rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis
rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis
rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis
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gamocdebis erovnuli centri<br />
<strong>rogor</strong> <strong>movemzadoT</strong> <strong>pedagogTa</strong><br />
<strong>sasertifikacio</strong> <strong>gamocdisaTvis</strong><br />
qimia<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2013
Sinaarsi<br />
Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3<br />
sagamocdo programa ......................................................................................................................................................... 4<br />
testis savaraudo struqtura .............................................................................................................................. 11<br />
2011 wlis sagamocdo varianti ............................................................................................................................. 12<br />
2011 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi ........................................................... 32<br />
2012 wlis sagamocdo varianti ........................................................................................................................... 38<br />
2012 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi ........................................................... 57<br />
rekomendebuli literaturis sia ................................................................................................................... 63<br />
2
Sesavali<br />
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros gadawyvetilebiT<br />
unda Catardes qimiis maswavlebelTa <strong>sasertifikacio</strong> gamocdebi, romlebic<br />
iTvaliswinebs <strong>pedagogTa</strong> kvalifikaciis Semowmebasa da Sesabamisi<br />
sertifikatis gacemas.<br />
<strong>sasertifikacio</strong> gamocdis mizania, Seamowmos maswavlebelTa codnisa da<br />
pedagogiuri unarebis Sesabamisoba maswavleblis profesiuli standartiT<br />
(sabazo da saSualo safexuri) gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebTan.<br />
winamdebare krebulis daniSnulebaa sabazo da saSualo skolis qimiis<br />
pedagogebs gaacnos sagamocdo programa, testur davalebaTa nimuSebi da<br />
maTi swori pasuxebi, amoxsnebi, Sefasebis sqemebi da kriteriumebi.<br />
krebulSi SegxvdebaT iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic scildeba saskolo<br />
programis kurss, Tumca Setanilia maswavleblis profesiul standartSi.<br />
vimedovnebT, rom krebulSi mocemul testur davalebaTa gacnoba da<br />
Sesabamisi Teoriuli masalis safuZvlianad gameoreba saTanado daxmarebas<br />
gagiwevT <strong>sasertifikacio</strong> <strong>gamocdisaTvis</strong> momzadebasa da sasurveli Sedegis<br />
miRwevaSi.<br />
gisurvebT warmatebas!<br />
3
sagamocdo programa<br />
qimiis sagamocdo programa efuZneba sabazo da saSualo safexuris<br />
maswavleblis profesiul standarts qimiaSi da Sedgenilia gamocdebis<br />
erovnuli centris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa jgufisa da centrTan<br />
arsebuli sakonsultacio sabWos mier. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen<br />
saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis, kvleviTi institutebisa da sajaro<br />
skolebis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
sagamocdo programis marcxena svetSi mocemulia sakiTxTa CamonaTvali,<br />
xolo marjvena svetSi dazustebulia, Tu risi codna moeTxoveba pedagogs<br />
Sesabamisi sakiTxis garSemo <strong>sasertifikacio</strong> gamocdis Casabareblad.<br />
nivTierebis qimiuri<br />
arsi, narevi da<br />
naerTi<br />
martivi da rTuli<br />
nivTierebebi<br />
nivTierebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
atomis aRnagoba.<br />
periodulobis<br />
kanoni da<br />
perioduli sistema<br />
atomis ZiriTadi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
bunebaSi gavrcelebuli nivTierebebi, xelovnurad<br />
miRebuli nivTierebebi da maTi daniSnuleba.<br />
nivTierebebis gasufTavebis xerxebi. dispersiuli<br />
sistemebi: heterogenuli da homogenuri narevebi. narevis<br />
komponentebad dayofa, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi<br />
Sedgenilobis dadgena.<br />
qimiuri analizis meTodebi: gravimetria, titrimetria,<br />
fotometria.<br />
martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi, alotropia. metalebi da<br />
arametalebi.<br />
oqsidebi, fuZeebi, mJavebi da marilebi, maTi klasifikacia,<br />
miRebis xerxebi da Tvisebebi.<br />
kavSiri sxvadasxva klasis naerTebs Soris.<br />
kompleqsuri naerTebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.<br />
moli. avogadros kanoni. airis moluri moculoba. airis<br />
fardobiTi simkvrive.<br />
idealuri airis ZiriTadi gantoleba da misi gamoyeneba.<br />
radioaqtiuroba. alfa-, beta- da gama-gamosxiveba. atomis<br />
aRnagobis modelebi. atombirTvuli reaqciebi. masis<br />
defeqti. stabiluri da arastabiluri izotopebi.<br />
eleqtronis buneba. eleqtronuli Rrublebi da<br />
orbitalebi. kvanturi ricxvebi. paulis principi. hundis<br />
wesi. umciresi energiebis principi (kleCkovskis wesi).<br />
eleqtronuli formulebi. orbitaluri diagramebi. s-, p-, dda<br />
f –elementebi.<br />
qimiur elementTa klasifikaciis istoria.<br />
periodulobis kanoni da elementTa perioduli sistema,<br />
periodulobis kanonis Tanamedrove formulireba.<br />
perioduli sistema da atomis aRnagoba.<br />
