saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati
saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati
saqarTvelos parlamentis aparati
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<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>parlamentis</strong> <strong>aparati</strong><br />
kvleviTi departamenti<br />
analitikuri ganyofileba<br />
`samcxe-javaxeTis administraciul-teritoriuli<br />
danawileba~<br />
uZvelesi werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, istoriuli<br />
mesxeTis ukidures samxreT nawilSi Zv.w. II aTaswleulis miwuruls<br />
muSqbes igive mesxebs sakuTari samefo hqoniaT. Zv. w. VI sis<br />
I naxevarSi muSkTa samefos urartuelebma da amierkavkasiaSi<br />
SemoWrilma kimerielebma mouRes bolo. amis Semdeg mesxTa tomobrivma<br />
gaerTianebebma samxreTidan ufro CrdiloeTiT gadainacvles<br />
da Zv, w. VI s-Si ukve istoriuli mesxeTis teritoriaze<br />
mosaxleoben.<br />
Zv.w. III saukuneSi farnavazma Tavis Zalauflebas damor-<br />
Cilebuli erTiani saqarTvelo rva saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod<br />
dahyo. es teritoriuli da administraciuli dayofa mesxeTsac<br />
Seexo. igi sam teritoriul-administraciul erTeulad _<br />
saerisTavod daiyo: wundis, oZraxesa da klarjeTis saerisTavod.<br />
wundis saerisTavo gadaWimuli iyo faravnidan vidre<br />
mtkvris satavemde da mis farglebSi moeqca javaxeTi, kola da<br />
artaani. oZraxes saerisTavos teritoria taSiskaridan iwyeboda<br />
da arsianis mTamde vrceldeboda. oZraxes saerisTavoSi Sedioda<br />
samcxe da aWara. rac Seexeba klarjeTis saerisTavos, igi arsianis<br />
mTidan samxreT-dasavleTiT vrceldeboda da Sav zRvamde<br />
aRwevda.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi am saerisTavoTa sazRvrebi xSirad<br />
icvleboda. magaliTad, javaxeTis didi saerisTavos arsebobis<br />
dros, misi sazRvrebi Tanamedrove javaxeTTan erTad kolas<br />
olqsa da Crdilisi tbis Semogarens moicavda.<br />
vaxtang gorgaslis periodSi wundisa da oZraxes erisTavTa<br />
Zalaufleba sakmaod SezRudulad gamoiyureboda, radganac maTi
administraciuli centrebi erTdroulad samefo rezidenciasac<br />
warmoadgendnen.<br />
arabebis Semosevis Sedegad ganadgurda cixe-qalaqebi artanuji,<br />
oZraxe da wunda.<br />
maTi gandevnis Semdeg qveyana ganaxlebis gzas daadga. IX<br />
saukunis dasawyisSi tao-klarjeTSi `qarTvelTa samefo~<br />
Camoyalibda. daviT kurapalatis dros (Xs-s II naxevari), mis saz-<br />
RvrebSi iyo _ samcxe, javaxeTi, artaani, kola, klarjeTi,<br />
SavSeTi, tao, aWara, basiani, speri.<br />
adrefeodaluri epoqis miwurulidan oZrxes nacvlad TandaTan<br />
winaurdeba axalcixe, romelsac vaxuStis mixedviT lomsiana<br />
unda rqmeoda. `matiane qarTlisais~ erTi cnobis mixedviT,<br />
IXs. tao-klarjeTis mflobels guaram mamfals axalcixeSi didi<br />
citadeli, axali cixesimagre augia, romlis Semdeg es qalaqi<br />
samcxisa da javaxeTis administraciuli centri gaxda.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Zlierebis xanaSi samcxe-javaxeTi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
samxreTi forposti iyo. monRolTa batonobis dros `inju i xassad~<br />
Sewyalebuli feodalis samflobeloSi `divnis~ moxeleni,<br />
xarkis amkrefni ver Sediodnen. aqedan gamomdinare aseT xass mamulebs<br />
didi SeRavaTebi eZleodaT da maRali ekonomikuri mdgomareobaiyo.<br />
xasi feodali, romelic ekonomikurad romelime mon-<br />
Roli yaenis Tu ufliswulis sakuTrebas Seadgenda, bunebrivia<br />
politikuradac farTo damoukideblobiT sargeblobda. mefe<br />
siuzerens CamoCorebuli erTerTi aseTi moxele-feodali iyo<br />
sargis jayeli meWurWleTuxucesi, samcxis mTavari da spasalari.<br />
1266 wlidan misi samTavro xasinjud iqca da TviTon uSualod<br />
deqvemdebara yaenis mmarTvelobas. samTavros sazRvrebSi er-<br />
Tiandeboda saqarTvelo taSiskaridan karnu-qalaqamde (karinamde):<br />
samcxe, aWara, SavSeTi, klarjeTi, tao, kola, artaani,<br />
javaxeTis nawili.<br />
giorgi brwyinvelem SemoierTa samcxe-saaTabago.<br />
XV s-is II naxevarSi samcxis samTavro srulad damoukidebelia.<br />
amieridan jayelebis am samflobelos `samcxe-saaTabago~,<br />
xolo jayelebs aTabagebi ewodebaT, zogjer `mefeebic~ ki.<br />
1578 wels Turqebma mTeli mesxeTi daipyres da dapyrobil<br />
teritoriaze axalcixis safaSo Seqmnes, 1595 wels dapyrobili<br />
mxare aRweres da gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari<br />
Seadgines. 1625 wels samcxe-saaTabagom, rogorc politikurma<br />
erTeulma, arseboba Sewyvita.<br />
`gurjistanis vilaieTis~ administraciuli danawileba<br />
Semdegnairi iyo: vilaieTi danawilda ZiriTad samxedroadministraciul<br />
erTeulebad _ livebad (sanjayi), livebi _
nahiebad (raioni) da yadiluqebad, nahiebi ki _ kariebad<br />
(sofeli) da dasaxlebul punqtebad. sul `davTris~ mixedviT<br />
samcxe-saaTabago 1160 sofels moicavda [m.svaniZe, samcxesaaTabagos<br />
administraciuli dayofa da socialur-ekonomiuri<br />
mdgomareoba `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris mixedviT,~<br />
Tsu Sromebi, t.121, Tb., 1967; gv.295].<br />
`gurjistanis vilaieTis~ saTaveSi idga beglar-begi<br />
(mir-mirani) da provinciis mTavargamgebloba mis xelT<br />
imyofeboda. beglarbegs sulTani niSnavda da igi uSualod<br />
mas emorCileboda. beglarbegi ganagebda samoqalaqo, samxedro<br />
da, nawilobriv, samarTlis saqmeebs. vilaieTis SemadgenlobaSi<br />
Semavali sanjay-begebi vilaieTis beglarbegs<br />
emorCilebodnen. Cildiris beglarbegis rezidencia axalcixeSi<br />
mdebareobda. (saWiroa vicodeT, rom `gurjistanis<br />
vilaieTi~ da `Cildiris vilaieTi (eialeTi)~ erTi da igive<br />
administraciuli erTeulia. magram, radganac misi administraciuli<br />
centri axalcixe iyo, mas axalcixis safaSosac<br />
uwodebdnen). sanjay-begi marTavda sanjayis samoqalaqo da<br />
samxedro saqmeebs [Cildiris eialeTis jaba davTari. 1694-1723ww.<br />
Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada<br />
c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979. gv. 79.;<br />
m.svaniZe, samcxe-saaTabagos administraciuli dayofa da socialur-ekonomiuri<br />
mdgomareoba `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi<br />
davTris mixedviT,~ Tsu Sromebi, t.121, Tb., 1967; gv. 295].<br />
vilaieTis saqmeebis gansaxilvelad beglarbegis TavmjdomareobiT<br />
divani ikribeboda. religiisa da samarTlis<br />
saqmeebs vilaieTis centrSi mjdomi yadi ganagebda. igi<br />
marTmsajulebas SariaTis mixedviT awarmoebda. sapolicio<br />
samsaxuri subaSebs evalebodaT [m.svaniZe, samcxe-saaTabagos<br />
administraciuli dayofa da socilalur-ekonomiuri mdgomareoba<br />
`gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris mixedviT,~ Tsu Sromebi,<br />
t.121, Tb., 1967;; 295].<br />
rogorc ukve iTqva, sanjayebi nahiebad da yadiluqebad<br />
iyofoda. sadac mosaxleobis umravlesobas qristianebi<br />
Seadgendnen _ iq nahie iyo, xolo sadac muslimebi sWarbobdnen<br />
_ yadiluqi. nahie Tavis sagamgebloSi ramdenime<br />
sofels aerTianebda [Cildiris eialeTis jaba davTari. 1694-<br />
1723ww. Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad<br />
moamzada c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979.; 79].<br />
`gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~ mixedviT Cildiris<br />
(axalcixis) safaSo Semdeg livebad da nahiebad iyofoda:
I. axalcixis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis, 3. udis, 4. qvablianis, 5.<br />
awyuris, 6. alTunkalas, 7. ocxes, 8. aspinZis, 9. WaWaraqis nahieebi.<br />
II. xerTvisis liva: 1. xerTvisis, 2. tye-javaxeTis, 3. buzmareTis<br />
nahieebi.<br />
III. axalqalaqis liva: 1. akSehiris, 2. Tmogvis, 3. nialisyuris nahieebi.<br />
IV. Crdilis liva: 1.janbazis, 2. qanarbelis, 3. mgelcixis nahieebi.<br />
V. focxovis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis nahieebi.<br />
VI. petres liva: 1. petres, 2. qaSveTis nahieebi.<br />
VII. didi artaanis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis, 3. tye nahieebi.<br />
VIII. fanakis liva: 1. fanakis, 2. qamxisis, 3. fanaskertis nahieebi<br />
(ix. _ `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTari,~ III naw.).<br />
