biologia 11
biologia 11 biologia 11
marina sexniaSvili malxaz mayaSvili marina jaliaSvili biologia moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo bunebismetyvelebaSi 11
- Page 2 and 3: marina sexniaSvili malxaz mayaSvili
- Page 4 and 5: 4 Sinaarsi Sesavali 6 1 Tavi memkvi
- Page 6 and 7: 1.3 dnm-is replikacia ? 1. rogor fi
- Page 8 and 9: davaleba 1. dNnm-is erT-erTi jaWvis
marina sexniaSvili malxaz mayaSvili marina jaliaSvili<br />
<strong>biologia</strong><br />
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo<br />
bunebismetyvelebaSi<br />
<strong>11</strong>
marina sexniaSvili<br />
malxaz mayaSvili<br />
marina jaliaSvili<br />
<strong>biologia</strong><br />
XI klasi<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
2012
marina sexniaSvili<br />
malxaz mayaSvili<br />
marina jaliaSvili<br />
<strong>biologia</strong><br />
XI klasi<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
© marina sexniaSvili, malxaz mayaSvili, marina jaliaSvili, 2012<br />
© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012<br />
Marina Sekhniashvili, Malkhaz Makashvili, Marina Jaliashvili,<br />
Biology<br />
<strong>11</strong> th grade texbook<br />
gamomcemloba `klio~<br />
aRmaSeneblis gamziri 181, Tbilisi, 0<strong>11</strong>2, saqarTvelo<br />
tel.: (+995 32) 234 04 30<br />
E-mail: book@klio.ge<br />
www. klio. ge<br />
gamomcemloba `meridiani~<br />
al. yazbegis gamz. 47, Tbilisi, 0<strong>11</strong>2, saqarTvelo<br />
tel.: (+995 32) 239 15 22
4<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali 6<br />
1 Tavi memkvidreobiTobis molekuluri safuZvlebi 9<br />
1 1 cilebi da organizmis niSan-Tvisebebi 10<br />
1 2 memkvidreobiTi materialuri masalis kvlevis istoria 13<br />
1 3 dnm-is replikacia 18<br />
1 4 genetikuri kodi transkripcia 21<br />
1 5 cilis biosinTezi 25<br />
1 6 genebis aqtivobis regulacia 28<br />
2 Tavi. gamravleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />
2 1 ujredis mitozuri gayofa 32<br />
2 2 meiozi 35<br />
2 3 usqeso da sqesobrivi gamravleba 38<br />
2 4 sasqeso ujredebis Camoyalibeba da ganayofiereba cxovelebSi 42<br />
2 5 sasicocxlo cikli 45<br />
2 6 organizmis individualuri ganviTareba embriogenezi 50<br />
2 7 postembrionuli ganviTareba cxovelebSi 53<br />
3 Tavi. memkvidreobiTobisa da cvalebadobis kanonzomierebebi . . . 57<br />
3 1 mendelis kvlevis meTodebi 58<br />
3 2 monohibriduli Sejvareba 60<br />
3 3 mendelis kanonis statistikuri xasiaTi da citogenetikuri meqanizmi 64<br />
3 4 arasruli dominireba 71<br />
3 5 dihibriduli Sejvareba 74<br />
3 6 genebis damoukideblad ganawilebis kanonis citogenetikuri safuZvlebi 76<br />
3 7 gamaanalizebeli Sejvareba 81<br />
3 8 SeWiduli damemkvidreba 84<br />
3 9 sqesis genetika 88<br />
3 10 sqesTan SeWiduli damemkvidreba 90<br />
3 <strong>11</strong> genebis mravlobiTi moqmedeba da urTierTqmedeba 94<br />
3 12 cvalebadoba modifikaciuri cvalebadoba 97<br />
3 13 kombinaciuri cvalebadoba 101<br />
3 14 mutaciuri cvalebadoba genuri mutaciebi 103<br />
3 15 qromosomuli mutaciebi 107<br />
4 Tavi. genetikuri teqnologiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <strong>11</strong>5<br />
4 1 genuri inJineria - bioteqnologiis uaxlesi dargi <strong>11</strong>6<br />
4 2 adamianis genetika 120<br />
4 3 genuri Terapia 124<br />
4 4 dnm-is anabeWdebi da misi praqtikuli gamoyeneba 128<br />
4 5 genetika da seleqcia 132<br />
4 6 klonireba 134<br />
4 7 genmodificirebuli organizmebi 136<br />
5 Tavi. evolucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141<br />
5 1 evoluciuri Teoria 142<br />
5 2 evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria 146<br />
5 3 populacia mikroevoluciis faqtorebi 148
5 4 brZola arsebobisTvis 152<br />
5 5 bunebrivi gadarCeva 154<br />
5 6 Seguebuloba - bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi 158<br />
5 7 axal saxeobaTa warmoqmna 162<br />
