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malxaz mayaSvili rusdan axvlediani<br />
moswavlis saxelmZRvanelo<br />
bunebismetyvelebaSi<br />
<strong>biologia</strong><br />
8
malxaz mayaSvili<br />
rusudan axvlediani<br />
<strong>biologia</strong><br />
VIII klasi<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier<br />
2012
malxaz mayaSvili<br />
rusudan axvlediani<br />
<strong>biologia</strong><br />
VIII klasi<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa beqa xaCaturovi<br />
© malxaz mayaSvili, rusudan axvlediani, 2012<br />
© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012<br />
© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2012<br />
yvela ufleba daculia<br />
Malkhaz Makashvili, Rusudan Akhvlediani<br />
Biology<br />
8 th grade texbook<br />
ISBN 978-9941-415-72-2<br />
gamomcemloba `klio~<br />
aRmaSeneblis gamz. 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTYvelo<br />
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 04 30<br />
E-mail: book@klio.ge<br />
www.klio.ge<br />
gamomcemloba `meridiani~<br />
al. yazbegis gamz. 47, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTvelo<br />
tel.: (+995 32) 2 39 15 22
4<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
Tavi I. adamianis organizmis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi ............................................. 5<br />
1.1 sxeulis mxareebi, proporcia, Rruebi ................................................................ 6<br />
Tavi II. organizmis Sinagani Txevadi garemo ............................................................ 11<br />
2.1 metabolizmi, organizmis Sinagani garemo, organoebi ................................. 12<br />
2.2 sisxli .......................................................................................................................... 14<br />
2.3 homeostazi ................................................................................................................ 16<br />
2.4 sisxlis gadasxma. sisxlis paTologiebi ........................................................... 19<br />
2.5 guli. sisxlis mimoqcevis wreebi ........................................................................ 22<br />
2.6 pulsi ........................................................................................................................... 24<br />
2.7 sisxlZarRvebi. sisxldena ..................................................................................... 27<br />
2.8 gulis avtomatia. gulis cikli ........................................................................... 30<br />
2.9 sisxlis moZraoba organizmSi. sisxlis wnevis gazomva ................................ 33<br />
2.10 aTerosklerozi ..................................................................................................... 37<br />
2.11 limfuri sistema ................................................................................................... 39<br />
2.12 organizmis dacviTi sistema ............................................................................... 41<br />
2.13 vaqcinacia, Sidsi, C-hepatiti, apendiciti ..................................................... 45<br />
Tavi III. Zvlebi, kunTebi da kani .................................................................................... 49<br />
3.1 Zvlis agebuleba da Sedgeniloba......................................................................... 50<br />
3.2 Zvlovani sistemis funqcia .................................................................................... 54<br />
3.3 adamianis ConCxis Taviseburebebi ....................................................................... 57<br />
3.4 xerxemlis modelireba ............................................................................................ 59<br />
3.5 Zvlovani sistemis zogierTi dazianeba da daavadebebi ................................ 60<br />
3.6 rogor amoZravebs kunTebi Cvens sxeuls........................................................... 63<br />
3.7 kunTYebis muSaoba. kunTis refleqsi ................................................................... 67<br />
3.8 kanis struqtura da funqciebi ............................................................................ 69<br />
3.9 dakvirveba kanis mgrZnobelobaze ....................................................................... 72<br />
3.10 naoWebi, gaWaRaraveba, Worfli, feriWamiebi ................................................ 75<br />
Tavi IV. saWmlis momnelebeli sistema ....................................................................... 77<br />