1694-1732 wlebSi Sedgenili jaba-davTris mixedviT Cildiris<br />
(gurjistanis) eialeTi Semdeg livebad da nahieebad iyofoda:<br />
I. axalcixis liva: 1. axalcixis, 2. awyuris, 3. udes, 4. mzvares, 5.<br />
Crdilis, 6. qvablianis nahieebi.<br />
II. axalqalaqis liva: 1. akSehiris, 2. nialisyuris, 3. Tmogvis, 4.<br />
zvares nahieebi.<br />
III. Crdilis liva: 1. janbazis, 2. mgelcixis, 3. qanarbelis nahieebi.<br />
IV. focxovis liva: 1. focxovis, 2. mzvares, 3. Crdilis nahieebi.<br />
V. xerTvisis liva: 1. xerTvisis, 2. buzmareTis, 3. tye-javaxeTis, 4.<br />
Crdilis nahieebi.<br />
VI. artanujis liva: 1. artanujis, 2. iSxanis, 3. taoskaris, 4. xumsis<br />
nahieebi.<br />
VII. olTisis liva: 1. bardusis, 2. anZavis, 3. Crdilis, 4. misrasoris<br />
nahieebi.<br />
VIII. didi artaanis liva: 1. mzvares, 2. Crdilis, 3. tyes nahieebi.<br />
IX. patara artaanis liva: 1. xorjevani, 2. mzvare, 3. Crdilis<br />
nahiebi. X. fanakis liva: 1. fanakis, 2. fanaskertis,<br />
3. qamxisis nahieebi.<br />
XI. mamirvanis liva: 1. mamirvanis, 2. axas nahieebi.<br />
XII. WaWaraqis liva.<br />
XIII. aspinZis liva.<br />
XIV. alTunkalas (oqroscixes) liva.<br />
XV. ocxes liva.<br />
XVI. zemo aWaris liva.<br />
XVII. qvemo aWaris liva.<br />
XVIII. livanis liva.<br />
XIX. SavSeTis liva.<br />
XX. nisfi livanas liva.<br />
XXI. ferTeqreqis liva.
XVIII s-is pirveli naxevris osmaluri wyaroebis cnobebiT<br />
(aini ali, koCibei gorijeli, ali CauSi, evlia Celebi) Cildiris<br />
eialeTi 13 sanjayisagan Sedgeboda: 1) olTisi, 2) xerTvisi, 3)<br />
artanuji, 4) didi artaani, 5) WaWaraqi, 6) focxovi, 7) maWaxeli, 8)<br />
aWara, 9) fanaki, 10) ferTeqreqi, 11) livana, 12) nisfi livana, 13)<br />
SavSeTi.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, Cildiris eialeTis sanjayTa raodenoba<br />
TandaTan gaizarda, es ki gamowveuli iyo ara Cildiris eialeTis<br />
teritoriuli zrdiT, aramed arsebuli sanjayebis danawilebiT.<br />
am mxriv yvelaze meti cvlilebebi axalcixis livam ganicada.<br />
ase, magaliTad _ ,,gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris" mixedviT,<br />
axalcixis livaSi Semavali WaWaraqi, aspinZa, alTunkala da<br />
ocxe nahieebia, ,,jaba davTris" monacemebiT isini cal-calke<br />
livebadaa gamoyofili. yuradRebas imsaxurebs is faqti, rom<br />
XVIII saukunis I naxevris Turqul wyaroebSi araa axalqalaqisa<br />
da Crdilis livebi, maSin, rodesac ,,gurjistanis davTarsa" da<br />
,,jaba davTris" mixedviT, isini damoukidebel livebad ixseniebian.<br />
XVII s-is I naxevris monacemebiT, aWara erTi sanjayi iyo,<br />
,,jabas" mixedviT ki or livad iyofa. ,,jaba davTarSi" araa damowmebuli<br />
petres liva. es imiT aixsneba, rom 1639 wlis zaviT es<br />
mxare (amJamindeli borjomis xeoba) osmaleTs Camoscilda da<br />
kvlav qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida. [Cildiris<br />
eialeTis jaba davTari. 1694-1723ww. Turquli teqsti qarTuli<br />
TargmaniT gamosacemad moamzada c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo<br />
m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979.; 81].<br />
gamahmadianebuli qarTveli begebisaTvis boZebuli iurTlukisa<br />
da ojaklikis sanjayebi kerZo mflobelobaSi iyo boZebuli,<br />
ar iyo aRwerili da davTarSi gatarebuli. swored amiT aixsneba<br />
is faqti, rom oTxi sanjayi _ ferTeqreqi, livana, nisfi livana<br />
da SavSeTi ar aris Setanili ,,gurjistanis vilaieTis did dav-<br />
TarSi", miuxedavad imisa, rom isini axalcixis safaSos SemadgenlobaSi<br />
imyofebodnen [Cildiris eialeTis jaba davTari.<br />
1694-1723ww. Turquli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT gamosacemad<br />
moamzada c.abulaZem, gamokvleva daurTo m. svaniZem, Tb., 1979.; 85].<br />
ruseT-TurqeTis 1828-1829 ww. omis win axalcixis safaSo 24<br />
sanjayad iyofoda: 1. axalcixe, 2. awyuri, 3. ocxe anu abasTumani,<br />
4. qvabliani, 5. zemo aWara, 6. qvemo aWara, 7. livana, 8. qiskimi, 9.<br />
narimani, 10. olTisi, 11. fanaki, 12. kola, 13. Crdili, 14. axalqalaqi,<br />
15. xerTvisi, 16. aspinZa, 17. WaWaraqi, 18. focxovi, 19.<br />
maWaxeli, 20. taos-kari, 21. imerxevi, 22. SavSeTi, 23. artanuji, 24.<br />
artaani [z. cincaZe, Woroxis auzis teritoriuladministraciuli<br />
dayofa XIX saukunesa sa XX saukunis dasawy-
isSi, samxreT-dasavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Zeglebi, IX, Tb., 1980. gv.<br />
291-292].<br />
1828-1829 ww. osmaleTis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli omis Sedegad<br />
ruseTma samcxe-saaTabagos (axalcixis safaSos) CrdiloaRmosavleTi<br />
nawili SemoierTa, romelic ZiriTadad mtkvris<br />
zemo welis da mis Semdinare wylebis auzs moicavda [z. cincaZe,<br />
Woroxis auzis teritoriul-administraciuli dayofa XIX saukunesa<br />
sa XX saukunis dasawyisSi, samxreT-dasavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
Zeglebi, IX, Tb., 1980; 292].<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> daubrunda Svidi sanjayi mTlianad: 1. axalcixis,<br />
2. qvablianis, 3. abasTumnis (ocxe), 4. aspinZis, 5. awyuris,<br />
6. xerTvisis, 7. WaWaraqis, xolo sami sanjayi – Crdilis,<br />
focxovis da axalqalaqis, nawilobriv. focxovis sanjayis didi<br />
nawili _ dasavleTi focxovi (mzvares nahie) da mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili aRmosavleTi focxovisa (Crdilis nahie) darCa osmaleTs,<br />
ruseTs mxolod Crdilis raionis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi mxare<br />
ergo Semdegi soflebiT: Warali, yudra, wyalTbila, jayi da<br />
jayismani, aseve or nawilad gaiyo Crdilis (Cildiri) sanjayic.<br />
am sanjayis ZiriTadi nawili _ mgelcixisa da mzvares raionebi<br />
(nahiebi), darCa TurqeTis farglebSi, Crdilis sanjayis CrdiloaRmosavleTi<br />
mxare ki, qanerbilis raioni (nahie), daubrunda<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Semdegi soflebiTurT: xozapini, karwaxi, sulda,<br />
mrakvali, xaveTi, erinja, oloRa, dadeSi, dlivi. axalqalaqis<br />
sanjayis udidesi nawili akSehiris raioni, Tmogvis raioni da<br />
nialisyuris raionis (nahies) mniSvnelovani nawili. osmaleTs<br />
mxolod nialisyuris raionis (nahies) umniSvnelo nawili darCa,<br />
romelSic Sedioda soflebi: zaqi, kotasi, anfuri, petrisi,<br />
ColeTi, mgelcixe, Camardo, TaTaleTi. SemoerTebul teritorias<br />
axalcixis provincia ewoda [z. cincaZe, Woroxis auzis teritoriul-administraciuli<br />
dayofa XIX saukunesa sa XX saukunis<br />
dasawyisSi, samxreT-dasavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Zeglebi, IX, Tb., 1980;<br />
294].<br />
axalcixis aRebisTanave general-feldmarSalma paskeviCma<br />
1828 wlis 16 agvistos mimarTa ra mcxovreblebs, rom amieridan<br />
ruseTis armia daicavda maT keTildReobas, adaTsa da pirad sakuTrebas,<br />
Seqmna axalcixis safaSos dapyrobili mxarisaTvis axali<br />
saolqo droebiTi mmarTveloba, romlis ufrosad dainiSna<br />
generali Tavadi vasil bebuTovi [S. lomsaZe, samcxe-javaxeTi<br />
(XVIIIs-is Sua wlebidan XIXs-is Sua wlebamde), Tb., 1975. gv. 202].<br />
axalcixis droebiTi mmarTveloba Sedgeboda Semdegi ganyofilebebisagan:<br />
aRmasrulebeli, saerTo-safinanso da samosamarTlo<br />
(cal-calke samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis
dargebSi). adgilebze aRmasrulebel organoebs warmoadgendnen<br />
sanjaybegebi da sakomendantoebi TavianTi <strong>aparati</strong>T. rac Seexeba<br />
qalaq axalcixes, iq Seiqmna saqalaqo policia saerTo<br />
dadgenilebis safuZvelze, romelTanac aseve Camoyalibda gadmosaxlebulTa<br />
komiteti, safaSos ufrosis xelmZRvanelobiT.<br />
axalcixis mxridan winaswari zogadi monacemebis gacnobis<br />
Semdeg, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavarmmarTebelma baronma rozenma gadawyvita<br />
moexdina cvlilebebi axalcixis safaSos mmarTvelobis<br />
struqturaSi da 1833 wels axalcixis droebiT mmarTvelobas<br />
daavala 1834 wlis oqtombramde warmoedgina safaSos mmarTvelobis<br />
gadaxalisebis proeqti. am droisaTvis rozens ukve xelT<br />
hqonda <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samoqalaqo gubernatoris falavandovis<br />
mier axalcixis mxareSi Sekrebili masalebi, ris safuZvelzec<br />
droebiT mmarTvelobas avalebda, rom proeqtis Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
yofiliyo sanjayebad danawevrebuli mxaris<br />
gamsxvileba or olqad da or qalaqad. eseni iqnebodnen axalcixis<br />
da axalqalaqis olqebi. axalcixis olqSi Sevidoda:<br />
focxovis, awyuris, qvablianis, WaWaraqis, abasTumnis, aspinZis da<br />
axalcixis sanjayebi. xolo axalqalaqis olqSi _ axalqalaqis,<br />
xerTvisis da Cildiris sanjayebi. amgvari dayofiT axalcixis da<br />
axalqalaqis olqebi TavianTi sivrciTa da mosaxleobiT TiTqmis<br />
toli iqneboda. 1834 wlis 30 seqtembers droebiTi mmarTvelobis<br />
ufrosma oranskim rozens warudgina safaSos gardaqmnis proeqtis<br />
ori varianti. safaSos ufrosi urCevda mTavarmmarTebels,<br />
rom ori olqis nacvlad Seqmniliyo ori mazra: axalcixisa da<br />
axalqalaqisa, da Caricxuliyo igi Cveulebrivi wesiT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
guberniaSi. baron ganis mier Catarebuli reviziiT wamoyenebul<br />
iqna winadadeba, romlis ZaliTac sanjaybegebi unda<br />
SeecvalaT komendantebiT da yofili sanjaybegebisaTvis daeniSnaT<br />
pensiebi; magram 1840 wlis 10 aprilis dadgenilebis safuZvelze,<br />
administraciuli cvlilebebis Sedegad saerTod gauqmda<br />
axalcixis safaSos droebiTi mmarTveloba da mis nacvlad<br />
Seiqmna axalcixis erTi mazra, romelic saqarTvelo-imereTis<br />
guberniaSi Sevida. axlad Seqmnili mazra dayves sam ubnad: axalqalaqis,<br />
xerTvisis da abasTumnis ubnebad [S. lomsaZe, samcxejavaxeTi<br />
(XVIIIs-is Sua wlebidan XIXs-is Sua wlebamde), Tb., 1975;<br />
209].<br />
1846 wlis axali administraciuli gadanawilebis dros,<br />
rodesac amierkavkasiaSi Seiqmna 4 gubernia, erzerumidan<br />
Camosaxlebuli kolonistebisa da zogierTi didvaWarmarkitantebis<br />
gavleniT, mTavrobam axalcixis mazras Camoacila<br />
axalqalaqis ubani da es erTi administraciuli erTeuli orad
gayo. orad gayofili provinciis erTi didi nawili, axalcixis<br />
mazris saxeliT, Sevida quTaisis guberniaSi, xolo meore nawili<br />
_ axalqalaqis ubani _ Tbilisis guberniaSi, magram ara rogorc<br />
damoukidebeli axalqalaqis mazra, aramed, rogorc aleqsandropolis<br />
mazris erTi ubani. ase xelovnurad da dausabuTeblad<br />
moiwadines viTomc eTnikurad somxuri mazris Seqmna <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
istoriul miwa-wyalze. aRsaniSnavi is iyo, rom aseTi<br />
