />

wels Searqva ingliselma istorikosma j.<br />

lebokma.<br />

mezoliTi – Sua qvis xana, romelic<br />

gagrZel<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>axloebiT Zv. w. 12-10 aTasi<br />

wli<strong>da</strong>n – 7-6 aTas wlamde. a<strong>da</strong>mianma <strong>da</strong>xvewa<br />

sanadiro iaraRi, gamoigona mSvild-isari.<br />

neoliTi – axali qvis xana. msoflio istoriis<br />

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi epoqa. am<br />

<strong>dro</strong>i<strong>da</strong>n a<strong>da</strong>mianma xeli mihyo miwaTmoqmedeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesaqonleoba. Tu manamde a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

nadirobiT <strong>da</strong> SemgroveblobiT iyvnen <strong>da</strong>kavebulni,<br />

amieri<strong>da</strong>n igi soflis meurneobasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesaqoleobas aviTarebs.<br />

man ki gamoiwvia sameurneo iaraRebis<br />

srulyofa. soflis meurneobis warmoSobam<br />

ubiZga a<strong>da</strong>mians _ aeTvisebina axal-axali<br />

teritoriebi. Tavisi mniSvnelobiT kacobriobis<br />

istoriaSi neoliTis xanam marTlac<br />

rom revoluciuri mniSvneloba Seitana. amitomac<br />

am periods istorikosebi `neoliTur<br />

revolucias” uwodeben.<br />

nax.1.4.2. antikuri xanis sazogadoeba.<br />

eneoliTi – qvis xani<strong>da</strong>n liTonis xanaze<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>mavali periodi. `eneos~ _ laTinurad<br />

spilenZs niSnavs, `liTos~ ki berZnulad _<br />

qvas. amdenad, mecnierebma am ori sityvis<br />

gaerTianebiT, `eneo-liTi~, mogvces axali<br />

epoqis spilenZ-qvis xanis saxelwodeba.<br />

ratom veZaxiT am periods eneoliTs?<br />

qvis xanaSi sameurneo iaraRi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

qva iyo. Siga<strong>da</strong>Sig mas xec cvli<strong>da</strong>. a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

cxovrebaSi sruliad axali epoqa iwyeba,<br />

rodesac man liTonis gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. es<br />

iyo win ga<strong>da</strong>dgmuli nabiji. swored eneoli-<br />

Tis xanaSi a<strong>da</strong>mianma SeamCnia spilenZis Tavisebureba.<br />

<strong>da</strong>rtymis Sedegad SesaZlebelia<br />

spilenZis zods forma SevucvaloT <strong>da</strong> sasurveli<br />

moyvaniloba mivceT. es iyo a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

erT-erTi pirveli didi aRmoCena. mogvianebiT<br />

eneoliTis xanaSive a<strong>da</strong>mianma safuZveli<br />

Cauyara metalurgias. man spilenZis<br />

gamodnoba <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> sagnebsac mravalferovani<br />

saxe misces. eneoliTis xana Zv. w.<br />

IV-III aTaswleulebamde grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

brinjaos xana – kacobriobis istoriis<br />

im epoqas, rodesac sabrZolo Tu samuSao<br />

iaraRis <strong>da</strong>samzadeblad a<strong>da</strong>miani iyeneb<strong>da</strong><br />

brinjaos, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d brinjaos xana hqvia.<br />

igi moicav<strong>da</strong> periods Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel<br />

naxevramde. brinjao bunebaSi ar moipoveba.<br />

igi miiReba spilenZSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nivTierebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiT.<br />

rkinis xana – Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli<br />

naxevri<strong>da</strong>n kacobriobis istoriaSi iwyeba<br />

axali periodi, romelsac rkinis xana

ewodeba. am <strong>dro</strong>s a<strong>da</strong>mianma iswavla yvelaze<br />

magari liTonis – rkinis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba. iwyeba<br />

rkinis metalurgiis ganviTareba. mecnierebis<br />

umravlesobas miaCnia, rom rkinis<br />

<strong>da</strong>muSaveba pirvelad amierkavkasiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

anatoliaSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewyoT.<br />

antikuri xana _ Zveli istoriis xanaSi<br />

xan<strong>da</strong>xan calke gamoyofen xolme antikur<br />

xanas. am termins xmaroben im epoqis aRsaniSnavad,<br />

rodesac arsebob<strong>da</strong> Zveli saber-<br />

ZneTisa <strong>da</strong> Zveli romis saxelmwifoebi.<br />

Sua saukuneebis xana – romis imperiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cemi<strong>da</strong>n evropaSi iwyeba Sua saukuneebi.<br />

am terminiT aRniSnaven epoqas, romelic Zvelsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> axal epoqas Soris moiazreba. Sua<br />

saukuneebi moicav<strong>da</strong> periods V saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />

XV-XVI saukunemde. saqarTvelos istoriis<br />

Sua saukuneebis periodi XVIII saukuneSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

CamoTvaleT winaistoriuli <strong>da</strong> istoriuli periodebi.<br />

axseniT, ras ukavSirdeba TiToeuli maTganis<br />

saxelwodeba?<br />

Sea<strong>da</strong>reT erTmaneTs epoqebi <strong>da</strong> gansazRvreT, rogor<br />

icvlebo<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianoba epoqebis<br />

mixedviT? gaakeTeT <strong>da</strong>skvna.<br />

nax.1.4.3. Sua saukuneebis sazogadoeba.<br />

nax.1.4.4. axali periodis sazogadoeba.<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 1<br />

nax.1.4.5. Taname<strong>dro</strong>ve sazogadoeba.<br />

axali istoriis periodi – XVI-XIX<br />

saukuneebi.<br />

uaxlesi istoriis periodi _ XX-XXI<br />

saukuneebi.<br />

1. imuSaveT jgufebSi 1. <strong>dro</strong>is xazze (skalaze)<br />

ze<strong>da</strong> mxares ganalageT istoriuli periodebi.<br />

2. gamoiyeneT Tema: `ra aris istoria <strong>da</strong> riT<br />

vswavlobT warsuls~, Seswavlis <strong>dro</strong>s Seqmnili<br />

cxrili `teqstis informacia <strong>da</strong> istoriuli wyaro~<br />

_ ganalageT <strong>dro</strong>is xazis qve<strong>da</strong> mxares<br />

cxrilSi mocemuli sveti: `istoriuli <strong>dro</strong>~ monacemebi.<br />

1

20<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

istoria, VII klasi<br />

1. gaixseneT ra iciT argonavtebis<br />

Sesaxeb?<br />

2. ras gviambobT kolxi mefis asulis,<br />

medeas Sesaxeb?<br />

wyaro 1:<br />

leqsikoni<br />

berZnuli miTi argonavtebis Sesaxeb<br />

kolxeTis mefe aiets hqon<strong>da</strong> oqros<br />

sawmisi _ verZis oqrosbewviani tyavi.<br />

sawmisi aresis WalaSi iyo <strong>da</strong>culi. mas<br />

urCxuli <strong>da</strong>rajob<strong>da</strong>. saberZneTis mefem<br />

axalgazr<strong>da</strong> didgvarovan iazons <strong>da</strong>avala<br />

oqros sawmisis saberZneTSi Camotana.<br />

iazonma Sekriba mamaci zRvaosnebi,<br />

maTTvis durgalma argom ialqniani<br />

xomaldi aago. xangrZlivi mogzaurobis<br />

Semdeg argonavtebi kolxeTSi Cavidnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> mefe aietis winaSe wardgnen. aieti Sehpir<strong>da</strong><br />

iazons oqros sawmiss, Tu igi Seasruleb<strong>da</strong> mefis<br />

urTules <strong>da</strong>valebebs.<br />

kolxTa mefis asuli, grZneuli medea <strong>da</strong>exmara iazons<br />

<strong>da</strong> misca mas jadosnuri malamo. iazonma wais-<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 1<br />

II <strong>nawili</strong>. <strong>dro</strong> <strong>da</strong> sivrce<br />

2.1. miwaTmoqmedi <strong>da</strong> mogzauri berZnebi<br />

nax.2.1.1. xomaldi `argo~<br />

subtropikebi _ de<strong>da</strong>miwis sferos ori fizikur-geografiuli<br />

zona, romlebic CrdiloeTiTa <strong>da</strong> samxreTiT akravs tropikebs.<br />

masiuri _ didi masisi, didi moculobis mqone.<br />

aresi _ Zveli berZnebis omis RmerTi<br />

xazina _ saxelmwifos qoneba (fuliT Tu sxva saxiT<br />

warmodgenili).<br />

kolonia _ <strong>da</strong>pyrobil qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli<br />

adgili; axalSeni.<br />

floti _ yvela gemis erToblioba.<br />

metropolia _ Zv. saberZneTSi: qalaq-saxelmwifo (polisi)<br />

Tavisi axalSenebis mimarT.<br />

partniori _ Tanamonawile, amxanagi raime saqmianobaSi.<br />

polisi _ aq _ Zvel saberZneTSi: qalaqi-saxelmwifo.<br />

keramika _ gamomwvari Tixis nakeTobaTa warmoeba; meTuneoba<br />

konfederacia _ aq: <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saxelmwifoTa kavSiri.<br />

va malamo <strong>da</strong> zea<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />

Zala mieca. man SeZlo cecxlismfrqveveli<br />

xarebis<br />

Sepyroba, guTanSi Sebma <strong>da</strong><br />

miwis moxvna. iazonma xnul-<br />

Si urCxulis kbilebi <strong>da</strong>Tesa,<br />

iqi<strong>da</strong>n amosuli spilenZis<br />

saWurvliani meomrebi ki<br />

amoxoca. marTalia, iazonma<br />

Seasrula <strong>da</strong>valebebi, magram<br />

mefe aieti ar apireb<strong>da</strong><br />

sawmisis micemas. maSin medeam<br />

jadosnobiT <strong>da</strong>aZina sawmisis<br />

mo<strong>da</strong>raje urCxuli <strong>da</strong> argonavtebma<br />

oqros sawmisi<br />

kolxeTi<strong>da</strong>n gaitaces.<br />

a) moZebneT rukaze miTSi (wyaro 1) moxseniebuli qveynebi. rogor fiqrobT, ratom gaemgzavra iazoni<br />

kolxeTisken zRviT <strong>da</strong> ara xmeleTiT?<br />

b) jgufebSi imsjeleT miTSi moTxrobili ambis irgvliv: mefe aietis, iazonis, kolxi me<strong>da</strong>s qmedebis Sesaxeb.<br />

samxreT evropis subtropikul sartyelSi mdebareobs balkaneTis naxevarkunZuli.<br />

naxevarkunZulis samxreT <strong>nawili</strong> mTagorian saberZneTs ukavia.<br />

saberZneTis mTebi kldovani <strong>da</strong> xramiania. vakeze miwebi nayofieria,<br />

xarobs vazi, zeTisxili, qeri... zRvaSi mravla<strong>da</strong>a Tevzi.<br />

Zveli berZnebis mTavar saqmianobas miwaTmoqmedeba <strong>da</strong> mesaqonleoba<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. saberZneTis qviani nia<strong>da</strong>gis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba <strong>da</strong> gasufTaveba mZime<br />

Sroma iyo. magar nia<strong>da</strong>gs guTniT ramdenjerme moxvna <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ToxiT<br />

gafxviereba esaWiroebo<strong>da</strong>. naTess xSirad anadgureb<strong>da</strong> gvalva an kokispiruli<br />

wvimebis <strong>dro</strong>s movardnili niaRvari.<br />

nax.2.1.2. argos<br />

mogzaurobis marSruti.

nax.2.1.3. zeTisxilis krefa.<br />

berZnebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d qers Tesavdnen, romelic<br />

kargad uZleb<strong>da</strong> gvalvas. maTi mTavari sakvebi<br />

swored qeris puri <strong>da</strong> fafa iyo. berZnebi TiTqmis<br />

yvela saWiro nivTs saxlSi amzadebdnen:<br />

qsovdnen tilos tansacmels, Tixisgan zeldnen<br />

saojaxo WurWels, xisgan akeTebdnen msubuq<br />

fexsacmels _ sandlebs.<br />

saberZneTSi mravla<strong>da</strong>a sabadoebi: rkinis,<br />

spilenZis, vercxlis <strong>da</strong> marmarilos. Zv. w.<br />

X s-Si berZnebma rkinis warmoeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes.<br />

rkinisgan maT Seqmnes Sromis iaraRebi. aman<br />

gaaadvila miwis <strong>da</strong>muSaveba. gadid<strong>da</strong> naTesi<br />

farTobis raodenoba, moimata mosavalma.<br />

saberZneTis sanapiro Zalian <strong>da</strong>serilia,<br />

zRvis ubeebi Rrma<strong>da</strong>a SeWrili xmeleTSi.<br />

bevria gemebis sadgomad moxerxebuli yureebi,<br />

garSemo ki mravali kunZulia, rac ber-<br />

Znebs ZvelTaganve aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> zRvaosnobas.<br />

berZnebis xis xomaldebi did navebs hgav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

