instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 1 _ 30: TiTo davaleba _ 1 qula

instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 1 _ 30:
davalebaSi dasmulia SekiTxva da mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi,
romelTagan mxolod erTia swori.
pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra,
romelic Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.
1. TavRia WurWlebSi moaTavses:
I _ natriumis tutis granulebi
II _ fosfor(V)-is oqsidis fxvnili
rogor Seicvleba TiToeuli WurWelis SigTavsis masa garkveuli drois Semdeg?
a) orives masa gaizrdeba
b) I-is masa gaizrdeba, II-is Semcirdeba
g) I-is masa Semcirdeba, II-is gaizrdeba
d) orives masa Semcirdeba
2. CamoTvlili airebidan, romlis gamoSroba SeiZleba koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi gatarebiT?
I _ HCl II _ NH3 III _ H2S
a) mxolod I-is b) mxolod II-is g) I-is da III-is d) samives
3. suraTze naCvenebia martivi cda:
WiqaSi moTavsebulia gafiltruli kiriani
wyali, xsnarSi CaSvebulia denis wyaros-
Tan mierTebuli eleqtrodebi da wredSi
CarTulia naTura.
xsnarSi gaatares naxSirorJangi, ris
Sedegadac kiriani wyali jer aimRvra,
Semdeg ki gamWvirvale gaxda.
rogor Seicvala am dros naTuris naTeba?
xsnari aimRvra xsnari gamWvirvale gaxda
a) naTura Caqra naTura Camqrali darCa
b) naTura Caqra naTura ainTo
g) naTura anTia naTura Caqra
d) naTura anTia naTura anTebuli darCa
2
TiTo davaleba _ 1 qula

4. Tqven gWirdebaT aCvenoT moswavleebs lakmusis feris cvlileba mJava areSi,
magram ar gaqvT mJavas xsnari da mogepovebaT mxolod Semdegi ori marili:
I _ NaHCO3 II _ NaHSO4
romel marils gamoiyenebdiT am miznis misaRwevad?
a) mxolod I-s b) mxolod II-s g) orives d) arc erTs
5. tutis xsnarSi, uJangbado pirobebSi, azot(II)-is oqsidis gatarebisas:
a) warmoiqmneba nitriti
b) warmoiqmneba nitrati
g) warmoiqmneba nitritis da nitratis narevi
d) reaqcia ar warimarTeba
6. ninos da giorgis daavales CaetarebinaT reaqcia aluminis qloridisa da
natriumis tutis erTnairi koncentraciis xsnarebs Soris. amisaTvis, maT
erTi sinjaridan meoreSi unda gadaesxaT xsnaris mxolod ramdenime wveTi.
moswavleebma davaleba sxvadasxva wesiT Seasrules:
nino giorgi
rogor Sedegebs miiRebdnen nino da giorgi?
a) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba;
giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba
b) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba;
giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba
g) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve
qreba
d) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba
3

7. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli mtkicebuleba asaxavs sworad SO2-is da SO3-is
Jangva-aRdgeniT Tvisebebs?
a) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 mxolod aRmdgeni
b) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 mxolod aRmdgeni
g) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni
d) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni
8. sam sinjaraSi moTavsebulia rkinis oqsidebi:
I _ FeO II _ Fe2O3 III _ Fe3O4.
TiToeuls Warbad daamates marilmJava, Semdeg ki amoniumis rodanidi (NH4SCN).
romel sinjaraSi Seifereba xsnari wiTlad?
a) mxolod II-Si
b) I-sa da II-Si
g) I-sa da III-Si
d) II-sa da III-Si
9. magniumi gansxvavebulad urTierTqmedebs sxvadasxva koncentraciis
azotmJavasTan:
I. 3Mg + 8HNO3 3Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 4H2O
II. 4Mg + 10HNO3 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
III. 5Mg + 12HNO3 5Mg(NO3)2 + N2↑ + 6H2O
rogori Tanmimdevroba miiReba, Tu es reaqciebi dalagdeba magniumis dasaJangad
gamoyenebuli azotmJavas koncentraciis zrdis mixedviT?
a) II < I < III
b) II < III < I
g) III < I < II
d) III < II < I
10. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli nivTiereba Sedgeba dimerebisgan, romlebSic
molekulebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia ori wyalbaduri bmiT?
a) amiakis
b) wylis
g) eTanolis
d) ZmarmJavas
4