SeerTebis sababs ar iZleoda arc am ori raionis ekonomikuri<br />
kavSiri, arc maTi meurneobis xasiaTi da daniSnuleba.<br />
mTavroba male mixvda, rom am ugunuri nabijiT mTeli<br />
mxaris istoriulad Camoyalibebul sameurneo urTierTobas didi<br />
ziani miayena da male, axali administraciuli gadanawilebis<br />
dros, es Secdoma gamoaswora. 1849 wels aleqsandropolis mazra<br />
SeuerTes axlad Seqmnil erevnis gubernias, axalqalaqis ubani ki<br />
daubrunda axalcixis mazras [Шахатунян А, Административный передель<br />
Закавказского краяб Тфл., 1918, ст. 89].<br />
amrigad, SemoerTebuli mesxeTi moicavda axalcixisa da axalqalaqis<br />
mazrebs da artaanis da olTisis okrugebs. mTlianad<br />
teritoria udrida 14,006 kvadratul kilometrs [Кавказский календарь,<br />
ст. 88;].<br />
1867w. 31 dekembers gamoqveynda mefisnacvlis brZaneba<br />
kavkasiis mTavar sammarTvelos, sagubernio da samazro sammarTveloebisadmi.<br />
igi acnobebda morCil moxeleebs, rom imperatorma<br />
daamtkica mxaris marTva-gamgeobis reorganizaciis kanondebuleba<br />
da imave imperatoris survilia axali kanoni moqmedebaSi Sevides<br />
1868 wlis 1 ianvridan [scssa, f.13, anaw.10, saq.737, furc.1-4;].<br />
1868 wlis 10 Tebervals ZalaSi Sevida mefisnacvlis instruqcia<br />
sagubernio da samazro sammarTveloebis Sinagani<br />
mowyobisa da policiis organizaciis Sesaxeb. garkveuli cvlilebebi<br />
xdeboda mazrebis administraciul dayofaSi. 1867 wels<br />
mefisnacvali imperators swerda, rom axali sasamarTlo wesdebis<br />
SemoRebisa da policiis sasamarTlo funqciebisagan gan-<br />
Tavisuflebis Semdeg, agreTve imis gamo, rom Camoyalibda soflis<br />
sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, saubno sammarTveloebis<br />
uwyebaSi myofi saqmeebi Zalian Semcirda da amdenad<br />
mazrebis sapolicio ubnebad dayofa zedmeti xdeba. sakmarisia<br />
viqonioT sapolicio xelisuflebis ori instancia _ sagubernio<br />
da samazro. magram aseTi Sekveca-gamartiveba SeiZleba<br />
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mazrebis teritoriebi ar iqneba<br />
Zalian vrceli [scssa, f.13, anaw.10, saq.737, furc.1-4;]. mefisnacvlis<br />
es winadadeba dakmayofilda da amis Sedegad Seiqmna axalqalaqis<br />
mazra da Tbilisis guberniaSi Sevida. dawesda mazris
ufrosis TanaSemwis Tanamdeboba. am postze daniSnuli piri<br />
sxvadasxva davalebiT igzavneboda adgilebze, asrulebda moZravi<br />
sapolicio organos xelmZRvanelis rols. mazrebis sapolicio<br />
ubnebad dayofa gauqmda.<br />
amierkavkasiaSi mazris ufrosebs igive ufleba-movaleoba<br />
ekisreboda, rac centralur ruseTSi, magram imis gamo, rom am<br />
mxareSi erobebi jer ar iyo SemoRebuli, aqaur mazris ufrosebs<br />
daekisraT saerobo saqmis warmoeba da saTanado angariSebis<br />
Sedgena mosaxleobis mier fuladi saerobo gamosaRebis Setanisa<br />
da naturaluri valdebulebis moxdis Taobaze. mazris ufrosebi<br />
saqmeTa aRsrulebis dros iyenebdnen policiis moxeleebs da sasoflo<br />
mmarTvelobis Tanamdebobis pirebs.<br />
magram 1867 wlis administraciuli reformis gatarebis<br />
praqtikam cxadyo, rom sapolicio ubnebisa da msajulTa institutis<br />
gauqmeba, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis mazris ufrosTa<br />
xelSi koncentrireba ar iyo swori. gubernatorebis azriT,<br />
samazro qalaqSi mTeli sapolicio Zalebis Tavmoyra, saubno<br />
msajulebis Secvla mazris ufrosTa TanaSemweebiT, mxolod im<br />
SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofda sapolicio zedamxedvelobis sa-<br />
Tanado dones, Tu mazris teritoria da mosaxleoba ar iqneboda<br />
didi da soflis sammarTveloebi qmediT daxmarebas gauwevdnen<br />
sapolicio xelisuflebas.<br />
am sakiTxis ganxilvisas wamoyenebul iqna winadadeba mazrebis<br />
sapolicio ubnebad dayofis aRdgenis Sesaxeb, magram es winadadeba<br />
ver gavida.<br />
axali mmarTvelobiTi cvlileba moxda saqarTveloSi 1881<br />
wlis 22 noembers aleqsandre III-is brZanebiT, romlis ZaliTac<br />
amierkavkasiam dakarga administraciuli TviTmmarTveloba. gauqmda<br />
avtonomiuri xelisuflebis mefisnacvlis instituti. am<br />
brZanebis Sedegad mefis mTavrobis administraciis xelmZRvaneli<br />
mTavarmmarTebeli gaxda, romelic Tavisi uflebamosilebiT didad<br />
CamorCeboda mefisnacvals [S. vaniSvili, amierkavkasia<br />
ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi 1864-1917w., Tb., 1989. gv. 54].<br />
ministrTa komitetis 1882 wlis 29 ianvris dadgenilebis me-3<br />
punqtis Tanaxmad, TbilisSi Seiqmna specialuri komisia, romelsac<br />
daevala kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis axali kanondebulebis<br />
Sedgena. kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis reorganizaciis proeqti da<br />
winadadebebi gadaeca saxelmwifo sabWos.<br />
kavkasiis marTva-gamgeobis reorganizacia or etapad<br />
ganxorcielda. pirveli kanoni miRebul iqna 1883 wels, meore<br />
dasrulebul-dazustebuli kanondebuleba ki imperatorma<br />
daamtkica 1885 wlis ianvars. 1886 wels ki igi peterburgSi gamo-
qveynda [S. vaniSvili, amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi<br />
1864-1917w., Tb., 1989. gv. 69].<br />
kanonis mixedviT kavkasiis centralur mmarTvelobas warmoadgendnen:<br />
kavkasiis samoqalaqo nawilis mTavarmmarTebeli da<br />
misi TanaSemwe; mTavarmmarTeblis sabWo; sxvadasxva uwyebis<br />
calkeul nawilTa sammarTveloebi. adgilobrivi administraciuli<br />
dawesebulebebi iyo: 1) sagubernio da saolqo, 2)<br />
samazro da saokrugo, 3) saqalaqo da sasoflo. calke moqmedebdnen<br />
sasamarTlo dawesebulebebi.<br />
1888 wlis 10 maiss gamoqveynda kanoni, ,,amierkavkasiis guberniebSi<br />
samazro policiis reorganizaciis Sesaxeb”, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad amierkavkasiis 5 gubernia daiyo 37 mazrad da 125<br />
sapolicio ubnad. am RonisZiebas Sinagan saqmeTa ministri grafi<br />
tolstoi amarTlebda im motiviT, rom mosaxleobis mravaltomobrivoba<br />
yoveli maTganis Taviseburi adaT-Cveulebani da moqalaqeobrivi<br />
ganuviTarebloba moiTxovda sapolicio Zalebis<br />
mudmiv yofnas mazris sxvadasxva punqtSi, rac meti iqneboda policiis<br />
sayrdeni wertilebi, miT ukeT iqneboda daculi sazogadoebrivi<br />
uSiSroeba da wesrigi. aseTi iyo ministris azri<br />
[scssa, f.13, anaw.10, saq.737, furc.1-4].<br />
amrigad, guberniebi dayofil iqna mazrebad. mazris ufross<br />
hyavda TanaSemwe, mdivani, saqmis mwarmoebeli, Tarjimani, mazrebi<br />
iyofoda sapolicio ubnebad, romlebsac boqaulebi ganagebdnen.<br />
sapolicio ubanSi Sedioda ramdenime sasoflo sazogadoeba,<br />
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, ramdenime sofels da dasaxlebul punqts<br />
aerTianebdnen. soflis sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis umaRles<br />
ganmkargulebel organos soflis yriloba warmoadgenda. mis<br />
funqciebSi Sedioda sasoflo mmarTvelobis Tanamdebobis pirTa<br />
arCeva, soflidan mavne da damnaSave pirebis gansaxlebis Taobaze<br />
dadgenilebis miReba, sazogadoebriv saWiroebebze zemdgomi instanciebis<br />
winaSe Suamdgomlobis aRZvra, saxazino da saerobo<br />
gadasaxadebis komlTa Soris ganawileba da sxv. [S. vaniSvili,<br />
amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi 1864-1917w., Tb.,<br />
1989. gv. 80].<br />
soflis sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufali iyo mamasaxlisi, romelsac glexTa yriloba<br />
irCevda. mis funqciebSi Sedioda: gzebis, xidebis, wyalsadenebis<br />
SenarCunebisaTvis meTvalyureoba; kameralur aRweraTa Catarebis<br />
xelmZRvaneloba da kontroli; saxelmwifo, saerobo da saadgilmamulo<br />
gadasaxadTa droulad akrefis uzrunvelyofa. masve,<br />
garkveuli formalobis dacviT, glexebisaTvis unda mieca
sasoflo sazogadoebidan gaSvebis mowmobebi da saSovarze<br />
wasvlis sanebarTvo bileTebi.<br />
saglexo reformis Semdeg saqarTveloSi swrafi tempiT vi-<br />
Tardeboda kapitalizmi. misi ganviTarebis paralelurad Zlierdeboda<br />
burJuazia, magram es ukanaskneli moklebuli iyo<br />
politikur uflebebs, ris gamoc ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda. mosalodneli<br />
garTulebebis Tavidan asacileblad, mefis mTavroba<br />
iZulebuli gaxda daTmobaze wasuliyo da 1870 wlis saqalaqo<br />
debulebiT burJuaziisaTvis misi moqmedebis mTavar asparezze _<br />
qalaqebSi, mieniWebina SezRuduli TviTmmarTvelobis ufleba.<br />
1870 wlis debuleba burJuaziuli xasiaTisa iyo. igi mxedvelobaSi<br />
ar iRebda mosaxleobis wodebriv dayofas da saarCevno<br />
Tanrigebs safuZvlad udebda ara moqalaqeTa socialur warmo-<br />
Sobas, aramed ekonomikur mdgomareobas. amis Sesabamisad qalaqSi<br />
yalibdeboda sami Tanrigi, sami saarCevno kreba. pirvelSi Sediodnen<br />
msxvili mesakuTreni, meoreSi _ saSualo SeZlebis moqalaqeni,<br />
mesameSi _ is wvrili mesakuTreni, romlebic ixdidnen<br />
garkveul gadasaxads [i. gvenetaZe, axalcixis saqalaqo mmarTveloba<br />
1876-1917ww., `macne,~ istoriis seria, #4, Tb., 1979. gv. 91].<br />
qalaqis sazogadoebrivi TviTmmarTveloba ar iTvleboda<br />
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organod. marTalia, igi debulebiT<br />
gansazRvrul CarCoebSi damoukideblad moqmedebda, magram imave<br />
debulebis sxva muxlebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavdnen TviTmmarTvelobebs<br />
da administraciis kontrols amyarebdnen mis saqmianobaze.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, TviTmpyrobelobis pirobebSi qalaqebisaTvis<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis miniWeba mainc progresul movlenas warmoadgenda,<br />
radgan ramdenadme ilagmeboda saxelmwifo biurokratiuli<br />
<strong>aparati</strong>s TviTneboba da iqmneboda progresuli Zalebis<br />
moqmedebis asparezi.<br />
saqalaqo debulebis gatareba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> qalaqebSi<br />
sxvadasxva dros moxda. 1875 wlis Tebervlidan aRniSnuli debulebis<br />
gatarebisaTvis mzadeba axalcixeSic daiwyes (manamde<br />
qalaqs policia ganagebda). 1876 wels moewyo amomrCevelTa<br />
pirveli kenWisyra. arCevnebSi mosaxleobis mcire nawili<br />
monawileobda. qalaqis 14.000 mcxovrebidan xmis uflebiT sargeblobda<br />
mxolod 258 kaci, anu mTeli mosaxleobis 1,8% [i. gvenetaZe,<br />
axalcixis saqalaqo mmarTveloba 1876-1917ww., `macne,~ istoriis<br />
seria, #4, Tb., 1979. gv. 91].<br />
1876 wlis ivnisSi axalcixeSi sabolood Camoyalibda<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi. arCeul iqna saTaTbiro, qalaqis<br />
Tavi da gamgeoba [i. gvenetaZe, axalcixis saqalaqo mmarTveloba<br />
1876-1917ww., `macne,~ istoriis seria, #4, Tb., 1979. gv. 91].
