werilebi literaturisa da kulturis Sesaxeb
werilebi literaturisa da kulturis Sesaxeb
werilebi literaturisa da kulturis Sesaxeb
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Tamar nucubiZe<br />
<strong>werilebi</strong><br />
<strong>literaturisa</strong><br />
1<br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>kulturis</strong> <strong>Sesaxeb</strong><br />
Tbilisi 2010
mxatvari rezo mirianaSvili<br />
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti 2010<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-2827-4<br />
UDK (uak) 82+7<br />
w-994<br />
2
k r i t i k u l i<br />
Z i e b a n i<br />
3
Tanamedrove literaturuli<br />
komparativizmi<br />
termini ~literaturuli urTierTobebi~,<br />
romelic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneobis<br />
(comparative literature) sinonimad ixmareba, araa<br />
srulyofili, vinai<strong>da</strong>n arsebiTad genetikur<br />
kavSirebze migvaniSnebs, maSin, rodesac es<br />
disciplina tipologiuri analogiebis kvlevasac<br />
gulisxmobs.<br />
erovnuli literaturebis istoriisagan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneoba kvlevis<br />
sagniT gansxvavdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n "ar arsebobs<br />
principuli sxvaoba teqstebs Soris erovnuli<br />
literaturis SigniT <strong>da</strong> teqstebs Soris<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnul literaturaSi~ (i. lotmani).<br />
XX saukunis TiTqmis Sua xanebamde komparatistika<br />
ZiriTad yuradRebas genetikur kav-<br />
Sirebs uTmob<strong>da</strong>; erix auerbaxis “mimezisi~-s<br />
msgavisi naSromebi ufro gamonaklisi iyo, vidre<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />
1960-ian wlebSi rene ueleki <strong>da</strong> frangi r.<br />
etiembli mkacrad akritikebdnen literaturuli<br />
komparativizmis franguli <strong>da</strong> germanuli skolis<br />
iseT principebs, rogoricaa ucxouri zegav-<br />
5
lenebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli mniSvnelobis<br />
miniWeba, tipologiuri analizisadmi ze<strong>da</strong>piruli<br />
midgoma, literaturaTa <strong>da</strong>jgufeba zegavlenaTa<br />
“gamcem~ <strong>da</strong> ~mimReb~ tipebad <strong>da</strong> sxv. am bolo<br />
dros sul ufro gamoikveTa miswrafeba<br />
tipologiuri analogiebis Ziebisadmi; sul ufro<br />
metad iCens Tavs imis gacnobiereba, rom TviT<br />
genetikuri kvlevis dros sabolood mizani mainc<br />
stadialuri, siuJeturi, Janruli <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
nairsaxeobebis <strong>da</strong>dgenaa.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneobis meTodisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kvlevis arealis ganaxlebas xeli Seuwyo<br />
iseTi araistoriuli meTodebis gamoyenebam,<br />
rogoricaa: iungis arqetipebis Teoria, huizingas<br />
Teoria TamaSis arqetipebze <strong>kulturis</strong><br />
istoriaSi, fsiqoanalizi, struqturalizmi,<br />
tartus semiotikuri skola iuri lotmanis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTs literaturismcodneobaSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
TvalsaCinoa interdisciplinarulobis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>, mWidro <strong>da</strong>axloeba kulturologiasTan.<br />
<strong>literaturisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebis<br />
urTierTmimarTebis problematikis kvleva<br />
literaturuli komparativizmis Semadgenel<br />
nawilad iqca.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneobis kvlevis<br />
gafarToebis, literaturasa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>kulturis</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebs Soris tipologiur<br />
6
msgavsebaTa Ziebisaken swrafva imdenad<br />
TvalsaCinoa, rom zogis azriT, Tanamedrove<br />
`literaturuli komparatistika ukidegano<br />
cnebas, erTgvar yovlismomcvel sawyobs<br />
<strong>da</strong>emsgavsa~; sxva avtoris TqmiT, (Bassnet,<br />
Comparative Literature: A Critical introduction, Boston, 1993),<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneoba imdenad<br />
yovlismomcveli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom igi aRar arsebobs.<br />
magram ufro swori iqneba, Tu vilaparakebT<br />
komparativizmis ara ~gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebaze~, aramed<br />
evoluciaze, kvlevis sagnis gafarToebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodebis cvlaze. amJamad es disciplina<br />
Seiswavlis literaturis mimarTebas sxva<br />
mxatvrul formebTan (saxviTi xelovneba, musika,<br />
filmi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong> mecnierebis <strong>da</strong>rgebTan<br />
(istoria, sociologia, fsiqologia <strong>da</strong> sxv.),<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs literaturis adgilze<br />
<strong>kulturis</strong> sistemaSi. ~Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneobis~<br />
tradiciul gansazRvrebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>emata literaturasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebs Soris mimarTebis, anu literaturuli <strong>da</strong><br />
xelovnebis sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
niSan-Tvisebebis erToblivi kvleva.<br />
literaturul komparativizms Cvens droSi<br />
Cveulebriv ase gansazRvraven: ~Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
literaturismcodneoba niSnavs ara mxolod<br />
literaturaTa kvlevis erovnuli sazRvrebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>laxvas, aramed amasTanave literaturis<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebas a<strong>da</strong>mianis moRvaweobis sxva<br />
7
inteleqtualur sferoebTan (mxatvroba, musika,<br />
Teatraluri <strong>da</strong> dekoratiuli xelovneba,<br />
arqiteqtura, skulptura <strong>da</strong> sxv.)~ (Comperative<br />
Literature: Matter and Method. Edited with Introduction by A.<br />
Owen Aldridge. Urbana, Chicago, London, 1999, p. 1).<br />
komparativizmis interdisciplinarulobis<br />
mzardi tendencia kargad Cans imaSic, Tu rogor<br />
gansazRvraven comparative literature-s sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
universitetebi. ase, magaliTad, san franciskos<br />
universitetis programis Tanaxmad, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
literaturismcodneoba ikvlevs rogorc erovnul<br />
literaturaTa teqstebs Soris mimarTebas,<br />
aseve ~cdilobs <strong>da</strong>adginos urTierTmimarTeba<br />
literaturasa <strong>da</strong> sxva <strong>da</strong>rgebs Soris,<br />
xelovnebiTa <strong>da</strong> mecnierebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli,<br />
folklorisa <strong>da</strong> religiis CaTvliT~.<br />
roCesteris universitetis programaSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom ~Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneoba<br />
gulisxmobs <strong>literaturisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturis</strong><br />
interdisciplinarul kvlevas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
perspeqtivi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sva erovnul<br />
mwerlobaSi~.<br />
<strong>da</strong>visis universitetis programis Tanaxmad,<br />
komparativizmi ~niSnavs literaturuli<br />
teqstebis Seswavlas interdisciplinarul <strong>da</strong><br />
transkulturul konteqstSi~.<br />
niu iorkis universitetis programaSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom es disciplina gulisxmobs<br />
~<strong>literaturisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> filosofiis, politikis,<br />
8
anTropologiis, istoriis, literaturis Teoriis<br />
urTierTga<strong>da</strong>kveTis kvlevas~.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi literaturismcodneobis sagnis<br />
gafarToebis tendencia aisaxa iseTi Jurnalebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>arsebaSi, rogoricaa, magiliTad, Journal for the<br />
Interdisciplinary Study of Literature (monitobas<br />
universiteti, kana<strong>da</strong>), Comparative Literature and<br />
Culture (albertas universiteti, aSS), A Journal for<br />
the Intermingling Study of Literary, Cultural and Theoretical<br />
Scolarship (hiustonis universiteti, aSS) <strong>da</strong><br />
mravali amgvari saxelwodebis Jurnali<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi. amerikeli, kanadeli <strong>da</strong><br />
ingliseli komparatistebi gamoscemen vebJurnals<br />
Comparative Literature and Culture.<br />
literaturuli <strong>da</strong> saxviTi xelovnebis<br />
teqstebi sul ufro xSirad xdeba erToblivi<br />
kvlevis sagani. magalTad, lorens starJikis `XIX<br />
saukunis perspeqtiva~-Si (1999) ganxilulia<br />
garemosa <strong>da</strong> saganTa asaxvis Taviseburebani<br />
mwerlobasa <strong>da</strong> literaturaSi. qristofer<br />
braideris wigni “sityva <strong>da</strong> gamosaxuleba, 1400-<br />
1700 wlebi~ (1999) eZRvneba sinamdvilisadmi<br />
midgomas Sua saukuneebisa <strong>da</strong> renesansis<br />
literaturasa <strong>da</strong> saxviT xelovnebaSi<br />
(magaliTad, naCvenebia sikvdilis alegoriuli<br />
gamosaxuleba breigelTan <strong>da</strong> misi drois<br />
poeziaSi).<br />
araerTi komparatisti ikvlevs realobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ararealuris mimarTebis Taviseburebas prozaSi,<br />
9
fotoxelovnebasa <strong>da</strong> kinematografSi (magaliTad,<br />
fotografiis roli xulio kortasaris prozaSi).<br />
i. lotmanma arsebiTi koreqtivi Seitana<br />
literaturis Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> kulturologiaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul im TvalsazrisSi, romlis Tanaxmad<br />
sesxebis, zegavlenis stimulad msgavsi ideuresTetikuri<br />
viTarebis arseboba ganapirobebs.<br />
lotmani ar uaryofs amgvari stimulebis rols,<br />
magram yuradRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebaze, rom<br />
`xSirad urTierTobis impulss warmoadgens ara<br />
msgavseba <strong>da</strong> siaxlove (ideur-esTetikuri,<br />
stadialuri, Janruli <strong>da</strong> a. S.), aramed sxvaoba~,<br />
anu iseTi viTareba, rodesac ama Tu im movlenis<br />
aTvisebis, gaTavisebis, sesxebis survils ara<br />
msgavsebis, aramed sxvaobis faqtori ganapirobebs.<br />
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi moqmedebas iwyebs aseTi<br />
fsiqologiuri meqanizmi: ~mWirdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n ar<br />
mesmis, vinai<strong>da</strong>n es CemTvis ucnobia, ar esa<strong>da</strong>geba<br />
CemTvis nacnob warmodgenebsa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebebs~<br />
(Ю. Лотман. К построению теории взаимодействия<br />
культур. – Теоретические и практические вопросы<br />
взаимодействия культур. – Учёные записки Тартусского<br />
Гос. Университета. 1983, стр. 94).<br />
recepciis Teoriis mimdevari komparatistebi<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben gavlenebis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnas erovnul kulturaSi. anTropologiuri<br />
Teoriis mimdevrebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
literaturaTa Sefasebisas <strong>da</strong> analizisas<br />
yuradRebas amaxvileben a<strong>da</strong>mianis `anTropolo-<br />
10
giuri statusis~, misi zogadsakacobrio formebis<br />
gamovlenas ama Tu im literaturaSi. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
litmcodneobaSi Zlieria agreTve genderuli<br />
kritikis TeoretikosTa gamoZaxili.<br />
komparativizmis erT-erT sagnad iqca<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebis masobrivi literaturis<br />
(gansakuTrebiT _ e. w. deteqtiuri romanebis)<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>reba.<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT literaturismcodneobaSi, iseve<br />
rogorc saerTod literaturul kritikaSi,<br />
erTmaneTs upirisirdeba ori gezi _ istorizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
antiistorizmi. komparatistebis erTi wyeba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnuli teqstebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas<br />
kanonzomierebebisa Tu ierarqiebis imdenad<br />
<strong>da</strong>sabuTebasa <strong>da</strong> logikurad Camoyalibebul<br />
debulebebs ar iZleva, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mimarTavs<br />
asociaciebisa <strong>da</strong> miniSnebebis enas, saTqmelis<br />
gaxsnis intuiciur xerxebs. amgvari<br />
postmodernistuli orientaciis mkvlevrebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, logikurad mwyobri <strong>da</strong> naTelia e.<br />
w. `axali istorizmis~ mimdevari komparatistebis<br />
(morozo, grinblati <strong>da</strong> sxv.) mecnieruli ena.<br />
`axali istorizmis~ mimdevari komparatistebi<br />
did yuradRebas uTmoben sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
literaturaSi politikuri sakiTxebis gaSuqebas.<br />
am mxriv tipuria eduard saidis ~orientalizmi~<br />
(1987), romelSic literaturul <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
teqstebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong><br />
11
aRmosavleTis urTierToba gaSuqebulia rogorc<br />
politikuri Zalmomreoba rasisa <strong>da</strong> sqesis<br />
mixedviT. ~axali istorizmi~ aseve did<br />
yuradRebas uTmobs istoriul interpretacias,<br />
epoqis literaturuli fonis nawarmoebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mkiTxvels Soris (g. r. iausi <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />
urTierTobis kvlevas.<br />
dRevandel <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas komparativizmi -<br />
sadmi xSirad iseTive skefsisisa <strong>da</strong> ironiis ieri<br />
<strong>da</strong>kravs, rogorc mTlianad <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />
literaturismcodneobisadmi, gansakuTrebiT _<br />
literaturis istoriisadmi.<br />
12
“madli Sens gamCens, lamazo~ Tu<br />
“<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman sastikman”?<br />
1845-is 9 Tebervals nikoloz baraTaSvilma<br />
naxiCevani<strong>da</strong>n maiko orbelians gaugzavna werili,<br />
romelSic sxvaTa Soris naTqvamia: ~ai am leqss<br />
gigzavni, m<strong>da</strong>biurad <strong>da</strong>werils, rogorRac fiqrSi<br />
momivi<strong>da</strong>, me var <strong>da</strong> Cemi nabadi _ imis xmazed!~<br />
werilSi leqsis teqsti araa warmodgenili, igi<br />
baraTaSvils werilisaTvis calke <strong>da</strong>urTavs.<br />
pavle ingoroyvas mtkicebis Tanaxmad, maiko<br />
orbelianis werilSi xsenebuli leqsi aris<br />
~<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman sastikman~ (p. ingoroyva.<br />
nikoloz baraTaSvilis TxzulebaTa teqstis<br />
istoria. _ n. baraTaSvili. Txzulebani. teqsti<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenilia pavle ingoroyvas mier. 1968, gv. 271).<br />
magram leqsis analizi cxadyofs, rom aseTi<br />
<strong>da</strong>skvna umarTebuloa.<br />
migvaCnia, rom n. baraTaSvilis werilSi<br />
nagulisxmevi leqsi aris ara “<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman<br />
sastikman~, aramed _ ~madli Sens gamCens,<br />
lamazo~:<br />
madli Sens gamCens, lamazo, qalo<br />
SavTvalebiano,<br />
13
dRisiT mzev, RamiT mTovarev, wynaro <strong>da</strong> amod<br />
xmiano,<br />
Senis lodiniT vsuldgmulvar, Tayvans vscem<br />
Sensa saxelsa,<br />
dedis erTa var, nu momklav, nu <strong>da</strong>mananeb<br />
sofelsa!<br />
yaribi vinme movsulvar, soflisa muSa<br />
sawyali,<br />
amxanagad maqvs nabadi, Zmobilad _ basri<br />
xanjali,<br />
me sxva simdidre rad min<strong>da</strong>? me Seni gulic<br />
meyofis:<br />
mis fasi kidev saunje cis qveSeT gana imyofis?<br />
leqss `<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman sastikman~ araferi<br />
aqvs saerTo “m<strong>da</strong>biur~ kiloze <strong>da</strong>weril xalxur<br />
leqsTan. igi ara folklorul, aramed wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
~literaturul~ teqstTa rigs ganekuTvneba.<br />
masSi warmodgenili motivebi ara xalxuri leqsis,<br />
aramed romantikuli elegiis niSan-Tvisebebia:<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>sul dReTa mogonebani, wuxili <strong>da</strong>kargul<br />
bednierebaze, awmyosa <strong>da</strong> warsulis, sixarulisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> cremlis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba, Civili drois<br />
ulmobelobaze, monologis sevdiani kilo. taepi<br />
_ ~igi nia<strong>da</strong>g ciurTa cvarTagan iyo namili~<br />
gvaxsenebs ~vpove taZari~-s tragizmiT aRbeWdil<br />
taepebs: `<strong>da</strong> ganismo<strong>da</strong> ciurT <strong>da</strong>sTa galobis<br />
zari~, ~gulsa... lampari wmi<strong>da</strong> ganmitfob<strong>da</strong><br />
ciuris sxiviT~.<br />
14
leqsis pirvelive sityvebi _ `<strong>da</strong>mqrola<br />
qarman sastikman...~ _ ara xalxur leqsebTan,<br />
aramed `qaris~ paradigmis romantikul<br />
interteqstTan gvakavSireben. `qari~ romantizmSi<br />
mravali mniSvnelobiT gvevlineba <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis<br />
ukavSirdeba iseT semantikur velebs, rogoricaa:<br />
dro, cvalebadoba, ngreva (gavixsenoT klasikuri<br />
nimuSi _ Selis `o<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis qars~). iseve<br />
rogorc sxva romantikosebTan, `sastiki qari~<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsSi gamoyenebulia ~uJamuri<br />
drois~ mniSvnelobiT: `drom uJamurman aw<br />
cremliT Sesvara misi adgili~.<br />
aseve ara zepirsityvieri, aramed<br />
romantikuli poeziis niSania lirikuli siuJetis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSireba <strong>da</strong>mWknar yvavilTan. gavixsenoT,<br />
magaliTad, aleqsandre WavWavaZis mier Targmnili<br />
puSkinis leqsi ~yvavili~ _<br />
yvavili mxmari, sunmiRebuli,<br />
wigns idva srulad <strong>da</strong>viwyebuli.<br />
misma <strong>da</strong>naxvam myisad aRmivso<br />
mogonebebiT guli vnebuli...<br />
an<strong>da</strong> Jukovskis romansi ~yvavili~ _<br />
Цветок увядший, одинокий,<br />
Лишён ты прелести своей<br />
Рукою осени жестокой.<br />
leqsSi “madli Sens gamCens, lamazo...~<br />
araliteraturuli sawyisi, “m<strong>da</strong>biuri” kilo,<br />
15
siaxlove zepirsityvieri poeziis nimuSTan “me<br />
var <strong>da</strong> Cemi nabadi...~ aqtualizebulia yvela<br />
doneze _ intonaciurze, leqsikurze,<br />
fonetikurze, prosodiulze, riTmisa <strong>da</strong> ritmis<br />
doneze.<br />
marTalia, leqsSi “<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman<br />
sastikman~ aris xalxuri leqsis ori formaluri<br />
elementi _ <strong>da</strong>bali Sairi <strong>da</strong> paraleluri<br />
riTmebi, magram isini ar warmoadgenen mxolod<br />
zepirsityvieri poeziis kuTvnilebas <strong>da</strong> amdenad<br />
es araa sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom “<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman<br />
sastikman~ “me var <strong>da</strong> Cemi nabadis...~ fonze an<br />
msgavsi xalxuri leqsebis interteqstSi<br />
ikiTxebodes.<br />
“madli Sens gamCens, lamazo...~, “me var <strong>da</strong><br />
Cemi nabadis...~ msgavsad, maJoruli, omaxiani<br />
kiloTi xasiaTdeba, xolo “<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman<br />
sastikman~ wmin<strong>da</strong> romantikuli elegiis<br />
intonaciiT gamoirCeva <strong>da</strong> amdenad ar imeorebs<br />
“me var <strong>da</strong> Cemi nabadis...~ xmas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vukvirdeT baraTaSvilis sityvebs: ~ai am<br />
leqss gigzavni, m<strong>da</strong>biurad <strong>da</strong>werils, rogorRac<br />
fiqrSi momivi<strong>da</strong>, me var <strong>da</strong> Cemi nabadi _ imis<br />
xmazed!~. am gancxadebis sapirispirod, leqsSi<br />
“<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman sastikman~ odnava<strong>da</strong>c ar<br />
ikiTxeba “m<strong>da</strong>bio~ elementebi, kerZod ar Cans<br />
xalxuri leqsebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli leqsika,<br />
ar Cans iseTi mxatvruli saxeebi, romlebic “me<br />
16
var <strong>da</strong> Cemi nabadis...~ asociacias gamoiwvevdnen.<br />
zepirsityvieri poeziis elementebi aris ara am<br />
elegiur lirikul qmnilebaSi, aramed leqsSi<br />
“madli Sens gamCens, lamazo~, sa<strong>da</strong>c ~citatac~ ki<br />
aris n. baraTaSvilis werilSi xsenebuli xalxuri<br />
leqsi<strong>da</strong>n: `amxanagad myavs nabadi...~. aRaras<br />
vambobT imaze, rom mTlianad `madli Sens gamCens,<br />
lamazo~ `m<strong>da</strong>biuri~ poeziis stilizaciis u<strong>da</strong>vo<br />
niSnebs atarebs.<br />
amgvarad, baraTaSvilis xsenebul werilSi<br />
igulisxmeba ara ~<strong>da</strong>mqrola qarman sastikman~,<br />
aramed ~madli Sens gamCens, lamazo~.<br />
17
araTaSvilis “Cinari”<br />
ganmartoebuls frialos kldeze sdgas alvis<br />
xisa norCi axali,<br />
mraval-Stovani, magrilobeli, haerovani,<br />
turfa, maRali.<br />
saamo aris mis CrdilSi ocvna <strong>da</strong> misTa<br />
foTolT SrialTa smena<br />
<strong>da</strong> wyalT dudunze ukuRmarTisa ama soflisa<br />
WirTa <strong>da</strong>Tmena.<br />
moqSuis mtkvari, moqris niavi <strong>da</strong> SrialiTa<br />
arxevs Cinarsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamoscemen saxiobasa, tkbilis icnebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>maZinarsa!<br />
mrwams, rom ars ena ram saidumlo uasakoTac<br />
<strong>da</strong> usulT Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong> ucxoveles sxvaTa enaTa ars mniSvneloba<br />
maTi saubris!<br />
viTa mijnuri satrfos amaysa, mtkvari mas<br />
norCsa ferxTa evlebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRmoarxevs ufskrulebi<strong>da</strong>m, <strong>da</strong> aRelvili<br />
kldesa exlebis<br />
magram Cinari, maRlad mCinari, dgas<br />
medidurad <strong>da</strong> siamayiT,<br />
18
<strong>da</strong> mxolod Tavsa gardmo-gardiRebs<br />
sevdianisa Serxevis saxiT.<br />
ramdenjer qari Searxevs saros, imdenjer<br />
mtkvari umetes oxravs,<br />
TiTqos siSuriT SeSfoTebuli, <strong>da</strong> kldis<br />
pirebze zvirTTa Semusravs.<br />
esreT idumal, magram Zlierad <strong>da</strong>itanjebis<br />
marad mijnuri,<br />
Tu mas namdvilad egznebis gulsa<br />
trfialebisa cecxli ciuri.<br />
baraTaSvilis ”Cinari” (1844), romlis teqstma<br />
ara avtografis, aramed nusxebis saxiT moaRwia,<br />
yuradRebas iqcevs romantikuli peizaJuri<br />
lirikisa <strong>da</strong> qarTuli poeturi tradiciis<br />
araerTi komponentis SeTavsebiT.<br />
am leqss XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />
bunebis Temaze Seqmnili sxva lirikuli<br />
nimuSebisagan gamoarCevs tradiciulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
novatorulis uCveulo SeTavseba, rac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
frazeologiis doneze vlindeba.<br />
romantikuli esTetika am leqsSi upirvelesad<br />
bunebis ferweris saxiT mJRavndeba. masSi poetis<br />
mxri<strong>da</strong>n TanagrZnobiT aris asaxuli veluri <strong>da</strong><br />
ukacrieli buneba (“ganmartoebuls frialos<br />
kldeze sdgas alvis xisa norCi axali...”), romlis<br />
kulti lirikaSi romantikosebma <strong>da</strong>amkvidres.<br />
19
gavixsenoT, magaliTad, kldeze ganmartoebiT<br />
mdgari xe haines leqsis lermontoviseul<br />
TargmanSi:<br />
На севере диком стоит одиноко<br />
На голой вершине сосна.<br />
aseve mravali romantikuli leqsis saerTo<br />
adgilTa rigs ganekuTvneba iseTi motivi,<br />
rogoricaa xis foTlebis Srialis smena <strong>da</strong> masTan<br />
sakuTari sulieri gancdebis <strong>da</strong>kavSireba. Sdr.<br />
mag.:<br />
saamo aris mis CrdilSi ocvna <strong>da</strong> misTa<br />
foTolT SrialTa smena<br />
<strong>da</strong> wyalT dudunze ukuRmarTisa ama soflisa<br />
WirTa <strong>da</strong>Tmena!<br />
<strong>da</strong> baironis es striqonebi:<br />
How do thy branches, moaning to the blast,<br />
Invite the bosom to recall the past, And seem to<br />
whisper…<br />
(“Lines written beneath an Elm in the Churchyard of<br />
Harrow”).<br />
agreTve romantikuli svlaa analogiis<br />
gavleba gasulierebul bunebasa <strong>da</strong> pirovnul<br />
gancdebs Soris, rac leqsis ZiriTadi “saTqmelis”<br />
(“<strong>da</strong>itanjebis marad mijnuri, Tu mas namdvilad<br />
egznebis gulsa trfialebisa cecxli ciuri”)<br />
argumentirebas emsaxureba.<br />
20
qarTul lirikaSi pirvelad am leqsSi iCens<br />
Tavs “msoflio sevdis” romantikuli<br />
koncefcii<strong>da</strong>n momdinare formula _ bunebis<br />
movlenebisadmi a<strong>da</strong>mianuri grZnobebis miwera:<br />
“mrwams, rom ars ena ram saidumlo uasakoTac <strong>da</strong><br />
usulT Soris”.<br />
es striqonebi gvaxseneben araerTi<br />
romantikosis msjelobas bunebis “enis” <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>.<br />
gavixsenoT tiutCevis<br />
Не то, что мните вы, природа:<br />
Не слепок, не бездушный лик –<br />
В ней есть душа, в ней свобода,<br />
an a. Jukovskis _ Что наш язык земной пред<br />
дивною природой?<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> romantikuli formulaa agreTve is<br />
azri, rom siyvaruli ganuyofelia tanjvisagan:<br />
“<strong>da</strong>itanjebis marad mijnuri”. “tkbobasa <strong>da</strong> tanjvas<br />
Soris idumali kavSiri, rac TviT a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
bunebaSia Camarxuli, yovelTvis arsebob<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram romantikuli msoflgancdisaTvis igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSan-Tvisebad iqca” (M. Praz, A<br />
New Sensibility, in: E. Howards, Components of Romanticism.<br />
L., 1965, p. 59). gavixsenoT puSkinis sityvebi: Я жить<br />
хочу, чтоб мыслить и страдать (,,Элегия”) an<br />
lermontovis _ Люблю в тебе я прошлое страданье.<br />
“poeturi teqsti mravali semantikuri<br />
sistemis, mravali “enis” urTierTga<strong>da</strong>mkveT velze<br />
aRmocendeba” (Ю. Лотман. Анализ поэтического текста.<br />
21
Л., 1972, с. 107). “Cinari” isea agebuli, rom misi<br />
semantika, “ena” romantikuli sistemiT ar<br />
amoiwureba. masSi uxva<strong>da</strong>a gamoyenebuli agreTve<br />
arqaizmebisa <strong>da</strong> poetizmebis “citatebi”<br />
”“vefxistyaosni<strong>da</strong>n” <strong>da</strong> sxva romantizmamdeli<br />
teqstebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom “sdgas alvis xisa norCi axali”<br />
“vefxistyaosni<strong>da</strong>n” momdinareobs: “alva norCi,<br />
ganazardi”, “alva norCi sxvagan <strong>da</strong>rga”, “norCi<br />
alvis xe”, “netar, misrula norCi alvis xe<br />
misad?”, “vin alvisa norCi xe wna” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
poetizmi “saro” (“ramdenjer qari Searxevs<br />
saros...”) rusTveluri <strong>da</strong> satrfialo poeziis<br />
konotaciebiT aris aRbeWdili.<br />
bunebis antrofomorfistuli gageba (“mrwams,<br />
rom ars ena ram saidumlo uasakoTac <strong>da</strong> usulT<br />
Soris”) rusTaveli<strong>da</strong>n moxmobili frazis<br />
saSualebiT aris Camoyalibebuli. “uasakoTac <strong>da</strong><br />
usulT” citataa “vefxistyaosni<strong>da</strong>n”: “radgan<br />
vardi amas ityvis, usulo <strong>da</strong> uasako”, “uasako <strong>da</strong><br />
usulo, ar sityvieri, cnobili”.<br />
amgvarad, organuli bunebis “saidumlo enis”<br />
idea ar ifargleba romantizmiT <strong>da</strong><br />
“rusTvelizmis” elementebsac iTavsebs.<br />
leqsis Si<strong>da</strong> riTmiTa <strong>da</strong> fonikurad<br />
aqtualizebuli monakveTi _ “magram Cinari,<br />
maRlad mCinari” _ qarTuli aliteraciuli<br />
leqsis interteqstis (rusTveli <strong>da</strong> rusTveluri<br />
22
tradicia) asociaciebs iwvevs. aseve “Cinaris”<br />
vrceli 20-marcvliani sazomi qarTuli poeziis<br />
uaRresad Soreul warsulze migvaniSnebs.<br />
interteqstobrivi kavSiri<br />
“vefxistyaosanTan” kidev ufro mZlavrad Cans<br />
rusTveluri terminis _ “mijnuris” <strong>da</strong><br />
mijnurobaze msjelobis saxiT:<br />
“viTa mijnuri satrfos amaysa, mtkvari mas<br />
norCsa ferxTa evlebis, / esreT idumal, magram<br />
Zlierad, <strong>da</strong>itanjebis marad mijnuri, / Tu mas<br />
namdvilad egznebis gulsa trfialebisa cecxli<br />
ciuri”.<br />
siyvarulis rusTveluri <strong>da</strong> romantikuli<br />
koncefciis SeTavseba, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaTa enis<br />
gamoyeneba arRvevs teqstis monologizms <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
mravalxmianobas ganapirobebs.<br />
leqsis intonaciur <strong>da</strong> Tematur simdidres<br />
xels uwyobs agreTve kidev erTi araromantikuli<br />
kulturuli kodis gamoyeneba. arqaizmebi _<br />
“saxioba” (“sixaruli, aRmobgereba, musika,<br />
galoba” _ ilia abulaZis “Zveli qarTuli enis<br />
leqsikoni”, 1973), “ocvna”, “mrwams” <strong>da</strong> sxva _<br />
sibrZnismetyvelebis, religiur-filosofiuri<br />
teqstebi<strong>da</strong>n moxmobili citatebia.<br />
amgvarad, am leqsis informaciul mxaresa <strong>da</strong><br />
mis efeqts ganapirobebs romantikuli esTetikis<br />
(anu arsebiTad araqarTuli genezisis mqone<br />
movlenis) SeTavseba qarTuli poeziisa <strong>da</strong><br />
23
<strong>kulturis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva semantikur sistemebTan.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom “Cinari” qarTul-evropuli<br />
esTetikuri sinTezis poeturi gamovlinebaa.<br />
H<br />
24
araTaSvilis “qeTevan”<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsebis cxovelmyofelobas<br />
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs rogorc qarTuli,<br />
aseve evropuli winaromantikuli <strong>da</strong><br />
romantikuli xanis teqstebi<strong>da</strong>n momdinare<br />
kulturuli kodebis, formulebis, Ria <strong>da</strong><br />
faruli citatebis gamoZaxili.<br />
SevecdebiT baraTaSvilis leqsi “qeTevan”<br />
ganvixiloT arqiteqstualurobis, Janruli<br />
genezisisa <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva lirikul teqstebTan<br />
naTesaobis TvalsazrisiT:<br />
zvirTebi moduduneben,<br />
Walebi buCqnareoben,<br />
xSirni lamazTa kideTa<br />
mCqefrad mdinaris qsnisaTa.<br />
mimqralebuli mTovare mowyeniT hnaTobs mun<br />
qalsa,<br />
mdinaris pirzed zis igi, xelTa Conguris<br />
mpyrobeli,<br />
giSrisa Tmani naSalni hSvenian spetaks<br />
sacmelsa<br />
25
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mRers igi sakv<strong>da</strong>vad, cxareTa cremlTa<br />
mdeneli:<br />
av-enano, odes <strong>da</strong>scxreT,<br />
moasvenoT esden suli?<br />
ra gargoT, rom SeiSureT<br />
ubiwoo siyvaruli?<br />
gulis-sworo, erTis ciliT<br />
agre rogor Seicvale,<br />
rome trfoba Cveni am xniT<br />
mas agre mswrafl anacvale?<br />
Tu ver mcnobdi, rad metyodi:<br />
“me Seni var saukunod!”<br />
siymawviles rad milxendi,<br />
Tu mohklavdi ase udrod?<br />
rad Semipyar me, glax, guli,<br />
umanko <strong>da</strong> uzrunveli?<br />
rad <strong>da</strong>miWkne me yvavili<br />
ymawvilobis, jer uSleli?<br />
es nugeSs mcems, sayvarelo,<br />
rome aris sxva sofeli,<br />
odes scna, rom var ubralo,<br />
moved, moved, Sem mogeli!”<br />
sdum<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> meca vicani<br />
qeTevan haerovani,<br />
qeTevan, naqebi guliT,<br />
26
naqebi mSvenierebiT!<br />
netar ra qarman <strong>da</strong>azro misis sicocxlis<br />
yvavili?<br />
mec amatira mis xvedrman, magram ver veci<br />
nugeSi:<br />
qeTevan Sua qsanSia marad SeerTo Relvili,<br />
mxolod ismo<strong>da</strong> saxeli amilbarisa<br />
zvirTebSi!E<br />
baraTaSvilis lirikis ganxilvisas “qeTevan”-s<br />
iSviaTad moixsenieben <strong>da</strong> es umTavresad albaT<br />
imiT aixsneba, rom igi poetis lirikul<br />
qmnilebaTa Soris gancalkevebulad dgas,<br />
adreuli lirikis nimuSia <strong>da</strong> amsTanave naklebad<br />
gavrcelebul Janrs ganekuTvneba. magram miT<br />
ufro sagulisxmoa am leqsis Janruli genezisisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> am TvalsazrisiT misi monaTesave poeturi<br />
teqstebis <strong>da</strong>dgena.<br />
upirvelesad aRvniSnavT im garemoebas, rom<br />
“qeTevans”, mis tragikul motivs ar moepoveba<br />
raime met-naklebad msgavsi analogi qarTul<br />
lirikul tradiciaSi. misi Janruli Zirebi<br />
evropul poeziaSia ganfenili.<br />
am baladuri tipis leqsSi siuJeturi xazis<br />
(mdinaris piras mjdomi <strong>da</strong> “xelTa Conguris<br />
mpyrobeli” qeTevanis simReriT moTqma satrfos<br />
Ralatis gamo <strong>da</strong> Semdeg mdinare qsanSi Tavis<br />
<strong>da</strong>RrCoba) tragikuli finali garkveulwilad<br />
27
Seqspiris ofelias an goeTes margaritas<br />
TviTmkvlelobas mogvagonebs, magram es mxolod<br />
garegnuli msgavsebaa.<br />
“qeTevanis” Soreul Janrul saTaves im<br />
lirikul qmnilebebTan mivyavarT, romlebmac,<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom romantikul mimdinareobas<br />
ar ganekuTvnebian, mniSvnelovani wvlili<br />
Seitanes romantikuli lirikis ganviTarebSi.<br />
“qeTevanis” aseT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Soreul Janrul<br />
arqetipTagan upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia fridrix<br />
Sileris leqsi Des Mädchens Plage (“qalwulis<br />
samduravi”): “muxnari gugunebs, caze Rrublebi<br />
grovdeba. mdinaris amwvanebul napirze, romelsac<br />
talRebi scemen, qalwuli zis, gahyurebs Rames <strong>da</strong><br />
Tvalebi cremlebiT evseba”. momdevno strofSi<br />
qalwuli moTqvams misi sayvarlis sikvdilis gamo.<br />
mesame strofi ase JRers: “amaoa cremlebis Rvra.<br />
moTqma d tirili ver aRadgens mkv<strong>da</strong>rs. miTxari,<br />
ra mohgvris Svebas <strong>da</strong>oblebul suls? ufalo, ar<br />
uTxra uari, anugeSe is, vinac sayvareli <strong>da</strong>karga”.<br />
meoTxe, bolo strofi sentenciuri<br />
xasiaTisaa: bevri cremlic rom Rvaro, mkv<strong>da</strong>rs<br />
mainc veraferi gaacocxlebs; gaubedurebulis<br />
Sveba mxolod cremlebis Rvraa. am strofs<br />
Taviseburad exmaureba baraTaSvilis “suli<br />
oboli”-s aseve sentenciuri strofi:<br />
Zneli aris martooba sulisa,<br />
mas eltvian siameni soflisa,<br />
28
marad axsovs mas <strong>da</strong>kargva sworisa,<br />
oxvra aris Sveba ubedurisa.<br />
“qeTevanis” uaxloesi Janruli analogi <strong>da</strong><br />
garkveulwilad pirvelwyaro aris Sileris<br />
xsenebuli leqsis v. Jukovskiseuli Tavisufali<br />
variacia _ Тоска по милом (Песня).<br />
n. baraTaSvilis “qeTevan” Tan emyareba<br />
Jukovskis leqss <strong>da</strong> Tan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong><br />
sruliad gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT viTardeba.<br />
v. Jukovskis leqsTan siaxlove garegnula<strong>da</strong>c<br />
TvalsaCinoa. msgavsia am ori lirikuli<br />
nawarmoebis uCveulo konfiguracia _ mokle <strong>da</strong><br />
grZeli sazomebiT Sesrulebuli strofebis<br />
monacvleoba. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis vimowmebT<br />
pirvel sam strofs:<br />
Дубрава шумит,<br />
Собираются тучи,<br />
На берег зыбучий<br />
Склонившись сидит<br />
В слезах, пригорунясь, девица-краса,<br />
И чёрные волны, вздымаясь, бушуют<br />
И тяжкие вздохи грудь белу волнуют,<br />
Душа отцвела,<br />
Природа уныла,<br />
Любовь изменила,<br />
Любовь унесла…<br />
zvirTebi moduduneben,<br />
Walebi buCqnareoben,<br />
29
xSirni lamazTa kideTa<br />
mCqefrad mdinaris qsnisaTa.<br />
mimqralebuli mTovare mowyeniT<br />
hnaTobs mun qalsa,<br />
mdinaris pirzed zis igi, xelTa Conguris<br />
mpyrobeli;<br />
giSrisa Tmani naSalni hSvenian spetaks<br />
sacmelsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mRers igi sakv<strong>da</strong>vad, cxareTa cremlTa<br />
mdeneli:<br />
av enanno, odes <strong>da</strong>scxreT,<br />
moasvenoT esden suli?<br />
ra gargoT, rom SeiSureT<br />
ubiwoo siyvaruli? . .<br />
Sileris teqstisagan gansxvavebiT, Jukovskim<br />
Tavisi leqsi simReris mimarTulebiT ganaviTara.<br />
amitomac aqvs mis Targmans qvesaTaurad Песня<br />
(pirvel publikacias _ Романс). aseve simReraa (“<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mRers igi sakv<strong>da</strong>vad”) baraTaSvilis leqsSi<br />
qeTevanis partia. orive SemTxvevaSi simReras ara<br />
folkloruli, aramed romansuli ieri <strong>da</strong>hkravs.<br />
qalis sulieri gancdebisadmi yuradRebis<br />
gamaxvileba, am motivis dramatizireba <strong>da</strong> xSirad<br />
tragikuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
preromantikuli <strong>da</strong> romantikuli lirikisaTvis.<br />
amiT aris gapirobebuli, rom baraTaSvilis<br />
“qeTevanis” msgavsad, leqsebis saTaurebSi xSirad<br />
vxvdebiT tragikuli xvedris qalTa saxelebs:<br />
30
sumarokovis “alina”, karamzinis “sabralo liza”<br />
<strong>da</strong> “raisa”, Jukovskis “ludmila” <strong>da</strong><br />
“svetlana”, kiuxelbekeris “liza”, klemens<br />
brentanos “lorelei”, g.-biurgeris “lenora”,<br />
edgar pos “anabel li” <strong>da</strong> sxv. amave tradiciis<br />
farglebSia Seqmnili lermontovis “demoni”.<br />
TviT im faqtiT, rom baraTaSvilma Tavisi<br />
leqsi qalis saxeliT <strong>da</strong>asaTaura, amiT man<br />
“qeTevan”-s romantikuli lirikis garkveul<br />
Janrul farglebSi miuCina misamarTi.<br />
“qeTevan”-s preromantikul <strong>da</strong> romantikul<br />
baladebTan akavSirebs ama Tu im qalis cxovrebis<br />
tragikuli <strong>da</strong>sarulis siuJeturi motivacia.<br />
Sileris leqsSi mdinaris piras mjdomi<br />
qalwulis moTqmisa <strong>da</strong> TviTmkvlelobis mizezi<br />
sayvarlis sikvdilia, xolo Jukovskiseul<br />
TargmanSi _ sayvarlis Ralati (“любовь<br />
изменила”). baraTaSvilis leqsSic sayvarlis<br />
Ralatis motivia gamoyenebuli:<br />
Tu ver mcnobdi, rad metyodi:<br />
“me Seni var saukunod!”,<br />
siymawviles rad milxendi,<br />
Tu mohklavdi ase udrod?<br />
gulis sworis <strong>da</strong>kargviT Seuracxyofili<br />
qeTevani mdinareSi iRrCobs Tavs:<br />
qeTevan Sua qsanSia, marad SeerTo Relvili,<br />
31
mxolod ismo<strong>da</strong> saxeli amilbarisa<br />
zvirTebSi!<br />
aq Tavs iCens “sworis” orgulobis, Ralatis<br />
motivi, rac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variaciiT baraTaSvilis<br />
araerT leqsSi meordeba.<br />
qeTevanis msgavsad, brentanos loreleisaTvis<br />
sayvarlis Ralatis gamo hkargavs cxovreba<br />
yovelgvar azrs <strong>da</strong> amis gamo rainSi iRrCobs<br />
Tavs. karamzinis bala<strong>da</strong>Si aseve Seyvarebulis<br />
Ralatis gamo iRrCobs Tavs (“низверглась в море”)<br />
raisa.<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsSi “amilbari” exmianeba<br />
rogorc rusTvelis poemas (“hsTqva: Cemebri<br />
amirbari, naZlevi var, visca hyavsa”, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
arabuli<strong>da</strong>n momdinare “amilbari” flotis<br />
mmarTvels niSnavs), aseve romantikul poeziaSi<br />
farTod gavrcelebul aRmosavlur egzotikur<br />
interteqstsac (kolrijis “yubla-xani”, baironis<br />
aRmosavluri poemebi “giauri”, “korsari”,<br />
“lara”, puSkinis “baRCisarais Sadrevani”,<br />
lermontovis “ismail-bei” <strong>da</strong> sxv.), romelmac<br />
inerciiT akakisTanac (“gamzrdeli”) iCina Tavi.<br />
“qeTevanis” zogierT xelnawerSi “amilbaris”<br />
nacvlad aris “elizbari” (“mxolod ismo<strong>da</strong><br />
saxeli elizbarisa zvirTebSi”), rac<br />
komentatorTa varaudiT, elizbar erisTavs<br />
ukavSirdeba, Tumca gaugebaria ras emyareba es<br />
32
varaudi. saboloo arCevani aRmosavluri<br />
egzotizmiT aRbeWdili saxelis sasargeblod<br />
cxadyofs, raoden Zlieriaa “qeTevanis”<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Zaxili romantikuli lirikis interteqstTan.<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsSi romantikuli esTetika<br />
Taviseburad mJRavndeba agreTve amqveyniurze<br />
ukeTesi “sxva soflis” motivis saxiTac: “es<br />
nugeSs mcems, sayvarelo,\ rome aris sxva sofeli”.<br />
aq Taviseburad vlindeba idealis imqveyniurobis<br />
romantikuli paTosi. aq SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
gagvexsenebina novalisis “himnebi Ramisadmi”,<br />
magram am SemTxvevaSi baraTaSvils ar sWirdeba<br />
sikvdil-sicocxlis metafizikaSi Rrma wiaRsvlebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> imiersamyaros upiratesobis sagangebo<br />
argumentireba. misTvis mTavaria ubralo miniSneba<br />
am zogadromantikul motivze, rogorc amas<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT, magaliTad, kiuxelbekeris leqsSi<br />
“lizas”: Есть лучший мир: туда свои мечты, Туда я<br />
перенёс желанья.<br />
amgvarad, baraTaSvilis “qeTevan”, siuJeturi<br />
xaziT qarTul garemosTan kavSiris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
mravali ZafiT mWidrod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
evropuli preromantikuli <strong>da</strong> romantikuli<br />
lirikis im romansul-baladur JanrebTan,<br />
romlebic qalis siyvarulis tragedias eZRvneba.<br />
33
omantikuli ferebi<br />
im TaviseburebaTa Soris, romlebic<br />
gansazRvraven mweralTa individualobas,<br />
garkveuli adgili ukavia ferTa gamoyenebas.<br />
romantikosTa SemoqmedebaSi ferebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, axdenen saganTa konturebis nivelirebas;<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia agreTve mkveTri kontrastis<br />
principi. italieli xelovnebaTmcodne venturi<br />
aRniSnavs: “romantikulma ferweram statikas<br />
dinamika <strong>da</strong>upirispira, ukidures <strong>da</strong>mTavrebulobas<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>umTavrebuloba, obieqturobas _<br />
Warbi subieqturoba, simkvrives _ haerovneba,<br />
sagnebs _ ganaTebis efeqti, gaqvavebuls _ mudmivi<br />
cvalebadoba. ferweris mTavari problema gax<strong>da</strong><br />
feri, romelmac bolo mouRo plastikur formas<br />
<strong>da</strong> uaryo skulpturuli modeli” (Л. Вентури,<br />
Художники нового времени, М., 1956, с. 54). es<br />
Tvalsazrisi, gamoTqmuli goiasa <strong>da</strong> delakruas,<br />
korosa <strong>da</strong> terneris <strong>da</strong> maT Tanamedrove<br />
mxatvarTa <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, arsebiTad romantikos poetTa<br />
ferTametyvelebazec vrceldeba.<br />
ferweris TvalsazrisiT romantikuli poezia<br />
ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> mravalferovania, vidre zogi<br />
34
sxva literaturuli sistema, magaliTad,<br />
klasicizmi. romantizmma manamde arnaxuli<br />
yuradReba <strong>da</strong>uTmo ferebs, ferTa aRmniSvnel<br />
leqsikas, romlebic ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d bunebis<br />
araplastikuri ferweris amocanas emsaxureba.<br />
cxadia, gansakuTrebiT mdi<strong>da</strong>ria ferebis<br />
speqtri romantikuli poeziis erT-erT mTavar<br />
nakadSi _ peizaJur lirikaSi <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
naklebad aris warmodgenili meditaciur<br />
leqsebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mTavari adgili “Sinagan<br />
monologs”, aRsarebas ukavia. meditaciuri<br />
miznebisaTvis metwilad araspeqtraluri ferebi<br />
(TeTri, Savi, ruxi) gamoiyeneba.<br />
feri poetur metyvelebaSi romantizmis<br />
aRmoCena rodia. magram am mxriv igi gacilebiT<br />
mdi<strong>da</strong>ria, vidre winamorbedi periodis<br />
literatura.<br />
qarTul poeziaSi al. WavWavaZe pirvelia,<br />
romlis lirikaSi, Tavs iCens axali poetikis, maT<br />
Soris romantikuli kolorizmis niSnebi.<br />
marTalia, ferTa aRsaniSnavad igi xSirad iyenebs<br />
tradiciul leqsikur saSualebebs (“melnis tba”,<br />
“bage-vardi”, “giSeri”, “spetaki” <strong>da</strong> sxv.), magram<br />
amasTanave mis leqsebSic gvxvdeba im drois<br />
<strong>da</strong>savlur <strong>da</strong> rusul poeziaSi gabatonebuli<br />
epiTeti “laJvardis feri”. aseve mis araerT<br />
leqsSi Savi feri evropuli romantizmis<br />
interteqsts exmaureba.<br />
35
indoevropul enebSic gavrcelebuli<br />
“laJvardi”-s, “laJvardovani”-s etimologia<br />
arabul “azul”-s ukavSirdeba. evropuli<br />
romantizmis zegavleniT epiTeti “laJvardi”<br />
qarTuli romantizmis samive did<br />
warmomadgenelTan gvxvdeba, maT Soris al.<br />
WavWavaZe erT-erT Yyvelaze adrindel leqsSi<br />
“saxe Seni”: “metman cremlman laJvardis fer<br />
maleba”. “gogCa” al. WavWavaZis yvelaze ufro<br />
romantikuli xasiaTis leqsia <strong>da</strong> araa<br />
SemTxveviTi, rom masSi zecis feris msazRvrelad<br />
gamoyenebulia “laJvardi”.<br />
al. QWavWavaZis lingvospeqtrSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
xSiria Savi feris aRmniSvneli sityvebi, maT<br />
Soris: Savi <strong>da</strong> melnis tba (cxrajer), wyvdiadi<br />
(samjer), sibnele <strong>da</strong> bneli (ocjer), giSeri<br />
(Svidjer), Talxi, Ramis feri, Cadrburvili -<br />
(erTjer).<br />
pyrobili poeti wyevlis “sadgursa bnelsa,<br />
yovliT Talxsa” (“oh, warmavalno”); ruseTis<br />
mier saqarTelos okupaciiT gamowveul erovnul<br />
RaRadisSi “ismineT, msmenno” Seqmnili viTarebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad muqad Seferadebul saxeebs<br />
mimarTavs: “pirbnelni saTni”, “<strong>da</strong>gvaxvies Tavs<br />
bnelni burni” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
mravaljeraa gamoyenebuli TeTris aRmniSvneli<br />
leqsika: fermkrTali, naTeli, gamkrTali,<br />
fermixdili, mimqrali, mnaTi, mnaTeblobs <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
36
al. WavWavaZis lirikaSi Tavs iCens agreTve<br />
mwvane feris gamoyenebis ramdenime SemTxveva. es<br />
aris bunebisadmi interesis gamovlinebis erT-erTi<br />
niSani: “velsa vsxdeT mwvaniT Semkulsa”<br />
(“loTuri simRera”); “maisis vardman furCnilman,<br />
bezekman mwvaniT mkobilman, bulbuli aTro<br />
suniTa” (“maisis vardman”); “mwvanesa hrTo<strong>da</strong><br />
TrTvilis wil nami” (“miwurvilob<strong>da</strong> zamTrisa<br />
Jami”); “<strong>da</strong> Tqvens mwvaneze srboliT gulis<br />
wyluls <strong>da</strong>viameb” (“guTnis de<strong>da</strong>”).<br />
“gogCa”-Si mwvane <strong>da</strong> cisferi ara imdenad<br />
ganwyobilebis, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c bunebis ferweras<br />
emsaxureba: “Tvis Soris hxatavs cisa laJvards<br />
<strong>da</strong> mTaTa mwvaneT”.<br />
mwvane feris SemoWra X1X saukunis pirveli<br />
naxevris qarTul poeziaSi bunebis Temis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. inglisur romantikul<br />
poeziaSi mwvane erT-erTi ufro gavrcelebuli<br />
feria. uordsvorTi am fers iyenebs orjer ufro<br />
xSirad, vidre romelime sxva fers <strong>da</strong> igi,<br />
rogorc wesi, bunebis mSvenierebas ukavSirdeba.<br />
aseve kitsis leqsebSi naxsenebia mwvane balaxi,<br />
mTebi <strong>da</strong> xeebi.<br />
al. WavWavaZis poeziaSi romantizmi jer kidev<br />
ar aris mocemuli <strong>da</strong>srulebuli saxiT, magram<br />
TavisTavad sagulisxmoa mwvane feris SemoWra mis<br />
poeziaSi bunebis movlenaTa aRweris mizniT.<br />
sainteresoa, rom puSkinis “spilenZis mxedris”<br />
37
TargmanSi poetma ase Targmna: “zurmuxtis ferni<br />
baRni”. zurmuxtisferi mwvanis aRsaniSnavad<br />
Semdeg gamoyenebuli aqvT gr. orbeliansa <strong>da</strong><br />
vaxtang orbelians.<br />
al. WavWavaZis lirikaSi speqtris ferebi _<br />
mwvane <strong>da</strong> cisferi _ axal romantikul<br />
tendenciebs ukavSirdeba, Tumca upiratesad<br />
gamoyenebulia Savi feris sityvaTa jgufi. aq<br />
SeiZleba mivuTiToT, rom baironis lirikaSic<br />
minimalurad aris gamoyenebuli speqtraluri<br />
ferebi. misTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia aseTi<br />
gamoTqmebi: “bneli momavali”, “bneli goneba”,<br />
“sulis siRrmeSi sufevs sibnele”, “Savbneli<br />
bedi”, “bneli fiqrebi”, “Cems sulSi ukunia” <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.<br />
n. baraTaSvilis lirikaSi iSviaTia feris<br />
aRniSvnis tradiciuli saSualebani. arc erTxel<br />
ar iCens Tavs “melnis tba”, lalisa <strong>da</strong> bageTa<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>reba, xolo Rawvebi <strong>da</strong> vardi metad<br />
Taviseburad aris urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli:<br />
“vardi RawvTzed myis aefurcla” (“Rame<br />
yabaxzed”), “pawawa tuCni, vardebr nafurclni”<br />
(“na... fortepianozed momRerali”).<br />
baraTaSvils ara aqvs gamoyenebuli arc erTi<br />
speqtraluri feri, gar<strong>da</strong> cisferisa, <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
“bedi qarTlisas” lirikul ga<strong>da</strong>xvevaSi _<br />
“morbis aragvi, aragviani” _ mimarTavs mwvane<br />
fers: “aragvo, mag Sens amwvanebul mTebs”.<br />
38
uxvad aris gamoyenebuli mis poeziaSi<br />
neitraluri ferebi: Savi, bneli, bundovani,<br />
Suqmibinduli, bindi, <strong>da</strong>binduli, wyvdiadi;<br />
TeTri, spetaki, naTeli, gananaTle, ciuri,<br />
naTldeba <strong>da</strong> sxv. am sityvaTa jgufs xSirad ara<br />
feriTi <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis, aramed emociuri ganwyobis<br />
funqcia akisriaT. “meranSi” poeti Savi feris<br />
saSualebiT iZleva yornis uaRresad plastikur<br />
saxes (“ukan momCxavis TvalbediTi Savi yorani”),<br />
iqve Savi feri aravizualur movlenas _ fiqrs _<br />
ukavSirdeba (“<strong>da</strong> niavs miec fiqri Cemi Savad<br />
mRelvari”). analogiur movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme<br />
gr. orbelianis leqsSi “Tamar mefis saxe beTaniis<br />
eklesiaSi” (“aRar gvibrwyinvis Sav droTa ZaliT<br />
fer waxdenili”) <strong>da</strong> iqve ferwerulad aris<br />
warmosaxuli ukuRmarTi awmyos simbolo:<br />
<strong>da</strong> rac <strong>da</strong>eca<br />
is waritaca<br />
Savman yoranman, viT umwe msxverpli!<br />
qarTvelma romantikosebma nayofierad<br />
gamoiyenes bnelisa <strong>da</strong> Savis semantikuri Sinaarsi<br />
ara imdenad koloristuli <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis, rogorc<br />
TavianTi sulieri ganwyobilebis gamosaxatavad,<br />
Tumca Savi feris sityvebis jgufs, ga<strong>da</strong>taniTi<br />
mniSvnelobiT xmarebis drosac, mainc Semoaqvs<br />
leqsSi garkveuli feriTi efeqti. baraTaSvilis<br />
leqsebSic Savi feri, araferweruli funqciiT,<br />
39
Cveulebriv sev<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> wuxils gamoxatavs: “bneli<br />
guli gamomi<strong>da</strong>re” (“Cems varskvlavs”, “Savi bedi”<br />
(“CemT megobarT”, “merani”), “Cems guls…wyvdiadi<br />
<strong>da</strong>isadgurebs (“vpove taZari”), (“merani”).<br />
gr. orbelianis leqsebSic “Savi” <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
sinonimebi xSirad gansazRvraven ara sagans,<br />
aramed aravizualur movlenebs: “Savi bedi”<br />
(“mirzajanas epitafia” <strong>da</strong> “saaTnavas mibaZva”);<br />
“gulis sibnele” (“Cems <strong>da</strong>s efemias”), “Savi<br />
fiqrni” (“muxambazi”) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
xSirad iyenebs baraTaSvili TeTri feris<br />
efeqts. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TeTri mis lirikaSi<br />
imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac _ mwvane feri<br />
kitsis leqsSi “o<strong>da</strong> bulbuls”.<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsebSi iseTi gansazRvrebebi,<br />
rogoricaa _ mnaTi, gananaTlos, naTeli, cisieri,<br />
ciuri _ TeTris emociur SegrZnebas qmnian <strong>da</strong><br />
sulierebis, eciurobis Sinaarss atareben.<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsebSi “ciuri”, romelic<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsebSi TeTri feris Sinaarss<br />
uaxlovdeba, yvelgan sinaTlesa <strong>da</strong> siwmindes<br />
ukavSirdeba: “kvlav ciuri cecxli gamoisare”<br />
(“Cems varskvlavs”), “maS rad erCebi maT Soris <strong>da</strong><br />
ciurT <strong>da</strong>e<strong>da</strong>rebi, magrama mSveniereba gaqvs,<br />
cisiero, uxrwneli” (“ar ukiJino”), “<strong>da</strong><br />
ganismo<strong>da</strong> ciurT <strong>da</strong>sTa galobis zari” (“vpove<br />
taZari”), “Tu mas namdvilad egznebis gulsa<br />
40
trfialebisa cecxli ciuri” (“Cinari”),<br />
“<strong>da</strong>mafrqvevs cvars ciurs” (“cisa fers”).<br />
gansazRvreba “TeTri”, romelic al.<br />
WavWavaZes arc erTxel ara aqvs gamoyenebuli,<br />
baraTaSvilTan gansakuTrebul poetur<br />
<strong>da</strong>tvirTvas iZens. leqsSi “Rame yabaxzed” poetis<br />
winaSe zmanebasaviT movlenili saocnebo qali<br />
erTaderTi feriT _ TeTriT aris <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli;<br />
leqsSi “qeTevan” Congurze momReral qals<br />
agreTve mosavs TeTri _ “spetaki sacmeli”.<br />
leqsSi “sayure” sayuris rxeva TeTri SroSanis<br />
rxevasTanaa Se<strong>da</strong>rebuli.<br />
baraTaSvilis leqsebSi saganTa feriTi<br />
gansazRvreba minimumamdea <strong>da</strong>yvanili. xSirad<br />
feriTi epiTetebis nacvlad gamoyenebulia<br />
emociuri epiTetebi, magaliTad:<br />
hoi, mTawmin<strong>da</strong>v, mTao wmin<strong>da</strong>v, adgilni Senni<br />
<strong>da</strong>mafiqvrelni, veranani <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>burni...<br />
aseve leqsSi “Cinari” Cinaris gansazRvrebisaTvis<br />
gamoyenebulia mravali epiTeti, magram ar<br />
aris arc erTi koloristuli gansazRvreba,<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n epiTetebis emociuri mxare poetisaTvis<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre wmin<strong>da</strong> xedviTi,<br />
vizualuri momenti. am leqsis mxatvrul Zalas,<br />
peizaJis aRqmis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs ara<br />
“gaferadebis” teqnika, aramed am peizaJze<br />
subieqturi sawyisis proecirebis unari.<br />
41
araTaSvilis ferwera Suq-Crdilis<br />
efeqtzea agebuli. “SemoRameba mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze”-s<br />
avtori sinamdviles gviCvenebs upiratesad ara<br />
feriTi siuxviT, aramed mkrTali ganaTebis Suqze,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c Suqi <strong>da</strong> Crdili erTmaneTs ecileba<br />
upiratesobisaTvis.<br />
mTawmin<strong>da</strong>ze ganmartoebuli poeti amCnevs,<br />
rom “bindi gadekra cisa kamaras” <strong>da</strong> nel-nela<br />
Cndeba “disko-ga<strong>da</strong>xriT Suqmibinduli” mTvare.<br />
SemoRamebis Suqze Znelad gasarCevia ferebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod Sav-TeTri mefobs. aq laJvardovani<br />
cisferi araamqveyniuri feria, “zenaarT<br />
samyofTa” kuTvnilebaa.<br />
baraTaSvili xSirad mimarTavs cisfers,<br />
romelsac Rrma simbolur mniSvnelobas aniWebs.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, baraTaSvilis “cisa fers”<br />
erTgvari SemoqmedebiTi gapaeqreba-polemikaa al.<br />
WavWavaZis leqsTan “fersa bnels”, romelic Tavis<br />
mxriv rusuli romansis gadmoqarTulebuli<br />
variantia. baraTaSvilis leqsSi cisferis<br />
apologia scildeba satrfialo Tematikas. am<br />
fers, yvela sxva ferTa Soris, poeti im mizeziT<br />
aniWebs upiratesobas, rom igi ciT aris<br />
“mosruli”.<br />
cisferis saSualebiT romantikosebi<br />
gamoxataven idealis miuwvdomlobas. aq SeiZleba<br />
gavixsenoT haines sityvebi: “miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad Cemi<br />