5 8 makroevolucia evoluciis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi 164<br />
5 9 evoluciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi 168<br />
6 Tavi. ekologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171<br />
6 1 ekologia 172<br />
6 2 abioturi faqtorebi 176<br />
6 3 bioturi faqtorebi 181<br />
6 4 ekosistemebi 184<br />
6 5 populaciis ricxobriobaze moqmedi faqtorebi 188<br />
6 6 naxSirbadis da azotis wrebrunva bunebaSi 192<br />
6 7 adamiani da garemo 194<br />
6 8 adamiani da mikroorganizmebi 198<br />
6 9 Sidsi, tuberkuliozi da maTi prevencia 202<br />
danarTi 1 208<br />
danarTi 2 209<br />
5
1.3 dnm-is replikacia<br />
? 1. rogor fiqrob,<br />
ra Tvisebebi<br />
unda axa siaTebdes memkvidreobiTmaterialur<br />
masalas?<br />
2. rogor fiqrob, es<br />
Tvisebebi dnm-isTvis<br />
uf ro iqneba damaxasiaTebeli,<br />
Tu cilisTvis?<br />
ratom?<br />
18<br />
rogorc ukve ici, memkvidreobiTi materialuri masalis<br />
funqcia ara marto memkvidreobiTi informaciis<br />
Senaxvaa, aramed am informaciis gadacemac. magaliTad,<br />
ujredis mitozuri gayofis dros miiReba mSobliuri<br />
ujredis identuri ori erTnairi Svileuli ujredi.<br />
amisaTvis gayofas win unda uswrebdes mSobliuri<br />
ujredis yvela komponentis gaormageba. pirvel rigSi<br />
unda gaormagdes memkvidreobiTi informacia, romelic<br />
Tanabrad ganawildeba Svileul ujredebs Soris. amitom,<br />
memkvidreobiT masalas unda gaaCndes:<br />
TviTwarmoqmnis (gaormagebis) una ri;<br />
Tavisi maxasiaTeblebis mdgradobis uzrunvelyo fa<br />
– memkvidrulma masalam unda SeinarCunos mudmivi organizacia.<br />
dnm-s aqvs TviTwarmoqmnis unari, rac dakavSirebulia misi molekulis agebulebis<br />
TaviseburebasTan. kerZod, radgan dnm-is molekula agebulia ori<br />
komplementaruli jaWvisagan, amitom Tu sawyisi dnm-is molekulis jaWvebi<br />
dacildnen erTmaneTs, TiToeul maTgans unari Seswevs `uxelmZRvanelos~<br />
Tavisufali nukleotidebisgan komplementaruli jaWvis Senebas. miiReba<br />
sawyisi molekulis identuri ori axali dnm-is molekula. dnm-is erT-erTi<br />
mSobliuri jaWvis mixedviT komplementaruli Svileuli jaWvis sinTezs replikacia<br />
ewodeba. TiToeuli jaWvi asrulebs nimuSis – matricis rols, amitom<br />
replikacias matriculi sinTezis reaqcias miakuTvneben. dnm-is axali<br />
jaWvebis sinTezSi monawileobas iReben fermentebi – dnm-polimerazebi.<br />
Sen ici, rom nivTierebaTa sinTezis dros energia STainTqmeba. endoTermuli<br />
reaqciaa dnm-is replikaciac, razedac atf-is energia ixarjeba.<br />
uotsonisa da<br />
krikis mier Seqmnili<br />
dnm-is molekulis<br />
modelis mi xed viT aixsneba<br />
m e m k vid re obi Tobis<br />
mo le ku lu ri sa fu-<br />
Z vle bi.<br />
dnm-is replikacia<br />
matrica (mSobliuri jaWvebi)<br />
Svileuli jaWvebi<br />
Tavisufali nukleotidebi
dnm-is replikaciis warmodgena gamar tivebuli saxiT<br />
Semdegnairad SeiZleba:<br />
1. specifiuri fermentebis meSveobiT dnm-is jaWvebs<br />
Soris wydeba wyalbaduri bmebi. fermenti dnm-polimeraza<br />
yovel dediseul jaWvze Tavisufali nukleotidebidan<br />
komplementarobis principis Sesabamisad asinTezebs<br />
Svileul jaWvebs;<br />
2. dediseuli da Svileuli polinukleotiduri jaWvebi<br />
urTierTis mimarT spiralurad exveva. warmoiqmneba<br />
ori identuri dnm-is molekula.<br />
dnm-is replikaciis xerxs naxevrad konservatiuls<br />
uwodeben, vinaidan yovel axal molekulaSi erTi jaWvi<br />
dediseulia, meore ki – Svileuli.<br />
?<br />
3. daakvirdi dnm-is replikaciis me-2<br />
sqemas da gansazRvre, a da b jaWvebidan<br />
romeli miekuTvneba dediseuls da romeli<br />
_ Svileuls? romelma jaWvebma Seasrules<br />
matricis roli?<br />
4. Tu axlad warmoqmnili dnm-is TiToeuli<br />
molekula kidev ganicdis replikacias<br />
da ase usasrulod gagrZeldeba, rogor<br />
fiqrob, daikargeba Tu ara dediseuli<br />
jaWvebi? pasuxi daasabuTe.<br />
cocxal orgnizmebSi arsebobs sxvadasxva<br />