11. mocemulia atombirTvuli reaqcia, romelSic X-iT aRniSnulia reaqciis
Sedegad gamotyorcnili nawilaki:
Al + He
CamoTvlilTagan, romelia X nawilaki?
5
Si + X
a) α-nawilaki b) protoni g) neitroni d) eleqtroni
12. mocemuli eleqtronuli formulebidan, romeli asaxavs sworad skandiumis
atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas?
a) [Ne] 4s23d1 b) [Ne] 4s24p1 g) [Ar] 4s23d1 d) [Ar] 4s24p1 13. marilmJavas xsnaris pH=1. ramdenjer unda ganzavdes xsnari,
rom pH-is mniSvneloba 3-is toli gaxdes?
a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 10-jer d) 100-jer
14. mocemulia qimiuri reaqcia:
A myari + 2B airadi → C airadi
ramdenjer unda gaizardos wneva, rom reaqciis siCqare 16-jer gaizardos?
a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 8-jer d) 16-jer
15. mocemulTagan romeli molekulaa polaruli?
I II
a) mxolod I b) mxolod II g) orive d) arc erTi

16. natriumis nitriti advilad hidrolizdeba:
NaNO +H O⇄ NaOH+HNO
CamoTvlilTagan, romeli moqmedebebi SeuSlis xels hidrolizis process?
I. xsnaris gaciveba
II. tutis damateba
III. wylis damateba
a) I da II b) I da III g) II da III d) samive
17. grafikebze uwyveti xaziT gamosaxulia energiis cvlileba reaqciis
msvlelobisas.
romel grafikze gviCvenebs wyvetili xazi inhibitoris monawileobiT
mimdinare igive reaqcias?
a) b) g) d)
18. cxrilSi mocemulia wyalbadis, bromisa da bromwyalbadis molekulebSi
bmis energiebis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebi:
molekula
bmis energia,
kj/moli
H_H 440
Br_Br 200
H_Br 370
am monacemebidan gamomdinare, rogori iqneba TiTo moli martivi nivTierebebidan
bromwyalbadis warmoqmnis siTburi efeqti (Q)?
a) +100 kj b) _100 kj
g) +270 kj d) _270 kj
6

19. azotisa da wyalbadis narevi gaatares katalizatorze, ris Sedegadac
narevis moculoba 4 ml-iT Semcirda (moculobebi izomeboda erTnair
pirobebSi). ra moculobis amiaks Seicavs miRebuli narevi?
a) 2 ml b) 4 ml g) 6 ml d) 8 ml
20. mocemulia wonasworuli sistema:
(აირ.) + (აირ.) ⇄ (აირ.) .
am sistemaSi drois garkveul momentSi Seamcires temperatura.
qvemoT mocemuli grafikebidan romeli asaxavs sworad sistemaSi mimdinare
process?
parcialuri wneva, %
parcialuri wneva, %
HI
I 2
H 2
HI
I 2
H 2
τ
τ
dro
7
parcialuri wneva, %
HI
I 2
H 2
a) b)
dro
parcialuri wneva, %
H 2
g) d)
HI
I 2
τ
τ
dro
dro

21. romeli tipis hibridizacia axasiaTebs karbonilis jgufSi naxSirbadatomis
savalento eleqtronebs?
a) sp b) sp 2 g) sp 3 d) sp 2 da sp 3
22. mocemulia naerTebi:
I. 1-qlor-buten-1 II. 2-qlor-buten-1
romel maTgans aqvs cis- da trans-izomerebi?
a) mxolod I-s
b) mxolod II-s
g) orives
d) arc erTs
C
23. CamoTvlili aminebidan, romeli ar aris C4H9NO2-is izomeri?
a) 2-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava
b) 3-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava
g) 4-amino-butanmJava
d) 4-amino-2-meTil-butanmJava
24. mocemulia meTanis or etapiani gardaqmna eTanalad:
CH 4
am sqemaSi X nivTiereba unda iyos:
a) meTanoli
b) meTanali
g) eTini
d) eTeni
O
X
8
C
H 3
C
O
H