narodovolcebis mier aleqsandre II-is mokvlis Semdeg,<br />
reaqcia Setevaze gadavida. axalma imperatorma aleqsandre III-m<br />
da misi biurokratiuli <strong>aparati</strong>s didmoxeleebma 60-iani wlebis<br />
reformebi Secdomad gamoacxades da kontrreformis gatareba<br />
daiwyes [S. vaniSvili, amierkavkasia ruseTis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi<br />
1864-1917w., Tb., 1989. gv. 99].<br />
axali administraciuli danawilebis mcdeloba iyo somxebis<br />
mxridan 1913 wels. maT axalqalaqis mazra somxeTis miwa-wylad<br />
gamoacxades da am mazris Tbilisis guberniis sazRvrebidan gamoyofa<br />
moiTxoves. maTi mizani iyo axalqalaqis mazra danarCen<br />
somxur mazrebTan SeeerTebinaT da am gziT erTi mTliani<br />
somxuri saerobo TviTmmarTveli olqi SeeqmnaT. es azri wamoyenebul<br />
iqna somxebis mier 1913 wels, rodesac kavkasiaSi mefis<br />
moadgiled somexTa mwyalobeli grafi voroncov-daSkovi iyo.<br />
maTi wadili rom ufro samarTlianad da obieqturi mosazrebiT<br />
nakarnaxevad sCveneboda adamians, somxebma sabuTad isic ki wamoayenes,<br />
viTomc javaxeTi anu axalqalaqis mazra ekonomikurad<br />
tfilisis ki ara, gumbris (aleqsandropoli) guberniasTan iyo<br />
dakavSirebuli [Шахатунян А, Административный передель Закавказского<br />
края Тфл., 1918, ст. 70-72].<br />
voroncovis survilis Tanaxmad, imave wels gaica brZaneba,<br />
rom Tbilisis guberniis axalqalaqis samazro komisia Semdgariyo<br />
da gamoerkvia, SeiZleboda Tu ara, da ramdenad xelsayreli<br />
iqneboda, rom axalqalaqis mazra Tbilisis gubernias<br />
Camoscileboda da gumbrisas (aleqsandropolis) mimateboda, rom<br />
masTan erTad calke, gansakuTrebiT somxebiT dasaxlebuli gubernia<br />
Semdgariyo. komisiaSi TavmjdomariTurT sul 14 kaci<br />
iRebda monawileobas, romelTagan 8 kaci rusi iyo (Tavmjdomare<br />
mazris ufrosi podpolk. kalinini, momrigebeli mickeviCi, fostatelegrafis<br />
kantoris ufrosi delibaSi, samazro beiTali<br />
toropovi, saubno boqaulebi Capligini da lazarevi, duxoborebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi al. uglovi da vas. gremiakini), 4 qarTveli<br />
(gadasaxadTa inspeqtori T-di mayaSvili da memamuleTa warmomadgenlebi<br />
qarTveli _ mahmadianebi mamed-ali-begi da mustafabegi<br />
falavandiSvilebi, baraleTis ubnis mcxovrebTa warmomadgeneli<br />
murjikneli) da 2 somexi (qalaqis mamasaxlisi menatunianci<br />
da bogdanovkis ubnis mcxovrebTa warmomadgeneli karoianci).<br />
bWobis Semdgom samazro komisiam erTxmad uaryo javaxeTis<br />
anu axalqalaqis mazris tfilisis guberniisagan CamoSoreba da<br />
gumbrTan (aleqsandropoli) SeerTeba. Tavisi azris dasasabuTeblad<br />
komisia, sxvaTa Soris, pirvelad swored am kuTxis eko-
nomikursa da mimosvlis sakiTxs Seexo da daadgina: `Semcdari<br />
azria, viTomc axalqalaqis mazra q. aleqsandropolTan yofiliyos<br />
dakavSirebuli, mTeli vaWroba da yvela saWirboroto interesi<br />
mcxovreblebs gansakuTrebiT tfilisTan aerTebs, sadac<br />
isini Tavis saqonels, sanovagesa da adgilobriv nawarms asaReben<br />
da saiTganac moaqvT saqoneli da yvelaferi saxmari mTeli mazrisaTvis.<br />
amasTanave saqonlis gadatan-gadmotana mTeli wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, zafxulSiac da zamTarSic, warmoebs axalcixeborjom-bakurianis<br />
SaragziT, agreTve rodionovka-walkamanglisze<br />
mokle, pirdapiri saurme gziT, romelic zamTarSiac<br />
ki ar ikvreba xolme. aleqsandropolTan ki zamTarSi, namqerebis<br />
gamo, xolo gazafxulze wyaldidobisa da talaxebis gamo, mTeli<br />
TveobiT yovelgvari kavSiri, safostoc ki srulebiT Sewyvetilia<br />
xolme. zafxulSi ki, rodesac aleqsandropolis gza gaxsnilia,<br />
mTeli savaWro saqoneli javaxeTidan mainc axalcixeze, bakurianSi<br />
midis da mxolod am mazris bogdanovkis ubnis samxreT<br />
nawils, zogierTi saqoneli, metadre brinji, zafxulobiT<br />
aleqsandropolidan modis xolme~.<br />
axalqalaqis samazro komisiis aRniSnuli erTmxrivi<br />
dadgenileba 1914 wlis 24 ianvars tfilisis gansakuTrebulma<br />
sabWom erTxmad daamtkica [iv. javaxiSvili, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saz-<br />
Rvrebi, Tb., 1996. gv. 36-37].<br />
1917 wlis Tebervlis burJuaziul-demokratiuli<br />
revoluciis Sedegad petrogradSi droebiTi mTavroba Seiqmna.<br />
martis dasawyisisaTvis droebiTma mTavrobam saxelmwifo saTaTbiros<br />
wevrebisagan Seqmna warmomadgenloba amierkavkasiis<br />
xalxTa saxelmZRvanelod da uwoda mas `amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebuli<br />
komiteti~(ozakomi).<br />
1917 wlis oqtomberSi moxda saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da<br />
gaimarjva bolSevikebis partiam; damyarda sabWoTa xelisufleba<br />
da garekil iqna droebiTi mTavroba. amierkavkasiis gansakuTrebulma<br />
komitetma, romelic bolomde droebiTi mTavrobis erTguli<br />
rCeboda, uari Tqva sabWoTa xelisuflebis cnobaze da sapasuxod<br />
1917 wlis 15 noembers s. gegeWkoris meTaurobiT<br />
Camoayaliba axali mTavroba _ amierkavkasiis komisariati. sayuradReboa,<br />
rom es axali mTavroba Tavis Tavs mainc ruseTis imperiis<br />
nawilad Tvlida [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi,<br />
II, Tb., 1997, gv. 251-253.; z. avaliSvili, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damoukidebloba<br />
1918-1921 wlebis saerTaSoriso politikaSi, tf. 1925.<br />
gv. 24].<br />
male komisariatma axalcixeSi mdgari 116-e polki erovnuli<br />
da religiuri monacemebis mixedviT daSala. amasTan, axlad Seqm-
nili sajariso nawilebi adgilze daanawila. rus jariskacTa<br />
umravlesoba saxlebSi gabrunda. darCenili nawili ruseTidan<br />
TeTrgvardieli generlebis gankargulebas eloda.<br />
axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebSi ganlagdnen rogorc qar-<br />
Tuli, ise somxuri da muslimanuri nawilebi. manamde mazraSi<br />
mdgari osTa da inguSTa sapolicio razmebi Sesabamisad daemor-<br />
Cilnen qarTul polks da abasTumanSi mdgar muslimanTa polks.<br />
axalcixeSi ganlagda qarTuli polki da somxuri aTaseuli da<br />
artaanSi _ ramdenime qarTuli aseuli [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri<br />
qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 254].<br />
mdgomareobis gamosworebis mizniT jer kidev 1917 wlis<br />
noemberSi komisariatma axalcixis mxarisaTvis daawesa e.w. sageneralgubernatoro,<br />
rac imas niSnavda, rom aq sagangebo wesebi<br />
iqneboda SemoRebuli. general-gubernatoris gankargulebaSi<br />
Sedioda mxaris rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo saqmeebi.<br />
pirvel general-gubernatorad dainiSna 166-e polkis rwmunebulad<br />
namsaxuri, samxedro akademiadamTavrebuli axalgazrda oficeri<br />
S. maRlakeliZe. sageneralgubernatoros mohyva adgilze<br />
samazro komitetebis, anu rogorc eZaxdnen komisariatebis Seqmna.<br />
axalcixis samazro komisariatSi, general-gubernatorTan erTad,<br />
mTavar wevrebad Sevidnen: mazris ufrosi rotmistri gudievi,<br />
skolebis inspeqtori mitrofanovi da sxvani.<br />
rac Seexeba aRmasrulebel komitets iq Tavmjdomared ar-<br />
Ceul iqna adgilobrivi maswavlebeli, awyureli begi omar faiki<br />
(yifiani), xolo mis moadgiled, misive disSvili ahmed-beg fefinovi<br />
(fefinaSvili), orive renegati da Turqofili.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom komisariatis SeqmnisTanave mesxeTSi winaaRmdegobebma<br />
iCines Tavi, aTeuli wlebiT pan-islamuri da pan-<br />
Turquli propagandiT mowamlulma mesxeTis zeda fenam (begaRalarebma),<br />
am dros TviTSemecnebis da amis safuZvelze TviTgamorkvevis<br />
magivrad, Turqi emisrebis karnaxiT, samahmadiano<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> momavlisaTvis brZola daukavSires religiur panislamur<br />
da pan-Turqul principebs, ar scnes axlad Seqmnili<br />
mTavroba komisariatis saxiT da ganudgnen mas.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samxreT raionebSi ukve 1917 wlis Semodgomaze<br />
SesamCnevi gaxda muslimanTa bandebis gaaqtiureba, rac pirdapiri<br />
Sedegi iyo omamdeli da omisdroindeli jaSuSuri saqmianobisa,<br />
rasac aq Turqi emisrebi eweodnen, islamis dacvis, sarwmunoebis<br />
dacvisa da yvela mahmadianis gaerTianebis lozungiT. am dros<br />
moqmedeba daiwyes `CeTebma~.<br />
mokled, samxreT saqarTveloSi atexili e. w. `CeTebis~ moZraobis<br />
raobaze da miznebze: `CeTe~ Turquli sityvaa da ewodeba
partizanebis iseT mcire razms, romelsac SeuZlia saWiroebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi awarmoos partizanuli omi. XV-XIX saukuneebSi CeTebis<br />
partizanuli moZraoba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli balkaneTis<br />
naxevarkunZulze, maSin igi mimarTuli iyo dampyrobTa<br />
winaaRmdeg, sakuTari qveynisa da religiis (qristianobis) dasacavad.<br />
XIX s-is 20-ian wlebSi serbTa nacionalurganmaTavisuflebeli<br />
brZolis yvela monawiles ,,CeTniki” erqva da<br />
,,CeTis” wevrad iTvleboda, rac yvela serbisaTvis saamayo iyo.<br />
XX s-is 10-ian wlebSi am wminda wylis antiTurqul da antimuslimur<br />
moZraobas osmalebma Tavdapirveli Sinaarsi<br />
Seucvales. igi panislamisturi ideebis samsaxurSi Caayenes da<br />
sarbielad TurqeTis ganapira mxareebi, maT Soris samxreT da<br />
samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelo miuCines, sadac am droisaTvis<br />
ZaliT gamahmadianebuli da ukve Rrma fanatizmSi gadasuli<br />
mesxeTis ,,ierli” cxovrobda (`ier~ _ Turquli sityvaa da<br />
adgils niSnavs, ierli _ adgilobrivs). axla viTom maT TavianTi<br />
CaTebiT unda exsnaT islami qristiani moZaladeebisagan [S. lomsaZe,<br />
mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 250-251].<br />
,,CeTebis” moZraobis gaaqtiureba, rogorc Cans, dakavSirebuli<br />
iyo TurqTa mxridan erzinjanis droebiTi zavis darRvevasTan<br />
momgebiani ,,faqtiuri mdgomareobis” SeqmnisaTvis. samcxejavaxeTSi<br />
amas xels uwyobda isic, rom axalcixeSi mdgari<br />
rusTa saTadarigo 166-e polki moiSala. xolo mis adgilze Seqmnili<br />
erovnuli samxedro nawilebi jer sakmaod sustni iyvnen. am<br />
viTarebiT isargebles renegatma begebma da Turqi emisrebis karnaxiT,<br />
adgilze Seqmnili ,,CeTebi” daZres; 1917 wlis noemberSi,<br />
axalcixeSi mdgar samxedro nawilebianad, maT qalaqi alyaSi<br />
moaqcies [sjimxf, e.#4641, furc.14].<br />
bandebis e. w. ,,CeTebis” saerTo xelmZRvanelobas eweoda renegati<br />
omar faiki (yifiani). ajanyebulebma alyaSemortymuli axalcixisa<br />
da iq mdgomi samxedro SenaerTebisagan danebeba da<br />
iaraRis Cabareba moiTxoves. alyaSi moqceuli axalcixisaTvis<br />