elementebis atomTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi: atomis<br />
radiusi, ionizaciis potenciali, eleqtronisadmi swrafva,<br />
eleqtrouaryofiToba. Jangvis ricxvi.<br />
4
qimiuri bma<br />
qimiuri reaqciebis<br />
klasifikacia.<br />
qimiuri kinetika<br />
qimiuri bmebi da molekulaTaSorisi urTierTqmedebis<br />
Zalebi.<br />
nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis damokidebuleba nivTierebis<br />
agebulebaze.<br />
kristaluri mesris tipebi – ionuri, atomuri,<br />
molekuluri, metaluri.<br />
qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebi.<br />
kovalenturi bmis warmoqmnis donorul-aqceptoruli<br />
meqanizmi.<br />
eleqtronuli orbitalebis hibridizacia. sigma- da pibmebi.<br />
bmis maxasiaTeblebi: bmis sigrZe, bmis energia,<br />
jeradoba, gezuroba.<br />
atomis aRnagoba da valentoba.<br />
molekuluri orbitalebis Teoria.<br />
qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikacia steqiometriis, siTburi<br />
efeqtis, Jangva-aRdgenis da Seqcevadobis mixedviT.<br />
Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi, maTi klasifikacia. JangvaaRdgeniTi<br />
reaqciebis tolobebis Sedgena.<br />
qimiuri reaqciis siTburi efeqti, enTalpia, ekzoTermuli<br />
da endoTermuli reaqciebi.<br />
qimiuri reaqciis myisieri da saSualo siCqare. qimiuri<br />
reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi.<br />
moqmed masaTa kanoni. qimiuri reaqciis rigi.<br />
katalizi da katalizatori.<br />
Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi.<br />
qimiuri wonasworoba. wonasworobis mudmiva. qimiur<br />
wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. le-Satelies principi.<br />
xsnarebi heterogenuli da homogenuri narevebi (suspenzia, emulsia,<br />
WeSmariti xsnari). koloiduri xsnarebi (geli da zoli).<br />
xsnadoba da xsnadobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.<br />
gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentraciis gamosaxvis xerxebi<br />
(nivTierebis masuri wili, moluri koncentracia).<br />
eleqtrolituri<br />
disociaciis<br />
Teoria<br />
eleqtrolituri disociacia, eleqtrolitebi da<br />
araeleqtrolitebi.<br />
tuteebis, mJavebisa da marilebis eleqtrolituri<br />
disociacia. ionuri reaqciebi.<br />
fuZeebi, mJavebi protonuri da eleqtronuli Teoriebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
eleqtrolituri disociaciis xarisxi da disociaciis<br />
mudmiva. susti, saSualo, Zlieri eleqtrolitebi.<br />
5
arametalebis<br />
calkeuli<br />
warmomadgenlebi<br />
marilTa hidrolizi. hidrolizis xarisxi.<br />
wylis ionuri namravli da wyalbaduri maCvenebeli (pH).<br />
buferuli xsnarebi.<br />
wyalbadi: zogadi daxasiaTeba1 , miReba2 , fizikuri da<br />
qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
wyali: wylis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi. wylis<br />
gasufTavebis xerxebi.<br />
qlori: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi. gamoyeneba. qloris naerTebi.<br />
qlorwyalbadi da marilmJava: daxasiaTeba, miReba,<br />
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. qloridebi,<br />
maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia.<br />
zogadi cnobebi ftorze, bromze da iodze. halogenebis da<br />
maTi wyalbadnaerTebis Tvisebebis Sedareba.<br />
Jangbadi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. ozonis miReba, misi fizikuri da<br />
qimiuri Tvisebebi.<br />
gogirdi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, alotropiuli<br />
modifikaciebi. miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,<br />
gamoyeneba.<br />
gogirdwyalbadi: molekulis aRnagoba. miReba, fizikuri<br />
da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
gogirdis oqsidebi: molekulis aRnagoba. miReba, fizikuri<br />
da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. gogirdovanmJava da<br />
sulfitebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia.<br />
gogirdmJava: miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,<br />
gamoyeneba. sulfatebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqciebi.<br />
VI A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.<br />
azoti: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
amiaki: molekulis aRnagoba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. amoniumis ionis aRnagoba da<br />
Taviseburebebi. amoniumis marilebi, maTi aRmomCeni<br />
reaqcia.<br />
azotis oqsidebi: zogadi daxasiaTeba.<br />
azotmJava: miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,<br />
gamoyeneba. azotmJavas damJangavi Tvisebebi. nitratebi,<br />
maTi daSlis reaqciebi.<br />
fosfori: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da<br />
qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
fosfini. fosforis oqsidebi da mJavebi. fosfatebi, maTi<br />
aRmomCeni reaqcia.<br />
zogadi cnobebi azotian, fosforian da kaliumian<br />
mineraluri sasuqebze.<br />
1 aqac da Semdgom zogad daxasiaTebaSi igulisxmeba: mdebareoba periodul sistemaSi,<br />
eleqtronuli aRnagoba, izotopuri Sedgeniloba, bunebaSi gavrceleba.<br />
2 aqac da Semdgom miRebaSi igulisxmeba laboratoriuli da samrewvelo meTodebi.<br />
6
metalebis zogadi<br />
daxasiaTeba<br />
metalebis<br />
calkeuli<br />
warmomadgenlebi<br />
organuli naerTebi<br />
da maTi aRnagoba<br />
VA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.<br />
naxSirbadi: misi alotropebi. fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
naxSirbadis oqsidebi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba,<br />