gamanadgurebeli ieriSebisa, me TviTon yovelTvis<br />
42
vrCebodi romantikosad <strong>da</strong> aseTi viyavi ufro<br />
metad, vidre TviTon megona. yvelaze ufro<br />
momakvdinebeli <strong>da</strong>rtymebis Semdeg, romlebic me<br />
mivayene romantikuli poeziiT gatacebas<br />
germaniaSi, me TviTon Semipyro cisferi yvavilis<br />
gamo usazRvro wuxilma”.<br />
leqsSi “fiqrni mtkvris piras”, “gogCis”<br />
msgavsad, mtkvris ankara zvirTebSi ixateba<br />
“laJvardi cisa” (Sdr. “cisa laJvards” _<br />
“gogCa”). leqsSi “SemoRameba mTawmin<strong>da</strong>zed”<br />
laJvardovani ca ara mxolod ferwerulad<br />
Seferadebulia, aramed cis silurje amasTanave<br />
simboloa idealTa <strong>da</strong> ocnebaTa miuwvdomlobisa:<br />
“awca ra Tvalni lajvards gixilven, myis fiqrni<br />
Sen<strong>da</strong> moiswrafvian”.<br />
qarTul enaSi diferencirebulia speqtris<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi feris “cisferis” baci <strong>da</strong><br />
muqi Seferiloba: cisferi-lurji; inglisur enaSi<br />
“blue“ aRniSnavs cisfersac <strong>da</strong> lurjsac.<br />
baraTaSvilis poeziaSi cisferis aRmniSvneli<br />
sityvebis jgufi<strong>da</strong>n gamoyenebulia laJvardi,<br />
cisferi <strong>da</strong> lurji. leqsSi “cisa fers” ar aris<br />
diferencirebuli sxvaoba cisa fersa <strong>da</strong> lurjsa<br />
fers Soris iseve rogorc leqsSi “fiqrni mtkvris<br />
piras”. am leqsSic “lurji” <strong>da</strong> “cisferi”<br />
idealur sferos ganekuTvneba <strong>da</strong> misi funqcia ar<br />
amoiwureba mxolod ferwerulobiT.<br />
43
araTaSvili erTgan xotbas asxams<br />
SavTvalebian qals “madli Sens gamCens, lamazo,<br />
qalo SavTvalebiano” <strong>da</strong> amasTanave aranaklebi<br />
aRfrTovanebiT etrfis cisfer Tvalebs:<br />
“TvalebSi mSveniers vetrfi me cisa fers”.<br />
baraTaSvili am SemTxvevaSic romantikul<br />
poeziasa <strong>da</strong> ferweraSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli esTetikis<br />
erTguli rCeba.<br />
X1X saukunis pirveli naxevris ferweraSi<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> qalis portretis erTgvari kanonizacia:<br />
“upirveles yovlisa es aris aucileblad lamazi<br />
qali _ qera qali cisferi TvalebiT an<strong>da</strong> _<br />
SavTvala Savgvremani qali. qalis saxis es ori<br />
tipi Sablonis xasiaTs iZens <strong>da</strong> garkveul<br />
fsiqologiur gaazrebas Rebulobs. cisferi<br />
Tvalebi Cveulebriv ukavSirdeba warmodgenas<br />
sulier siwmindesa <strong>da</strong> simSvideze, xolo Savi<br />
Tvalebi _ warmodgenas verag <strong>da</strong> demoniur<br />
naturaze. asTi viTareba iyo ferweraSi <strong>da</strong><br />
TiTqmis aseTive _ poeziaSi: ”Savi an<br />
laJvardisferi Tvalebi, Savi an oqrosferi<br />
<strong>da</strong>lalebi Tanamezobloben <strong>da</strong> ibrZvian<br />
pirvelobisaTvis mravali romantikosi poetis<br />
leqsebSi”.<br />
rodesac al. QWavWavaZe Sav Tvalebs etrfis,<br />
xolo n. baraTaSvili am leqsis antistilizacias<br />
axdens <strong>da</strong> sxva leqsSi ki TviTonve umReris Sav<br />
44
Tvalebs, qarTuli romantizmi zogadromantikul<br />
esTetikas imeorebs.<br />
qarTuli romantizmis did sameulSi gr.<br />
orbelianis lirika yvelaze metad aris<br />
Seferadebuli. materialuri samyaros yovelgvari<br />
gamovlinebiT tkboba, hedonizmi mis lirikaSi<br />
xSirad Zlevs platonur sawyiss <strong>da</strong> roca<br />
pirveli imarjvebs meoreze sinamdvilis cocxali,<br />
maJoruli ferebi Cndeba:<br />
vardi xar? _ ara!<br />
zambaxi? _ ara!<br />
magram Sens RawvTze aRyvavebulni,<br />
arian orniv Sezavebulni!..<br />
gr. orbelianis lirikaSi wiTeli<br />
“materialuri”, “maJoruli” <strong>da</strong> amqveyniuri<br />
silamazis mauwyebeli feria. igi cxovrebis,<br />
realuri sinamdvilis gamomxatveli feria,<br />
romelsac raime alegoriulobas moklebuli<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> ferweruli funqcia aqvs. analogiuria<br />
vardisagan nawarmoebi Se<strong>da</strong>rebebi <strong>da</strong><br />
gansazRvrebani: “vardebrivTa RawvTa ze<strong>da</strong><br />
margaritni gadmogcvivis” (“mtiral n..s..”),<br />
“vardT <strong>da</strong>gekonos RawvTze gaSlilTa”, “vin<br />
<strong>da</strong>adgina vardo RawvTa mcvelad” (“albomSi<br />
Rrafinia opermanisas”), “vardi _ Seni bageni”<br />
(“s”).<br />
45
“sadRegrZeloSi” wiTeli feris jgufis<br />
sityvaTagan gamoyenebulia “vardisferi” <strong>da</strong><br />
Se<strong>da</strong>reba “cecxlis alebriv”: “ciskarman<br />
aRmosavleTi vardisa ferad SeReba”, “aenTnen<br />
cecxlis alebriv Sors gabneulni Rrubelni”. …<br />
orbelianis ferTa gamaSi mwvane fers wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
ferweruli <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba aqvs <strong>da</strong> yvelgan mdelos,<br />
velsa <strong>da</strong> gazafxuls ukavSirdeba: ”lxiniT<br />
aRvsilni vhsxdeT velsa mwvanes” (“iaralis”),<br />
“mdelo nazad aRmwvandebis” (“gazafxuli”), “sad<br />
velni, ferad zurmuxtni naza<strong>da</strong> aRmwvandebian”.<br />
poeti aq iyenebs simwvanis aRmniSvnel rogorc<br />
Zireul leqsikur formas _ “aRmwvandebian”,<br />
aseve mis sinonims _ “ferad zurmuxtni”. bunebis<br />
lirikis nimuSSi “saRamo gamosalmebisa”<br />
gazafxulTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT mwvane fers kvlav<br />
ferweruli funqcia aqvs: “gazafxulisa veliTa<br />
tye Semosili simwvaniT”.<br />
zurmuxtisferi bunebis simwvanis aRsaniSnavad<br />
aseve xSirad gvxvdeba vaxtang orbelianis<br />
leqsebSi: “mdinare a..s”, “gamosalmeba”,<br />
“mogoneba”, “ori sizmari”. “adgili”, “kidev<br />
kaxeTs”, “marTali asaki” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
gr. orbelianis poeziaSi <strong>da</strong>sturdeba agreTve<br />
“laJvardovanis” gamoyenebis ramdenime SemTxveva:<br />
”odes varskvlavi dilis win msrboli<br />
mkrTolvarebs zecas laJvardovansa” (“viTa<br />
RameSi”); “Sestrfi.. ca varskvlovansa,<br />
46
laJvardovansa” (“albomSi Rrafinia<br />
opermanisas”), “sa<strong>da</strong> SevhxariT laJvar<strong>da</strong>d cisa<br />
kamaras morTulsa” (“sadRegrZelo”). es<br />
magaliTebi romantikuli interteqstis<br />
Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen.<br />
“sadRegrZelo”-Si gvxvdeba cisferis<br />
aRniSvnis saintereso metaforuli forma: “sa<strong>da</strong><br />
SevhxariT.. RamiT varskvlovans firuzsa,<br />
mTovariT ganaTebulsa!” amave strofSi poeti<br />
mzis brwyinviT gasxivosnebuli feris<br />
aRsaniSnavad iyenebs “laJvards”, xolo mTvariT<br />
ganaTebuli varskvlaviani cis fers “firuzis”<br />
saSualebiT aRniSnavs.<br />
gr. orbelianis lirikaSi TeTr fers<br />
uaxlovdeba Tavisi emociuri zemoqmedebiT iseTi<br />
gansazRvrebani <strong>da</strong> zmnebi, rogoricaa: mnaTi,<br />
unaTlesi, naTlovani, naTelmosili, minaTle,<br />
naTldeba, spetaki <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
zogjer gr. orbeliani uaRresad<br />
niuansirebul ferwerul Strixebs mimarTavs:<br />
”mwams, rom RawvT ze<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>gkvria nuSis<br />
yvavili” (“muxambazi”), “Tovl-Rvino Senni<br />
Rawvni” (“...s”).<br />
gansxvavebiT inglisuri romantizmis<br />
warmomadgenelTa lirikisagan, romelSic uxvad<br />
gamoiyeneba speqtruli ferebi, qarTvel<br />
romantikosTa, gansakuTrebiT _ baraTaSvilis<br />
palitraSi Suq-Crdilis, TeTrisa <strong>da</strong> Savis,<br />
47
sinaTlisa <strong>da</strong> sibnelis, gar<strong>da</strong>mavali ganaTebis<br />
efeqti <strong>da</strong> cisferi Warbobs.<br />
qarTvel <strong>da</strong> evropel romantikos poetTa<br />
Soris saerToa upirvelesi romantikuli feris _<br />
cisferis emociuri <strong>da</strong> xSiri gamoyeneba<br />
sulierebisa <strong>da</strong> aramqveyniuri sawyisis<br />
gamosaxatad.<br />
48
jon miltonis "<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis"<br />
pirveli qarTuli Targmanebi<br />
XIX saukunis pirveli naxevris qarTuli<br />
mwerlobis klasikosebis _ aleqsandre WavWavaZis,<br />
nikoloz baraTaSvilis, grigol orbelianis,<br />
giorgi erisTavis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis<br />
literaturuli foni jer kidev araa srulad<br />
Seswavlili. ar aris gamomzeurebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
Sefasebuli bevri mniSvnelovani xelnaweri,<br />
romlebic organula<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli ideurmxatvruli<br />
azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan. amjerad<br />
yuradReba gvin<strong>da</strong> SevaCeroT jon miltonis poemis<br />
_ “<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” ori Targmanis<br />
xelnawerze <strong>da</strong> erT mibaZvaze, romlebic<br />
afarToeben Cvens warmodgenas XIX saukunis<br />
pirveli naxevris literaturul procesebze.<br />
korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa<br />
institutis S fondis xelnawerebi _ 1441 <strong>da</strong><br />
1453 miltonis “<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
imave Targmanis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawils warmoadgenen.<br />
Targmnilia poemis pirveli <strong>da</strong> meore Tavebi.<br />
xelnaweri Tavdeba aseTi saxiT: “<strong>da</strong>sasruli meore<br />
49
wignisa miltonis Txzulebisa <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />
samoTxe”.<br />
teqsti Sava<strong>da</strong>a naweri, mravali sityva<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xazulia <strong>da</strong> zogjer Znelad ikiTxeba.<br />
aRniSnul Targmans analizisa <strong>da</strong> raime msjelobis<br />
gareSe axsenebs tr. ruxaZe aseTi SeniSvniT:<br />
“mTargmneli _ dosiTeozi”. am xelnaweris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSireba dosiTeozTan (albaT XV111 saukunis<br />
meore naxevrisa <strong>da</strong> X1X saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegis<br />
moRvawe dosiTeoz CerqeziSvili igulisxmeba) tr.<br />
ruxaZis mxriv wmin<strong>da</strong> varaudze un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebuli, Tumca aseTi mikuTvnebisaTvis<br />
aRniSnuli Targmani araviTar safuZvels ar<br />
iZleva.<br />
xelnawerSi mTargmneli ar aris miTiTebuli,<br />
ar gvaqvs raime minaweri an gareSe cnoba, rac<br />
xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> mTargmnelis vinaobis <strong>da</strong>dgenas.<br />
es sakiTxi jerjerobiT Riad rCeba, magram Cven<br />
saSualeba gvaqvs met-naklebi sizustiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaTariRoT es anonimuri Targmani <strong>da</strong><br />
mivuTiToT mis wyaroze. rogorc Se<strong>da</strong>rebam<br />
cxadyo, aRniSnul Targmans safuZvlad uZevs<br />
Потерянный рай поэма Иоанна Мильтона, новый перев. с<br />
английского подлиника, М., 1827. poemis es rusuli<br />
Targmani prozaulia, iseve rogorc mis<br />
safuZvelze Sesrulebuli qarTuli Sesatyvisi.<br />
vimowmebT am Targmanebi<strong>da</strong>n ramodenime<br />
paralelur adgils: Возседая на высоком престоле,<br />
коего пышное великолепие помрачало блеском своим<br />
50
сокровища Инда и Орма, и дорогие камни и злато, которые<br />
богатый Восток сыплет щедрою рукою _ “mjdomare<br />
maRalsa taxtsa ze<strong>da</strong>, romlisaca morTuli<br />
mSveniereba <strong>da</strong>abneleb<strong>da</strong> elvarebiTa TvisiTa<br />
saunjeTa indisa <strong>da</strong> ormissa, <strong>da</strong> ZvirfasTa qvaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> oqroTa, romelTaca mdi<strong>da</strong>ri aRmosavleTi<br />
garduyris uxviTa xeliTa...”, Сердце его наполняется<br />
неистовым мщением - “guli misi aRivsebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>udgromeliTa SurisZiebiTa”.<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n rusuli Targmani 1827 welsaa<br />
gamoqveynebuli, bunebrivia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom misgan<br />
momdinare qarTuli Targmani Sesrulebulia ara<br />
uadress aRniSnuli wlisa <strong>da</strong> albaT uaxloes<br />
momdevno wlebSi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n furclebis<br />
WvirniSania 1825. miltonis poemis mTargmneli<br />
qarTuli mwerlobis im plea<strong>da</strong>s ekuTvnis,<br />
romelmac icis rusuli ena <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>interesebulia<br />
evropuli literaturis movlenebiT. amasTanave<br />
igi zedmiwevniT flobs qarTul saliteraturo<br />
terminologias.<br />
XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis evropuli<br />
literaturis nimuSTa rusuli Targmanebi maRal<br />
donezeE sruldebo<strong>da</strong>. mTargmnelebi axerxebdnen<br />
Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwiaT dednisadmi monuri<br />
morCilebisagan, rac niSandoblivi iyo XVIII<br />
saukunis TargmanTa didi nawilisaTvis, <strong>da</strong><br />
amasTanave mkacrad icavdnen axali rusuli<br />
saliteraturo enis gramatikul Tu stilur<br />
51
normebs. yovelive es SeiZleba iTqvas agreTve<br />
miltonis poemis rusul Targmanzec, Tumca aqve<br />
<strong>da</strong>vsZenT, rom es prozauli Targmani ar<br />
warmoadgens im drois rusuli mTargmnelobiTi<br />
mwerlobis gansakuTrebul movlenas.<br />
rac Seexeba qarTul Targmans, misi ena,<br />
rogorc leqsika, aseve gramatikuli konstruqcia,<br />
rusul TargmanTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro metad aris<br />
arqaizebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mZimebuli mouqneli sintaqsiT.<br />
amasTanave Tavs iCens mTargmnelis midrekileba<br />
mTeli sizustiTa <strong>da</strong> sisavsiT asaxos de<strong>da</strong>ni, anu<br />
am SemTxvevaSi _ rusuli teqsti. qarTul<br />
TargmanSi ar SeimCneva dednis Semoklebaa<strong>da</strong>ptireba.<br />
misi umTavresi Taviseburebaa<br />
miswrafeba iSviaTi <strong>da</strong> arqauli sityvebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ramdenadme xelovnuri gramatikuli formebis<br />
gamoyenebisaken.<br />
“<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” anonimi qarTveli<br />
mTargmneli antonis skolis warmomadgenelia.<br />
Targmanis stilisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Semdegi<br />
nakveTi: “marjvenaman saufloman STamoagdo igi<br />
simaRlisagan eirosisa, sadica STamovardnili<br />
elviTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>faruli SemaZrwunebelTa geslTa<br />
mier STavar<strong>da</strong> igi TavmoqceviT ganuzomelsa<br />
siRrmesa Sina, sa<strong>da</strong>ca iyo <strong>da</strong>kidul<br />
an<strong>da</strong>mantebriTa jaWviTa <strong>da</strong> SeWmul<br />
<strong>da</strong>uSreteliTa cecxliTa mkadre, romelmanca<br />
ikadniera miwdomad pirispir umaRlesisa. mteri<br />
52
ese aRvtvirTuli simZimiTa gantexilebisaTa, iwva<br />
cxrasa dResa <strong>da</strong> cxrasa Ramesa ubedurTa TvisTa<br />
TanagamzraxTa Tana cecxlisa ubskrulisasa<br />
mimomqcevi cxelisa RelvaTa Soris <strong>da</strong> ganbZaruli<br />
wvalebiTa, Tumca iyo ukv<strong>da</strong>vi. garna <strong>da</strong>sja<br />
ufrore umZimesi moelo<strong>da</strong> mas. sastikis misis<br />
vnebaTadmi SeerTdebis goneba <strong>da</strong>kargulisa maT<br />
mier netarebisa <strong>da</strong> hazri <strong>da</strong>usrulebelisa<br />
warwymedisa”.<br />
Znelia <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT iTqvas, bolomde miiyvana<br />
Tu ara anonimma mTargmnelma <strong>da</strong>wyebuli saqme.<br />
magram isic, rac xelT gvaqvs, erTxel kidev<br />
metyvelebs imaze, raoden gamoikveTa am<br />
droisaTvis orientireba evropuli<br />
<strong>literaturisa</strong>dmi.<br />
miltonis poemis mTargmnelsave un<strong>da</strong><br />
ekuTvnodes agreTve Txzuleba _ “samoTxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargva”, anu xelnaweri S 1453, romelic 42<br />
gverdisagan Sedgeba. am atribuciis sasargeblod<br />
metyvelebs rogorc xelnaweris Tavisebureba,<br />
aseve is garemoebac, rom xelnawerTa oficialur<br />
sacavebSi erTi <strong>da</strong> imave pirisagan miRebuli<br />
xelnawerebi, rogorc wesi, erTmaneTis mimyoli<br />
nomrebiT aRiricxeba xolme.<br />
“samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargva” aris miltonis<br />
“<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” erT-erTi nawilis, kerZod<br />
_ a<strong>da</strong>misa <strong>da</strong> evas <strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> momdevno gancdebis<br />
_ erTgvari Tavisufali Targmani Tu variacia.<br />
53
miltonis poemis rusuli prozauli Targmanis<br />
safuZvelze qarTveli avtori qmnis poetur<br />
nawarmoebs, romelic or Tavad aris gayofili _<br />
“galoba pirveli”, ”galoba meore”.<br />
“samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargvaSi” aisaxeba moltonis<br />
poemis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli araerTi detali. kerZod,<br />
miltonis nawarmoebSi a<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong> eva gvevlinebian<br />
“yvavilebSi sul mTlad Caflulni”, xolo<br />
qarTul TargmanSi isini <strong>da</strong>seirnoben “sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
yvavilT surnelebiTa <strong>da</strong>mtkbarni ynosiT <strong>da</strong><br />
gemebiTa”.<br />
poemis mecxre wignSi “saqmeSi garTul evas<br />
esmis foTolT Sriali, magram amas yuradRebas ar<br />
aqcevs”. poemis qarTul variaciaSi es detali<br />
aseT saxes iZens: “gvels ar mixe<strong>da</strong>vs, Tumc Srials<br />
ismens, hfurCnis yvavilTa, kmayofilebiT”.<br />
satana ase mimarTavs evas: “nu gaikvirveb,<br />
mbrZanebelo”; rusul TargmanSi _ “Не бойся,<br />
царица“, rac “samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargvaSi” ase JRers:<br />
“nu SeSindebi, dedofalo”.<br />
miltoniseuli RmerTi ase swyevlis gvels:<br />
qveynis yovelTa mxecTagana <strong>da</strong> pirutyvTagan<br />
iyav wyeuli...<br />
mkerdsa ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mucelze<strong>da</strong> vidode mu<strong>da</strong>m,<br />
Senis cxovrebis yovelsa dRes miwasa sWamde,<br />
mteroba <strong>da</strong>vdva Soris Sensa <strong>da</strong> Soris qalis.<br />
“samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargvaSi” es adgili ase ikiTxeba:<br />
54
iyav wyeuli pirutyvTa Soris mucelzed<br />
msvleli,<br />
sWamde miwasa, kacT vhyo Sens Tavs meca<br />
mmusvreli,<br />
Sensa <strong>da</strong> mis TeslT Soris <strong>da</strong>mtkicdes<br />
mteroba Zneli!<br />
zogan “samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargva” sakmaod scildeba<br />
miltonis “<strong>da</strong>kargul samoTxes” <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
Sinaarsobriv qargas mihyveba.<br />
TargmanSi gamoyenebulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazomebi:<br />
16-marcvliani _<br />
hoi, uZluro meuRlev, rad ar <strong>da</strong>mipyar<br />
mtkice<strong>da</strong>?!<br />
Sen TviT momeci nebai! eva amasa zraxvi<strong>da</strong>...<br />
ganrisx<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>m amisTvis, friadis sisastikiTa,<br />
aqamdis Tuca miyvardi, aw aRmatyine<br />
risxviTa...<br />
10-marcvliani _<br />
TxemiT lamazman eva kazmulman,<br />
codvisa mier jer ar <strong>da</strong>zrulman,<br />
qmris siyvaruliT friad moculman,<br />
es Tqma iwyina warbT SeWmuxnulman;<br />
15-marcvliani _<br />
55
Cemo nugeSo, Cemo ufalo, Cemo didebav,<br />
aw Semibrale, yovlad uxmari, Tu ram inebav.<br />
“samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargvis” ena ufro laRi <strong>da</strong><br />
bunebrivia, ufro Tavisufalia arqaizmebisagan,<br />
vidre “<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” Targmani. zogjer<br />
Tavs iCens siaxlove xalxuri leqsis<br />
intonaciasTan:<br />
veraras etyo<strong>da</strong>, sircxviliTa iyo savseo,<br />
vaime, vsWame nayofi, xorciTa <strong>da</strong>vinaxeo,<br />
gvelman macTuna, mimzi<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>vkarge<br />
uZvirfaseo!<br />
amgvarad, “samoTxis <strong>da</strong>kargva”, miltonis<br />
poemis saintereso gamoZaxili, XIX saukunis<br />
pirveli naxevris qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi<br />
literaturis erT-erTi sagulisxmo nimuStagania.<br />
arsebobs “<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” kidev erTi<br />
Targmani: S-92. xelnaweri. igi 252 gverds<br />
moicavs <strong>da</strong> wydeba 1V wignis Sua nawilze.<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>deba <strong>da</strong>umTavrebelia, rac imaze un<strong>da</strong><br />
metyvelebdes, rom Targmans gagrZelebac hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />
teqsti nawerilia garkveviT; aqvs erTaderTi<br />
minaweri _ “sofio <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> mariamobisTvis 1849”.<br />
tr. ruxaZe am Targmansac dosiTeozs miawers,<br />
rac aSkarad ar Seesabameba sinamdviles.<br />
xelnawerSi mTargmneli miTiTebuli ar aris, arc<br />
sxva wyaroSi miewereba es Targmani dosiTeozs. ar<br />
56
aris <strong>da</strong>dgenili mTargmnelis vinaoba arc am<br />
xelnaweris aRwerilobaSi.<br />
es Targmani giorgi avaliSvils ekuTvnis.<br />
xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi elene metreveli<br />
aRniSnavs, rom giorgi avaliSvili Cinebulad<br />
flob<strong>da</strong> rusul enas <strong>da</strong> kargad icnob<strong>da</strong> evropul<br />
literaturas. misi TqmiT, TanamedroveTa Soris<br />
“giorgi avaliSvili pirvel rigSi cnobili iyo<br />
rogorc mTargmneli... am periodis<br />
mravalricxovan mTargmnelTa Soris g.<br />
avaliSvili yvelaze produqtiuli <strong>da</strong> Targmnili<br />
literaturis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze<br />
mravalmxrivi mTargmneli iyo”. iqve e. metreveli<br />
imowmebs giorgi avaliSvilis TxzulebaTa m.<br />
broseseul aRwerilobas, romelTa Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong>saxelebulia miltonis “<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxe”.<br />
imis <strong>da</strong>sa<strong>da</strong>stureblad, rom “<strong>da</strong>karguli<br />
samoTxis” Targmanis xelnaweri S_92 g.<br />
avaliSvilis ekuTvnis, gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
agreTve Semdegi garemoeba. jer erTi, S fondSi<br />
momdevno nomriT S_93 aRwerilia giorgi<br />
avaliSviliseuli avtografuli xelnaweri “xma<br />
codvilisa”. eWvs ar iwvevs isic, rom<br />
“<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxe” g. avaliSvilis xeliTaa<br />
naweri. am atribuciis sasargeblod metyvelebs<br />
agreTve am Targmanis enobrivi Tavisebureba,<br />
kerZod, calkeul sityvebSi “v”-s zedmetoba, rac<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli iyo g. avaliSvilisaTvis.<br />
57
TargmanSi gvxvdeba aseTi formebi: “ixilva”,<br />
“iwarmova”, “ganxurvebuli”, “Survi”,<br />
“raovdeni”, “miaqcivna” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
g. avaliSviliseuli Targmani enobrivad<br />
ufro metad aris aRbeWdili arqaizmebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
xelovnuri formebiTa <strong>da</strong> gamoTqmebiT, vidre es<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia amave poemis anonimuri<br />
TargmanisaTvis. sanimuSod vimowmebT nawyvets<br />
“<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” g. avaliSviliseul<br />
Targmani<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
“Zeo Cemo, Cem mxolosa mier Sobilo! xe<strong>da</strong>v<br />
raovdeni wyromai hflobs winaaRmdegsa Cvensa?<br />
verca samZRvari ganwesebulTa, verca boqlomTa<br />
jojoxeTisa, verca sakvrelTa, romlebiTaca ars<br />
Sekrul, <strong>da</strong> verca ganuzomelsa carielebasa<br />
ufskrulisasa ZaluZsT Sepyrobad missa”.<br />
sityvaTa sinonimuri rigi<strong>da</strong>n g. avaliSvili<br />
amjobinebs naklebad gavrcelebul erTeulebs,<br />
rogoricaa: “kerZo” _ mxares nacvlad,<br />
“saxedvelni” _ Tvalebis nacvlad, “sasmenelni”<br />
_ yurebis nacvlad <strong>da</strong> sxv. SesamCnevia agreTve<br />
inversiuli wyobis siWarbe: “rtoni, urTierTis<br />
mrxevni”; “mze, ganmzadebuli <strong>da</strong>savlelad”; “kibe,<br />
didmSvenieri”; “sofeli, axalSeqmnili” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
sqolioebSi ganmartebulia calkeuli terminebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sakuTari saxelebi, magaliTad, “pandemonia _<br />
yovelT demonT Sesakrebeli adgili”, “stili _<br />
jojoxeTis mdinare” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
58
ogorc irkveva, g. avaliSvils usargeblia<br />
miltonis “<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” rusuli<br />
prozauli Targmanebis 1796 wlisa <strong>da</strong> 1827<br />
wlebis gamocemebiT. magaliTad, 1796 wlis<br />
Targmani<strong>da</strong>n momdinareobs Semdegi frazebi _<br />
“uZvirfasesTa qvaTa <strong>da</strong> margaritTa” –<br />
“драгоценные камни и бисеры“; “barbarosTa mefeTa”<br />
_ “варварским царям“. amave Targmanis zegavleniT<br />
Cndeba qarTul TargmanSi sityva “minutTa”. es<br />
<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli sityvebi <strong>da</strong> frazebi ar SeiZleba<br />
momdinareobdes 1827 wlis Targmani<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aRniSnuli frazebi ufro Semoklebulad aris<br />
Targmnili <strong>da</strong> ar aris gamoyenebuli sityvebi<br />
“бисеры“, “варварские“ <strong>da</strong> “минута“.<br />
meores mxriv, calkeuli adgilebis Targmnisas<br />
g. avaliSvils upiratesoba 1827 wlis<br />
gamocemisaTvis miucia. ase, magaliTad, “zeciuro<br />
muzav” <strong>da</strong> “burTi qveynisasa” ganpirobebulia<br />
1827 wlis Targmanis teqstiT _ “Небесная Муза“,<br />
“земной шар“. 1796 wlis gamocemaSi “muza”<br />
gansazRvrebis gareSea, xolo “burTs qveynisasa”<br />
Seesabameba “Мир наш“.<br />
rogorc Cans, miltonis poemis ori TargmaniT<br />
sargeblobisas g. avaliSvili upiratesobas<br />
aniWeb<strong>da</strong> xatovan gamoTqmebs, romlebSic<br />
metaforebis, Se<strong>da</strong>rebebisa <strong>da</strong> epiTetebis siuxve<br />
SeimCneva. SesaZloa g. avaliSvilma miltonis<br />
poema Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad 1796 wlis zemoaRniSnuli<br />
59
usuli Targmanis mixedviT gadmoiRo XIX<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, xolo mogvianebiT, 1820-iani<br />
wlebis <strong>da</strong>mlevs an ufro gvian, Targmanis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>TeTrebamde, kvlav Seu<strong>da</strong>ra Tavisi Targmani<br />
“<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” axal gamocemas.<br />
araa gamoricxuli, rom “<strong>da</strong>karguli<br />
samoTxis” g. avaliSviliseuli Targmanis Semdgomi<br />
nawilebi aRmoCndes peterburgis<br />
aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis qarTul<br />
xelnawerTa fondSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c peterburgsa <strong>da</strong><br />
moskovSi moRvawe qarTveli mwerlebis mravali<br />
Txzulebaa <strong>da</strong>culi.<br />
XIX saukunis pirvel aTeul wlebSi jon<br />
miltonis “<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis” ori Targmanisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> mibaZvis faqti qarTul mwerlobaSi evropuli<br />
literaturis uaRresad saintereso gamoZaxilia,<br />
rac xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri mwerlobis<br />
Janruli <strong>da</strong> Tematuri wris <strong>da</strong>Zlevasa <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
mxatvruli formebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas. amasTanave<br />
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am SemTxvevaSi qarTul<br />
literaturaSi mimdinare ganaxlebisa Tu<br />
evropeizaciis process ramdenadme abrkoleb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rs asvam<strong>da</strong> moZvelebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
xelovnuri leqsikur-gramatikuli normebi.<br />
60
civilizaciisa <strong>da</strong> progresis gageba ilia<br />
WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi<br />
civilizaciuri ganviTarebis Tanamedrove<br />
etapi, sazogadoebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> kulturuli kavSirebis internacionalizacia,<br />
mZafri integraciuli procesebi, axali<br />
globaluri gamowvevebi Tvisebrivad axal<br />
problemaTa wres ayenebs kulturologiis winaSe.<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba rogorc<br />
axali kulturuli paradigmebis, aseve maTi<br />
istoriuli winamZRvrebis Teoriul <strong>da</strong><br />
meTodologiur gaazrebas.<br />
dRes, rodesac Cveni saxelmwifo araerTi<br />
globaluri gamowvevis winaSe dgas, uaRresad<br />
sagulisxmoa iseT sakiTxTa gansja, rogoricaa<br />
qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong> TaviseburebaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxi,<br />
tipologiuri mimarTeba sxva kulturebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.<br />
saTanado ganxilvas moiTxovs agreTve XIX<br />
saukunis qarTul-evropuli kulturuli<br />
dialogis umTavresi gamovlinebani, vinai<strong>da</strong>n am<br />
epoqis saxiT Cvens winaSea mravali niSniT<br />
61
sruliad gansxvavebuli <strong>da</strong> gamorCeuli xana,<br />
rodesac Tvisebrivad icvleba qristianuli<br />
periodis qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong> ganviTarebis<br />
veqtori.<br />
XVIII saukunis <strong>da</strong>sasruli<strong>da</strong>n, metadre _ XIX<br />
saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelos mWidro<br />
kavSiri aRmosavlur samyarosTan gzas uTmobs<br />
uSualo <strong>da</strong> mWidro urTierTobas evropul<br />
civilizaciasTan.<br />
qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva aspeqtebi, misi<br />
tipologiis Taviseburebani sakiTxTa im wres<br />
ganekuTvneba, romelsac didi adgili ukavia ilia<br />
WavWavaZis kritikul naazrevSi. am memkvidreobis<br />
retrospeqtuli Sefaseba Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />
kulturologiis aqtualur sakiTxTa rigs<br />
ganekuTvneba.<br />
am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
ila WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs saqarTvelos<br />
istoriisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturis</strong> sakvanZo sakiTxebze.<br />
samarTlianad aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> ivane javaxiSvili, rom<br />
“vinc momavalSi qarTuli istoriografiis<br />
Tavga<strong>da</strong>savlis XIX saukunis ambebis Seswavlasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> aRweras Seudgeba, is valdebuli iqneba isic<br />
aRniSnos, rom i.WavWavaZe didebuli iyo marto<br />
poeziasa <strong>da</strong> publicistikaSi ki ara, an<strong>da</strong> kidev<br />
marto viTarca axal saliteraturo qarTulis<br />
Semqmnelic ki ara, aramed rom saqarTvelos<br />
istoriografiaSic mas iseTi Rvawli hqonia,<br />
62
omlis <strong>da</strong>viwyebis ufleba arc erTs qarTvels<br />
ara aqvs”.<br />
1. saqarTvelo civilizaciaTa sistemaSi<br />
mecnierebaSi ar arsebobs erTiani<br />
Tvalsazrisi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> ufro farTod _<br />
kavkasiis civilizaciuri kuTvnilebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>.<br />
erT-erTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, qarTuli<br />
kulturuli sivrce balkanur-kavkasiuri<br />
civilizaciuri erTobis nawilia, rac<br />
gapirobebulia iseTi saerTo maxasiaTeblebiT,<br />
rogoricaa genderul rolTa ganawileba,<br />
seqsisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, mSobelTa <strong>da</strong> SvilTa<br />
urTierToba, socialuri sivrcis funqciuri<br />
ganawileba <strong>da</strong> sxv. (g. niJaraZe. saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong><br />
xmelTaSuazRueTi. _ konfliqtis alternativa,<br />
# 7-8, 1999, gv. 7-9).<br />
gabatonebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, kavkasia<br />
Taviseburi subcivilizaciaa, anu mezobel<br />
civilizaciebs Soris ganfenili marginaluri<br />
zonaa, romelic arc erT civilizaciaSi ar Sedis<br />
<strong>da</strong> misTvis niSandoblivi faseulobebis sistemiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tradiciebiT xasiaTdeba (k. kacitaZe.<br />
saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis civilizaciuri<br />
kuTvnilebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. _ postkomunisturi<br />
demokratiuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi <strong>da</strong> geopolitika<br />
samxreT kavkasiaSi. _ konferenciis masalebi. 17-18<br />
oqtomberi, 1997, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 87-88).<br />
63
saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> mTlianad kavkasiis specifikur<br />
subcivilizaciad moazrebis gamovlinebad un<strong>da</strong><br />
miviCnioT is Tvalsazrisic, romlis Tanaxmad<br />
kavkasia civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis zonas<br />
ganekuTvneba (Huntington S.P. The Clash of Civilizations<br />
and Remaking of the World Order. N.Y., 1996).<br />
aseve kavkasiuri subcivilizaciis arseboba<br />
igulisxmeba, rodesac kavkasiis regioni erTian<br />
kulturul sivrced” ganixileba (r. suni. samxreT<br />
kavkasia: erTiani kulturuli sivrcis<br />
problemebi. _ saqarTvelos sagareo<br />
saministrosTan arsebuli sagareo politikis<br />
kvlevisa <strong>da</strong> analizis centris biuleteni. 2000,<br />
# 8, gv. 5-9).<br />
saqarTvelos istoriaSi iyo periodi,<br />
rodesac cxa<strong>da</strong>d isaxebo<strong>da</strong> kavkasiuri<br />
civilizaciis, erTiani politikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli <strong>da</strong> religiuri sivrcis, saerTo<br />
“kavkasiuri saxlis” Seqmnis perspeqtiva. amis<br />
TvalsaCino gamoxatulebaa XI-XII sukuneebSi<br />
qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis zogadkavkasiuri<br />
hegemonia.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis statiebSi araerTgzis iCens<br />
Tavs saubari kavkasiis xalxTa saerTo warsulsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> samomavlo interesebze.<br />
ilia aRniSnavs, rom kavkasia, rogorc<br />
evropasa <strong>da</strong> aziis sazRvarze myofi Taviseburi<br />
regioni, iseve rogorc warsulSi, momavalSic<br />
64
didxans <strong>da</strong>rCeba evropisa <strong>da</strong> aziis cilobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebis sagnad: “Tumca bevri ram Seicvala<br />
qveynierebazed am xuTas-eqvsas weliwadSi, magram<br />
es miwa-wyali, romelsac kavkasias eZaxian,<br />
romelic aziisa <strong>da</strong> evropis karad yofila uwin<br />
<strong>da</strong> romlis <strong>da</strong>pyrobisaTvis bevri sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
xalxis sisxli <strong>da</strong>Rvrila, mainc isev karad <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />
<strong>da</strong> xalxTa Soris SuRlisa <strong>da</strong> cilobis mizezad<br />
iqneba kidec” (i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli<br />
krebuli aT tomad. t. V, 1960, gv. 18).<br />
ilia WavWavaZe Tavis kritikul naazrevSi<br />
araerTgzis exeba qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong> evropuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> musulmanuri civilizaciisadmi mimarTebis<br />
sakiTxs. werilSi “qarTuli xalxuri simRera”<br />
(1886) qarTuli xalxuri simReris TaviseburebaTa<br />
ganxilvisas aRniSnavs, rom “saqarTvelo ufro<br />
aziaa, misi istoria ufro aziis <strong>kulturis</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
civilizaciis gavlenis qveS iyo ukanasknel<br />
saukunemde. misvla-mosvla, istoriuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, istoriuli mezobloba ufro<br />
aziis erTa Tana hqonia” (i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani.<br />
sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, gv. 279).<br />
amasTanave statiaSi “ai istoria” (1889) ilia<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong><br />
TviTmyofadobaze, mis gansxvavebaze aRmosavluri<br />
civilizaciisagan, kerZod, im garemoebaze, rom<br />
qarTuli “erovnuli xasiaTis” socialur,<br />
fsiqologiur Tu inteleqtualur substrats<br />
65
araferi aqvs saerTo musulmanur kulturul<br />
sivrcesTan: “gana WkvaTa-myofels kacs fiqrad<br />
mouva, rom zoroastris mimdevari <strong>da</strong> cecxl-<br />
Tayvanismcemeli sparsi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTveli<br />
erTis saerTo cxovrebiT Sekruli <strong>da</strong> SeboWili<br />
igulvos, erTs saerTo cxovrebaSi moaTavsos <strong>da</strong><br />
moarigos?” (i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli<br />
krebuli oc tomad. t. V, gv. 365).<br />
ilia samarTlianad miuTiTebs saqarTvelos<br />
mravalsaukunovan mWidro urTierTobaze<br />
sparseTTan, magram amasTanave aRniSnavs, rom am<br />
faqtoris miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, sparselebi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebi<br />
gansxvavebul kulturul sivrceSi <strong>da</strong>rCnen: “maS,<br />
Tu mTeli es aTas samasi weliwadi saqarTvelos<br />
saerTo cxovreba hqon<strong>da</strong> iranTan, rogorRa<br />
<strong>da</strong>vijeroT, rom am orma erma, aTas samas weliwads<br />
erTis saerTo cxovrebiT mcxovrebma, Tav-Tavis<br />
vinaoba, ena, miwa-wyali, rjuli SeirCina <strong>da</strong> an<br />
erTi-meores ar gaeqelvina, an erTmaneTs ar<br />
SeuduR<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erT erad ar gar<strong>da</strong>iqmna. raki es ar<br />
mox<strong>da</strong>, aSkara sabuTia, rom saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong><br />
irans, aramc Tu erTad ucxovriaT saerTo<br />
cxovrebiT, aramed TviToeuls Tavisi sakuTari<br />
sisxl-xorcic hbadebia” (i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani.<br />
sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. V, gv. 366).<br />
amgvarad, ilia WavWavaZe yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs aRmosavlur gavlenebze, magram<br />
amasTanave qarTul kulturas aRmosavluri<br />
66
civilizaciisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebel erTeulad<br />
miiCnevs.<br />
2. civilizaciis gageba ilias kritikul<br />
naazrevSi<br />
termini “civilizacia”, romelic frangma<br />
ganmanaTleblebma <strong>da</strong>amkvidres rogorc civili -<br />
zaciaTa klasifikaciisaTvis <strong>da</strong> droisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sivrcis CarCoebiT SemosazRvruli sociokulturuli<br />
movlenis, anu met-naklebad<br />
homogenur erovnul kulturaTa erTobliobis<br />
aRsaniSnavad, amasTanave ixmarebo<strong>da</strong> iseTi<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gagebiT, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> samarTalze<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebuli wyobaa gabatonebuli.<br />
rodesac ganmanaTleblebi civilizaciaze,<br />
rogorc a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebis monapovarTa<br />
erTobliobasa <strong>da</strong> progresze laparakobdnen,<br />
upirvelesad a<strong>da</strong>mianis uflebaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
TavisuflebaTa aRiarebasa <strong>da</strong> Tanasworobis<br />
ideas gulisxmobdnen.<br />
civilizaciis cnebis gagebis TvalsazrisiTac<br />
ilia WavWavaZe ganmanaTlebelTa memkvidred<br />
gvevlineba.<br />
ganmanaTleblebis kvalad, ilia cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
aRniSnavs, rom progresis Sedegi yvela<br />
socialuri fenisa <strong>da</strong> calkeuli pirovnebis<br />
Tanasworobis princips un<strong>da</strong> emyarebodes: “ra<br />
67
aris mTeli progresi kacobriobisa,_ wer<strong>da</strong><br />
ilia,_ Tu ara is, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis pirovneba,<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis sinidisi, yofa-cxovreba,_ usabuTod,<br />
usafuZvlod aravisagan xelSexebul ar iyos,<br />
aravisagan Semwikvlul, Seginebul, Seviwroebul”<br />
(i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT<br />
tomad. t. V, 1960, gv. 253).<br />
ganmanaTleblebisaTvis civilizacia<br />
sazogadoebis zneobrivi ganviTarebis<br />
Tvisebrivad axali donea, romelSic amave dros<br />
igulisxmeba progresuli socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
politikuri maxasiaTeblebisa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebis<br />
institutebis arseboba.<br />
civilizaciis cneba XVIII saukunis<br />
ganmanaTlebelTa sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi<br />
garkveulwilad kacobriobis winsvlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
warmatebis, sazogadoebrivi progresis ideas<br />
ukavSirdeba.<br />
civilizaciis kategoriis ganmanaTlebluri<br />
gageba gulisxmobs kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi<br />
iseTi safexuris miRwevas, rodesac<br />
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi sul ufro did<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens codna, rodesac mkvidrdeba<br />
fizikuri, kulturuli, sulieri <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianuri<br />
resursebis optimaluri gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong> qcevis<br />
normatiuli xasiaTi, rodesac sul ufro vrceli<br />
asparezi eTmoba samarTlisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlianobis<br />
normebs. civilizaciis swored amgvar gagebas<br />
68
ayalibebs ilia WavWavaZe, rodesac aRniSnavs, rom<br />
“codna, gonebrivi <strong>da</strong> zneobrivi aRmatebuloba,<br />
mrewvelobis simdidris metnakleboba, rwmuneba im<br />
sagnebis mimarT, romelic a<strong>da</strong>mianisaTvis<br />
udidesad misaCnevia, mmarTveloba, weswyobileba<br />
ojaxeburi, sazogadoeburi, samoqalaqo, kanonebi,<br />
Cveulebani, zne-xasiaTi <strong>da</strong> sxva amisTana sul<br />
erTad <strong>da</strong> erTs dros momqmedni, hqmnian imas,<br />
rasac romelisame drois mdgomareobas eris, Tu<br />
kacobriobisas, eZaxian, anu civilizacias Tavisis<br />
metnaklebobiT” (i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli<br />
krebuli aT tomad. t. IV, 1959, gv. 28-29).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis publicistikaSi yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia imaze, rom civilizacia winsvlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi progresis matarebeli cnebaa.<br />
ganmanaTleblebis kvalad, ilia xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSnavs, rom ama Tu im qveynisa Tu progresis<br />
erT-erTi umTavresi piroba aris codna <strong>da</strong><br />
mecniereba: “ra aaxlebs, ra hscvlis <strong>da</strong> _ Tu<br />
cxovreba janmrTelia _ ras mihyavs win? codnasa,<br />
mecnierebasa, romelnic TviTve cxovrebis nayofni<br />
arian” (i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli<br />
oc tomad. t. VII, 2005, gv. 122).<br />
civilizaciis normebis <strong>da</strong>mkvidreba ilia<br />
WavWavaZes udides sikeTed miaCnia. misi TqmiT,<br />
“civilizaciis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad ara xarji meti ar<br />
aris, rac un<strong>da</strong> fuli <strong>da</strong>ixarjos _ bevri ar<br />
iqneba” (i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli<br />
69
aT tomad. t. V, 1960, gv. 69). am SemTxvevaSi<br />
civilizacia ilias esmis, rogorc codnis,<br />
ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturis</strong> sinonimuri cneba.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe civilizaciaTa urTierTobis,<br />
zegavlenis, saerTo <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli niSan-<br />
Tvisebebis kvleva-Ziebis saukeTeso saSualebad<br />
“Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT meTods” miiCnevs: “Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi<br />
filologia”, “Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi miTologia” <strong>da</strong><br />
“Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi politika” “erTad Svelian<br />
istorias mis qvemdebare saZiebelSi” (i. WavWavaZe.<br />
Txzulebani. sruli krebuli. t. II, 1941, gv. 326-<br />
327).<br />
ilias TqmiT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTma meTodma<br />
“sifrTxiliTa <strong>da</strong> codniT xmarebulma, iseTi<br />
utyuaroba, iseTi zedmiwevniloba aRmoiCina,<br />
iseTi saxeli <strong>da</strong>igdo, rom ar aris mecniereba,<br />
romelic, saca saWiroa, am meTods ar xmarobdes.<br />
am meTodiT bevrs wyvdiadsa <strong>da</strong> bnels naTeli<br />
moefina, bevri <strong>da</strong>faruli gamomzev<strong>da</strong>” (i.<br />
WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli. t. II, 1941,<br />
gv. 323).<br />
ilia did yuradRebas uTmobs civilizaciuri<br />
jgufebis mTavari Semadgeneli nawilis _ eris<br />
TviTmyofadobis, misi umTavresi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
niSan-Tvisebebis gansazRvras. misi azriT, eris<br />
meobas upirvelesad ena ganapirobebs. narkvevSi<br />
“ai istoria” igi aRniSnavs, rom “ena, rogorc<br />
gasaRebi <strong>da</strong>ketilisa, yvelazed ufro<br />
70
SemZlebelia <strong>da</strong> yvelazed sando mowamea<br />
civilizaciis istoriisaTvis, radganac ufroserTs<br />
SemTxvevaSi erToba enisa moaswavebs<br />
erTobas <strong>kulturis</strong>as... cxovreba erisa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Slilia, gamomzevebulia mis enaSi, romelic<br />
utyuari sarkea yovelis misis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savalisa <strong>da</strong><br />
yofa-cxovrebis cvalebadobisa” (i. WavWavaZe.<br />
Txzulebani. sruli krebuli. t. II, 1941, gv. 323).<br />
eris maxasiaTebel niSanTa Soris ilia did<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWebs agreTve sarwmunoebas. igi<br />
acxadebs, rom “Tu qarTveli Rvri<strong>da</strong> sisxls,<br />
marto sarwmunoebis saxeliTa Rvri<strong>da</strong>, radganac<br />
sarwmunoebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> igi Tvis samSoblosac,<br />
Tvis mamulsa, Tvis gvartomobas, Tvis erovnebas,<br />
Tvis qarTvelobas. dResac qristiani <strong>da</strong> qarTveli<br />
sinonimebia mTels kavkasiaSi araqristianTa<br />
Soris... samRvdeloebis winamZRvrobiT qarTvelma<br />
sarwmunoebaSi Cahswera Tvisi suli <strong>da</strong> guli <strong>da</strong><br />
qristes jvari sisxlis RvriT Seumwikvlelad <strong>da</strong><br />
wmin<strong>da</strong>d moitana mecxramete saukunemde” (i.<br />
WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad.<br />
t. VII, 2005, gv. 20).<br />
uTuod marTlmadideblobaa is mTavari<br />
faqtori, romelmac, bizantiis msgavsad, qarTuli<br />
socialuri sinamdvilisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturis</strong> iersaxe<br />
ganapiroba. Tanamedrove sociologiasa <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturologiaSi gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisis<br />
Tanaxmad, swored religiaa is umTavresi sawyisi,<br />
71
omelic civilizaciuri regionebis sazRvrebs<br />
ganapirobebs. kerZod, <strong>da</strong>savluri civilizaciis<br />
safuZvlad miCneulia kaTolicizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
protestantuli konfesiebis geografiuli<br />
areali, xolo is qristianuli qveynebi,<br />
romlebSic gabatonebul religias marTlmadideblobaa,<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebel orTodoqsul civilizaciad<br />
moiazreba.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
qristianobis gansakuTrebul rolze saqarTvelos<br />
rogorc sulier, aseve politikur cxovrebaSi:<br />
“qristes rjuli qarTvelebisaTvis marto<br />
sarwmunoebiT aRsareba ki ar iyo, igi amasTan<br />
erTad politikuri qviTkiric iyo saqarTvelos<br />
mraval nawilebis gasaerTeblad <strong>da</strong> Semosakrebad.<br />
erToba sarwmunoebisa erTobas erisas<br />
moaswaveb<strong>da</strong>. dro iyo amisTana <strong>da</strong> sxva ara-ra<br />
elementi maSin SemZlebel ar iyo es Cvenis<br />
istoriis <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>m sasurveli erToba<br />
<strong>da</strong>edgina. sxvaTa Soris qarTveli eri amisaTvis<br />
ufrTxildebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis rjuls, romelic, Tavis<br />
Sinagan Rirsebis gar<strong>da</strong>, duRabobas uwev<strong>da</strong><br />
erTobas. am sikeTes didi xania miagnes CvenTa<br />
bedisgamgebelTa <strong>da</strong> ar aris CvenSi arc erTi<br />
saxelganTqmuli kaci, an mefe, rom, sxvaTa Soris,<br />
am TvaliT ar eyurebina qristes<br />
sarwmunoebisaTvis. amitomac, moacaleb<strong>da</strong>T Tu<br />
ara politikuri triali bedisa, yoveli maTgani<br />
72
scdilob<strong>da</strong>, arafers zogav<strong>da</strong>, qristes rjuli,<br />
Sinaganis RirsebiTac ganedidebinaT,<br />
gaemSvenierebinaT <strong>da</strong> misi monastrebi <strong>da</strong> taZrebi<br />
yvelgan moefinaT qristes rjulis saxsovrad <strong>da</strong><br />
sadideblad” (i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli<br />
krebuli. t. II, 1941, gv. 346).<br />
ilia ar iziareb<strong>da</strong> XIX saukunis istoriis<br />
filosofiaSi farTod <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul azrs eris<br />
<strong>da</strong>berebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. mas mc<strong>da</strong>rad miaCnia “ukve<br />
<strong>da</strong>Zvelebuli <strong>da</strong> bevrTagan gamtyunebuli azri<br />
dreperisa imis Taobazed, rom ersac, rogorc<br />
TviToeuls calke a<strong>da</strong>mians, Tavisi asakebi aqvs:<br />
bavSvoba, yrmoba, Wabukoba, vaJkacoba <strong>da</strong> bolos<br />
sibere, romelsac sikvdili mosdevs aucileblad”<br />
(i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli krebuli. t. II,<br />
1941, gv. 316), “sibere erisa, Cvenis fiqriT, uqmi<br />
sityvaa, misi sagani ar arsebobs <strong>da</strong> warmoudgenelic<br />
aris” (i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani. sruli<br />
krebuli. t. II, 1941, gv. 317).<br />
ilia did adgils uTmobs im azris mtkicebas,<br />
rom saubari eris sibereze sruli alogizmia. misi<br />
TqmiT, “ers erTi suli, erTi guli aqvs, xolo<br />
xorci imdeni, ramdenic calke a<strong>da</strong>miania. rogorc<br />
yvelasi erTad <strong>da</strong> erTs dros <strong>da</strong>bereba ar<br />
SeiZleba, isec erisa. ivane berdeba <strong>da</strong> midis,<br />
petre ibadeba <strong>da</strong> midis, <strong>da</strong> eri ki isev aris, erTsul,<br />
erT-gul. eri Tavisis suliT <strong>da</strong> guliT im<br />
turfa sabaRnarosa hgavs, saca, rusTavelis<br />
73
sityviT, erTi midis <strong>da</strong> mis magier sxva modis,<br />
TviTon baRnari ki aris <strong>da</strong> aris mu<strong>da</strong>m mwvane,<br />
mu<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong>uWknobeli, mu<strong>da</strong>m yvavilovani, ia-zambaxvard-gaSlili”<br />
(i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli<br />
krebuli oc tomad. t. VII, 2005, gv. 259).<br />
3. evropeizmis idea ilia WavWavaZis<br />
kritikul naazrevSi<br />
XIX saukuneSi saqarTvelos winaSe mTeli<br />
sicxadiT <strong>da</strong>dga kulturuli orientaciis<br />
sakiTxi. qarTul sazogadoebriv azrs axali<br />
erovnuli cnobierebis Camoyalibebis<br />
paralelurad un<strong>da</strong> ganesazRvra qveynis<br />
civilizaciuri orientacia, Tavisi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
evropuli, kaTolikur-protestantuli<br />
samyaros ideologiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli<br />
Rirebulebebisadmi.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe progress ganviTarebis<br />
evropul gzas ukavSireb<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv sagulisxmoa<br />
is azri, rom ilias sxva civilizaciebis, sxva<br />
kulturuli regionebis ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
progresis winapirobad evropul civilizacias-<br />
Tan Tanaziaroba miaCnia. misi varaudiT,<br />
evropuli civilizaciis zemoqmedeba iaponiaze<br />
aziaSi am qveynis wamyvani rolis winapiroba<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong>: “vin icis, iqneb iaponiam pirveli<br />
mesveuroba gauwios azias evropis civilizaciis<br />
74
zemoqmedebis qveS warsamateblad <strong>da</strong> ganTiadma<br />
ganaTlebisam Tavisi sxivosani Suqi pirvelad<br />
iqi<strong>da</strong>m mohfinos mTels aziasaca” (i. WavWavaZe.<br />
TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. V,<br />
1960, gv. 116).<br />
amaze metyvelebs Tun<strong>da</strong>c is faqti, rom igi<br />
mc<strong>da</strong>rad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> slavianofilebis Tvalsazriss<br />
imaze, TiTqos evropuli civilizacia<br />
ganviTarebis CixSi moeqca. statiaSi “ivane<br />
aqsakovis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba” ilia slavianofilebis<br />
did Secdomad miiCnevs im faqts, rom maT “wuni<br />
<strong>da</strong>sdves TviT ganaTlebas <strong>da</strong> sikeTes evropisas <strong>da</strong><br />
iqamde gakadnierdnen, rom yovelive, rasac ki<br />
evropis niSanwyali emCneo<strong>da</strong>, aiTvaliswunes viT<br />
avxorci slavianTa agebulebazed meWeWad amosuli.<br />
“<strong>da</strong>mpali evropa, gaxrwnili <strong>da</strong>savleTio”,<br />
sul amas iZaxdnen, roca ki SemTxveva eZlevo<strong>da</strong>T<br />
<strong>da</strong> gul<strong>da</strong>jerebiT xmamaRla <strong>da</strong> ukan<strong>da</strong>uxevelad<br />
hqa<strong>da</strong>gebdnen, rom dRes erTaderTi eriRaa<br />
evropaSi, romelic gangebiT movlenilia axali<br />
sityva, axali moZRvreba, axali suli hSTaberoso<br />
<strong>da</strong>berebuls, <strong>da</strong>Zvelebuls <strong>da</strong> mixrwnil progress<br />
evropisasao <strong>da</strong> eg eri slavianebis eriao” (i.<br />
WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli oc tomad.<br />
t. VII, 2005, gv. 334-335).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis evropeizmi emyareba im<br />
rwmenas, rom kacobriobis progress upirvelesad<br />
evropuli civilizacia ganapirobebs. araa<br />
75
SemTxveviTi, rom ilias azrovnebaSi evropeizmis<br />
cneba garkveul adgils ikavebs. kerZod, Tavis<br />
gamouqveynebel narkvevSi “ciskari 1857 wli<strong>da</strong>na<br />
– 1862 wlamdina” (1862) igi evropeizmis cnebas<br />
iyenebs qarTul literaturaSi aRmosavluri<br />
sawyisis <strong>da</strong>Zlevisa <strong>da</strong> tipologiurad evropuli<br />
literaturis msgavsi procesebis aRsaniSnavad.<br />
ilias Tanaxmad, guramiSvilma sca<strong>da</strong> “evropeizmis<br />
Semotana qarTuli leqsis GgamoTqmaSi; a. Wav-<br />
WavaZe, romelic ufro xSirad cdilob<strong>da</strong> mag<br />
evropeizmis ganvrcelebasa; gr. orbeliani,<br />
gamgrZelebeli evropeizmisa; n. baraTaSvili,<br />
brwyinvale warmomadgeneli evropeizmisa” (i.<br />
WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad.<br />
t. III, 1958, gv. 457).<br />
uTuod misaRebia is Tvalsazrisi, rom ilia<br />
WavWavaZisaTvis evropeizmi iyo “ara ubralod<br />
evropul literaturul mimdinareobaTa gavlenis<br />
an masTan miaxloebis mimniSnebeli termini, aramed<br />
igi iyo erovnul samwerlo kulturaSi igive<br />
poeturi <strong>kulturis</strong> universaluri cneba” (s.<br />
Ciqovani. Txzulebani. t. III, 1980, gv. 108).<br />
4. progresis idea ilia WavWavaZis<br />
kritikul naazrevSi<br />
istoriis filosofiaSi progresis idea<br />
sxvadsxvagvarad aris warmodgenili. platonis<br />
filosofiaSi progresi ciklur xasiaTs atarebs,<br />
76