4.1 saWmlis moneleba ..................................................................................................... 78<br />
4.2 sad da rogor iwyeba saWmlis moneleba ............................................................. 81<br />
4.3 vitaminebi. sakveb produqtebSi Semavali nivTierebebis gamovlena ........ 84
4.4 sisxlSi glukozis raodenobis regulacia. diabeti .................................... 86<br />
4.5 sxeulis wona. metabolizmis darRveva .............................................................. 88<br />
4.6 jansaRi kvebis dRiuri racionis Sedgena ......................................................... 91<br />
Tavi V. gamoyofa. gamravleba ......................................................................................... 93<br />
5.1 sunTYqvis mniSvneloba. haergamtari gzebi ....................................................... 94<br />
5.2 filtvebi. airTa cvla. sunTqvis regulacia .................................................. 98<br />
5.3 filtvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba. sunTqvis sistemis daavadebebi ....... 102<br />
5.4 Sardis gamoyofa. RviZli ..................................................................................... 105<br />
5.5 Tirkmlis funqciis modelireba ....................................................................... 108<br />
5.6 gamravlebis organoTa sistema .......................................................................... 110<br />
5.7 Canasaxis ganviTareba. mitozi, meiozi ............................................................. 113<br />
5.8 nayofi ........................................................................................................................ 115<br />
Tavi VI. nervuli sistema ............................................................................................... 117<br />
6.1 nervuli sistemis mniSvneloba .......................................................................... 118<br />
6.2 zurgis tvinis agebuleba da mniSvneloba ...................................................... 122<br />
6.3 pirobiTi da upirobo refleqsebi .................................................................... 124<br />
6.4 Tavis tvini. SegrZnebebi ...................................................................................... 127<br />
6.5 SegrZnebis organoTa moqmedeba. mxedveloba ............................................... 130<br />
6.6 smena da wonasworoba ............................................................................................ 134<br />
6.7 periferiuli nervuli sistema .......................................................................... 136<br />
6.8 emociebi, qcevis regulacia ............................................................................... 138<br />
6.9 ganWvreta. dagegmva, metyveleba ....................................................................... 141<br />
6.10 dakvirveba mexsierebaze .................................................................................... 144<br />
6.11 nervuli sistemis daavadebebi ......................................................................... 147<br />
5
8<br />
1.1 sxeulis mxareebi, proporcia, Rruebi<br />
? 1. am Tavis Tavfurcelze moce mul<br />
adamianis sxeulze gaavle vertikaluri<br />
Sua xazi, romelic sxeuls or, marcxena<br />
da marjvena naxevrad gayofs*. daakvirdi<br />
suraTs da ganmarte, ra igulisxmeba,<br />
rode sac amboben, rom adamianis sxeuli<br />
sarkiseburi anu ormxrivi simetriis<br />
principiT aris agebuli.<br />
adamianis torsi.<br />
romauli qandakeba<br />
adamianis sxeulis erT-erT gverdze gavlebuli vertikaluri<br />
Sua xazic gayofs sxeuls or – zurgis da wina<br />
mxared.<br />
? 2. warmoidgine aseTi Sua xazi Tanaklaselis sxeulze.<br />
ormxriv simetriulia Tu ara sxeulis wina da<br />
zurgis mxare? Ppasuxi daasabuTe.<br />
leonardo da vinCim Tavis namuSevarSi asaxa zrdas -<br />
ruli adamianis sxeulis proporciebi. Sen jer zrdasruli<br />
ar xar. sxeulis proporciis Ca moyali beba sruldeba<br />
daaxloebiT 25 wli saTvis.<br />
adamianis proporciebis dadgena<br />
daakvirdi sxeulis proporcias:<br />
gazome sakuTari Tavis, torsis, zeda da qveda kidurebis sigrZe.<br />
gaakeTe igive gazomvebi Seni jgufis wevrebze;<br />
monacemebze dayrdnobiT gamoTvale Semdegi Sefardebebi:<br />
Tavi<br />
torsi<br />
leonardo da vinCi.<br />
adamianis sxeulis proporciebi<br />
torsi<br />
zeda kiduri<br />
torsi<br />
qveda kiduri<br />
* rodesac adamianis sxeuls pirispir uyureb misi marjvena mxare Sengan marcxnivaa, marcxena<br />
mxare ki Sengan marjvniv.
