File : THESIS.pdf - Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

(g) outline the hybridoma method for the production of a monoclonal antibody
(h) evaluate the use of monoclonal antibodies compared to conventional
methods for diagnosis and treatment of disease, and testing for
pregnancy;
(i) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to
solve related problems.
T CROP PLANTS
Content : Crop plant reproduction
BIOLOGY 9700 A/AS LEVEL 2007
Crop adaptations
Methods to improve crops
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) *describe and explain the structural features of a named, wind pollinated
plant;
(b) compare the outcomes of self-pollination and cross-pollination in
terms of genetic variation;
(c) *describe the structure of the fruit in maize and explain the
function of the endosperm;
(d) explain the significance of the grains of cereal crops in the human diet;
(e) *explain how the structure of the leaves of C4 plants such as maize or
sorghum are adapted for high rates of carbon fixation at high
temperatures in terms of:
• the high optimum temperatures of the enzymes involved
• the spatial separation of initial carbon fixation from the lightdependent
stage
(biochemical details of the C4 pathway are not required);
(f) *explain how sorghum is adapted to survive in arid environments;
(g) *explain how rice is adapted to grow with the roots submerged in
water in terms of tolerance to ethanol and presence of aerenchyma;
(h) outline the following examples of crop improvement:
• hybridisation leading to polyploidy in wheat
• inbreeding and hybridisation in producing vigorous, uniform maize
• genetic manipulation to enhance the vitamin A concentration in rice;
(i) use the knowledge gained in this section in new situations or to
solve related problems.
U ASPECTS OF HUMAN REPRODUCTION
Content
Gametogenesis
Roles of hormones in the menstrual cycle
Controlling human reproduction
Learning Outcomes
Candidates should be able to:
(a) *describe the histology of mammalian ovary and testis;
(b) outline gametogenesis in a male and female human as a process
involving mitosis, growth, meiosis and maturation;
(c) explain the role of hormones in maintenance of the human menstrual
cycle, and link this to the changes in the ovary and uterus during the
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