hegelis dialeqtikuri filosofiis Tanaxmad,<br />
progresi spiralurad viTardeba, xolo<br />
ganmanaTlebelTa filosofiaSi progresi<br />
xazobrivad viTardeba. ilia WavWavaZe progresis<br />
cnebis gagebaSic ganmanaTlebelTa memkvidred<br />
gvevlineba.<br />
ilia evropeisti <strong>da</strong> ganmanaTlebelia im<br />
mxrivac, rom aRiarebs filosofiis istoriaSi<br />
ganmanaTlebelTa mier <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul progresis<br />
ideas: “progresi swored kargi ram un<strong>da</strong> iyos,<br />
usaTuod qveynis sabednierod gaCenili” (i.<br />
WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad.<br />
t. III, 1958, gv. 434).<br />
ganmanaTlebelTa kvalad, ilia<br />
WavWavaZisaTvis progresi niSnavs ganviTarebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>bli<strong>da</strong>n maRlisaken, ukuqcevas winsvlas<br />
ukeTesisaken. ilias swams, rom kacobrioba<br />
aRmavali socialuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri srulyofis<br />
gziT viTardeba. mas miaCnia, rom kacobriobis<br />
progresma gansakuTrebiT cxa<strong>da</strong>d iCina Tavi XIX<br />
saukuneSi: “rac am saukuneSi mecnierebam saswauli<br />
moaxdina, rac ganaTlebul qveynebis a<strong>da</strong>mianma<br />
saxeli <strong>da</strong> dideba moipova, mTels <strong>da</strong>narCens<br />
TerTmet saukunes erTad ar unaxavs. ra Tqma<br />
un<strong>da</strong>, rom wina saukuneTac ar emoqmednaT, arc es<br />
mecxramete saukune iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ase nayofieri,<br />
radganac, rac gin<strong>da</strong> sTqvan, wina saukuneni<br />
sTesdnen <strong>da</strong> saxeli <strong>da</strong> dideba mecxramete<br />
77
saukunisa is aris, rom uxvi mosavali mogvca<br />
naTesisa, imdenad uxvi, rom moulodneli iyo<br />
CvenTa winaparTaTvis” (i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa<br />
sruli krebuli aT tomad. t. V, 1960, gv. 7).<br />
sazogadoebrivi progresi, ilia WavWavaZis<br />
Tanaxmad, gulisxmobs svlas socialuri<br />
Tanasworobis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebisaken. “progress rom<br />
eZaxian,_ aRniSnavs ilia,_ eg ar moaswavebs marto<br />
erTis wodebis win wawevas, gamokeTebas,<br />
warmatebas sulierad <strong>da</strong> xorcielad, aramed<br />
mTel im krebulisas, romelsac eri hqvian<br />
ganurCevlad didisa <strong>da</strong> patarisa” (“iveria”, #<br />
38, 1897, gv. 2).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis moRvaweoba iyo gamudmebuli<br />
brZola saqarTvelos ganaxlebisaTvis. “netavi im<br />
xalxs,_ ambob<strong>da</strong> igi,_ romelsac ar <strong>da</strong>ukargavs eg<br />
imedi ganaxlebisa <strong>da</strong> ar gahqrobia ukeTesobis<br />
ndoma! is xalxi, is cxovreba, romelic ar<br />
izrdeba, romelsac ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli <strong>da</strong><br />
nayofieri Semodgoma; romelica berdeba ki, magram<br />
im siberis nayofzed isev ar amova ganaxlebuli,<br />
ganaTlebuli siaxlis mSvenier gvirgviniTa<br />
_ is xalxi, is cxovreba miCanCalebs samarisaken,<br />
bolos miva <strong>da</strong> aRigveba, rogorc mtveri<br />
de<strong>da</strong>miwis zurgi<strong>da</strong>m” (i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa<br />
sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. VII, 2005, gv. 122).<br />
rodesac ilia ganaxlebaze, winsvlaze, eris<br />
progresul ganviTarebaze saubrobs, amiT igi<br />
78
evropuli civilizaciis modelis upiratesobas<br />
gulisxmobs. maqs veberi aRniSnavs, rom <strong>da</strong>savluri<br />
civilizaciis erT-erTi ZiriTad RirebulebaTagani<br />
aris dinamizmi, ganaxlebisa <strong>da</strong> srulyofisaken<br />
mudmivi swrafva.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe evropeistia, evropel ganmanaTlebelTa<br />
memkvidrea maSinac, rodesac sazogadoebrivi<br />
cxovrebis warmatebaSi gansakuTrebul<br />
rols aniWebs mecnierebas. ilias Tanaxmad,<br />
progresi ganuyrelad aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mecnierebis<br />
warmatebasTan: “mecniereba <strong>da</strong> xelovneba,<br />
romelnic dRemu<strong>da</strong>m zed <strong>da</strong>hstrialeben cxovrebasa,<br />
rom yoveli cvlileba misi cnobierad<br />
gadmoiRon, rom yoveli yvavili misi mohkrifon,<br />
Seityon, risTvis arian igini <strong>da</strong> rani arian _ mecniereba<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelovneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gziT ikisreben<br />
axalis viTarebis axsnasa, cnobaSi moyvanasa. amaTi<br />
ukeTesi mimdevari, xalxis <strong>da</strong>winaurebuli Taoba,<br />
maSinve mixvdeba, rom dro icvleba, hgrZnobs, rom<br />
eca suli axalis gazafxulisa, ganaxlebisa,<br />
hgrZnobs, rom Zveli cxovreba aivso, <strong>da</strong>mwif<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rac <strong>da</strong>Tesili iyo, imis nayofi moitana <strong>da</strong> exla<br />
am nayofi<strong>da</strong>m un<strong>da</strong> gamoikrifos axali Tesli<br />
axalis cxovrebis gamosakvanZavad, raTa madlobiT<br />
gaistumros Zveli <strong>da</strong> sixaruliT miegebos <strong>da</strong><br />
gza gauxsnas axalsa” (i. WavWavaZe. TxzulebaTa<br />
sruli krebuli oc tomad. t. VII, 2005, gv. 123).<br />
79
amerikeli klasikosebis qarTuli<br />
Targmanebi<br />
(XIX saukunis meore naxevari)<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevaris qarTulucxour<br />
literaturul urTierTobaTa erT-erTi<br />
sayuradRebo sferoa amerikel mweralTa qarTuli<br />
Targmanebi.<br />
marTalia, im drois amerikel mweralTa<br />
nawarmoebebi rusuli<strong>da</strong>naa Targmnili, magram maTi<br />
mniSvneloba mainc TvalsaCinoa. “iveriis”,<br />
“Teatris”, “imedis”, “moambis” furclebze<br />
ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong> amerikuli romantizmisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kritikuli realizmis yvelaze TvalsaCino<br />
warmomadgenelTa nawarmoebebi, romelTa ideurmxatvruli<br />
Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
gareSe nakluli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Cveni warmodgena im<br />
periodis qarTuli mTargmnelobiTi <strong>literaturisa</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> literaturuli urTierTobebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>.<br />
amerikuli mwerlobisadmi qarTuli kritikuli<br />
azris yuradRebis erT-erTi pirvel<br />
nimuSTagania n. berZniSvilis werili “ramdenime<br />
sityva qarTuli literaturis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>”<br />
(“kavkazi”, # 1857), romelSic avtori asaxelebs<br />
80
gamoCenil amerikel mwerlebs: ”irvingi, kuperi,<br />
biCer-stou, hoTorni – ai, saxelebi, romlebic<br />
axal qveyanas Tamamad SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>ayenos evropis<br />
literaturis mraval pirvelxarisxovan saxelTa<br />
gverdiT”.<br />
amerikuli literaturis erT-erTi<br />
mamamTavars _ vaSington irvings (1783-1859)<br />
di<strong>da</strong>d afasebdnen baironi <strong>da</strong> valter skoti,<br />
haine <strong>da</strong> dikensi. puSkini <strong>da</strong> gogoli. 1889 wels<br />
Jurnal “TeatrSi” (# 6-7) gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> irvingis<br />
moTxroba “mgzavroba” (mTargmneli _ d.<br />
awyureli). Targmani bunebrivad <strong>da</strong><br />
Zal<strong>da</strong>utaneblad JRers: “Cafiqrebuli <strong>da</strong> mwared<br />
<strong>da</strong>Ronebuli ij<strong>da</strong> ymawvili qali, rodesac<br />
Semovidnen mama <strong>da</strong> ymawvili kaci. qals metis<br />
sixaruliT mouvi<strong>da</strong> gulis wuxili, magram isev<br />
male gamobrun<strong>da</strong>”. TargmanSi gvxvdeba idiomebi,<br />
romlebic amdidreben personaJTa metyvelebas:<br />
“iqneba gzaSi Segciv<strong>da</strong>, genacvalos mama”;<br />
“<strong>da</strong>weqi, Seni Wirime, <strong>da</strong> xval srulebiT mrTeli<br />
adgebi”. rusuli wyaros gavleniT gaCn<strong>da</strong> qarTul<br />
TargmanSi Cvens enaSi rusuli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli<br />
formebi “grafinia”, “princesa”, “grafi”.<br />
1891 wels (“iveria” # 66-70) l. wulaZem<br />
Targmna irvingis erT-erTi saukeTeso<br />
qmnilebaTagani _ “zangis samkvidro”, romelic<br />
espanur legen<strong>da</strong>s emyareba. nawarmoebis ena<br />
xalxuri <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>a, rac SenarCunebulia<br />
81
TargmanSic: “Tbils qveynebSi Sadrevani <strong>da</strong> wyaro<br />
Zvelis-Zvel droi<strong>da</strong>m xalxis Tav-mosayrel<br />
adgilad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c, rasakvirvelia,<br />
imitom grovdebodnen, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar Woris<br />
SeTxzvasa <strong>da</strong> gavrcelebaSi gaetarebinaT dro”.<br />
sasaubro metyvelebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
frazebi _ “Cven cariel-tarieli <strong>da</strong>vrCebiT”,<br />
“mawanwala xalxi”, “ramdenime groSi uWyao<strong>da</strong><br />
jibeSi”, “ramdenis awapvna SeiZleba” <strong>da</strong> sxv. _P<br />
Seesabameba irvingis moTxrobis stils.<br />
sakmaod cnobili iyo qarTvel moRvaweTa<br />
Soris henri longfelo (1807-1882). kirile<br />
lorTqifaniZis rusuli<strong>da</strong>n Targmnil werils<br />
“CrdiloeT amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi <strong>da</strong><br />
iqauri tyveoba” (“saqarTvelos moambe”, 1863, #<br />
11) epigrafad aqvs longfelos leqsis erTi<br />
strofi. epigrafs axlavs k. lorTqifaniZis<br />
Semdegi ganmarteba: ”es leqsia amerikeli poetis<br />
longfelos <strong>da</strong>naweri <strong>da</strong> rusul enazed gadmoiRo<br />
erTma ruseTelma mweralma. ai ras ambobs<br />
longfelo Tavis samSoblozed: ”CvenSiac aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brmavebuli samsoni. misTvis<br />
Rone miuxdiaT, borkilic SeuyriaT. magram vai!<br />
roca is xelebs gaiqnevs mwuxarebisagan<br />
gacofebuli”.<br />
“saqarTvelos moambis” avtorebi, Terg<strong>da</strong>leulebi,<br />
cxadia, icnobdnen longfelos “leqsebs<br />
monobaze” (1842), romlebic 1861 wels<br />
82
“sovremenikSi” <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong><br />
SeniRbul gamoxmaurebas glexTa ganTavisuflebaze.yovelive<br />
amiT aixsneba qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>intereseba longfelos SemoqmedebiT.<br />
longfelosadmi qarTuli sazogadoebis erT-erT<br />
nagvianev gamoxatulebas warmoadgens “iveriis”<br />
furclebze 1900 wels <strong>da</strong>beWdili Targmani<br />
leqsisa “wyaro <strong>da</strong> zvirTi” (“iveria”, 1900, #<br />
236). Targmani ekuTvnis poetsa <strong>da</strong> baironis,<br />
hainesa <strong>da</strong> sxva evropel poetTa mTargmnels ioseb<br />
baqraZes.<br />
biCer – stous (1811-1896) romanis “biZia<br />
Tomas qoxis” xseneba qarTul presaSi sakmaod<br />
adre gvxvdeba. ruseTis imperiaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c mTeli<br />
simwvaviT idga glexTa ganTavisuflebis sakiTxi,<br />
“biZia Tomas qoxi” ikiTxebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />
batonymobis gauqmebis mowodeba. am romanis Tema<br />
– uuflebo a<strong>da</strong>mianis umowyalo Cagvra<br />
organulia im drois qarTuli literaturis-<br />
Tvisac. gavixsenoT am Temis Taviseburi qarTuli<br />
analogebi: d. WonqaZis “suramis cixe”,<br />
i.QWavWavaZis “kako yaCaRi” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
qarTvel mkiTxvelTa Soris biCer-stous<br />
nacnobobaze metyvelebs is SeniSvna, romelic<br />
“ciskris“ re<strong>da</strong>qciam <strong>da</strong>urTo ilia WavWavaZis<br />
werils “pasuxi” (1861): ”maS vin aris ma<strong>da</strong>m<br />
stali, JorJ zandi, biCer-stou, avtori “jeineirisa”<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvani mweralni qalTagani, romelnica<br />
83
evropisa <strong>da</strong> amerikis sityvierebaSi brwyinaven<br />
rogorc upirvelesni planetni.”<br />
Teg<strong>da</strong>leulebma saWirod miiCnies qarTveli<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis gaecnoT “biZia Tomas qoxi”,<br />
romelSic xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen protests yovelgvari<br />
monobisa <strong>da</strong> usamarTlobisasdmi. Terg<strong>da</strong>leulebi<br />
axali sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebis<br />
aucileblobas qa<strong>da</strong>gebdnen <strong>da</strong> maT kargad<br />
icodnen ra Zala eqnebo<strong>da</strong> biCer-stous<br />
socialuri romanis gamoqveynebas. ”saqarTvelos<br />
moambe” (# 11) Tavis mkiTxvelebs amcnob<strong>da</strong>:<br />
”droebis <strong>da</strong>xedviT saWirod vnaxeT wavakiTxoT<br />
“saqarTvelos moambis” mkiTxvelebs biCer-stous<br />
romani “biZia Tomas qoxi” anu “tyveoba<br />
CrdiloeTs StatebSi”, magram vici amasTanave,<br />
rom romelime nawilisaTvis mkiTxvelebSi saWiroa<br />
winaTve gavacnoT ramdenadme CrdiloeTis<br />
amerikis Statebi, movaxsenoT imaTi garegani <strong>da</strong><br />
Sinagani istoria”. 1863 wlis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisaTvis<br />
“saqarTvelos moambe” <strong>da</strong>ixura <strong>da</strong> “biZia Tomas<br />
qoxis” Targmani ar <strong>da</strong>beWdila.<br />
1887 wels “iveria” orjer ityobinebo<strong>da</strong><br />
“biZia Tomas qoxis” momzadebuli Targmanis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. erT-erT cnobaSi vkiTxulobT: ”vinc icis<br />
siRaribe Cvenis saymawvilo wignebisa, di<strong>da</strong>d<br />
esiamovneba ambavi, rom baton maWavarians<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uTargmnia qarTuls enazed mSvenieri<br />
Txzuleba qalis biCer-stousi ”biZia Tomas qoxi”,<br />
84
omlis <strong>da</strong>beWdvac ukisrnia b-n Carkvians. es wigni<br />
iseTi ganZia mTelis evropis saymawvilo<br />
<strong>literaturisa</strong>, rom bevri ar moipoveba misi cali<br />
<strong>da</strong> ba<strong>da</strong>li. amitom saWiroa, raki es ganZi male<br />
qarTvel bavSvebsac eqnebaT xelSi, jerovani<br />
yuradRebiT <strong>da</strong>ibeWdos xsenebuli wigni, metadre<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> enisa. arc-erTi mcodne qarTveli b-ns<br />
gamomcemels ar etyvis uars – <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwios<br />
am keTil ganzraxvaSi. kargi iqneba, rom<br />
suraTebic CaurTon wignSi” (“iveria”, 1887, #<br />
218). meore cnobis mixedviT, aRniSnuli romani<br />
uTargmniaT erisTavis qalebs: ”Tavad giorgi<br />
dimitris Ze erisTavis qalebi Seudgnen sxva <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva sasargeblo wignebis Targmnas qarTuls<br />
enazed. jer xanobiT gadmoTargmnes ori wigni:<br />
”emili XIX saukunisa” – eskirosisa <strong>da</strong> “biZia<br />
Tomas qoxi” biCer-stousi. amas winaT “iveriaSi”<br />
iyo moxsenebuli, rom biCer-stous wigni<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Targmneso. Zalian kargs izamdnen, rom orive<br />
Targmani Sea<strong>da</strong>ron <strong>da</strong> romelic ukeTesad iyos<br />
naTargmni, is gamosces wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebam.<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>gvarwmunes sando kacebma orive<br />
Targmani erisTavis qalebisa saucxovoao”<br />
(“iveria”, 1887, # 263).<br />
arc erTi xsenebuli Targmani ar <strong>da</strong>beWdila.<br />
mxolod ori wlis Semdeg - 1899 wels <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong><br />
“biZia Tomas qoxis” Semoklebuli Targmani,<br />
romelic a. winamZRvriSvilma Targmna. qarTul<br />
85
Targmans safuZvlad udevs rusuli Targmani<br />
(1893). zogierTi Tavi, amerikis yofis vrceli<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba-aRwerilobani, avtoris msjeloba ama<br />
Tu im socialur <strong>da</strong> moralur sakiTxebze<br />
TargmanSi gamotovebulia. romanis erT-erTi<br />
mTavari gmiri, elizas qmari jorji qarTulSi<br />
figurirebs rogorc giorgi, xolo eliza,<br />
rogorc liza. dialogebi zogjer zedmetad<br />
gaqarTulebulia: ”Sen genacvale, giorgi, raTa<br />
xar agre <strong>da</strong>Rvremili?” – aseTi gamoTqmebi xSiria<br />
TargmanSi.<br />
TargmanSi yuradReba gaumaxvilebia mTavari<br />
gmiris _ Tomas religiur mrwamsze. biCer-stous<br />
romanis gadmoqarTulebuli varianti SeiZleba<br />
miviCnioT erTgvari tendenciuri Targmanis<br />
nimuSad. “biZia Tomas qoxi” wignad qarTulad<br />
pirvelad 1913 wels <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> “nakadulis”<br />
ufaso <strong>da</strong>matebis saxiT. igi m. klimiaSvilma<br />
Targmna.<br />
mark tvenis (1835-1910) moTxrobebis<br />
realisturi sicxade, iumori <strong>da</strong> satira,<br />
socialuri Cagvris mxileba exmaurebo<strong>da</strong> im<br />
droiis QqarTuli prozis ZiriTad mimarTulebas,<br />
ramac ganapiroba mzardi interesi am didi<br />
amerikeli prozaikosisadmi.<br />
XIX saukunis <strong>da</strong>mlevi<strong>da</strong>n tvenis saxeli <strong>da</strong><br />
misi moTxrobebis Targmanebi xSirad gvxvdeba<br />
qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebsa <strong>da</strong> krebulebSi. 1895<br />
86
wels “iveriaSi” (# 67) tvenis moTxrobis “Cemi<br />
kandi<strong>da</strong>turis” sqolioSi mTargmneli nikitini<br />
[gaqarTvelebuli rusi] iZleva mokle cnobebs<br />
avtoris <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>: “amerikis mwerlobaSi didi<br />
adgili aqvs <strong>da</strong>Tmobili saoxunjo literaturas;<br />
amis mizezi Statebis cxovrebaa. amerikeli mTeli<br />
kvira Sromobs <strong>da</strong> ara aqvs gasarTobaT wasvlis<br />
Tavi, amitom is kiTxulobs bevrs. gazeTi <strong>da</strong><br />
Jurnali ki awvdis gasarTob masalas am saxiT.<br />
mark tvenic gazeTis reportiori iyo. mas<br />
ganaTleba arsad miuRia. aTasnairi xeloba<br />
gamoicvala; moiara qveynebi; igi ganTqmulia<br />
Tavisi <strong>da</strong>udgromeli xasiaTiTa <strong>da</strong> oxunjobis<br />
niWiT. amerikaSi igi Zalian uyvarT. misi<br />
Txzulebani asiaTasobiT vrceldeba. amiT igi ar<br />
Camouvardeba gamoCenil mwerlebs – irvings <strong>da</strong><br />
bret garts”.<br />
1898 wels “iveriaSi” (# 197) <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong><br />
mcire cnoba mark tvenis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>: “amerikelebi<br />
Zalian amayoben TavianTi SesaniSnavi iumoristiT<br />
mark tveniT. bevri ibeWdeba mis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, magram ar<br />
ician dRemde rogor <strong>da</strong>wera man pirveli<br />
moTxroba <strong>da</strong> saerTod rogor gamovi<strong>da</strong> samwerlo<br />
asparezze. TviTon arafers ambobs. dRes general<br />
b.blankeris wyalobiT is cnobili gax<strong>da</strong>. is yveba,<br />
rom erTxel Sors gagzavnes <strong>da</strong> Tan waiyvana<br />
samuel klemensi (mark tvenis namdvili saxeli),<br />
roca <strong>da</strong>vbrundiT raRac rveuli momaCeCa <strong>da</strong><br />
87
miTxra waikiTxeo. Zalian momewona, vurCie<br />
<strong>da</strong>beWdva. Cems gvars ar mivawero, miTxra <strong>da</strong><br />
moawera “mark tveni”. moTxrobebi <strong>da</strong>beWdes <strong>da</strong><br />
sTxoves ganegrZo wera”. cnoba ar isaxavs miznad<br />
tvenis Semoqmedebis ganxilvas, masSi miTiTebulia<br />
tvenis Semoqmedebis iseTi <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSani,<br />
rogoricaa iumori.<br />
qarTul sazogadoebaSi mark tvenis<br />
nacnobobaze metyvelebs isic, rom dro<strong>da</strong>dro<br />
ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong> nakvesebi mis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. 1897 wels<br />
“iveriaSi” (# 150) gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> aseTi nakvesi:<br />
“gviTxariT, mister tven,_ SeekiTxa erTi ymawvili<br />
qali,_ Tqven ra azrisa xarT samoTxisa <strong>da</strong><br />
jojoxeTis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. _ ukacravad, miss,_ upasuxa<br />
mweralma,_ verras getyviT, radgan oriv alagas<br />
didZali nacnobebi <strong>da</strong> megobrebi myavs”.<br />
mark tvenis pirveli qarTuli Targmani<br />
“<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> umaRles qvelmoqmedebaze” (mTargmneli<br />
miTiTebuli araa) <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> 1886 wels Jurnal<br />
“TeatrSi” (# 11), sa<strong>da</strong>c avtoris saxeli<br />
arasworad aris miTiTebuli: “markoz tvaini”.<br />
SesaZloa, mwerlis gvaris es mc<strong>da</strong>ri forma<br />
momdinareobs romelime rusuli wyaro<strong>da</strong>n. gar<strong>da</strong><br />
imisa, rom saTauri stilisturad gaumarTavia,<br />
TargmanSi gvxvdeba araliteraturuli<br />
gramatikuli formebi (magaliTad _ “moeqcivna”)<br />
<strong>da</strong> rusicizmebi: ”stoli”, “kanikuli” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
88
usuli Targmanis gavleniT “jimis” nacvlad<br />
weria “djimi”.<br />
1990-ian wlebSi tvenis Targmanebis<br />
umravlesoba |Sesrulebulia nikitinis mier.<br />
SesaniSnava<strong>da</strong>a Targmnili iumoristuli moTxroba<br />
“kaciWamia mgzavri” (“iveria”, 1897, # 110),<br />
rasac xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> im dros qarTuli<br />
literaturis gamocdileba iumoristul prozaSi.<br />
iseve rogorc amerikel mweralTa sxva<br />
imdroindel TargmanTa umetesoba, es Targmani<br />
xasiaTdeba im TaviseburebiT, rom, rogorc wesi,<br />
“mister” an gamotovebulia an gamoyenebulia<br />
qarTuli Sesatyvisi _ “batoni”: “batoni<br />
uiliamsi”, “batoni a<strong>da</strong>msi” <strong>da</strong> sxv. Tanamedrove<br />
qarTul mTargmnelobiT praqtikaSi “mister”,<br />
“miss”, “misiz” ucvlelad gadmoaqvT. rusuli<br />
wyaros gavleniT mTargmneli zogjer iZleva<br />
sakuTari saxelebis araswor formebs, magaliTad<br />
_ “golidei”, “holidei”-s nacvlad.<br />
mark tvenis nikitiniseuli Targmanebi sakmaod<br />
maRali doniT gamoirCeva. mTargmneli xSirad<br />
iyenebs idiomatur gamoTqmebs: “jan<strong>da</strong>bas Seni<br />
Tavi, raSi menaRvleba”, “<strong>da</strong>lie, genacvale”,<br />
romelnic kargad Seesabamebian tvenis<br />
moTxrobebis sisa<strong>da</strong>ves, iumorsa <strong>da</strong> xalxurobas.<br />
TargmanSi ar gvxvdeba rusicizmebi, Tu ar<br />
CavTvliT erT SemTxvevas, roca igi xmarobs<br />
89
“boCka”-s rac aisaxa moTxrobis saTaurSic: “30<br />
boCka xorcis ambavi” (“iveria”, 1898, # 272).<br />
nikitini kargad erkveo<strong>da</strong> tvenis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi <strong>da</strong> ama Tu im moTxrobis<br />
saTargmnelad SerCevisas garkveuli principiTac<br />
xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong>. am mxriv <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia is<br />
SeniSvna, romelsac igi ukeTebs tvenis am<br />
moTxrobisMTargmans: ”es moTxroba mark tvenisa<br />
mxolod imitom vTargmneT, rom, Cveni azriT, aq<br />
<strong>da</strong>xatulia sul axali <strong>da</strong> Cveni mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
sruliad ucnobi weswyobileba amerikis<br />
kancelariisa”.<br />
1895 wels “iveriaSi” (#67) <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> tvenis<br />
moTxroba “Cemi kandi<strong>da</strong>tura” (mTargmneli<br />
nikitini), xolo 1899 wels imave gazeTSi (#91)<br />
gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> imave moTxrobis volskiseuli<br />
Targmani, saTauriT “kandi<strong>da</strong>tobis siame <strong>da</strong><br />
sixaruli”. nikitinis Targmani Semoklebulia,<br />
albaT am Semoklebis gamo iTargmna es moTxroba<br />
xelmeored.<br />
kita abaSiZis Tanaxmad, nikitins “pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
sanimuSod auJRerebia qarTulad mark tvenis<br />
ramdenime nawarmoebi. yvela maTgani <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong><br />
ilias “iveriaSi”, zogjer sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fsevdonimiT<br />
(n-ni, a. n; n-i). igi warmoSobiT rusi yofila,<br />
magram SesaniSnavad codnia qarTuli ena <strong>da</strong><br />
mTargmnelobiTi niWiTac yifila <strong>da</strong>jildoebuli.<br />
“aseT qarTul enas Cven Zvirad SevxvedrivarT ara<br />
90
Tu TargmanebSi, originalSic ki” (“iveria”, 1895,<br />
# 189).<br />
marTalia, nikitinis Targmanebi sakmaod<br />
kargia, magram literaturuli enis Tanamedrove<br />
normebTan siaxlovis TvalsazrisiT mark tvenis<br />
moTxrobaTa yvelaze ufro srulyofili<br />
TargmanTagani ekuTvnis ara nikitins, aramed<br />
Tedo saxokias. man Targmna tvenis vrceli<br />
moTxroba “<strong>da</strong>usrulebeli romani” (“moambe”,<br />
1898, # 9). Targmanis stili uaRresad<br />
gamarTulia, xasiaTdeba iSviaTi bunebriobiT,<br />
Tavisufalia dialeqtizmebisagan. vimowmebT<br />
sanimuSod moTxrobis pirvel abzacs: ”Rame iyo.<br />
baron kledenSteinis Zveleburs koSkSi<br />
idumaleba gamefebuliyo. maRalis koSkis Tavze<br />
sinaTle bJutav<strong>da</strong>. SigniT saidumlo TaTbiri<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>T. mkacri <strong>da</strong> moxucebuli baroni<br />
<strong>da</strong>fiqrebuli ij<strong>da</strong> Zvirfas savarZelSi. cota xnis<br />
dumilis Semdeg nazis xmiT sTqva: _ Cemo asulo!<br />
mis win idga mSvenieri axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kaci, TaviTfexamde<br />
raindul Tof-iaraRSi asxmuli”. ambavi<br />
Soreul warsulSi xdeba <strong>da</strong> mas romantikuli<br />
elferi <strong>da</strong>hkravs, romlis SenarCunebas TargmanSi<br />
xels uwyobs iseTi leqsika, romelic garkveuli<br />
poeturobiT xasiaTdeba: ”sawuTro”,<br />
“morWmuli”, “gankiTxvis Jami” <strong>da</strong> sxv. erTgan<br />
romantikuli pasaJis metad eqspresiuli adgilis<br />
tonalobis gadmosacemad mTargmneli mimarTavs<br />
91
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT arqaul stils, rac gamarTlebulia<br />
mxatvrulad: ”ganaxmo bageni salaparakod”.<br />
amerikul literaturaSi tvenis mxatvruli<br />
ena xatovani frazeologiisa <strong>da</strong> idiomatikis<br />
simdidris erT-erT iSviaT nimuSad iTvleba.<br />
aseTivea am moTxrobis qarTuli Targmanic,<br />
romelic mdi<strong>da</strong>ria xatovani sityva-TqmebiT:<br />
”vaglax me”, ”gulze lodi mawva”, “Tof-iaraRiT<br />
asxmuli”, “Jruantelma <strong>da</strong>uara”, “ena Cauvar<strong>da</strong>”<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv. erTaderTi, raSic DdRevandeli<br />
litaraturuli enis normebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
SeiZleba Seve<strong>da</strong>oT Tedo saxokiaseul Targmans,<br />
es micemiT brunvaSi msazRvrulis Semdeg “s”-s<br />
xmarebaa: ”Zveleburs koSkSi” <strong>da</strong> a.S. Targmans<br />
safuZvlad udevs a. n. landegrenis rusuli<br />
Targmani.<br />
qarTul kritikaSi frensis bret-hartis<br />
(1836-1902) saxeli pirvelad naxsenebia 1857 wels<br />
n. berZniSvilis zemoT <strong>da</strong>mowmebul rusulad<br />
gamoqveynebul werilSi. 1887 wels iTargmna<br />
bret-hartis moTxroba “rodis mova gemi”<br />
(“Teatri”, 1887, # 1). Targmani ekuTvnis<br />
veliscixels. Targmanis didi naklia dialeqturi<br />
gramatikuli formebi (“Seaxedna”, “yovelTvisin”,<br />
“camdisin” <strong>da</strong> sxv.).<br />
im drois qarTul sazRvargareTulliteraturul<br />
urTierTobaTa erT-erT<br />
TvalsaCino faqts warmoadgens interesi eduard<br />
92
elamis (1850-1898) Semoqmedebisadmi. belamis<br />
vrceli moTxroba “saocari sizmari” “moambeSi”<br />
<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> 1894 wels (# 8-9). Targmani ekuTvnis<br />
d. giorgobians. moTxroba gviambobs mecnierul<br />
eqsperimentze, romlis wyalobiT SesaZlebeli<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaxdes a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier usiamovno mogonebaTa<br />
sruli <strong>da</strong>viwyeba. Targmanis done uaRresad<br />
maRalia, Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime iseT nakls,<br />
rac saerTod xSirad iCens Tavs im drois<br />
TargmanebSi: inglisuri saxelebis rusuli<br />
formebis xmareba _ genri, garvardi, emilia <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv.<br />
kita abaSiZem maRali Sefaseba misca am<br />
Targmans, magram aRniSna, rom “Tuki<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Targmnidnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>beW<strong>da</strong>vdnen rasme<br />
bellamisa, ratom ar un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eTargmnaT yvelaze<br />
pirvelad misi “asi wlis Semdeg”, romelmac<br />
aRtacebaSi moiyvana sazogadoeba <strong>da</strong> romelic<br />
yvela evropul enaze aris Targmnili” (“iveria”,<br />
1895, # 189).<br />
1896 wels gamoica eduard belamis Looking<br />
backward (“mzera piruku”, 1888) _ utopiuri<br />
romani, romlis mTavari gmiri _ julian uesti<br />
mwerals 1887 wlis bostoni<strong>da</strong>n 2000 wlis<br />
drosa <strong>da</strong> garemoSi gadmohyavs, sa<strong>da</strong>c aRar aris<br />
socialuri uTanasworoba, sruli Tanasworoba<br />
sufevs, warmoebis saSualebebs mTlianad<br />
mTlianad saxelmwifo flobs, anu socialisturi<br />
93
utopia realobad aris qceuli. romanis mTavari<br />
gmiri gaocebiT igonebs XIX saukunes, rodesac<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi iyofodnen or kategoriad: ”mdi<strong>da</strong>rni<br />
<strong>da</strong> Raribni, ganaTlebulni <strong>da</strong> umecarni”. romanSi<br />
klasTa urTierToba amgvara<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli:<br />
sazogadoebis umciresoba zis etlSi, “romelSic<br />
Sebmulia uricxvi xalxi. es xalxi valdebulia is<br />
ataros oRro-CoRro <strong>da</strong> qviSian gzebze”.<br />
belamis romanma farTo gamoxmaureba pova<br />
ara mxolod amerikaSi, aramed evropasa <strong>da</strong><br />
ruseTSi. igi im iSviaT nawarmoebTa rigs<br />
ganekuTvneba, romelmac uaRresad didi gavlena<br />
iqonia politikur ganwyobilebaze, kerZod,<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva utopiuri socialisturi ideebis<br />
gavrcelebaze.<br />
belamis romanis qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis<br />
d. kalan<strong>da</strong>riSvils, romelmac rusuli Targmanis<br />
(Взгяд назад. Через сто лет) qvesaTauris mixedviT<br />
uwo<strong>da</strong> “asi wlis Semdeg”.<br />
am romanis Targmna ganapiroba qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis wiaRSi socialisturi ideebisadmi<br />
interesis gaRvivebam. saTauris Semdeg qarTul<br />
TargmanSi aRniSnulia romanis Janruli saxeobac:<br />
“sociologiuri romani”.<br />
Targmani enobrivad <strong>da</strong> stilisturad sakmaod<br />
gamarTulia. misi erT-erTi naklia aseTi formebi:<br />
“romlebze<strong>da</strong>c”, “romelSi<strong>da</strong>c” <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
94
axali literaturuli orientaciis gaCenis<br />
erT-erT adreul simptomTagania is faqti, rom<br />
1886 wels iTargmna edgar pos moTxroba “Savi<br />
Wiris maska” (“Teatri”, # 29, mTargmneli _ i.<br />
reviSvili). mogvianebiT edgar po,<br />
simbolistebTan erTad, im SemoqmedTa ricxvSi<br />
ikavebs adgils, romlebmac garkveulwilad<br />
gansazRvres axali qarTuli leqsis Camoyalibebis<br />
procesi.<br />
amgvarad, XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />
qarTuli sazogadoeba interess iCen<strong>da</strong> amerikuli<br />
mwerlobis umTavresi warmomadgenlebisadmi <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaZleblobis farglebSi Targmni<strong>da</strong> amerikeli<br />
klasikosebis nimuSebs.<br />
95
Seqspiris TargmanTa samyaroSi<br />
Seqspiris saxels qarTul werilobiT<br />
teqstebSi pirvelad ansilionis “esTetikuri<br />
gansjanis” <strong>da</strong>viT bagrationiseul TargmanSi<br />
vxvdebiT. Targmani Sesrulebulia peterburgSi<br />
1815 wels.<br />
Seqspiris nawarmoebTa qarTul enaze<br />
ametyvelebis saTave dimitri yifians ukavSirdeba.<br />
1841 wels man Targmna “romeo <strong>da</strong> julieta”. am<br />
Targmans axsenebs nikoloz baraTaSvili 1841<br />
wlis 28 maiss grigol orbelianisadmi miweril<br />
werilSi: “Cvenma literaturam ori kargi<br />
Targmani iSova: yipianma gadmoTargmna “romeo <strong>da</strong><br />
julieta” Seqspiris traRedia, <strong>da</strong> me vTargmne<br />
iuli tarentski traRedia leizevicisa”. es is<br />
droa, rodesac Cvens sazogadoebaSi momwif<strong>da</strong><br />
azri erovnuli dramisa <strong>da</strong> erovnuli Teatris<br />
aucileblobaze. qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong> mesveurT<br />
kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom dramatul Janrsa <strong>da</strong><br />
sasceno xelovnebas SeeZlo didi roli eTamaSa<br />
<strong>literaturisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTod <strong>kulturis</strong><br />
aRmavlobaSi. aseTi iyo viTareba, rodesac<br />
dimitri yifiani “romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas”, n.<br />
96
araTaSvili leizevicis tragedias, xolo<br />
ramdenadme ufro adre al. WavWavaZe kornelisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> rasinis nawarmoebebs Targmnidnen.<br />
qarTulad “otelo” pirvelad 1844 wels<br />
iqna gadmoRebuli. Targmani xelnawerSi asea<br />
<strong>da</strong>saTaurebuli: “welsa Cymd-sa, traRedia<br />
otelosa, xuTT moqmedebaTa Sina, SeTxzuli<br />
Seqspirisa mier, gadmoTargmnili rusulidgan<br />
qarTulad Cymd welsa ianvris v-sa dResa, s.<br />
mejvrisxevs”.<br />
gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom es Targmani<br />
giorgi erisTavs un<strong>da</strong> ekuTvnodes, magram<br />
<strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT amis Tqma Zneelia. Targmani<br />
Sesrulebulia mejvrisxevSi, xolo mwerlis<br />
mSobliuri sofeli xidisTavia. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, g.<br />
erisTavis piesebis ena uaRresad xalxuria, rasac<br />
ver vityviT ”otelos” Targmanze. vimowmebT<br />
sanimuSod erT nawyvets pirveli moqmedebi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
“uganaTlebuleso doJo, yovlad brZanebelo <strong>da</strong><br />
Tqven, senatorno. vaRiareb, romel asuli<br />
moxucisa me waviyvane <strong>da</strong> masze<strong>da</strong>n viqorwine. es<br />
aris yovelive Cemi braleuleba <strong>da</strong> ara rai sxva.<br />
me ara var Cveuli vflobde sityvaTa<br />
politikurTa <strong>da</strong> am axsnilsa moTxrobasa Soris<br />
Seuyvardi me dezdemonas. Tvalni misni<br />
aRivseboden cremliTa, odesca viwyebdi<br />
ubedurebaT CemTa moTxrobasa,odes <strong>da</strong>vasrule<br />
istoria Cemi mravalni, tkbilni oxvrani aRmouSva<br />
97
gulidgan... siyvaruli Tvisi ganmicxa<strong>da</strong> me. me<br />
TviTon Seviyvare igi sinazisa <strong>da</strong><br />
monawileobisaTvis Cems Soris; <strong>da</strong> ese aris<br />
yovelive Cem mier Sedgenili manqanebi <strong>da</strong> aw axla<br />
man TviTon giamboT”.<br />
raoden Sors dgas “otelos” pirveli<br />
Targmanis ena axali saliteraturo enisagan, amaze<br />
naTlad metyvelebs misi erT-erTi nawyvetis<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>reba ivane maCabliseuli Targmanis Sesabamis<br />
pasaJTan:<br />
“mizezi aris, mizezi aris; garna Tqven mas ar<br />
gangicxadebT cisa mTiebno. mizezi aris! me ar<br />
vanTxev sisxlsa misa, me ar ganvgmer tyavsa<br />
uTrTolvansa <strong>da</strong> mSvenierad nazsa, viTarca<br />
alabastrsa...” _” ai, mizezi, sulo Cemo, ai,<br />
mizezi!<br />
nu maTqmevinebT, Tqvens winaSe mas, Tqven<br />
ubiwo<br />
zecis mnaTobno! ai-meTqi, ai, mizezi!<br />
mainc me imis sisxls ver <strong>da</strong>vRvri, verc ki<br />
gavkawrav<br />
mis kans Tovlze<strong>da</strong>c uspetakess <strong>da</strong> usufTessa<br />
TviT ZeglisaTvis <strong>da</strong>mzadebul marmarilozed.<br />
Seqspiris nawarmoebTa qarTul enaze<br />
ametyvelebis adrindeli nimuSi _ “otelos”<br />
pirveli Targmani XIX saukunis qarTuli<br />
mTargmnelobiTi mwerlobis im etaps ganekuTvneba,<br />
98
odesac enis demokratizaciis procesi mxolod<br />
tendenciis saxiT mJRavndebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
1857 wels Jurnali “ciskari” (# 4)<br />
iuwyebo<strong>da</strong>: mzaddeba <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d “hamletis”<br />
prozauli Targmani, Sesrulebuli gimnaziis<br />
mexuTe klasis moswavlis m. favleniSvilis mier.<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, igi ar gamoqveynebula.<br />
samagierod, momdevno wels “ciskarSi” <strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong><br />
“hamletis” lavrenti ar<strong>da</strong>zianiseuli Targmani<br />
prozad. mas safuZvlad udevs polevoiseuli<br />
rusuli Targmani.<br />
l. ar<strong>da</strong>ziani axali saliteraturo enis<br />
momxre iyo <strong>da</strong> statiaSi “ratom ar gvivarga<br />
proza” Teoriula<strong>da</strong>c icav<strong>da</strong> mwerlobaSi saero<br />
enis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebis aucileblobas. magram<br />
ratomRac ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita am tragediis gadmocema<br />
“saRmrTo wignisa” <strong>da</strong> “saero enis” erTgvari<br />
SeTavsebiT. am “saRmrTo wignis” enis zegavleniT<br />
Targmans di<strong>da</strong>d vnebs arqaizmebis siuxve <strong>da</strong> mZime<br />
<strong>da</strong> mouqneli sintaqsuri konstruqciebi. ai<br />
rogor JRers am TargmanSi hamletis yvelaze<br />
cnobili monologi: “viyo Tu ar viyo _ aha rasa<br />
vikiTxav. ra ufro siqvelea sulisaTvis: moTmena<br />
cemaT ganmamwarebelisa ssvesi, Tu aRWurva<br />
winaaRmdegob zRvusa borotebaTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zleva<br />
misi. amovswbo ra erTianaT? sikvdili _ miZinebaa,<br />
ara meti, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sruleba ZiliTa gulis vnebaTa,<br />
99
aTas tanjvaTa, sxeulis memkvidreTa _ rogor ar<br />
visurvoT esreTi <strong>da</strong>sruleba!”<br />
TargmanSi aqa-iq gvxvdeba barbarizmebi:<br />
“koroli”, “merzaveci”, “baSmakebi” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
magram isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Zveli<br />
saliteraturo enis sintaqsur normebze<br />
garkveuli orientirebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, amasTanave<br />
SeimCneva “saero enis”, axali saliteraturo<br />
enisaken swrafvis tendencia. es gansakuTrebiT<br />
Targmanis im monakveTebSi Cans, romlebic de<strong>da</strong>nSi<br />
proziTaa <strong>da</strong>werili: ase magaliTad: “rogor<br />
civa! rogori susxiani qaria!”, “princo, xom karga<br />
xarT?”, “princo, me didi xania un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mebrunebina TqvenTvis, rac Tqven miboZeT<br />
saxsovrad”, “ara, ara, ofelia, me SenTvis<br />
arasodes ara miCuqebia ra” <strong>da</strong> sxv. mesaflavis<br />
simRera, romelic leqsad aris gadmoRebuli,<br />
uaRresad axlosaa xalxuri leqsis bunebasTan:<br />
me viyav marjve <strong>da</strong> gambe<strong>da</strong>vi,<br />
simRera, TamaSoba miyvar<strong>da</strong>,<br />
exla-Ra <strong>da</strong>vberdi, mouZlurdi,<br />
ar ZalmiZs mRera, vikvneso un<strong>da</strong>.<br />
“hamletis” ar<strong>da</strong>zianiseuli Targmani<br />
qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali<br />
saliteraturo normebis gzasayarze imyofeba.<br />
“romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas” dimitri yifianiseuli<br />
prozauli Targmani pirvelad “ciskarSi”<br />
100
<strong>da</strong>ibeW<strong>da</strong> 1859 wels (# 5-6) aseTi saTauriT:<br />
“romeo <strong>da</strong> julieta. drama xuT moqmedebad<br />
ganyofili. Txzuleba Seqspirisa angliuri<strong>da</strong>m<br />
francuzuls enazed axlad ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli benjamen<br />
laroSisagan <strong>da</strong> parizSi <strong>da</strong>beWdili 1856 welsa.<br />
francuzuli<strong>da</strong>m qarTuls enazed xelaxlad<br />
gadmoRebuli 1859 wels dim. yifianisagan”.<br />
amgvarad, “romeo <strong>da</strong> julieta” d. yifians<br />
1859 wels “xelaxlad gadmouRia”, anu arsebiTad<br />
Seucvlia is Targmani, romelsac n. baraTaSvili<br />
axsenebs Tavis werilSi. Targmani gamoirCeva<br />
maRali mxatvruli doniT. igi Sesrulebulia<br />
axali qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis<br />
Sesabamisad, magram misi nakli isaa rom zustad ar<br />
mihyveba de<strong>da</strong>ns, rac gapirobebulia im franguli<br />
TargmaniT, romliTac igi sargeblob<strong>da</strong>. franguli<br />
Targmanis am naklisaTvis mogvianebiT d. yifiansac<br />
miuqcevia yuradReba <strong>da</strong> ilia WavWavaZisadmi<br />
miweril baraTSi igi aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: laroSis<br />
Targmani savsea SecdomebiTo.<br />
d. yifiani am TargmaniT saliteraturo enis<br />
xalxur enasTan <strong>da</strong>axloebis Tanmimdevrul<br />
qomagad gvevlineba: “Cu, rogori sinaTle modis<br />
im fanjri<strong>da</strong>ma. es is aRmosavleTia, sa<strong>da</strong>c julieta<br />
hbrwyinavs, Cemis sicocxlis mnaTobi. amodi<br />
mSueniero, amodi, rom mTvarem <strong>da</strong>ginaxos <strong>da</strong><br />
mokudes javriTa. axlac avaT aris <strong>da</strong><br />
101
fermkrTalaTa, rom icis, ramdeniT ga<strong>da</strong>emeteba<br />
Seni mSueniereba imis elvarebasa” (II).<br />
1868 wels moskovSi al. yazbegma agreTve<br />
prozad Targmna “romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas” pirveli<br />
suraTi. enobrivad <strong>da</strong> stilisturad Targmani<br />
axlosaa yazbegis originalur nawarmoebebTan.<br />
Targmans wamZRvarebuli aqvs mcire winasityvaoba,<br />
romelSic sxvaTa Soris, vkiTxulobT: “radganac<br />
es drama acnobebs mkiTxvelebs am xalxis warsuls,<br />
istoriul mdgomareobas <strong>da</strong> Seqspiris niWierebas,<br />
amisTvis vaZlev me Cems Tavs kadnierebas, rom<br />
vuZRvna es Targmani saqarTvelos mkiTxav<br />
sazogadoebas, Tumca marTalia, Cems Ronezed ara<br />
maqvs is imedi, rom SevZlo srulebiT gadmoviRo<br />
originalis mSveniereba”. SesaZloa a.<br />
yazbegisaTvis cnobili gax<strong>da</strong>, rom “romeo <strong>da</strong><br />
julietas” Targmani ukve gamoqveynebuli iyo<br />
“ciskarSi” <strong>da</strong> albaT amitom aRar <strong>da</strong>asrula<br />
wamowyebuli saqme. am piesis Targmani erTgvari<br />
preludiaa im Temebis, ideebisa <strong>da</strong> gancdebis,<br />
romlebic Semdgom egzom STambeW<strong>da</strong>v gamoxatulebas<br />
poveben yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi.<br />
1867 wels dramatuli sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SemdgomSi wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli<br />
sazogadoebis wevrma mixel yifianma (1833-1891)<br />
prozad gadmoiRo “iulius keisari”. Targmani<br />
rusuli<strong>da</strong>naa Sesrulebuli <strong>da</strong> amiT aixsneba<br />
saTauris aseTi forma _ ”iulius cezari”.<br />
102
mTargmneli cdilobs enis xalxurobis principi<br />
SeaTavsos tragediisaTvis niSandobliv maRal<br />
paTosTan, prozauli Targmanis farglebSi<br />
garkveulwilad asaxavs Seqspiris Taviseburebasac,<br />
magram igi jer kidev Sorsaa im maRali<br />
donisagan, romelic mogvianebiT egzom<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli gaxdeba Seqspiris piesebis<br />
TargmanebisaTvis. ai, erTi nawyveti m. yifianis<br />
Targmani<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
”hromaelno, megobarno, Tana-moqalaqeno!<br />
gTxovT yuris gdebasa. me movedi cezaris<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasaflaveblad, <strong>da</strong> ara saqebrad. a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
cudi saqmeebi imis sikvdilamde ganhqrebian xolme,<br />
<strong>da</strong> yovelive sikeTe. rac imaT uqmniaT<br />
sicocxleSi, xSirad <strong>da</strong>imarxeba xolme samareSi,<br />
imaT ZvlebTan. agreTve aResrula cezarsa. Tqven<br />
brutusma giTxraT, rom cezari iyo uflebis<br />
moyvare: es Tu marTalia, mZime <strong>da</strong>naSaulia, <strong>da</strong><br />
amisaTvis sastikad <strong>da</strong>isaja! me brutusisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvebis neba-<strong>da</strong>rTviT (brutusi patoisani kacia,<br />
<strong>da</strong> isinic yvelani patiosanni xalxni arian)<br />
movedi sityvis saTqmelad cezaris gvamis win, is<br />
iyo Cemi guliTadi megobari, marTali megobari,<br />
magram brutusma Tqva: “is iyoo uflebismoyvare”<br />
<strong>da</strong> brutusi ueWvelad patiosani kacia”.<br />
“ori veroneli aznauri” pirveli inglisuri<br />
mxatvreli nawarmoebia, romelic qarTulad<br />
uSualod dedni<strong>da</strong>n iqna gadmoRebuli (“ciskari”,<br />
103
1867, # 45). igi Sesrulebulia dimitri yifianis<br />
mier. Targmanisadmi <strong>da</strong>rTuli SeniSvnis Tanaxmad,<br />
muSaobisas mas gauTvaliswinebia agreTve am piesis<br />
franguli <strong>da</strong> rusuli Targmanebi. dednis<br />
Sesabamisad igi gadmoRebulia leqsad <strong>da</strong> ZiriTad<br />
saleqso sazomad gamoyenebulia TxuTmetmarcvledi:<br />
mSvidobiT, Zmao! <strong>da</strong> Tu SemTxveviT hnaxvide<br />
sadme<br />
Sens mgzavrobaSi iSviaTs rasme, an<br />
sakvirvelsa,<br />
momigonebde <strong>da</strong> fiqriT mainc miziarebde.<br />
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom Seqspiri, rogorc wesi,<br />
aTmarcvleds iyenebs, romlis Sesatyvisad<br />
maCablis droi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde 14-marcvliani sazomi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. magram d. yifianiseuli mcdeloba<br />
dednis ritmuli Taviseburebis SesanarCuneblad<br />
sagulisxmo faqtia, romelic Semdgom Seswavlas<br />
saWiroebs. aqve gavixsenebT, rom akaki wereTlis<br />
dramebis umravlesoba aTmarcvlediTaa<br />
Sesrulebuli, xolo misive drama “Zveli<br />
amxanagebi” TxuTmetmarcvlediTaa <strong>da</strong>werili. “d.<br />
yifianis TargmanSi bevria moxdenilad<br />
Sesrulebuli adgilebi, ostaturad mignebuli<br />
Sesatyvisebi, Tumca zogjer originalisadmi<br />
metismeti erTguleba boWavs mTargmnels” (Н.<br />
Орловская. Шекспир в Грузии. Вильям Шекспир. К 100летию<br />
со дня рождения. Исследования и материалы. М.,<br />
104
1964, с. 344). dednis mravali niuansi irekleba,<br />
magaliTad, Semdeg taepebSi:<br />
Cems juliazed xelis aReba _ xom Ralatia!<br />
silvias trfoba, rac un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas _ xom<br />
Ralatia!<br />
megobris gmoba, ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro _ xom<br />
Ralatia!<br />
”venecieli vaWari” d. yifianma agreTve<br />
dedni<strong>da</strong>n Targmna, magram ara leqsad, aramed<br />
prozad (”mnaTobi”, 1872, # 3-4). 1878 wels<br />
axladSeqmnili Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>sis pirveli<br />
speqtakli ”venecieli vaWari” iyo. manamde, 1873<br />
wels, igi scenismoyvareebma sofel banZaSi<br />
iTamaSes, xolo 1874 wels d. yifianis binaze<br />
Sesrul<strong>da</strong>. am piesis savaWro <strong>da</strong> savaxSo<br />
kapitalis <strong>da</strong>grovebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
Tematika axlos idga im drois qarTul<br />
mwerlobaSi socialuri sakiTxebisadmi mzard<br />
interesTan <strong>da</strong> amiTac un<strong>da</strong> iyos gapirobebuli<br />
mis<strong>da</strong>mi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba. Targmans Tan<br />
axlavs mravali sqolio, romlebSic d. yifiani<br />
imowmebs xolme de<strong>da</strong>ns <strong>da</strong> iZleva saTanado<br />
ganmartebebs.<br />
d. yifians <strong>da</strong>umTavrebeli <strong>da</strong>rCa ”tyuilubralod<br />
vai vaglaxis” (bolo dros Seqspiris am<br />
piesis saTauri ase <strong>da</strong>kanon<strong>da</strong> _ ”aurzauri<br />
arafris gamo”) Targmani, romelic wydeba IV<br />
105
moqmedebis pirvel suraTze. iqvea amonawerebi<br />
dedni<strong>da</strong>n, rusuli Targmani<strong>da</strong>n, Canawerebi am<br />
ukanasknelSi arsebul Secdomebze, <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
yovelive es ”mkveTrad gviCvenebs, Tu ra<br />
gulmodgined muSaob<strong>da</strong> d. yifiani Targmanze...<br />
igrZnoba, rom es Canawerebi kargad gamouyenebia<br />
teqstze muSaobisas” (n. orlovskaia. d. yifiani _<br />
Seqspiris mTargmneli. _ “qarTuli Seqspiriana”.<br />
t. II. 1959, gv. 94). is adgilebi, romlebic<br />
de<strong>da</strong>nSi saleqso sazomiTaa Sesrulebuli,<br />
qarTulad TxutmetmarcvlediTaa gadmotanili.<br />
d. yifianiseuli Targmanebi TavianTi enobrivi<br />
TaviseburebebiT, de<strong>da</strong>nTan siaxloviTa <strong>da</strong><br />
araiSviaTad _ mxatvruli RirsebiTac,<br />
imsaxureben imas, rom kvlavac gamoices, rogorc<br />
Seqspiris TargmanTa istoriis sagulisxmo<br />
faqtebi.<br />
Seqspiris piesebis Tvisebrivad axali etapi<br />
iwyeba ilia WavWavaZis <strong>da</strong> ivane maCablis mier 1873<br />
wels Targmnili “mefe liriT” (i. griSaSvili.<br />
qarTuli Seqspiriana <strong>da</strong> ivane maCabeli. _<br />
qarTuli Seqspiriana. t. I. 1959, gv. 134).<br />
Targmani Sesrulebulia inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n. Targmnis<br />
procesSi gamomuSavebul iqna Seqspiris piesebis<br />
qarTulad gadmoRebis xerxi. es meTodi<br />
mogvianebiT kidev ufro srulyofilad gamoiyena<br />
maCabelma mis mier <strong>da</strong>moukideblad Sesrulebul<br />
TargmanebSi, romlebic tonis mimcemi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
106
ucvlel orientirad <strong>da</strong>rCa Seqspiris piesebis<br />
mTargmnelebisaTvis Cvens droSic. i. WavWavaZisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> i. maCablis ”pirveli bednieri migneba, pirveli<br />
gasaRebis povna iyo Seqspiris iamburi<br />
pentametrisaTvis (aTmarcvledisaTvis) qarTuli<br />
14-marcvlovani leqsis misa<strong>da</strong>geba. rogorc<br />
irkveva, amis arCevani maCabels ekuTvnis” (v.<br />
WeliZe. Seqspiris maCabliseuli Targmanebi. _<br />
qarTuli Seqspiriana, t. I. 1959, gv. 157).<br />
dednis aTmarcvledisaTvis qarTul<br />
TargmanebSi ufro grZeli sazomis misa<strong>da</strong>geba<br />
gapirobebulia imiT, rom qarTul sityvebSi<br />
mravalmarcvliani sityvebi Warboben, xolo<br />
inglisurSi _ erT <strong>da</strong> ormarcvliani sityvebi.<br />
mTavari isaa, rom e. w. besikuri 14-marcvliani<br />
sazomi Tavisi intonaciiT SesaniSnavad esa<strong>da</strong>geba<br />
Seqspiris dramebis intonacias.<br />
”mefe liris” Targmani gamoirCeva enobrivi<br />
qsovilis mravalferovnebiT, maRali mxatvruli<br />
doniT, masSi kargad igrZnoba dednis<br />
metaforebis, epiTetebis, aforizmebis<br />
Tavisebureba. magram am Targmans aqvs naklic _<br />
sityvamravloba. zogjer dednis erT taeps<br />
TargmanSi ori <strong>da</strong> meti taepic ki Seesatyviseba.<br />
Seqspiris piesebis sakuTriv maCabliseul <strong>da</strong><br />
Semdgomi drois TargmanebSi dednis<br />
moculobisagan SesamCnevi ga<strong>da</strong>xveva aRar iCens<br />
Tavs.<br />
107
“hamleti”-sa <strong>da</strong> sxva piesebis gadmoRebisas<br />
qarTveli mTargmnelebi dRemde maCablis mier<br />
SemuSavebul meTods iyeneben. maCabliseuli<br />
Targmanebi ucxouri nawarmoebis mSobliur enaze<br />
ametyvelebis, gaTavisebisa <strong>da</strong> mTargmnelobiTi<br />
<strong>kulturis</strong> iSviaT etalonad rCeba.<br />
garkveulwilad amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom<br />
Cvens droSi Sesrulebuli Seqspiris qarTul<br />
TargmanTa umravlesoba, rogorc de<strong>da</strong>nTan<br />
Sesatyvisobis, aseve mTliani mxatvruli efeqtis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod maRali doniT xasiaTdeba.<br />
amasTanave isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom am maTSi<br />
aris calkeuli enobrivi <strong>da</strong> stilisturi<br />
naklovanebani, dednis mc<strong>da</strong>ri wakiTxvis<br />
SemTxvevebi <strong>da</strong> sxv. es gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyo<br />
Seqspiris TxzulebaTa axali gamocemis<br />
momzadebisas. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli<br />
pasuxismgebloba ekisreba gamocemis re<strong>da</strong>qtors,<br />
rogorc de<strong>da</strong>nTan TargmanTa Sesatyvisobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mdgen <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli Rirebulebis Semfasebel<br />
ukanasknel instancias.<br />
vaxtang WeliZem Targmna ”romeo <strong>da</strong> julieta”,<br />
”mefe liri”, ”venecieli vaWari”, ”qariSxali”,<br />
”zafxulis Ramis sizmari”, ”uinZoreli mxiaruli<br />
qalebi”, ”henri IV” (orive nawili). Seqspiris<br />
nawarmoebTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enaze ametyvelebis<br />
istorii<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia, rom mTargmnelebi<br />
yovelTvis ver axerxeben dednis taepTa<br />
108
aodenobis zust <strong>da</strong>cvas, xSirad Targmani Tavisi<br />
saerTo moculobiT aRemateba xolme de<strong>da</strong>ns.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom rogorc v. WeliZiseul, aseve<br />
sxva qarTul TargmanSi es sakiTxi, rogorc wesi,<br />
karga<strong>da</strong>a mogvarebuli.<br />
sanimuSoa am mxriv ”romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas” v.<br />
WeliZiseuli Targmani, romelSic sakmaod<br />
igrZnoba dednis natifi lirizmi, mxatvruli<br />
qsovilis simdidre, emociuri modulaciebi.<br />
gansakuTrebiT kargad JRers qarTulad am<br />
tragediis saukeTeso scenebi. gavixsenoT,<br />
magaliTad, romeos pasuxi kapuletebis baRSi<br />
julietas SekiTxvaze _ rogor moaxerxe<br />
galavanze gadmosvlao:<br />
me gadmovfrindi siyvarulis msubuqi<br />
frTebiT,<br />
namdvil siyvaruls qvis jebiri ras SeaCerebs.<br />
ai rogor eficeba romeo Tavis satrfos<br />
maradiul siyvaruls:<br />
o, geficebi, qalbatono am saTno mTvares,<br />
romelic vercxliT avarayebs xis kenweroebs.<br />
TargmanSi igrZnoba dednis gansakuTrebuli<br />
paTosi, maRalfardovani metaforuli stili.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, dednis Sesabamisad, tragediis<br />
calkeuli adgilebi sonetis formiTaa<br />
Sesrulebuli.<br />
109
kargad JRers lakonizmiTa <strong>da</strong> poeturobiT<br />
aRbeWdili aforizmebi, romelnic gansakuTrebiT<br />
Znelad saTargmnelia. magaliTad, ar aklia<br />
silaRe <strong>da</strong> bunebrivoba <strong>da</strong> Semdeg aforistul<br />
striqonebs:<br />
3);<br />
keTili xSirad gzas ascdeba, boroti xdeba,<br />
xolo boroti keTil Zalad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva (II,<br />
Sveniereba garegani amayobs maSin, rodesac<br />
buravs<br />
silamazes Sinagans igi (I, 3);<br />
Smag gatacebas mu<strong>da</strong>m mosdevs mZvinvare<br />
bolo,<br />
<strong>da</strong> maSin kvdeba, gamarjvebas roca miaRwevs<br />
(II, 6);<br />
vinc ar <strong>da</strong>Wrila, is iaras arafrad agdebs<br />
(II, 2).<br />
”romeo <strong>da</strong> julietas” aristokrati<br />
personaJebi maRalfardovani <strong>da</strong> xelovnurobis<br />
zRvaramde misuli eniT metyveleben. es Warbad<br />
metaforuli <strong>da</strong> maRalfardovani evfuisturi<br />
sawyisi qarTul TargmanSic igrZnoba: ”Sen<br />
waikiTxe misi saxis naTeli wigni”, an<strong>da</strong>:<br />
srulqmnil mSvenebad rom gadiqces is<br />
trfobis wigni,<br />
mas un<strong>da</strong> Casma aseTsave mSvenier y<strong>da</strong>Si.<br />
110
”qariSxlis” v. WeliZiseul TargmanSi<br />
gansakuTrebiT STambeW<strong>da</strong>via monologebi. am mxriv<br />
gamoirCeva prosperos cnobili monologi<br />