25. CamonaTvalidan, romeli mJavaa yvelaze Zlieri?
a) H─ COOH
b) CH3 ─ COOH
g) CF3 ─ COOH
d) CCl 3 ─ COOH
26. mocemulia amiaki da misi organuli nawarmebi
NH3 CH3_NH2 C6H5_NH2
I II III
qvemoT mocemuli romeli Tanmimdevroba asaxavs sworad aminebis fuZe Tvisebebis
gaZlierebas?
a) I < II < III
b) I < III < II
g) III < I < II
d) III < II < I
27. romel sqemazea sworad naCvenebi nitrobenzolis molekulaSi eleqtronuli
simkvrivis gadanawileba?
O
N
O
O
N
O
a) b) g) d)
28. narevi Seicavs propanolis izomerebs TanafardobiT 1 : 1. am narevis dehidrataciiT
miiRes propeni. ra miiReba warmoqmnili propenis hidrataciis Sedegad?
a) propanol-1
b) propanol-2
g) propanali
d) propanolis izomerebis sawyisi narevi
9
O
N
O
O
N
O

29. moccemulia
nnaerTebi:
რაოდენობა, მოლი
რაოდენობა, მოლი
rommeli
maTggani
warmo oqmnis spillenZ(II)-iss
hidroqsiidTan
gaccxelebisas
s
aguurisfer-wiTel
nalleqs?
wyaalbadis
dda
Sesabamisi
katallizatoriss
meSveobiiT
moaxdiines
erT-erTi
kommponentis
hidrirebba,
ris Seddegadac
mmisi
raodeenoba
ganaaxevrda.
ro omeli diaggrama
gamoosaxavs
swworad
narrevSi
organuli
naeerTebis
raoodenobrivvi
Semcvellobis
cvllilebas?
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
I _ gglukoza
a) mxolodd
I
რრეაქციამდეე
რეაქციიის
შემდეგგ
RCH2OH
რრეაქციამდეე
რეაქციიის
შემდეგგ
RCH2OH
a)
g)
RCHO
RCHO
III
_ fruqt
b) mxollod
II
RCOOH
RCOOH
toza
რაოდენობა, მოლი რაოდენობა, მოლი
10
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
g) I
III _ WiaanWvelmJav
va
da II
30. narrevi
Seicaavda
TiToo
mol spirts,
aldehidsa
da karbonmJavas.
რეაქციაამდე
რეააქციის
შემდ დეგ
RCH22OH
RCHHO
RCOOH
b)
რეაქციაამდე
რეააქციის
შემდ დეგ
RCH22OH
RCHHO
RCOOH
d)
d) I da III

instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 31 _ 32:
unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul movlenebs/obieqtebs
Soris.
cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad:
cifrebiT danomril TiToeul obieqts/movlenas SeusabameT anbaniT danomrili
obieqti/movlena da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi.
gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime movlenas/obieqts SeiZleba
Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan.
31. ipoveT Sesabamisoba cxrilSi mocemul reaqtivebsa da qimiur
nivTierebaTa gamafrTxilebel niSnebs Soris.
1
2
3
4
a b g d
reaqtivebi
niSnebi KCN NH4NO3 CH3OH 3 H2O
11
4 qula

32. grafiki gviCvenebs wonasworul reaqciebSi wnevis gazrdisas
C nivTierebis raodenobis cvlilebis sam SemTxvevas.
gansazRvreT, romeli mrudi Seesabameba TiToeul reaqcias.
reaqciebi
(A, B, C da D airebia)
a. A + B ⇄ 2C
b. 2A + B ⇄ 2C
g. A + B ⇄ C + D
d. A + B ⇄ 2C + D
e. 2A + B ⇄ C + 2D
1
2
3
a b g d e
C nivTierebis
raodenoba
33. ganzavebul azotmJavaSi dariSxan(III)-is sulfidis gaxsnisas
gamoiyofa azot(II)-is oqsidi, xolo dariSxani da gogirdi
umaRlesi Jangvis xarisxamde iJangeba Sesabamisi mJavebis
warmoqmniT.
12
1
2
3
wneva
4 qula
3 qula
dawereT Sesabamisi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis toloba eleqtronuli balansis CvenebiT.