Tvisebebi. naxSirmJava da misi marilebi. karbonatebis<br />
aRmomCeni reaqciebi.<br />
siliciumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da<br />
qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
siliciumis dioqsidi. siliciummJava da misi marilebi.<br />
silikaturi mrewveloba.<br />
IVA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.<br />
metalTa mdebareoba elementTa periodul sistemaSi.<br />
metalis kristaluri struqtura. metalTa zogadi<br />
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi.<br />
metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivi, standartuli eleqtroduli<br />
potencialebis rigi. galvanuri elementebi.<br />
metalTa miRebis zogadi meTodebi.<br />
eleqtrolizi. faradeis kanonebi. eleqtrolizis roli<br />
warmoebaSi.<br />
Senadnobebi, maTi Sedgeniloba, Tvisebebi da gamoyeneba.<br />
metalTa korozia.<br />
natriumi da kaliumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba,<br />
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
natriumis da kaliumis hidroqsidebi da marilebi.<br />
IA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.<br />
kalciumi da magniumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba<br />
eleqtroliziT, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.<br />
Camqrali da Caumqrali kiri.<br />
wylis sixiste da misi Tavidan acilebis xerxebi.<br />
IIA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.<br />
alumini: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba eleqtroliziT,<br />
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. aluminis<br />
oqsidis da hidroqsidis amfoteruloba.<br />
rkina: zogadi daxasiaTeba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,<br />
gamoyeneba. rkinis oqsidebi da hidroqsidebi. rkinis<br />
ormuxtiani da sammuxtiani ionebis aRmomCeni reaqciebi.<br />
rkinis Senadnobebi _ Tuji da foladi, maTi warmoebis<br />
principis zogadi aRwera.<br />
manganumi: manganumis bunebrivi naerTebi. kaliumis<br />
permanganatis mJangavi Tvisebebi.<br />
organuli naerTebis aRnagoba. qimiuri bmis tipebi<br />
organul naerTebSi. kovalenturi bmis polarizacia.<br />
induqciuri, SeuRlebis da sivrciTi efeqtebi.<br />
izomeriis saxeebi (struqturuli, geometriuli, optikuri,<br />
7
organuli<br />
reaqciebi<br />
naxSirwyalbadebi<br />
funqciuri<br />
jgufebis Semcveli<br />
organuli naerTebi<br />
konformaciuli).<br />
organuli naerTebis klasifikacia da saerTaSoriso<br />
nomenklatura.<br />
organuli reaqciebi (Canacvlebis, mierTebis, eliminirebis,<br />
izomerizaciis).<br />
homolituri da heterolituri gaxleCis meqanizmiT<br />
mimdinare reaqciebi.<br />
organul naerTTa reaqciebis meqanizmebi. nukleofiluri<br />
da eleqtrofiluri reaqciebi.<br />
alkanebi: meTanis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba, izomeria.<br />
nomenklatura. alkanebis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi<br />
(wva, Canacvleba, izomerizacia, daSla). meTanis da<br />
alkanebis miRebis meTodebi. alkanebis gamoyeneba. zogadi<br />
cnobebi cikloalkanebze.<br />
alkenebi: eTilenis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba, izomeria,<br />
nomenklatura. alkenebis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi<br />
(wva, Jangva, mierTeba, polimerizacia). markovnikovis wesi.<br />
alkenebis miReba da gamoyeneba.<br />
alkinebi: acetilenis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba,<br />
izomeria, nomenklatura. acetilenis fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi Tvisebebi (wva, Jangva, Canacvleba, mierTeba, dida<br />
trimerizacia). acetilenis miReba karbididan da<br />
meTanidan. misi gamoyeneba.<br />
alkadienebi: klasifikacia, aRnagoba, izomeria,<br />
nomenklatura. butadien-1,3-is ZiriTadi qimiuri Tvisebebi<br />
(mierTeba, polimerizacia). alkadienebis gamoyeneba.<br />
aromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi: benzoli, aRnagoba,<br />
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (wva, Canacvleba, mierTeba).<br />
benzolis homologebi, izomeria, nomenklatura. atomTa<br />
urTierTgavlena toluolis molekulaSi.<br />
urTierTkavSiri naxSirwyalbadebis klasebs Soris.<br />
klasTaSorisi izomerebi.<br />
naxSirwyalbadebis bunebrivi wyaroebi: navTobi, bunebrivi<br />
airi, navTobis Tanmxlebi airi, qvanaxSiri. navTobis<br />
gadamuSaveba da navTobproduqtebi.<br />
hidroqsilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi<br />
najeri erTatomiani spirtebis homologiuri rigi:<br />
aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura, fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi (wva, Jangva, dehidratacia, urTierTqmedeba tute<br />
liTonebTan, araorganul da organul mJavebTan). maTi<br />
miReba da gamoyeneba. eTerebis miReba da nomenklatura.<br />
mravalatomiani spirtebis klasifikacia. nomenklatura.<br />
eTilenglikoli da glicerini, maTi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi<br />
(urTierTqmedeba tute liTonebTan, araorganul da<br />
organul mJavebTan, spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan) da<br />
8
gamoyeneba.<br />
fenoli, aRnagoba, urTierTqmedeba metalebTan, tuteebTan,<br />
bromTan da formaldehidTan. atomTa urTierTgavlena<br />
fenolis molekulaSi.<br />
karbonilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi<br />
aldehidebis homologiuri rigi: aRnagoba, izomeria,<br />
nomenklatura, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (Jangva,<br />
aRdgena, mierTeba). aldehidebis miReba da gamoyeneba.<br />