garedan qristianTa soflebs raime daxmareba rom ar gaewiaT,<br />
SeTqmulebma yvelgan TavianTi piketebi daayenes da misasvleli<br />
gzebi Caketes. rac Seexeba qristian qarTvelTa yvelaze did<br />
sofel udes, SeTqmulebma isic alyaSi moaqcies da iaraRis<br />
Cabareba moiTxoves [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II,<br />
Tb., 1997, gv. 256].<br />
am ambebTan dakavSirebiT samcxe-javaxeTis imdroindeli<br />
samxedro da samoqalaqo saqmeebis rwmunebulTan, generalgubernator<br />
maRlakeliZesTan, sami qarTveli mahmadiani begis<br />
TanxlebiT gamocxadda uravlis ubnis boqauli zia-beg abaSiZe
da warudgina sruliad moulodneli, Svidpunqtiani moTxovna: 1.<br />
axalcixe gamocxaddes samcxe-javaxeTisa da artaanis mTavar<br />
qalaqad; 2. saxeli ,,axalcixe” Seicvalos Turqizebuli formiT<br />
da ewodos ,,ahiska”. 3. qalaqSi darCenili Tavisufali yazarmebi<br />
gadaeces mahmadianur mosaxleobas. 4. oficerTa sakrebulos<br />
Senoba mieces mahmadianTa polks; 5. garnizonis ufrosad qarTveli<br />
oficris nacvlad dainiSnos mahmadiani yajari, romelic<br />
komisariatma ganawesa me-8 polkis ufrosad da romelsac general-gubernatori<br />
mesxeTSi Sesvlis uflebas ar aZlevda. 6. general-gubernatori<br />
Tavisi StabiT qalaqidan gadavides rabaTSi<br />
da iq cixis teritoriaze ganlagdes; 7. am winadadebis miuReblobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi mahmadianTa SeiaraRebuli razmebi iZulebulni<br />
iqnebian SeiWrnen qalaqSi [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri<br />
qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 257].<br />
SeiaraRebuli ,,CeTebiT” garSemortymuli axalcixe yovel<br />
wuTs eloda Setevis dawyebas. `qarTuli Stabis” erT-erT TaTbirze<br />
gadawyda Tavdasxmis da Setevis dawyeba, rasac unda moexdina<br />
axalcixis garSemo Tavmoyrili ,,CeTebis” uvnebelyofa.<br />
marTlac, 1917 wlis dekembris meore naxevarSi, qarTuli polkis<br />
meomrebi, romelTac mxars umagrebda agreTve somxuri aTaseuli,<br />
Setevaze erTdroulad gadavidnen sami mimarTulebiT. micemuli<br />
brZanebiT, maTi mTavari mizani iyo mahmadianTa Sekrebili razmebis<br />
gafantva da dacla ise, rom mosaxleobas araferi daSaveboda.<br />
Seteva daiwyo awyuris mimarTulebiT ganlagebul omar<br />
faikis da ahmed fefenovis winaaRmdeg. aqve iyo mowinaaRmdegis<br />
mTavari Stabic. ,,CeTebi” daamarcxa da gandevna qarTvel oficerTa<br />
razmma kapitan abaSiZis meTaurobiT. ,,CeTebi” aseve damarcxebul<br />
iqnen axalcixis sxva misadgomebTanac. qarTuli Stabis<br />
gonivruli da drouli moqmedebis wyalobiT, rasac maincadamainc<br />
didi msxverplic ar mohyolia, ,,CeTebma” axalcixis<br />
aReba ver SeZles [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II,<br />
Tb., 1997, gv. 260].<br />
1917 w. noemberSi CeTebis damarcxebiT saqme ar damTavrebula.<br />
mahmadianTa begebma samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> momavlis sakiTxi<br />
gansaxilvelad abasTumanSi daniSnul mahmadianTa specialur<br />
yrilobaze gaitanes, romelsac eswrebodnen warmomadgenlebi:<br />
samcxidan, javaxeTidan, artaanidan, aWaridan, SavSeTidan da yarsidan.<br />
yriloba naxevrad konspiraciuli iyo. misi saorganizacio<br />
komitetis winaswari gancxadebiT iq unda ganxiluliyo mxolod<br />
kulturul-sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi. magram, roca yriloba gaixsna<br />
dRis wesrigi arsebiTad Secvlili aRmoCnda: delegatebi<br />
religiur-kulturuli sakiTxebis nacvlad samxreT da samxreT-
dasavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> rogorc socialur-politikuri, ise<br />
teritoriuli sakiTxebis garCevas Seudgnen da yvelasaTvis moulodneli<br />
erTob Sesazari dadgenileba miiRes: axalcixeaxalqalaqis<br />
mazrebi, focxovi, aWara, artaani, SavSeTi mTeli<br />
Tavisi teritoriiTa da xalxiT, viTarca sunas mimdevari da erTmorwmune,<br />
unda gaerTianebuliyo erTi avtonomiuri mmarTvelobis<br />
qveS yarsis mxaresTan. unda gamoyofoda amierkavkasiis komisariats<br />
da gasuliyo Tbilisis guberniidan [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri<br />
qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997,gv. 261].<br />
sxvaTa Soris, abasTumnis yrilobas, rogorc meTvalyurewarmomadgeneli,<br />
eswreboda mxaris general-gubernatori maRlakeliZec,<br />
romelmac Tavis gamosvlaSi yrilobis gadawyvetileba<br />
sruliad aSkarad dagmo da protesti gamoucxada mas.<br />
aRelvebulma brbom maRlakeliZe tribunidan Camoagdo, xolo<br />
saRamos, roca is sam Tanmxleb pirTan erTad axalcixisken gaemarTa<br />
yaCaRurad gzaSi dauxvdnen, srola autexes da erTi mxlebeli<br />
moukles. general-gubernatorma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela. ni-<br />
Sani micemuli iyo, mesxeTis fanatikosi beg-aRalarebi mTavrobasTan<br />
aSkara konfliqtSi ebmebodnen. momaval brZolaSi begebs<br />
TavianTi `CeTebis~ imedi hqondaT. mesxeTSi mZime samoqalaqo omi<br />
iwyeboda, romelic religiur-Sovinistur mimarTulebas iRebda.<br />
abasTumnis yriloba da `CeTebis~ amoZraveba erTimeores daemTxva.<br />
rogorc Cans, SeTqmulTa mier Sedgenili programiT es asec unda<br />
yofiliyo. etyoba am mizniT iqna Setyuebuli yrilobaze axalcixe-axalqalaqis<br />
gubernatori, ramac adgilze darCenil aRmaskomis<br />
avantiurist wevrebs TviTneburi sxdomebis Catarebis saSualeba<br />
misca, romelzec antiqarTuli da antisaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
dadgenilebebi gamoitanes. mag., axalcixis aRmaskomis unebarTvod<br />
mowveul sxdomaze ahmed-beg fefinovis daJinebuli moTxovniT<br />
ganixiles sakiTxi q. axalcixis saxelis gadarqmevis Sesaxeb da<br />
gamoitanes dadgenileba, rom amieridan axalcixes wodeboda<br />
`ahiska~. ahmed-beg fefinovi sxdomis monawileebs arwmunebda, rom<br />
`ahiska~ iyo misi Tavdapirveli saxeli da Semdeg qarTvelebma<br />
gadaakeTes axalcixedo. imave dReebSi mazraSi saxeli Seucvales<br />
zogierT dasaxlebul punqts. mag., sofel abs uwodes `sulTanie~,<br />
xolo sofel xaks _ `meCeTie~.<br />
mxareSi saerTo areulobiT isargebles axalqalaqis<br />
samazro komitetSi mokalaTebulma daSnakebmac. maT imave periodSi<br />
unebarTvod moiwvies aRmaskomis sxdoma da bevrad ufro<br />
Tavxeduri dadgenileba gamoitanes imis Sesaxeb, rom upiratesad<br />
somxebiT dasaxlebuli axalqalaqis mazra gamosuliyo Tbilisis<br />
guberniidan da Sesuliyo erevnis guberniaSi. yvelaferi es xde-
oda qarTuli Stabisa da mxareSi SemoRebul sageneralgubernatoros<br />
gverdis avliT, romlis gareSec maT aseTi sxdomebis Catarebis<br />
ufleba ar hqondaT. rodesac general-gubernatori maRlakeliZe<br />
abasTumnis yrilobidan mobrunda da samazro aRmaskomebis<br />
danaSaulebriv saqmianobas gaecno, mixvda, rom Zalis gamoyenebis<br />
gareSe im etapze arc erTi frTis daSoSmineba da damSvideba<br />
ar SeiZleboda.<br />
1918 wlis 28 marts, CeTebi Seesivnen javaxeT-eruSeTis<br />
sazRvarze mdgar or qarTul sofels: zeda Tmogvsa da agaras.<br />
aikles is da mosaxleoba daarbies. 5 aprils 800-ma SeiaraRebulma<br />
mahmadianma ieriSi miitana zekaris gadasasvlelze da<br />
Caketa imereTidan samcxeSi mimavali erTaderTi gza. cota ufro<br />
adre awyurelma mahmadianebma Caketes axalcixidan borjomisken<br />
mimavali gza. axalqalaqis mazraSi mcxovrebma Taraqamebma bakuriansa<br />
da TrialeTze mimavali gzebi gadaWres. amasTan, moSales<br />
yovelgvari satelefono kavSiri TbilisTan. `39 dRe garSemortymuli<br />
viyaviT mtriT. 43 dRe fosta ar muSaobda. am xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
vuZlebdiT yovelgvar gasaWirs. vuZlebdiT im imediT,<br />
rom adre Tu gvian gveRirseba ganTavisufleba Cvenda sasargeblod.~<br />
_ werda zaqaria didimamiSvili 1918 wlis 4 ivniss [S.<br />
lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 397].<br />
samwuxarod, im dRes qarTvelTa imedebi daimsxvra. baTumSi<br />
xelmowerili xelSekrulebiT TurqeTis xelSi gadadioda 10.000<br />
kv. km. teritoria 350.000 mcxovrebiT. saqarTvelo kargavda ara<br />
marto 1878 wels dabrunebul Tavis istoriul miwa-wyals, aramed<br />
1829 wels SemoerTebul samcxe-javaxeTsac.<br />
6 ivniss gubernatoris gamocemuli brZanebiT uqmdeboda komendantis<br />
saaTi q. axalcixeSi. 7 ivniss Turq cxenosanTa<br />
sapolicio aseuli Sevida axalcixeSi da quCebSi marSiT gaiara.<br />
8 ivniss axalcixe datova somxurma batalionma. awyurisaken mimaval<br />
nawilebs bevri moqalaqec gayva. SeTanxmebis mixedviT 11<br />
ivniss axalcixe unda daetovebina qarTul polksac da iqidan<br />
abasTumanSi gadasuliyo. magram rogorc gairkva, abasTumansa da<br />
awyurs iq gamagrebuli adgilobrivi begebi ar Tmobdnen. am<br />
mdgomareobiT sargeblobda gen. mayaSvili da axalcixidan ar gamodioda.<br />
magram mxareSi Turquli wes-Cveulebebi mainc myardeboda.<br />
dampyroblebma saqme samazro mmarTvelobis SecvliTa da<br />
axali samoxeleo <strong>aparati</strong>s SeqmniT daiwyes. mmarTvelobis sa-<br />
TaveSi samoqalaqo da samxedro xelisuflebiT aRWurvili, aq<br />
ganlagebuli jarebis (diviziis) sardali xaliT-faSa daayenes.<br />
xaliT-faSas xelisufleba yofili gimnaziis SenobaSi moTavsda.<br />
faSas hyavda Tavisi muTaserifi, kaimakami, mudiri, baS mudiri,
muxTari, baS muxTari. yvela sofels hyavda Tavisi muxTari an<br />
iuzbaSi. isini baS muxTars emorCilebodnen. baS muxTari<br />
ganagebda ramdenime sofels da udrida rusul `starSinas~.<br />
ufrosi muxTari (baS muxTari) emorCileboda mudirs, mudiri _<br />
kaimakams, es ukanaskneli _ muTaserifs da a.S. Turquli samoxeleo<br />
<strong>aparati</strong> bevrad ufro gazrdili iyo, vidre rusuli. samoxeleo<br />
<strong>aparati</strong>s Seqmnamde da xaliT-faSas mosvlamde aq komendantad<br />
daniSnuli iyo Stabs-kapitani baki-faSa [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi,<br />
axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv.287].<br />
11 ivniss baki-faSas brZanebiT gauqmda axalcixis yofili<br />
milicia da mis magivrad daarsebul iqna Turquli policia,<br />
romlis gankargulebaSi iyo erTi cxenosani da erTi fexosani<br />
aseuli. sapolicio razmebi ZiriTadad adgilobrivi mahmadianebiT<br />
iyo dakompleqtebuli [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri<br />
qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 287].<br />
15 ivniss axalcixeSi Sevida diviziis ufrosi, mxaris samxedro<br />
da samoqalaqo mmarTveli xaliT-faSa. misi qalaqSi Sesvla<br />
aRiniSna zar-zeimiT. imave dRes daiwyo axalcixis dacla. axalma<br />
administraciam samcxe-javaxeTis oficialur enad Turquli gamoacxada.<br />
amis SesabamisadAquCebsa da warmoeba-dawesebulebis<br />