gasazomi<br />
obieqti<br />
1.<br />
2.<br />
3.<br />
monacemebi Seitane cxrilis saTanado grafaSi:<br />
zeda<br />
kiduri<br />
sigrZe (sm) Sefardeba<br />
qveda<br />
kiduri<br />
Tavi torsi<br />
Tavi torsi torsi<br />
torsi zeda kiduri qveda kiduri<br />
cxrilis monacemebze dayrdnobiT isaubre adamianis sxeulis pro por ciebis individualuri<br />
da asakobrivi cvlilebebis Sesaxeb.<br />
saxlSi Seasrule igive davaleba da Seiswavle: I. Cvili bavSvis, II. Seni Tanatolis<br />
da III. mSoblis anazomis mixedviT miRebuli monacemebi.<br />
? 3. gaabrtyele plastilini, Semdeg mieci mas cilindris forma ise,<br />
rom SuaSi darCes sivrce. es iqneba adamianis torsis modeli. rogor<br />
fiqrob, ras eZaxian sxeulis Rrus? uCvene is modelze.<br />
adamiani mravalujrediani organizmia: ujredebi qmnian qsovilebs da organoebs,<br />
organoebi ki – organoTa sistemebs. adamianis Sinagani organoebi (tvini,<br />
kuWi, guli, nawlavebi da sxv.) moTavsebulia sxeulis RruebSi. zogierTi<br />
organo, RruSi ar aris ganlagebuli. magaliTad ConCxis kunTebi Zvlebzea<br />
ganTavsebuli, kani ki sxeulzea gadakruli.<br />
adamianis sxeulSi 5 ZiriTadi Rrua: qalas, xerxemlis, gulmkerdis, muclis<br />
da menjis Rruebi.<br />
qalas Rru ukavSirdeba xerxemlis Rrus (xerxemlis arxs), muclis Rru –<br />
menjis Rrus. gulmkerdis Rru ga moyofilia muclis Rrusagan diafragmiT.<br />
qalas Rru<br />
xerxemlis Rru<br />
menjis Rru<br />
gulmkerdis<br />
Rru<br />
diafragma<br />
muclis Rru<br />
adamianis sxeulis Rruebi<br />
9
? 5. anatomiuri<br />
orientirebis mixedviT<br />
sqemaze ipove<br />
organo, romelic:<br />
gan lagebulia gulmkerdis<br />
RruSi, sxeulis<br />
wina mxares, Sua<br />
xazis mimarT ormxriv<br />
simetriulad.<br />
10<br />
organo SeiZleba iyos ganlagebuli romelime RruSi,<br />
Sua xazis marcxniv, marjvniv an gadakveTaze, sxeulis<br />
wina mxares an zurgis mxares.<br />
magaliTad: guli moTavsebulia gulmkerdis RruSi,<br />
vertikaluri Sua xazis gadakveTaze. Mmisi didi nawili<br />
moTavsebulia sxeulis marcxena wina mxares, xolo mcire<br />
nawili – sxeulis marjvena wina mxares.<br />
imavdroulad zogierTi organo wyvilad aris warmodgenili,<br />
magaliTad gvaqvs ori, marcxena da marjvena<br />
Tirkmeli. aseTi organoebis ganlagebaSi Cans ormxrivi<br />
simetriac.<br />
adamianis organoebi.<br />
xedi wina mxridan<br />
?<br />
davaleba<br />
1. ormxrivi simetriis garda arsebobs sxivuri<br />
simetriac. magaliTad, zRvis varskvlavi agebu lia<br />
sxivuri simetriiT. daakvirdi mis suraTs da Camoayalibe<br />
sxivuri simetriis ganmarteba.<br />
2. Tanaklaselebma SeasruleT proeqti Temaze:<br />
`ormxrivi simetria cocxal samyaroSi~. aRmoaCineT<br />
cxovelebis sxeulis da mcenaris organoebis agebulebaSi<br />
ormxrivi simetria. dagegmeT rogor warmarTavT<br />
samuSaos: rogor gamoavlenT simetriis formebs, rogor<br />
daafiqsirebT monacems (foto, Canaxati an nimuSebi),<br />
gainawileT movaleobebi da daTqviT proeqtis Sesrulebis<br />
da warmodgenis vadebi.<br />
filtvi<br />
guli<br />
diafragma<br />
RviZli<br />
Tirkmeli<br />
nawlavi<br />
adamianis organoebi.<br />
xedi gverdidan<br />
6. gamoiyene anatomiuri orientirebi da sura-<br />
Tis mixedviT aRwere RviZlis ganlageba sxeulSi.<br />
zRvis varskvlavi
164
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