zogadi cnobebi ketonebis Sesaxeb.<br />
karboqsilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi<br />
najeri erTfuZiani karbonmJavebis homologiuri rigi:<br />
aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura. fizikuri da qimiuri<br />
Tvisebebi (mJavuri Tvisebebi, esterifikacia, Canacvleba,<br />
anhidridebis warmoqmna).<br />
WianWvelmJavas Tavisebureba. karbonmJavebis miReba. zogadi<br />
cnobebi najer da ujer umaRles cximovan mJavebze,<br />
rZemJavasa da mJaunmJavaze.<br />
genetikuri kavSiri spirtebs, aldehidebs da karbonmJavebs<br />
Soris, klasTaSoris izomerebi.<br />
esterebi (rTuli eTerebi) da cximebi<br />
esterebis nomenklatura. esterifikaciis da hidrolizis<br />
reaqciebi.<br />
cximebis Sedgeniloba. myari da Txevadi cximebi, maTi<br />
gamoyeneba. cximebis hidrolizi da hidrogenizacia.<br />
naxSirwylebi<br />
monosaqaridebi: glukoza, aRnagoba, RiajaWviani da<br />
cikluri formebi. glukozis qimiuri Tvisebebi (Jangva,<br />
aRdgena, esterifikacia, daSla sunTqvisa da duRilis<br />
procesSi). glukozis warmoqmna bunebaSi. fruqtoza –<br />
glukozis izomeri.<br />
disaqaridebi: saqaroza, Sedgeniloba, hidrolizi.<br />
polisaqaridebi: saxamebeli da celuloza. maTi aRnagoba,<br />
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (hidrolizi, saxameblis<br />
aRmoCena, celulozas nitrireba da acetilireba).<br />
azotSemcveli organuli naerTebi<br />
aminebis klasifikacia, nomenklatura, miReba. aminojgufis<br />
aRnagoba da fuZe Tvisebebi.<br />
anilini, aRnagoba da qimiuri Tvisebebi. atomTa<br />
urTierTgavlena anilinis molekulaSi. anilinis miReba<br />
nitrobenzolidan.<br />
aminomJavebis nomenklatura, amfoteruli buneba,<br />
peptiduri bmis warmoqmna.<br />
cilebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da struqturebi. cilebis<br />
hidrolizi.<br />
9
unebrivi da<br />
sinTezuri<br />
organuli naerTebi<br />
maRalmolekuluri<br />
naerTebi<br />
bunebrivi da sinTezuri organuli naerTebi.<br />
cocxal organizmebSi mimdinare qimiuri gardaqmnebi:<br />
sunTqva, duRili, fotosinTezi.<br />
bunebrivi saRebrebi.<br />
organul naerTTa roli bunebaSi, mrewvelobasa da yofacxovrebaSi.<br />
ZiriTadi cnebebi: polimeri, monomeri, monomeruli<br />
erTeuli (elementaruli rgoli), polimerizaciis xarisxi.<br />
polimerizaciis da polikondensaciis reaqciebi.<br />
plastmasebi; bunebrivi da sinTezuri kauCukebi; bunebrivi,<br />
xelovnuri da sinTezuri boWkoebi.<br />
10
testis savaraudo struqtura<br />
<strong>sasertifikacio</strong> gamocdis testis maqsimaluri Sefaseba iqneba 70 qula.<br />
minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari Seadgens 60%-s, anu sertifikatis misaRebad<br />
saWiro iqneba minimum 43 qulis dagroveba.<br />
maqsimalur jamur qulaSi im sakiTxTa xvedriTi wili, romlebic scildeba<br />
saskolo programis kurss, magram Setanilia maswavleblis profesiul<br />
standartSi, ar iqneba 10%-ze meti.<br />
zogierTi davaleba moiTxovs im maTematikuri aparatis flobas, romelic<br />
miTiTebulia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis maswavleblis profesiul<br />
standartSi. gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba, rom aseT amocanebSi Sesasrulebeli<br />
gamoTvlebi ar saWiroebdes kalkulatoris gamoyenebas.<br />
testi pirobiTad ori tipis davalebebisgan Sedgeba.<br />
I. daxuruli tipis davalebebi<br />
TiToeul davalebas Tan axlavs 4 savaraudo pasuxi, romelTagan mxolod<br />
erTia swori. am davalebebis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 1 qulaa.<br />
es davalebebi gankuTvnilia codnis, kritikuli gaazrebis, analizisa da sxva<br />
informaciasTan sinTezis unaris Sesamowmeblad.<br />
II. Ria tipis davalebebi<br />
TiToeuli davalebis gaswvriv miTiTebuli iqneba misi maqsimaluri qula.<br />
TiToeuli davaleba moiTxovs werilobiT pasuxs. es davalebebi amowmeben<br />
aplikantis <strong>rogor</strong>c codnis dones, aseve im pedagogiur unarebs, romlebic<br />
asaxulia qimiis maswavleblis profesiul standartSi.<br />
aRniSnul davalebaTa pasuxebi Sefasdeba Semdegi kriteriumebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT:<br />
ramdenad zustad da adekvaturad aris gagebuli davalebis TiToeul<br />
komponentSi dasmuli amocana;<br />
ramdenad kargadaa gamovlenili sakiTxebis codna da praqtikul<br />
situaciebSi (amocanis amoxsna, eqsperimentis dagegmva da Catareba) maTi<br />
gamoyenebis unari;<br />
ramdenad srulad, argumentirebulad, logikuri TanmimdevrobiT aris<br />
aRwerili konkretuli davalebis gadaWrisaTvis saWiro yvela nabiji;<br />
ramdenad TvalsaCinod, gasagebad da mkafiodaa warmodgenili naazrevi.<br />
11
2011 wlis sagamocdo varianti<br />
instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 1 _ 30:<br />
davalebaSi dasmulia SekiTxva da mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi,<br />
romelTagan mxolod erTia swori.<br />
pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra, romelic<br />
Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.<br />
1. TavRia WurWlebSi moaTavses:<br />
I _ natriumis tutis granulebi II _ fosfor(V)-is oqsidis fxvnili<br />
<strong>rogor</strong> Seicvleba TiToeuli WurWelis SigTavsis masa garkveuli drois<br />
Semdeg?<br />
a) orives masa gaizrdeba<br />
b) I-is masa gaizrdeba, II-is Semcirdeba<br />
g) I-is masa Semcirdeba, II-is gaizrdeba<br />
d) orives masa Semcirdeba<br />
2. CamoTvlili airebidan, romlis gamoSroba SeiZleba koncentrirebul<br />
gogirdmJavaSi gatarebiT?<br />
I _ HCl II _ NH3 III _ H2S<br />