samyaros msxvrevis garduvalobaze, rac aseTi<br />
brwyinvale taepebiT mTavrdeba:<br />
Cven naqsovi varT sizmreuli nivTierebiT,<br />
wuTisofeli sizmriTaa garemoculi.<br />
am piesaSi calkeuli personaJebi uxeSi eniT<br />
metyveleben. TargmanSi es momenti kargad aisaxeba,<br />
rasac erTob bunebriv JReradobas aniWeben<br />
”m<strong>da</strong>bio” metyvelebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
gamoTqmebi: ”jan<strong>da</strong>bas”, ”doylapia”, ”qaji” <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv. aseve organula<strong>da</strong>a gamoyenebuli an<strong>da</strong>zebi:<br />
”gaWirveba kacs dedofalTan <strong>da</strong>awvenso” (II, 2)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
givi gaCeCilaZe pirveli iyo, romelmac<br />
maCablis tradicia ganaaxla. 1938 wels ”romeo<br />
<strong>da</strong> julietas” calkeuli nawyvetebi gamoaqveyna<br />
(”sabWoTa xelovneba”, # 2), xolo mogvianebiT<br />
Targmna ”cxovreba <strong>da</strong> sikvdili mefe jonisa”,<br />
”riCard II”, ”mefe henri V”, ”aurzauri arafris<br />
gamo”, ”ori veroneli aznauri”. givi gaCeCilaZe<br />
Seqspiris mkvlevaric iyo <strong>da</strong> amitom bunebrivia,<br />
rom mis TargmanebSi gaTvaliswinebulia ama Tu im<br />
piesis komentarebi <strong>da</strong> samecniero literatura.<br />
amasTanave, mas inglisuri poeziis mravali nimuSi<br />
aqvs ametyvelebuli qarTulad <strong>da</strong> es mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
111
gamocdilebac Tavis rols TamaSobs Seqspiris<br />
piesebis TargmanebSi. WeSmariti poeziaa aseTi<br />
taepebi:<br />
oriode xats vamjobineb wmin<strong>da</strong>nebisas<br />
<strong>da</strong> Cems samefos Tvaluwvdenels, umcires<br />
saflavs,<br />
patara saflavs, sul patara <strong>da</strong> ucnob<br />
saflavs.<br />
de gamiTxaron Saragzaze samare bneli<br />
iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c xalxi dRenia<strong>da</strong>g ar <strong>da</strong>ileva.<br />
(”riCard II”).<br />
tragediisaTvis niSandoblivi paTetikuri<br />
intonacia igrZnoba riCardis ukanasknel<br />
sityvebSi:<br />
amaRldi sulo! Seni taxti iq aris _ zemoT,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sen ki <strong>da</strong>bla <strong>da</strong>eSvebi, sxeulo Cemo!<br />
aforizmebis efeqti, lakonuroba <strong>da</strong><br />
moqniloba Targmanis erT-erTi didi Rirsebaa:<br />
gvauwye, zarals mosdevs ngreva <strong>da</strong> ngrevas _<br />
glova,<br />
sikvdili mainc yvelas sWarbobs <strong>da</strong> isic<br />
mova.<br />
(”riCard II”).<br />
112
Tqven xarT kurdReli, romlis gamoc an<strong>da</strong>za<br />
ambobs, did vaJkacobas Cemulobso mkv<strong>da</strong>r lomTan<br />
igi.<br />
(”cxovreba <strong>da</strong> sikvdili mefe jonisa”).<br />
dednisadmi mTargmnelis erTguleba ara<br />
mxolod Sinaarsis zust gadmocemas, aramed<br />
mxatvrul zemoqmedebasac gulisxmobs. Tu rogor<br />
axerxebs amas g. gaCeCilaZe, es kargad Cans Semdeg<br />
magaliTSi. Tu bwkaredulad gadmoviRebT,<br />
de<strong>da</strong>nSi naTqvamia: ”RmerTma <strong>da</strong>gvifaros, am<br />
savalalo qveyanas mrisxaned eZgereba WirTa<br />
talRa” (”riCard II”). TargmanSi es adgili ase<br />
ikiTxeba:<br />
RmerTo, <strong>da</strong>gvixsen! es ra WirTa mdinare<br />
mosk<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> moevlina am ubedur qveyanas uceb!<br />
erTi SexedviT Targmani TiTqos<strong>da</strong> scildeba<br />
de<strong>da</strong>ns, magram sinamdvileSi bwkareduli sizuste<br />
Secvlilia Seqspiruli saTqmelisa <strong>da</strong> gancdis<br />
simZafrisadmi im erTgulebiT, romelic rogorc<br />
dednis, aseve mSobliuri enisa <strong>da</strong> poeturi<br />
sityvis kanonTa gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs.<br />
g. gaCeCilaZis TargmanebSi gansakuTrebiT<br />
Zlieria is adgilebi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Serwymulia paTetika,<br />
erTgvari sentenciuroba <strong>da</strong> metaforizmi. ai, amis<br />
magaliTad piesi<strong>da</strong>n ”mefe henri mexuTe”:<br />
113
kacs mSvidobis Jams araferi amSvenebs ise,<br />
rogorc simSvide zomieri <strong>da</strong> Tavm<strong>da</strong>bloba,<br />
magram rodesac laSqrobaze midgeba saqme,<br />
maSin ki un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vemgvanoT mZvinvare vefxvebs;<br />
<strong>da</strong>ZabeT kunTi, aaCqroleT mxurvaled<br />
sisxli,<br />
CamoafareT mrisxanebis niRabi saxes,<br />
Tvalebs mieciT elvareba Tavzar<strong>da</strong>mcemi...<br />
gansakuTrebiT kargad JRers g. gaCeCilaZis<br />
TargmanSi mTavari gmirebis partiebi, monologebi,<br />
mxatvrulad <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsobrivad gamorCeuli<br />
pasaJebi.<br />
Seqspiris piesebis TargmanTa Soris mravali<br />
RirsebiT gamoirCeva giorgi jabaSvilis mier<br />
gadmoRebuli trilogia ”henri meeqvse”.<br />
qarTulad ametyvelebuli am trilogiis<br />
pirvelive frazebi _ ”ZaZiT SemoseT cis TaRebi”<br />
an<strong>da</strong> _ ”gadmoiqnieT brolis celi cis kabadonze<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ubneleT Suqi bedis mrisxane varskvlavT..”<br />
_ is poeziaa, is Seqspiruli musikaa, romelic<br />
bolomde gasdevs am Targmans. imTaviTve<br />
qarTulad poeziis STabeWdileba gveqmneba,<br />
rodesac kiTxulob aseT taepebs:<br />
Cems mklavebs vaqcev Sens su<strong>da</strong>rad amieri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
gansasveneblad ki _ guls Cemsas, radganac<br />
masSi<br />
Seni xateba arasodes ar waiSleba.<br />
114
Cems MmoTqma-kvnesas glovis zarad<br />
mogasmenineb<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvela wesis <strong>da</strong>cviT ise gamogitireb,<br />
Cemo ubralod <strong>da</strong>Rupulo erTaderTo Zev,<br />
viT priamოsma Tavis Zeni gamoiglova.<br />
qarTuli enis mdi<strong>da</strong>r wiaRSi g. jabaSvili<br />
poulobs dednis yoveli sityvisa Tu gamoTqmis<br />
uzustes Sesatyvisebs. ”vefxistyaosnis” fraza _<br />
”qos-winwilasa hkariTo” mTargmnelisaTvis aris<br />
is safuZveli, romelze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTac trilogiis<br />
finalSi momcro lakonuri wina<strong>da</strong>debiT _ ”hkaT<br />
qos-winwilebs!” _ dednis Sesabamisi sazeimo,<br />
maRali nota JRers. personaJTa socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli donis, saubris xasiaTisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />
konteqstis logikis Sesabamisad erTaderT<br />
gamarTlebul leqsikur erTeulad warmodgeba<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> xalxuri mimarTva ”Seni kvnesame” Semdeg<br />
dialogSi:<br />
_ es de<strong>da</strong>kaci viRa aris?<br />
_ magis coli var, Seni kvnesa me.<br />
trilogiis Targmanis erT-erTi didi Rirseba<br />
is aris, rom mTargmneli Tanabari gulisyuriT<br />
mohkidebia rogorc mxatvrulad ufro efeqtur,<br />
aseve Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ”meorexarisxovan” pasaJebs,<br />
leqsad Tu prozad <strong>da</strong>weril dialogebs. maRali<br />
musikaluri registriT aris gadmoRebuli mefe<br />
henris mier glosteris wyevla:<br />
115
mamani, SvilTa <strong>da</strong>mkargavni, <strong>da</strong> qvriv-oblebi,<br />
gamoklebulni qmrebisa <strong>da</strong> mSoblebis<br />
zrunvas,<br />
mgloviareni maTi udrood <strong>da</strong>Rupvis gamo,<br />
mwared <strong>da</strong>gmoben qveynad Seni gaCenis saaTs..<br />
jer arc-erT de<strong>da</strong>s ufro tanjviT ar<br />
uSobnia<br />
mSoblis sanukvar imedebis gamacrueblad<br />
ase vaglaxi, umsgavsi <strong>da</strong> uSno sapyari,<br />
rac sul ar hgav<strong>da</strong> nayofs Tavis didebul<br />
xisas.<br />
”henri meeqvse”-s personaJTa didi nawili<br />
raindebi arian. maTi leqsikac Sesabamisad<br />
ritualizebulia, gmiruli <strong>da</strong> amaRlebulia.<br />
TargmanSi kargad aris SenarCunebuli dednis es<br />
Tavisebureba. ai, magaliTad, rogor sityvebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoTqmebs xmarobs iorki brZolis aRwerisas:<br />
”riCard hyio<strong>da</strong>”, ”<strong>da</strong> mWeqare xmiT momZaxo<strong>da</strong>”,<br />
”ager mdevaric zed momadga sabediswero”,<br />
”gamoangria eduardma mebrZolTa rigi va<strong>da</strong>mde<br />
sisxlSi nabani xmliT”. amgvar sityvebSi irekleba<br />
iorkis rainduli suli _ brZoliT tkboba,<br />
gmiruli SemarTeba.<br />
aseve gamarTulia <strong>da</strong> yovelgvari waborZikebis<br />
gareSe JRers sruliad sa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> poetur<br />
samkaulebs moklebuli taepebic:<br />
regenti gvjobnis <strong>da</strong> frangebic ukan garbian.<br />
116
modiT, miSveleT, <strong>da</strong>mexmareT, sulno<br />
rCeulno.<br />
trilogiis prozaul adgilebSi kargad Cans<br />
”m<strong>da</strong>biuri” <strong>da</strong> familaruli saubris xasiaTi:<br />
”axla ki gayurebineb seirs, sei xar Tu raRaca...<br />
mere isa, rom Seni cxeni kaba-jubaTi mogirTavs <strong>da</strong><br />
Senze patiosani xalxi ki tyapuWebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
qalamnebSi gamoTasmulan”.<br />
”zamTris zRapris” zviad gamsaxurdiaseuli<br />
Targmanis Tavisebureba is aris, rom im enobriv<br />
speqtrSi, romelsac mTargmneli mimarTavs, Zveli,<br />
arqauli <strong>da</strong> mwignobruli leqsiqur-gramatikuli<br />
SreE(”ara xams Cemgan gmoba”, ”mwyazari”,<br />
”rameTu”, ”tarigi” <strong>da</strong> sxv.) ufro SesamCnevia,<br />
vidre sxva mTargmnelebTan, Tumca es srulia<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ar niSnavs, TiTqos Targmani arqaizebuli eniT<br />
iyos gadmoRebuli. piriqiT, dialogi, rogorc<br />
wesi, laRad <strong>da</strong> bunebrivad viTardeba <strong>da</strong> am<br />
mxriv <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Semdegi taepebi:<br />
maS, mxolod orgzis gaxsovs Cemi enamzeoba?M<br />
miTxar, pirvelad rodis viyav tkbilmoubari.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>maviwy<strong>da</strong> me eg Jami, gTxov, Semaxseno.<br />
zviad gamsaxurdia Tavs aridebs stilistur<br />
erTferovnebas <strong>da</strong> Targmanis qsovilSi, dednis<br />
mravalferovani <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>ri enis Sesabamisad,<br />
poetizmebisa <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> literaturuli leqsikis<br />
paralelurad gvxvdeba sasaubro enis iseTi<br />
117
erTeulebic, rogoricaa ”enaWartala”,<br />
”nabiWvari”, ”diaci” <strong>da</strong> sxv. piesis erT<br />
personaJs, romelic de<strong>da</strong>nSi qarTuli xepres<br />
Sesatyvisi sityviT moixsenieba, mTargmnelma<br />
SesaniSnavi Sesatyvisi _ ”otrovela” miusa<strong>da</strong>ga.<br />
Targmanis saerTo Rirsebaze naTlad metyvelebs<br />
Semdegi nawyveti, romelSic aris bunebriobac,<br />
sisa<strong>da</strong>vec <strong>da</strong> azris sicxadec:<br />
saTqmeli Cemi Seexeba mxolod <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
yalbi braldebis uaryofas, xolo mtkiceba<br />
ar gamaCnia me srulebiT, gar<strong>da</strong> imisa,<br />
rasac aRmosTqvams piri Cemi.<br />
calke un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas iseT saintereso faqtze,<br />
rogoricaa 1963 wels Jurnal ”ciskarSi” (# 10)<br />
gamoqveynebuli ”hamletis” pirveli sami suraTis<br />
konstantine gamsaxurdiaseuli Targmani. masSi<br />
aSkarad igrZnoba dednisadmi maqsimaluri<br />
miaxlovebis survili. Cvens winaSea didi mwerlis<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli Taviseburi eqsperimenti _<br />
ukiduresad gaamZafros tragediis paTosi,<br />
Cveulebrivi, sametyvelo enisagan gansxvavebuli,<br />
natifi, <strong>da</strong>xvewili <strong>da</strong> ramdenadme arqauli eniT<br />
aametyvelos Seqspiris tragedia. TargmanSi<br />
araiSviaTad gvxvdeba amgvari gamoTqmebi: ”vina<br />
xar, marqvi” (maCabelTan _ ”miTxar vina xar”),<br />
”ganaZe Sengan, qvelo hamlet, armuri Ramis”<br />
(maCabelTan _ ”nu Cavardnilxar, Svilo hamlet,<br />
118
mwar sagonebels”), ”un<strong>da</strong> velodeT uxiag<br />
xvanjebs” (maCabelTan _ ”mgoni aq raRac<br />
TvalTmaqcobaa”).<br />
am Targmanis Sefasebisas ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes, rom es aris sityvis ostatis, didi<br />
Semoqmedis erTgvari mxatvruli eqsperimenti, imis<br />
c<strong>da</strong>, Tu rogor moergebo<strong>da</strong> monumenturi<br />
sidiadiT aRbeWdili stili Seqspiris dramas.<br />
Seqspiris piesebi Targmnili aqvT agreTve g.<br />
niSnianiZes (”timon aTeneli”), Tamar erisTavs<br />
(”perikle”), mose qarCavas (”timon aTeneli” <strong>da</strong><br />
”rogorc geneboT”) <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
Seqspiris piesebis yvela Tanamedrove<br />
TargmanSi met-naklebad igrZnoba deklamaciuri<br />
sawyisis, paTosis gamZafrebisaken swrafva, rac<br />
yovelTvis ar aris gapirobebuli dedniT. es<br />
tendencia upirvelesad frazisaTvis arqauli<br />
ierisa <strong>da</strong> meti emociuri Seferilobis miniWebiT<br />
vlindeba. zogjer Tavs iCens poetizmebis,<br />
maRalfardovani gamoTqmebis gamoyeneba iseT<br />
SemTxvevebSic, sa<strong>da</strong>c de<strong>da</strong>nSi sruliad<br />
Cveulebrivi sityvebia naxmari: ”Tqva”-s nacvlad<br />
aris ”rqva”, ”susxiani qaris” nacvlad _<br />
”msaxvrali qari”. magaliTad, de<strong>da</strong>nSi<br />
vkiTxulobT: ”momeci xelTaTmani, avazas lomi<br />
moaTvinierebs”, TargmanSi gvaqvs ”mome TaTmani.<br />
Tvinier hyofs avazas lomi” <strong>da</strong> sxv. dednisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT msazRvreli xSirad sazRvruli<br />
119
sityvis Semdegaa: ”WinWari msusxavi”, ”ambavi<br />
mZime”, ”wyali mqrobeli”.<br />
tonis awevisaken, paTosis gamZafrebisaken<br />
swrafva sisa<strong>da</strong>visa <strong>da</strong> frazis ufro bunebrivad<br />
JReradobis xarjze SeimCneva yvela TargmanSi <strong>da</strong><br />
es gaTvaliswinebul un<strong>da</strong> iqnes TxzulebaTa axal<br />
gamocemebSi.<br />
Seqspiris axali Targmanebis umravlesoba<br />
organulad agrZelebs im tradicias, romelsac<br />
safuZveli Cauyares ilia WavWavaZem <strong>da</strong> ivane<br />
maCabelma; es monapovari Cveni mTargmnelobiTi<br />
literaturis saukeTeso qmnilebaTa ricxvs<br />
ganekuTvneba.<br />
Seqspiri imdenad didi xelovania <strong>da</strong><br />
TargmanSi misi nawarmoebebis adekvaturi<br />
ametyveleba imdenad rTulia, rom eWvsgareSea, mis<br />
dramebs qarTuli mwerloba kvlavac araerTgzis<br />
moubrundeba.<br />
120
ivane maCabeli _ Seqspiris mTargmneli<br />
qarTul enaze Seqspiris nawarmoebTa<br />
ametyvelebis axali etapi ivane maCablis saxels<br />
ukavSirdeba. Seqspiris dramebis maCabliseuli<br />
Targmanebi (“hamleti” _ 1886; “otelo” _ 1888;<br />
“makbeti” _ 1892; “riCard II” _ 1893; “iulius<br />
keisari” _ 1896; “antonios <strong>da</strong> kleopatra” <strong>da</strong><br />
“koriolanosi” _ 1898) ”Tavisi ZaliT Warboben<br />
yvela im Targmans, romelic dRemde Sesrulebula<br />
qarTul enaze” (Seqspiri. tragediebi. givi<br />
gaCeCilaZis winasityvaobiTa <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT. t. 1,<br />
1953).<br />
ivane maCablis mTargmnelobiTi xelovnebis<br />
sidiadeze Taviseburad metyvelebs is garemoeba,<br />
rom mis Targmanebs win uZRo<strong>da</strong> dimitri yifianis,<br />
lavrenti ar<strong>da</strong>zianis, aleqsandre yazbegis, mixeil<br />
yifianis, valerian gunias, anton furcelaძis c<strong>da</strong><br />
Seqspiris qarTulad ametyvelebis saqmeSi. “magram<br />
erovnul sircxvilad <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> CvenTvis is, rom<br />
ivane maCabels ar eTargmna Seqspiri <strong>da</strong> ”hamleti”<br />
marto anton furcelaZis TargmaniT <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo<br />
Cvens MmwerlobaSi” (i.griSaSvili. naTargmni<br />
121
literatura. TxzulebaTa krebuli xuT tomad. t.<br />
V, 1965, gv. 373).<br />
Tu qarTulad SesaniSnavad JRers Seqspiris<br />
is nawarmoebebic, romelTa Targmna maCabelma ver<br />
moaswro, amaSic didia misi wvlili, vinai<strong>da</strong>n XX<br />
saukuneSi Sesrulebuli yvela Targmani<br />
Seqspirisa, maT Soris ”hamletis” I moqmedebis k.<br />
gamsaxurdiaseuli Targmani, maCablis mier<br />
aJRerebuli kamertonis xmas imeorebs.<br />
maCabliseul Targmanebze araerTi gamokvleva<br />
arsebobs, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT<br />
aRsaniSnavia givi gaCeCilaZis <strong>da</strong> vaxtang WeliZis<br />
statiebi. SevecdebiT yuradReba gavamaxviloT<br />
maCablis mTargmnelobiTi xelovnebis naklebad<br />
gaSuqebul sakiTxebze, axali masaliT SevavsoT<br />
ukve arsebuli debulebebi <strong>da</strong> Se<strong>da</strong>rebisaTvis<br />
rusul Targmanebsac mivmarToT.<br />
maCablis TargmanebSi yoveli sityva ise<br />
bunebrivad JRers, TiTqos isini qarTuli<br />
originaluri mwerlobis nimuSebs warmoadgenen.<br />
mZlavri paTosi <strong>da</strong> didi poeziaa am taepebSi:<br />
didi taZari mxolod taniT ar aris didi,<br />
maRal taZarSi maRalia suliskveTebac.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vimowmebT ramdenime magaliTs, Tu rogori<br />
ZaliT JRers maCablis TargmanebSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
sentencia <strong>da</strong> aforizmi. maCablis saocari alRos<br />
wyalobiT, saerTo kuTvnilebad iqca qarTul<br />
122
enaSi hamletis cnobili fraza: ”araraobav,<br />
de<strong>da</strong>kaci un<strong>da</strong> gerqvas Sen!” Sdr.<br />
pasternakiseuli – “О, женщины, вам имя -<br />
вероломство”. ufro axlosaa maCabelTan lozinski,<br />
romelTanac frailty-is Seesabameba бренность.<br />
gavixsenoT agreTve Semdegi taepebi<br />
“hamleti”-<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
saxelovani kaci marto did saqmes ar sdevs<br />
igi ubralo saqmisTvisac Tavs gamoidebs,<br />
Tu Selaxuli aris misi patiosneba.<br />
dednis kvalad, aq aris azris sicxadec,<br />
sentenciuri formac <strong>da</strong> zeaweuli intonaciac. aq<br />
dedni<strong>da</strong>n mxolod erTi ga<strong>da</strong>xvevaa – ”ubralo<br />
saqmis” nacvlad de<strong>da</strong>nSi aris ”Cala”, magram es<br />
ar cvlis dednis azrsa <strong>da</strong> paToss. es taepebi<br />
pasternakTan ase ikiTxeba:<br />
Но тот и велик кто без причины<br />
Не ступит шага, если-ж в деле честь<br />
Подымет спор из-за пучка соломы.<br />
vimowmebT kidev Seqspiris ramodenime<br />
sentenciis maCabliseul Targmans: ”is aris Zneli,<br />
rom arwivni <strong>da</strong>umwyvdeviaT, qor-Zerani ki<br />
Tavisuflad asparezoben”, ”rac saukunod<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargulia, imis glova unayofoa” (“riCard II”),<br />
”o, ra mZimea saidumlo de<strong>da</strong>kacisTvis”, ”laCari<br />
sikvdils bevrjer gemobs TviT sikvdilamde, mamacs<br />
123
ki igi mxolod erTxel Sexvdeba wilad”<br />
(“iulius keisari”).<br />
imis gamo, rom Seqspiris piesebSi<br />
gamoyenebulia poeturi sazomic <strong>da</strong> prozauli<br />
Txrobac, bevr maTganSi CarTulia simRerebi,<br />
leqsebi, gamoyvanilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva socialuri wris<br />
warmomadgenlebi, xolo dramaturgi ar<br />
ifargleba erTgvarovani mxatvruli xerxebiT,<br />
misi enobrivi qsovili inglisuri enis yvela<br />
speqtrs moicavs.<br />
maCablis Targmanebis Rirseba is aris, rom man<br />
SeZlo qarTuli enis wiaRSi literaturul<br />
tradiciebsa Tu xalxur metyvelebaSi moeZebna<br />
dednis leqsikur intonaciuri simdidris<br />
organuli Sesatyvisebi. rodesac ”koriolanosis”<br />
TargmanSi vkiTxulobT kristaluri sisa<strong>da</strong>viTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> siwmindiT Sesrulebul taeps _<br />
”wuTisofelo, ra cvalebadi ram yofilxar”,<br />
an<strong>da</strong> roca ”antoniusisa <strong>da</strong> kleopatras”<br />
TargmanSi vxvdebiT aseT paTeTikur striqons _<br />
”masukan Tavi <strong>da</strong>miqnia <strong>da</strong> moaxta <strong>da</strong>raxtul<br />
merans”, sruli safuZveli gvaqvs, <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom<br />
”wuTisofeli” <strong>da</strong> ”merani” literaturuli<br />
trdicii<strong>da</strong>naa miRebuli. amasTanave TargmanebSi<br />
vxvdebiT sasaubro enisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iseTi sityvebi <strong>da</strong> gamoTqmebic, rogoricaa<br />
”lawiraki”, ”qeciani”, ”<strong>da</strong>swyevlos RmerTma”,<br />
”Cven Zma-biWebi ara varT gana!?” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
124
xdeba xolme, rom zogierTi Targmnili<br />
nawarmoebi enobrivad Tu stilisturad TiTqos<br />
gamarTulia, magram teqstis enas, stils mainc<br />
<strong>da</strong>kravs xelovnurobis, arabunebrivi JReradobis<br />
ieri. maCablis Targmanebi Tavisufalia am<br />
naklisagan. igi arasodes emoneba de<strong>da</strong>ns, Tanabar<br />
pativs miagebs rogorc Seqspiriseul teqsts,<br />
aseve mSobliuri enis kanonebs. magaliTad, dednis<br />
azri _ ”nu iqnebi Senive enis maTxovari”<br />
(”iulius keisari”) _ maCabels ase gadmoaqvs: ”nu<br />
sityva-Zvirob”. ”makbetis” de<strong>da</strong>nSi naxsenebia<br />
”warmosaxuli saSinelebani”, rasac konteqstis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiTa <strong>da</strong> poeturi alRos karnaxiT<br />
maCabeli ase Targmnis _ ”SiSis landi”.<br />
azris sicxade, eqspresiuloba, poeturi<br />
efeqtis simZafre maCablis Targmanebis mTavari<br />
Rirsebaa. qarTvel mkiTxvels saSualeba eZleva<br />
SeigrZnos <strong>da</strong> gaicnobieros didi ingliseli<br />
dramaturgis ganumeorebeli sidiade.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vukvirdeT am TvalsazrisiT aseT taepebs:<br />
ras sCadi amas! Sen uCoqeb Sengan gazrdil<br />
Svils?<br />
maS varskvlavT gundni Caiqolon zRvis<br />
kenWebiTa,<br />
alvis xis Stoni miawvdinos mzes qarTa<br />
qrolvam,<br />
SeuZlebeli nuRar iyos nuRaraferi!<br />
(”koriolanosi”).<br />
125
aq ikargeba imis SegrZneba, rom Cvens winaSe<br />
Targmania, mxolod did poeziasTan ziarebis<br />
ganc<strong>da</strong> gveufleba.<br />
Seqspiri, Tavisi epoqis etiketis Sesabamisad,<br />
uxvad iyeneb<strong>da</strong> misi epoqisaTvis niSandobliv<br />
evfuizmebs _ ”tkbil stils”, maRalfardovan<br />
gamoTqmebs. igi Tavs valdebulad Tvlis, rom<br />
otelos mimarTva didebulebisadmi aRbeWdili<br />
iyos aristokratuli Tavazianobis gamomxatveli,<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvewili <strong>da</strong> maRalfardovani epiTetebiT.<br />
yovelive es maCablis TargmanSi naTlad igrZnoba.<br />
Seqspiris enobrivi qsovilis erT-erTi<br />
Taviseburebaa intonaciuri simdidre, maT Soris<br />
– maRalfardovneba, tkbilsityviereba, rac<br />
gansakuTrebiT personaJebs Soris erTmaneTisadmi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvewili <strong>da</strong> rafinirebuli mimarTvebis saxiT<br />
vlindeba. Tavazianobis es etiketi evropuli<br />
renesansuli <strong>kulturis</strong> erT-erTi monapovari iyo.<br />
amis gamoxatulebaa glosteris sityvebi, romelTa<br />
mTavari arsi rafinirebuli, etiketuri saubris<br />
principebi iSviaTi sizustiTaa gadmocemuli<br />
maCablis TargmanSi:<br />
ar SemiZlia moqargulis eniT laquci,<br />
pirSi Rimili, frankTa wesiT <strong>da</strong>bla<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>xra<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxva amgvari pranWva-grexa maimunuri.<br />
126
im drois inglisur literaturaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli evfuisturi stili Seqspirma<br />
mTlianad rodi uaryo, mxolod garkveul<br />
CarCoebSi moaqcia. maCabeli iSviaTi intuiciiT<br />
grZnobs <strong>da</strong> asaxavs personaJebis<br />
urTierTmimarTvis Seqspiriseul maneras.<br />
marTalia, erTgan otelo ambobs: ”SesaZlo aris<br />
me Savi var <strong>da</strong> ara maqvs niWi kariskacTaebr<br />
tkbilis eniT laparakisa”, magram es mxolod misi<br />
varaudia <strong>da</strong> igi yovelTvis iyenebs im tkbil enas,<br />
roca amas wesi moiTxovs. gavixsenoT otelos<br />
cnobili mimarTva veneciis mTavrisa <strong>da</strong><br />
senatorebisadmi. vimowmebT pwkareds: ”uaRresad<br />
Zlierno, didebulno <strong>da</strong> pativcemulno keTilno<br />
batonebo”. TargmanSic <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>nSic orive<br />
striqoni veneciis didebulebisadmi etiketur<br />
mimarTvas ukavia. maCabelTan es taepebi ase JRers:<br />
si<strong>da</strong>rbaisliT, ZlierebiT saxelganTqmulno,<br />
keTilSobilno <strong>da</strong> suldidno ufalno Cemno.<br />
igive taepebi pasternakis TargmanSi asea<br />
gadmotanili:<br />
Сановники, вельможи,<br />
Властители мои! Что мне сказать?<br />
SesaZloa pasternaki Segnebulad axden<strong>da</strong><br />
dednis erTgvar modernizebas. is ki u<strong>da</strong>voa, rom<br />
maCabeli Seqspiris renesansuli stilis erTguli<br />
127
Ceba. erTgan otelo eubneba dezdemonas:<br />
”araferia, sulTautkbeso, wavideT sawols” (All’s<br />
well now, sweeting; come away to bed). Sweating Tavisi<br />
poeturobis xarisxiT ufro maRali tonalobis<br />
sityvaa, vidre mis Sesatyvisad maCabels sityva<br />
”Zvirfaso” rom exmara. Sdr. pasternakis Targmani:<br />
Всё, милая, в порядке.<br />
Seqspirologi jon dover uilsoni sagangebod<br />
aRniSnavs, rom Tavazianobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
formulebi Seqspiris epoqis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
elementebia. maCabelTan iSviaTi TanamimdevrobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> zusti qarTuli SesatyvisebiT aris<br />
gadmocemuli dednis es mxare. ase, magaliTad,<br />
maCabelTan vkiTxulobT: ”me Cems asisTavs<br />
<strong>da</strong>vitoveb, Tu nebas <strong>da</strong>mrTavT”, rac dednis<br />
stilistikas mihyveba. igive taepi rusul<br />
TargmanSi Tavazianobis formulis gareSea: Будет<br />
прапорщик мой здесь.<br />
dednis Sesabamisad, dezdemona ase mimarTavs<br />
mamas _ ”mSobelo Cemo, didebulo”. radlovis<br />
rusul TargmanSi epiTeti ”didebuli”<br />
gamotovebulia: Родитель мой, xolo pasternakTan<br />
asea: Отец. senatorebisadmi mimarTvisas otelo<br />
etiketis Sesabamisad ambobs: Most grave senators<br />
(”upativcemuleso senatorebo”); maCabelTan:<br />
”pativcemulno senatorno”. marTalia, aq ar aris<br />
aRmatebiTi xarisxi, magram es kompensirebulia<br />
128
mravlobiTis narTauli, anu poeturi formiT.<br />
Sdr. igive taepi pasternakTan: “Господа”.<br />
otelos metyvelebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasieTebel<br />
epiTetTa Soris xSirad aris gamoyenebuli<br />
”tkbili”. dezdemonas tkbil sxeuls (Sweet body)<br />
axsenebs otelo, rodesac irwmunebs, rom<br />
dezdemonam uRalata. uaRresi sizustea am<br />
taepebSi:<br />
Tund mTel banaks,<br />
yovel Jariskacs Tund cal-calke egemna igi,<br />
imis tkbil sxeuls Sexebo<strong>da</strong>, me bednierad<br />
CavTvlidi Cems Tavs, ar mcodno<strong>da</strong> oRond<br />
ara-ra.<br />
pasternakis TargmanSi epiTeti ”tkbili”<br />
gamotovebulia <strong>da</strong> es taepebi ase JRers:<br />
Я был бы счастлив, если б целый полк<br />
Был близок с ней, а я б не знал об этом.<br />
iSviaT alRos amJRavnebs maCabeli Seqspiriseuli<br />
lingvospeqtris gadmocemisas:<br />
moqanculi mze dRes brwyinvale CaeSva<br />
qvesknels<br />
<strong>da</strong> mis cecxlovan etlis naTels kvalze<br />
etyoba,<br />
rom xval kargi dRe un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dges.<br />
(“riCard Ш”).<br />
129
ferebis grZnoba kidev ufro cxa<strong>da</strong>d Cans im<br />
taepebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c iago otelos ”Sav yoCs”, xolo<br />
dezdemonas ”TeTr batkans” uwodebs. Seqspiris<br />
teqstis komentatorebi sagangebod amaxvileben<br />
yuradRebas Savisa <strong>da</strong> TeTris antiTezaze<br />
”oteloSi”. es antiTeza ”otelos” xsenebul<br />
rusul TargmanebSi, rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>kargulia,<br />
xolo maCablis TargmanSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
iciT, rom exla, swored exla, am wuTSi,<br />
Savi beberi yoCi Tqvens TeTr batkans<br />
gikortniT.<br />
Seqspiris dramebma inglisur enaSi saTave<br />
<strong>da</strong>udo mraval moarul aforizms, sentenciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
citatas.<br />
zogjer de<strong>da</strong>ni TiTqos ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxavi siZnelis<br />
winaSe ayenebs mTargmnels. ase, magaliTad, Be not a<br />
niggard of your speech pwkaredul TargmanSic ki<br />
TiTqos uazrod JRers: “nu iqnebi Senive<br />
sityvebis maTxovari”. maCabelTan vkiTxulobT:<br />
“yvela miTxar, nu sityvaZvirob” (“iulius<br />
keisari”).<br />
inglisur enaSi moarul Tqmad iqca fraza<br />
“makbeti<strong>da</strong>n” _ Present fears are less than horrible<br />
imaginings (“realuri SiSi naklebia, vidre<br />
warmosaxuli saSinelebani”). vfiqrobT, aranakleb<br />
efeqturad JRers maCablis Targmani – “namdvili<br />
SiSi ar yofila ise sazari, viT SiSis landi”.<br />
130
maCablis Targmanebis saerToO xiblis,<br />
esTetikuri zemoqmedebis erT-erTi mTavari<br />
ganmsazRvreli faqtori aris dednis intonaciuri<br />
simdidris SenarCuneba. misi Targmanebi qarTul<br />
xatovan sityva-TqmaTa erTgvari saunjea.<br />
gavixsenoT sityvebi <strong>da</strong> frazebi Tun<strong>da</strong>c mxolod<br />
“koriolanosi”-<strong>da</strong>n: “yvelas enaze akeria”,<br />
“zizil-pipilo”, “brucianebi”, “laqlaqa”,<br />
“<strong>da</strong>swyevlos RmerTma”, “lawiraki”, “eSmakma icis<br />
maTi Tavi” <strong>da</strong> a.S. gansxvavebuli enobrivi Srea<br />
maCablis TargmanebSi iseTi poetizmebi,<br />
rogoricaa “merani”, “wuTisofeli”,<br />
“RaRadeben”, “survilis bade”, “sevdis mdinare”<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
rasakvirvelia, rogorc yovel TargmanSi,<br />
maCabelTanac aris ufro Zlieri <strong>da</strong> susti<br />
adgilebi. calkeuli gramatikuli forma<br />
yovelTvis ar Seesabameba Tanamedrove<br />
saliteraturo normebs. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos<br />
isic, rom XX saukuneSi uzarmazari samuSao<br />
Catar<strong>da</strong> Seqspiris teqstis <strong>da</strong>zustebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
calkeuli bundovani adgilebis interpretaciis<br />
saqmeSi.<br />
bunebrivia, yovelive es ver aisaxebo<strong>da</strong><br />
maCabelTan. ase, magaliTad, maCabelTan<br />
vkiTxulobT: “rad ar merRveva es sxeuli esreT<br />
magari”, rac Seesabameba too solid. magram<br />
Tanamedrove Seqspirologia upiratesobas aZlevs<br />
131
im gamocemas, sa<strong>da</strong>c aris ara solid, aramed too salid<br />
(”metismetad gabinZurebuli”). amasTanave,<br />
de<strong>da</strong>nSi laparakia ara <strong>da</strong>rRvevaze, aramed<br />
<strong>da</strong>dnobaze. iSviaTad, magram mainc maCablis<br />
TargmanSi gvxvdeba dednis arazusti gagebac. mag.,<br />
antoniusi ambobs – “ufrTxildiT Txel wyals”,<br />
de<strong>da</strong>nSi aris quick sand (“swrafi qviSebi”).<br />
igulisxmeba u<strong>da</strong>bnos moZravi qviSa. vfiqrobT,<br />
araferi <strong>da</strong>Savdeba, Tu axal gamocemebSi moxdeba<br />
aseTi adgilebis <strong>da</strong>zuateba, Seqspirologiis<br />
uaxlesi miRwevebisa <strong>da</strong> Tanamedrove qarTuli<br />
saliteraturo enis orTografiuli normebis<br />
Sesabamisad.<br />
germanuli <strong>literaturisa</strong>Tvis Seqspiris<br />
dramebis Slegelebiseuli Targmanis an rusuli<br />
<strong>literaturisa</strong>Tvis ”ilia<strong>da</strong>s” gnediCiseuli<br />
Targmanis msgavsad, maCablis Targmanebi<br />
gansakeTrebuli movlenaa qarTuli<br />
mwerlobisaTvis, poeturi sityvis istorikosi<br />
uTuod mainc SeCerdebo<strong>da</strong> maCablisAsaxelze, mas,<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c, es taepebi rom eTargmna:<br />
mSvidobiT, spano jiRosanno, didno<br />
brZolano,<br />
Tav-moyvarebis saTnoebad gar<strong>da</strong>mqcevelno!<br />
mSvidobiT, Cemis Tav-momwone cxenis Wixvino,<br />
gulis aRmZvrelo <strong>da</strong>f-<strong>da</strong>febo, bukis mkveTro<br />
xmav,<br />
132
yurTa-gamgmiro salamuro; samefo droSav,<br />
<strong>da</strong>udgromvlobav,<br />
omTa...<br />
mRelvarebav didebul<br />
otelos Carxi bed-ukuRma ga<strong>da</strong>trial<strong>da</strong>!<br />
(Sdr.<br />
pasternaki).<br />
_ Конец всему. Отелло отслужил.<br />
XIX saukuneSi qarTul enaze <strong>da</strong>weril<br />
saukeTeso poetur striqonTa avtorebs Soris<br />
mainc moixseniebdnen maCablis saxels, mas Tun<strong>da</strong>c<br />
es ori striqoni rom eTargmna:<br />
didi buneba mxolod taniT ar aris didi,<br />
maRal taZarSi, maRalia suliskveTebac.<br />
(”hamleti”)<br />
133
akaki wereTlis erTi personaJis<br />
Seqspiruli warmomavloba<br />
qarTul literaturaSi Seqspiruli Temebis,<br />
motivebis, metaforebisa Tu sxva mxatvruli<br />
saxeebis recefciis, anu miReba-aTvisebis sakiTxi,<br />
Seuswavlelia. givi gaCeCilaZis iseTi <strong>da</strong>kvirvebac<br />
ki, rogoricaa _ “Seqspiris mravali monologis<br />
masala <strong>da</strong> ganwyobileba bednierad <strong>da</strong>emTxva<br />
nikoloz baraTaSvilis poetur tradicias” _ ar<br />
gamx<strong>da</strong>ra sagangebo kvlevis sagani. jer kidev<br />
naklebad viciT, ra miiRo Cvenma mwerlobam<br />
Seqspiris samyarosagan, Tumca TavisTavad eWvs<br />
gareSea, rom mis dramaturgias SeuZlebelia,<br />
raime gamoZaxili ar epova Cvens mwerlobaSi. rom<br />
araferi vTqvaT imaze, raoden mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili ekava “hamletis” avtoris piesebs<br />
qarTuli scenis repertuarSi, raoden didi<br />
yuradReba miipyres “mefe lirisa” <strong>da</strong> Semdgom _<br />
ivane maCablis Targmanebma, u<strong>da</strong>voa isic, rom ilia<br />
WavWavaZis, akaki wereTlis, aleqsandre yazbegis<br />
periodis mweralTa cnobierebaSi Seqspiri<br />
mudmivi sulieri Tu mxatvruli Tanamgzavris<br />
mniSvnelobas iZens.<br />
134
gavixsenoT taepebi vaxtang orbelianis<br />
leqsi<strong>da</strong>n “Zvel megobars” (1883):<br />
modi, aq miZevs TvalT wina rusTvelis didi<br />
qmnileba<br />
imis furCvnilis leqsebiT suli <strong>da</strong> guli<br />
<strong>da</strong>vitkboT<br />
gete, Seqspiri, Sileri kvlav erTad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>vikiTxoT.<br />
qarTul literaturaSi Seqspiris samyaros<br />
Tavisebur anarekls warmoadgens akaki wereTlis<br />
Semoqmedebis erTi saintereso momenti, kerZod, -<br />
masxaras saxe calkeul nawarmoebebSi.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, saxalxo sanaxaobaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
miraklebis, komediur intermediaTa personaJi -<br />
masxara (xumara) mtkiced <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> XVI - XVII<br />
saukuneebis evropul dramaturgiaSic.<br />
gansakuTrebiT didia masxaras funqcia Seqspirisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> kalderonis piesebSi. XIX saukunis<br />
dramaturgiisaTvis masxaras saxe araa<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli <strong>da</strong> miT ufro sayuradReboa, rom<br />
es personaJi gvxvdeba akaki wereTlis istoriul<br />
poemaSi “Tornike erisTavi” (1884) <strong>da</strong> istoriul<br />
dramatiul piesaSi “Tamar-cbieri” (1885).<br />
migvaCnia, rom masxaras saxe akakis<br />
nawarmoebebSi Seqspiris SemoqmedebiT aris<br />
STagonebuli. rogorc cnobilia, am droisaTvis<br />
“mefe liri” qarTulad ukve Targmnili iyo. jer<br />
135
kidev 1860-ian wlebSi TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>idga cocxali<br />
suraTebi am tragedii<strong>da</strong>n. 1879 wels ilia<br />
WavWavaZis TaosnobiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo muSaoba am<br />
tragediis scenuri xorcSesxmisaTvis. mravali<br />
repeticiis Semdeg pirveli speqtakli gaimarTa<br />
TbilisSi 1880 wels, xolo mogvianebiT -<br />
quTaissa <strong>da</strong> baTumSic. speqtakli didxans SerCa<br />
qarTul repertuars. liris rols kote yifiani<br />
asruleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgmas didi warmateba xv<strong>da</strong>.<br />
akaki wereTeli, romelic mWidrod iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qarTul TeatrTan, bunebrivia,<br />
kargad icnob<strong>da</strong> am <strong>da</strong>dgmas, romelic uTuod<br />
erT-erTi stimuli iyo imisa, rom mis<br />
nawarmoebebSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> masxaras saxe. am<br />
personaJis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebas uTuod xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> is<br />
garemoebac, rom masxara ukiduresad komediuri<br />
personaJia <strong>da</strong> did siaxloves amJRavnebs<br />
folklorul JanrebTan (berikaoba <strong>da</strong> sxv.), anu<br />
iseT sawyisebTan, rac egzob <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
akakis SemoqmedebisaTvis. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia<br />
isic, rom akaki wereTeli SeuZlebelia<br />
gulgrili <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo “mefe liris” ivane<br />
maCablisa <strong>da</strong> ilia WavWavaZis Targmanisadmi,<br />
romelSic masxaras teqsti didi ostatobiT aris<br />
gadmotanili.<br />
“mefe liris” TargmanSi sinonimurad aris<br />
naxmari sityvebi “xumara” <strong>da</strong> “masxara”, Tumca<br />
personaJTa CamoTvlaSi gamoyenebulia “xumara”.<br />
136
“mefe lirSi” masxara Tavis Tavze ambobs:<br />
“me marTalia masxara var, magram vinc am Cems<br />
Tqmuls marTla<strong>da</strong> masxarobaSi CamomarTmevs, aba<br />
miTxari imas ra un<strong>da</strong>”.<br />
wels masxarebs lilaxana waux<strong>da</strong>T,<br />
masxarobas brZenni gvecilebian.<br />
aseve sinonimurad iyenebs “xumarasa” <strong>da</strong><br />
“masxaras” akaki wereTeli. marTalia, “Tamarcbieris”<br />
personaJTa CamoTvlaSi naxmaria<br />
“masxara”, magram nawarmoebis ZiriTad teqstSi am<br />
sityvis sinonimi _ “xumara”-c aris gamoyenebuli.<br />
“Tamar-cbierSi” masxara Tavis Tavze ambobs:<br />
<strong>da</strong> nacvlad yvela medidguleba,<br />
xan <strong>da</strong>mcinian, xan magineben.<br />
mware lukmaa xumaras lukma.<br />
“Tornike erisTavSi” ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d “xumaras”<br />
vxvdebiT: ”yvelas mefis xumara sjobs”, “sTqvi,<br />
xumarav, Tu ras niSnavs ege Seni gamocana”;<br />
“xumara<strong>da</strong>c vargebulxar”; magram sityvis TamaSis<br />
(kalamburis) saxiT am istoriul poemaSi<br />
“masxarac” gvxvdeba: “fexebamde masxarao”.<br />
rogorc viciT, Seqspiris piesebSi masxara<br />
mxolod garkveul scenebSi monawileobs, xolo<br />
Semdeg, ase vTqvaT, ugzo-ukvlod ikargeba.<br />
magaliTad, “mefe liris” mexuTe moqmedebaSi<br />
masxara aRar Cans. Seqspiris tragediis msgavsad,<br />
poemaSi “Tornike erisTavi” masxara mxolod<br />
pirveli karis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi gvxvdeba, xolo<br />
137
xuTmoqmedebian dramatul poemaSi “Tamarcbieri”<br />
meore moqmedeba xumaras gareSe<br />
mimdinareobs.<br />
rogorc DSeqspiris, aseve akaki wereTlis<br />
masxara aRWurvilia am personaJis klasikuri<br />
atributiT _ CaCiT. “usaTuod Cemi CaCi un<strong>da</strong><br />
gexuros ... netav ori qali myolo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tanac<br />
ori CaCi mqono<strong>da</strong>” _ eubneba xumara kents (“mefe<br />
liri”, II, 3). “Tavze mxuravs CaCi sulel<br />
masxaris” _ acxadebs masxara poemaSi “Tamarcbieri”<br />
(III).<br />
Seqspiriseuli xumarebi mimarTaven sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
komediur xerxebs, rogoricaa zma, an<strong>da</strong>zebi,<br />
ironia, sarkazmi <strong>da</strong> sxv. “mefe lirSi” xumara<br />
xSirad ayalibebs brZnul sentenciebs, romlebic<br />
yovelTvis folklorul iers atareben. am mxriv<br />
“mefe lirisa” <strong>da</strong> “Tamar-cbieris” xumarebi<br />
Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs. Seva<strong>da</strong>roT<br />
paralelurad:<br />
bedi swored unamuso qalia,<br />
Raribi sZags, mdidris eSxiT mTvralia.<br />
("mefe liri").<br />
es sofeli swored sagiJeTia:<br />
yvela sCemobs Wkuas, grZnobas, gonebas...<br />
veRar varCevT marTals <strong>da</strong> moCvenebuls.<br />
("Tamar-cbieri").<br />
vinc sxvas misca Tvisi sazrdo qoneba,<br />
yvelas Cxirad TvalSi gaewoneba.<br />
138
("mefe liri").<br />
vinc qveyanaSi gamoirCeva,<br />
aiTvalwunebs umravlesoba.<br />
("Tamar-cbieri").<br />
Seqspiriseuli masxaras teqsti mu<strong>da</strong>m erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
imave ritmuli sazomiT rodi aris gamarTuli.<br />
yvela sxva personaJebisgan gansxvavebiT, "mefe<br />
liris" xumara xan prozas mimarTavs, xan<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazomiT agebul leqss:<br />
1. Citsa gugulis mzrdelsao,<br />
guguli Tavs mokvnetsao.<br />
2. flidi brZeni WirSi gasuleldebao,<br />
suleli ki, mohkla, ar gafliddeba.<br />
3. rac rom ici, sjobs rom imas ar sTqmide.<br />
("mefe liri").<br />
aseve ritmuli mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba<br />
"Tamar-cbieris" masxaras metyveleba:<br />
1. maRliT cecxlis wvima modis,<br />
<strong>da</strong>bla dgeba sisxlis Rvari.<br />
2. kurdRels ro ZaRli CamourCeba,<br />
aRarvin aWmevs maSin im ZaRls purs.<br />
3. me aq Cems Tavs vamcireb <strong>da</strong> vam<strong>da</strong>bleb:<br />
Tavze mxuravs CaCi sulel masxaris.<br />
Seqspiris masxara, rogorc saerTod am<br />
dramatul personaJs moeTxoveba, xSirad<br />
mimarTavs sarkazmsa <strong>da</strong> uxeS, "vulgarul"<br />
139
xumrobas. "Seni virebi wavidnen cxenebis<br />
mosayvanad" _ eubneba masxara lirs misi<br />
qaliSvilebisa <strong>da</strong> siZeebis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. am tipis<br />
enamaxviloba arc akakis masxarasTvis aris ucxo.<br />
gavixsenoT is orazrovani mniSvneloba, romelsac<br />
iZens poemaSi "Tornike erisTavi" sityva "suleli"<br />
masxaras gaSairebaSi orbeliZesTan:<br />
xumara<strong>da</strong>c vargebulxar<br />
vaJkacobiT pirvelio,<br />
magram ver iqm Tornikobas,<br />
Tumc mis adgils sulelio.<br />
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi evropuli<br />
klasikuri dramaturgii<strong>da</strong>n qarTuli mwerlobis<br />
yuradRebis centrSi upirvelesad Seqspiris<br />
Semoqmedeba imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. amave dros im periodis<br />
rogorc qarTuli, aseve Tanadrouli rusuli<br />
dramaturgiisaTvis ucxo iyo iseTi personaJi,<br />
rogoricaa masxara. amgvarad, Seqspiris<br />
Semoqmedeba, gansakuTrebiT _ "mefe liri",<br />
warmoadgens im Tu erTaderTs ara, im ZiriTad<br />
wyaros, romelic SeiZleba stimuli gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />
akaki wereTlisaTvis, rom Tavis SemoqmedebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>emkvidrebina iseTi personaJi, rogoricaa<br />
masxara.<br />
amgvar literaturul recefcias xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> is garemoeba, rom xumara erTob<br />
xelsayreli personaJia an<strong>da</strong>zebis, brZnuli<br />
140
gamoTqmebis, oxunjobisa <strong>da</strong> sarkazmis gamoyenebisaTvis,<br />
anu yovelive imisaTvis, rac egzom<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia akaki wereTlis SemoqmedebisaTvis.<br />
is garemoeba, rom a.wereTeli <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
iyo Seqspiris SemoqmedebiT,<br />
Taviseburad vlindeba Semdeg faqtSi: 1890 wels<br />
TbilisSi gastrolebze Camovi<strong>da</strong> im drois<br />
Seqspiris rolebis erT-erTi saukeTeso<br />
Semsrulebeli italieli tragikosi msaxiobi<br />
ernesto rosi (1827-1896) (uCvenes tragediebi<br />
"mefe liri", "otelo", "hamleti", "makbeti".<br />
“venecieli vaWari", "romeo <strong>da</strong> julieta").<br />
qarTulma sazogadoebam mas didi banketi<br />
gaumarTa, romelzec qarTulad sityviT mimarTa<br />
akakiMwereTelma: "Sen Seni niWierebiT<br />
gvagrZnobine Seqspiris Zliereba. . ." akakim rosis<br />
eqspromtic uZRvna:<br />
ocnebiT vkiTxe Seqspiris aCrdils:<br />
Sen xar mTavari, mgosanT ufrosi,<br />
magram ver mivwvdi Sens maRal azrebs,<br />
<strong>da</strong> vin agvixsnis? _ ernesto rosi!..<br />
141
“hamleti<strong>da</strong>n” “riCar<strong>da</strong>mde”<br />
rusTavelis Teatri qarTuli sasceno<br />
xelovnebis tradiciebisa <strong>da</strong> maRali donis erTerTi<br />
umZlavresi gamomxatvelia. am bolo dros<br />
ganxorcielebuli araerTi brwyinvale <strong>da</strong>dgmiT<br />
ara mxolod yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, aramed<br />
man di<strong>da</strong>d Seuwyo xeli Teatrisadmi qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis interesis gamococxlebas, xolo<br />
Seqspiris tragediis <strong>da</strong>dgmiT msoflios<br />
saukeTeso <strong>da</strong>sTa Soris iqna aRiarebuli. dRes<br />
erTxel kidev naTeli gax<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTuli<br />
Teatris aRmavloba xSirad “hamletis” avtoris<br />
dramaturgiasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. es<br />
bunebrivicaa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n, rogorc amboben, Seqspiri<br />
Teatris SesaZleblobebis “sasinji qvaa”. imitomaa<br />
igi uaRresad Znelad <strong>da</strong>sadgmeli dramaturgi,<br />
rom gansakuTrebuli rangis msaxiobebs moiTxovs,<br />
rom aRaraferi vTqvaT sareJisoro azrovnebis<br />
doneze. magram rac ufro didia mizani, miT ufro<br />
sasaxeloa misi miRweva. am mxriv rusTavelis<br />
Teatrma araerTgzis isaxela Tavi.<br />
am warmatebebs hqon<strong>da</strong> Tavisi specifikuri,<br />
TviT qarTuli sulis Taviseburebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
142
gamomdinare mizezebic. rasakvirvelia, Seqspiri _<br />
mudmivi Tanamedrove _ yoveli erisa <strong>da</strong> yoveli<br />
Taobis cxovrebaSi axal JReradobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
mniSvnelobas iZens. is gancdebi, romelTac iwvevs<br />
ambavi idealuri mijnurebisa _ “romeo <strong>da</strong><br />
julieta”, mamakacuri Tavmoyvareobisa <strong>da</strong> rwmenis<br />
taZris <strong>da</strong>mxobis tragedia _ “otelo”,<br />
politikuri avantiurizmis usazRvro TareSi _<br />
“riCard III” sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxiT axlobeli <strong>da</strong><br />
gasagebia yoveli epoqisaTvis.<br />
araerTma Taobam “hamletis” saSualebiT<br />
gamoxata Tavisi mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> xvedri. magram<br />
albaT ar iqneba Secdoma TuU vityviT, rom<br />
rusTavelis renesansul idealebs naziarebi<br />
erisaTvis uaRresad axlobeli <strong>da</strong> “nacnobia”<br />
Seqspiris dramaturgiuli samyaros humanizmiT<br />
aRbeWdili gmiruli, rainduli <strong>da</strong> romantikuli<br />
paTosi <strong>da</strong> titanuri vnebaTaRelva.<br />
yoveli eri <strong>da</strong> yoveli epoqa Tavisi<br />
istoriuli gzis gamocdilebaTa prizmSi<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>texs Seqspirs. qarTul xasiaTSi, am xasiaTis<br />
safuZvlis <strong>da</strong>mdeb <strong>da</strong> ganmsazRvrel sawyisTa<br />
Soris bevri ram aris iseTi, rac xels uwyobs<br />
qarTul scenaze Seqspiris did warmatebas.<br />
SeqspirTan ziareba es TiTqos Soreuli,<br />
SemovliTi gzebiT miaxloebaa TviT qarTuli<br />
msoflgancdis saTaveebTan <strong>da</strong> mis rTul<br />
ganfenasTan istoriisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturis</strong> yvela<br />
143
sferoSi. “vefxistyaosnis” _ am mudmivad momqmedi<br />
qarTuli fenomenis zneobrivi kodeqsis Suqze<br />
gansakuTrebul simZafres iZens otelos<br />
tragediac, hamletis yofna-aryofnis dilemac <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva didi tragediebis gmirTa idealuri<br />
srulyofilebisa Tu moraluri <strong>da</strong>cemis azri.<br />
araa SemTxveviTi, rom Seqspiris maCabliseuli<br />
Targmanebi qarTuli poeturi enis ukv<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
Zeglicaa. Seqspiris dramebi mxolod ambavi <strong>da</strong><br />
azri ar aris, igi didi poeziacaa, romelic ama<br />
Tu im scenuri interpretaciisaTvis SeiZleba<br />
mZlavr iaraRad iqces. gavixsenoT oriode taepi<br />
“hamleti<strong>da</strong>n”: “didi buneba mxolod taniT ar<br />
aris didi, maRal taZarSi maRalia<br />
suliskveTebac”. aq yvelaferia _ paTosi,<br />
poeturi srulyofileba, musikaloba.<br />
Tu rusTavelis Teatris axali epoqis<br />
istorias ga<strong>da</strong>vavlebT Tvals kote marjaniSvilis<br />
pirveli <strong>da</strong>dgmebi<strong>da</strong>n dRevandelobamde, aSkarad<br />
SevamCnevT ara mxolod Seunelebel interess<br />
Seqspiris dramebisadmi, aramed maTi xorcSesxmis<br />
evoluciasac droisa <strong>da</strong> viTarebis Sesabamisad.<br />
rusTavelis Teatris Seqspirianas istoriaSi<br />
sami saetapo <strong>da</strong>dgma SeiZleba gamovyoT: pirveli<br />
triumfi kote marjaniSvilis “hamlets”<br />
ukavSirdeba, meore mniSvnelovani gamarjveba akaki<br />
xoravas mier gansaxierebuli oteloa, xolo<br />
mesame <strong>da</strong> axali etapi “riCard III”-is <strong>da</strong>dgmiT<br />
144
aRiniSna. es aris sami Zalian didi,<br />
gansakuTrebuli gamarjveba Teatris warmatebaTa<br />
gzaze; ara mxolod sami gamorCeuli niSansveti,<br />
aramed sami Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli<br />
SemoqmedebiTi midgoma Seqspiris samyaros<br />
Sesacnobad. maT mxolod erTi ram aerTianebT:<br />
Seqspiruli dramaturgiis axleburad<br />
aJRerebisaken swrafva, Tumca es yovel calkeul<br />
SemTxvevaSi originaluri <strong>da</strong> ganumeorebelia.<br />
es samive Sexvedra SeqspirTan samu<strong>da</strong>mod<br />
Caiwera qarTuli Teatris matianeSi. legen<strong>da</strong>d<br />
<strong>da</strong>rCa uSangi CxeiZisa <strong>da</strong> akaki xoravas<br />
Seqspiruli rolebi. uTuod aseve moigoneben<br />
ramaz CxikvaZis riCards, romelmac Tanabrad<br />
SeZra Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> londonis mayurebeli. amas<br />
xels ver SeuSlis is, rom zogs SeiZleba<br />
sakamaTod eCvenos “riCard III“-is aseTi <strong>da</strong>dgma.<br />
magram es bunebrivia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n klasikis <strong>da</strong><br />
metadre Seqspiris <strong>da</strong>dgmebi, maSinac ki, roca<br />
isini warmatebas aRweven, xSirad azrTa sxvaobas<br />
iwveven, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac reJisori<br />
siTamames iCens, ar miyveba mkacrad piesis teqsts<br />
<strong>da</strong> ise iazrebs mas, rom scenuri varianti ar<br />
emTxveva mayureblis Cveul warmodgenas<br />
Seqspiruli piesebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTod tragediis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>.<br />
swored aseT <strong>da</strong>dgmaTa rigs ganekuTvneba<br />
“hamletis” marjaniSviliseuli <strong>da</strong> “riCard III”-is<br />
145
sturuaseuli <strong>da</strong>dgmebi. vfiqrobT, mayureblis<br />
Cveuli molodini kidev ufro Tamamad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveuli sturuas namuSevarSi. piter bruki am<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmis “Tavisufalma stilma” moxibla.<br />
arsebobs dramaturgiuli klasikis<br />
“tradiciuli” <strong>da</strong> “aratradiciuli” <strong>da</strong>dgmebi.<br />
magram TavisTavad siaxlis metnakleboba rodi<br />
ganapirobebs <strong>da</strong>dgmis warmatebas. mTavaria<br />
ramdenad srulyofilad aris gamoyenebuli esa<br />
Tu is gza klasikosi dramaturgis Canafiqris<br />
xorcSesxmisaTvis.<br />
marjaniSvilis “hamletis” Semdeg Seqspiris<br />
piesebis <strong>da</strong>dgmebi qarTul scenaze (“otelo”,<br />
“hamleti”, “mefe liri” _ rusTavelis TeatrSi,<br />
“riCard III”, “Wirveulis morjuleba”, “romeo <strong>da</strong><br />
julieta” marjaniSvilis TeatrSi <strong>da</strong> sxv.),<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad maTi met-naklebi warmatebisa,<br />
arsebiTad tradiciuli gaazrebiT xasiaTdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
am fonze kidev ufro mkveTrad Cans r. sturuas<br />
mier <strong>da</strong>dgmuli “riCard III”-is ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetis<br />
siaxle.<br />
rusTavelis Teatris scenaze Seqspiris<br />
sruliad axleburi <strong>da</strong> “Tamami” gaazrebis<br />
saTavesTan kote marjaniSvili dgas.A”hamletis”<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgmis novatorobas bevri SecbunebiT Sexv<strong>da</strong>.<br />
gasuli saukunis Teatralur tradiciebze<br />
aRzrdili mayurebeli moulodnelad “hamletis”<br />
iseTi reJisuris mowme gax<strong>da</strong>, romelic mTlianad<br />
146
arRvev<strong>da</strong> Cveul warmodgenas am tragediis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>. marjaniSvili “ubodiSod” moepyro<br />
Janrs, formas, tradicias” (Tamar vaxvaxiSvili).<br />
“me sa<strong>da</strong>uri hamleti var?“ _ aseTi kiTxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>usva uSangi CxeiZem marjaniSvils. CavukvirdeT<br />
am kiTxvas! uSangi CxeiZes am gmiris tradiciuli<br />
Sesruleba hqon<strong>da</strong> mxedvelobaSi <strong>da</strong> amitom ver<br />
warmoedgina Tavisi Tavi <strong>da</strong>niis ueliswulad.<br />
imdroisaTvis hamlets Cveulebriv Warbad<br />
emociur, melanqoliur aristokratad<br />
iazrebdnen. am “aristokratul” <strong>da</strong>xvewilobas<br />
imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, rom sara<br />
bernaris repertuarSi hamletis rolic Sevi<strong>da</strong>.<br />
marjaniSvilis yvelaze didi siaxle is iyo,<br />
rom man principulad uaryo hamletis saxis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli gaazreba. mis <strong>da</strong>dgmaSi <strong>da</strong>niis<br />
melanqoliuri ufliswuli Tanamedrove qarTvel<br />
inteligents <strong>da</strong>uaxlov<strong>da</strong>, romelic ori epoqis<br />
mijnaze hamletiviT samoqmedo gzaTa rTuli<br />
arCevanis winaSeE dgas. aseT viTarebaSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli azriT gaisma sceni<strong>da</strong>n “yofnaaryofna...”<br />
marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong> CxeiZem gviCvenes ara<br />
ufliswuli <strong>da</strong> Soreuli epoqa, aramed rTul<br />
istoriul situaciaSi myofi pirovnebis xvedri.<br />
uSangi CxeiZis “bel kanto” saSineli tragizmiT<br />
iyo aRbeWdili. SenTxveviTi araa is garemoeba,<br />
rom Temur CxeiZis mier axlaxans Seqmnil video-<br />
147
filmSi “jayos xiznebi” 1920-iani wlebis qarTveli<br />
inteligentis _ Teimuraz xevisTavis rolis<br />
Semsrulebeli n. mgalobliSvili Tavisi anTebuli<br />
TvalebiT <strong>da</strong> TanaSis maneriT uSangi CxeiZis<br />
hamletis asociaciebs iwvevs. orive SemTxvevaSi<br />
rTuli dilemis winaSe myof a<strong>da</strong>mianTa xvedris<br />
mowmeni vxdebiT.<br />
hamletic <strong>da</strong> Teimurazic mkveTrad xe<strong>da</strong>ven<br />
rogor irRveva “droTa kavSiri”. orive<br />
Seuracxyofilia, orives naTlad aqvs Secnobili<br />
viTarebis sirTule, orive xe<strong>da</strong>vs yovelives <strong>da</strong><br />
orive gauTaveblad msjelobs amis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>, magram<br />
saqme ara sCans. arc erTs ar Seswevs Zala<br />
SeebrZolos maT mier Secnobil “mozRvavebul<br />
ubedurebas”.<br />
rasakvirvelia, marjaniSviliseul axlebur<br />
Canafiqrs, irakli gamrekelis “modernistuli”<br />
dekoraciebis fonze Tanamedrove suli STabera<br />