34. SeavseT cxrili masSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT:
reaqciebi
a b g d
wyalbadi
mJangavia
wyalbadi
aRmdgenia
13
wyalbadi
ar icvlis
Jangvis
xarisxs
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
1 CH2=CH2 + H2 CH3_CH3
2 HCCH + H2O CH3_CHO
3 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH+H2
35. dawereT mocemuli organuli naerTis saxelwodeba:
CH2 CH3 CH CH2 C
OH
O
H
3 qula
Jangvis da aRdgenis
Sesabamisi
naxevarreaqciebi
Cu +2 + 2e → Cu 0
H 0 _ e → H +1
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
.
1 qula

36. gakveTilze moswavleebs miecaT Semdegi davaleba:
`dawereT C4H8O2 molekuluri formulis mqone yvela im izomeris
struqturuli formula, romelic Seicavs
14
C
O
O
jgufs~.
qvemoT mocemulia sami moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli davalebis pasuxebi:
I moswavle
II moswavle
III moswavle
H C CH 3 2 CH2 C
CH 3 C
O
O
H C CH CH C
3 2 2
CH 3 CH 2 C
O
O
O
C 2 H 5
OH
O
OH
CH 3
H C CH CH C
3 2 2
CH 3 CH 2 C
O
O
O
OH
CH 3
CH 3 CH 2 C
CH 2 CH 2 C
CH 3
CH 3 C
CH 3 C
O
O
O
CH 3 CH C
O
O
CH 3
O
O
OH
CH 3
CH 2 CH 3
O
OH
CH 2 CH 3
6 qula

36.1. dawereT mocemuli davalebis swori, srulyofili pasuxis Tqveni
varianti.
36.2. cxrilSi CamoTvlilia komentarebi. TiToeul naSroms SeiZleba daerTos
erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi komentari.
romel komentars daurTavdiT TiToeul naSroms?
Sesabamis ujrebSi dasviT niSani X.
komentari
a. ar esmis zogadad, ras niSnavs
izomeria
b. ar wers naxSirbaduri jaWvis
(ConCxis) izomerebs
g. ar wers karbonmJavebis
homologiuri rigis yvela
SesaZlo wevrs
d. ar wers klasTaSoris
izomerebs
e. imeorebs erTi da igive izomers
15
I
moswavlis
naSromi
II
moswavlis
naSromi
III
moswavlis
naSromi

37. qvemoT mocemuli sqemis safuZvelze CamoayalibeT amocanis
srulyofili piroba da mokled, magram naTlad aCveneT
amoxsnis gza.
Fe
10 g
37.1. piroba:
37.2. amoxsna:
CuSO4
16
10.8 g
5 qula

38. moswavleTa or jgufs daevala warmoedgina mowyobiloba,
romliTac SesaZlebelia nitrobenzolis aRdgeniT anilinis
miReba, Semdegi reaqciis mixedviT:
C 6 H 5 NO 2
+ 6H
_ 2H 2 O
17
C 6 H 5 NH 2
jgufebma Tavisi mosazrebebi warmoadgines Semdegi saxiT:
I jgufi II jgufi
romeli jgufis mier warmodgenili pasuxia swori?
(pasuxi daasabuTeT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pasuxi ar Sefasdeba!)
.
HCl
Fe
C6H5NO2
HCl
C6H5NO2 Fe
2 qula

39. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Sabiamani ( ·). 4 qula
mokled aRwereT, rogor moaxdenT am marilSi kristalizaciuri
wylis, spilenZis kationebisa da sulfatis anionebis arsebobis TvalsaCinod
demonstrirebas.
39.1. kristalizaciuri wyali:
39.2. spilenZis kationebi:
39.3. sulfatis anionebi:
40. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Zmari da soda.
reaqcia am nivTierebebs Soris SeiZleba gamoiyenoT sademonstraciod
sxvadasxva sakiTxis axsnisas.
rogor gamoiyenebdiT am reaqcias TemisTvis "qimiuri kinetika"?
cxrilSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT Sesabamis ujrebSi CawereT:
• erTi konkretuli sakiTxis dasaxeleba;
• Sesabamisi saswavlo aqtivobis mokle aRwera.
Tema
eleqtrolituri
disociaciis
Teoria
qimiuri kinetika
konkretuli
sakiTxi
ionuri
mimocvlis
reaqciebi
18
saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera
2 qula
vaCveneb, rom reaqciis Sedegad gamoiyofa
airi, rac imas niSnavs, rom reaqcia srulad
warimarTeba. davawerineb reaqciis
molekulur, srul da mokle ionur
tolobebs.

41. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis eleqtronuli balansis Sedgenisas
moswavleebi xSirad uSveben Secdomebs, rac ZiriTadad
gamowveulia Semdegi mizezebiT:
I _ ver xvdebian, rom Jangvis xarisxis zrda xdeba eleqtronebis gacemis
Sedegad, xolo Semcireba _ eleqtronebis mierTebiT;
II _ ver angariSoben sxvaobas dadebiT da uaryofiT ricxvebs Soris.
qvemoT mocemulia oTxi fragmenti moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli
samuSaoebidan, romlebSic maT unda SeedginaT eleqtronuli balansi
Semdegi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciisTvis:
+4
4
4
+4
++
19
+6
4
6
+4
TamTa laSa daTo elene
41.1. zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebidan,
romelma gamoiwvia TiToeuli
moswavlis mier daSvebuli Secdoma?
cxrilis Sesabamis ujrebSi dasviT
niSani X.
41.2. Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze Tqven dasaxeT Semdegi strategia:
• moswavles, romelmac yvelaze kargad gaarTva Tavi davalebas, mieces ufro
rTuli davaleba, rac xels Seuwyobs mis progress;
• moswavles, romelsac hqonda daSvebuli yvelaze meti Secdoma, saTanado
axsna-ganmartebis Semdeg, mieces ufro martivi davaleba, rac daexmareba mas
daSvebuli Secdomebis gaazrebasa da problemis daZlevaSi.
am miznis gansaxorcieleblad, qvemoT mocemuli Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebidan,
SearCieT yvelaze rTuli da yvelaze martivi. cxrilis Sesabamis ujrebSi
dasviT niSani X.
a. b.
reaqciebi
1. FeS +O Fe O +SO
2. NH +O NO+H O
3. H SO +CCO +SO +H O
a TamTa
b laSa
g daTo
d elene
yvelaze
martivi
yvelaze
rTuli
3 qula
I mizezi II mizezi

42. mocemulia amocana:
"200 g natriumis tutis xsnarSi Warbad gaatares gogird(IV)-is oqsidi,
ris Sedegadac xsnaris masa 6.4 g-iT gaizarda. gamoTvaleT reaqciis
Sedegad STanTqmuli airis moculoba (n. p.) da tutis masuri wili sawyis
xsnarSi."
erT-erTma moswavlem es amocana Semdegnairad amoxsna:
2NaOH + SO2 Na2SO3 + H2O
νSO = .
= 0.1 moli
VSO = 0.1 · 22.4 = 2.24 l.
νNaOH νSO =21, νNaOH =0.1·2=0.2 moli
mNaOH =0.2·30=6 g
ω%( NaOH) = ნ.· 100%
ხს..
= · 100%
=3%.
pasuxi: VSO = 2.24 l; ω%( NaOH) = 3%.
SeafaseT moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli naSromi qvemoT mocemuli instruqciis
da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.
instruqcia:
• amocana fasdeba maqsimum 10 quliT.
• Sefaseba unda moxdes mxolod sqemaSi mocemuli xuTi kriteriumis
•
mixedviT.
TiToeuli kriteriumi fasdeba 0, 1 an 2 quliT.
• Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari principia: erTi konkretuli Secdoma isjeba
mxolod erTxel. (Tu moswavle uSvebs Secdomas da akldeba qula erTerTi
kriteriumis mixedviT, maSin SemdgomSi mas ar unda daakldes qula
iseTi SecdomisTvis, romelic ukve dafiqsirebuli SecdomiTaa
gamowveuli).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom komentaris gakeTeba aucilebelia yvela kriteriumisTvis!
20
3 qula