a) mxolod I-is b) mxolod II-is g) I-is da III-is d) samives<br />
3. suraTze naCvenebia martivi cda:<br />
WiqaSi moTavsebulia gafiltruli kiriani<br />
wyali, xsnarSi CaSvebulia denis wyaros-<br />
Tan mierTebuli eleqtrodebi da wredSi<br />
CarTulia naTura.<br />
xsnarSi gaatares naxSirorJangi, ris<br />
Sedegadac kiriani wyali jer aimRvra,<br />
Semdeg ki gamWvirvale gaxda.<br />
<strong>rogor</strong> Seicvala am dros naTuris naTeba?<br />
xsnari aimRvra xsnari gamWvirvale gaxda<br />
a) naTura Caqra naTura Camqrali darCa<br />
b) naTura Caqra naTura ainTo<br />
g) naTura anTia naTura Caqra<br />
d) naTura anTia naTura anTebuli darCa<br />
12
4. Tqven gWirdebaT aCvenoT moswavleebs lakmusis feris cvlileba mJava<br />
areSi, magram ar gaqvT mJavas xsnari da mogepovebaT mxolod Semdegi<br />
ori marili:<br />
I _ NaHCO3 II _ NaHSO4<br />
romel marils gamoiyenebdiT am miznis misaRwevad?<br />
a) mxolod I-s b) mxolod II-s g) orives d) arc erTs<br />
5. tutis xsnarSi, uJangbado pirobebSi, azot(II)-is oqsidis gatarebisas:<br />
a) warmoiqmneba nitriti<br />
b) warmoiqmneba nitrati<br />
g) warmoiqmneba nitritis da nitratis narevi<br />
d) reaqcia ar warimarTeba<br />
6. ninos da giorgis daavales CaetarebinaT reaqcia aluminis qloridisa da<br />
natriumis tutis erTnairi koncentraciis xsnarebs Soris. amisaTvis, maT<br />
erTi sinjaridan meoreSi unda gadaesxaT xsnaris mxolod ramdenime<br />
wveTi.<br />
moswavleebma davaleba sxvadasxva wesiT Seasrules:<br />
nino giorgi<br />
<strong>rogor</strong> Sedegebs miiRebdnen nino da giorgi?<br />
a) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba;<br />
giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba<br />
b) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba;<br />
giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba<br />
g) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve<br />
qreba<br />
d) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba<br />
13
7. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli mtkicebuleba asaxavs sworad SO2-is da SO3-is<br />
Jangva-aRdgeniT Tvisebebs?<br />
a) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 mxolod aRmdgeni<br />
b) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 mxolod aRmdgeni<br />
g) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni<br />
d) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni<br />
8. sam sinjaraSi moTavsebulia rkinis oqsidebi:<br />
I _ FeO II _ Fe2O3 III _ Fe3O4.<br />
TiToeuls Warbad daamates marilmJava, Semdeg ki amoniumis rodanidi<br />
(NH4SCN). romel sinjaraSi Seifereba xsnari wiTlad?<br />
a) mxolod II-Si b) I-sa da II-Si<br />
g) I-sa da III-Si d) II-sa da III-Si<br />
9. magniumi gansxvavebulad urTierTqmedebs sxvadasxva koncentraciis<br />
azotmJavasTan:<br />
I. 3Mg + 8HNO3 → 3Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 4H2O<br />
II. 4Mg + 10HNO3 → 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O<br />
III. 5Mg + 12HNO3 → 5Mg(NO3)2 + N2↑ + 6H2O<br />
<strong>rogor</strong>i Tanmimdevroba miiReba, Tu es reaqciebi dalagdeba magniumis<br />
dasaJangad gamoyenebuli azotmJavas koncentraciis zrdis mixedviT?<br />
a) II < I < III b) II < III < I<br />
g) III < I < II d) III < II < I<br />
10. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli nivTiereba Sedgeba dimerebisgan, romlebSic<br />
molekulebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia ori wyalbaduri bmiT?<br />
a) amiakis b) wylis g) eTanolis d) ZmarmJavas<br />
11. mocemulia atombirTvuli reaqcia, romelSic X-iT aRniSnulia reaqciis<br />
Sedegad gamotyorcnili nawilaki:<br />
<br />
Al + He<br />
CamoTvlilTagan, romelia X nawilaki?<br />
14<br />
<br />
Si + X<br />
a) -nawilaki b) protoni g) neitroni d) eleqtroni<br />
12. mocemuli eleqtronuli formulebidan, romeli asaxavs sworad<br />
skandiumis atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas?<br />
a) [Ne] 4s 2 3d 1<br />
b) [Ne] 4s 2 4p 1<br />
g) [Ar] 4s 2 3d 1 d) [Ar] 4s 2 4p 1
13. marilmJavas xsnaris pH=1. ramdenjer unda ganzavdes xsnari,<br />
rom pH-is mniSvneloba 3-is toli gaxdes?<br />
a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 10-jer d) 100-jer<br />
14. mocemulia qimiuri reaqcia:<br />
A myari + 2B airadi C airadi<br />
ramdenjer unda gaizardos wneva, rom reaqciis siCqare 16-jer gaizardos?<br />
a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 8-jer d) 16-jer<br />
15. mocemulTagan romeli molekulaa polaruli?<br />
I II<br />
a) mxolod I b) mxolod II g) orive d) arc erTi<br />
16. natriumis nitriti advilad hidrolizdeba:<br />
NaNO +H O ⇄ NaOH + HNO <br />
CamoTvlilTagan, romeli moqmedebebi SeuSlis xels hidrolizis process?<br />
I. xsnaris gaciveba<br />
II. tutis damateba<br />
III. wylis damateba<br />
a) I da II b) I da III g) II da III d) samive<br />
15
17. grafikebze uwyveti xaziT gamosaxulia energiis cvlileba reaqciis<br />
msvlelobisas.<br />
romel grafikze gviCvenebs wyvetili xazi inhibitoris monawileobiT<br />
mimdinare igive reaqcias?<br />
a) b) g) d)<br />
18. cxrilSi mocemulia wyalbadis, bromisa da bromwyalbadis molekulebSi<br />
bmis energiebis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebi:<br />
molekula<br />
16<br />
bmis energia,<br />
kj/moli<br />
H_H 440<br />
Br_Br 200<br />
H_Br 370<br />
am monacemebidan gamomdinare, <strong>rogor</strong>i iqneba TiTo moli martivi<br />
nivTierebebidan bromwyalbadis warmoqmnis siTburi efeqti (Q)?<br />
a) +100 kj b) _100 kj<br />
g) +270 kj d) _270 kj<br />