damcavi meqanizmebi, raTa ar moxdes Secdoma<br />
dnm-is replikaciis dros. dnm-is dazianeba<br />
SeiZleba gamoiwvios radiaciam, ultraiisferi<br />
sxivebisa da sxvadasxva qimiuri nivTierebebis<br />
zemoqmedebam. magaliTad, ultraiisferi sxivebiT<br />
dnm-is dazianebisas erTi jaWvis mezobeli<br />
azotovani fuZeebi ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs<br />
da warmoqmnian dimerebs (ufro xSiria<br />
T-T dimeris warmoqmna). cocxal sistemas axasiaTebs<br />
aseTi dazianebis aRdgenis – reparaciis<br />
una ri.<br />
reparaciaSi monawileoben specifikuri fermentebi<br />
– restriqtazebi. TiTqos basri dana<br />
dausvamTo, ise zustad amoWrian es fermentebi<br />
raime mizeziT dazianebul dnm-is monakveTs,<br />
rasac ujredis lizosoma moinelebs. sxva fermentebis<br />
(dnm – polimerazisa da ligazebis)<br />
daxmarebiT ki xdeba amoWrili nawilis uSecdomo<br />
sinTezi – aRdgena (reparacia).<br />
1.<br />
C<br />
T<br />
A<br />
A<br />
C<br />
dnm-is replikacia<br />
C<br />
T<br />
A<br />
G<br />
G<br />
A<br />
dnm-is sawyisi molekula<br />
(fragmenti)<br />
dnm-is Svileuli jaWvebis ageba<br />
2.<br />
G<br />
C<br />
T<br />
A<br />
G<br />
G<br />
A<br />
T<br />
T<br />
C<br />
G<br />
a<br />
b<br />
dnm-is ori identuri molekula<br />
T<br />
A<br />
C<br />
G<br />
C<br />
T<br />
T<br />
C<br />
A<br />
G<br />
19<br />
G<br />
A<br />
G<br />
A<br />
C<br />
T<br />
C<br />
T
davaleba<br />
1. dNnm-is erT-erTi jaWvis fragmentze nukleotidebi ganlagebulia<br />
Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: A-A-G-T-C-T-A-C-G-T-A-T.<br />
a) aage orjaWviani dnm-is molekula;<br />
b) axseni, am dros dnm-is romeli TvisebiT isargeble; g) rogoria dnm-is am fragmentis<br />
sigrZe?<br />
2. dnm-is molekulas replikaciamde aqvs 20 mg. masa da misi orive jaWvi Seicavs<br />
fosforis niSnul radiaqtiur atomebs. gansazRvre:<br />
a) rogori masa eqneba replikaciis pro duqts? ratom? b) dnm-is Svileuli molekulebis<br />
ramden da romel jaWvebSi ar iqneba P-s niSnuli atomebi da ratom?<br />
3. Seadare dnm da cila mocemuli kriteriumebis mixedviT, gaaanalize Sedarebis<br />
monacemebi da gaakeTe daskvna: memkvidreobiTi materialuri masalis funqcia bunebam<br />
ratom daakisra dnm-s da ara cilas?<br />
kriteriumebi Sesadareblad dnm cila<br />
20<br />
polimeruli naerTia<br />
maTi monomerebia<br />
molekula Sedgeba ori komplementaruli<br />
jaWvisagan<br />
aqvs TviT warmoqmnis unari<br />
axasiaTebs maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mdgradoba<br />
4. ra biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom replikaciis Sedegad miRebuli dnm-is<br />
Svileuli molekulebi dediseuli molekulis zusti aslebia?<br />
5. ra aris dnm-is reparacia da ra biologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs?<br />
6. ra fermentebi monawileoben reparaciaSi?<br />
7. qvemoT CamoTvlilia qimiuri naerTebi, romlebic Sedian ujredis SemadgenlobaSi:<br />
a _ nukleotidi<br />
b _ aminomJava<br />
g _ atf<br />
d _ erT-erTi azotovani fuZe<br />
e _ azotovani fuZe (a)<br />
v _ cilebi<br />
z _ fosformJava<br />
T _ riboza<br />
i _ dezoqsiriboza<br />
k _ glukoza<br />
l _ dnm<br />
m _ rnm<br />
n _ nukleotidi adeniniani<br />
o _ nukleotidi Timiniani<br />
p _ nukleoditi uracilini<br />
J _ nukleotidi guaniniani<br />
r _ nukleotidi citoziniani<br />
s _ cximi<br />
1) CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli miekuTvneba cilis monomers?<br />
2) ra ewodeba dnm-is monome rs?<br />
3) romeli nukleotidebi qmnian rnm-is makromolekulas?<br />
4) ra naerTebi Sedis dnm-is erTi nukleotidis SemadgenlobaSi?<br />
5) romeli nukleotidebi warmoqmnian dnm-is makromolekulas?<br />
6) ra naerTebi Sedis rnm-is erTi nukleotidis SemadgenlobaSi?<br />
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/micro04.swf<br />
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio23.swf
216
Change language