yvela warwera gamoicvala. Turqul enaze gadavida saqmis warmoebac,<br />
ris gamoc adgilobriv qristianul mosaxleobas gau-<br />
Wirda samsaxuri [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II,<br />
Tb., 1997, gv. 289].<br />
1918 wlis (14) 27 ivlisidan axalcixe saolqo qalaqad<br />
gadakeTda. axalcixeSi baTumidan Cavida olqis muTaserifi (vicegubernatori)<br />
[S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb.,<br />
1997, gv.431].<br />
TurqTa parpaSi samxreT saqarTveloSi didxans ver<br />
gagrZelda. 1918 wlis 30 oqtombers inglisis kreiser `agamemonze~,<br />
mudrosis navsadgurSi (egeosis zRva) xeli moaweres<br />
zavs, romlis ZaliT osmaleTi inglisis mowyalebas miendo. mudrosis<br />
droebiTi zavis ZaliT TurqeTs ukan unda daexia 1914<br />
wlis sazRvrebSi. amasTan, inglisis jaris mosvlamde, maTi<br />
jaris erTi mesamedi unda darCeniliyo okupirebul olqebSi [S.<br />
lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 293].<br />
daubrundeboda Tu ara samcxe-javaxeTi Tavis istoriul patrons<br />
_ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, ra politikur gzas airCevdnen aq ingliselebi,<br />
kanonierad scnobdnen Tu ara baTumis xelSekrulebas,<br />
romelic scildeboda ara marto 1914 wlamde arsebul sazRvars,<br />
aramed brest-litovskis xelSekrulebiT dadgenil sazRvarsac,<br />
rogor urTierTobas daamyarebdnen isini <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan da mis
mezoblebTan (TurqeTi, somxeTi, azerbaijani, ruseTi) da sxva. ai<br />
sakiTxebi, romlebic maSin aRelvebda yvelas.<br />
amasTan dakavSirebiT, moZraoba daiwyes mesxeTis moRalate<br />
begebmac. aTasnairad midgnen-modgnen da erTiani azris<br />
SesamuSaveblad 1918 wlis 3 noembers, vidre Zalaufleba jer<br />
kidev Turqebis xelT iyo, axalcixis cixeSi gamarTes kreba, romelsac<br />
TurqeTis mxridan daeswrnen xaliT-bei, baki-bei da jemal<br />
ximSiaSvili. krebaze begebs xaliT-faSisaTvis uTqvamT: Tqveni<br />
wasvlis Semdeg mxare Cven dagvitoveT da ingliselebTan Cven<br />
TviTon gavawyobT saqmeso. xaliT-faSa maSin uarze damdgara.<br />
radgan es mazrebi Cven qarTvelebma Cagvabares, isev qarTvelebs<br />
unda CavabaroTo. kamaTi gamwvavebula politikuri orientaciis<br />
sakiTxebzec. begebis yvelaze reaqciuli nawili moiTxovda Zveli<br />
mesxeTis teritoriaze axali saxelmwifo erTeulis Seqmnas da<br />
mis saqarTvelodan Camocilebas. meore, SedarebiT loialuri<br />
nawili Tvlida, rom aucilebeli ar iyo mesxeTis gamoyofa<br />
saqarTvelodan Tu igi masSi Sevidoda avtonomiuri uflebiT.<br />
begTa Soris TiTo-orola (mag., baxSi-beg maCabeli) iseTic aRmoCnda,<br />
romelic SesaZleblad Tvlida sruliad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan<br />
SeerTebas yovelgvari gamoyofisa da avtonomiis gareSe. sulswrafma<br />
begebma veRar moiTmines, 5 noembers axali mTavroba<br />
Seadgines da portfelebi erTmaneTSi gainawales. ministrprezidentis<br />
Tanamdeboba ergo mesxeTis begTa SeTqmulebis<br />
upirveles monawiles omar faiks (yifians), samxedro ministris<br />
portfeli miiRo server-beg jayelma, qoblianelma. miwaTmoqmedebis<br />
ministri gaxda zia-beg avaliSvili, xolo Sinagan saqmeTa da<br />
finansTa ministris Tanamdeboba, orive erTad miitaca avantiuristma<br />
lekma murxan musakievma. ar arsebuli saxelmwifos kabinetis<br />
Sesaxeb meore dRes ukve mTelma mesxeTma icoda. dawyebul<br />
moZraobaSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam da piradad axalcixis<br />
Tavma zorianma, romelsac sakmaod gamaxvilebuli hqonda<br />
politikuri situaciis grZnoba, avantiurist begebTan<br />
TanamSromlobis axali Sesaferisi pozicia gamoimuSava: 8 noembers<br />
mowveul sxdomaze zorianma da misma jgufma begebs<br />
ganucxades, rom dawyebul brZolaSi dadgebodnen maT gverdiT<br />
da yvelafers gaakeTebdnen, imisaTvis, rom mesxeTi menSevikur<br />
mTavrobas aRar SeerTeboda [S. lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri<br />
qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 294].<br />
samcxe-javaxeTis mmarTvelobisaTvis, saomar moqmedebasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, 1918 wlis 2 noembers Seiqmna da 1919 wlis 28<br />
maisamde iarseba Tbilisis guberniis axalcixe-axalqalaqis<br />
droebiTma sageneral-gubernatorom, romlis mTavarsardals
samxedro xelisuflebasTan erTad samoqalaqo xelisuflebac<br />
emorCileboda. mis mmarTvelobaSi Sedioda TiTo warmomadgeneli<br />
qalaqebis TviTmmarTvelobebidan da or-ori glexTa sabWodan,<br />
qalaqebis mcxovrebTagan da gaxiznulTa komitetidan. axalcixeaxalqalaqis<br />
mazrebis droebiTi general-gubernatori iyo jer<br />
generali mayaSvili, Semdeg generali kvinitaZe. am ukanasknelma<br />
1919 wlis 28 maiss Zalaufleba gadasca samoqalaqo-samazro<br />
mmarTvelobebs [scssa, f.1946, anaw.1, saq.17, furc.384.; scssa, f.1946,<br />
anaw.1, saq.22, furc.15,18,25,30].<br />
male cnobili gaxda, rom dekembris pirvel ricxvebSi<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> respublikis jari unda Sesuliyo axalcixeSi. zogi<br />
aqa-iq miimala, xolo zogma Tavis gadarCenisaTvis daiwyo sirbili.<br />
1 dekembers awyurSi Casuli murxan musakievi general mayaSvils<br />
begebisaTvis feodaluri privilegiebis SenarCunebas, patiebas<br />
da uSiSroebis garantias sTxovda. 2 dekembers man es<br />
moTxovnebi warudgina ukve nirwamxdar xmosanTa krebasac. 1918<br />
wlis 3 dekembers, diliT adre, server-beg qoblianeli da baRSibeg<br />
maCabeli axalcixidan aWarisaken gaiparnen [sjimxf, e.#111,<br />
furc.76].<br />
4 dekembers, dRis pirvel saaTze, axalcixeSi Sevida qar-<br />
Tuli jari general gelovanis meTaurobiT, samxedro musikis<br />
TanxlebiT. ase samarcxvinod damTavrda avantiuristi mesxi begebis<br />
pirveli SeTqmuleba, romelsac saTaveSi edga renegati,<br />
naqarTvelari, omar faiki neman-zade (yifiani) [S. lomsaZe,<br />
mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 295].<br />
ingliselTa Semosvlis Semdeg, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
TurqeTma ukan daixia da mesxeTi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> jarma daikava,<br />
TurqeT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxi kvlav gadauWreli rCeboda.<br />
revoluciis SiSiT enver-faSas politikis mimdevari samxedro<br />
pirebi veRar dabrundnen saxlebSi da darCnen amierkavkasiis<br />
musulmanebTan, rogorc Turqi emisrebi. aseTi emisrebis ricxvi<br />
gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi iyo artaanis, qvablianis da focxovis<br />
raionebSi, romelTac mxars uWerdnen adgilobrivi begebi da<br />
aRalarebi. kavkasiaSi darCenil am samxedro jgufebs daxmarebas<br />
uwevdnen TurqeTis samxedro wreebi stambolidan, romelnic<br />
inglisis karnaxiT moqmedebdnen.<br />
1919 wlis dasawyisSi `amierkavkasiis osmaleTis~ Seqmnis<br />
lozungiT am jgufebma moqmedeba daiwyes. es axali e. w. `saxelmwifo,~<br />
rogorc idea Tavis gansaxierebas eZebda daaxloebiT<br />
Zveli samcxe-saaTabagos sazRvrebSi. mas saxelad unda rqmeoda<br />
`samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTavroba~, romlis centri iqneboda<br />
qalaq yarsSi. misi teritoria unda Semdgariyo: yarsis, artaanis,
aTumis olqebisa da axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebisagan, e.i. im<br />
teritoriisagan, romelic mudrosis SeTanxmebis ZaliT unda<br />
daecalaT Turqebs da gadaecaT gamarjvebuli inglisisaTvis. [S.<br />
lomsaZe, mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997, gv. 297].<br />
am axali `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTavrobis~ Tavmjdomared<br />
daniSnul iqna axalcixe-axalqalaqis mazrebis droebiTi<br />
komisari, Turqebis emisari, server-beg aTabagi jayeli, qoblianeli.<br />
mas, rogorc Cans, azrad hqonda mTavrobis erovnul safuZvelze<br />
mowyoba. administracia Caabara ter-aruTinovs, vinme<br />
tomaSeviCi _ dediT qarTveli, dainiSna Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad<br />
da mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris amxanagad (is qarTvelebs mfarvelobda).<br />
finansebis mowesrigeba miendo marqarians; rukini<br />
dainiSna xarjTamkrefad; kortalovi _ sursaTis ministrad; mur-<br />
Taz-beg falavandiSvili _ iusticiis ministrad. mTavrobis<br />
aparats komisariati uwodes [sjimxf, e.#3428, furc.8.;].<br />
1919 wlis 12 Tebervals axalcixeSi server-begis jari<br />
Sevida. amis Sesaxeb gaz. `erToba~ iuwyeboda: `12 Tebervals<br />
server-begi qoblianskis meTaurobiT focxovis jarebi Sevidnen<br />
axalcixeSi. aRlums xelmZRvanelobda awyuris yofili ufrosi<br />
laTib-bei. jarebis Semosvlis dros datusaRebul iqnen yvela<br />
moxeleni da adgilobrivi miliciis wevrebi, romelTac ver moeswroT<br />
qalaqidan wasvla~ [gaz. `erToba~, #63, 1919w.].<br />
`samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTavrobam~ gamoacxada mobilizacia<br />
da jaris organizeba miando polkovnik mironovs. Tumca<br />
jaris Sekreba ver moxerxda, radgan xalxi mxars ar uWerda maT.<br />
komisariatis marTva-gamgeobam 27 dRes gastana. generalma kvinitaZem<br />
erTi dakvriT daamxo `samxreT-dasavleT kavkasiis mTavroba~<br />
[sjimxf, e.#3428, furc.8.;]. generlebma kvinitaZem da arTmelaZem<br />
daikaves axalcixe, focxovi, axalqalaqi da artaani [Квинитадзе<br />
Г. Мои воспоминания в годы независимости Грузии 1918-1921,<br />
Paris, 1985. ст. 103-104]. artaanis aRebiT mesxeTSi weliwadnaxevriani<br />
samoqalaqo omi damTavrda.<br />
es simSvide didxans ar gagrZelebula. 1921 wlis Tebervlis<br />
Sua ricxvebSi, erTi mxriT, moskovis bolSevikuri da, meore<br />
mxriT, ankaris qemalisturi mTavrobebis saidumlo garigebis safuZvelze<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erTsa da imave dros Semoesivnen bol-<br />
Sevikebica da qemalistebic. qemalistebma maSin istoriuli<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samxreTi olqebi, maT Soris artaani daipyres,<br />
xolo bolSevikebma _ mTeli saqarTvelo. am veraguli SeTanxmebis<br />
gamJRavneba cota gvian 1921 w. 16 marts moskovis konferenciaze<br />
moxda, rac Semdeg imave moskovidan miRebuli diqtatis safuZvelze,<br />
amierkavkasiis federaciulma mTavrobam yarsis kon-
ferenciaze daadastura 1921 wlis 13 oqtombers [S. lomsaZe,<br />
mesxebi, axalcixuri qronikebi, II, Tb., 1997,; 305]. saqarTveloSi<br />
sabWoTa xelisuflebam administraciuli dayofis Zveli forma<br />
SeinarCuna. istoriuli samxreTi saqarTvelodan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
sazRvrebSi mxolod samcxe-javaxeTi anu axalcixis da axalqalaqis<br />