19. azotisa da wyalbadis narevi gaatares katalizatorze, ris Sedegadac<br />
narevis moculoba 4 ml-iT Semcirda (moculobebi izomeboda erTnair<br />
pirobebSi). ra moculobis amiaks Seicavs miRebuli narevi?<br />
a) 2 ml b) 4 ml<br />
g) 6 ml d) 8 ml
20. mocemulia wonasworuli sistema:<br />
(აირ.) + (აირ.) ⇄ (აირ.) − .<br />
am sistemaSi drois garkveul momentSi Seamcires temperatura.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli grafikebidan romeli asaxavs sworad sistemaSi<br />
mimdinare process?<br />
parcialuri wneva, %<br />
parcialuri wneva, %<br />
HI<br />
I 2<br />
H 2<br />
HI<br />
I 2<br />
H 2<br />
<br />
<br />
dro<br />
17<br />
parcialuri wneva, %<br />
HI<br />
I 2<br />
H 2<br />
a) b)<br />
dro<br />
parcialuri wneva, %<br />
H 2<br />
g) d)<br />
21. romeli tipis hibridizacia axasiaTebs karbonilis jgufSi<br />
naxSirbadatomis savalento eleqtronebs?<br />
a) sp b) sp 2 g) sp 3 d) sp 2 da sp 3<br />
C<br />
O<br />
HI<br />
I 2<br />
<br />
<br />
dro<br />
dro
22. mocemulia naerTebi:<br />
I. 1-qlor-buten-1 II. 2-qlor-buten-1<br />
romel maTgans aqvs cis- da trans-izomerebi?<br />
a) mxolod I-s<br />
b) mxolod II-s<br />
g) orives<br />
d) arc erTs<br />
23. CamoTvlili aminomJavebidan romeli ar aris C4H9NO2-is izomeri?<br />
a) 2-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava<br />
b) 3-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava<br />
g) 4-amino-butanmJava<br />
d) 4-amino-2-meTil-butanmJava<br />
24. mocemulia meTanis or etapiani gardaqmna eTanalad:<br />
CH 4<br />
am sqemaSi X nivTiereba unda iyos:<br />
a) meTanoli<br />
b) meTanali<br />
g) eTini<br />
d) eTeni<br />
X<br />
18<br />
C<br />
H 3<br />
25. CamonaTvalidan, romeli mJavaa yvelaze Zlieri?<br />
a) H─ COOH<br />
b) CH3 ─ COOH<br />
g) CF3 ─ COOH<br />
d) CCl 3 ─ COOH<br />
26. mocemulia amiaki da misi organuli nawarmebi<br />
NH3 CH3_NH2 C6H5_NH2<br />
I II III<br />
qvemoT mocemuli romeli Tanmimdevroba asaxavs sworad aminebis fuZe<br />
Tvisebebis gaZlierebas?<br />
a) I < II < III b) I < III < II<br />
g) III < I < II d) III < II < I<br />
C<br />
O<br />
H
27. romel sqemazea sworad naCvenebi nitrobenzolis molekulaSi eleqtronuli<br />
simkvrivis gadanawileba?<br />
O<br />
N<br />
O<br />
O<br />
N<br />
O<br />
a) b) g) d)<br />
28. narevi Seicavs propanolis izomerebs TanafardobiT 1 : 1. am narevis dehidrataciiT<br />
miiRes propeni. ra miiReba warmoqmnili propenis hidrataciis<br />
Sedegad?<br />
a) propanol-1<br />
b) propanol-2<br />
g) propanali<br />
d) propanolis izomerebis sawyisi narevi<br />
29. mocemulia naerTebi:<br />
I _ glukoza II _ fruqtoza III _ WianWvelmJava<br />
romeli maTgani warmoqmnis spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan gacxelebisas<br />
agurisfer-wiTel naleqs?<br />
a) mxolod I b) mxolod II g) I da II d) I da III<br />
19<br />
O<br />
N<br />
O<br />
O<br />
N<br />
O
30. narevi Seicavda TiTo mol spirts, aldehidsa da karbonmJavas.<br />
რაოდენობა, მოლი<br />
რაოდენობა, მოლი<br />
wyalbadis da Sesabamisi katalizatoris meSveobiT moaxdines erT-erTi<br />
komponentis hidrireba, ris Sedegadac misi raodenoba ganaxevrda.<br />
romeli diagrama gamosaxavs sworad narevSi organuli naerTebis<br />
raodenobrivi Semcvelobis cvlilebas?<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ<br />
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH<br />
a) b)<br />
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ<br />
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH<br />
g) d)<br />
20<br />
რაოდენობა, მოლი<br />
რაოდენობა, მოლი<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
1.5<br />
1.0<br />
0.5<br />
0.0<br />
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ<br />
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH<br />
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ<br />
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH
instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 31 _ 32:<br />
unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul movlenebs/obieqtebs<br />
Soris.<br />
cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad:<br />
cifrebiT danomril TiToeul obieqts/movlenas SeusabameT anbaniT danomrili<br />
obieqti/movlena da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime movlenas/obieqts SeiZleba<br />
Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan.<br />
31. ipoveT Sesabamisoba cxrilSi mocemul reaqtivebsa da qimiur<br />
nivTierebaTa gamafrTxilebel niSnebs Soris.<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
a b g d<br />
reaqtivebi<br />
niSnebi KCN NH4NO3 CH3OH 3 H2O<br />
21
32. grafiki gviCvenebs wonasworul reaqciebSi wnevis gazrdisas<br />
C nivTierebis raodenobis cvlilebis sam SemTxvevas.<br />
gansazRvreT, romeli mrudi Seesabameba TiToeul reaqcias.<br />
reaqciebi<br />
(A, B, C da D airebia)<br />
a. A + B ⇄ 2C<br />
b. 2A + B ⇄ 2C<br />
g. A + B ⇄ C + D<br />
d. A + B ⇄ 2C + D<br />
e. 2A + B ⇄ C + 2D<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
a b g d e<br />
C nivTierebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
33. ganzavebul azotmJavaSi dariSxan(III)-is sulfidis gaxsnisas<br />
gamoiyofa azot(II)-is oqsidi, xolo dariSxani da gogirdi<br />
umaRlesi Jangvis xarisxamde iJangeba Sesabamisi mJavebis<br />
warmoqmniT.<br />
22<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
wneva<br />
dawereT Sesabamisi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis toloba eleqtronuli balansis<br />
CvenebiT.