qarTul scenaze meteoriviT SemoWrilma geniam _<br />
uSangi CxeiZem. misi xmis CanawerebiT firze<br />
naTlad igrZnoba, rom msaxiobi TiTqos ki ar<br />
metyvelebs, aramed tragikul ariebs mReris.<br />
sainteresoa, rom jon gilgudic aseTive<br />
amRerebuli maneriT asrulebs <strong>da</strong>niis<br />
ufliswulis monologebs. sxvaTa Soris,<br />
es”musikaluri” Sesrulebis manera qarTul<br />
scenaze Semdeg aRar ganmeorebula, Tu ar<br />
148
CavTvliT isev marjaniSvilis “uriel akostas”<br />
aRdgenil <strong>da</strong>dgmas.<br />
XX saukunis Teatris istoriaSi k.<br />
marjaniSvilma erT-erTma pirvelTaganma<br />
warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>arRvia dramaturgiis klasikis,<br />
kerZod, Seqspiris <strong>da</strong>dgmaTa is tradiciuli<br />
midgoma, romelsac piter holi “samuzeumo<br />
stils” uwodebs.<br />
“hamletis” marjaniSviliseul <strong>da</strong>dgmaSi iyo<br />
erTi sa<strong>da</strong>vo momenti, kerZod, piesis teqsts<br />
reJisori erTob Tavisuflad moeqca. amis gamo im<br />
dros bevrs kamaTobdnen, bevrs msjelobdnen. es<br />
azrTa ciloba mTlianad <strong>da</strong>fara mxurvale<br />
ovaciebma. am anTebul cecxlSi <strong>da</strong>iferfla<br />
uSangi CxeiZe. wavi<strong>da</strong> marjaniSvili _ magram<br />
rusTavelis Teatris istoriaSi <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>da</strong>uviwyari<br />
legen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sanimuSo precedenti Tanamedrove<br />
Teatris mxatvruli saSualebebiT Seqspiruli<br />
mwvervalebis <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa <strong>Sesaxeb</strong>.<br />
rusTavelis Teatris Seqepirianas istoriis<br />
meore mniSvnelovani etapi im heroikulma gznebam<br />
Seamza<strong>da</strong>, romlis saTavesTan sandro axmeteli<br />
dgas. ori aTeuli wlis manZilze akaki xoravas<br />
otelo ara mxolod rusTavelis, aramed saerTod<br />
qarTuli Teatris avtoritetisa <strong>da</strong> prestiJis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mcveli erT-erTi mTavari qmnileba iyo.<br />
marTalia, wmin<strong>da</strong> reJisoruli TvalsazrisiT<br />
“otelos” <strong>da</strong>dgma raime gansakuTrebuli<br />
149
novatorobiT ar gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong>, magram aq siaxle<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmatebis piroba is iyo, rom xoravam win<br />
wamoswia venecieli mavris ara temperamenti,<br />
aramed misi sulis keTilSobileba. amasTanave<br />
SeunarCuna otelos xasiaTis is “mamakacuri<br />
Zala”, rac nemiroviC-<strong>da</strong>nCenkom xoravas otelos<br />
did Rirsebad miiCnia.<br />
sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, xoravam iTamaSa ara<br />
Savi urCxulis eWvianobis tragedia, aramed<br />
gviCvena siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebisadmi rwmenis<br />
<strong>da</strong>msxvrevis Tavzar<strong>da</strong>mcemi saSineleba. mis<br />
SesrulebaSi Znelia gaarCio raa ufro<br />
STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi _ xmis tembris Zala Tu<br />
skulpturuli plastika.<br />
araa gamoricxuli, rom xoravas otelo iyo<br />
vaxtang Wabukianis “otelos” STagonebis wyaroc.<br />
arc ise bevria qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi iseTi<br />
samsaxiobo Sesruleba, roca renesansuli stilis<br />
skulpturuli moZraobani, yoveli Jesti <strong>da</strong> mimika<br />
egzom gamomsaxveli yofiliyo, <strong>da</strong> roca plastika<br />
TiTqmis teqstis tolfas mniSvnelobas iZens,…misi<br />
statikuri dgomac ki otelos xasiaTis Zalisa <strong>da</strong><br />
raindulobis gamovlenas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
rogorc “hamletsa” <strong>da</strong> “oteloSi”, aseve<br />
qarTul scenaze <strong>da</strong>dgmuli Seqspiris sxva<br />
dramebSi reJisoruli xelwerisa <strong>da</strong> samsaxiobo<br />
xelovnebis donisa <strong>da</strong> nairferovnebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />
yovelTvis SenarCunebuli iyo Seqspiruli<br />
150
paTosi, romelic egzom mZlavrad igrZnoba<br />
maCabliseul TargmanebSi. am tradiciisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT robert sturuam uaryo Seqspiris<br />
tragediis zeaweuli tonaloba.<br />
am tonalobis “pe<strong>da</strong>lizaciis” (“<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>blebis”)<br />
saWiroebam ganapiroba maCabliseul<br />
Targmanze uaris Tqma <strong>da</strong> piesis axali, naklebad<br />
paTeTikuri <strong>da</strong> ufro Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong><br />
“prozauli” Targmanis gamoyeneba. <strong>da</strong> marTlac,<br />
paTosis, mgznebarebis nacvlad mayurebeli<br />
erTgvari komediuri ieris mqone, ase vTqvaT,<br />
<strong>da</strong>miwebuli, groteskuli sanaxaobis mowme gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />
anu imisa, rasac londonis “taimsma”<br />
“eqspresionistuli farsi” uwo<strong>da</strong>. r. sturuam<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>uxvia ara mxolod tragediis mTavari gmiris,<br />
aramed TviT Janris gaazrebasac _ tragedia<br />
TiTqos aratragikuli saSualebebiT iqna<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
yoveli Se<strong>da</strong>reba pirobiTia, magram<br />
sturuaseuli <strong>da</strong>dgmis Janruli xasiaTi<br />
Taviseburad gamovlindeba Tu erTmaneTs<br />
Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT vaso goZiaSvilisa ramaz CxikvaZis<br />
riCards. goZiaSvilis riCardi romantikosTa<br />
boroti sulis niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili: igi<br />
sazarelicaa_ garegnobiTac <strong>da</strong> Sinagana<strong>da</strong>c _ <strong>da</strong><br />
Tan amaRlebulia, paTetiuria, TiTqos<br />
“aramiwiericaa” <strong>da</strong> Taviseburad diadic<br />
romantikuli demonizmis sruli TareSiT. mas<br />
151
Tavisi garegnobiT raRac saerTo hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
vrubelis demonTan.<br />
robert sturuam riCardis saxis sruli<br />
“deromantizacia” moaxdina. riCards _<br />
politikuri avantiurizmis am mZlavr<br />
gamoxatulebas _ moxsna gmirobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
amaRlebulobis Saravandedi.<br />
reJisorma Tavis <strong>da</strong>dgmaSi is azri gaatara,<br />
rom aris epoqebi <strong>da</strong> situaciebi, roca sidiade<br />
moklebulia yovelgvar gmirul Seferilobas <strong>da</strong><br />
mxolod uaryofiTi formiT vlindeba. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
Teatraluri xerxiT (kostiumi, musika <strong>da</strong> sxv.) r.<br />
sturuam gaafarTova droisa <strong>da</strong> manZilis<br />
TvalsazrisiT E Seqspiris tragediaSi Caqsovil<br />
zneobriv kompromisTa, politikur karieristTa<br />
mier ukiduresi sulieri <strong>da</strong>cemis Sedegad<br />
miRweul warmatebaTa Sinaarsi.<br />
am <strong>da</strong>dgmaSi naCvenebia, rom epoqebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ikargeba mkacri zneobrivi kriteriumebi <strong>da</strong><br />
mefdeba simx<strong>da</strong>le, ”saRi azri” <strong>da</strong> borotebasTan<br />
Serigebisa <strong>da</strong> Seguebis politika, ibadebian an<br />
regveni politikosebi (mefe eduardi) an<br />
riCardiseburi aramzadebi. sxva saSualebaTa<br />
Soris am ideis xorcSesxmas xels uwyobs is “Savi<br />
iumori”, romliTac gaJRenTilia riCardis<br />
amaRlebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cemis tragikuli farsi.<br />
yoveli reJisoruli “xelwera” Sesabamis<br />
msaxiobs moiTxovs. rogorc marjaniSvils<br />
152
gaumarTla uSangi CxeiZis hamletma, aseve swori<br />
iyo sturuas arCevani, rodesac ramaz CxikvaZeSi<br />
riCardis “brextiseburad” deromantizebuli<br />
stiliT Semsrulebeli msaxiobi <strong>da</strong>inaxa. es<br />
arCevani “mixakebis wvimiT” <strong>da</strong>gvirgvin<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Seqspiris tragediis <strong>da</strong>dgmis am warmatebas<br />
xeli Seuwyo im garemoebam, rom ganmeor<strong>da</strong> didi<br />
reJisorisa <strong>da</strong> didi msaxiobis SemoqmedebiTi<br />
Sexvedra, romlis Sedegad dramaturgiuli<br />
klasika axali TvaliT iqna <strong>da</strong>naxuli.<br />
Teatris <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba yovelTvis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac diad problemebs<br />
aRZravs, swored isaa, rom gamoiwvios emociebi,<br />
magram, amasTanave, Seexos ara mxolod suls,<br />
aramed gonebasac, <strong>da</strong>gvafiqros <strong>da</strong> ufro saRi <strong>da</strong><br />
kritikuli TvaliT <strong>da</strong>gvanaxos sinamdvile.<br />
rusTavelis Teatri Tavisi saukeTeso <strong>da</strong>dgmebiT<br />
am gzaze dgas msoflios saukeTeso Teatralur<br />
<strong>da</strong>sebTan erTad. didebuli Sexvedraa saxelovan<br />
iubilesTan _ Teatris asi wlisTavTan.<br />
153
jon singis komedia qarTul scenaze<br />
jon singi (1871-1909), Son okeisTan erTad,<br />
irlandiuri dramaturgiis saukeTeso warmomadgenelTa<br />
rigs ganekuTvneba.<br />
singma nayofierad gamoiyena im drois<br />
literaturul mimdinareobaTa calkeuli<br />
sawyisebi. kerZod, naturalisturma dramam<br />
stimuli misca misi piesebis <strong>da</strong>axlovebas<br />
Tanadroul masalasTan. zolas Teatris<br />
yuradRebam <strong>da</strong>bali socialuri fenebisadmi<br />
ramdenadme gansazRvra is Tavisebureba, rom<br />
singis piesebis gmirebi <strong>da</strong>bali fenebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi arian: meTevzeebi, mawanwalebi,<br />
mkalavebi, Raribi glexebi. amasTanave singisaTvis<br />
axlobeli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> simbolisturi drama,<br />
gansakuTrebiT _ meterlinkis Teza _ “tragizmi<br />
yoveldRiurobaSi”. simbolisturi drami<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miiRo man maZiebeli, meocnebe saxeebi, romlebic<br />
toveben praqticizmis samyaros <strong>da</strong> sadRac<br />
gaurkveveli mimarTulebiT midian. sings miaCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rom “drama, simfoniis msgavsad, arafers ar<br />
aswavlis <strong>da</strong> arafers ar amtkicebs”, amitom igi<br />
xSirad sayvedurob<strong>da</strong> ibsens gaumarTlebel<br />
154
di<strong>da</strong>qtizmsa <strong>da</strong> ideuri sqemebiT gatacebas. magram<br />
amasTanave ibsenTan mas natifi fsiqologizmi<br />
aaxlovebs.<br />
singis umaRles qmnilebad iTvleba komedia<br />
Playboy (“giJmaJi”, “anci”, “raindi”), romelic<br />
qarTul scenaze “gmiri”-s saxeliT <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
piesis erT-erTi mTavari niSanTviseba kargad<br />
SeniSna marjaniSvilma: “piesas un<strong>da</strong> mivudgeT<br />
erTgvari romantizmiTac. yvela moqmedi gmiri<br />
romantikosia”.<br />
1923 wlis 15 noembers “gmiri” saxelmwifo<br />
akademiuri dramis Teatris scenaze kote<br />
marjaniSvilma <strong>da</strong>dga. igi qarTuli sasceno<br />
xelovnebis im Tvisebrivad axali etapis erT-erTi<br />
axali gamovlineba iyo, romelic 1922 wels<br />
marjaniSvilis mier “cxvris wyaros” <strong>da</strong>dgmiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
kote marjaniSvilTan erTad, <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
Tanaavtori iyo aleqsandre axmeteli. dodo<br />
anTaZis dRiurSi vkiTxulobT, rom repeticiebs<br />
xSirad axmeteli atareb<strong>da</strong> calkec <strong>da</strong><br />
marjaniSvilTan erTa<strong>da</strong>c. <strong>da</strong>dgma mxatvrulad<br />
gauformebia si<strong>da</strong>mon-erisTavs, musika <strong>da</strong>uweria<br />
Tamar vaxvaxiSvils.<br />
marjaniSvili qarTul scenaze axal<br />
Teatralur formebsa <strong>da</strong> axal enas amkvidreb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amJRavneb<strong>da</strong><br />
“axali dramisadmi, romlis nimuSebi<strong>da</strong>n 1923-1924<br />
155
wlebis sezonisaTvis SearCia espaneli<br />
dramaturgis _ xasinto benaventes (1866-1954)<br />
komedia “interesTa TamaSi” <strong>da</strong> irlandieli jon<br />
singis (1871-1909) komedia “gmiri”.<br />
piesis siuJeti aseTia: irlandiis erT<br />
miyruebul sofelSi modis erTi tlu <strong>da</strong> xepre<br />
ucnobi Wabuki _ qristi, romelic iqaurebs<br />
umxels: Cxubis dros mama Semomakv<strong>da</strong>, axla<br />
policia meZebs <strong>da</strong> gTxovT SemifaroTo.<br />
soflelebi aRtacebaSi modian, rom maTTan amboxi<br />
<strong>da</strong> policiis mier devnili a<strong>da</strong>miani gamoCn<strong>da</strong>. maT<br />
TvalSi igi kai ymaa, Tavisi uflebebisaTvis<br />
mebrZoli vaJkacia. mas gansakuTrebul pativs<br />
scemen. gogonebi gars exvevian <strong>da</strong> maT Soris<br />
yvelaze momxiblavs _ pegins Seuyvardeba. iseT<br />
miRebas uwyoben, rom igi wamoiZaxebs: ”axla<br />
vxvdebi ra suleli viyavi, ufro adre rom ar<br />
movuRe bolo mamaCems”. mogvianebiT irkveva, rom<br />
qristis mamaga<strong>da</strong>rCenila. igi <strong>da</strong>eZebs Svils <strong>da</strong><br />
ipovis kidec am sofelSi. qristi, rogorc cru<br />
vaJkaci, kargavs soflis pativiscemas. soflelebi<br />
gandevnian Wabuks, misi Seyvarebuli uars ambobs<br />
masze.<br />
komediaSi naCvenebia uCveulo <strong>da</strong> paradoqsuli<br />
ambavi _ mamis mkvlelis aRiareba gmirad.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mnaSavis mimarT aseTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
ucnauria, TiTqos <strong>da</strong>ujerebelia. singi Tavis<br />
CanawerebSi am sakiTxis ase ganmartavs:<br />
156
“<strong>da</strong>mnaSavis <strong>da</strong>farvis survili Zalian<br />
gavrcelebulia <strong>da</strong>savleT irlandiaSi.<br />
nawilobriv es albaT imiT aixsneba, rom<br />
samarTali aq saZulvel inglisur kanonebTan aris<br />
gaigivebuli. magram ufro imitom, rom<br />
irlandielebi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebulni arian _ <strong>da</strong>naSauli<br />
xdeba brmad <strong>da</strong> is Zala, romelic <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />
Cadenas iwvevs, iseTive upasuxismgebloa, rogorc<br />
zRvis qariSxali. Tu kacma mama mokla <strong>da</strong> sindisis<br />
qenjnas ganicdis, ver xe<strong>da</strong>ven misi <strong>da</strong>sjis mizezs”.<br />
irlandielebi mwerlisgan moiTxovdnen<br />
samSoblos gandidebas, qebas, pirferobas. singi<br />
sxva gziT wavi<strong>da</strong>. man Tavis paradoqsalursa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqstravagantur piesaSi gviCvena pirovnebis<br />
gaTavisufleba mSoblebis, eklesiisa <strong>da</strong><br />
crurwmenis tiraniisagan, gviCvena a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />
romelic gmirad iqca imitom, rom kanonebis<br />
borkilebis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra.<br />
sainteresoa, rogor miudga TviT<br />
marjaniSvili iseT piesas, romelmac azrTa aseTi<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba gamoiwvia. amis garkvevaSi<br />
garkveulwilad <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba am piesis <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
dodo anTaZis mier Sedgenili repeticiebis<br />
dRiuri, romelic rusTavelis Teatris muzeumSia<br />
<strong>da</strong>culi. dodo anTaZe am piesis <strong>da</strong>dgmisas<br />
marjaniSvilis erTgvari TanaSemwe iyo.<br />
dRiuri<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom marjaniSvilma Tavis<br />
Sesaval sityvaSi ilaparaka irlandiis<br />
157
istoriaze, mis kulturasa <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />
Teatrze, ganmarta Tavisi muSaobis meTodi <strong>da</strong><br />
aRniSna, rom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong> zustad<br />
gahyolo<strong>da</strong> nawarmoebis teqstsa <strong>da</strong> remarkebs.<br />
marjaniSvili piesas iwyebs realisturi fonis<br />
CvenebiT. am fons igi TviTon ki ar igonebs,<br />
aramed avtors miyveba, romelic did<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWebs garemos zust aRweras.<br />
singis piesaSi remarkebi erTob vrcelia, zusta<strong>da</strong><br />
aRwerili garemo, Cacmuloba <strong>da</strong> a.S. magaliTad,<br />
singi ase aRwers sasirajos I moqmedebaSi:<br />
“marjvniv _ sadgari TaroebiT, Taroebze<br />
boTlebi <strong>da</strong> doqebi. sadgarTan carieli kasrebi.<br />
ukan, sadgaris marcxniv, kari quCisaken. gverdiT<br />
skami. skamze Taroebi doqebiT, fanjarasTan<br />
magi<strong>da</strong>. marcxniv Ria buxari, sa<strong>da</strong>c torfi<br />
iRvelfeba, <strong>da</strong> wina oTaxis viwro kari”.<br />
Tu Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT piesis teqstsa <strong>da</strong> d. anTaZis<br />
dRiurSi Canawers, vnaxavT, rom marjaniSvils<br />
Tavis mxriv kidev Semoaqvs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva detalebi.<br />
irlandiuri garemos SenarCuneba xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> avtoris ideisa <strong>da</strong> gmirTa saxeebis swor<br />
gamovlinebas. “am piesaSi ar aris ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli<br />
realizmi, es kargi realizmia”,– ambob<strong>da</strong><br />
marjaniSvili. mas kargad esmo<strong>da</strong> nawarmoebis<br />
amaRlebul idea, romelic kidev ufro naTlad<br />
iqnebo<strong>da</strong> naCvenebi sayofacxovrebo fonis SeqmniT.<br />
amasTanave singis gmirebis arc romantikuli<br />
158
sawyisi, gmirobis Ziebis wadili gamorCenia<br />
mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n. “piesas un<strong>da</strong> mivudgeT erTgvari<br />
romantizmiTac, yvela moqmedi piri<br />
romantikosia”,_ ganmartav<strong>da</strong> marjaniSvili.<br />
dodo anTaZis dRiurSi didi adgili eTmoba<br />
moqmed gmirTa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSnebs. magaliTad,<br />
marjaniSvilis axsniT, mTavari gmiri qali _ pegini<br />
“saintereso tipia, yovelive Tavis saqcielSi is<br />
amarTlebs qals, is meocnebea, cdilobs sxva Tavis<br />
amxanagebze maRla idges, aris faqizi gulis. 20<br />
wlisaa”. pegini aris “qaliSvili mkveTri<br />
nakvTebiT, magram lamazi. tansacmeli<br />
Cveulebrivi, glexuri.” aq marjaniSvili <strong>da</strong>sZens:<br />
“glexuri irlandiuri tansacmeli hgavs<br />
holandiurs. qalebs acviaT ramodenime iubka.<br />
kacebi atareben maRal waRebs, tyavis quds”.<br />
erT-erT personaJs singi ase axasiaTebs _<br />
“axalgazr<strong>da</strong>, msuqani, qera kaci”. marjaniSvili<br />
ganagrZobs: “usaqmo, TeTrxela, romelsac<br />
arafris gakeTeba ar SeuZlia TavisiT. misi buneba<br />
metad morcxvia, eSinia ZlierTa. eSinia peginis”.<br />
reJisori Yyvela moqmed gmirs aZlevs<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebel niSnebs, romlebic ar<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba avtoris mier Seqmnil tips.<br />
piriqiT, ufro mkafiod gviCvenebs gmirTa xasiaTs.<br />
singi wers: “Semodis maekel jems, msuqani,<br />
mxiaruli siraji”. marjaniSvili umatebs: “mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
mTvrali”. Raribi fermeri _ fili kuleni sings<br />
159
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli hyavs rogorc undobi, frTxili<br />
kaci. marjaniSvili mas Cibuxs aZlevs mTeli piesis<br />
ganmavlobaSi. singi ar iZleva zogierTi gmiris<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas, marjaniSvili ki (piesi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare) maT aZlevs Sesafer niSan-Tvisebebs,<br />
magaliTad qristis mama _ megoni aris ybedi,<br />
gonebaSezRuduli loTi. am Tvisebebis xazgasma<br />
msaxiobs exmarebo<strong>da</strong> saintereso saxis SeqmnaSi.<br />
singis remarkebSi mTavari gmiri Zunwa<strong>da</strong>a<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebuli; verc dodo anTaZis dRiurSi<br />
vnaxeT rame aRwerilobiTi niSnebi. es imiT<br />
aixsneba, rom piesaSi avtori Seeca<strong>da</strong> iseTi<br />
atmosfero Seeqmna, romelic gamoavlen<strong>da</strong> gmirs<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvanaxeb<strong>da</strong> mis Sinagan ganviTarebas. peginisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi saqmros saubri<strong>da</strong>n vigebT Tu ra<br />
mosawyenia am sofelSi cxovreba, ra miyruebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> mivardnili adgilia. aq a<strong>da</strong>mianebi mzad arian<br />
yovelgvari sensaciisaTvis. yvelafers cvlis<br />
qtistis gamoCena. es scena uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovania piesaSi <strong>da</strong> sainteresoa rogor<br />
iyo igi gakeTebuli. amaSi isev dodo anTaZis<br />
dRiuri gvexmareba: “yvela <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />
ucqeris. igi metad SeSinebulia, xelebi odnav<br />
ucaxcaxebs”.<br />
qristis mdgomareobis saCveneblad yuradReba<br />
gamaxvilebulia mis irgvliv myof a<strong>da</strong>mianebze.<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad mas ar surs Tavisi saidumlos<br />
bolomde gamJRavneba. magram mas ar eSvebian,<br />
160
ekiTxebian ra Caidina iseTi, rom saxli<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamoiqca. iqneb qurdi xaro _ ekiTxeba erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
marjaniSvili karnaxobs msaxiobs_ Camoxsnas<br />
yvelaferi, rac iqve bawarze hkidia.<br />
fili _ iqneb kalasagan yalb oqros<br />
amzadebdi...<br />
qristi _ ara, mister.<br />
jimi _ SeiZleba sami coli gyavs SerTuli. . .<br />
qristi _ erTi colic ar myolia arasodes...<br />
am dros pegini zurgs aqcevs qristis <strong>da</strong><br />
ganacxadebs: “mas araferi ar Caudenia”. qristi<br />
Seuracxyofilia am fraziT <strong>da</strong> iZulebuli xdeba<br />
gamotydes, rom mama Semoakv<strong>da</strong>. am sityvebze,<br />
Sooni, romelic aqamde fexze idga, skamze ecema.<br />
aRtacebul pegins ki marjaniSvili qristisaken<br />
gzavnis.<br />
filis pirveli sityvebia _ “ai, gambe<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
axalgazr<strong>da</strong>”. reJisori aq ukve <strong>da</strong>jdomis nebas<br />
aZlev<strong>da</strong> qristis, Tanac sTavazob<strong>da</strong> gaexa<strong>da</strong><br />
fexsacmeli <strong>da</strong> yvelas Tvalwin bawarze Camoeki<strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisi windebi.<br />
pirveli moqmedebis bolos Cven winaSe iyo<br />
ukve Tamami, Tavisi saqmis sisworeSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli axalgazr<strong>da</strong> kaci, romelic<br />
aRtacebuli gaiZaxo<strong>da</strong> _ “ratom ufro adre ar<br />
gavistumre imqveynad mamaCemi”.<br />
161
piesisaTvis mkvlelobis sakiTxs sabolood<br />
ara aqvs iseTi didi mniSvneloba; miT umetes, rom<br />
mas ar mouklavs mama. aq mTavaria is<br />
fsiqologiuri efeqti, rasac iwvevs soflad<br />
gambe<strong>da</strong>vi <strong>da</strong> devnili a<strong>da</strong>mianis, “gmiris”, “kai<br />
ymisa” <strong>da</strong> “raindis” mosvla. mniSvnelovania TviT<br />
is faqti, rom mamis winaaRmdeg gamosvla erTgvari<br />
gabrZolebaa tiraniis winaaRmdeg. aqamde qristis<br />
ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> sakuTari me. igi mamis mona iyo <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianad iqca ara imitom, rom bari mouqnia<br />
mSobels, aramed imitom, rom ar moiTmina<br />
Seviwroeba <strong>da</strong> Zaladoba (mama <strong>da</strong>qorwinebas<br />
upireb<strong>da</strong> beber qvrivze).<br />
singis am piesis Targmani Seasrula grigol<br />
robaqiZem k. Cukovskiseuli rusuli Targmanis<br />
mixedviT. amaze qarTuli gazeTi wer<strong>da</strong>: “rogorc<br />
CveulebaT aris miRebuli qarTul scenaze _ es<br />
piesac _ Targmanis Targmania”.<br />
am piesis <strong>da</strong>gma TeatrisaTvis didi warmateba<br />
iyo. msaxiobebTan muSaobas marjaniSvili udidesi<br />
seriozulibiT ekidebo<strong>da</strong>. igi moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />
yvela msaxiobi savsebiT yofiliyo garkveuli<br />
Tavis rolSi <strong>da</strong> sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT emuSava:<br />
“msaxiobi scenazed rom gamodis, un<strong>da</strong> icodes Tu<br />
riT modis <strong>da</strong> ra moaqvs, is Rrmad un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
<strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli Tavis TamaSSi, man un<strong>da</strong> icodes Tu<br />
ras akeTebs, un<strong>da</strong> monaxos Sexmatkbileba sulTan.<br />
rac mTavaria, garkveuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos Tavis rolSi<br />
162
savsebiT <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg usaTuod gamarjvebuli<br />
gamova”.<br />
“gmirze” muSaobisas, rodesac msaxiobebi jer<br />
kidev magi<strong>da</strong>sTan gadiodnen repeticias,<br />
marjaniSvili ukve moiTxov<strong>da</strong> TamaSs: “yvelaze<br />
Znelia, rodesac msaxiobi magi<strong>da</strong>sTan TamaSobs,<br />
ganicdis, magram metad sasargebloa”.<br />
rusTavelis Teatris muzeumSi inaxeba<br />
rolebis ganawilebis furceli, romelsac xels<br />
awers marjaniSvili: “avtori _ sing jon. piesa _<br />
gmiri. <strong>da</strong>mdg. _ marjaniSvili kote. 15. 11. 23 w.<br />
rolebi: pegin – WavWavaZeE T., qristi _<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTaSvili g., Soon kio _ JorJoliani al.,<br />
filli _ CxeiZe uS. <strong>da</strong> sxv.”.<br />
rolebis ganawilebaze <strong>da</strong>matebiT cnobebs<br />
gvawvdis reJisori sergo WeliZe, romelmac<br />
mogvianebiT es piesa soxumis TeatrSi <strong>da</strong>dga.<br />
“pegin maiks TamaSobden Tamar WavWavaZe <strong>da</strong><br />
veriko anjafariZe, qristi megons giorgi<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTaSvili <strong>da</strong> akaki vasaZe, amaTgan pirveli<br />
wyvili (WavWavaZe <strong>da</strong>viTaSvili) gansakuTrebiT<br />
saintereso iyo. qvrivi qvini iyo nino<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTaSvili, sara tenzi _ elene donauri,<br />
qristis mama _ niko gociriZe, mikitani _ platon<br />
koriSeli. uSangi CxeiZe SesaniSnavi iyo erT-erTi<br />
mezoblis rolSi. sandro JorJoliani <strong>da</strong> dimitri<br />
mJavia TamaSobdnen Soon kios rols Cinebulad”.<br />
163
dodo anTaZis dRiuri cxadyofs, rom k.<br />
marjaniSvili xSirad akeTeb<strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebs,<br />
ramdenjerme imeoreb<strong>da</strong> scenebs. igi Tamar<br />
WavWavaZis muSaobiT saerTod kmayofili iyo:<br />
“kargia, gansakuTrebiT Tavi<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac jer<br />
kidev glexis gogo sCans, liriul scenebSi ki<br />
moisustebs, emCneva raRac aCqareba, rac ar aris<br />
saWiro. un<strong>da</strong> ecados iTamaSos is Tamami sofleli<br />
qali” (dodo anTaZis dRiuri).<br />
Tamar WavWavaZes gauTvaliswinebia reJisoris<br />
SeniSvnebi, radgan ukve premieraze unaklod<br />
uTamaSnia mTeli roli. gazeTi wer<strong>da</strong>: “Tamar<br />
WavavaZem im saRamos gviCvena, rom misi saxT<br />
qarTul scenas hyavs didi <strong>da</strong> Taviseburi niWis<br />
msaxiobi. pegin maikis rolis ukeTess Sesrulebas<br />
verc visurvebdiT” (“zaria vostoka”, 1923).<br />
arc qarTuli gazeTi CamorCebo<strong>da</strong> qebaSi _<br />
“gauCorknav arsebaSi uxvad atexili grZnoba<br />
siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> aRtacebisa gmirisadmi man<br />
gadmogvca mravalsaxierad, mravalferovnad”.<br />
didi mowoneba xv<strong>da</strong> g. <strong>da</strong>viTaSvils qristis<br />
gansaxierebaSi. n. SalutaSvili Tavis monografiaSi<br />
g. <strong>da</strong>viTaSvilze SeCer<strong>da</strong> am rolze,<br />
rogorc msaxiobis SemoqmedebiTi gzis erT-erT<br />
mniSvnelovan etapze: ”aq msaxiobi axal ferebs<br />
eZeb<strong>da</strong>, TamaSob<strong>da</strong> Tavisebur xlestakovs,<br />
mkvexarasa <strong>da</strong> fuqsavats, fantaziors. g.<br />
<strong>da</strong>viTaSvili iZleo<strong>da</strong> qristi megonis xasiaTis<br />
164
Sinagan ganviTarebas, calkeuli, kargad<br />
mignebuli detalebisa <strong>da</strong> niuansebis saSualebiT<br />
qmni<strong>da</strong> Sinaganad rTulsa <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiurad<br />
saintereso saxes”. recenzenti aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />
g. <strong>da</strong>viTaSvilis ostatobas: ”aq ar mosCans<br />
araviTari wadili tyuilis Tqmisa. es TiTqos<br />
mis<strong>da</strong>uneburad xdeba, misi figura mokuntulia,<br />
Tvalebi <strong>da</strong>sxrili. arSiyoba morcxvi, gaube<strong>da</strong>vi,<br />
magram imis<strong>da</strong> mixemviT, Tu ramdenad icvleba<br />
mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> misi avtoriteti iwevs, is TiTqos<br />
Sinaganad icvleba, figura swordeba, Tavi maRla<br />
uWiravs, mokuntuli, TavSesafris maZiebeli Cven<br />
win iqceva gmir sayvarlad”.<br />
samwuxarod, Semonaxuli ar aris si<strong>da</strong>monerisTavis<br />
eskizebi an maketi, fotosuraTebi<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
mxolod erTia SemorCenili, romelic zogad<br />
STabeWdilebas gviqmnis speqtaklis iersaxeze.<br />
fotosuraTze aRbeWdilia scena piesis mesame<br />
moqmedebi<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac sings Semohyavs qristis<br />
mama <strong>da</strong> amiT irkveva, rom qristi mkvleli ar aris:<br />
scenaze Tavi mouyria xalxs, zogi magi<strong>da</strong>ze asula,<br />
zogi skamze dgas, <strong>da</strong>narCenebic aqeT-iqiT dganan.<br />
centrSi mama-Svili arian. qristis mxares<br />
mamakacebs mouyriaT Tavi <strong>da</strong> peginic maT Soris<br />
Camdgara, mamis mxares qalebi Sejgufulan.<br />
sainteresoa maTi Cacmuloba, romelsac<br />
SenarCunebuli aqvs nacionaluri elferi.<br />
fotoze aRbeWdili xalxis gamometyveleba<br />
165
<strong>da</strong>Zabulia. Cans, rom yvela aRSfoTebulia,<br />
radgan maT win aRar aris gmiri. aravin ar aris<br />
statikur formaSi, maTi Jesatebi <strong>da</strong> mimika erTian<br />
moZraobas gamoxatavs.<br />
speqtaklis yvela komponents (msaxiobTa<br />
SesaniSnavi ansambli, saintereso reJisoruli<br />
mignebebi, mxatvruli gaformeba) un<strong>da</strong> warmoeCina<br />
singis nawarmoebis mTavari idea. speqtakli un<strong>da</strong><br />
yofiliyo himni a<strong>da</strong>mianis yovlisSemZleobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
nebisyofisa, a<strong>da</strong>mianisa, romelsac ZaluZs<br />
TavisuflebisaTvis brZola.<br />
am <strong>da</strong>dgmis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> gazeT “komunistSi”<br />
mwerali <strong>da</strong> Teatrmcodne leli (levan<br />
metreveli) wer<strong>da</strong>: “ra aris piesis<br />
masuldgmulebeli mTavari azri _ amas ga<strong>da</strong>WriT<br />
veravin ityvis. romel azrsac aiReb – mas ara<br />
aqvs logikuri <strong>da</strong>skvna piesaSi <strong>da</strong> gamarTleba<br />
cxovrebaSi”. avtori statias didi<br />
gulistkiviliT amTavreb<strong>da</strong>: – “rodis veRirsebiT<br />
Tanamedrove originalur piesebs?!”” (gaz.<br />
“komunisti”, 17 noemberi, 1923). rusul gazeTSi<br />
gamoqveynebuli recenziis zoga<strong>da</strong>d ase afasebs<br />
gmiris” <strong>da</strong>dgmas: “miviReT STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi, elvare,<br />
warmtaci warmodgena, romelic Tavisi doniT<br />
Cvens Teatrs didebul perspeqtivasa <strong>da</strong> mtkice<br />
momavals usaxavs (gaz. Заря Востока, 20. XI. 1923,<br />
# 267).<br />
166
gazeTebi aRniSnavdnen SemsrulebelTa<br />
brwyinvale ansambls <strong>da</strong> acxadebdnen, rom “es iyo<br />
qarTveli msaxiobis triumfi”, rom “msaxiobebma<br />
erTi sezonis ganmavlobaSi saxe icvales <strong>da</strong><br />
Seu<strong>da</strong>reblad aRimaRles saSemsruleblo teqnika”.<br />
speqtakli Sevi<strong>da</strong> rogorc mniSvnelovani<br />
momenti rusTavelis Teatris istoriaSi.<br />
am <strong>da</strong>dgmis gamo Cven<strong>da</strong>mi gamogzavnil<br />
werilSi sergo WeliZe igoneb<strong>da</strong>: ”am piesas me<br />
gavecani 1923 wels, rodesac is rusTavelis<br />
TeatrSi <strong>da</strong>dga kote marjaniSvilma grigol<br />
robaqiZis TargmaniT. warmoidgineT, am<br />
warmodgenam, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom is<br />
brwyinvaled iyo <strong>da</strong>dgmuli <strong>da</strong> naTamaSebi, didi<br />
warmateba ver moipova. piesis idea <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
Sinaarsi mayureblisaTvis gaugebari Seiqna.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa mayurebelTa mcire nawilma is<br />
Zalian Seiyvara misi mxatvruli Rirsebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
SesaniSnavi ansamblis gamo.”<br />
“gmiri”-s marjaniSviliseuli <strong>da</strong>dgmis<br />
STagonebiT sergo WeliZes 1939 wels es komedia<br />
soxumis TeatrSi <strong>da</strong>udgams. amis <strong>Sesaxeb</strong> xsenebul<br />
werilSi reJisori aseT cnobas iZleva: “gr.<br />
robaqiZis Targmanis gamoyeneba aRar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> is albaT ukve arc arsebob<strong>da</strong>, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>beWdili ar iyo <strong>da</strong> iZulebuli viyavi me<br />
TviTon meTargmna. vTargmne rusuli<strong>da</strong>n Cukovskis<br />
TargmaniT. Cemis azriT, es Targmani bevrad<br />
167
ukeTesia jon singis piesaTa krebulSi <strong>da</strong>beWdil<br />
TargmanTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
k.marjaniSvils musika ar hqon<strong>da</strong> gamoyenebuli.<br />
me myav<strong>da</strong> aq soxumSi kargi leningradeli<br />
kompozitori aleqsi pozdneevi, romelmac<br />
mSvenieri musika <strong>da</strong>miwera. kargi iyo “sufruli”<br />
_ romelsac loTebi mRerodnen pirvel<br />
moqmedebaSi, _ amave simReras boloSic mRerodnen<br />
qristi megonis wasvlis Semdeg, rodesac<br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> is aRmafrena rac “gmiris” gamoCenam<br />
gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi isev “Zveleburad”<br />
Semobrun<strong>da</strong> _ am simReris fonze, pegin maiki<br />
saxli<strong>da</strong>n gaqceuli Soon kios sila rom gaawna<br />
imis Semdeg, Semodgomis foTol gacvenil xes<br />
Semoxveuli _ ambob<strong>da</strong> ukanasknel monologs.<br />
meore moqmedebaSi doRis Semdeg samikitnoSi<br />
xelze ayvanil qristi megons rom Semoiyvandnen,<br />
iwyebo<strong>da</strong> masiuri xalxuri cekva, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong><br />
cekvav<strong>da</strong> qristic pegin maikTan erTad.<br />
TamaSobdnen: pegini _ irine donauri, Soon<br />
kio _ tarasi xorava, qvrivi _ qvin Tamar<br />
makaraSvili, moxuci megon _ leo Wedia <strong>da</strong> sxvani.<br />
warmodgena kargi gamovi<strong>da</strong>, magram rogorc<br />
TbilisSi, didi aRfrTovaneba ar gamouwvevia. me<br />
pira<strong>da</strong>T sayveduri miTxra respublikis<br />
xelmZRvanelobam: _ ram <strong>da</strong>gadgmevinaT eg piesa,<br />
romelSic mamis mkvleli “gmirad” aris<br />
aRiarebuli.”<br />
168
sergo WeliZis TqmiT, “piesa gaxsnili iyo<br />
rogorc komedia, magram qristi megonisa <strong>da</strong> pegin<br />
maikis scenebi, gansakuTrebiT maTi “sasiyvarulo<br />
duetebi” Zalian liriuli xasiaTisa iyo.<br />
piesis azri aseTia: Tu a<strong>da</strong>mians Tavisi Tavis<br />
sjera <strong>da</strong> misic sjeraT, SeiZleba bevri rame<br />
gaakeTos kargi _ albaT jon sings undo<strong>da</strong> eTqva:<br />
gjerodeT Tqveni Tavisa <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTis, Tqven ara<br />
xarT beCavni <strong>da</strong> uZlurebi”.<br />
1946 wels s. WeliZes “gmiri” Teatraluri<br />
institutis scenaze <strong>da</strong>udgams. rolebs<br />
asrulebdnen: qristi _ kote maxaraZe <strong>da</strong> merab<br />
TabukaSvili; pegini _ n. miqelaZe; moxuci megoni<br />
– S. gocireli; mikitani _ farsman sonRulaSvili;<br />
sara tenzi _ mzia maxvilaZe.<br />
2003-2004 wlebSi es komedia mixeil<br />
TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa Teatris<br />
scenazec idgmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
169
170
ac <strong>da</strong>viwyebiT<br />
ar ibindeba<br />
171
172
sandra rulovsi: idealistis gza<br />
niderlandebi<strong>da</strong>n saqarTvelomde<br />
sandra elisabed rulovsi Tavs sakuTari<br />
wignis saTauriTve acnobs mkiTxvelebs.<br />
~idealistis naambobi” _ ase ewodeba am wigns.<br />
vin aris idealisti? is, visac idealebi aqvs,<br />
vinc sagnebs amCnevs <strong>da</strong> afasebs, is, visac erTi<br />
kargi <strong>da</strong> iSviaTi Tviseba aqvs _ aRtacebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Seyvarebis unari.<br />
mxolod idealists SeuZlia ucxo qveyana <strong>da</strong><br />
xalxi gaiTavisos, misi bedis Tanamoziare gaxdes.<br />
mxolod idealebis mqone a<strong>da</strong>miani Tu ityvis:<br />
“CemTvis qristes moZRvrebis ZiriTadi principebia<br />
moyvasisadmi siyvaruli, soli<strong>da</strong>roba, mimtevebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong> mowyaleba”.<br />
marTlac rom amaRelvebelia idealistebisa-<br />
Tvis Cveuli Tanadgomisa <strong>da</strong> erTgulebis gamomxatveli<br />
aseTi striqonebi:<br />
“ramdenime welia Tan <strong>da</strong>vatareb saqarTvelos,<br />
ufro sworad, saqarTvelos formis oqros<br />
kulons. am JestiT imis aRniSvna min<strong>da</strong>, rom am<br />
qveynis bed-iRbals viziareb. qarTul enaSi erTi<br />
kargi sityvaa _ meuRle. Cemi Tavi swored ase<br />
173
warmomidgenia: vxe<strong>da</strong>v, rogor vewevi Cems xarTan<br />
erTad nabij-nabij mZime uRels”. es metafora _<br />
“Cems xarTan erTad” _ miTologiuri <strong>da</strong><br />
kulturuli asociaciebiTaa <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli.<br />
avtori mTlianad ixsneba mkiTxvelis winaSe:<br />
“Tu ram eqstravertuli Tvisebebi maqvs,_ wers<br />
igi,_ mamis mxri<strong>da</strong>n gamomyva. aq ukve flamandiuri<br />
sisxli igrZnoba”.<br />
qarTvelebiviT eqstravertuli, gaxsnili,<br />
emociuri <strong>da</strong> “feTqebadi” wyobiT aixsneba, rom<br />
sandras ar gaWirvebia is, rasac qarTvelebis<br />
sinamdvileSi, “gansxvavebuli <strong>kulturis</strong>, enisa <strong>da</strong><br />
wes-Cveulebebis mqone mSfoTvare qveyanaSi”<br />
“integrirebas” uwodebs. ar aris gasakvirvi, rom<br />
mas paraSuti<strong>da</strong>n frenis sertifikati aqvs.<br />
idealebiT Sepyrobilisa <strong>da</strong> miT umetes _<br />
“paraSutistisagan” bunebrivad JRers afriani<br />
navis _ “mrisxane ruli”-s ase gaxseneba:<br />
dRemde SemomrCa ganc<strong>da</strong>, Tu rogor<br />
vebrZodiT erTad piris qars, talRebs.<br />
dRemde mamxnevebs “mrisxane ruli”<br />
<strong>da</strong> araferi aRar maSinebs.<br />
ai, aseT a<strong>da</strong>mians gaumxila meuRlem (1994,<br />
diax _ jer kidev 1994 wels!) rom “mwvervals<br />
umizneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kidec <strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong>”. “mwvervalebi”<br />
sandras stiqiac aris. ai adgili misi adreuli<br />
174
dRiuri<strong>da</strong>n: “min<strong>da</strong>, saqarTvelos dedofali an<br />
gmiri gavxde”.<br />
“idealistis naambobi” moicavs im periods,<br />
rodesac misma avtorma pirvelad <strong>da</strong>dga fexi<br />
qarTul miwaze <strong>da</strong> im dRemde, rodesac uaxlesi<br />
istoriis erTi bneli etapi _ apokalifsuri<br />
koSmaruli Rame <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sandra elisabed<br />
rulovsi saqarTvelos pirveli ledi gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es aris wigni siyvarulze <strong>da</strong> axali qveynis<br />
“aRmoCenaze”, mis warsulsa <strong>da</strong> paradoqsebiT<br />
aRsavse Tanamedroveobaze.<br />
sandra hyveba ara mxolod <strong>da</strong> ara imdenad<br />
Tavis Tavze, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c sxvebze _ mSoblebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
miSaze, saqarTveloze, Sori<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> axlo<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxul qarTvelebze, de<strong>da</strong>mTilze _ giulize,<br />
Zvel Tu axlad SeZenil naTesavebze (Rimilis<br />
momgvreli <strong>da</strong> lamis gulisamaCuyebelia sandras<br />
biZis werilis is adgili, romelic <strong>da</strong>mowmebulia<br />
wignSi: “rogor fiqrob, cudi idea iqneba, rom<br />
Cvenma mTavrobam saqarTvelo, magaliTad,<br />
iSvilos <strong>da</strong> mTeli es codna, fuli <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi,<br />
rac Cven bevri gvaqvs <strong>da</strong> TqvenTan nakleba<strong>da</strong>a,<br />
mand <strong>da</strong>abandos?” saocaria!..<br />
sandra rulovsi Tavis mkiTxvelebs<br />
(upirvelesad _ ucxoelebs) saqarTveloze<br />
uambobs <strong>da</strong> maT Cvens qveyanas ayvarebs. <strong>da</strong> amas<br />
akeTebs cdunebis wmin<strong>da</strong> norduli (Tu<br />
“flamandiuri”?) xerxiT _ sisa<strong>da</strong>viTa <strong>da</strong><br />
175
gulwrfelobiT <strong>da</strong> xSirad iumoriT gazavebuli<br />
romantizmiT:<br />
“Cems beds mivyavdi iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c Cemi qarTveli<br />
ufliswuli un<strong>da</strong> gamecno, TeTr cxenze<br />
amxedrebuli, vardebiT xelSi”.<br />
aq mudmivad enacvleba erTmaneTs romantizmi<br />
<strong>da</strong> iumori, vTqvaT, erTi mxriv, flamandieli<br />
poetisa <strong>da</strong> moZRvris romantikuli leqsis<br />
gaxseneba, qarTul yofaSi <strong>da</strong>naxuli aseTi scena _<br />
“Rrmad CamebeW<strong>da</strong> mexsierebaSi: avariaSi<br />
moyolili, man<strong>da</strong>riniT <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli satvirTos<br />
mZRoli, romelic gzis piras ij<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> tiro<strong>da</strong>” <strong>da</strong><br />
meore mxriv sruliad sapirispiro tonaloba:<br />
ameriki<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebisas “mucliT bavSvi momyav<strong>da</strong><br />
_ Made in USA!”<br />
faqtebis gaxseneba gazavebulia aRsarebiT:<br />
siamaye qmris Tav<strong>da</strong>debiT samSoblosadmi <strong>da</strong><br />
bunebrivi gulistkivili:<br />
“roca axali wlis Rames qmari moulodnelad<br />
moxucebulTa saxlSi wasvlas ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets..., magram<br />
misic mesmis <strong>da</strong> naklebad vwuwuneb, is xom Tavisi<br />
qveynisTvis iRwvis, sakuTar Svils ki amaze<br />
ukeTess ras gaukeTebs?”.<br />
evropis erT-erTi yvelaze “<strong>da</strong>lagebuli” <strong>da</strong><br />
“normaluri” qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli sandra<br />
rulovsi erTgvar gzamkvlevad evlineba Tavis<br />
ucxoel mkiTxvelebs saqarTvelos labirinTebSi.<br />
176
analogiebs sandra ara holandiasTan, aramed<br />
sxvagan ufro poulobs:<br />
”saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>axloebiT igive cxovrebis<br />
ritmia, rac xmelTaSuazRvispireTis qveynebSi. aq<br />
naklebad fiqroben momavalze”. saqarTveloSi,<br />
holandiisagan gansxvavebiT, kanonebs naklebad<br />
icaven (“Tu Zalian moisurve, matarebelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>gelodeba”). samagierod, aq, saqarTveloSi<br />
naklebi pe<strong>da</strong>nturoba <strong>da</strong> meti silaRea: ”rac<br />
ufro didxans vcxovrob saqarTveloSi,<br />
holandiisagan Sors, miT ufro mxvdeba TvalSi<br />
es, roca iq stumrad Cavdivar”.<br />
ar malavs holandielebis mier wesrigisa <strong>da</strong><br />
kanonis pativiscemas, magram arape<strong>da</strong>nturi<br />
qarTuli sinamdvilis Semdeg iqve kiTxulobs:<br />
“nuTu ar SeiZleba cota meti silaRe, cota meti<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianoba? nuTu ar SeiZleba cota meti<br />
samoZrao areali?”, “amas rom vxe<strong>da</strong>v, maSinve<br />
TbilisSi mindeba gamoqceva. aq, Tu gin<strong>da</strong>, molare<br />
qals tkbilad musaifi gaubi. arc Sen mogaklebs<br />
yuradRebas <strong>da</strong> arc saqmes mocdeba”.<br />
wesebisa <strong>da</strong> kanonebisadmi pirquSad <strong>da</strong>mcvel<br />
holandielebTan <strong>da</strong> saerTod <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropelebTan qarTvelebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebisas sandra<br />
isev iumors mimarTavs: “qarTvelebs Wir-varamis<br />
xumrobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>tana exerxebaT <strong>da</strong> aseTi anekdoti<br />
moigones: rodis kvdeba a<strong>da</strong>miani bednieri?<br />
rodesac Sxapis qveS deni <strong>da</strong>artyams! es niSnavs,<br />
177
om wyalic aqvs, denic <strong>da</strong> wyalis gamacxelebelic”.<br />
sandra rulovsis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba dRevandeli<br />
qarTvelebisadmi iseTia, rogorc qarTul<br />
an<strong>da</strong>zaSi _ “moyvares pirSi uZraxe...”.<br />
romeli Cvengani ar <strong>da</strong>eTanxmeba am sityvebs:<br />
“zogjer vfiqrob, rom saqarTveloSi bevri<br />
macxovrebeli ar imsaxurebs am RvTiur samoTxeSi<br />
cxovrebas, im ubralo mizezebis gamo, rom<br />
dRevandeli saqarTvelos progresisaTvis<br />
namdvili brZolis maTi Sinagani survili<br />
sakmarisad Zlieri ar aris”.<br />
qarTvelebis ZiriTadi xedva Tu aRqma sandras<br />
wignSi aseTia: “qarTvelebs ukiduresobebs Soris<br />
uyvarT balansireba, arian fatalisturad<br />
momarTulni, xelgaSlilebi <strong>da</strong> stumarTmoyvareebi”.<br />
Crdiloevropeli cdilobs zomierad <strong>da</strong><br />
racionalurad icxovros. amitom sandrasaTvis<br />
gaugebari iyo, roca erTma qarTvelma megobarma<br />
misi qmrisagan asi dolari isesxa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
SekiTxvaze – rodis <strong>da</strong>gvibrunebs, miSam upasuxa:<br />
qarTvelebi aseT kiTxvas ar svamen, im as dolars<br />
ki albaT veRarasdros vixilavTo.<br />
mas moswons qarTul ojaxebSi babua-bebiis<br />
monawileoba bavSvis aRzr<strong>da</strong>Si: “es me sakuTar<br />
Tavze gamovcade <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vrwmundi, rom marTlac<br />
sasargeblo ramaa”. moswons isic, “raoden<br />
178
tolerantulad udgebian qarTvelebi sxva<br />
erovnebisa <strong>da</strong> rjulis warmomadgenlebTan<br />
cxovrebas”.<br />
gatacebiT <strong>da</strong> didi codniT mouTxrobs Tavis<br />
mkiTxvelebs qarTul <strong>da</strong> ucxoelisaTvis uTuod<br />
egzotikur kerZebze. aRniSnavs, rom aq<br />
gansakuTrebuli ridiT epyrobian Rvinos, did<br />
pativs miageben Tama<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mandilosnebs _ “Cveni<br />
sufris yvavilebs”. <strong>da</strong> iqve SeniSnavs: “qarTveli<br />
qalebi mamakacebs emorCilebian, magram ar<br />
emonebian”.<br />
uTuod saWiro iyo am wignSi im azris <strong>da</strong>cva,<br />
rac marTlac rom karga<strong>da</strong>a gakeTebeli. kerZod,<br />
mravali argumentiT (maT Soris _ dmanisSi<br />
aRmoCenili “uZvelesi evropelis” Tavis qalis<br />
faqtiT) sandra evropelebs usabuTebs im azrs,<br />
rom “socialur-ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> istoriulkulturuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelo aSkarad<br />
evropis nawilia”. vinc odnav mainc erkveva<br />
saqarTvelos winaSe mdgom upirveles amocanebSi,<br />
misTvis savsebiT gasagebia raoden didi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom saqarTvelos<br />
rogorc evropis nawilis ideas <strong>da</strong>savleTevropeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, am qveynis kargad<br />
mcodne saqarTvelos pirveli ledi amtkicebs.<br />
rogor Cans wignSi “miSa”?<br />
_ “Tu saWiro gax<strong>da</strong>, konfrontaciasa <strong>da</strong><br />
risksac ar erideba. CvenSi <strong>da</strong>rCes <strong>da</strong>, amas misTvis<br />
179
jer warmatebis meti araferi moutania”; “miSa<br />
maqsimalisti pirovnebaa. Tu rame <strong>da</strong>iwyo, Zal-<br />
Rones ar <strong>da</strong>iSurebs <strong>da</strong> saqmes bolomde miiyvans.<br />
is politikisTvisaa gaCenili. winaswar gaTvlebSi<br />
arasodes motyuebula <strong>da</strong> SeuZlia misTvis<br />
saWirboroto sakiTxi sazogadoebis yuradRebis<br />
centrSi moaqcios. miSam yvela metoqes <strong>da</strong>umtkica,<br />
rom masTan xumroba ar Rirs”, “miSa dRemde<br />
maocebs”.<br />
rogori grZnobebi aRuZra sandras vardebis<br />
revoluciam? _ ”me vamayobdi Cemi qarTvelebiT”.<br />
rogor afasebs am xaverdovan revolucias? _<br />
uTuod umTavresi kriteriumiT: “miSas Tqmis ar<br />
iyos, 23 noemberi qarTvelebisTvis erovnuli<br />
Rirsebis aRdgenis dRe iyo”.<br />
sandra politikosobas ar iCemebs, magram,<br />
bunebrivia, arc gaurbis <strong>da</strong>, roca saWiroa,<br />
uaRresad zust <strong>da</strong>kvirvebebsa <strong>da</strong> formulebs<br />
gvTavazobs. ase, magaliTad: “ruseTsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos Soris siyvarulisa <strong>da</strong> siZulvilis<br />
Zafebia gabmuli”; “ukrainaSi ganviTarebul<br />
movlenebs aSkara kavSiri hqon<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelosTan”<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
amaRelvebelia is faqti, rom es wigni 94<br />
wlis asakSi gar<strong>da</strong>cvlil ”did bebias _ Tamars”_<br />
Tamar abaSiZes (giuli alasanias bebias) eZRvneba,<br />
romelTanac axlo urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> sandras<br />
<strong>da</strong> masze didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia. “didi<br />
180
ebia” xom ara mxolod asakovani pirovnebaa,<br />
aramed Cveni warsulic, Cveni nostalgia.<br />
sandras rogorc pirvel ledis kargad esmis<br />
sakuTari rolis mniSvneloba, icis, rom es ara<br />
mxolod didi pativia. amitomac aseTi<br />
imperativiT amTavrebs Tavis wigns: “Tavi maRla!<br />
mxned gaswie uReli! saqarTvelos gaumarjos!”<br />
<strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT: sandra elisabed<br />
rulovsis samwerlo debiuti mkacrad<br />
gansazRvrul JanrSi iseve warmatebuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />
rogorc ucxoeli mkiTxvelebis winaSe saqarTvelos<br />
“prezentacia” idealistis naambobis saxiT.<br />
181
savse qarTuli patiosnebiT<br />
mTxoven xolme, gviambe Tqvens ojaxze,<br />
mSoblebze; rogori iyo Salva nucubiZe Sin Tu<br />
gareT, rogori iyo yofaSi, mkacri mama iyo Tu<br />
lmobieri, giTmob<strong>da</strong>T dros, Tu ar ecala<br />
TqvenTvis, Tu iyo stumarTmoyvare <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
Cemi megobrebis mSoblebisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
mamaCemi XIX saukuneSi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavad iyo<br />
matarebeli im saukunisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
zneobriv-moraluri kodeqsisa. germanofili<br />
gaxl<strong>da</strong>T: uyvar<strong>da</strong> wesrigi <strong>da</strong> sistema rogorc<br />
filosofiaSi, aseve cxovrebaSi, Tumca am -<br />
germanul sistemaSi”- sagulisxmo qarTuli<br />
Strixebi Sehqon<strong>da</strong>. simkacremde organizebuli<br />
iyo. mkafiod hqon<strong>da</strong> ganawilebuli muSaobis <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>svenebis dro. roca Tavis kabinetSi, magi<strong>da</strong>sTan<br />
ij<strong>da</strong>, saxlSi sruli siCume un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo; TiTis<br />
wverebze <strong>da</strong>vdiodiT. ar gvqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba<br />
amxanagebi <strong>da</strong>ukiTxavad mogveyvana <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d _<br />
advilad veravin Semovido<strong>da</strong> CvenTan.<br />
sakuTar saxlSi vcxovrobdiT veraze, yofil<br />
perovskaias, amJamindel axvledianis quCaze,<br />
romelzec xmauriT zedized or manqanas rom<br />
182
gaevlo, moTminebi<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli, telefonisken<br />
iwev<strong>da</strong> _ un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vreko qalaqis sabWoSi <strong>da</strong><br />
gavagebino, rom me aq vmuSaob <strong>da</strong> siwynare<br />
mWirdebao. es xdebo<strong>da</strong> ormociode wlis win,<br />
roca ramodenime manqanis erTimeoris miyolebiT<br />
gavla iSviaTi ambavi iyo Cvens wynar <strong>da</strong> myudro<br />
quCaze. amJamad es quCa erT-erTi mTavari<br />
magistrali <strong>da</strong> savaWro centria, romelzec arc<br />
dRisiT <strong>da</strong> arc RamiT ar wydeba manqanebis svla.<br />
xangrZlivi muSaobis Semdeg aucileblad<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaeseirna. uyvar<strong>da</strong> siaruli, iSviaTad<br />
jdebo<strong>da</strong> transportSi. midio<strong>da</strong> Tavaweuli, xan<br />
orive xeli zurgsukan hqon<strong>da</strong> Semowyobili, Tan<br />
cal xelSi trosti eWira. uamravi a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
esalmebo<strong>da</strong>. TviTonac xan quds ixdi<strong>da</strong>, xan ki<br />
qudTan xelis mitaniT upasuxeb<strong>da</strong>. es Jesti<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamaxsovr<strong>da</strong> - momwon<strong>da</strong>. viRaceebi meferebodnen,<br />
Tavze xels misvavdnen <strong>da</strong> ase mivdiodiT<br />
veres parkSi.<br />
veres parki verisubnelebis <strong>da</strong>svenebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Sexvedrebis adgili iyo. marTalia, komunistebis<br />
dros igi kirovis saxels atareb<strong>da</strong>, magram iq<br />
antikirovuli suli trialeb<strong>da</strong>. magondeba<br />
uaRresad saTno saxis xnieri mamakacebi<br />
cilindrebiT, xelTaTmaniani <strong>da</strong> vualiani<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>zmuli mandilosnebi bavSvebiT. aq jer kidev<br />
modiodnen SemorCenili yofili federalistebi,<br />
menSevikebi <strong>da</strong> isini, visac pirveli respublikis<br />
183
mogoneba aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> Zveli inteligencia,<br />
romelic aravis araferSi sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. Salva<br />
nucubiZis gamoCena acocxleb<strong>da</strong> maT. <strong>da</strong>inaxavdnen<br />
Tu ara, yvela fexze dgebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gars exveodnen.<br />
mamam ico<strong>da</strong>, rom mas iq elodnen <strong>da</strong> rac Tavi<br />
maxsovs, ar gamoutovebia TiTqmis arc erTi dRe,<br />
uamindobis drosac, rom ar wasuliyo parkSi<br />
CvenTan erTad Tu uCvenod. es iyo ritualic <strong>da</strong><br />
es iyo misvla im adgilas, sa<strong>da</strong>c TanamoazreebisaTvis<br />
SegeZlo gulisnadebi gageziarebina.<br />
is saxeebi axlac Cems Tvalwin cimcimeben, vxe<strong>da</strong>v<br />
maT – TeTri parusinis Sarvlebsa <strong>da</strong> kitelebSi,<br />
TeTri panamis SlapebiT.<br />
maT Soris iyo erTi warmosadegi, simpatiuri,<br />
xanSi Sesuli kaci, romelTanac mamas didi xnis<br />
nacnoboba akavSireb<strong>da</strong>. es iyo, rogorc mama<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong>, fostmeisteri dimitri mgelaZe. igi<br />
pirveli respublikis mTavrobaSi fostis<br />
ministri yofila, imJamad ki Tbilisis<br />
universitetis profesori iyo rusuli<br />
filologiis <strong>da</strong>rgSi. igi iqve, parkTan<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. Tan axl<strong>da</strong> xolme Cemi toli gogona<br />
didi lurji TvalebiT <strong>da</strong> rac yvelaze metad<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamaxsovr<strong>da</strong>, lamazi SlapiT (jein eiris epoqis<br />
stilis): maRal ovalze mimagrebuli yvavilebis<br />