farTo ialqnebiTa <strong>da</strong> mosasmeli niCbebiT.<br />

aseTi xomaldebs berZnebi erTi didi masiuri<br />

xisgan amzadebdnen.<br />

gemTmSeneblobaSi lursmans<br />

ar iyenebdnen. am gemebiT<br />

mogzauroba egeosis<br />

zRvaSic ki saSiSi iyo. amitom<br />

berZnebi Ria zRvaSi<br />

mxolod wynar amindSi <strong>da</strong><br />

mxolod dRisiT gadiodnen.<br />

isin an sanapiros gaswvriv<br />

nax.2.1.4.<br />

berZnuli san<strong>da</strong>li.<br />

mogzaurobdnen, an kunZuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

kunZulamde. RamiT<br />

xomaldebs napirze amoaTrevdnen xolme.<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan berZnebma ufro Soreul qveynebisken<br />

wasvlac gabedes.<br />

kiTxvebi<br />

nax.2.1.5. berZnuli Tixis qoTani.<br />

3. rogor ukavSirdeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmianoba bunebriv<br />

pirobebs? garemos? moiyvane magaliTebi.<br />

4. ra mizezebma ganapiroba saberZneTSi rkinis<br />

warmoebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba?<br />

5. CamoTvaleT zRvaosnobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xel-<br />

Semwyobi <strong>da</strong> xelSemSleli magaliTebi. ras urCevdiT<br />

berZnebs am problemebis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad?<br />

6. ivaraudeT, SemdgomSi ra warmatebis miRwevas<br />

SeZlebdnen berZnebi zRvaosnobis ganviTarebiT?<br />

nax.2.1.6. aTenis akropolisi.<br />

Zv. w. VIII-VI saukuneebSi TiTqmis yvela<br />

berZnul qalaqSi Seiqmna <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

saxelmwifo. qalaq-saxelmwifos teritoria<br />

moicav<strong>da</strong> qalaqsa <strong>da</strong> mis irgvliv mdebare<br />

soflebs. qalaq-saxelmwifoebs hyav<strong>da</strong>T sakuTari<br />

jari, hqon<strong>da</strong>T xazina, Wridnen sakuTar<br />

monetas. misi mosaxleoba Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />

izrdebo<strong>da</strong>. Warbi mosaxleobis gamokveba<br />

21

22<br />

wyaro 2<br />

istoria, VII klasi<br />

nax.2.1.7. berZnuli qalaqis gegma.<br />

gaZnel<strong>da</strong>. mravali berZeni gaRarib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> valebSi<br />

Caeflo. zogic politikur brZolebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> idevnebo<strong>da</strong>. aseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

bedis saZieblad samSoblos tovebdnen <strong>da</strong> gemiT<br />

Soreul qveynebSi miemgzavrebodnen.<br />

nax.2.1.8. berZnuli xomaldebi.<br />

nax.2.1.10. berZnuli navsadguri.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad berZnuli xomaldebi mxolod<br />

mcire xniT miadgebodnen ucxo napirebs<br />

adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan vaWrobis<br />

mizniT. berZnul savaWro saqonels Soris<br />

gansakuTrebiT iyo ganTqmuli qalaq aTenis<br />

WurWeli, qalaq korinTos iaraRi <strong>da</strong> qalaq<br />

mileTis qsovilebi. Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan berZnebma<br />

xmelTaSua <strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis sanapiroebze miwebis<br />

mitaceba <strong>da</strong>iwyes. aq aSenebdnen qalaqs,<br />

romelsac garSemo galavans avlebdnen. ase<br />

<strong>da</strong>ars<strong>da</strong> koloniebi _ berZnuli axalSenebi.<br />

koloniis <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli qalaqi saberZneTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

agzavni<strong>da</strong> samxe<strong>dro</strong> <strong>da</strong> savaWro flots.<br />

mas evalebo<strong>da</strong> koloniis uSiSroebis <strong>da</strong>cva.<br />

koloniis mosaxleoba<br />

swrafad izrdebo<strong>da</strong>. saber-<br />

ZneTi<strong>da</strong>n gadmosaxlebulni<br />

awyobdnen saxelosnoebs, qalaqis<br />

garSemo amuSavebdnen<br />

miwas, misdevdnen mesaqonleobas,<br />

vaWrobdnen qveynis siRrmeSi<br />

mcxovreb adgilobriv<br />

tomebTan. berZnebi maTgan<br />

monebs yidulobdnen. monebis<br />

nawils koloniaSi itovebdnen,<br />

nawils ki gasayi<strong>da</strong>d metropoliaSi<br />

agzavnidnen.<br />

nax.2.1.9.<br />

berZnuli<br />

monetebi.<br />

berZnuli kolonizacia SavizRvispireTSi sami mimarTulebiT ganviTar<strong>da</strong>: CrdiloeTiT, samxreTiT <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTiT<br />