mazrebi darCa.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 1878 wlidan SemoerTebuli mesxeTi<br />
moicavda axalcixisa da axalqalaqis mazrebs, artaanis da<br />
olTisis okrugebs.<br />
axalcixis mazris teritoria mTlianad udrida 2658,4 kv.<br />
kilometrs. masSi Sedioda 3 sapolicio ubani: awyuris, qvablianis<br />
da uravelis, romelTa farTobi Sesabamisad iyo: 848,7; 980<br />
da 829,7 kv. kilometri.<br />
awyuris sapolicio ubani, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda: awyuris<br />
idumalas da kldis sasoflo sazogadoebad. awyuris s/s-Si<br />
Sedioda soflebi: agara, awyuri, dviri, dgvari, zikilia,<br />
qvabisxevi, kopaZe, moqcevi, sakvirike, sayuneTi, taZrisi, Tiseli,<br />
tyemlana, winubani, wrioxi (sul 15 sofeli).<br />
idumlis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo 19<br />
sofeli: aspinZa, blorZa, idumala, indusa, yamza, kolTaxevi<br />
(kvalTaxevi), laSixevi, minaZe (davTarSi araa), orfola, oTa,<br />
zemo oSora, qvemo oSora, feriscixe, rusTavi, tamala, toba,<br />
wyalTbila, Wala, WeWereqi (WaWaraqi).<br />
kldis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Sedioda 19 sofeli: ani,<br />
boga, giorgiwminda, Ziri (Zira), zeubani, klde, yuraTubani,<br />
miqelwminda, mugareTi, fersa, sviri, tatanisi, wira, wnisi, Wvinta,<br />
Coxta, Surdo, eliawminda. awyuris sapolicio ubnis adgilsamyofeli<br />
sof. awyuri iyo [Кавказский календарь, 1917. ст. 91;].<br />
awyuris sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT Tbilisis guberniis<br />
goris mazris borjomis sapolicio ubani esazRvreboda;<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _ axalqalaqis mazris baraleTis sapolicio<br />
ubani; samxreTiT _ axalcixis mazris uravelis sapolicio<br />
ubani; dasavleTiT _ axalcixis mazris udis sapolicio ubani;<br />
CrdiloeTiT _ quTaisis guberniis quTaisis mazris baRdadis<br />
sapolicio ubani da amave guberniis Sorapnis mazris belagoris<br />
sapolicio ubani, maTgan awyuris sapolicio ubani mesxeTis<br />
qediT gamoiyofoda.<br />
qvablianis sapolicio ubani adigenis, varxanis da udis<br />
sasoflo sazogadoebebad iyofoda. sapolicio ubnis ufrosis<br />
rezidencia sofel udeSi iyo.<br />
adigenis sasoflo sazogadoeba 27 sofels moicavda. eseni<br />
iyo: adigeni, afieTi, arZne, bolajuri, RaRvi, goderZi, gomaro,
RorTubani, gugunauri (es sofeli ,,gurjistanis vilaieTis did<br />
davTarSi" moxsenebuli ar aris), derceli, zanavi, zarzma, zedubani,<br />
kexovani, mlaSe, moxe, namniauri (`davTarSi~ aRricxuli<br />
araa), osieTi (osiZe), flate, sairme, didi smada, patara smada,<br />
utyusubani (,,davTarSi" sof. ZinZes erT-erT ubnadaa moxsenebuli<br />
da Semdgom, droTa ganmavlobaSi, damoukidebel soflad<br />
qceula), wre, cixisubani (,,davTarSi" araa aRniSnuli), WeWla da<br />
CorCani.<br />
varxanis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Sedioda 20 sofeli: abas-<br />
Tumani, benara (`davTarSi~ aRniSnulia belnaraTi), varxani<br />
(`davTarSi~ moxsenebuli araa), qiqineTi, naqurdevi, farexa (parexi<br />
`davTris~ mixedviT, udis nahieSi moxsenebuli zemo farexaa),<br />
fxero, sabuzara (`davTriT~ sabudara), unwa, xarjami, xevaSeni,<br />
waxani, waxniswyaro, wyutajvari, Wixeli, CurCuto, Soya (`dav-<br />
Tris~ mixedvi _ alTunyalas rabaTi), Solaveri, zemo enTeli da<br />
qvemo enTeli.<br />
udis sasoflo sazogadoeba Sedgeboda 17 soflisagan: amxeri<br />
(`davTris~ moxedviT avxeri), arali, gorguli, RorZe,<br />
zazalo, ijareTi, yarTubani, kaxareTi, lelovani, mareli (`dav-<br />
Tris~ Sedgenisas ori, zemo da qvemo mareli arsebobda), orjoSani<br />
(`davTarSi~ qvemo da zemo orjoSania moxsenebuli), samyre,<br />
ude, xona, xuro, warbasTubani, wyise [Кавказский календарь,<br />
1917].<br />
qvablianis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT axalcixis mazris<br />
awyuris da uravelis sapolicio ubnebi esazRvreboda,<br />
samxreTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugis focxovis sapolicio<br />
ubani; dasavleTiT _ quTaisis guberniis baTumis okrugis<br />
zemo aWaris sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT ki _ quTaisis mazris<br />
baRdadis da ozurgeTis mazris Coxatauris sapolicio ubnebi.<br />
uravelis sapolicio ubnis centri qalaq axalcixeSi iyo.<br />
sapolicio ubani vales, lepisis da uravelis sasoflo sazogadoebebad<br />
iyofoda.<br />
vales sasoflo sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo 14<br />
sofeli: abi, arjana, aryiscixe, vale, jayismani (Zvelad jayisubani),<br />
nioxrebi (naoxrebi `davTarSi~ qvemo da zemo nioxrebia),<br />
orali, didi pamaji, patara pamaji, saZeli, sxvilisi (suflisi s.<br />
jiqias azriT, armenizebuli formaa), xaki, winubani, Warali<br />
(`davTarSi~ didi da patara).<br />
lepisis sasoflo sazogadoeba 28 soflisagan Sedgeboda:<br />
didi agara, awyvita, alanZia, artaxi, axCia, bezirxana (,,davTarSi”<br />
araa moxsenebuli), bnela, buzmareTi (,,davTarSi~ sami sofelia:<br />
zemo, qvemo da Sua), vani, varneTi, gaveTi (`davTarSi” araa aR-
niSnuli), giorgiwminda, dadeSi, daneTi, zeda Tmogvi, qarzameTi,<br />
kurbala-oRli (es sofeli 1930 wels gamocemul saq. ssr administraciul-teritoriul<br />
dayofaSi aRar moixseneba), lepisi, niala,<br />
(`davTarSi~ _ qvemo da zemo), oskoria, fanaqeTi, rokeTi,<br />
Tmogvi, TolerTa, toloSi, Colda (`davTriT~ _ ColeTi), SaloSeTi<br />
(`davTarSi~ _ saloSeTi).<br />
uravelis sasoflo sazogadoeba moicavda 29 sofels:<br />
patara agara, andriawminda, arjuli, axlaSeni, didi varneTi,<br />
giorgiwminda, RobieTi (`davTarSi~ araa damowmebuli), Rreli,<br />
Rrma, engikoi (Turqizebuli forma axalsoflisa, s. jiqias azriT<br />
engikoi anu qarTulad axalsofeli Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi<br />
moxsenebuli axtila, axdilaa), zrzveli, kantieTi, kisaTibi,<br />
musxi, odunda, onRora, orcefi, oxera, saxudabeli, triboni,<br />
TxalaTubani (araa aRniSnuli arc `davTarSi~, arc saq. ssr administraciul-teritoriul<br />
dayofaSi), uraveli, xaveTi, xriani<br />
(`davTris~ dros ukacrielia, rogorc Cans, droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
aRdgenila), wyorZa, WobareTi, enTeli, erkota.<br />
uravelis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT axalqalaqis mazris<br />
baraleTisa da bogdanovkas sapolicio ubnebi esazRvreboda;<br />
samxreTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugis Cildiris sapolicio<br />
ubani; dasavleTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugis<br />
focxovis sapolicio ubnis nawili da axalcixis mazris qvablianis<br />
sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT _ axalcixis mazris awyuris<br />
sapolicio ubani.<br />
sul axalcixis mazraSi iyo 188 sofeli. 1917 wlis monacemebiT.<br />
mTlianobaSi axalcixis mazras aRmosavleTidan esazRvreboda<br />
Tbilisis guberniis goris da axalqalaqis mazrebi;<br />
samxreTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis okrugi; dasavleTiT _ qu-<br />
Taisis guberniis baTumis okrugi; CrdiloeTiT _ quTaisis guberniis<br />
quTaisis mazra.<br />
rogorc CamoTvlili soflebis saxelebidan Cans, axalcixis<br />
mazris toponimia `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~<br />
Sedgenis Semdeg ar Secvlila. soflebis qarTuli saxelebi<br />
sicocxlis unarianebi aRmoCndnen.<br />
axalqalaqis mazra axalcixis mazraze didi iyo. misi far-<br />
Tobi 2743 kv. kilometrs udrida. axalqalaqis mazra ori<br />
sapolicio ubnisagan Sedgeboda. baraleTis sapolicio ubnis<br />
farTobi 1020 kv. kilometri iyo, bogdanovkisa ki _ 1723 kv. km.<br />
baraleTis sapolicio ubani aragvas, baraleTis, varevanis,<br />
diliskas, kulikamis da xerTvisis sasoflo sazogadoebebisagan<br />
Sedgeboda.
aragvas sasoflo sazogadoebaSi iyo 10 sofeli: aragva,<br />
balxo (`davTarSi~ araa aRniSnuli), buRaSeni (`davTarSi~ araa),<br />
gomi, zaqi ( zaki; zegani), koTelia, didi samsari, patara samsari,<br />
trkna (`davTriT~ da qarTuliT _ dirknali), xando.<br />
baraleTis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo 11<br />
sofeli: agana, alaTubani, balanTa (`davTris~ Sedgenis dros<br />
gaukacrielebulia), baraleTi, beJano (`davTriT~ da qarTuli<br />
Sesatyvisi boJano), ixtila (qarTuli formaa _ Rrtila; `dav-<br />
TarSic~ Rrtilaa aRniSnuli. ixtila Turqizebuli da armenizirebuli<br />
formaa), kaCio (`davTriT~ da qarTulad kaWio),<br />
merenia, sirqva (`davTriT~ da qarTulad sirgvi), xumrisi (s.<br />
jiqia `davTarSi~ aRniSnavs, rom xumrisi amJamad gaukacrielebuliao),<br />
Wixarula (`davTarSi~ aris Wareli, rac swori araa.).<br />
varevanis sasoflo sazogadoeba moicavda 10 sofels:<br />
azavreTi, alastani (`davTarSi~ _ ori sofelia qvemo da zemo<br />
alastani), burnaSeTi, vargavi, (`davTris~ dros gaukacrielebulia),<br />
varevani, godolari (`davTarSi~araa), gokia (`kavkazski<br />
kalendar~-Si mocemulia kokia, rac armenizebuli forma unda<br />
iyos), lomaturcxi, modega (`davTarSi~ modegani; `davTris~ dros<br />
mosaxleoba ar aris), turcxi.<br />
diliskas sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Semavali soflebi iyo:<br />
afnia, bavra, gogaSeni, gumurdu (armenizebuli formaa; qarTulad<br />
_ kumurdo), diliska (`davTriT~ da qarTulad _ dilicka),<br />
prtena, didi xospia (patara xospias sabWoTa xelisuflebis<br />
damyarebis Semdeg daerqva martuani), Candura (qarTuli<br />
geografiuli saxelis _ CamZvralas armenizebuli formaa). sul 9<br />
sofeli.<br />
kulikamis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi Sedioda 10 sofeli:<br />
abuli, buzaveti, kartikami, korxi, kulikami, majadia (qarTuli<br />
maWatias armenizebuli da Turqizebuli formaa. `davTarSi~ didi<br />
da patara maWatiaa moxseniebuli), olaverdi, orja, (`davTarSi~<br />
orjua), ToTxami, xulgumo.<br />
xerTvisis sasoflo sazogadoebas 15 sofeli ekuTvnoda:<br />
aljua, anakeTi, vartakani (`davTarSi~ araa), gelsunda, kvarSa,<br />
qilda, margastani (`davTarSi~ araa), miraSxani, naqalaqevi, saro,<br />
Toki, xerTvisi, xizabavra, CunCxeli (CunCxa _ Tanamedrove qar-<br />
TuliT), Sadrevani.<br />
baraleTis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda<br />
Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazris TrialeTis sapolicio<br />
ubani da axalqalaqis mazris bogdanovkis sapolicio ubani; es<br />
ukanaskneli samxreTidanac esazRvreboda; dasavleTiT _ axalcixis<br />
mazris uravelis sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT _ axal-
cixis mazris awyuris da goris mazris borjomis sapolicio ubnebi.<br />
baraleTis sapolicio ubnis ufrosis rezidencia sof.<br />
baraleTSi iyo.<br />