patara TaiguliT <strong>da</strong> win bafTiT Sekruli.<br />
Slapam momajadova. es iyo misi SviliSvili mzia<br />
bagrationi, petre gruzinskis qaliSvili.<br />
184
dimitri mgelaZisa <strong>da</strong> mamaCemis axlo<br />
urTierTobam xeli Seuwyo Cvens swraf<br />
<strong>da</strong>megobrebas. isini saaTobiT saubrobdnen, Cven<br />
ki, me <strong>da</strong> mzia, iqve vTamaSobdiT. skolaSi erTad<br />
Segviyvanes. rasakvirvelia, erT merxTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>vsxediT. universitetSic erTad CavabareT,<br />
magram mere mzia moskovis universitetSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />
saswavleblad. es rom mamaCemma gaigo, ganrisx<strong>da</strong>:<br />
amisTvis gavxseniT universiteti? amisTvis<br />
vibrZoleT? magram Cveni TavadiSviloba mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />
moRalate iyo, mu<strong>da</strong>m ruseTisken eWira Tvali!<br />
aseT maRal patriotul notaze gakicxa Cemi<br />
megobari. dResac vxe<strong>da</strong>v mamis anTebul saxes.<br />
mamas yoveli wuTi gaangariSebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, dros CvenTvisac<br />
poulob<strong>da</strong> - gvaseirneb<strong>da</strong>, gvaTamaSeb<strong>da</strong>, gviyvebo<strong>da</strong><br />
saxaliso ambebs. roca vTxovdiT, eswrebo<strong>da</strong><br />
Cvens bavSvur speqtaklebs, romlebsac<br />
saaxalwlod Tu sapirvelmaisod vmarTavdiT.<br />
xan<strong>da</strong>xan is erTaderTi mayurebeli iyo – aqeTiqiT<br />
skamebs <strong>da</strong>dgam<strong>da</strong>, Camoacvam<strong>da</strong> Tavis pijaks,<br />
<strong>da</strong>axurav<strong>da</strong> Slapas <strong>da</strong> gaiTamaSeb<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos<br />
megobrebTan erTad iyo mosuli, romlebsac<br />
speqtaklis msvlelobisas Tavis STabeWdilebas<br />
uziareb<strong>da</strong>. Cven siciliT vixocebodiT. ori<br />
warmodgena imarTebo<strong>da</strong> _ “scenaze” <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rbazSi,<br />
romelic aSkarad gvjobni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
185
saocrad xalisiani iyo. ar hgav<strong>da</strong> tipur<br />
sabWoTa akademikoss _ mZimed mosiarules,<br />
TviTkmayofils, zedmiwevniT seriozuli saxiT,<br />
romelic garSemo veravis xe<strong>da</strong>vs.<br />
mamaCemi, 1910-20-iani wlebis Taobis mravali<br />
warmomadgenlis msgavsad, didi Teatrali iyo. mec<br />
Semayvara Teatri. Svidiode wlisa viqnebodi,<br />
roca miTxra, baletis araCveulebrivi mocekvave<br />
un<strong>da</strong> gaCvenoo. operis TeatrSi wamiyvana.<br />
laurensias” warmodgenaze. frondozos partias<br />
vaxtang Wabukiani asruleb<strong>da</strong>, laurensias _ vera<br />
wignaZe. mexsierebaSi CamrCa is gamaognebeli<br />
atmosfero, romelic TeatrSi sufev<strong>da</strong> _<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wedili <strong>da</strong>rbazi, fexze mdgomi uamravi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> gauTavebeli “bravo” iarusebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
mamas gansakuTrebiT uyvar<strong>da</strong> saopero<br />
xelovneba. xSirad waimRereb<strong>da</strong> xolme Tavis<br />
sayvarel melodiebs _ lenskis arias “evgeni<br />
onegini -<strong>da</strong>n, duelis win rom mReris: Куда, куда вы<br />
удалились, весны моей злотые дни...?. aseve xSirad<br />
mRero<strong>da</strong> mefistofelis arias “fausti”-<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
sityvebze _ Не целуй его до обручения _–eSmakuri<br />
RimiliT me gadmomxe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> xolme. aRelveb<strong>da</strong><br />
alfredis mamis cnobili aria “traviata”-<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
Svils rom Sin <strong>da</strong>brunebas evedreba. axlac, roca<br />
mamis saxlSi Sevdivar, TiTqos Camesmis misi<br />
simReris xma, romelic aq mu<strong>da</strong>m ismo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
186
gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebamde cota xniT adre de<strong>da</strong>Cems<br />
uTxra: ver amCnev, rom aRar vmRerio?... <strong>da</strong><br />
saocari ram: gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis wina Rames<br />
saavadmyofoSi masTan misulebs <strong>da</strong>gviZaxa: Cqara,<br />
modiT, yvelam erTad vimReroT “mravalJamier”.<br />
kargi xma hqon<strong>da</strong>, romelsac Zalian<br />
ufrTxildebo<strong>da</strong>, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi misTvis lamis iseve<br />
saWiro iyo, rogorc momReralisaTvis. MogexsenebaT,<br />
iSviaTi oratori iyo.<br />
saocrad zustad axden<strong>da</strong> wirvis imitirebas;<br />
ganasxvaveb<strong>da</strong> mitropolitis, mRvdlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
diakvnis galobis kilos. saaRdgomo sufrasTan,<br />
romelic Cvens ojaxSi gagania komunizmis xanaSic<br />
yovelTvis iSlebo<strong>da</strong>, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xmiT warmo-<br />
Tqvam<strong>da</strong> locvebs. klasikuri gimnazia hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli, misi babuebi mRvdlebi iyvnen <strong>da</strong><br />
saRvTo rjuls bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>nve kargad icnob<strong>da</strong>. am<br />
codniT araerTxel gauocebia Cveni kaTalikospatriarqebi.<br />
didi stumrianoba Cvens ojaxSi arasodes<br />
yofila. amis erT-erTi mizezi mamas mkacri dRis<br />
ganrigi iyo, romelic arasodes ar un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveuliyo. de<strong>da</strong>Cems yvelaferi mamaCemis<br />
garSemo hqon<strong>da</strong> agebuli. Cvenc vemorCilebodiT.<br />
mokled, ojaxSi erTgvari patriarqati sufev<strong>da</strong>.<br />
zogjer televizoris yurebasac gvikrZalav<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amitom araiSviaTad malulad vuyurebdiT<br />
televizors. Tu mogviswreb<strong>da</strong>, vai Cveni brali:<br />
187
skoli<strong>da</strong>n rom moxvalT, ezoSi xis Ziras<br />
<strong>da</strong>gaxvedrebTo am televizorso.<br />
televizia <strong>da</strong> leninis mokle fexebi<br />
roca 1950-ian wlebSi TbilisSi televizori<br />
pirvelad gamoCn<strong>da</strong>, teqnikuri progresis am<br />
saocrebam didi gamococxleba Semoitana<br />
sazogadoebaSi. Cvenc gvindo<strong>da</strong>, rom gvqono<strong>da</strong>,<br />
magram _ ara mamaCems. Tumca swored am dros mamas<br />
70 weli Seusrul<strong>da</strong>. rasakvirvelia, mTavroba<br />
amas ar aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> es maSin, roca iubileebs<br />
mihqon<strong>da</strong> Teatraluri <strong>da</strong>rbazebi. rusTavelisa <strong>da</strong><br />
operis TeatrebSi didi zar-zeimiT aRiniSnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
rogorc gamoCenili, aseve fsevdoavtoritetis<br />
mqone a<strong>da</strong>mianTa TariRebi. upartio mecnieris _<br />
Salva nucubiZis <strong>da</strong>badebis dRis aRniSvnas<br />
universitetis <strong>da</strong>rbazSic ver be<strong>da</strong>vdnen. amis<br />
gamo misi kolegebi filosofiis instituti<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Tavs uxerxulad grZnobdnen. ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites,<br />
Taviseburad aReniSnaT es TariRi TavianTi<br />
stumrobiT CvenTan gl<strong>da</strong>nSi. manamde gamouZiebiaT<br />
_ ra ara aqvso Sin, riT gavaxaroTo <strong>da</strong>...<br />
mogvadgnen televizoriT. mamaCemis saxe un<strong>da</strong><br />
genaxaT am saCuqris <strong>da</strong>naxvisas!.. ara, _ Tqva mere,_<br />
amaTi Wkuis imedi arasodes mqonia.<br />
Cven ki gavixareT.<br />
mokled, televizias ar wyalob<strong>da</strong>, gamcden<br />
saSualebad miaCn<strong>da</strong>. Tumca, isic un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom<br />
188
arc televiziis mesveurni iCendnen mis mimarT<br />
raime interess. isev telemayurebelTa <strong>werilebi</strong>T<br />
Sewuxebulebi, erTxel mainc mogvasmenineT<br />
nucubiZeo, iZulebuli gaxdnen eTxovaT,<br />
televiziiT gamosuliyo. Cvenc aRvfrTovandiT.<br />
de<strong>da</strong>Cemic Seevedra, uari ar eTqva. <strong>da</strong> lamis<br />
ZaliT waiyvanes. rom <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>, Tqva: televizia<br />
Cemi saqme ar aris, Semiyvanes cariel oTaxSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>msves <strong>da</strong>, aba, <strong>da</strong>iwye leqciao. am cariel<br />
oTaxSi ver vilaparakeb-meTqi, vuTxari <strong>da</strong> vidre<br />
ar Semoiyvanes yvela, vinc ki irgvliv iyo, ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>viwyeo. ase SemorCa televiziis saarqivo fonds<br />
masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli oriode satelevizio<br />
Canaweri.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, mikrofonTanac uWir<strong>da</strong><br />
urTierToba. misi sajaro sityva iseTi<br />
eqspresiuli, iseTi moZravi iyo, rom mikrofons,<br />
estradis msaxiobiviT xelSi Tu <strong>da</strong>iWer<strong>da</strong>, Torem<br />
sxvanairad masTan ver Cerdebo<strong>da</strong>. momswre var,<br />
did <strong>da</strong>rbazSi sajaro gamosvlisas ramdenjer<br />
miutovebia kaTedra <strong>da</strong> eqstazSi Sesuls<br />
avanscenaze gadmounacvlebia <strong>da</strong> am dros<br />
<strong>da</strong>rbazi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>uZaxiaT _ “mikrofoni, mikrofoni!”<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ubrunebiaT kaTedrasTan. arc mikrofonebi<br />
wyalobdnen. rodesac reabilitirebuli sandro<br />
axmetelis saiubileo saRamoze rusTavelis<br />
TeatrSi, rac televiziiT ga<strong>da</strong>icemo<strong>da</strong>, sityvas<br />
ambob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> komunistebisaTvis saWoWmano sakiTxs<br />
189
_ axmetelis <strong>da</strong>patimrebis mizezebs Seexo,<br />
<strong>kulturis</strong> ministrma _ oTar TaqTaqiSvilma<br />
(albaT ufro maRali instanciis karnaxiT an<br />
SiSiT) mikrofoni gamourTo.<br />
me mgoni, roca kaTedraze adio<strong>da</strong>,<br />
aviwydebo<strong>da</strong> (an SesaZloa am dros gansakuTrebiT<br />
mZafrad ganicdi<strong>da</strong>) romel saxelmwifoSi<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. erTxel akademiis saaqto <strong>da</strong>rbazSi<br />
ise parodiulad aRwer<strong>da</strong> oqtombris revolucias<br />
<strong>da</strong> maT Soris _ leninis mokle fexebs, rom<br />
komunistebisaTvis erTob sazeimo TariRi lamis<br />
iumoris saRamod aqcia. albaT amiTac aixsneba is<br />
faqti, rom rusTavelisa <strong>da</strong> universitetis<br />
iubileebze, romelsac mravali ucxoeli stumari<br />
eswrebo<strong>da</strong>, arc sityva ar misces <strong>da</strong> arc scenaze<br />
gamarTul prezidiumSi miiwvies. ara<strong>da</strong>, rogor<br />
emzadebo<strong>da</strong>! im dilas universitetSi wasvlis win<br />
sarkesTn idga <strong>da</strong> sagangebod Cacmuli gaxamebul<br />
TeTr cxvirsaxocs isworeb<strong>da</strong> gare gulis jibeSi...<br />
<strong>da</strong> rogor Secvlili <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>, Tumca aseT rames<br />
ukve miCveuli iyo.<br />
“Salva, gaixsene cixe!”<br />
gareT miRebuli wyena Sin ar mohqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
problemebs Tavs ar gvaxvev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xalisianad<br />
monawileob<strong>da</strong> ojaxur cxovrebaSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
_ Cveni <strong>da</strong>badebis dRis mowyobaSi. Cems <strong>da</strong>badebis<br />
190
dRes mTel klass vpatiJebdi <strong>da</strong> vinai<strong>da</strong>n es axali<br />
wlis samzadiss emTxvevo<strong>da</strong>, yvelas saaxalwlo<br />
saCuqrebs vaxvedrebdi. Tan speqtaklsa <strong>da</strong><br />
koncerts vamzadebdiT. mama yvelaferSi<br />
gvexmarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tan xumrob<strong>da</strong> _ ra <strong>da</strong>ibadeT<br />
amisTana, rom ase zeimobTo?!<br />
erTxelac, rodesac didi ria-ria gvqon<strong>da</strong> _<br />
klaselebi, naTesavebi, koncerti, Tovlis papa _<br />
<strong>da</strong> bavSvebi Sin wasvlaze arc ki fiqrobdnen, am<br />
zar-zeimSi rom viyaviT, mamaCems am gauTavebeli<br />
Jivil-xiviliT moTmineba <strong>da</strong>ukargavs <strong>da</strong> apireb<strong>da</strong><br />
eTqva _ bavSvebo, droa <strong>da</strong>amTavroTo. de<strong>da</strong>Cemi<br />
Zvlivs akaveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bolos aseT tira<strong>da</strong>s mimarTa:<br />
Salva, gaixsene cixe! uaresi mogiTmenia!”es<br />
SeZaxili uZlieresi argumenti aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amasTanave siamovneb<strong>da</strong> bavSvebis molxena <strong>da</strong><br />
saojaxo Tu saeklesio dResaswaulebi. erT<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebis dRes aseTi leqsi miZRvna:<br />
meToTxmete axali wlis mercxali _<br />
ToTxmeti wlis lamis gavxde mec qali,<br />
dedis qali,<br />
mamis Tvali,<br />
rogorc lali!<br />
Taigulad gars martyia vardebi,<br />
gogonebi, me <strong>da</strong> yvela varT debi.<br />
dedis vardi,<br />
mamis mardi,<br />
vis vuyvardi?!<br />
191
_ momklavs <strong>da</strong>rdi!<br />
vis unaxavs lxinSi dro <strong>da</strong>karguli!<br />
am dRes lxinis var kakalguli,<br />
dedis guli,<br />
mamis guli,<br />
siyvaruliT moqarguli.<br />
“ara, lixs aqeT qali ar moiyvaneba!”<br />
erT zafxuls mTeli ojaxi afxazeTSi<br />
wavediT. Tan gvaxl<strong>da</strong> mosamsaxurec. ukraineli<br />
iyo _ katerina, Zalian simpaTiuri <strong>da</strong> niWieri<br />
qali. mis <strong>da</strong>badebis dResac aRvniSnavdiT. masTan<br />
oTaxSi saCuqrebi migvqon<strong>da</strong>, mama ki fuliT<br />
asaCuqreb<strong>da</strong>. male gaerkva, vis ojaxSi iyo,<br />
vefxistyaosani” gaiTavisa <strong>da</strong> am poemis ramdenime<br />
epizodi <strong>da</strong>xata kidec. “naxes ucxo moyme vinme”-s<br />
epizodi didi zomis qaRaldze <strong>da</strong>xata <strong>da</strong> mamaCems<br />
aCuqa. roca vinaobas ekiTxebodnen, pasuxob<strong>da</strong> _<br />
am bavSvebis учительница varo. mamasac sTxova,<br />
afxazeTSic ase warmadgineTo.<br />
axal aTonSi berias yofil agarakze<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvabinaves (beria mamas aCrdiliviT Tan<br />
sdev<strong>da</strong>!). ulamazes garemoSi, mTaze, idga<br />
tropikuli baRiT garSemortymuli saxli. berias<br />
yofil did oTaxSi bavSvebi <strong>da</strong>Werobanas<br />
vTamaSobdiT. erT dRes yvelani gareT gamovediT.<br />
cas SevcqerodiT, rom <strong>da</strong>gvenaxa iuri gagarini,<br />
romelic im dRes gafrin<strong>da</strong> kosmosSi. mama<br />
192
aRelvebuli Can<strong>da</strong>, magram araferi uTqvams. netav<br />
ras fiqrob<strong>da</strong>...<br />
erT dRes maspinZlebma eSeris restoranSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvpatiJes. mezobel magi<strong>da</strong>sTan vaxtang<br />
Wabukiani SevamCnieT. ramodenime a<strong>da</strong>mianTan<br />
erTad ij<strong>da</strong>. mamam aiRo sasmisi, wamodga <strong>da</strong><br />
Wabukians - misTvis ufro Cveul enaze _ rusulad<br />
mimarTa. <strong>da</strong>sawyisi zustad maxsovs: В Грузии две<br />
известности - Чабукиани и Нуцубидзе. Одна известность<br />
узнала и приветствует другую... Semdeg aRar maxsovs.<br />
sityva omaxianad <strong>da</strong> STambeW<strong>da</strong>vad warmosTqva.<br />
Wabukiani, romelic rogorc amboben, Tavisi<br />
genialobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad morcxvi <strong>da</strong> moridebuli<br />
kaci iyo, odnav Secba. ar moelo<strong>da</strong>. wamodga <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavis qneviT moridebulad raRac waibutbuta.<br />
meti arc iyo mosalodneli. isini xom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgis didostatebi iyvnen: erTi _ sityvis,<br />
meore _ moZraobis. am scenam yvelas yuradReba<br />
miiqcia. mamaCemis sityviT Zalian kmayofili<br />
<strong>da</strong>vrCi.<br />
mxiblav<strong>da</strong> am kacis xasiaTi _ misi SemarTeba,<br />
moudrekeloba, yvelaferis iumorSi ga<strong>da</strong>tanis<br />
unari, rac mis irgvliv xalisian garemos qmni<strong>da</strong>.<br />
nebismer <strong>da</strong>Zabulobas misi sidinje aneitraleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Tu ojaxSi “konfliqti” moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, maSinve quds<br />
<strong>da</strong>ixurav<strong>da</strong> _ parkSi mivdivaro <strong>da</strong> swrafi<br />
nabijiT gadio<strong>da</strong> bini<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
aravis aZlev<strong>da</strong> saSualebas, gaerTulebina<br />
viTareba. xan<strong>da</strong>xan imereli mamaCemi qarTlel<br />
193
de<strong>da</strong>Cems SesZaxeb<strong>da</strong> _ nu xar am ojaxSi staliniviTo!<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tan Cailaparakeb<strong>da</strong>: “ara, lixs aqeT<br />
qali ar moiyvaneba!”<br />
momxiblavi iyo misi “germanuli<br />
mowesrigebuloba yvelaferSi, rac CacmaSic ki<br />
mJRavndebo<strong>da</strong>. aq Tavs iCen<strong>da</strong> misi esTetizmi, rac<br />
momdevno Taobas naklebad axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong>. gareT ise<br />
ar gavido<strong>da</strong>, rom sagangebod ar gaeprialebina<br />
fexsacmeli, pijakis gulis gare jibeSi ar Caedo<br />
TeTri cxvirsaxoci. uyvar<strong>da</strong> gaxamebuli qaTqaTa<br />
perangebi, hqon<strong>da</strong> uamravi halstuxi, saTeatrod<br />
_ priala laqis fexsacmelebi <strong>da</strong> aseve sagangebod<br />
saTeatrod Sekerili klasikuri stilis Savi<br />
kostumi.<br />
de<strong>da</strong>Cemi, Tumc axalgazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> lamazi iyo,<br />
Cacmisadmi ufro neitraluri iyo. mamaCems es<br />
ukvir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> eubnebo<strong>da</strong>: rogor SegiZlia erTi <strong>da</strong><br />
igive samosiT itrialo gareT <strong>da</strong> TeatrSic?!<br />
de<strong>da</strong>Cems, romelsac un<strong>da</strong> moevlo oTxi<br />
SvilisaTvis, ezruna gl<strong>da</strong>nis kar-mi<strong>da</strong>mosa <strong>da</strong><br />
didi binisaTvis <strong>da</strong> Seesrulebina mamaCemis<br />
uamravi <strong>da</strong>valeba _ ga<strong>da</strong>ebeW<strong>da</strong> nawerebi,<br />
biblioTeki<strong>da</strong>n moetana wignebi, aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> erbina<br />
mkeravTan, SeekveTa qudebi, mj<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />
saparikmaxeroSi, SeeZina samkaulebi...<br />
de<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> mamas Soris didi asakobrivi<br />
sxvaoba iyo _ 25 weli. magram Cven amas ver<br />
194
vgrZnobdiT, iseTi axalgazrduli suli hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
mamas.<br />
roca 1953 wels yvela samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>iTxoves (aseTi “ga<strong>da</strong>xrebic” iyo Cvens<br />
qveyanaSi) im dReebSi Semoiara erTma Zvirfasi<br />
nivTebiT xelze movaWrem <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>s raRaceebi<br />
SesTavaza. am dros mama Semovi<strong>da</strong>. de<strong>da</strong>m<br />
saswrafod aniSna qals, yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>emala <strong>da</strong><br />
wasuliyo. raSia saqme, - ikiTxa mamam <strong>da</strong> nacnob<br />
movaWres sTxova, eCvenebina motanili. _ <strong>da</strong>toveT,<br />
rac moewona, male ga<strong>da</strong>gixdiTo. mamam ar<br />
gvagrZnobina is <strong>da</strong>rtyma, rac ukve meramdened<br />
miiRo sabWoTa reJimisagan.<br />
marTalia, im xanad epoqa TiTqos amis sababs<br />
ar iZleo<strong>da</strong>, magram Salva nucubiZes mainc<br />
mtkiced sjero<strong>da</strong>, rom sabWoTa imperia<br />
<strong>da</strong>imsxvreo<strong>da</strong>. ar vici, ra aZlev<strong>da</strong> aseTi rwmenis<br />
mizezs. SesaZloa is garemoba, rom Zalian undo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
xSirad imeoreb<strong>da</strong> baraTaSvilis sityvebs:<br />
xe<strong>da</strong>vT, viTaris kadnierebiT<br />
Sekrbebis Cvenzed usjuloeba!...<br />
dRes meca TqvenSi var meomari. . .<br />
dRevandel dResaviT aRelveb<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
Soreuli Tu axlo warsuli. mTavrobis<br />
sasaxlesTan rom Caivli<strong>da</strong>, quds ixdi<strong>da</strong>. mizezi<br />
rom vkiTxe, miTxra: Svilo, aq iunkerebi<br />
195
asaflavian. isini saqarTvelos <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />
ibrZodnen.<br />
erTxel saguramoSi wagviyvana ilias saxlis<br />
sanaxavad. gzad wiwamurSi SevCerdiT. mamas rom<br />
Sevxede, Tvalebi cremlebiT hqon<strong>da</strong> savse.<br />
80 weli rom usruldebo<strong>da</strong>, de<strong>da</strong>m sTxova,<br />
oc<strong>da</strong>aTi kaci mainc <strong>da</strong>vpatiJoTo. axla aRar<br />
mikvirs, maSin ki gamaoca mamas pasuxma: “qeTevan,<br />
moiZebneba ki oc<strong>da</strong>aTi patiosani inteligenti,<br />
rom saxlSi SemovuSvaT?”<br />
196
Salva nucubiZe <strong>da</strong> simon yauxCiSvili<br />
simon yauxCiSvilis <strong>da</strong>axloveba <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnieruli TanamSromloba Salva nucubiZesTan<br />
upirvelesad qarTul-bizantiuri urTierTobebisadmi<br />
saerToO interesma ganapiroba.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac komunisturma xelisuflebam<br />
<strong>da</strong>apatimra <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvrita saqarTveloSi klasikuri<br />
filologiisa <strong>da</strong> bizantinistikis <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli,<br />
didebuli mecnieri _ grigol wereTeli, misi<br />
saqmis gagrZeleba im urTules viTarebaSi simon<br />
yauxCiSvilma iTava.<br />
man Tavis muSaobaSi yuradReba gaamaxvila<br />
rogorc axali specialistebis momzadebaze, aseve<br />
qarTul-bizantiur urTierTobaTa kvlevaze.<br />
am urTierTobaTa istoriis erT-erTi mTavari<br />
movlena _ petriwi <strong>da</strong> qarTuli filosofiuri<br />
azris bizantiuri aspeqtebi _ mravali wlis<br />
manZilze Salva nucubiZisa <strong>da</strong> simon yauxCiSvilis<br />
xSiri Sexvedrebis, azrTa gaziarebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnieruli gansjis mTavar sagans warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
es Sexvedrebi, rogorc wesi, Cvens binaze an<br />
sofel gl<strong>da</strong>nis agarakze imarTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
197
am Sexvedrebis sixSire ojaxur garemoSi <strong>da</strong><br />
gansakuTrebuli siaxlove miT ufro aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom Salva nucubiZis binis kari iSviaTad<br />
ixsnebo<strong>da</strong> misi kolegebis winaSe. rogorc Cans, es<br />
sifrTxile Tu distancireba garemocvisagan mas<br />
Semdeg gauCn<strong>da</strong>, rac 1938 wels misi <strong>da</strong>patimrebis<br />
sababi masTan stumrad mosuli kolegis Cveneba<br />
gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Salva nucubiZec <strong>da</strong> simon yauxCiSvilic<br />
qarTvel mecnierTa im mcirericxovan wyebas<br />
ganekuTvnebodnen, romlisTvisac miuRebeli iyo<br />
komunisturi ideologia. orives mTavari<br />
sazrunavi iyo saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />
mecnierebis “gamarTva evropuli radiusiT”.<br />
isini ar iyvnen tipuri sabWouri mecnierebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> xelisuflebac grZnob<strong>da</strong> amas. maTi azrovneba,<br />
metyveleba, saubris Tema <strong>da</strong> TviT garegnuli<br />
iersaxe ar iyo iseTi, rogorc es <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
iyo sabWoeli mecnierebisaTvis. radgan<br />
SeuZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> maTi “gamosworeba” Tu<br />
moTviniereba, xelisuflebam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita maTi<br />
izolacia.<br />
aRaras vambobT imaze, rom didi teroris<br />
dros oriveni <strong>da</strong>apatimres. isini mainc ar<br />
<strong>da</strong>xvrites, vinai<strong>da</strong>n komunistur reJims yovel<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgSi sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> didi avtoritetebi.<br />
sukis cixegamovlili orive mecnieri ar<br />
gaty<strong>da</strong>, ar <strong>da</strong>eca. maT SeinarCunes moqalaqeobrivi<br />
198
<strong>da</strong> mecnieruli Rirseba <strong>da</strong> umZimesi sabWouri<br />
wnexis qveSac ar moixarnen.<br />
nucubiZisa <strong>da</strong> yauxCiSvilis mecnieruli<br />
TanamSromloba uaRresad nayofieri iyo.<br />
yauxCiSvili iziareb<strong>da</strong> nucubiZis koncefcias<br />
fsevdo-dionise areopagelisa <strong>da</strong> petre iberis<br />
igiveobaze; aseve mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> aRmosavluri<br />
renesansis nucubiZiseul ideas <strong>da</strong> Tavis mxriv<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi argumentebi mohyav<strong>da</strong>. yovelive es<br />
kidev ufro aaxloveb<strong>da</strong> maT.<br />
Salva nucubiZe aRar iyo cocxali, rodesac<br />
erTxel mweralTa kavSirSi raRac RonisZiebis<br />
dros simon yauxCiSvilma tribuni<strong>da</strong>n ganacxa<strong>da</strong>:<br />
sakmarisia SexedoT yinwvisis angelozs, romelic<br />
sulisa <strong>da</strong> xorcis harmoniaa, <strong>da</strong> mixvdebiT, rom<br />
amaSi renesansuli paTosi vlindebao.<br />
“Zmao Salva”, “Zmao simon” _ aseTi<br />
warwerebiT Cuqnidnen erTmaneTs TavianT wignebs;<br />
amave sityvebiT iwyeba maTi erTmaneTisadmi<br />
gagzavnili <strong>werilebi</strong>.<br />
ai erTi maTgani:<br />
17. V. 1940 moskovi.<br />
Zmao simon,<br />
esaa miviRe Seni werili. pirvelze ver<br />
gipasuxe, radgan ar vicodi sad momewera. mere<br />
kinaRam CavZaRldi mtrebis sazeimod <strong>da</strong> exla<br />
movbrundi. konspeqti usaTuod akademiam<br />
199
gamougzavnaT magram ratom ugvaroT ar vici<br />
gavigeb. aq xSirad gixsenebT. mec didi siamovnebiT<br />
wamovidodi, Tu kargs pirobebSi gamomiSveben _<br />
bina <strong>da</strong> samsaxurSi sruli aRdgena, ise sul ar<br />
wamoval. Zalas veravin <strong>da</strong>matans. pavles ga<strong>da</strong>eci<br />
Sen niWieri kaci xar <strong>da</strong> qe mixvdebi raSia saqme-<br />
Tqo. ar vici “niWlozebi” [?] ras izaven. yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi magaT recenzias gadmomcemen <strong>da</strong><br />
gatyaveba Cemze iyos, Tu rame gabedes. TviTon<br />
Sroma ukve <strong>da</strong>werili maqvs. avad rom ar<br />
gavmx<strong>da</strong>riyavi deborini apireb<strong>da</strong> fsevdodioniseze<br />
moxsenebis <strong>da</strong>smas maisis plenumze. bedi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> yvelafers. ara uSavs. momikiTxe<br />
axalgazrdebi.<br />
Seni Zma Salva.<br />
zogierTebma moindomes am Zmobas Soris<br />
Cadgoma, Tumca bevrs veras gaxdnen, mxolod,<br />
rogorc ityvian, droebiT wyali aamRvries.<br />
nucubiZisa <strong>da</strong> yauxCiSvilis mecnieruli<br />
TanamSromloba 1930-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
1937 wels maT erTad gamosces petriwis<br />
Sromebis meore tomi. amis Semdeg pirveli tomi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>beWdiliyo, magram misi gamocema SeaCeres<br />
orive Semdgenel-gamomcemlis <strong>da</strong>patimrebis gamo.<br />
1939 wels Salva nucubiZe Tbilisis<br />
universitetis gamomcemlobis direqtors _<br />
varlam miqaZes aseT werils wers moskovi<strong>da</strong>n:<br />
200
“Tqven, ueWvelia, iciT, rom me <strong>da</strong> simon<br />
yauxCiSvili gaTavisuflebuli varT gamoZiebis<br />
procesSi saqmis mospobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>videT pir<strong>da</strong>pir saqmeze _ petriwis pirveli<br />
tomi un<strong>da</strong> gamovides Cemi <strong>da</strong> simonis saxeliT _<br />
ise, rogorc gamovi<strong>da</strong> meore tomi. visime uvici<br />
winasityvaobiT aseTi klasikosis gamocema,<br />
romliTac Tqvenma gamomcemlobam Tavi isaxela,<br />
<strong>da</strong>umsaxurebeli <strong>da</strong>naSauli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> SoTas<br />
Semdeg meore kacis winaSe qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong><br />
saganZurSi” (givi miqaZe. <strong>werilebi</strong> Матросская<br />
Тишина-<strong>da</strong>n. _ gaz. “kalmasoba”, 15-29 ivlisi,<br />
1997).<br />
magram mox<strong>da</strong> ise, rom pirveli tomis 1940<br />
wlis gamocemas, mecnieruli eTikis sruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveviT, Salva nucubiZis saxeli mainc<br />
moaciles. Cveni ojaxis arqivSi inaxeba am<br />
usiamovno ambis amsaxveli <strong>werilebi</strong>, magram<br />
vinai<strong>da</strong>n isini cnobil pirovnebebs exeba, ar<br />
migvaCnia saWirod maTi gamoqveyneba.<br />
saerTod saintereso arqivi SemogvrCa <strong>da</strong> igi<br />
kidev ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom ara Salva<br />
nucubiZis <strong>da</strong>patimrebisas Catarebuli Cxreka. am<br />
“arqivis” nawilia b-ni simonis mier CemTvis<br />
naCuqari “vefxistyaosnis” ziCis ilustraciebis<br />
gamocema gulTbili warweriT <strong>da</strong> misganve Cemi<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebis dRis misaloci baraTebi. is Cveni<br />
201
ojaxis megobari <strong>da</strong> Cemic, im xanad _ jer kidev<br />
bavSvis _ megobari iyo.<br />
modio<strong>da</strong> Cems <strong>da</strong>badebis dReebze, mohqon<strong>da</strong><br />
saCuqrebi. maT Sorisaa antikvaruli xelsaqmis<br />
kalaTa, romelSic dResac vinaxav lamaz nivTebs.<br />
erTxel TbilisSi ar iyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebis dRe<br />
depeSiT momiloca. esec “arqivis” Zvirfasi<br />
kuTvnilebaa.<br />
zamTris gamoklebiT Salva nucubiZe sofel<br />
gl<strong>da</strong>nSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> Tavis agarakze. simon<br />
yauxCiSvili iyo im iSviaT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris (maT<br />
Soris gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>mamaxsovr<strong>da</strong> WeSmariti<br />
inteligenti _ sergo wulaZe), romelic xSirad<br />
modio<strong>da</strong> CvenTan. Cven, bavSvebs, misi Camosvla<br />
gansakuTrebiT gvaxareb<strong>da</strong>. Semovido<strong>da</strong> Tu ara<br />
ezoSi, Tavis did Sav CanTas mogvawvdi<strong>da</strong>, TviTon<br />
ki mamas mihyvebo<strong>da</strong> samuSaod Tu sasaubrod. es<br />
CanTa Cems mexsierebas SemorCa rogorc jadosnuri<br />
gu<strong>da</strong>, romlis yoveli ganyofilebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
moulodneli saCuqrebi cvio<strong>da</strong>.<br />
erTxel de<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad moskovSi viyaviT<br />
sastumroSi. dilaadrian gvestumra. gviTxra,<br />
erTad visauzmoTo. me erbokvercxi movisurve.<br />
kvercxi lamis umi iyo <strong>da</strong> ar momewona. am bavSvs<br />
kargad Semwvari uyvarso, uTxra oficiants. iseTi<br />
madlieri viyavi!<br />
202
axla rom vakvirdebi, Salva nucubiZesa <strong>da</strong><br />
simon yauxCiSvils bevri ram aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bevri<br />
ram ganasxvaveb<strong>da</strong> kidec.<br />
erTs axasiaTeb<strong>da</strong> didi intuicia <strong>da</strong><br />
abstragireba, xolo meores _ xelnawerebSi,<br />
teqstebSi iSviaTi CaZiebis unari. aseT a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
TanamSromlobam <strong>da</strong>ba<strong>da</strong> teqstebiTa <strong>da</strong> faqtebiT<br />
gamagrebuli ideebi <strong>da</strong> koncefciebi.<br />
b-ni simoni lamazi garegnobis kaci iyo, magram<br />
metwilad “demokratiulad” ecva <strong>da</strong> saerTod<br />
Cacmas did yuradRebas ar aqcev<strong>da</strong>. mamaCemi am<br />
mxriv sruliad sapirispiro pirovneba iyo,<br />
uyvar<strong>da</strong> lamazad Cacma. mama bazarSi albaT<br />
arasodes yofila, b-ni simoni ki iq siamovnebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iq avseb<strong>da</strong> Tavis jadosnur CanTas.<br />
maxsovs, erTxel b-ni simoni mosvlas agvianeb<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong> mamaCemma gabrazebiT Tqva: is axla bazarSi<br />
iqnebao.<br />
maxsovs maTi xangrZlivi saubrebi, romlis<br />
dros sakraluri saxelebiviT mesmo<strong>da</strong> sityvebi _<br />
“bizantia”, “areopagitika”, “balavariani”,<br />
“petriwi”, “fselosi”, “rusTaveli”, “renesansi”<br />
<strong>da</strong>, cxadia, “saqarTvelo”. maSin bavSvi viyavi,<br />
magram vgrZnobdi, rom es ori a<strong>da</strong>miani ar iyo<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebis Tayvanismcemeli, rom isini<br />
Tavisufal <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel saqarTveloze<br />
ocnebobdnen <strong>da</strong> amis garduvalobac sjero<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
203
P.S. grigol wereTlis, Salva nucubiZisa <strong>da</strong><br />
simon yauxCiSvilis fotosuraTebis aslebi,<br />
romlebic kagebes Tbilisis cixeSia ga<strong>da</strong>Rebuli,<br />
axladgaxsnil saqarTvelos okupaciis muzeums<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>veci.<br />
204
mecnieris wignebis samyaroSi<br />
filosofoss, literaturis istorikossa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTargmnels – Salva nucubiZes pirveli ziareba<br />
wignis samyarosTan aRwerili aqvs Tavis memuarul<br />
CanawerebSi. babuamiss, dedis mamas, mRvdel<br />
filipe <strong>da</strong>TiaSvils tyavis ydebSi akinZuli<br />
xucuri wignebis mTeli biblioTeka hqonia.<br />
”bavSvobi<strong>da</strong>nve mizi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> am wignebis suni,<br />
gaugebari siamis momgvreli, - igonebs S. nucubiZe,<br />
- maxsovrobaSi wignebis siZvelis eSxi CamrCa... Cemi<br />
Taoba ganviTarebis gzaze cxraasxuTis<br />
revoluciis samzadis periodSia gamosuli. wigni<br />
<strong>da</strong> garemo iqca mTavar movlenad, wignebis<br />
SerCevas ki garemo karnaxob<strong>da</strong>...”<br />
Taoba, romelsac wilad xv<strong>da</strong> universitetis<br />
<strong>da</strong>arsebis, erovnul mecnierebasa <strong>da</strong> kulturaSi<br />
axali gzebis gakvlevis <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelos<br />
demokratiuli respublikis parlamentSi<br />
monawileobis bedniereba, cxovrebis asparezze<br />
inteleqtualuri samyaro<strong>da</strong>n movi<strong>da</strong>. maTi siyrme<br />
<strong>da</strong> axalgazrdoba ganuyrelad iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
wignTan, codnis SeZenasTan.<br />
205
quTaisis gimnaziaSi swavlis dros Salva<br />
nucubiZe naTesavebTan cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. igi Rameebs<br />
aTeneb<strong>da</strong> wignis kiTxvaSi, razec ojaxis ufross<br />
uTqvams: es biWi bevr navTs miwvavs, magram misgan<br />
aSkarad kaci <strong>da</strong>dgebao. peterburgSi<br />
filosofiur fakultetze saswavleblad wasuli,<br />
sajaro biblioTekaSi aRameb<strong>da</strong>. sxvaTaSoris imave<br />
biblioTekaSi <strong>da</strong>uaxlov<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>umegobr<strong>da</strong> aseve<br />
codnas <strong>da</strong>wafebul sandro axmetels. rodesac<br />
universitetis profesors misTvis sakurso<br />
TemisaTvis saWiro wignebi <strong>da</strong>usaxelebia, maT<br />
Soris arcerTi ar yofila iseTi, filosofiis<br />
fakultetis 17 wlis studentma rom ar ico<strong>da</strong>.<br />
wignebi <strong>da</strong>xmarebia S. nucubiZes maSinac,<br />
rodesac universitetis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg erT<br />
xans ruseTis erT-erT mivardnil sofelSi mouwia<br />
maswavlebloba. aseT garemoSi inteleqtualuri<br />
vakuumis ga<strong>da</strong>tana isev wignebma gauadviles.<br />
”wignebi gavSale,_ igonebs igi,_ <strong>da</strong> vigrZeni, maTi<br />
imediT yvelgan gaiZlebo<strong>da</strong>”.<br />
1940–iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n zamTris <strong>da</strong>dgomamde S.<br />
nucubiZe ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gl<strong>da</strong>nSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />
agarakze. aq moiyara Tavi misTvis gansakuTrebiT<br />
saWiro wignebma. es aris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva germanuli<br />
gamokvlevebi renesansis sakiTxebze, areopagitikis<br />
problematikasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli gamokvlevebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> egzistencialistTa naSromebi.<br />
206
1960–ian wlebSi akademikosebs, maT Soris S.<br />
nucubiZes, mecnierebaTa akademiis xaziT<br />
ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n garnsazRvruli raodenobis wignebis<br />
gamoweris saSualeba misces. ase miiRo man<br />
haidegeris, sartrisa <strong>da</strong> sxva uaxles<br />
filosofosTa naSromebi.<br />
misTvis ucxo ar yofila arc ”gasarTobi<br />
literatura”. maxsovs bolo dros sasTumalTan<br />
diumas ”grafi monte-kristos” franguli<br />
ortomeuli edo. ambob<strong>da</strong>: mxatvruli literatura<br />
originalis enaze un<strong>da</strong> ikiTxoo.<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mTeli cxovrebis<br />
manZilze wigni Salva nucubiZis ganuyreli<br />
Tanamgzavri iyo, bibliofili arasdros yofila.<br />
masze ver vityviT, rom igi ama Tu im tipis<br />
gamocemebis koleqcioner-Semgrovebeli iyo.<br />
Tavisi Sinagani struqturiT, mousvenari<br />
temperamentiT, Znelad warmosadgenia bukinistur<br />
maRaziaSi moTminebiT eTvalierebina wignebis<br />
Taroebi. mis samuSao kabinetSi mosul stumars<br />
TvalSi rodi ecemo<strong>da</strong> wignebiT gaWedili<br />
karadebi <strong>da</strong> Taroebi, magi<strong>da</strong>zec erTdroulad<br />
oriode wigns Tu <strong>da</strong>ideb<strong>da</strong>. mas ar hqonia<br />
”mdi<strong>da</strong>ri” biblioTeka. garSemortymuli iyo ara<br />
mravalricxovani, aramed sayvareli <strong>da</strong> samuSaod<br />
aucilebeli wignebiT. roca saWiro iyo,<br />
biblioTekas miaSureb<strong>da</strong>. uyvar<strong>da</strong> biblioTekaSi<br />
muSaoba.<br />
207
uTuod ufro didi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> misi piradi<br />
biblioTeka, vidre is, romelsac me moveswari,<br />
magram mSfoTvare epoqam misi wignebis samyarosac<br />
<strong>da</strong>undoblad Seaxo sastiki xeli.<br />
Salva nucubiZe orsarTulian sakuTar<br />
saxlSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> “zemelTan” axlos. Tavis<br />
samuSao kabinetSi meore sarTulze ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
samecniero literatura hqon<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />
mxatvruli literaturis SesaniSnavi gamocemebi<br />
pirvel sarTulze, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi ufrosi qaliSvili<br />
cxovrob<strong>da</strong> ojaxiT (amJamad S. nucubiZis es<br />
wignebi ekuTvnis mis SviliSvils, romelic<br />
moskovSi cxovrobs). 1938 wels mama <strong>da</strong>apatimres<br />
“germaniis agentis” braldebiT. axla<br />
SeuZlebelia <strong>da</strong>dgena, ra mox<strong>da</strong> Cxrekis dros, ra<br />
waiRes <strong>da</strong> ra moispo. erTi ki vici: meore<br />
sarTuli CamoarTves <strong>da</strong> Sinsaxkomis TanamSromlis<br />
ojaxs ga<strong>da</strong>sces. mis kabinetsa <strong>da</strong> wignebs axali<br />
mflobeli gauCn<strong>da</strong>, romelmac filosofiuri<br />
literatura imdroisaTvis Sesaferisi<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT gamoiyena. –<br />
1942 wels ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n Sin <strong>da</strong>brunebul<br />
profesors Tavisi kantisa Tu Sopenhaueris<br />
iSviaTi gamocemebi tualetSi <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>. dResac<br />
SemorCenilia araerTi wigni, romlebSic<br />
<strong>da</strong>undoblad aris amoglejili furclebi.<br />
yvelafris “gamoyeneba” ver moaswres. Mmainc<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>rCa mravali wigni berZnul, laTinur,<br />
208
germanul, inglisur, frangul <strong>da</strong> rusul enebze,<br />
romelTac S. nucubiZe Tanabrad flob<strong>da</strong>. Ees<br />
aris ulamazesi, maRal doneze Sesrulebuli<br />
gamocemebi, rogorc wesi, magar y<strong>da</strong>Si Casmuli <strong>da</strong><br />
oqros varayiT nabeWdi saTaurebiT.<br />
Tavbru<strong>da</strong>mxvevia <strong>da</strong> warmtaci avtorTa saxelebi:<br />
platoni, aristotele, demokrite, plotini,<br />
berkli, spenseri, iumi, dekarte, kanti, hegeli,<br />
bruno, Sopenhaueri, kierkegori, celeri,<br />
kaizerlingi, hartmani, bergsoni, vindelbandi,<br />
huserli, haidegeri... epoqis ganumeorebeli <strong>da</strong>RiT<br />
aris aRbeWdili 1900-ian wlebSi germaniaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>beWdili goeTesa <strong>da</strong> Sileris tomeulebi.<br />
Mmis pirad biblioTekaSi inaxeba agreTve<br />
evropis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebis Jurnalebi<br />
filosofiisa <strong>da</strong> esTetikis <strong>da</strong>rgSi, magram es<br />
kompleqtebi ar aris sruli, ar Cans is nomrebi,<br />
romlebSic Tavis droze <strong>da</strong>savleTSi gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong><br />
recenziebi nucubiZis mier germaniaSi<br />
gamoqveynebul or wignze – “WeSmariteba <strong>da</strong><br />
Semecnebis struqtura” (1926) <strong>da</strong> “filisofia <strong>da</strong><br />
sibrZne” (1931).<br />
mox<strong>da</strong> ise, rom mis pirad biblioTekaSi ar<br />
aris <strong>da</strong>culi agreTve is gazeTebi, romlebSic<br />
Tavis droze qveyndebo<strong>da</strong> nucubiZis politikuri<br />
statiebi. vgulisxmobT gazeTebs “socialfederalisti”,<br />
“saxalxo saqme”, “saqarTvelo”.<br />
aq ibeWdebo<strong>da</strong> nucubiZis sityvebi, warmoTqmuli<br />
209
<strong>da</strong>mfuZnebel krebebze <strong>da</strong> parlamentSi. Aar Cans<br />
agreTve 1910-iani wlebis quTaisSi gamomavali<br />
gazeTebi, romlebSiac asaxulia Salva nucubiZisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> grigol robaqiZis polemika filosofiis<br />
sakiTxebze. Aim gazeTebSi kargad Cans Tu ra<br />
maRali sulieri moTxovnilebebiT cxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />
imdroindeli quTaisi <strong>da</strong> aRniSnuli polemika<br />
1900-iani wlebis qarTuli inteligenciis<br />
istoriis saintereso moments warmoadgens.<br />
Salva nucubiZis biblioTekaSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
avtorTa mier naCuqar wignebs Soris yvelaze<br />
adrindelia 1910 wels (am dros igi 22 wlisa<br />
iyo) peterburgSi gamocemuli wigni “sxvisi me-s<br />
problema uaxles filosofiaSi”, romelic<br />
misTvis avtors, rus filosofoss i. lapSins<br />
(1870-1952, praRa) uCuqebia warweriT. frangul<br />
enaze gaukeTebia misTvis warwera prof. a.<br />
makovelskis Tavis wignze “demokrite. sxvaTa<br />
Soris es wigni iSviaTobaa im mxriv, rom misi<br />
tiraJi sul 100 calia. igi baqoSia gamocemuli<br />
1926 wels. imxanad baqos univeresitetSi bevri<br />
rusi revoluciamdeli mecnieri moRvaweob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
avtorTa mier naboZeb wignebs Soris<br />
yuradRebas iqcevs irakli andronikovis<br />
lermontovi saqarTveloSi” (1958) warweriT:<br />
“Rrmad pativcemul Salva nucubiZes madlobis<br />
niSnad Cveni ojaxisadmi 1922 wels gaweuli didi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis. i. andronikovi”.<br />
210
avtoriseuli warwerebiT aris S. nucubiZis<br />
pirad biblioTekaSi mravali mecnierisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mwerlis wignebi, maT Soris _ konstantine<br />
kapanelis, korneli kekeliZis, simon yauxCiSvilis,<br />
levan gokielis, leon meliqseT-begis, aleqsandre<br />
wereTlis, giorgi axvledianis, aleqsandre<br />
baramiZis, viqtor kupraZis, niko kecxovelis,<br />
aleqsandre janeliZis <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
zogjer wignebi Soreuli mxri<strong>da</strong>n modio<strong>da</strong>.<br />
parizelma qarTvelologma nino saliam Tavisi<br />
naSromi aseTi warweriT gamougzavna: “did<br />
qarTvel mecniers akademikos Salva nucubiZes<br />
misi Tayvanismcemelisagan nino saliasagan. 1966 w.<br />
parizi.”<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia qarTvel mweralTa mier<br />
naCuqari wignebis warwerebi:<br />
“profesor Salva nucubiZes, qarTuli<br />
sulobis aRorZinebis brwyinvale tribuns, didi<br />
pativiscemiT <strong>da</strong> Zmuri siyvaruliT. konstantine<br />
gamsaxurdia”;<br />
“gasaocars, ganumeorebels Salva nucubiZes,<br />
poets, oqropirsa <strong>da</strong> Cemi poeziis erTgul<br />
megobars. ioseb griSaSvili”;<br />
“petre iberisa <strong>da</strong> petriwonelis Tanamdgoms,<br />
Cveni dReebis oqropirs, poets <strong>da</strong> vaJkacs, Salva<br />
nucubiZes _ siyvaruliT gogla leoniZe”.<br />
Salva nucubiZes axlo urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis<br />
211
winamZRvrebTan. am urTierTobis xasiaTze<br />
metyvelebs maT mier naCuqari wignebi. bibliis<br />
Si<strong>da</strong> y<strong>da</strong>ze vkiTxulobT:<br />
“orTa xucesTa naSiersa <strong>da</strong> sibrZnisa<br />
moyvaresa, jurRmulsa amas sibrZnisasa miuZRvnis<br />
xucesTa uxucesi. 1951.”. es “xucesTa uxucesi”<br />
brZandeba kaTalikos_patriarqi kalistrate.<br />
“axali aRTqmis” gamocema kaTolikospatriarqma<br />
efrem II-m aseTi warweriT uboZa:<br />
]<br />
“Cems Zvirfas maswavlebels Salva nucubiZes<br />
uRirsi Segirdisgan. efrem II, sruliad<br />
saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi. 1963.”<br />
Zneli saTqmelia, ra gziT moxv<strong>da</strong> nucubiZis<br />
wignebs Soris h. rikertis “transcendentaluri<br />
filosofiis” germanuli gamocema warweriT,<br />
romelic eZRvneba ara Salvas, aramed mixas: “Cems<br />
Zmas <strong>da</strong> megobars mixas samaxsovrod erTad<br />
brZolisa <strong>da</strong> tanjvisa Cveni ubeduri<br />
samSoblosaTvis. leo kereseliZe. berlini, 1916<br />
w., 25 qristesSoba”. xsenebuli mixa un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
cnobili Sumerologi mixeil (mixako) wereTeli,<br />
romelic aqtiur monawileobas Rebulob<strong>da</strong><br />
saqarTvelos erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi.<br />
albaT es wigni Salvas ga<strong>da</strong>sca, rogorc<br />
filosofoss.<br />
moRvaweobis rusTvelologiurma mxarem<br />
nucubiZe “vefxistyaosnis” araerT ucxo enebze<br />
mTargmnelTan <strong>da</strong>akavSira. rusTavelis poemis<br />
212
iaponeli mTargmneli ipnei fukuro, rumineli<br />
mTargmneli v. kernbaxi, germaneli mTargmneli,<br />
avstrieli poeti –hugo huperti, poloneli i.<br />
sikiricki TavianT Targmanebis gamocemebze<br />
warwerebSi madlobis grZnobiT moixsenieben<br />
poemis nucubiZiseul rusul Targmans <strong>da</strong><br />
winasityvaobas.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SevCerdeT “vefxistyaosnis” nucubiZiseuli<br />
rusuli Targmanis pirvel gamocemaze<br />
moskovSi 1941 wels. am gamocemis sastambo<br />
egzemplari, rogorc cnobilia, stalinma<br />
Caaswora <strong>da</strong> nucubiZes misca samaxsovrod.<br />
sicocxlis bolo wels nucubiZem es wigni<br />
qarTuli literaturis instituts ga<strong>da</strong>sca <strong>da</strong><br />
amJamad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c viciT, goris stalinis<br />
muzeumSi inaxeba.<br />
bunebrivia, rom wignebi, piradi biblioTekis<br />
Sedgeniloba misi mflobelis interesebis sferos<br />
asaxavs. Salva nucubiZis wignebi humanitaruli<br />
codnis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sferos moicavs: filosofia,<br />
esTetika, logika, xelovnebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>kulturis</strong><br />
istoria, mxatvruli literatura. nucubiZe<br />
mravali wlis manZilze filosofiis gar<strong>da</strong><br />
Tbilisis universistetSi kiTxulob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />
evropis literaturis istoriasa <strong>da</strong><br />
samarTalmcodneobas.A<br />
fogtisa <strong>da</strong> koxis, Jirmunskis, franc Sileris,<br />
ovetis, gasparis, bioklis <strong>da</strong> sxva avtorTa<br />
213
naSromebi, romelTa sqolioebi aWrelebulia<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SeniSvnebiTa <strong>da</strong> minawerebiT, naTlad<br />
metyveleben imaze, Tu raoden gul<strong>da</strong>smiT<br />
amuSavebs mecnieri evropis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva erovnul<br />
literaturaTa istorias. amave mizniT iyeneb<strong>da</strong><br />
igi italiuri, franguli, inglisuri literaturis<br />
anTologiebs. iurisprudenciis sakiTxebze<br />
S. nucubiZe ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d germanuli samecniero<br />
literaturiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>.<br />
Salva nucubiZis dRemde SemorCenil wignebis<br />
erT nawils leqsikonebi warmoadgens. yvela isini<br />
siymawvileSi SeuZenia, rodesac evropul enebs<br />
euflebo<strong>da</strong>. maT Soris aris germanul-franguli,<br />
germanul-italiuri, laTinur-germanuli, ber-<br />
Znul-germanuli leqsikonebi. SemorCenilia<br />
ramdenime saxelmZRvanelo, romliTac igi<br />
laTinursa <strong>da</strong> berZnuls swavlob<strong>da</strong>. aq yoveli<br />
calkeuli sityva gaxazulia <strong>da</strong> gverdiT miwerili<br />
aqvs Targmani qarTul, rusul <strong>da</strong> germanul<br />
enebze. yovelive es gimnaziaSi yofnisa <strong>da</strong><br />
studentobis periods ganekuTvneba.<br />
Salva nucubiZe “aqtiuri” mkiTxveli iyo.<br />
wignis sqolioebi aWrelebulia minawerebiT<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva enebze. am minawerebis xasiaTis<br />
saCveneblad vimowmebT calkeul magaliTebs.<br />
aristoteles naSromi “sulisaTvis” – germanuli<br />
Targmani, rogorc Cans, dednisaTvis u<strong>da</strong>rebia.<br />
sqolioze gamotanilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva germanuli<br />
214
sityvebis berZnuli Sesatyvisebi, aris aseTi<br />
minawerebic: “arasworad Targmnis”, “Targmani”,<br />
“Sdr. nikomaqes “eTikas”. sqolioebSi xSirad<br />
SeimCneva evropuli filosofiis terminebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
cnebebisadmi qarTuli Sesatyvisebis Zieba. frangi<br />
filosofosis m. korves wignSi “haidegeris<br />
filosofia” (1961) calkeuli franguli sitvebis<br />
gaswvriv miwerilia: “<strong>da</strong>farulis gacxadeba”,<br />
“warmoeba”.<br />
b. raselis “<strong>da</strong>savleTis filosofiis istoriis”<br />
sqolioze erTgan miwerilia: “aq-myo”, <strong>da</strong><br />
“aw-myo”. amave wignSi, rogorc es xazgasmuli<br />
adgilebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, misi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
miuqcevia im adgilebs, sa<strong>da</strong>c laparakia <strong>da</strong>savlur<br />
filosofiaSi fsevdo-dionise areopagelis<br />
ideaTa gavrcelebaze.<br />
filosofiuri wignebis sqolioebze xSirad<br />
aqvs iseTi minawerebi, romlebSic amJRavnebs Tavis<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas teqstisadmi: “sworia”, “ara”,<br />
“idiotoba”, “Secdomaa”, “ra SuaSia aq<br />
avereosi?”, “sqolastikis meTodi”, “avtoris<br />
argumenti sustia”, “ar esmis negatiuri<br />
Teologia”, “Sdr. areopagelis angeologia”,<br />
“RmerTs ara aqva yofiereba (areopagitika)”,<br />
“sainteresoa” <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
rasakvirvelia, ama Tu im sakiTxebze<br />
muSaobisas nucubiZe sargeblob<strong>da</strong> agreTve<br />
biblioTekis wignebiTac. sxvaTaSoris mis wignebs<br />
215
Soris SemorCenilia ramodenime iseTi, romelTac<br />
aqvs sabiblioTeko <strong>da</strong>mRa: “saqarTvelos<br />
parlamentis biblioTeka”.<br />
erovnuli kultura vlindeba ara mxolod<br />
<strong>literaturisa</strong> <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis ZeglebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
mecnierul monapovarTa saxiT, aramed im<br />
SemoqmedebiTi <strong>da</strong> mecnieruli laboratoriiTac,<br />
romelSic yovelive es iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>. mecnierisaTvis<br />
upirveles yovlisa es aris kabineti, romlis<br />
ganuyreli atributi wignebia.<br />
Salva nucubiZis piradi biblioTeka erTgvari<br />
sarkea im epoqisa, romlis mkacri qrolva<br />
mecnieris wignebis samyaroSic aRwev<strong>da</strong>. dRes,<br />
rodesac uyureb karadebis Taroebze SemorCenil<br />
S. nucubiZis wignebs <strong>da</strong> aTvaliereb avtorTa<br />
gvarebsa <strong>da</strong> saTaurebs <strong>da</strong> rodesac ici, rom<br />
yovelive es iyo ara binis interieris erTgvari<br />
samkauli, aramed is, rac safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo<br />
mecnieris gzas universitetis taZrisaken, Znelia<br />
ar gaifiqro: ra kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom dRevandeli<br />
qarTuli ojaxis savaldebulo atributi -<br />
lamazydiani wignebi _ Cveni axalgazrdobis<br />
cxovrebis iseTive aucilebeli sazrdo <strong>da</strong><br />
moTxovnileba gaxdebodes, rogoric iyo<br />
peterburgis universitetSi filosofiis arsisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> azris <strong>da</strong>saufleblad gamgzavrebuli<br />
quTaiseli gimnazistis _ Salva nucubiZisaTvis!<br />
216
natalia orlovskaia<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom Salva nucubiZes<br />
mTeli qalaqi icnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bevr a<strong>da</strong>mianTan hqon<strong>da</strong><br />
siaxlove, mainc misi saxlis zRurblis<br />
gadmobijeba ioli ar gaxl<strong>da</strong>T. Zalian<br />
SezRuduli iyo im a<strong>da</strong>mianTa wre, vinc masTan<br />
modio<strong>da</strong>. vinc me magondeba, eseni iyvnen: ivane<br />
beritaSvili, simon yauxCiSvili, konstantine<br />
gamsaxurdia, sergi wulaZe, egnate fifia ... <strong>da</strong> ai<br />
am gansazRvrul a<strong>da</strong>minTa ricxvSi iyo qalbatoni<br />
natalia orlovskaia.<br />
rodesac Salva nucubiZes universitetSi<br />
sazRvargareTis literaturis istoriaSic<br />
aukrZales leqciebis kiTxva (filosofiaSi ukve<br />
manamdec aRar hqon<strong>da</strong> ufleba), rogorc misi erTerTi<br />
yofili studenti igonebs, “man ukanasknel<br />
leqciaze gamogvicxa<strong>da</strong>, rom kurss gaagrZeleb<strong>da</strong><br />
misi mowafe, rogorc man Tbilad moixsenia _<br />
Прекрасная Наташа.<br />
“qalbatoni nataSa” _ ase mivmarTavdiT<br />
ojaxSi. ase mivmarTav dResac <strong>da</strong> es maaxloebs im<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>sul dReebTan, rodesac igi Cveni ojaxuri<br />
Sekrebebis monawile iyo.<br />
217
qalbatoni natalia, romelic Zalian<br />
soliduri <strong>da</strong> akademiuria oficialur garemoSi,<br />
sul sxvnairia sazeimo <strong>da</strong> ojaxur viTarebaSi _<br />
savsea iumoriT, poeziiTa <strong>da</strong> musikiT. is didi<br />
xalisiT miujdebo<strong>da</strong> xolme CvenTan roials<br />
mxrebze mogdebuli “CernoburkiT”.<br />
riT aixsneba didi maswavleblisa <strong>da</strong> niWieri<br />
mowafis <strong>da</strong>axloeba? vfiqrob, es iyo garkveuli<br />
Tanxvedra a<strong>da</strong>mianis kulturuli tipis,<br />