(kolxeTis samefos sazRvrebTan). CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis mosaxleoba saxelmwifoebrivi<br />

ganviTarebis <strong>da</strong>bal doneze imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. amdenad, aq <strong>da</strong>arsebulma berZnulma koloniebma (pantikapeioni, xersonesi,<br />

olvia, feodosia) politikuri gavlena moipoves adgilobriv mosaxleobaze <strong>da</strong> Zv. w. V s-Si Seqmnes<br />

berZnuli saxelmwifo _ bosforis samefo. sxvagvari viTareba iyo kolxeTis sanapiroze. aq <strong>da</strong>arsebuli ber-<br />

Znuli koloniebi: fazisi (dRevandeli foTi), dioskuria<br />

(q. soxumTan), gienosi (dR. oCamCire), pitiunti<br />

(biWvinTa) kolxeTis samefos Tanaswori savaWro<br />

<strong>da</strong> politikuri partniorebi iyvnen. xSirad isini<br />

kolxeTis mefis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSic ki eqceodnen. kolxeTze<br />

gadio<strong>da</strong> didi savaWro gza. kolxeTi iyo ber-<br />

Znuli (elinuri) konfederaciis erT-erTi wamyvani<br />

wevri. kolxeTi<strong>da</strong>n berZnul polisebSi savaWrod<br />

gahqon<strong>da</strong>T: gemTsaSeni xe-tye, marcvleuli, tyavi,<br />

liToni, seli <strong>da</strong> monebi. berZnebs ki kolxeTSi Semohqon<strong>da</strong>T:<br />

keramikuli nawarmi, samkaulebi, zeTi.

Zv. w. V s-Si kolxeTi<strong>da</strong>n espaneTamde zRvis sanapiroze mravali berZnuli kolonia<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong>. berZnulma kolonizaciam gamoiwvia berZnuli anu elinuri kulturis ganvrcoba.<br />

man udidesi gavlena moaxdina im<strong>dro</strong>indel xalxebze.<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 2<br />

amuSaveT wyvilebSi an jgufebSi wakiTxuli teqstis <strong>da</strong> wyaro 2-is mixedviT SeavseT sqema:<br />

saberZneTSi ganviTar<strong>da</strong> ram Seuwyo xeli mis ganviTarebas<br />

1. qalaq-saxelmwifoebi qalaqebs miecaT meti <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba 3<br />

imsjeleT <strong>da</strong> diskusiis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>asabuTeT:<br />

a) ratom viTardebo<strong>da</strong> berZnuli koloniebi xmelTaSua <strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis sanapiro zolis qveynebSi?<br />

(gamoiyeneT teqsti <strong>da</strong> ruka: `berZnuli kolonizacia~).<br />

b) ra misca am <strong>dro</strong>is xalxebs <strong>da</strong> Taname<strong>dro</strong>ve msoflios elinurma (berZnulma) kolonizaciam?<br />

g) `mravali berZeni gaRarib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> valebSi Caeflo. zogic politikur brZolebSi <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> idevnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi bedis saZieblad samSoblos tovebdnen <strong>da</strong> gemiT Soreul qveynebSi miemgzavrebodnen.~<br />

gaavleT paraleli teqstis am monakveTSi mocemul faqtebsa <strong>da</strong> Taname<strong>dro</strong>ve saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />

erTi <strong>nawili</strong>s mdgomareobas Soris. gamoTqviT Tqveni azri.<br />

saSinao <strong>da</strong>valeba: SeavseT qvemoT mocemuli cxrili:<br />

imperiebi.<br />

qveynebi,<br />

koloniebi,<br />

berZnuli<br />

koloniebi<br />

bunebrivi pirobebi,<br />

geografiuli<br />

garemo<br />

subtropikuli,<br />

mTagoriani,<br />

kldovani <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

resursebi<br />

nayofieri nia<strong>da</strong>gi;<br />

sabadoebi: rkinis,<br />

spilenZis <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

saqmianoba<br />

miwaTmoqmedeba<br />

(vazi, zeTisxili,..)<br />

progresuli<br />

nabijebi qveynis<br />

ganviTarebaSi<br />

rkinis<br />

<strong>da</strong>muSaveba<br />

am teritoriaze<br />

amJamad<br />

arsebuli<br />

saxelmwifoebi<br />

23

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