bogdanovkis sapolicio ubanSi gaerTianebuli iyo Semdegi<br />
sasoflo sazogadoebebi: vaCianis, ganZis, goreloes, karwaxis,<br />
konduris, saTxis, spaskoes da eStias.<br />
vaCianis sasoflo sazogadoebas 5 sofeli ekuTvnoda:<br />
vaCiani, kulalisi (es SeiZleba `davTarSi~ aRniSnuli kululeTia),<br />
murjaxeTi (`davTris~ dros sami murjaxeTi iyo: didi,<br />
Sua da patara), okami, sulda.<br />
ganZis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi sul 3 sofeli Sedioda:<br />
ganZa (`davTris~ mixedviT ganZani), foka, saRamo.<br />
goreloes sasoflo sazogadoeba ki mxolod sofel goreloes<br />
warmoadgenda.<br />
karwaxis sasoflo sazogadoebaSi 9 sofeli iyo gaerTianebuli:<br />
azmana, RarTa, davnia (`davTarSi~ naxsenebi araa),<br />
dankali, karwaxi (`davTris~ dros oria _ didi da patara karwaxi),<br />
qarcebi, mrakvali, xaveTi, erinja.<br />
konduris sasoflo sazogadoebas 7 sofeli Seadgenda: jigraSeni,<br />
dlivi, didi kondura, patara kondura (`davTarSi~ kondura<br />
aRniSnuli araa), kuridadeSi (`davTarSi~ _ dadeSi; s. jiqia<br />
wers: `dadeSi xuTversian da sxva rusul rukebze sof. kondurebsa<br />
da suldas Sua kuridadeSadaa aRniSnuli, adgilzec<br />
gamigonia `kuridadeSi~. rodis daerTo am dadeS saxelwodebas es<br />
kuri elementi, jerjerobiT cnobili ar aris. SesaZlebelia, es<br />
arabuli `sofeli~ sityvis raRacnairi refleqsi iyos), mamwvara,<br />
patara xanjali (`davTarSi~ didi da patara xanCali aRricxuli<br />
ar aris; SesaZlebelia mosaxleoba aq SemdegSi gaCnda da<br />
soflebma saxeli tba xanCalisagan \xanjali\ miiRes).<br />
saTxis sasoflo sazogadoebis soflebia: didi araqali,<br />
patara araqali (`davTris~ dros es soflebi ukve dacarielebulia;<br />
Semdeg, XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi am nasoflarebSi arzrumidan<br />
gadmosaxlebuli somxebi dasaxldnen), orojua (orjalar _<br />
Turqizebuli formaa, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom axalqalaqis<br />
livas akSehiris nahieSi qvemo da zemo orja soflebi iyo, romelTac<br />
Semdeg orjalari ewodaT, lar-mravlobiTis mawarmoebeli<br />
sufiqsis darTviT), patkana (`davTarSi~ _ patkanani),<br />
saTxa (`davTarSi~ aRnusxuli araa), didi xanjali, xojabeki (s.<br />
jiqia `davTarSi~ xojabeks da bogdanovkas erTsa da imave<br />
sofels uwodebs. 1906 da 1917 wlis `kavkasiis kalendris~ monacemebiT<br />
ki eseni sxvadasxva soflebia. miT umetes, rom xojabekis
mosaxleobas 749 somexi Seadgens da bogdanovkisas ki _ 389 rusi<br />
da 9 somexi). sul 7 sofeli.<br />
spaskoes sasoflo sazogadoeba 8 sofels moicavda: bogdanovka,<br />
vladimirovka, efremovka, orlovka, rodionovka, spaskoe,<br />
tambovka, troickoe. es e.w. duxoborie iyo. am soflebSi cxovrobdnen<br />
ZiriTadad 1841_45 wlebSi gadmosaxlebuli duxoborebi.<br />
eStias sasoflo sazogadoebaSi 6 sofeli Sedioda: yaurma,<br />
TaxCa (`davTarSi~ aRniSnuli araa), Toria (1847 wels ukacrielia;<br />
1887 wels ki ukve 45-komliania; `davTrisas~ _ 12 komliania),<br />
ujmana, xorenia (Zvelad mas jvarina erqva. `davTarSi~ mocemulia<br />
arasworad da ikiTxeba xoreniad, rac XIX s-is 30-ian wlebSi<br />
gadmosaxlebuli somxebisaTvis ufro misaRebi forma iyo), eStio.<br />
bogdanovkis sapolicio ubans aRmosavleTiT esazRvreboda<br />
Tbilisis guberniis borCalos mazris aleqsandergilfis (TrialeTis)<br />
sapolicio ubani; samxreTiT _ erevnis guberniis<br />
aleqsandropolis mazra da yarsis olqis yarsis okrugis<br />
aRbabis sapolicio ubani; dasavleTiT _ yarsis olqis artaanis<br />
okrugis Cildiris (Crdili) sapolicio ubani da axalcixis mazris<br />
uravelis sapolicio ubani; CrdiloeTiT _ axalqalaqis mazris<br />
baraleTis sapolicio ubani. sul axalqalaqis mazraSi 111<br />
sofeli iyo.<br />
rogorc axalcixis mazraSi, ise aqac toponimia ZiriTadad<br />
qarTulia. Tu Cven mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im istoriulpolitikur<br />
Zvrebs, romlebic samcxe-saaTabagom ganicada gansakuTrebiT<br />
osmalTa Semosevis droidan, rasac Semdgom somexTa<br />
didi gadmosaxleba mohyva XIX s-is 30-iani wlebidan, gasagebi<br />
gaxdeba Tu rogori sirTuleebiT moaRwia Cvenamde qarTuli<br />
soflebis qarTulma saxelebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom samcxesaaTabagoSi<br />
osmalTa gabatonebis Semdeg bevri qarTuli<br />
geografiuli saxeli iTargmna Turqulad, xolo umravlesoba am<br />
saxelebisa gaTurqebul iqna fonetikurad, amas daemata Semdgom<br />
am saxelebis armenizeba. magram miuxedavad amisa, umravlesoba<br />
saxelebisa mainc qarTuli darCa.<br />
aRniSnuli periodis administraciul danawilebas Tu SevudarebT<br />
`gurjistanis vilaieTis didi davTris~ periods, davinaxavT,<br />
rom ruseTis mmarTvelobis periodSi moxda wvrili administraciuli<br />
erTeulebis gamsxvileba. es albaT imiT iyo gamowveuli,<br />
rom muhajirobis Sedegad samxreT saqarTveloSi<br />
mosaxleoba Semcirebuli iyo da osmaluri nebismieri teritoriuli<br />
erTeuli ruseTis yvelaze ufro mcire mazrasac ki ver<br />
Seedreboda mosaxleobis raodenobiTa da sididiT.
samxreT saqarTveloSi anu samcxe-saaTabagoSi vaxuStis<br />
mixedviT Semdegi mcire da didi qalaqebi iyo: awyuri _ `qalaqi<br />
da cixe didSeni~, axalcixe, gokia _ `mcire qalaqi~, `baraleTi<br />
mcire qalaqi~, axalqalaqi, `mcire qalaqi kola~, `olTisi qalaqi<br />
kargi da keTili haerovani~ da sxv. [qarTlis cxovreba, IV, s.<br />
yauxCiSvilis red., Tb., 1973].<br />
aRniSnuli periodisaTvis yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi qalaqi<br />
axalcixe iyo. 1828 wels axalcixis alyasTan gadaRebuli gegmis<br />
mixedviT S. mesxia kargad adgens axalcixis ier-saxes.<br />
gegmis mixedviT q. axalcixe gaSenebulia md. focxovis marjvena,<br />
wylisken daqanebul gorakebze. axalcixe gegmis Semdgenels<br />
sam nawilad aqvs dayofili: 1. citadeli, 2. cixe da 3.<br />
qalaqi.<br />
citadeli md. focxovis erTi totis marjvena, yvelaze<br />
maRal napirzea gaSenebuli. mas sakuTari kedlebi aqvs. citadelis<br />
qvemoT, aseve SedarebiT maRal gorakzea moTavsebuli cixe.<br />
cixis teritoria gacilebiT didia, vidre citadelisa da Tavisi<br />
kedliT, romelic mdinaris napiramde Cadis, citadels erT<br />
saerTo, kedlebiT SemosazRvrul teritoriaSi aqcevs. ase rom,<br />
cixe Tavisi kedlebiTaa warmodgenili. amas garda, citadelsa da<br />
cixes kidev mesame kedeli, koSkebiT gamagrebuli, icavs. es mesame<br />
kedeli gasdevs mTis kalTebs da uvlis irgvliv cixis nagebobebs.<br />
es faqtiurad mesame kedelia, romliTac cixe-simagre<br />
daculi iyo qalaqis mxridan. axalcixis mSeneblebs es mesame<br />
kedelic sakmarisad ar miuCneviaT, qalaqi da cixe-simagre kidev<br />
meoTxe kedliTac gaumagrebiaT.<br />
citadels da cixes mdinarisaken gasasvleli ar aqvs. aqedan<br />
igi savsebiT miuvali Cans. samagierod, cixe-simagre CrdiloeTiT<br />
erTaderTi kariT uerTdeba qalaqs. es kari gakeTebulia qalaqis<br />
TiTqmis Sua adgilze.<br />
axalcixis qalaqi gadaSlilia ferdobis SedarebiT vake da<br />
daqanebul kalTebze, cixe-simagris win, mis marjvniv da marcxniv,<br />
naxevarwris msgavsad, CrdiloeTiT, Crdilo-dasavleTiTa da<br />
Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT. qalaqi, cixisagan damoukideblad, er-<br />
TaderTi xidiT md. focxovze dakavSirebulia mis marcxena<br />
napirTan da aqedan Semomaval gzebTan. md. focxovis marcxena<br />
napirze, axalcixis pirdapir, mosaxleoba ar Cans [S. mesxia,<br />
saistorio Ziebani, III, Tb., 1986. gv. 311-312].<br />
gegmiT marjvena napiri sinamdvileSi, mdinaresTan mimarTebiT,<br />
marcxenaa da marcxena _ marjvena.
ase, rom md. focxovis marjvena napiri, romelic 1828 wlisaTvis<br />
dausaxlebeli iyo, 1829 wels arzrumidan gadmosaxlebulma<br />
somxebma daikaves.<br />
1889 wlisaTvis ki, rogorc axalcixis saqalaqo skolis maswavlebeli<br />
v. ivanovi aRwers, axalcixe ukve or nawilad iyofa.<br />
Zveli – Zveli axalcixe, romelic rusebis dapyrobamde iyo da<br />
axali – gvian dasaxlebuli anu md. focxovis marjvena napiri.<br />
axalcixe iyofoda Semdeg ubnebad: rabaTi _ ebraelTa ubani<br />
(kvartali), ori muSaTa ubani, baxCa-sarai, zemo da qvemo marda,<br />
veri-blani da axali nawili.<br />
`mTlianad qalaqSi 3250 Senoba-nageboba iyo, maTgan 2515<br />
sacxovrebeli. saxlebi ZiriTadad qviT iyo naSeni. Zveli Senobebis<br />
(rac umravlesoba iyo) gansakuTrebuli niSani iyo quCis<br />
mxares fanjrebis ar arseboba. fanjrebi ZiriTadad ezos mxares<br />
iyo. umetesoba saxlebisa erTsarTuliani da baniani iyo<br />
[СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст. 164-165].<br />
gansxvaveba qalaqis Zvelsa da axal nawils Soris didi iyo.<br />
Zvel nawilSi mosaxleoba yovelgvari gegmis gareSe saxldeboda,<br />
rac iwvevda did uwesrigobas. quCebi usufTao da mouvleli iyo.<br />
gansakuTrebiT autaneli mdgomareoba iqmneboda wvimebis dros,<br />
roca quCebSi saSineli talaxi Cndeboda. qalaqis Zvel nawilSi<br />
Raribi xalxi cxovrobda, romelTa ricxvs ZiriTadad qarTveli<br />
marTlmadideblebi da kaTolikeebi, ebraelebi da mcired, somexigrigorianelebi<br />
Seadgendnen [СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст.164. Загурский<br />
Л. Краткий очерк о поездке в Ахалихский уезд в 1872 году, ИКО-<br />
ИРГО, т.II, Тфл., 1894. cт. 54].<br />
qalaqis axal nawilSi erzerumidan gadmosaxlebuli somxebi<br />
cxovrobdnen. maT xelSi iyo axalcixis vaWroba da sakmaod<br />
SeZlebulebic iyvnen. es ki TavisTavad axali nawilis ierzec<br />
metyvelebda. quCebi swori da movlili iyo, Senobebi lamazi, garemo<br />
amwvanebuli, rac mTlianobaSi qalaqis am nawils patara,<br />
magram lamazi qalaqis saxes aZlevda. aq mosaxle somxebma axalcixisaTvis<br />
saxelis gadarqmeva da misTvis nor-erzerumis<br />
darqmeva moindomes, rac Cvenda sabednierod ver ganaxorcieles<br />
[СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст.166].<br />
mTlianad qalaqSi 20 quCa iyo. maT Soris ZiriTadi iyo milionis<br />
quCa. axalcixeSi 12 eklesia iyo: 2 marTlmadidebluri, 4<br />
somxur-grigorianuli, 2 romis kaTolikuri da 4 somxurkaTolikuri.<br />
aseve 2 sinagoga [СМОМПК, VII, Тфл., 1889. ст.167].<br />
mniSvnelovani dasaxlebuli punqtebi iyo aseve: axalqalaqi,<br />
awyuri, xerTvisi. ruseTis mier dapyrobis Semdeg am
qalaqebis mosaxleoba Zalian Semcirda, ekonomikurad daqveiTda<br />
da Zveli mniSvneloba dakarga.<br />
saqarTveloSi sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis Semdeg,<br />
samcxe-javaxeTi 6463,7 kv,km Seadgens da eqvs administraciul<br />
raionadaa dayofili. es raionebia: borjomis, axalcixis, adigenis,<br />
aspinZis, axalqalaqisa da ninowmindis (adrindeli bogdanovka).<br />
eka abaSiSvili