kulturuli modelis.<br />
Salva nucubiZe erTgvari matarebeli iyo<br />
qarTul-<strong>da</strong>savluri sinTezisa. mogexsenebaT, mis<br />
naSromebs wiTel zolad gasdevs idea, rom<br />
qarTuli <strong>kulturis</strong> umaRlesi monapovarni<br />
swored sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kulturaTa sinTezs<br />
ukavSirdeba. albaT swored am niSniT gax<strong>da</strong><br />
natalia orlovskaia nucubiZisTvis saintereso<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani _ is pirovneba, romelic saqarTveloSi<br />
matarebelia evropeizmisa.<br />
mas gaTavisebuli aqvs yovelive saukeTeso<br />
qarTuli <strong>da</strong> amasTanave jer kidev X1X saukuni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
momdinare Tbilisis rusuli <strong>kulturis</strong><br />
tra<strong>da</strong>ciebi <strong>da</strong> cxadia, <strong>da</strong>ntes, Seqspiris, rables<br />
samyaro.<br />
qalbatoni natalia yovelTvis xazgasmiT<br />
aRniSnavs, rom nucubiZesTan Sexvedram<br />
gansazRvra misi samecniero momavali <strong>da</strong> rom misi<br />
gavleniT <strong>da</strong> wyalobiT qarTul enaze<br />
218
Tavisuflad kiTxulobs leqciebs. marTlac,<br />
bednieria is, visac cxovrebis gzaze didi<br />
maswavlebeli moevlineba.<br />
maxsovs mamam miTxra: “mSvenieri axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />
qali iyo, sakandi<strong>da</strong>to rom moitana <strong>da</strong><br />
yvelanairad xeli SevuwyveT, magram axla<br />
sadoqtoroze ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita muSaoba <strong>da</strong> wasulia<br />
magis saqmeo, vin gabe<strong>da</strong>vs doqtori qalis<br />
Txovnaso”...<br />
qalbatoni natalias aspiranti viyavi. Zalian<br />
momTxovni xelmZRvaneli iyo; misi <strong>da</strong>msaxurebaa,<br />
rom droze <strong>da</strong>vwere disertacia. gar<strong>da</strong> codnisa,<br />
misgan bevri ram SeviZine. erTxel TanamSromeli<br />
uxeSad Semomepasuxa, me Zalian Tav<strong>da</strong>Werilad<br />
mivuTiTe, rom misi saqcieli ar iyo lamazi <strong>da</strong> man<br />
momaZaxa: “eg manerebi Sen orlovskaiasagan geqneba<br />
naswavlio”.<br />
Cven ki swored “am manerebma” <strong>da</strong>gvaaxloves<br />
mamaCemma tradiciebisadmi erTgulebis grZnoba<br />
Caminerga, anu is grZnoba, rac qalbaton<br />
nataliaSic ase Zlieria <strong>da</strong> es megobruli<br />
urTierToba dResac grZeldeba.<br />
Cemi meuRle _ irakli kenWoSvili _ agreTve<br />
misi studenti iyo. am megobrobaSi Cemi qaliSvili<br />
_ salomec CavrTe, rom manac naxos WeSmariti<br />
inteligenti, kulturuli tradiciebis matarebeli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> misi aratipuri, uaRresad<br />
kulturuli garemo. yovel wels, 2 ianvars Cven<br />
219
vikribebiT, axla ukve mis binaSi <strong>da</strong> vigonebT<br />
sasiamovno warsul dReebs, vsaubrobT awmyoze _<br />
qalbatoni nataSa di<strong>da</strong>d gulSematkivrobs<br />
yvelafers, rac saqarTveloSi keTdeba. is<br />
amavdroulad SesaniSnavi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xvewili<br />
kulinaria. lamazi WurWliT lamazad gaSlil<br />
sufrasTan masTan Tavi romeliRac warsul<br />
saukuneSi ggonia.<br />
natalia orlovskaia dResac universitetis<br />
profesoria <strong>da</strong> Tavisi moRvaweobiT kidev<br />
erTxel Seaxsenebs iq myofT tradiciebisadmi<br />
erTgulebis aucileblobasa <strong>da</strong> im maRali<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rtebisadmi swrafvas, sai<strong>da</strong>nac <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />
saqarTvelos upirvelesma umaRlesma skolam<br />
Tavisi arsebobis aTvla.<br />
220
T a r g m a n i<br />
221
222
mixeil baxtini<br />
karnavalizebuli literatura<br />
klasikuri antikurobis <strong>da</strong>mlevsa <strong>da</strong> Semdeg _<br />
elinizmis epoqaSi garegnulad sakmaod gansxvavebuli,<br />
magram Sinaganad monaTesave <strong>da</strong> imdenad<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli mravali Janri Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTar<strong>da</strong>, rom maT literaturis garkveuli <strong>da</strong>rgi<br />
Seqmnes, romelsac TviTon berZnebi erTob STambeW<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
sityviT _ “σπουδογελοιον” _ aRniSnavdnen, anu<br />
seriozul-sasacilo <strong>da</strong>rgad miiCnevdnen. Zveli berZnebi am<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgs miakuTvnebdnen sofronis mimebs, “sokratul<br />
dialogs” (rogorc calke Janrs), simposionis vrcel<br />
literaturas (aseve calke Janrs), adrindel memuarul<br />
literaturas (ioni qiosels, kritiass), pamfletebs,<br />
mTlianad bukolikur poezias, “menipes satiras” (rogorc<br />
calke Janrs) <strong>da</strong> aseve zog sxva Janrs. am seriozulsasacilos<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgis sazRvrebis mkveTrad <strong>da</strong> cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgena erTob Znelia, Tumca TviTon berZnebi saTanadod<br />
acnobierebdnen mis principul Taviseburebas <strong>da</strong><br />
ganasxvavebdnen seriozuli Janrebisagan _ epopeisagan,<br />
tragediisagan, istoriasagan, klasikuri ritorikisagan <strong>da</strong><br />
sxv. marTlac, es <strong>da</strong>rgi erTob arsebiTad gansxvavdeba<br />
klasikuri antikurobis sxvagvari <strong>literaturisa</strong>gan.<br />
rogoria seriozul-sasacilo Janrebis arsebiTi<br />
Taviseburebani?<br />
garegnuli sxvaobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, maT aerTianebs Rrma<br />
kavSiri karnavalur folklorTan, metad Tu naklebad<br />
223
gamsWvalulni arian specifikuri karnavaluri<br />
suliskveTebiT, xolo zogi maTgani zepirsityvieri<br />
karnavalur-folkloruli Janrebis literaturul<br />
variants warmoadgens. karnavaluri msoflganc<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romliTac mTliana<strong>da</strong>a gajerebuli es Janrebi,<br />
ganapirobebs maT mTavar Taviseburebas <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli<br />
saxeebisa <strong>da</strong> sityvis Tavisebur mimarTebas<br />
sinamdvilisadmi. marTalia, yvela am JanrSi Zlieri<br />
ritorikuli elementic aris, magram karnavaluri<br />
msoflgancdis mxiaruliი pirobiTobis garemoSi es<br />
elementi arsebiTad icvlis saxes: mcirdeba misi<br />
ritorikuli seriozuloba, gonebrioba, calmxrivoba <strong>da</strong><br />
dogmatizmi.<br />
karnavaluri msoflganc<strong>da</strong> uzarmazari<br />
cxovelmyofeli gar<strong>da</strong>mqmneli ZaliTa <strong>da</strong> iSviaTi<br />
gamZleobiT xasiaTdeba. amitom Cvens droSic ki<br />
seriozul-sasacilo tradiciebTan Tun<strong>da</strong>c Soreuli<br />
kavSiris mqone Janrebi Seicaven im karnavalur safuars,<br />
rac maT mkveTrad ganasxvavebs sxva Janrebisagan. isini<br />
raRac sxva niSniT arian aRbeWdilni, romliTac maT<br />
advilad vcnobT. maxvili smena yovelTvis gamoarCevs<br />
karnavaluri msoflgancdis Tun<strong>da</strong>c yvelaze Soreul<br />
eqos.<br />
im literaturas, romelmac pir<strong>da</strong>pir an iribad,<br />
Suamavali rgolebis saSualebiT, karnavaluri<br />
folkloris (antikuris an Suasaukuneobrivis) ama Tu im<br />
saxeobis zegavlena ganica<strong>da</strong>, Cven karnavalizebul<br />
literaturas vuwodebT. aseTi literaturis pirveli<br />
nimuSia seriozul-sasacilo mwerloba mTlianad. [...]<br />
seriozul-sasacilo Janrebis pirveli Tavisebureba<br />
aris sinamdvilisadmi axleburi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba: maTi<br />
sagni Tu, rac ufro sagulisxmoa, sinamdvilis gagebis,<br />
Sefasebisa <strong>da</strong> gaformebis amosaval wertili aris mwvave<br />
224
<strong>da</strong> xSirad aSkarad saWirboroto sakiTxebTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />
Sirebuli Tanamedroveoba. antikur literaturaSi<br />
seriozuli (marTalia, amasTanave sicilismieri) gamosaxvis<br />
sagani pirvelad aris warmodgenili yovelgvari epikuri<br />
an tragikuli distanciis gareSe <strong>da</strong> mocemulia ara miTis<br />
an Tqmulebis absolutur warsulSi, aramed<br />
Tanamedroveobis doneze, cocxal TanamedroveebTan<br />
uSualo <strong>da</strong> TviT uxeSi, familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi.<br />
am JanrebSi miTologiuri gmirebi <strong>da</strong> warsulis<br />
istoriuli pirni mizan<strong>da</strong>saxulad <strong>da</strong> xazgasmulad<br />
gaTanamedrovebulebi arian <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>usrulebel TanamedroveobasTan<br />
familaruli urTierTobis zonaSi moqmedeben<br />
<strong>da</strong> metyveleben. amgvarad, seriozul-sasacilos sferoSi<br />
mxatvruli saxis agebis Rirebulebrivdroismieri zona<br />
arsebiT cvlilebas ganicdis.<br />
meore Tavisebureba uSualo<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
pirvelTan: seriozul-sasacilo Janrebi ar emyarebian<br />
Tqmulebas <strong>da</strong> ar axdenen TavianTi Tavis sakralizebas<br />
Tqmulebis saSualebiT; isini Segnebulad efuZnebian<br />
gamocdilebasa (marTalia, jer arc Tu ise mdi<strong>da</strong>rs) <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisufal gamonagons; maTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Tqmulebisadmi<br />
umeteswilad uaRresad kritikulia, xolo zogjer<br />
_ cinikurad mamxilebelia. es namdvili ga<strong>da</strong>trialebaa<br />
literaturuli saxis istoriaSi.<br />
yvela am Janris mesame Taviseburebaa mizan<strong>da</strong>saxuli<br />
mravalstilianoba <strong>da</strong> mravalxmianoba. isini uars amboben<br />
epopeis, tragediis, maRali ritorikis, lirikis<br />
stilistur erTianobaze (ufro zustad _ erTian<br />
stilze). maTTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Txrobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
tonaloba, maRalisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>balis, seriozulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sasacilos aRreva; isini farTod iyeneben CarTul Janrebs<br />
_ werilebs, napovn xelnawerebs, monayol dialogebs,<br />
maRali Janrebis parodiebs, parodiulad gaazrebul<br />
225
citatebs <strong>da</strong> sxv.; zogierT maTganSi gvxvdeba prozauli<br />
<strong>da</strong> poeturi metyvelebis SeTavseba, dialeqtebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Jargonis (xolo romaul etapze _ TviT<br />
orenovnebis) gamoyeneba, Tavs iCens sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
avtoris niRabi. gamomxatvel sityvasTan erTad<br />
gamoiyeneba gamoxatuli sityva; zogierT JanrSi mTavar<br />
rols orxmiani sityvebi asruleben. amgvarad, aq Tavs iCens<br />
sityvisadmi rogorc literaturis masalisadmi axleburi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. [...]<br />
ramdenadme gamartivebulad <strong>da</strong> sqematurad rom<br />
vTqvaT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom romanis Janrs sami ZiriTadi<br />
fesvi aqvs: epopeuri, ritorikuli <strong>da</strong> karnavaluri. am<br />
fesvTagan romelime erTis upiratesobis Sesabamisad,<br />
evropuli romanis ganviTarebaSi sami xazi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>:<br />
epopeuri, ritorikuli <strong>da</strong> karnavaluri (maT Soris,<br />
cxadia, arsebobs mravali gar<strong>da</strong>mavali forma). romanis<br />
gaviTarebis mesame, anu karnavaluri xazis, maT Soris<br />
dostoevskis Semoqmedebisaken mimavali nairsaxeobis<br />
saTaveebi seriozul-sasacilo Janrebis <strong>da</strong>rgSi un<strong>da</strong><br />
veZeboT.<br />
romanisa <strong>da</strong> mxatvruli prozis am nairsaxeobis<br />
Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisaTvis, romelsac Cven<br />
qvemoT pirobiTad “dialoguris” saxelwodebiT<br />
movixseniebT (<strong>da</strong> romelsac, rogorc ukve vTqviT,<br />
dostoevskisTan mivyavarT) ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong> seriozul-sasacilo mwerlobis or Janrs _<br />
“sokrates dialogsa” <strong>da</strong> “menipes satiras”.<br />
“sokrates dialogi” _ Taviseburi <strong>da</strong> odesRac<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli Janria. “sokrates dialogebs”<br />
werdnen platoni, qsenofonte, antisTene, esqine, fedoni,<br />
evklide, aleqsemeni, glavkoni, simiusi, kratoni <strong>da</strong> sxvebi.<br />
Cvenamde moaRwies platonisa <strong>da</strong> qsenofontes dialogebma,<br />
226
xolo <strong>da</strong>narCenebma _ calkeuli fragentebis <strong>da</strong> maTze<br />
mxolod cnobebis saxiT. [...]<br />
“sokrates dialogi” ar aris ritorikuli Janri. igi<br />
saxalxo karnavalur nia<strong>da</strong>gze aRmocen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Rrmad aris<br />
gamsWvaluli karnavaluri msoflgancdiT, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
cxadia, _ misi ganviTarebis adrindel zepir sokratiseul<br />
stadiaze.<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad “sokrates dialogis” Janri _ ukve<br />
misi ganviTarebis literaturul stadiaze _ TiTqmis<br />
memuaruli Janri iyo: es iyo mogonebebi sokrates<br />
saubrebze, romlebic mokle moTxrobis CarCoSi iyo<br />
moqceuli. magram masalisadmi Tavisufalma SemoqmedebiTma<br />
midgomam TiTqmis mTlianad gaaTavisufla es Janri<br />
istoriuli <strong>da</strong> memuaruli artaxebisagan <strong>da</strong> mxolod<br />
WeSmaritebis gaxsnis sokratiseuli meTodi <strong>da</strong> moTxrobis<br />
CarCoSi ganTavsebuli dialogis garegnuli forma<br />
SeinarCuna. aseTi Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi bunebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba platonis “sokrateseuli dialogebi”, <strong>da</strong><br />
naklebad _ qsenofontesa <strong>da</strong> Cvenamde fragmentebis saxiT<br />
moRweuli antisTenes dialogebi.<br />
SevCerdebiT “sokrates dialogis” Janris im<br />
momentebze, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT<br />
Cveni koncefciisaTvis.<br />
1. am Janrs safuZlad uZevs sokrateseuli warmodgena<br />
WeSmaritebisa <strong>da</strong> masze Cveni warmodgenis dialogur<br />
xasiaTze. WeSmaritebis Ziebis dialoguri saSualeba<br />
upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc oficialur monologizms,<br />
romelic mza WeSmaritebis flobas iCemebs, aseve<br />
miamiturad Tav<strong>da</strong>jerebul a<strong>da</strong>minebs, romlebsac hgoniaT,<br />
rom maT namdvilad ician raRac, rom isini garkveul<br />
WeSmaritebebs floben. WeSmariteba ar ibadeba <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
mdebareobs calke a<strong>da</strong>mianis gonebaSi, igi a<strong>da</strong>mianTa Soris<br />
ibadeba, romlebic dialoguri urTierTobis procesSi<br />
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erTad eZeben WeSmaritebas. sokrate Tavis Tavs<br />
“maWankals” uwodeb<strong>da</strong>: igi erTmaneTs axvedreb<strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs <strong>da</strong> kamaTSi iTrev<strong>da</strong> maT, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
WeSmariteba ibadebo<strong>da</strong>; sokrate Tavis Tavs am mSobiare<br />
WeSmaritebis “bebiaqals” uwodeb<strong>da</strong>, radgan xels<br />
uwyob<strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>badebas. amitomac sokrates Tavi ar<br />
miaCn<strong>da</strong> mza WeSmaritebis erTpirovnul mflobelad. xazs<br />
vusvamT, rom sokrates warmodgenebi WeSmaritebis<br />
dialogur xasiaTze “sokrates dialogis” Janris saxalxo<br />
karnavalur safuZvels efuZnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis formasac<br />
saxalxo karnavaluri safuZveli ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. [...]<br />
mogvianebiT, rodesac “sokrates dialogis” Janri<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Camoyalibebul filosofiur skolaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
religiur moZRvrebaTa dogmaturi msoflmxedvelobebis<br />
samsaxurSi Cadga, man <strong>da</strong>karga yovelgvari kavSiri<br />
karnavalur msoflganc<strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> ukve mignebuli, mza <strong>da</strong><br />
ucilobeli WeSmaritebebis gadmocemis ubralo formad<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, neofitebis (katexizmoebi) SegonebaTa kiTxvapasuxis<br />
formad iqca.<br />
2. “sokrates dialogis” or mTavar xerxs sinkriza <strong>da</strong><br />
anakriza warmoadgendnen. sinkrizaSi gulisxmobdnen<br />
garkveul saganze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TvalsazrisTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>pirispirebas. saganze sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sityvaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
TvalsazrisTa <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis teqnikas “sokrates<br />
dialogSi” Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>, rasac<br />
Tavad am Janris xasiaTi ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong>. anakrizaSi<br />
gulisxmobdnen mosaubris sityvebis gamowvevas,<br />
provocirebas, sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gamoxatvis, Tanac<br />
bolomde gamoxatvis iZulebas. sokrate amgvari anakrizis<br />
didostati iyo: man ico<strong>da</strong> rogor aelaparakebina<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, rogor gamoeTqvaT maT TavianTi bundovani <strong>da</strong><br />
jiutad akviatebuli azrebi, rogor gaetarebina es azrebi<br />
sityvebis Suqze <strong>da</strong> rogor warmoeCina maTi simc<strong>da</strong>re an<br />
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nakluloba; man ico<strong>da</strong> rogor gamoetana mzis Suqze<br />
moaruli WeSmariteba. anakriza aris sityvis sityviTve (<strong>da</strong><br />
ara siuJeturi svliT, gansxavebiT “menipes satirisagan”)<br />
provocireba. sinkriza <strong>da</strong> anakriza azris dialogizebas<br />
axdenen, azrs gamoacalkeveben <strong>da</strong> replikad, a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
Soris dialoguri urTierTobis monawiled xdian. orive<br />
es xerxi gamomdinareobs WeSmaritebaze dialoguri<br />
warmodgeni<strong>da</strong>n, rac safuZvlad udevs “sokrates<br />
dialogs”. am karnavaluri Janris nia<strong>da</strong>gze sinkriza <strong>da</strong><br />
anakriza kargaven TavianT viwro ganyenebul-ritorikul<br />
xasiaTs.<br />
3. “sokrates dialogis” gmirebi ideologebi arian.<br />
upirvelesad ideologia TviTon sokrate, ideologia<br />
agreTve yvela misi mosaubre _ misi mowafeebi, sofistebi,<br />
ubralo a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romelTac igi dialogSi iTrevs <strong>da</strong>,<br />
maT<strong>da</strong> uneburad, ideologebad aqcevs. TviT ambavic,<br />
romelic “sokratul dialogSi” xdeba (ufro sworad,<br />
romlis aRdgenac mimdinareobs masSi), WeSmaritebis Ziebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> gamocdis wmin<strong>da</strong> ideologiuri movlenaa. [...]<br />
4. “sokrates dialogSi”, anakrizasTan erTad, anu<br />
sityvis sityviTve provocirebasTan erTad, zogjer amave<br />
mizniT dialogis siuJeturi situacia gamoiyeneba.<br />
platonis “analogia”-Si sasamarTlosa <strong>da</strong> sasikvdilo<br />
ganaCenis molodinis situacia ganapirobebs sokrates<br />
metyvelebis gansakuTebul xasiaTs; es aris zRurblze,<br />
zRvarze mdgomi a<strong>da</strong>mianis metyveleba. “fedonSi” saubari<br />
sulis ukv<strong>da</strong>vebaze, am saubris yvela Sinagani Tu garegani<br />
peripetia sikvdiliswina viTarebiTaa ganpirobebuli. aq<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi Tavs iCens miswrafeba iseTi<br />
gansakuTrebuli viTarebis Seqmnisaken, romelic sityvas<br />
yovelgvari Cveuli avtomatizmisa <strong>da</strong> sagnobriobisgan<br />
aTavisuflebs <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians aiZulebs Tavisi pirovnebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
azris siRrmiseuli Sreebi gaamJRavnos. [...]<br />
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5. “sokrates dialogSi” idea organulad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli am ideis matarebeli a<strong>da</strong>mianis (sokratesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> dialogis sxva mTavar monawileTa) saxesTan. ideis<br />
dialoguri gamoc<strong>da</strong> amasTanave am ideis matarebeli<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis gamoc<strong>da</strong>caa. [...]<br />
“sokrates dialogma” rogorc garkveulma Janrma<br />
mcire xans iarseba, magram misi <strong>da</strong>Slis procesSi sxva<br />
dialoguri Janrebi, maT Soris _ “menipes satira”<br />
(Semdgom mas mokled “meniped” movixseniebT) Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>,<br />
romelic, cxadia, ar aris “sokrates dialogis” <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />
uSualo Sedegi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi karnavalur folklorSi<br />
iRebs saTaves. [...]<br />
1. “sokrates dialogisagan” gansxvavebiT, menipeSi<br />
gazrdilia sicilis elementis xvedriTi wili, Tumca misi<br />
odenoba icvleba am uaRresad moqnili Janris<br />
nairsaxeobaTa mixedviT; magaliTad, sicilis elementi<br />
Zalian Zlieria varonTan <strong>da</strong> qreba (ufro zustad _<br />
reducirebulia) boeciusTan. am sicilis elementis<br />
karnavalur xasiaTze odnav mogvianebiT visaubrebT.<br />
2. menipe mTlianad Tavisufldeba im memuarulistoriuli<br />
SezRudvebisagan, romlebic jer kidev<br />
SeimCneva “sokrates dialogSi” (Tumca zogjer<br />
garegnulad memuaruli forma SenarCunebulia). igi<br />
Tavisufalia Tqmulebisagan <strong>da</strong> araa SeboWili<br />
sinamdvilesTan garegnuli msgavsebis raime moTxovnebiT.<br />
menipe siuJeturi <strong>da</strong> filosofiuri gamonagonis iSviaTi<br />
TavisuflebiT xasiaTdeba. amas xels ar uSlis is<br />
garemoeba, rom menipes mTavari gmirebi istoriuli <strong>da</strong><br />
legen<strong>da</strong>ruli pirebi arian (diogeni, menipe <strong>da</strong> sxvani).<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTels msoflio literaturaSi ver<br />
vipoviT gamonagonisa <strong>da</strong> fantastikis TvalsazrisiT<br />
menipeze ufro Tavisufal Janrs.<br />
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3. menipes Janris umTavresi Tavisebureba is aris, rom<br />
masSi uTamamesi <strong>da</strong> ukidegano fantastika <strong>da</strong> avantura<br />
Sinaganad motivirebulia, gamarTlebulia, sakralizebulia<br />
iseTi wmin<strong>da</strong> ideur-filosofiuri mizniT, rogoricaa<br />
gansakuTrebuli situaciis Seqmna brZenis, WeSmaritebis<br />
maZieblis saxiT warmodgenili filosofiuri ideis _<br />
sityvis, WeSmaritebis provocirebisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdisaTvis.<br />
vimeorebT, rom fantastika aq WeSmaritebis ara <strong>da</strong>debiT<br />
xorcSesxmas, aramed mis Ziebas, provocirebas <strong>da</strong> rac<br />
mTavaria _ mis gamoc<strong>da</strong>s emsaxureba. am mizniT menipes<br />
gmirebi adian zecaSi, eSvebian qvesknelSi, <strong>da</strong>exetebian<br />
ucnob fantastikur qveynebSi, moqmedeben uCveulo<br />
viTarebaSi. [...] Zalian xSirad menipeSi fantastika<br />
avanturul-saTavga<strong>da</strong>savlo, zogjer _ mistikur-religiur<br />
(apuleiusTan) xasiaTs iZens. magram yovelTvis<br />
WeSmaritebis provocirebisa <strong>da</strong> gamocdis ideur funqcias<br />
emsaxureba. ukidegano avanturul fantastikasa <strong>da</strong><br />
filosofiur ideas Soris aq ganuyreli organuli<br />
mxatvruli erTianobaa <strong>da</strong>myarebuli. erTxel kidev un<strong>da</strong><br />
aRiniSnos, rom saubaria swored ideis, WeSmaritebis, <strong>da</strong><br />
ara garkveuli individualuri Tu socialur-tipuri<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis xasiaTis gamoc<strong>da</strong>ze. brZenis gamoc<strong>da</strong> aris am<br />
qveynad misi filosofiuri poziciis gamoc<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara am<br />
poziciisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli misi xasiaTis ama Tu mxaris.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom menipes Sinaarsi<br />
aris am qveynad ideis an WeSmaritebis Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali:<br />
miwazec, qvesknelSic, olimpzec.<br />
4. menipes Zalian mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa<br />
Tavisufali fantastikis, simbolikis (zogjer _ mistikurreligiuri<br />
elementis) SeTavseba qoxmaxebis ukidures <strong>da</strong><br />
uxeS (Cveni TvalsazrisiT) naturalizmTan. WeSmaritebis<br />
Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali de<strong>da</strong>miwaze mimdinareobs did gzebze,<br />
qurdul duqnebSi, tavernebSi, bazrebis moednebze,<br />
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cixeebSi, saidumlo kultebis erotikul RreobebSi <strong>da</strong> a.<br />
S. [...] ukve bioni borisfenitze ambobdnen, rom man<br />
“filosofia pirvelma Semosa heteras Wreli samosiT”.<br />
uxvad aris qoxmaxebis naturalizmi varonTan <strong>da</strong><br />
lukianesTan. magram yvelaze vrclad <strong>da</strong> srulad<br />
qoxmaxebis naturalizmma mxolod petroniusisa <strong>da</strong><br />
apuleiusis romanamde gaSlil menipeebSi pova gamoxatuleba.<br />
menipes arsebiTi Tavisureba _ filosofiuri<br />
dialogis, maRali simbolikis, avanturuli fantastikisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qoxmaxebis naturalizmis organuli SeTavseba<br />
SenarCunebulia prozauli romanis dialoguri xazis<br />
yvela momdevno etapze.<br />
5. menipeSi Tamami gamonagoni <strong>da</strong> fantastika<br />
SeTavsebulia gansakuTrebul filosofiur universalizmTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> ukidures mWvretelobasTan. menipe “ukanasknel<br />
sakiTxTa” Janria; masSi ukanasknel filosofiur poziciaTa<br />
gamoc<strong>da</strong> mimdinareobs. [...] “sokrates dialogTan”<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, menipes filosofiuri problematikis TviT<br />
xasiaTic mkveTrad Seicvala: mas Camocil<strong>da</strong> yvela<br />
ramdenadme “akademiuri” (gnoseologiuri Tu esTetikuri)<br />
problema, Camocil<strong>da</strong> vrceli <strong>da</strong> gaSlili argumentireba<br />
<strong>da</strong> arsebiTad mxolod SiSveli eTikur-praqtikuli<br />
xasiaTis “ukanaskneli kiTxvebi” <strong>da</strong>rCa. menipesaTvis<br />
swored “ukanaskneli amqveyniuri poziciebis” sinkriza<br />
(anu <strong>da</strong>pirispireba) aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli: magaliTad,<br />
“cxovrebaTa gayidvis”, anu ukanasknel cxovrebiseul<br />
poziciaTa satiruli Cveneba lukianesTan, fantastikuri<br />
curva ideologiur zRvebze varonTan (“Sesculixes”),<br />
yvela filosofiur skolaSi yofna (rogorc Cans, ukve<br />
beonTan). aq yofierebis uzenaesi kiTxvebis gansjisas<br />
yvelgan SeimCneva ukiduresi pro <strong>da</strong> contra.<br />
6. filosofiuri universalurobis gamo menipeSi Tavs<br />
iCens samplaniani ageba: moqmedeba <strong>da</strong> dialoguri<br />
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sinkrizebi de<strong>da</strong>miwi<strong>da</strong>n olimpze <strong>da</strong> qvesknelSia<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tanili. samplaniani agebuleba Zalian TvalsaCinoa,<br />
magaliTad, senekas gakvaxebaSi. [...] menipeSi didi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba qvesknelis Cvenebas: aq Caisaxa<br />
micvalebulTa saubris” Janri, romelic farTod<br />
gavrcel<strong>da</strong> aRorZinebis xanisa <strong>da</strong> XVII <strong>da</strong> XVIII<br />
saukuneebis evropul literaturaSi.<br />
7. menipeSi Cndeba garkveul tipis eqsperimentuli<br />
fantastika: <strong>da</strong>kvirveba romelime uCveulo adgili<strong>da</strong>n,<br />
magaliTad, simaRli<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac mkveTrad icvleba<br />
amqveyniur movlenaTa masStabi; magaliTad, lukianes<br />
“ikaromanipi” an varonis “endimioni” (qalaqis cxovrebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kvirveba simaRli<strong>da</strong>n). menipes garkveuli zegavleniT,<br />
eqsperimentuli fantastikis es xazi gviandel epoqaSic<br />
viTardeba _ rablesTan, sviftTan, volterTan (“mikromegasi”)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvebTan.<br />
8. menipeSi pirvelad iCens Tavs agreTve is, rasac<br />
SeiZleba moralur-fsiqologiuri eqsperimentireba<br />
ewodos: a<strong>da</strong>mianis uCveulo, aranormalur moralurfsiqiur<br />
mdgomareobaTa gamosaxva, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva SeSliloba-<br />
Ta (“maniakaluri Tematika”), pirovnebis gaorebis,<br />
ocnebebiT ukiduresi gatacebis, uCveulo sizmrebis,<br />
sigiJesTan axlos myofi vnebebis <strong>da</strong> a.S. Cveneba. am<br />
movlenebs menipeSi ara viwro Tematuri, aramed<br />
formalur-Janruli mniSvneloba eniWeba. sizmrebi,<br />
ocnebebi, SeSliloba arRveven a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> misi bedis<br />
epikur <strong>da</strong> tragikul mTlianobas <strong>da</strong> pirovnebaSi<br />
sxvagvari a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> sxvagvari cxovrebis SesaZleblobebi<br />
vlindeba, a<strong>da</strong>miani aRar Seesabameba Tavis Tavs.<br />
sizmrebi eposSic gvxvdeba, magram iq winaswarmetyveluri,<br />
biZgis aRmZvreli an gamafrTxilebi sizmrebi ar cvlian<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis bedsa <strong>da</strong> xasiaTs, ar arRveven mis mTlianobas.<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, menipeSi a<strong>da</strong>mianis <strong>da</strong>usrulebloba <strong>da</strong><br />
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Seusabamoba Tavis TavTan jer kidev elementaruli <strong>da</strong><br />
Canasaxobrivia, magram es sawyisebi ukve aRmoCenilia <strong>da</strong><br />
isini a<strong>da</strong>mianis axleburad <strong>da</strong>naxvis saSualebas iZlevian.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis mTlianobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>srulebulobis rRvevas xels<br />
uwyobs menipeSi aRmocenebuli dialoguri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
Tavisi Tavisadmi (rasac SesaZloa pirovnebis<br />
gaoreba mohyves). am mxriv uaRresad sainteresoa varonis<br />
menipe “bimarkusi”, anu “orgvari markusi”. varonis sxva<br />
menipeebis msgavsad, sicilis elementi aq erTob Zlieria.<br />
markusi ar asrulebs <strong>da</strong>pirebas, rom <strong>da</strong>wer<strong>da</strong> naSroms<br />
tropebsa <strong>da</strong> figurebze. amas gamudmebiT Seaxsenebs meore<br />
markusi, anu misi sindisi, misi oreuli, romelic<br />
mosvenebas ar aZlevs. pirveli markusi cdilobs,<br />
Seasrulos <strong>da</strong>pireba, magram amas ver axerxebs: xan<br />
homerosis kiTxviTaa gatacebuli, xan TviTon iwyebs<br />
leqsebis weras <strong>da</strong> a. S. es dialogi or markuss Soris, anu<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miansa <strong>da</strong> mis sindiss Soris, varonTan komikur xasiaTs<br />
atarebs, magram man mainc arsebiTi zegavlena iqonia<br />
avgustines “Soliloquia”-ze. aqve <strong>da</strong>vsZenT, rom<br />
dostoevskic gaorebis gamosaxvisas tragikulobasTan<br />
erTad yovelTvis inarCunebs komikur elements<br />
(“oreulSic” <strong>da</strong> ivane karamazovis saubarSic eSmakTan).<br />
9. menipesaTvis Zalian <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia skan<strong>da</strong>lebis,<br />
Seusabamo pasuxebisa <strong>da</strong> metyvelebis Cveneba, anu<br />
sayovelTaod miRebuli, <strong>da</strong> movlenaTa Cveulebrivi<br />
ganviTarebis, qcevisa <strong>da</strong> etiketis, maT Soris saubris<br />
wesis, <strong>da</strong>dgenili normebis <strong>da</strong>rRveva. es skan<strong>da</strong>lebi<br />
TavianTi mxatvruli struqturiT mkveTrad gansxvavdebian<br />
epikuri movlenebisagan <strong>da</strong> tragikuli katastrofebisagan.<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom menipeSi Tavs iCens skan<strong>da</strong>lurisa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqscentrulis axali mxatvruli kategoriebi, romlebic<br />
sruliad ucxoa klasikuri eposisa <strong>da</strong> dramatiuli<br />
JanrebisaTvis (am kategoriebis karnavalur xasiaTze<br />
234
mogvianebiT calke visaubrebT). skan<strong>da</strong>lebi <strong>da</strong><br />
eqscentruloba arRveven samyaros epikur <strong>da</strong> tragikul<br />
mTlianobas, bzars aCenen a<strong>da</strong>mianis saqmeTa <strong>da</strong> movlenaTa<br />
normalur (“keTilgonier”) msvlelobaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
aTavisufleben a<strong>da</strong>mianis qcevas misi ganmapirobebeli<br />
normebisa <strong>da</strong> motivirebisagan. skan<strong>da</strong>lebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
eqscentruli metyvelebiT aRsavsea RmerTebis TaTbiri<br />
olimpze (lukianesTan, senekasTan, iuliane gandgomilTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvebTan), scenebi qvesknelsa <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miwaze<br />
(magaliTad, petroniusTan skan<strong>da</strong>lebi moe<strong>da</strong>nze,<br />
sastumroSi, abanoSi). “Seusabamo sityva”, Seusabamo _<br />
cinikurad gulaxdilobis an<strong>da</strong> sakraluris profanirebis<br />
an eTiketis sruli <strong>da</strong>rRvevis TvalsazrisiT, aseve<br />
uaRresad <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia menipesaTvis.<br />
10. menipe aRsavsea mkveTri kontrastebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
oqsimoronuli SeTavsebebiT: kdemamosili hetera, brZenis<br />
WeSmariti Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> misi monuri mdgomareoba,<br />
imperatori, romelic mona xdeba, moraluri <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong><br />
ganwmen<strong>da</strong>, simdidre <strong>da</strong> siRatake, keTilSobili <strong>da</strong> yaCaRi,<br />
<strong>da</strong> a S. menipes uyvars TamaSi mkveTri ga<strong>da</strong>svlebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
monacvlebiT, maRliTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bliT, aRmasvliTa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>cemiT, Soreulisa <strong>da</strong> gancalkevebulis moulodneli<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mezalansebiT <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
11. menipe xSirad socialuri utopiis elementebs<br />
Seicavs, romlebic sizmrebis an<strong>da</strong> ucnob qveynebSi<br />
mogzaurobis saxiTaa mocemuli; zogjer menipe pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
utopiuri romanis xasiaTs iZens (heraklide pontelis<br />
“abarisi”). utopiuri elementi organulad aris<br />
SeTavsebuli am Janris yvela sxva elementTan.<br />
12. menipesaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia CarTuli Janrebis _<br />
novelebis, <strong>werilebi</strong>s, oratoruli metyvelebis, <strong>da</strong> a. S. _<br />
farTo gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong> prozisa <strong>da</strong> leqsis SeTavseba.<br />
CarTuli Janrebi warmodgenilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva manZilze<br />
235
avtoris pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, anu parodiulobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
obieqturobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xarisxiT. saleqso partiebi<br />
TiTqmis yovelTvis met-naklebi parodiulobiT aris<br />
mocemuli.<br />
13. CarTuli Janrebis arseboba aZlierebs menipes<br />
mravalstilurobasa <strong>da</strong> mravaltonalobas; aq yalibdeba<br />
sityvisadmi rogorc literaturis masalisadmi axleburi<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba, rac mxatvruli prozis mTeli<br />
dialoguri xazis ganviTarebisaTvis aris <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli.<br />
14. <strong>da</strong> bolos, menipes Taviseburebaa misi mwvave<br />
publicisturoba. igi Zveli drois erTgvari<br />
“Jurnalisturi” Janria, romelic mxurvaled exmaureba<br />
Tanamedroveobis aqtualur ideologiur sakiTxebs.<br />
lukianes satirebi erTad aRebuli misi drois erTgvari<br />
enciklopediaa: isini aRsavsea Ria <strong>da</strong> faruli polemikiT<br />
Tanamedroveobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva filosofiur, religiur,<br />
ideologiur, samecniero skolebTan, mimdinareobebTan <strong>da</strong><br />
dinebebTan, aRsavsea sazogadoebrivi <strong>da</strong> ideologiuri<br />
cxovrebis yvela sferos Tanamedrove <strong>da</strong> axladgar<strong>da</strong>cvlili<br />
moRvaweebis, “azrTa mpyrobelTa” saxeebiT<br />
(maTive saxeliT an SeniRbulad), aRsavsea aluziebiT<br />
epoqis diad Tu mcire movlenebze, arkveven yofiTi<br />
cxovrebis ganviTarebis axal tendenciebs, gviCveneben<br />
sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi aRmocenebul axal<br />
socialur tipebs. Cvens winaSea erTgvari “mwerlis<br />
dRiuri”, romelSic mocemulia aRmavali Tanamedroveobis<br />
saerTo suliskveTebis garkvevisa <strong>da</strong> Sefasebis c<strong>da</strong>.<br />
aseTive “mwerlis dRiuria” (magram karnavalur-sasacilo<br />
elementis mkveTri upiratesobiT) varonis satirebic. imave<br />
Taviseburebis mowmeni varT petroniusTan, apuleusTan <strong>da</strong><br />
sxvebTan. Jurnalizmi, publicisturoba, feletonuroba,<br />
mwvave aqtualoba met-naklebad menipeis yvela<br />
warmomadgenlisTvisaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. Cvens mier<br />
236
aRniSnuli ukanaskneli Tavisebureba organulad aris<br />
SeTavsebuli am Janris yvela sxva niSan-TvisebebTan.<br />
aseTia menipes umTavresi Janruli Taviseburebani.<br />
aucilebelia erTxel kidev aRiniSnos am Janris TiTqos<strong>da</strong><br />
erTob gansxvavebul TaviseburebaTa Sinagani mTlianoba.<br />
menipe maSin yalibdeba, rodesac irRveo<strong>da</strong> erovnuli<br />
Tqmuleba <strong>da</strong> is eTikuri normebi, romlebic“keTilgonierebis<br />
(“silamazisa <strong>da</strong> keTilSobilebis”) antikur<br />
ideals Seadgendnen, rodesac cxared ebrZodnen<br />
erTmaneTs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva religiuri <strong>da</strong> filosofiuri<br />
skolebi <strong>da</strong> mimdinareobebi, rodesac kamaTi “uzenaes<br />
sakiTxebze” masobriv movlenad iqca mosaxleobis yvela<br />
fenaSi <strong>da</strong> es xdebo<strong>da</strong> yvelgan, sa<strong>da</strong>c ki a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
ikribebodnen: bazris moednebze, quCebSi, did gzebze,<br />
tavernebSi, abanoebSi, gembanebze <strong>da</strong> a S., rodesac<br />
filosofosis, brZenis (kinikosis, stoikosis, epikureelis)<br />
an<strong>da</strong> winaswarmetyvelis, saswaulmoqmedis pirovneba<br />
tipuri gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ufro gavrcelebuli iyo, vidre bermonazoni<br />
Sua saukuneebSi an<strong>da</strong> samonazvno ordenebis<br />
ayvavebis xanaSi. es iyo axali msoflio religiis _<br />
qristianobis Semzadebisa <strong>da</strong> Camoyalibebis xana.<br />
amitom, SesaZloa, menipes Janri am epoqis<br />
TaviseburebaTa yvelaze ufro adeqvaturi gamoxatulebaa.<br />
cxovrebis Sinaarsma misi saxiT myari Janruli<br />
forma SeiZina, romelsac yvela misi elementis ganuyreli<br />
kavSiris ganmsazRvreli Sinagani logika moepoveba, ris<br />
wyalobiTac menipes Janrma evropuli prozauli romanis<br />
istoriaSi uzarmazari, mecnierebaSi dRemde TiTqmis<br />
Seufasebeli mniSvneloba SeiZina.<br />
Sinagan mTlianobasTan erTad menipe amavdroulad<br />
didi garegnuli plastikurobiT <strong>da</strong> monaTesave mcire<br />
Janrebis SeTvisebisa <strong>da</strong> Semadgenel elementad sxva did<br />
JanrebSi SeRwevis iSviaTi unariT xasiaTdeba.<br />
237
ase, menipe iTvisebs iseT monaTesave Janrebs,<br />
rogoricaa diatriba, sololoqviumi, simposioni. am<br />
Janrebis naTesaobas ganapirobebs maTi garegnuli <strong>da</strong><br />
Sinagani dialoguroba a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
azrisadmi midgomisas.<br />
diatriba aris Sinaganad dialogizirebuli<br />
ritorikuli Janri, romelic <strong>da</strong>uswrebel mosaubresTan<br />
saubris saxiT aris agebuli, rac Tavad metyvelebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
azrovnebis dialogizirebas iwvev<strong>da</strong>. diatribis<br />
fuZemdeblad Zveli berZnebi imave bion borisfenits<br />
Tvlidnen, romelic amave dros menipes mamamTavrad<br />
miaCn<strong>da</strong>T. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom Zveli qristianuli<br />
qa<strong>da</strong>gebebis Janrul Taviseburebebze swored diatribam<br />
<strong>da</strong> ara klasikurma ritorikam moaxdina garkveuli<br />
zegavlena.<br />
soliloqviumis Janrs sakuTari Tavisadmi dialoguri<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ganapirobebs. es aris saubari Tavis<br />
TavTan. jer kidev antisTenes (sokrates mowafe, romelic,<br />
SesaZloa, ukve wer<strong>da</strong> menipeebs) Tavisi filosofiis<br />
udides Rirsebad “sakuTar TavTan dialoguri urTier-<br />
Tobis unari” miaCn<strong>da</strong>. am Janris SesaniSnavi ostatebi<br />
iyvnen epiqtete, mark avreliusi <strong>da</strong> avgustine. am Janrs<br />
safuZlad udevs Sinagani a<strong>da</strong>mianis aRmoCena, _ aRmoCena<br />
“Tavisi Tavis, romelic ara pasiur TviT<strong>da</strong>kvirvebas,<br />
aramed Tavisi Tavisadmi mxolod qmediT dialogur<br />
midgomas eqvemdebareba; yovelive es arRvevs Tavis Tavze<br />
miamitur SexedulebaTa mTlianobas, romelic safuZvlad<br />
udevs a<strong>da</strong>mianis lirikul, epikur <strong>da</strong> tragikul saxeobas.<br />
orive Janri _ diatribac <strong>da</strong> soliloqviumic _<br />
menipes orbitaSi viTardebo<strong>da</strong>, ga<strong>da</strong>xlarTuli <strong>da</strong><br />
Sezrdili iyo masTan (gansakuTrebiT romaul <strong>da</strong><br />
adreqristianul nia<strong>da</strong>gze).<br />
238
simposioni _ sanadimo dialogi jer kidev “sokrates<br />
dialogis” dros arsebob<strong>da</strong> (misi nimuSebi aqvT platonsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> qsenofontes), magram farTo ganviTareba man momdevno<br />
epoqebSi pova. dialogur sanadimo sityva<br />
gansakuTrebuli (Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad sakulto xasiaTis)<br />
privilegiebiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> _ gansakuTrebuli uSualobis,<br />
gulaxdilobisa <strong>da</strong> ambivalenturobis ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />
anu sityvaSi qebisa <strong>da</strong> lanZRvis, seriozulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sasacilos SeTavsebis ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong>. menipe zogjer<br />
uSualod simposionis saxes iReb<strong>da</strong> (rogor Cans, ukve<br />
menipesTan, varonTan sami satira gaformebulia rogorc<br />
simposioni; simposionis elementebi gvxvdeba lukianesTan<br />
<strong>da</strong> petroniusTan). [...]<br />
axla un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>videT karnavalisa <strong>da</strong> literaturis<br />
karnavalizaciis problemaze, rasac nawilobriv zemoTac<br />
SevexeT.<br />
karnavalis (sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar dResaswaulTa <strong>da</strong><br />
karnavaluri tipis wes-CveulebaTa <strong>da</strong> formaTa<br />
erTobliobis gagebiT), misi arsis, pirvelyofil<br />
sazogadoebasa <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis pirvelyofil azrovnebaSi<br />
misi Rrma fesvebis, klasobriv sazogadoebaSi misi<br />
ganviTarebis, iSviaTi sicocxlisunarianobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
waruSleli xiblis problema <strong>kulturis</strong> istoriis erTerTi<br />
urTulesi <strong>da</strong> usainteresoesi sakiTxTagania.<br />
safuZvlianad mas aq, cxadia, ver ganvixilavT. aq Cven<br />
karnavalizebis, anu literaturaze, Tanac mis Janrul<br />
mxareze karnavalis zemoqmedebis problema gvainteresebs.<br />
TviTon karnavali (vimeorebT: karnavaluri tipis<br />
yvelanair dResaswaulTa erTobliobis azriT), cxadia, ar<br />
aris literaturuli movlena. igi sawesCveulebo xasiaTis<br />
sinkretuli sanaxaobrivi formaa. es aris Zalian rTuli,<br />
mravalmxrivi forma, romelic epoqebis, erebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dResaswaulebis Sesabamisad, saerTo<br />
239
karnavalur safuZvelTan erTad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nairsaxeobiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> elferiT xasiaTdeba. karnavalma simbolur cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
xel<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> formaTa ena SeimuSava, didi <strong>da</strong> rTuli<br />
masobrivi msvlelobebiT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli <strong>da</strong> calkeuli<br />
karnavaluri JestebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli. es ena diferencirebulad,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, <strong>da</strong>nawevrebulad (nebismieri<br />
enis msgavsad) erTian (magram rTul) karnavalur<br />
msoflganc<strong>da</strong>s gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>, romliTac gamsWvaluli iyo<br />
yvela misi forma. SeuZlebelia am enis ramdenadme srulad<br />
<strong>da</strong> adekvaturad ga<strong>da</strong>tana sityvierebis enaze, miT umetes<br />
_ ganyenebul cnebaTa enaze, magram igi eqvemdebareba<br />
konkretul-grZnobadi niSniT masTan naTesaur kavSirSi<br />
myofi mxatvruli saxeebis, anu literaturis enaze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>tanas. karnavalis ga<strong>da</strong>tanas literaturis enaze Cven<br />
mis karnavalizebas vuwodebT. am transportirebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT qvemoT karnavalis calkeul momentebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
Taviseburebebs gamovyofT <strong>da</strong> ganvixilavT.<br />
karnavali aris sanaxaoba rampisa <strong>da</strong> Semsruleblebad<br />
<strong>da</strong> mayureblebad <strong>da</strong>yofis gareSe. karnavalSi yvela<br />
uSualo monawilea, karnavaluri qmedebis Tanaziaria.<br />
karnavals ar ucqeren <strong>da</strong>, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, mis<br />
gaTamaSebas ki ar axdenen, aramed cxovroben masSi,<br />
cxovroben misi kanonebiT, vidre es kanonebi moqmedeben,<br />
anu karnavalur cxovrebas ewevian. TviTon karnavaluri<br />
cxovreba aris iseTi cxovreba, romelic amogdebulia<br />
Cveulebrivi kalapoti<strong>da</strong>n, anu erTgvari “ukuRma<br />
cxovrebaa”, “gadmobrunebuli samyaroa” (“monde à<br />
l’envers”).<br />
karnavalis dros uqmdeba wesebi, akrZalvebi <strong>da</strong><br />
SezRudvebi, romlebic Cveulebrivi, anu arakarnavaluri<br />
cxovrebis dinebasa <strong>da</strong> wyobas gansazRvraven; upirvelesad<br />
uqmdeba ierarqiuli wyoba <strong>da</strong> masTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
SiSis, mokrZalebis, piitetis, eTiketis <strong>da</strong> a. S. formebi,<br />
240
anu yovelive is, rasac a<strong>da</strong>mianTa socialur-ierarqiuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvela sxvagvari (maT Soris - asakobrivi)<br />
uTanasworoba ganapirobebs. uqmdeba yovelgvari<br />
distancia a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris <strong>da</strong> ZalaSi Sedis<br />
gansakuTrebuli karnavaluri kategoria _ laRi<br />
familaruli kontaqti a<strong>da</strong>mianebs Soris. es aris<br />
karnavaluri msoflgancdis Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic cxovrebaSi Seuvali ierarqiuli<br />
barierebiT arian <strong>da</strong>yofilni, karnavalur moe<strong>da</strong>nze<br />
erTmaneTTan Tavisufal familarul kavSirs amyareben.<br />
familaruli kavSiris es kategoria rogorc masobriv<br />
qmedebaTa organizaciis xasiaTs, aseve Tavisufal<br />
karnavalur Jestikulaciasa <strong>da</strong> gulwrfel karnavalur<br />
sityvas gansazRvravs.<br />
karnavalSi konkretul-emociuri <strong>da</strong> naxevrad<br />
realuri <strong>da</strong> naxevrad gaTamaSebuli formiT a<strong>da</strong>mianTan<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis urTierTobaTa axali modusi yalibdeba,<br />
romelic arakarnavaluri cxovrebis umZlavres<br />
socialur-ierarqiul urTierTobebs upirispirdeba.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis qceva, Jesti <strong>da</strong> sityva Tavisufldeba<br />
yovelgvari ierarqiuli mdgomareobis (wodebis,<br />
Tanamdebobis, asakis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis) Zalisagan,<br />
romelic mTlianad ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> maT xasiaTs<br />
arakarnavalur cxovrebaSi, <strong>da</strong> amitomac isini,<br />
Cveulebrivi arakarnavaluri cxovrebisaTvis logikis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, eqscentruli, Seusabamo xdebian.<br />
eqscentruloba karnavaluri msoflgancdis gansakuTrebuli<br />
kategoriaa, romelic organulad aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli familaruli kontaqtis kategoriasTan; igi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis bunebis faruli Sreebis gamoxatvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamovlenis saSualebas iZleva.<br />
aseve familarulobasTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
karnavaluri msoflgancdis mesame kategoria _<br />
241
karnavaluri mezalansebi. laRi familaruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba yvelaferze vrceldeba: yvela<br />
Rirebulebaze, azrze, movlenasa <strong>da</strong> saganze. karnavaluri<br />
kontaqti <strong>da</strong> SeTavseba myardeba yvelafers Soris, rac<br />
arakarnavaluri ierarqiuli msoflgancdiT <strong>da</strong>xSuli,<br />
Caketili, gancalkevebuli <strong>da</strong> erTamaneTisagan<br />
<strong>da</strong>cilebuli iyo. karnavali aaxlovebs, aerTianebs,<br />
SeauRlebs <strong>da</strong> akavSirebs wmin<strong>da</strong>s profanulTan, maRals<br />
<strong>da</strong>balTan, diads qvenasTan, brZnuls sulelurTan <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
masTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli meoTxe karnavaluri<br />
kategoriac _ profanacia: karnavaluri mkrexelobani,<br />
karnavalur <strong>da</strong>m<strong>da</strong>blebaTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>miwebaTa mTeli sistema,<br />
miwisa <strong>da</strong> sxeulis mwarmoeblur ZalebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
karnavaluri uxamsoba, wmin<strong>da</strong> teqstebisa <strong>da</strong> gamonaTqvamebis<br />
karnavaluri parodiebi <strong>da</strong> a. S. [...]<br />
es karnavaluri kategoriebi <strong>da</strong> upirvelesad _<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianisa <strong>da</strong> qveynierebis laRi mourideblobis<br />
kategoria, aTaswleulebis manZilze literaturaSi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT _ prozauli romanis dialogur xazSi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>. familarizeba, mouridebloba xels uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />
epikuri <strong>da</strong> tragikuli distanciis rRvevas <strong>da</strong> asaxvis<br />
yvela sagnis ga<strong>da</strong>tanas familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi; igi<br />
arsebiTad vlindebo<strong>da</strong> siuJetisa <strong>da</strong> siuJetur<br />
viTarebaTa organizaciaSi, ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> avtoris<br />
poziciis gansakuTrebul familarul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />
gmirebisadmi (rac SeuZlebelia maRal JanrebSi), nergav<strong>da</strong><br />
mezalansebisa <strong>da</strong> maprofanirebel <strong>da</strong>m<strong>da</strong>blebaTa logikas<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos _ udides gar<strong>da</strong>mqnel zegavlenas axden<strong>da</strong><br />
literaturis Tavad sityvier stilze. [...]<br />
mTavari karnavaluri qmedeba aris karnavaluri<br />
xelmwifis masxrad aReba, misi Semkoba <strong>da</strong> ganmkoba. [...]<br />
mefis gvirgviniT Semkobasa <strong>da</strong> mis mocilebaSi<br />
ganfenilia karnavaluri msoflgancdis TviT birTvi _<br />
242
cvlilebaTa <strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>qmnaTa, sikvdilisa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebis<br />
suliskveTeba. karnavali yovlis momspobi <strong>da</strong> yovlis<br />
ganmaxlebeli drois zeimia [...] Semkoba-ganmkoba ormxrivi<br />
ambivalenturi wes-Cveulebaa, romelic gamoxatavs cvlaganaxlebis<br />
garduvalobasa <strong>da</strong> amavdroulad _ mis<br />
cxovelmyofelobas, yovelgvari wyobisa <strong>da</strong> wesrigis,<br />
yovelgvari Zalauflebisa <strong>da</strong> yovelgvari mdgomareobis<br />
(ierarqiulis) mxiarul fardobiTobas. Semkoba imTaviTve<br />
gulisxmobs Semdgom ganmkobas: igi Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />
ambivalenturia. mimdinareobs namdvili xelmwifis _ misi<br />
monis an masxaris Semkoba, <strong>da</strong> amiT xdeba gadmotrialebuli<br />
karnavaluri samyaros gaxsna <strong>da</strong> sakralizeba. Semkobis<br />
wes-CveulebaSi ceremonialis yvela momenti, Zalauflebis<br />
simboloebi, romlebic Sesamkobels ga<strong>da</strong>ecema, is samosi,<br />
romliTac igi imoseba, ambivalenturi xdeba, mxiaruli<br />
fardobiTobis xasiaTs iZens, TiTqmis butaforuli xdeba<br />
(magram es sawesCveulebo butaforiaa); maTi simboluri<br />
mniSvneloba orplanianobas iZens (rogorc Zalauflebis<br />
realuri simboloebi, anu arakarnavalur samyaroSi isini<br />
erTplanianebi, absoluturebi, <strong>da</strong>mZimebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
monoliTurad seriozuli arian). <strong>da</strong>gvirgvinebaSi<br />
imTaviTve gamosWvivis gangvirgvineba. aseTia yvela<br />
karnavaluri simbolo: isini yovelTvis Seicaven uaryofis<br />
(sikvdilis) perspeqtivas an piriqiT. <strong>da</strong>badeba moaswavebs<br />
sikvdils, sikvdili _ axal <strong>da</strong>badebas. karnavali arafris<br />
absolutizirebas ar axdens, igi yvelafris fardobas<br />
iuwyeba. [...] karnavalisaTvis ucxoa rogorc absoluturi<br />
uaryofa, aseve absoluturi mtkiceba. metic, swored<br />
gangvirgvinebis wes-CveulebaSi gansakuTrebiT cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
Can<strong>da</strong> cvlisa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebis paTosi, aRmaSenebeli<br />
sikvdilis saxe. amitomac literaturaSi yvelaze xSirad<br />
gangvirgvinebis wes-Cveuleba gadmohqon<strong>da</strong>T. magram,<br />
vimeorebT, Semkoba-ganmkoba ganuyofelia, isini<br />
243
orbunebovani arian <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTSi ga<strong>da</strong>dian; absolutur<br />
gancalkevebisas mTlianad ikargeba maTi karnavaluri<br />
azri. [...] <strong>da</strong>gvirgvineba-gangvirgvinebis wes-Cveulebam<br />
didi zegavlena iqonia literaturul-mxatvrul<br />
azrovnebaze. man ganapiroba mxatvruli saxeebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTlianad nawarmoebebis agebis gansakuTrebuli ganmagvirgvinebeli<br />
saxeoba, Tanac iseTi, rodesac gangvirgvineba<br />
arsebiTad ambivalenturi <strong>da</strong> orplaniania. magram Tu<br />
gangvirgvinebis saxeebSi karnavaluri ambivalenturoba<br />
ikargebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin aseTi saxeebi knindebodnen, uaryofiTi<br />
gangvirgvinebis wmin<strong>da</strong> moralur Tu socialurpolitikuri<br />
xasiaTs iZendnen, erTplaniani xdebodnen,<br />