Sefasebis sqema
Sefasebis kriteriumebi komentari qula
1. reaqciis tolobis
siswore da
Sesabamisoba
pirobasTan
2. airis moculobis
gamoTvlis codna
3. reaqciis mixedviT
reagentis masis
gamoTvlis codna
4. xsnarSi nivTierebis
masuri wilis
gamoTvlis codna
5. amoxsnis logikuri
Tanmimdevroba
saboloo Sefaseba (kriteriumebis mixedviT miRebul qulaTa jami)
21

swori pasuxebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
a X X X X
b X X X X X
g X X
d X X X X
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
a X X X
b X X X X
g X X X X X
d X X X
31. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula
a b g d
1 X
2 X X
3 X
4 X
32. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula
a b g d e
1 X
2 X X X
3 X
33. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
swori pasuxi:
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula
(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli
vertikaluri svetebis raodenobaa
3As S 28HNO 4H O6H AsO 9H SO 28NO
2As 4e2As 3S 24e 3S N 3e N 28
3

34. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
a b g d
1 ⌧
2 ⌧
3 ⌧
+
+
+
35. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
swori pasuxi:
3-meTil-4-hidroqsi-butanali
36.
36.1 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri
striqoni – 1 qula
6 izomerze – 3 qula; 5 izomerze – 2 qula; 4 izomerze – 1 qula;
SecdomiT dawerili izomerisTvis akldeba 1 qula.
swori pasuxi:
H C CH CH C
3 2 2
CH 3 C
O
O
O
OH
CH 2 CH 3
CH 3 CH C
H C
CH 3
O
O
O
OH
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
CH 3 CH 2 C
H C
O
O
O
O
CH 3
CH CH 3
CH 3
36.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
I II III
a
b X X
g X X X yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula
d
e X

37.
37.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):
1. amocanis piroba unda Seesabamebodes suraTs. igi unda iyos srulyofili,
lakonuri, advilad gasagebi da enobrivad gamarTuli.
2. dasmuli kiTxva unda moiTxovdes raodenobrivi gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas.
sworad Sedgenili amocanis pirobis erT-erTi varianti:
10 g masis mqone rkinis firfita moaTavses spilenZ(II)-is sulfatis
wyalxsnarSi. garkveuli drois Semdeg firfita xsnaridan amoiRes, garecxes,
gaaSres da awones. firfitis masa aRmoCnda 10.8 g. ramdeni g rkina Sesula
reaqciaSi?
37.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):
1. unda Candes, rom firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs rkinisa da spilenZis
molur masebs Soris sxvaoba.
2. gamoTvlebi sworad unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
3. amoxsnis gza unda iyos racionaluri da Seesabamebodes dasmul kiTxvas.
swori amoxsnis erT-erTi varianti:
firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs gansxvaveba spilenZisa da rkinis molur masebs
Soris. reaqciis mixedviT, rodesac xsnarSi gadadis 1 moli rkina, firfitaze
gamoiyofa 1 moli spilenZi, Sesabamisad, am dros firfitis masa izrdeba
∆64568 g-iT.
amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, firfitis masa gaizarda 10.8 10 0.8 g-iT, e. i.
reaqciaSi Sevida 0.880.1 moli rkina.
0.1·565.6 g
pasuxi: 5.6 g rkina.

38. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili
xelsawyo, radgan aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi – Sefasdeba
2 quliT.
pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi,
magram dasabuTebaSi daSvebulia Secdoma – Sefasdeba 1 quliT.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
davalebis pirobaSi mocemuli reaqciis mixedviT, nitrobenzolis anilinamde
aRdgena xdeba atomuri wyalbadiT. amitom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili
xelsawyo, radgan am SemTxvevaSi wyalbadi gamoyofis momentSive (rodesac is
atomuri saxiTaa) uSualod imoqmedebs nitrobenzolTan.
I jgufis mier warmodgenil xelsawyoSi kipis aparatSi gamoyofili wyalbadis
atomebi nitrobenzolTan urTierTqmedebamde gardaiqmneba molekulebad da,
Sesabamisad, ver aRadgens nitrobenzols.
39.
39.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
sruli pasuxi, romelSic TvalsaCinodaa demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri
wylis arseboba – 2 qula;
pasuxi, romelSic damajereblad ar aris demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri
wylis arseboba – 1 qula.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
kristalizaciuri wyali:
Sabiamans gavaxurebT, ris Sedegadac gamoiyofa wyali:
·
+ warmoqmnil orTqls davaxvedrebT civ sagans, romelzec orTqlis kondensaciis
Sedegad wylis wveTebi warmoiqmneba.
39.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
spilenZis kationebi:
Sabiamnis wyalxsnarSi CavuSvebT rkinis lursmans, romelzec SeiniSneba metaluri
spilenZis gamoyofa:
+ +

39.3. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
sulfatis anionebi:
Sabiamnis wyalxsnarze bariumis qloridis xsnaris damatebisas miiReba bariumis
sulfatis TeTri feris naleqi:
+ + 40. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
+
am davalebaSi maqsimaluri qulis mosapoveblad grafaSi “konkretuli sakiTxi”
pedagogs SeuZlia miuTiTos nebismieri sakiTxi Temidan “qimiuri kinetika”,
xolo grafaSi – “saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera” – mokled, magram naTlad unda
aCvenos, rogor gamoiyenebs Sesabamis sademonstracio cdas.
pasuxi, romelSic logikuri kavSiria sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas Soris,
magram daSvebulia uzustoba, Sefasdeba 1 quliT.
pasuxi, romelSic ar aris logikuri kavSiri sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas
Soris, an daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, Sefasdeba 0 quliT.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
reaqciis
siCqaris
damokidebuleba
temperaturaze
3 WiqaSi movaTavsebT sxvadasxva temperaturis (20, 30 da 40°C)
Zmars toli moculobebiT da samives davamatebT erTi da igive
masis sodas. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi davafiqsirebT, ra droSi
Sewyda buStukebis gamoyofa. miRebuli monacemebiT avagebT
reaqciis siCqaris temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiks da
gamovitanT Sesabamis daskvnebs.
41.
41.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
I II
a X
b X X
g
d X
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula
41.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
a b
1
2
X
3 X

42. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
maqsimaluri qulis misaRebad pedagogma unda aRmoaCinos moswavlis naSromSi
daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi Secdoma da naSromi unda Seafasos davalebaSi
mocemuli instruqciisa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.
moswavlis naSromSi daSvebuli Secdomebia:
1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad
atarebdnen, amitom reaqciis Sedegad miiReba hidrosulfiti, da ara sulfiti:
NaOH + SO2 NaHSO3
2. sworad araa gamoangariSebuli NaOH-is moluri masa (30-is nacvlad unda
eweros 40).
TiToeuli Secdomis aRmoCenisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs TiTo qulas.
davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciis sworad Sesrulebisa da adekvaturi
komentarebisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs 1 qulas.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi ver daafiqsirebs moswavlis naSromSi arsebul
Secdomebs, davaleba Sefasdeba 0 quliT (miuxedavad imisa, rogoraa Sesrulebuli
davalebis danarCeni nawili).
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad
atarebdnen, amitom unda daewera reaqcia:
NaOH + SO2 NaHSO3
amis gamo vakleb 1 qulas
2. sworad aris gamoTvlili 2
3. sworad ar aris gamoTvlili NaOH-is moluri masa, magram vTvli, rom
Secdoma ariTmetikulia, amitom vakleb mxolod 1 qulas
4. formula sworad aris gamoyenebuli, magram swori pasuxi ar aris
miRebuli, risi mizezic zemoT dafiqsirebuli Secdomebia. radgan am
SecdomebisaTvis wina kriteriumebiT ukve daaklda qulebi, am punqtSi qulas
aRar vakleb.
5. amocana dasrulebuli saxiTaa, daSvebuli Secdomebis miuxedavad, amocanis
amoxsnis Tanmimdevroba logikuria.
1
1
2
2
8