hkargavdnen TavianT mxatvrulobas <strong>da</strong> liton<br />
publicistikas emsgavsebodnen.<br />
erTxel kidev un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT karnavaluri saxeebis<br />
ambivalentur bunebas. karnavalis yvela saxe ormxrivia,<br />
TavianT TavSi cvlisa <strong>da</strong> krizisis orive poluss<br />
aerTianebs: <strong>da</strong>badebasa <strong>da</strong> sikvdils (orsuli sikvdilis<br />
saxe), kurTxevas <strong>da</strong> wyevlas (<strong>da</strong>mlocveli karnavaluri<br />
wyevlebi sikvdilisa <strong>da</strong> aRdgomis erTdrouli surviliT),<br />
qebasa <strong>da</strong> lanZRvas, siymawvilesa <strong>da</strong> siberes, qvenasa <strong>da</strong><br />
zenas, winasa <strong>da</strong> ukanas, sicruesa <strong>da</strong> sibrZnes. karnavaluri<br />
azrovnebisaTvis uaRresad <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia wyvili<br />
saxeebi, romlebic kontrastis (maRali _ <strong>da</strong>bali, msuqani<br />
_ gamx<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> a. S.) <strong>da</strong> msgavsebis niSniT (oreulebi _<br />
wyvilebi) arian SerCeulni. <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia agreTve<br />
sagnebis piruku gamoyeneba: samosis ukuRma (an piruku)<br />
Cacma, magaliTad, Sarvali _ Tavze, WurWeli _ qudis<br />
nacvlad, saojaxo nivTebis iaraRad gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong> a. S.…<br />
yovelive es eqscentrulobis karnavaluri kategoriis<br />
gamovlinebaa, sayovelTaod miRebulisa <strong>da</strong> aRiarebulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRveva <strong>da</strong> Cveulebrivi kalapoti<strong>da</strong>n amovardnili<br />
cxovrebaa.<br />
244
karnavalSi uaRresad ambivalenturia cecxlis saxe.<br />
es iseTi cecxlia, romelic erTdroulad Tan anadgurebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tan anaxlebs qveynierebas. evropul karnavalebSi<br />
yovelTvis iyenebdnen ganskuTrebul nagebobas<br />
(Cveulebriv _ urems sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari karnavaluri<br />
bargiT), romelsac “jojoxeTs” uwodebdnen; karnavalis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sasruls am “jojoxeTs” sazeimod cecxls ukidebnen<br />
(zogjer karnavaluri “jojoxeTi” karnavalurad iyo<br />
SeTavsebuli siuxvis rqasTan). <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia romauli<br />
karnavalis “moccoli”-is wes-Cveuleba: karnavalis yovel<br />
monawiles xelSi anTebuli sanTeli (“namwvi”) eWira,<br />
Tanac yvela cdilob<strong>da</strong> sxvisi sanTlis Caqrobas<br />
SeZaxiliT Sia ammazzato! (“sikvdili Sen!”). romis<br />
karnavalis Tavis cnobil aRweraSi (“italiur mogzaurobaSi”)<br />
goeTe, romelic cdilobs, axsnas karnavaluri<br />
saxeebis Rrma azri, aseT uaRresad simbolur scenas<br />
aRwers: moccoli-s dros biWuna aqrobs mamamisis sanTels<br />
mxiaruli karnavaluri ZaxiliT: Sia ammazzato, il Signiore<br />
Padre! (“sikvdili Sen, mama batono!”).<br />
aseve uaRresad ambivalenturia TviTon karnavaluri<br />
sicili. genetikurad igi ritualuri sicilis uZveles<br />
formebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. ritualuri sicili<br />
mimarTuli iyo uzenaesisaken: lanZRavdnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>scinodnen<br />
mzes (umaRles RvTaebas), sxva RmerTebs, umaRles miwier<br />
Zalauflebas, raTa aeZulebinaT isini ganaxlebuliyvnen.<br />
ritualuri sicilis yvela forma sikvdilTan <strong>da</strong><br />
aRorZinebasTan, Seqmnis aqtTan, Seqmnis Zalis<br />
simboloebTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. ritualuri sicili<br />
reagireb<strong>da</strong> mzis sicocxlis krizisebze mzis (mzis<br />
wrebrunva) cxovrebaSi, RvTaebis sicocxlis, samyarosa <strong>da</strong><br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis cxovrebis krizisebze (samgloviaro sicili).<br />
masSi <strong>da</strong>cinva Serwymuli iyo aRtacebasTan.<br />
245
itualuri sicilis am uZvelesma mimarTebam<br />
uzenaesisken (RvTaeba <strong>da</strong> Zalaufleba) ganapiroba sicilis<br />
privilegia antikurobasa <strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebSi. sicilis<br />
formiT neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli iyo bevri ram iseTi, rac<br />
seriozuli formiT ikrZalebo<strong>da</strong>. Sua saukuneebSi sicilis<br />
neba<strong>da</strong>rTuli formis safariT SesaZlebeli iyo parodia<br />
sacra, anu wmin<strong>da</strong> teqstebisa <strong>da</strong> ritualebis parodia.<br />
karnavaluri sicilic uzenaesisken _ xelisufalTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> simarTlis, msoflwesrigis cvlis mimarT aris<br />
mimarTuli. sicili cvlis orive poluss moicavs,<br />
mimarTulia Tavad cvlis procesisadmi, Tavad<br />
krizisisadmi. karnavaluri sicilis aqtSi SeTavsebulia<br />
sikvdili <strong>da</strong> aRorZineba, uaryofa (<strong>da</strong>cinva) <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidreba (aRtacebuli sicili). es aris uaRresad<br />
msoflmxedvelobrivi <strong>da</strong> universaluri sicili.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> SevexoT sicilTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT kidev erT<br />
sakiTxs _ parodiis karnavalur bunebas. parodia “menipes<br />
satirisa” <strong>da</strong> saerTod yvelanairi karnavaluri Janris<br />
ganuyofeli nawilia. wmin<strong>da</strong> JanrebisaTvis (eposi,<br />
tragedia) parodia ucxoa, xolo karnavaluri Janrebisa-<br />
Tvis, piriqiT, organulad niSandoblivia. antikur xanaSi<br />
parodia ganuyoflad iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli karnavalur<br />
msoflganc<strong>da</strong>sTan. parodireba didebis Saravandedis<br />
mamxilebeli oreulis Seqmnaa, igive “ukuRma samyaroa.<br />
amitom parodia ambivalenturia. antikuroba, arsebiTad,<br />
yvelafris parodirebas axden<strong>da</strong>: magaliTad, satiruli<br />
drama misi winamorbedi tragikuli trilogiis<br />
parodiuli sasacilo aspeqti iyo. parodia, cxadia, ar<br />
iyo parodiis sagnis calsaxad uaryofa. yvelafers aqvs<br />
Tavisi parodia, anu _ sasacilo aspeqti, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
sikvdilis gziT yvelaferi aRorZinebasa <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebas<br />
eqvemdebareba. romSi parodia iyo rogorc samgloviaro,<br />
aseve triumfaluri sicilis aucilebeli momenti iyo<br />
246
(cxadia, erTic <strong>da</strong> meorec karnavaluri tipis wes-<br />
Cveulebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>). karnavalSi parodireba Zalian<br />
uxvad gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva forma <strong>da</strong> xarisxi<br />
hqon<strong>da</strong>: sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxeebi (magaliTad, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
karnavaluri wyvilebi) sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvanairad <strong>da</strong> gansxvavebuli<br />
kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n axdendnen erTmaneTis parodirebas; igi<br />
<strong>da</strong>magrZelebeli, <strong>da</strong>mapataravebeli, <strong>da</strong>mamaxinjebeli mrude<br />
sarkeebis msgavsi mTeli sistema iyo.<br />
parodiuli oreulebi aseve xSir movlenad iqca<br />
karnavalizebul literaturaSi. es gansakuTrebiT cxa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
Cans dostoevskisTan, _ misi romanebis TiTqmis yvela<br />
mTavar gmirs ramodenime oreuli hyavs, romlebic<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad axdenen mis parodirebas: raskolnikovisaTvis<br />
_ svidrigailovi, luJini, lebeziatnikovi,<br />
stavroginisaTvis _ petre verxovenski, Satovi, kirilovi,<br />
ivane karamazovisaTvis _ smerdiakovi, eSmaki, rakitini.<br />
yovel maTganSi (yovel oreulSi) gmiri kvdeba (anu xdeba<br />
misi uaryofa), raTa ganaxldes (anu, rom ganiwmindos <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavis Tavze amaRldes).<br />
axali drois viwrod formalur literaturul<br />
parodiaSi kavSiri karnavalur msoflaRqmasTan TiTqmis<br />
mTlianad gawyvetilia. magram aRorZinebis epoqis<br />
parodiebSi (erazmTan, rablesTan <strong>da</strong> sxv.) karnavaluri<br />
cecxli jer kidev gizgizeb<strong>da</strong>: parodia ambivalenturi iyo<br />
<strong>da</strong> acnobiereb<strong>da</strong> Tavis kavSirs sikvdil-ganaxlebasTan.<br />
amitom gax<strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli karnavalis wiaRSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebuliyo erTerTi udidesi <strong>da</strong> yvelaze karnavaluri<br />
romani msoflio literaturaSi _ servantesis “donkixoti”.<br />
[...]<br />
karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebs udidesi adgili<br />
ekava antikurobis farTo saxalxo masebis cxovrebaSi _<br />
rogorc berZnulis, aseve gansakuTrebiT _ romaulis,<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c karnavaluri tipis centraluri (magram ara<br />
247
erTaderTi) dResaswauli saturnaliebi iyo. ara naklebi<br />
(<strong>da</strong> SesaZloa _ kidev ufro meti) mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> am<br />
dResaswaulebs Suasaukuneobriv evropasa <strong>da</strong> aRorZinebis<br />
epoqaSi, rodesac isini nawilobriv uSualod romauli<br />
saturnaliebis cocxal gagrZelebas warmoadgendnen.<br />
saxalxo karnavaluri <strong>kulturis</strong> sferoSi antikurobasa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebs Soris ar yofila tradiciis raime<br />
wyveta. karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebi maTi<br />
ganviTarebis yvela epoqaSi uzarmazar, dRemde<br />
arasakmarisad Sefasebul <strong>da</strong> Seswavlil zegavlenas<br />
axdendnen mTeli <strong>kulturis</strong> ganviTarebaze, maT Soris _<br />
literaturis, romlis zogierTma Janrma <strong>da</strong> mimarTulebam<br />
gansakuTrebiT mZlavri karnavalizeba ganica<strong>da</strong>. antikur<br />
epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri karnavalizeba Zvelma<br />
atikurma komediam <strong>da</strong> seriozul-sasacilos mTelma <strong>da</strong>rgma<br />
ganica<strong>da</strong>. romSi satirisa <strong>da</strong> epigramis yvela nairsaxeoba<br />
organizaciulad iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli saturnaliebTan,<br />
saturnaliebisaTvis iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> an<strong>da</strong>, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am<br />
dResaswaulis <strong>da</strong>kanonebul karnavalur silaReTa<br />
safarvelis qveS iqmnebo<strong>da</strong> (ase, magaliTad, marcialis<br />
mTeli Semoqmedeba uSualod aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
saturnaliebTan).<br />
Sua saukuneebSi uvrcesi sasacilo <strong>da</strong> parodiuli<br />
literatura xalxur enebze <strong>da</strong> laTinurad ase Tu ise<br />
karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
_ sakuTriv karnavalTan, “briyvTa dResaswaulTan”, laR<br />
“saaRdgomo sicilTan” (“risus paschalis”) <strong>da</strong> sxv. Sua<br />
saukuneebSi TiTqmis yovel saeklesio dResaswauls<br />
(gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, rogoricaa uflis sisxlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xorcis dResaswauli) saxalxo Tavyrilobebis<br />
karnavaluri ieri <strong>da</strong>hkrav<strong>da</strong>. mraval imgvar erovnul<br />
dResaswauls, rogorcaa, magaliTad, xarebTan brZola,<br />
aSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>. karnavaluri<br />
248
ganwyoba sufev<strong>da</strong> bazrobis, rTvelis dReebSi, miraklebis,<br />
misteriebis, sotis <strong>da</strong> a. S. <strong>da</strong>dgmis dReebSi; Sua<br />
saukuneebis mTel Teatralur-sanaxaobriv cxovrebas<br />
karnavaluri xasiaTi hqon<strong>da</strong>. Gviandeli Sua saukuneebis<br />
did qalaqebSi (iseTebSi, rogoricaa romi, neapoli,<br />
venecia, parizi, lioni, niurenbergi, kiolni <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />
saerTo jamSi yovel wels sam Tvemde (zogjer _ metxans)<br />
sruli karnavaluri cxovreba sufev<strong>da</strong>. SeiZleba iTqvas<br />
(cxadia, garkveuli <strong>da</strong>zustebebiT), rom Sua saukuneebis<br />
a<strong>da</strong>miani orgvar cxovrebas eweo<strong>da</strong>: erTi iyo<br />
oficialuri, monoliTurad seriozuli <strong>da</strong> moRuSuli<br />
cxovreba, romelic mkacr ierarqiul wesrigs<br />
eqvemdebarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SiSiT, dogmatizmiT, mokrZalebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
piitetiT iyo aRsavse, xolo meore iyo karnavaluri<br />
moednebis laRi cxovreba, romelic aRsavse iyo<br />
ambivalenturi siciliT, mkrexelobebiT, yvelaferi<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong>s profanaciebiT, <strong>da</strong>m<strong>da</strong>blebiTa <strong>da</strong> uxamsobiT,<br />
yvelasTan <strong>da</strong> yvelafrisadmi Sinauruli <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT<br />
gamsWvaluli. es orive cxovreba <strong>da</strong>kanonebuli <strong>da</strong> drois<br />
mkacri sazRvrebiT iyo gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan.<br />
cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong> azrovnebis am ori sistemis<br />
(oficialurisa <strong>da</strong> karnavaluris) monacvleobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamijnulobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe verasodes gavigebT<br />
Sua saukuneebis a<strong>da</strong>mianis kulturul cnobierebas,<br />
verasodes CavwvdebiT bolomde Sua saukuneebis<br />
literaturis mraval iseT movlenas, rogoricaa,<br />
magaliTad, parodia sacra. orgvari cxovreba _<br />
oficialuri <strong>da</strong> karnavaluri _ antikur samyaroSic<br />
arsebob<strong>da</strong>, magram iq (gansakuTrebiT _ saberZneTSi) isini<br />
arasodes yofila ase mkveTrad gamijnuli).<br />
Sua saukuneebSi xdebo<strong>da</strong> agreTve evropel xalxTa<br />
sametyvelo cxovrebis karnavalizeba: enis calkeuli<br />
Sreebi _ e. w. moednebis familaruli metyveleba _<br />
249
karnavaluri msoflgancdiT iyo gamsWvaluli; iqmnebo<strong>da</strong><br />
agreTve laRi karnavaluri Jestikulaciis uzarmazari<br />
fondi. yvela evropeli xalxis familaruli metyveleba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT uxamsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcinavi, Cvens dromde aRsavsea<br />
karnavaluri reliqtebiT; Tanamdrove uxamsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcinavi<br />
Jestikulaciac aRsavsea karnavaluri simbolikiT.<br />
aRorZinebis epoqaSi karnavalurma stiqiam, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas,Pwaleka zRudeebi <strong>da</strong> oficialuri cxovrebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflgagebis mraval sferoSi SeiWra. upirvelesad didi<br />
literaturis TiTqmis yvela Janri moicva, romlebic<br />
arsebiTad gar<strong>da</strong>qmna. mox<strong>da</strong> mTeli mxatvruli<br />
literaturis uaRresad Rrma <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis sruli<br />
karnavalizeba. karnavaluri msoflganc<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
kategoriebi, karnavaluri sicili, Semkoba-ganmkobis,<br />
cvlisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>cmis karnavalur qmedebaTa simbolika,<br />
karnavaluri ambivalenturoba <strong>da</strong> familaruli, cinikurgulaxdilis,<br />
eqscentrulis, saxotbo-salanZRavi laRi<br />
karnavaluri sityvis yvela niuansma Rrmad SeaRwia<br />
mxatvruli literaturis TiTqmis yvela JanrSi.<br />
renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis rTuli formebic<br />
karnavaluri msoflgancdis safuZvelze yalibdeba.<br />
garkveulwilad karnavaluri msoflgancdis prizmaSi<br />
xdebo<strong>da</strong> humanistebis mier SeTvisebuli antikurobis<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>texa. aRorZineba karnavaluri cxovrebis<br />
mwvervalia. Semdeg <strong>da</strong>Rmasvla iwyeba.<br />
XVII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>wyebuli saxalxo karnavaluri<br />
cxovreba ukan ixevs, TiTqmis mTlianad hkargavs<br />
sayovelTao xalxurobas, misi xvedriTi wili a<strong>da</strong>mianTa<br />
cxovrebaSi mkveTrad klebulobs, misi formebi Raribdeba,<br />
knindeba <strong>da</strong> suls Rafavs. jer kidev aRorZinebis droi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
ganviTarebas iwyebs sakaro-sazeimo maskaraduli<br />
kultura, romelmac araerTi karnavaluri (ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
garegnuli dekoratiuli xasiaTis) forma <strong>da</strong> simbolo<br />
250
SeiTvisa. Semdeg ganviTarebas iwyebs dResaswaulTa <strong>da</strong><br />
garTobaTa ufro farTo (amjerad _ ara saxalxo) xazi,<br />
romelsac SeiZleba maskaraduli xazi ewodos; masSi<br />
karnavaluri msoflgancdis zogierTi silaRe <strong>da</strong><br />
Soreuli elferi SemorCa. mravali karnavaluri forma<br />
moswy<strong>da</strong> Tavis saxalxo safuZvlebs <strong>da</strong> moedni<strong>da</strong>n kamerul<br />
maskaradul xazSi ga<strong>da</strong>inacvla, romelic dRemde<br />
arsebobs. karnavalis mravali Zveli forma dResac<br />
ganagrZobs arsebobasa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas moednebis<br />
balaganur komikur sanaxaobebSi, <strong>da</strong> agreTve _ cirkSi. [...]<br />
zogi ram karnavaluri atmosfero<strong>da</strong>n garkveul pirobebSi<br />
Tavs inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> bohemaSi, romelic umeteswilad<br />
karnavali msoflgancdis ga<strong>da</strong>gvareba <strong>da</strong> Sebilwvaa (masSi<br />
xom natamalic aRar aris <strong>da</strong>rCenili sayovelTao<br />
xalxurobis karnavaluri suliskveTebisagan). [...]<br />
ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, karnavalic am sityvis zusti<br />
mniSvnelobiT <strong>da</strong> karnavaluri tipis sxva zeimebi<br />
(magaliTad, xarebTan brZola), agreTve maskaraduli xazi,<br />
balaganuri masxaraoba <strong>da</strong> karnavaluri folkloris sxva<br />
formebi garkveul uSualo zemoqmedebas literaturaze<br />
Cvens dromde ganagrZoben. magram es zegavlena<br />
umeteswilad nawarmoebebis SinaarsiT ifargleba <strong>da</strong> ar<br />
exeba maT Janrul safuZvels, anu moklebulia Janris<br />
warmomqmnel unars.<br />
axla SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT Janrebis karnavalizebas<br />
seriozul-sasacilo sferoSi, romlis<br />
saxelwodebac ki karnavalurad ambivalenturad JRers.<br />
“sokrates dialogis” karnavaluri safuZveli, misi<br />
erTob rTuli literaturuli formisa <strong>da</strong> filosofiuri<br />
siRrmis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, eWvs ar iwvevs. am Janris Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvel<br />
birTvs safuZvlad <strong>da</strong>edo cvlisa <strong>da</strong> mxiaruli<br />
fardobiTobis suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli saxalxokarnavaluri<br />
“paeqroba” sikvdilsa <strong>da</strong> sicocxles,<br />
251
sibnelesa <strong>da</strong> sinaTles, zafxulsa <strong>da</strong> zamTars <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
Soris, paeqroba, romelic azrs saSualebas ar aZlevs<br />
calmxriv seriozulobis, uvargisi garkveulobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
erTniSnadobis gaqvavebuli saxe miiRos. amiT “sokrates<br />
dialogi” gansxvavdeba rogorc wmin<strong>da</strong> ritorikuli<br />
dialogisagan, aseve tragikuli dialogisagan, magram<br />
karnavaluri safuZveli mas ramdenadme sofronis mimebTan<br />
aaxlovebs. TviT azrisa <strong>da</strong> WeSmaritebis dialoguri<br />
bunebis sokratiseuli aRmoCena gulisxmobs dialogis<br />
monawileTa urTierTobis karnavalur familarizebas, maT<br />
Soris yovelgvari distanciis gauqmebas; metic, Tavad<br />
gansjis sagnisadmi, ragind diadi <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani iyos,<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavad WeSmaritebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaTa familarizebas<br />
gulisxmobs. platonis zogierTi dialogi Semkobaganmkobis<br />
karnavaluri principiT aris agebuli. [...]<br />
saerTod, karnavaluri legendebi arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavdebian heroizebisaken mimarTuli epikuri<br />
Tqmulebebisagan: isini am<strong>da</strong>bleben gmirs, miwaze <strong>da</strong>hyavT<br />
igi, axdenen mis familarizebas, <strong>da</strong>axlovebas <strong>da</strong><br />
gaa<strong>da</strong>mianurebas; ambivalenturi karnavaluri sicili<br />
nacartutad aqcevs yvelafers, rac gacveTili <strong>da</strong><br />
gaSeSebulia, magram ar spobs saxis namdvil gmirul<br />
birTvs. un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom romanis gmirTa saxeebic<br />
(gargantua, ulenSpigeli, don kixoti, fausti,<br />
simplicisimusi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi) karnavaluri legendebis<br />
atmosferoSi iqmnebodnen.<br />
kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa menipes karnavaluri buneba.<br />
karnavalurobiT aris gamsWvaluli misi gare Sreebic <strong>da</strong><br />
Rrma Si<strong>da</strong> birTvic. zogierT menipeSi karnavaluri tipis<br />
dResaswaulebia asaxuli (magaliTad, varonTan or<br />
satiraSi naCvenebia romauli dResaswaulebi; iuliane<br />
gandgomilis erT-erT menipeSi olimpze gamarTuli<br />
saturnaliebis dResaswauli iyo naCvenebi). es jer kidev<br />
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garegnuli (ase vTqvaT, Tematuri), magram mainc kavSiria.<br />
gacilebiT ufro sagulisxmoa menipes sami planis _<br />
olimpis, qvesknelisa <strong>da</strong> miwis _ karnavaluri gaazreba.<br />
olimpis gamosaxulebas asSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi<br />
aqvs: menipes olimposaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia laRi<br />
familarizeba, skan<strong>da</strong>lebi <strong>da</strong> eqscentruloba, Semkobaganmkoba.<br />
olimpi lamis karnavalur moe<strong>da</strong>ns emsgavseba (ix.,<br />
magaliTad, lukianes “tragikuli zevsi”). zogjer<br />
olimpiuri scenebi karnavalur <strong>da</strong>m<strong>da</strong>blebaTa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>miwebaTa planSia mocemuli (imave lukianesTan). kidev<br />
ufro saintereso <strong>da</strong> Tanamimdevrulia qvesknelis<br />
karnavalizeba. qveskneli aTanabrebs yvela amqveyniur<br />
mdgomareobaTa warmomadgenels, aq Tanabari uflebiT<br />
xvdebian <strong>da</strong> familarul kontaqts amyareben erTmaneTTan<br />
imperatori <strong>da</strong> mona, mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> maTxovari <strong>da</strong> a. S.;<br />
sikvdili ganZarcvavs yvelas, vinc cxovrebisas Semkobili<br />
iyo. xSirad qvesknelis gamosaxvisas “ukuRma samyaros”<br />
logika gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong>: imperatori qvesknelSi mona xdeba,<br />
mona _ iperatori <strong>da</strong> a. S. menipes karnavalizebuli<br />
qveskneli ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebis mxiaruli<br />
jojoxeTis gamosaxulebebs, ramac Tavisi <strong>da</strong>boloeba<br />
rablesTan pova. am Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciisaTvis<br />
antikuri qvesknelisa <strong>da</strong> qristianuli jojoxeTis<br />
mizan<strong>da</strong>saxuli SeTavsebaa <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli. aseve Tanamimdevrulad<br />
karnavalizebuli arian eSmakebi misteriebSi<br />
(“diableriebSi”).<br />
menipeSi miwieri planic karnavalizebulia: TiTqmis<br />
yvela scenisa <strong>da</strong> realuri cxovrebis movlenis miRma,<br />
romlebic umeteswilad naturalisturad aris<br />
gamosaxuli, gamosWvivis met-naklebad cxadi karnavaluri<br />
moe<strong>da</strong>ni <strong>da</strong> familaruli kontaqtebis, mezalansebis,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cmebisa <strong>da</strong> mistifikaciebis, kontrastuli wyvili<br />
saxeebis, skan<strong>da</strong>lebis, Semkoba-ganmkobis specifikuri<br />
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karnavaluri logika. ase, magaliTad, “satirikonis”<br />
qoxmaxebis yvela naturalisturi scenis miRma met-naklebi<br />
sicxadiT karnavaluri moe<strong>da</strong>ni gamosWvivis. “satirikonis”<br />
siujetic Tanamimdevrulad karnavalizebulia. amis<br />
mowmeni varT agreTve apuleiusis “metamorfozebSi“<br />
(“oqros virSi”). zogjer karnavalizeba ufro Rrma<br />
SreebSia ganfenili <strong>da</strong> aseT SemTxvevaSi mxolod<br />
calkeuli saxeebisa <strong>da</strong> movlenebis karnavalur<br />
obertonebze saubris saSualeba gveZleva. magram zogjer<br />
igi garegnula<strong>da</strong>c vlindeba, magaliTad, zRurblze<br />
mkvlelobis wmin<strong>da</strong> karnavalur epizodSi, rodesac<br />
luciusi a<strong>da</strong>mianebis nacvlad Rvinis tikebs gangmiravs <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>Rvrili Rvino sisxli hgonia; igive iTqmis momdevno<br />
scenaze, rodesac misi mistificirebuli karnavaluri<br />
gasamarTleba xdeba. karnavaluri obertonebi ismis<br />
agreTve tonalobis mxriv iseT seriozul menipeSi,<br />
rogoricaa boeciusis “filosofosis nugeSi”.<br />
karnavalizeba menipes TviT uRrmes filofiur<strong>da</strong>ilogur<br />
birTvamde aRwevs. rogorc vnaxeT, am<br />
JanrisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sikvdil-sicocxlis<br />
ukanaskneli kiTxvebis mTeli simwvaviT wamoWra <strong>da</strong><br />
garkveuli universalobac (kerZo problemebi <strong>da</strong> gaSlili<br />
filosofiuri argumentireba misTvis ucxoa). karnavaluri<br />
azri ganfenilia ukanaskneli kiTxvebis sferoSi,<br />
romlebsac igi ara ganyenebul-filosofiuri an<br />
religiur-dogmaturi TvalsazrisiT aSuqebs, aramed<br />
axdens maT gaTamaSebas karnavalur qmedebaTa <strong>da</strong> saxeTa<br />
konkretul-xel<strong>Sesaxeb</strong>i formiT. amitom karnavalizeba<br />
saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong> ukanaskneli kiTxvebi ganyenebulfilosofiur<br />
sfero<strong>da</strong>n karnavalurad dinamiuri,<br />
mravalgvari <strong>da</strong> elvare saxeebisa <strong>da</strong> movlenebis<br />
konkretul-xel<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> planSi yofiliyo ga<strong>da</strong>tanili.<br />
karnavalizeba saSualebas iZleo<strong>da</strong> “filosofia heteras<br />
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Wreli samosiT yofiliyo Semosili. karnavaluri<br />
msoflganc<strong>da</strong> aRmZravi Rvedia ideasa <strong>da</strong> avanturul<br />
mxatvrul saxes Soris. axali drois evropul<br />
literaturaSi amis naTeli magaliTia volteris<br />
filosofiuri moTxrobebi maTi ideuri universalizmiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> karnavaluri dinamikiTa <strong>da</strong> siWreliT (magaliTad,<br />
“kandidi”); am moTxrobebSi Zalian cxa<strong>da</strong>d vlindeba<br />
menipeisa <strong>da</strong> karnavalizebis tradiciebi. amgvarad,<br />
karnavalizeba menipes TviT filosofiur birTvamde<br />
aRwevs.<br />
amgvarad, menipeSi TiTqos<strong>da</strong> nairsaxovani <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuTavsebeli elementebis saocari SeTavseba moCans:<br />
filosofiuri dialogis, avanturisa <strong>da</strong> fantastikis,<br />
qoxmaxebis naturalizmis, utopiis <strong>da</strong> a. S. axla ukve<br />
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is iSviaTi Zalis mqone<br />
SemakavSirebeli sawyisi, rac am nairsaxovan elementebs<br />
Janris organul mTlianobaSi moaqcevs, karnavali <strong>da</strong><br />
karnavaluri msoflganc<strong>da</strong>a. evropuli literaturis<br />
ganviTarebis momdevno etapzec karnavalizebam xeli<br />
Seuwyo Janrebs, azrTa <strong>da</strong>xurul sistemebs, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
stilebs <strong>da</strong> a. S. Soris zRudeebis moSlas; igi auqmeb<strong>da</strong><br />
yovelgvar <strong>da</strong>xSulobas <strong>da</strong> urTierTugulebelyofas,<br />
aaxloveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Sorebuls, aerTianeb<strong>da</strong> gancalkevebuls. es<br />
aris karnavalizebis didi funqcia literaturis<br />
istoriaSi.<br />
axla oriode sityva menipesa <strong>da</strong> karnavalizebis<br />
<strong>Sesaxeb</strong> qristianul nia<strong>da</strong>gze.<br />
menipem <strong>da</strong> mis orbitaSi ganviTarebulma monaTesave<br />
Janrebma garkveuli zegavlena iqonies Camoyalibebis<br />
procesSi myof Zvel berZnul, romaul <strong>da</strong> bizantiur<br />
mwerlobaze.<br />
Zveli qristianuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi TxrobiTi<br />
Janrebi _ ”saxarebani”, “kaTolike epistoleni”,<br />
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“apokalifsisi” <strong>da</strong> “wmin<strong>da</strong>nTa <strong>da</strong> wamebulTa cxovrebani”<br />
_ <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia antikur aretalogiasTan, romelic<br />
Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi menipes orbitaSi<br />
viTardebo<strong>da</strong>. qristianul JanrebSi, gansakuTrebiT _<br />
mravalricxovan “saxarebebsa” <strong>da</strong> mociqulTa “epistoleebSi”<br />
yalibdeba qristianuli dialoguri sinkrizebi: is,<br />
visac acTuneben (qriste, wmin<strong>da</strong>ni) <strong>da</strong> macduri, morwmune<br />
<strong>da</strong> urjulo, wmin<strong>da</strong>ni <strong>da</strong> codvili, mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> Raribi,<br />
qristes mimdevari <strong>da</strong> fariseveli, mociquli (qristiani)<br />
<strong>da</strong> warmarTi <strong>da</strong> sxv. [...] aseTi antikuri Zirebi, “sawyisebi”<br />
(“arqaika”) aqvs im Janrul tradicias, romlis erT-erTi<br />
mwvervali dostoevskis Semoqmedebaa. es “sawyisebi” mis<br />
SemoqmedebaSi ganaxlebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
magram am saTaveebisagan dostoevskis ori<br />
aTaswleuli aSorebs, romlis ganmavlobaSi Janruli<br />
tradicia ganagrZob<strong>da</strong> ganviTarebas, rTuli xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
saxes icvli<strong>da</strong> (Tumca inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> mTlianobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
uwyvetelobas). oriode sityviT menipes Semdgom<br />
ganviTarebaze.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, ukve antikur <strong>da</strong> adreqristianul<br />
nia<strong>da</strong>gze menipe amJRavneb<strong>da</strong> iSviaT “protevsisebur”<br />
Tvisebas, icvli<strong>da</strong> garegnul formas (Tumca inarCuneb<strong>da</strong><br />
Sinagan Janrul Tvisebriobas), romanis srul moculobas<br />
iZen<strong>da</strong>, iTavseb<strong>da</strong> monaTesave Janrebs, mkvidrdebo<strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
did JanrebSi (magaliTad, berZnul <strong>da</strong> adreqristianul<br />
romanSi). es Tavisebureba Tavs iCens menipes ganviTarebis<br />
Semdgom etapze, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aseve axal<br />
droSi.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi menipes Janruli Taviseburebani<br />
laTinuri saeklesio mwerlobis zogierT <strong>da</strong>rgSi<br />
ganagrZobdnen arsebobas <strong>da</strong> ganaxlebas, romlebic,<br />
ganskuTrebiT mowameTa cxovrebis zogierT nairsaxeobaSi,<br />
uSualod agrZelebdnen Zveli qristianuli literaturis<br />
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tradiciebs. ufro Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> originaluri saxiT<br />
menipe Sua saukuneebis iseT dialogizebul <strong>da</strong><br />
karnavalizebul JanrebSi cocxlob<strong>da</strong>, rogoricaa<br />
“kamaTi”, “paeqroba”, ambivalenturi “xotba”<br />
(desputaisons, dits, débats), moralite <strong>da</strong> mirakli, xolo<br />
gviandel saukuneebSi _ misteria <strong>da</strong> soti. menipes<br />
elementebi igrZnoba Sua saukuneebis mkveTrad<br />
karnavalizebul parodiul <strong>da</strong> naxevradparodiul<br />
literaturaSi: imqveyniur parodiul xilvebSi,<br />
parodiul “saxarebaTa sakiTxavebSi” <strong>da</strong> a. S. <strong>da</strong> bolos,<br />
am Janruli tradiciis ganviTarebis Zalian mniSvnelovani<br />
momentia Sua saukuneebisa <strong>da</strong> adreuli aRorZinebis xanis<br />
novelisturi literatura, romelic Zlier aris<br />
gamsWvaluli karnavalizebuli menipes elementebiT.<br />
aRorZinebis xanaSi _ mTeli <strong>literaturisa</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflmxedvelobis Rrma <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis sayovelTao<br />
karnavalizebis epoqaSi _ menipe yvela did JanrSi<br />
(rablesTan, servantesTan, grimilshauzenTan <strong>da</strong> sxvebTan)<br />
mkvidrdeba, amasTanave viTardeba menipes sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvari<br />
renesansuli formebi, romlebSic umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeTavsebulia am Janris antikuri <strong>da</strong> Suasaukuneobrivi<br />
tradiciebi: deperies “mSvidobis winwili”, erazmis “qeba<br />
sisulelisa”, servantesis “samoZRvrebo novelebi”,<br />
“Satyre Menippée de la vertue du Catholicon d’Espagne”<br />
(“menipes satira espaneli KaTolikonis Rirsebebze”, 1594<br />
w., erT-erTi udidesi politikuri satira msoflio<br />
literaturaSi), grimilshauzenis, kevedosa <strong>da</strong> sxvebis<br />
satirebi.<br />
axal droSi menipe ara mxolod sxva karnavalizebul<br />
JanrebSi mkvidrdeba, aramed sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva variantiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelwodebiT <strong>da</strong>moukidebla<strong>da</strong>c ganagrZobs ganviTarebas:<br />
“lukianes dialogi”, “saubrebi micvalebulTa samefoSi”<br />
(antikuri tradiciiT aRbeWdili nairsaxeoba), “filoso-<br />
257
fiuri moTxroba” (menipes nairsaxeoba, romelic <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />
ganmanaTleblobis xanisaTvis), “fantastikuri<br />
moTxroba” <strong>da</strong> “filosofiuri zRapari” (romantizmisaTvis,<br />
magaliTad, hofmanisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli formebi)<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv. aqve un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom axal droSi menipes<br />
Janrul Taviseburebebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva literaturuli<br />
mimdinareobebi <strong>da</strong> SemoqmedebiTi meTodebi iyenebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad anviTarebdnen mas. ase, magaliTad,<br />
volteris racionalisturi “filosofiuri moTxroba” <strong>da</strong><br />
hofmanis romantikuli “filosofiuri zRapari”, maTi<br />
mxatvruli arsis, ideuri Sinaarsisa <strong>da</strong>, cxadia,<br />
SemoqmedebiTi individualobis didi sxvaobis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
(sakmarisia, magaliTad, Seva<strong>da</strong>roT “mikromegasi” <strong>da</strong><br />
“pawia caxesi”), menipes saerTo Janruli niSan-TvisebebiT<br />
xasiaTdebian <strong>da</strong> orive mkveTad karnavalizebulia. un<strong>da</strong><br />
iTqvas, rom axali drois literaturaSi menipe<br />
karnavalizebis yvelaze mZlavri <strong>da</strong> elvare formebis<br />
ZiriTadi matarebeli iyo.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos saWiroa imis aRniSvna, rom Janruli<br />
saxelwodeba “menipe”, iseve rogorc yvela sxva antikuri<br />
Janruli saxelwodeba _ “epopea”, “tragedia”, “idilia”<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxv., _ axali drois literaturis mimarT gamoyenebisas,<br />
antikurobisagan gansxvavebiT, ara garkveuli Janruli<br />
kanonis, aramed Janruli arsis aRsaniSnad ixmareba.<br />
(magram Tu iseTi Janruli terminebi, rogoricaa “epopea”,<br />
“tragedia” <strong>da</strong> “idilia”, axali drois literaturis<br />
mimarT gamoyenebisas sayovelTao<strong>da</strong>a miRebuli, Cveulebrivia<br />
<strong>da</strong>, ar gveucnaureba, rodesac “omsa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobas”<br />
epopeas, “boris godunovs” _ tragedias, xolo “Zveli<br />
drois memamulenis” _ idilias vuwodebT. magram Janruli<br />
termini “menipe” uCveuloa (gansakuTrebiT _ Cvens<br />
literaturismcodneobaSi) <strong>da</strong> amitom misi gamoyeneba<br />
axali drois literaturis nawarmoebTa (magaliTad,<br />
258
dostoevskis) mimarT SesaZloa ramdenadme ucnauri <strong>da</strong><br />
naZaladevi mogveCvenos).<br />
Cveni eqskursis dros ukve aRvniSneT, rom menipesa <strong>da</strong><br />
misi monaTesave Janrebis Cvens mier mocemuli <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba<br />
mTlianad vrceldeba dostoevskis Semeqmedebis Janrul<br />
Taviseburebebze. [...]<br />
gavixsenoT is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, romelic<br />
dostoevskisaTvis hqon<strong>da</strong> volterisa <strong>da</strong> didros<br />
dialogur kulturas, romlis saTaveebs “sokrates<br />
dialogTan”, antikur menipesTan <strong>da</strong> _ nawilobriv _<br />
diatribasTan <strong>da</strong> soliloqviumTan mivyavarT. Tavisufali<br />
menipes meore nairsaxeoba, fantastikuri <strong>da</strong> zRapruli<br />
elementebiT, gvxvdeba hofmanTan, romelmac mniSvnelovani<br />
zegavlena iqonia adrindel dostoevskize. dostoevskis<br />
yuradReba miiqcies agreTve edgar pous moTxrobebma,<br />
romlebic TavianTi arsiT axlos arian menipesTan. [...]<br />
Tavisi TematikiT “sasacilo a<strong>da</strong>mianis sizmari”<br />
dostoevskis wamyvani Temebis erTgvari sruli<br />
enciklopediaa; amasTanave es Temebi <strong>da</strong> maTi mxatvruli<br />
xorcSesxmis wesi erTob <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia menipes<br />
JanrisaTvis. “sasacilo a<strong>da</strong>mianis” centralur figuraSi<br />
cxa<strong>da</strong>d gamosWvivis karnavalizebuli literaturis<br />
“brZeni briyvis” <strong>da</strong> “tragikuli masxaras” ambivalenturi<br />
seriozul-sascilo saxe. [...] “sasacilo a<strong>da</strong>mianis sizmari”<br />
menipesaTvis uaRresad <strong>da</strong>mxasiaTebeli TemiT iwyeba, _ es<br />
aris Tema iseTi a<strong>da</strong>mianisa, romelmac erTaderTma icis<br />
WeSmariteba <strong>da</strong> amitom mas yvela <strong>da</strong>scinis, rogorc giJs.<br />
[...] SevexebiT dostoevskis kidev ramodenime sxva tipis<br />
nawarmoebs, romlebic TavianTi arsiT axlos arian<br />
menipesTan, magram pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar Seicaven fantastkur<br />
elements. aseTia upirvelesad moTxroba “Кроткая”,<br />
romelSic JanrisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli mwvave siuJeturi<br />
anakriza, mkveTri kontrastebiT, mezalansebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />
259
moraluri eqsperimentebiT, soliloqviumis saxiTaa<br />
gaformebuli. moTxrobis gmiri Tavis Tavze ambobs: “me<br />
dumiliT saubris ostati var, me mTeli Cemi cxovreba<br />
dumiliT Cavilaparake <strong>da</strong> mTeli tragediebi dumiliT<br />
gavatare Cems TavTan”. gmiris saxe Tavis Tavisadmi<br />
swored dialoguri <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT aris gaxsnili. [...]<br />
amgvar menipesTan, arsebiTad, axlos aris agreTve<br />
“baraTebi iatakqveSeTi<strong>da</strong>n” (1864), romelic agebulia<br />
rogorc diatriba (saubari <strong>da</strong>uswrebel mosaubresTan);<br />
igi Ria <strong>da</strong> faruli polemikiT aris gamsWvaluli <strong>da</strong><br />
aRsarebis arsebis elementebs Seicavs. am nawarmoebSi<br />
menipes sxva nacnobi elementebic moCans: mwvave<br />
dialoguri sinkrizebi, familarizeba <strong>da</strong> profanireba,<br />
qoxmaxebis naturalizmi <strong>da</strong> sxv. SevexebiT dostoevskis<br />
kidev erT nawarmoebs erTob <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli saTauriT _<br />
“uxamsi anekdoti” (1862). es uaRresad karnavalizebuli<br />
moTxrobac axlosaa menipesTanA(magram varonis tipis<br />
menipesTan). aq yvelaferi aRsavsea mkveTri karnavaluri<br />
kontrastebiT, mezelansebiT, ambivalenturobiT, <strong>da</strong>m<strong>da</strong>blebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> ganmkobiT.<br />
romanSi “<strong>da</strong>naSauli <strong>da</strong> sasjeli” raskolnikovis mier<br />
sonias pirveli monaxulebis cnobili scena (saxarebis<br />
kiTxviT) lamis sruli qristianizebuli menipea: mwvave<br />
dialoguri sinkrizebi (rwmena urwmenobasTan, morCileba<br />
siamayesTan), mwvave anakriza, oqsimoronuli SeTavsebebi<br />
(moazrovne _ borotmomqmedi, meZavi _ wmin<strong>da</strong>ni),<br />
ukanasknel kiTxvaTa Riad <strong>da</strong>sma <strong>da</strong> saxarebis kiTxva<br />
qoxmaxis garemoSi. menipeebia raskolnikovis sizmrebi <strong>da</strong><br />
agreTve svidrigailovis sizmari TviTmkvlelobis win.<br />
“idiotSi” menipe aris ipolites aRsareba (“Cemi<br />
aucilebeli axsna-ganmarteba”), romelic terasaze Tavad<br />
miSkinis dialogis scenis CarCoSia Casmuli <strong>da</strong> ipolites<br />
TviTmkvlelobis sceniT mTavrdeba. “eSmakebSi” aseTia<br />
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stavroginis aRsareba am aRsarebis CarCo _ dialogi<br />
stavroginsa <strong>da</strong> tixons Soris. “ymawvilSi” aseTia<br />
versilovis sizmari.<br />
“Zmebi karamazovebSi” SesaniSnavi menipe aris ivanesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> alioSas saubari mivardnili <strong>da</strong>bis savaWro moe<strong>da</strong>nze<br />
traqtirSi “de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis qalaqi”. aq traqtiris organis<br />
xmaze, biliardis burTebisa <strong>da</strong> ludis boTlebis sacobTa<br />
tkacunSi beri <strong>da</strong> aTeisti msoflios ukanasknel sakiTxebs<br />
wyveten. am “menipes satiraSi” Casmulia meore satira _<br />
“legen<strong>da</strong> did inkvizitorze”, romelsac <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs <strong>da</strong> qristesa <strong>da</strong> eSmakis saxarebiseuli<br />
sinkrizis mixedviTaa agebuli. es orive urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />
“menipes satira” msoflio mxatvrulfilosofiuri<br />
literaturis udides nawarmoebTa rigs<br />
ganekuTvneba. <strong>da</strong> bolos, aseve Rrma menipea ivane<br />
karamazovis saubari eSmakTan (Tavi: “eSmaki, ivane<br />
feodoroviCis koSmari”). [...]<br />
karnavalizebis movlena dostoevskis SemoqmedebaSi,<br />
cxadia, scildeba menipes farglebs <strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong>matebiTi Janruli<br />
wyaroebi aqvs, romlebic calke ganxilvas saWiroeben.<br />
dostoevskize, isve rogorc XVII-XIX saukuneebis<br />
mraval mweralze, karnavalizeba upirvelesad literaturul-Janruli<br />
tradiciis saxiT zemoqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />
karnavalizebis araliteraturuli wyaro, anu _ karnavali,<br />
mTeli sicxadiT, SesaZloa, arc ki hqonia gacnobierebuli.<br />
magram karnavali, misi formebi <strong>da</strong> simboloebi, <strong>da</strong><br />
upirvelesad Tavad karnavaluri msoflganc<strong>da</strong> mraval<br />
literaturul JanrSi iWrebo<strong>da</strong>, mTlianad msWvalav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
ayalibeb<strong>da</strong> maT Taviseburebebs, maTi erTgvari ganuyofeli<br />
nawili xdebo<strong>da</strong>. literaturis enaze ga<strong>da</strong>tanili<br />
karnavaluri formebi cxovrebis mxatvruli wvdomis<br />
mZlavr iaraRad, gansakuTrebul enad iqcnen, romlis<br />
sityvebsa <strong>da</strong> formebs simboluri ganzogadebis, anu<br />
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siRrmeSi ganzogadebis udidesi Zala SeswevT. [...] XVII,<br />
XVIII <strong>da</strong> XIX saukuneebis <strong>literaturisa</strong>Tvis karnavalizebis<br />
umTavres wyaros aRorZinebis xanis mwerlebi<br />
warmoadgendnen _ upirvelesad bokaCo, rable, Seqspiri,<br />
servantesi <strong>da</strong> grimilshauzeni (es ukanaskneli scildeba<br />
aRorZinebis farglebs, magram mis SemoqmedebaSi karnavalis<br />
Rrma gavlena ara naklebad igrZnoba, vidre Seqspir-<br />
Tan <strong>da</strong> servantesTan). aseTsave wyaros warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> agre-<br />
Tve (uSualod karnavalizebuli) pikareskuli romani.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, am saukuneTa mwerlebisaTvis karnavalizebis<br />
wyaro, cxadia, antikurobisa (maT Soris _ “menipes satira)<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebis karnavalizebuli literatura iyo<br />
dostoevskisaTvis karnavaluri tradiciis aTvisebisas<br />
didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> XVIII saukunis literaturas<br />
<strong>da</strong> upirvelesad _ voltersa <strong>da</strong> didros, romlebisTvisac<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia karnavalizebis SeTavseba<br />
antikurobisa <strong>da</strong> aRorZinebis xanis dialogebiT<br />
nasazrdoeb maRal dialogur kulturasTan. [...]<br />
karnavaluri tradiciis ufro Rrma SeTvisebis<br />
magaliTi hpova dostoevskim balzakTan, JorJ sandTan <strong>da</strong><br />
viqtor hiugosTan, romlebTanac naklebad gvxvdeba<br />
karnavalizebis garegnuli gamovlinebebi, magram<br />
samagierod karnavalizebiT Rrmad aris gamsWvaluli didi<br />
<strong>da</strong> Zlieri xasiaTebisa <strong>da</strong> vnebaTaRelvis agebuleba.<br />
vnebaTa karnavalizeba upirvelesad maT ambivalenturobaSi<br />
vlindeba: siyvaruli SeTavsebulia siZulvilTan,<br />
siZunwe _ uangarobasTan, Zalauflebis siyvaruli _<br />
Tvi<strong>da</strong>kninebasTan <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
karnavalizebis SeTavsebas cxovrebis sentimentalur<br />
aRqmasTan dostoevski poulob<strong>da</strong> sternTan <strong>da</strong> dikensTan.<br />
<strong>da</strong> bolos, karnavalizebis SeTavseba romntikuli (<strong>da</strong> ara<br />
racionalisturis, rogorc volterTan <strong>da</strong> didrosTan)<br />
saxis ideasTan dostoevskim edgar pousTan <strong>da</strong> gansa-<br />
262
kuTrebiT _ hofmanTan pova. calke un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas rusul<br />
tradiciaze. aq, gogolis gar<strong>da</strong>, un<strong>da</strong> vaxsenoT<br />
dostoevskize puSkinis Rrmad karnavalizebuli<br />
nawarmoebebis _ “boris godunovis”, belkinis moTxrobebis,<br />
boldinos tragediebisa <strong>da</strong> “pikis qalis” uzarmazari<br />
zegavlena.<br />
karnavalizebis am mokle mimoxilvas odnava<strong>da</strong>c ara<br />
aqvs sisrulis pretenzia. CvenTvis mTavari iyo tradiciis<br />
ZiriTadi xazebis Cveneba. erTxel kidev xazgasmiT<br />
aRvniSnavT, rom Cven gvainteresebs ara calkeuli<br />
mwerlebis, calkeuli Temebis, ideebisa <strong>da</strong> saxeebis<br />
zegavlena, aramed uSualod TviT Janruli tradiciis<br />
zegavlena, romelsac igi am mwerlebi<strong>da</strong>n iTviseb<strong>da</strong>. [...].<br />
karnavalizebis problemis swori gagebisaTvis Tavi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vaRwioT karnavalis gamartivebul gagebas, mis<br />
gaigivebas axali drois maskaradul xazTan <strong>da</strong> miT umetes<br />
mis uxams bohemur gaazrebas. karnavali gar<strong>da</strong>suli diadi<br />
aTaswleulebis sruliad saxalxo msoflganc<strong>da</strong>a. es<br />
msoflganc<strong>da</strong>, romelic Tavisufalia SiSisagan, maqsimalurad<br />
aaxlovebs qveyanas a<strong>da</strong>mianTan, <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mians<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianTan (yvelani laRi familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi<br />
arian moqceulni) <strong>da</strong> cvlaTa sixaruliTa <strong>da</strong> mxiaruli<br />
fardobiTobiT upirispirdeba SiSiT <strong>da</strong>nergil,<br />
dogmatur <strong>da</strong> axlis warmoqmnisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil<br />
calmxriv <strong>da</strong> moRuSul oficialur seriozulobas,<br />
romelic arsebuli mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebrivi<br />
yofis absolutizirebisaken miiswrafvis. karnavaluri<br />
msoflganc<strong>da</strong> swored amgvari seriozulobisagan Tavisuflebas<br />
iZleo<strong>da</strong>. magram yovelive amaSi odnava<strong>da</strong>c ar<br />
aris fuqsavatoba <strong>da</strong> uxamsi bohemuri individualizmi.<br />
aseve un<strong>da</strong> gavemijnoT karnavalis Teatralur-sanaxaobriv<br />
koncefcias, rac erTob <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia axali droisaTvis.<br />
karnavalis swori gagebisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> mivmarToT mis<br />
263
saTaveebsa <strong>da</strong> mwvervalebs, anu antikurobas, Sua<br />
saukuneebsa, <strong>da</strong> bolos, aRorZinebis epoqas. [...]<br />
Cven ukve aRvniSneT reducirebuli sicilis didi<br />
mniSvneloba msoflio literaturaSi. sicili aris<br />
Taviseburi, magram logikuri eniT gamouxatavi<br />
esTetikuri <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba sinamdvilisadmi, anu misi<br />
mxatvruli xedvisa <strong>da</strong> wvdomis garkveuli saSualeba <strong>da</strong>,<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, agreTve mxatvruli saxis, siuJetis, Janris<br />
agebis garkveuli xerxi. ambivalentur karnavalur sicils<br />
uzarmazari SemoqmedebiTi _ Tanac Janris warmomqmneli _<br />
Zala hqon<strong>da</strong>. amgvari sicili movlenas cvlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>svlis procesSi iWer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wvdebo<strong>da</strong>, movlenaSi<br />
Camoyalibebis orive poluss <strong>da</strong> maT uwyvet <strong>da</strong><br />
cxovelmyofel, ganaxlebisaken midrekil cvalebadobas<br />
aRnusxav<strong>da</strong>: sikvdilSi ganWvretilia <strong>da</strong>badeba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>badebaSi _ sikvdili, gamarjvebaSi _ <strong>da</strong>marcxeba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>marcxebaSi _ gamarjveba, SemkobaSi _ ganmkoba a. S.<br />
karnavaluri sicili arc erT am moments ar aZlevs<br />
calmxriv seriozulobaSi gaqvavebis saSualebas.<br />
Cven aq Zalauneburad vaxdenT karnavaluri<br />
ambivalenturobis logizirebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maxinjebas; rodesac<br />
vambobT, rom sikvdilSi “ganWvretilia” <strong>da</strong>badeba, amiT<br />
Zalauneburad vxliCavT <strong>da</strong> ramdenadme vacilebT<br />
erTmaneTisagan sikvdilsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>badebas. cocxal<br />
karnavalur saxeebSi ki TviT sikvdili orsula<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />
mSobiarobs, xolo mSobiare dedis wiaRi sikvdilad<br />
gvevlineba. swored amgvar saxeebs badebs SemoqmedebiTi<br />
karnavaluri sicili, romelSic ganuyoflad arian<br />
Serwymuli <strong>da</strong>cinva <strong>da</strong> aRtaceba, Zageba <strong>da</strong> qeba.<br />
rodesac literaturaSi karnavalisa <strong>da</strong> karnavaluri<br />
sicilis ga<strong>da</strong>tana xdeba, isini met-naklebad saxes icvlian<br />
mxatvrul-literaturuli amocanebis Sesabamisad. magram<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong> nebismieri xasiaTis gar<strong>da</strong>mqmnis<br />
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SemTxvevaSi ambivalenturoba <strong>da</strong> sicili mxatvrul saxeSi<br />
mainc rCeba. amasTanave garkveul pirobebsa <strong>da</strong> garkveul<br />
JanrebSi SesaZloa moxdes sicilis reducireba. sicili<br />
kvlavac ganapirobebs saxis struqturas, magram TviTon<br />
minimumamde <strong>da</strong>xSulia: asaxuli sinamdvilis struqturaSi<br />
Cven, marTalia, vamCnevT sicilis kvals, magram TviT<br />
sicili ar gvesmis. ase, magaliTad, platonis (pirveli<br />
periodis) “sokrates dialogebSi” sicili<br />
reducirebulia (Tumca ara mTlianad), magram igi rCeba<br />
mTavari gmiris (sokrates) saxis struqturaSi, dialogis<br />
wayvanis meTodSi, <strong>da</strong> rac mTavaria, inarCunebs arsebobas<br />
sruliad WeSmarit (<strong>da</strong> ara ritorikul) dialogurobaSi,<br />
romelic azrs Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi yofierebis<br />
laR fardobiTobaSi moaqcevs <strong>da</strong> ar aZlevs mas<br />
abstraqtul-dogmatur (monologur) uZraobaSi<br />
gaqvavebis saSualebas.<br />
aRorZinebis xanis literaturaSi sazogadod ar<br />
xdeba sicilis reducireba, Tumca misi “xmis simaRles” aq<br />
uTuod sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gra<strong>da</strong>ciebi aqvs. rablesTan, magaliTad,<br />
igi saqveynod ismis. ukve servantesTan igi saqveynod aRar<br />
ismis, marTalia, “don kixotis” pirvel wignSi sicili jer<br />
kidev sakmaod xmamaRla gaismis, xolo meoreSi, pirvel<br />
wignTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, sakmaod reducirebulia. es<br />
reducireba mTavari gmiris struqturasa <strong>da</strong> siuJetis<br />
cvlilebebTanac aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. XVIII <strong>da</strong> XIX<br />
saukuneebis literaturaSi sicili, rogorc wesi, sakmaod<br />
<strong>da</strong>xSulia _ ironiamde, iumoramde <strong>da</strong> reducirebuli<br />
sicilis sxva formebamde.<br />
wigni<strong>da</strong>n: М. Бахтин. Проблемы поэтики<br />
Достоевского. Москва, 1968.<br />
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266
s a r C e v i<br />
kritikuli Ziebani<br />
Tanamedrove literaturuli komparativizmi...................... 5<br />
“madli Sens gamCens, lamazo~..........................................................13<br />
baraTaSvilis “Cinari” ................................................................... 18<br />
baraTaSvilis “qeTevan” ................................................................ 25<br />
romantikuli ferebi......................................................................... 34<br />
jon miltonis ~<strong>da</strong>karguli samoTxis~ pirveli<br />
Targmanebi............................................................................................... 49<br />
civilizaciisa <strong>da</strong> progresis gageba ilias<br />
kritikul naazrevSi.......................................................................... 61<br />
amerikeli klasikosebis Targmanebi............................................ 80<br />
Seqspiris TargmanTa samyaroSi .................................................. 96<br />
ivane maCabeli _ Seqspiris mTargmneli.................................... 121<br />
akakis erTi personaJis Seqspiruli warmomavloba.......... 134<br />
~hamleti<strong>da</strong>n~ ~riCar<strong>da</strong>mde~......................................................... 142<br />
Jon singis komedia qarTul scenaze........................................ 154.<br />
rac <strong>da</strong>viwyebiT ar ibindeba<br />
sandra rulovsi: idealistis gza niderlandebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
saqarTvelomde .................................................................................. 173<br />
savse qarTuli patiosnebiT.......................................................... 182<br />
Salva nucubiZe <strong>da</strong> simon yauxCiSvili.................................... 197<br />
mecnieris wignebis samyaroSi....................................................... 205<br />
natalia orlovskaia........................................................................ 217<br />
Targmani<br />
mixeil baxtini. karnavalizebuli literatura................ 223<br />
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