34. SeavseT cxrili masSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT:<br />
reaqciebi<br />
a b g d<br />
wyalbadi<br />
mJangavia<br />
23<br />
wyalbadi<br />
aRmdgenia<br />
wyalbadi<br />
ar icvlis<br />
Jangvis<br />
xarisxs<br />
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O <br />
1 CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3_CH3 <br />
2 HC≡CH + H2O → CH3_CHO <br />
3 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH+H2 <br />
35. dawereT mocemuli organuli naerTis saxelwodeba:<br />
CH 2 CH CH 2 C<br />
OH<br />
CH 3<br />
O<br />
H<br />
Jangvis da aRdgenis<br />
Sesabamisi<br />
naxevarreaqciebi<br />
Cu +2 + 2e Cu 0<br />
H 0 _ e H +1<br />
...................................<br />
...................................<br />
...................................<br />
...................................<br />
...................................<br />
...................................<br />
.
36. gakveTilze moswavleebs miecaT Semdegi davaleba:<br />
`dawereT C4H8O2 molekuluri formulis mqone yvela im izomeris<br />
struqturuli formula, romelic Seicavs<br />
24<br />
C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
jgufs~.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia sami moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli davalebis pasuxebi:<br />
I moswavle<br />
II moswavle<br />
III moswavle<br />
H3C CH2 CH2 C<br />
CH 3 C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
H C CH CH C<br />
3 2 2<br />
CH 3 CH 2 C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
C 2 H 5<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
CH 3<br />
H3C CH2 CH2 C<br />
CH 3 CH 2 C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
CH 3<br />
CH 3 CH 2 C<br />
CH 2 CH 2 C<br />
CH 3<br />
CH 3 C<br />
CH 3 C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CH 3 CH C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CH 3<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
CH 3<br />
CH 2 CH 3<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
CH 2 CH 3
36.1. dawereT mocemuli davalebis swori, srulyofili pasuxis Tqveni<br />
varianti.<br />
36.2. cxrilSi CamoTvlilia komentarebi. TiToeul naSroms SeiZleba<br />
daerTos erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi komentari.<br />
romel komentars daurTavdiT TiToeul naSroms?<br />
Sesabamis ujrebSi dasviT niSani X.<br />
komentari<br />
a. ar esmis zogadad, ras niSnavs<br />
izomeria<br />
b. ar wers naxSirbaduri jaWvis<br />
(ConCxis) izomerebs<br />
g. ar wers karbonmJavebis<br />
homologiuri rigis yvela<br />
SesaZlo wevrs<br />
d. ar wers klasTaSoris<br />
izomerebs<br />
e. imeorebs erTi da igive izomers<br />
25<br />
I<br />
moswavlis<br />
naSromi<br />
II<br />
moswavlis<br />
naSromi<br />
III<br />
moswavlis<br />
naSromi
37. qvemoT mocemuli sqemis safuZvelze CamoayalibeT amocanis<br />
srulyofili piroba da mokled, magram naTlad aCveneT<br />
amoxsnis gza.<br />
Fe<br />
10 g<br />
37.1. piroba:<br />
37.2. amoxsna:<br />
CuSO4<br />
26<br />
10.8 g
38. moswavleTa or jgufs daevala warmoedgina mowyobiloba,<br />
romliTac SesaZlebelia nitrobenzolis aRdgeniT anilinis<br />
miReba, Semdegi reaqciis mixedviT:<br />
C 6 H 5 NO 2<br />
+ 6H<br />
_ 2H 2 O<br />
27<br />
C 6 H 5 NH 2<br />
jgufebma Tavisi mosazrebebi warmoadgines Semdegi saxiT:<br />
I jgufi II jgufi<br />
romeli jgufis mier warmodgenili pasuxia swori?<br />
(pasuxi daasabuTeT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pasuxi ar Sefasdeba!)<br />
.<br />
HCl<br />
Fe<br />
C6H5NO2<br />
HCl<br />
C6H5NO2 Fe
39. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Sabiamani ( ∙). mokled aRwereT, <strong>rogor</strong> moaxdenT am marilSi kristalizaciuri<br />
wylis, spilenZis kationebisa da sulfatis anionebis arsebobis TvalsaCinod<br />
demonstrirebas.<br />
39.1. kristalizaciuri wyali:<br />
39.2. spilenZis kationebi:<br />
39.3. sulfatis anionebi:<br />
40. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Zmari da soda.<br />
reaqcia am nivTierebebs Soris SeiZleba gamoiyenoT<br />
sademonstraciod sxvadasxva sakiTxis axsnisas.<br />
<strong>rogor</strong> gamoiyenebdiT am reaqcias TemisTvis "qimiuri kinetika"?<br />
cxrilSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT Sesabamis ujrebSi CawereT:<br />
erTi konkretuli sakiTxis dasaxeleba;<br />
Sesabamisi saswavlo aqtivobis mokle aRwera.<br />
Tema<br />
eleqtrolituri<br />
disociaciis<br />
Teoria<br />
qimiuri kinetika<br />
konkretuli<br />
sakiTxi<br />
ionuri<br />
mimocvlis<br />
reaqciebi<br />
28<br />
saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera<br />
vaCveneb, rom reaqciis Sedegad gamoiyofa<br />
airi, rac imas niSnavs, rom reaqcia srulad<br />
warimarTeba. davawerineb reaqciis<br />
molekulur, srul da mokle ionur<br />
tolobebs.
41. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis eleqtronuli balansis Sedgenisas<br />
moswavleebi xSirad uSveben Secdomebs, rac ZiriTadad<br />
gamowveulia Semdegi mizezebiT:<br />
I _ ver xvdebian, rom Jangvis xarisxis zrda xdeba eleqtronebis gacemis<br />
Sedegad, xolo Semcireba _ eleqtronebis mierTebiT;<br />
II _ ver angariSoben sxvaobas dadebiT da uaryofiT ricxvebs Soris.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia oTxi fragmenti moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli<br />
samuSaoebidan, romlebSic maT unda SeedginaT eleqtronuli balansi<br />
Semdegi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciisTvis:<br />
+4→ −4→ −4→ +4→ +→+ <br />
29<br />
+6→ −4→ −6→ +4→ TamTa laSa daTo elene<br />
41.1. zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebidan,<br />
romelma gamoiwvia TiToeuli<br />
moswavlis mier daSvebuli<br />
Secdoma? cxrilis Sesabamis<br />
ujrebSi dasviT niSani X.<br />
41.2. Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze Tqven dasaxeT Semdegi strategia:<br />
moswavles, romelmac yvelaze kargad gaarTva Tavi davalebas, mieces ufro<br />
rTuli davaleba, rac xels Seuwyobs mis progress;<br />
moswavles, romelsac hqonda daSvebuli yvelaze meti Secdoma, saTanado<br />
axsna-ganmartebis Semdeg, mieces ufro martivi davaleba, rac daexmareba<br />
mas daSvebuli Secdomebis gaazrebasa da problemis daZlevaSi.<br />
am miznis gansaxorcieleblad, qvemoT mocemuli Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebidan,<br />
SearCieT yvelaze rTuli da yvelaze martivi. cxrilis Sesabamis ujrebSi<br />
dasviT niSani X.<br />
a. b.<br />
reaqciebi<br />
1. FeS +O →Fe O +SO <br />
2. NH +O →NO+H O<br />
3. H SO +C→CO +SO +H O<br />
a TamTa<br />
b laSa<br />
g daTo<br />
d elene<br />
yvelaze<br />
martivi<br />
I mizezi II mizezi<br />
yvelaze<br />
rTuli
42. mocemulia amocana:<br />
"200 g natriumis tutis xsnarSi Warbad gaatares gogird(IV)-is oqsidi,<br />
ris Sedegadac xsnaris masa 6.4 g-iT gaizarda. gamoTvaleT reaqciis<br />
Sedegad STanTqmuli airis moculoba (n. p.) da tutis masuri wili<br />
sawyis xsnarSi."<br />
erT-erTma moswavlem es amocana Semdegnairad amoxsna:<br />
2NaOH + SO2 ⟶ Na2SO3 + H2O<br />
ν(SO) = .<br />
= 0.1 moli<br />
<br />
V(SO ) = 0.1 ∙ 22.4 = 2.24 l.<br />
ν(NaOH) ∶ν(SO ) =2∶1, ν(NaOH) =0.1∙2=0.2 moli<br />
m(NaOH) =0.2∙30=6 g<br />
NaOH ნ.∙ 100%<br />
ხს..<br />
= ∙ 100%<br />
=3%.<br />
pasuxi: V(SO ) = 2.24 l; NaOH 3%.<br />
SeafaseT moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli naSromi qvemoT mocemuli<br />
instruqciis da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.<br />
instruqcia:<br />
amocana fasdeba maqsimum 10 quliT.<br />
Sefaseba unda moxdes mxolod sqemaSi mocemuli xuTi kriteriumis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
TiToeuli kriteriumi fasdeba 0, 1 an 2 quliT.<br />
Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari principia: erTi konkretuli Secdoma<br />
isjeba mxolod erTxel. (Tu moswavle uSvebs Secdomas da akldeba<br />
qula erT-erTi kriteriumis mixedviT, maSin SemdgomSi mas ar unda<br />
daakldes qula iseTi SecdomisTvis, romelic ukve dafiqsirebuli<br />
SecdomiTaa gamowveuli).<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom komentaris gakeTeba aucilebelia yvela<br />
kriteriumisTvis!<br />
30
Sefasebis sqema<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi komentari qula<br />
1. reaqciis tolobis<br />
siswore da<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
pirobasTan<br />
2. airis moculobis<br />
gamoTvlis codna<br />
3. reaqciis mixedviT<br />
reagentis masis<br />
gamoTvlis codna<br />
4. xsnarSi nivTierebis<br />
masuri wilis<br />
gamoTvlis codna<br />
5. amoxsnis logikuri<br />
Tanmimdevroba<br />
saboloo Sefaseba (kriteriumebis mixedviT miRebul qulaTa jami)<br />
31
2011 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15<br />
a X X X X<br />
b X X X X X<br />
g X X<br />
d X X X X<br />
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30<br />
a X X X<br />
b X X X X<br />
g X X X X X<br />
d X X X<br />
31. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula<br />
a b g d<br />
1 X<br />
2 X X<br />
3 X<br />
4 X<br />
32. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula<br />
a b g d e<br />
1 X<br />
2 X X X<br />
3 X<br />
33. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
swori pasuxi:<br />
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula<br />
(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli<br />
vertikaluri svetebis raodenobaa<br />
3As S + 28HNO +4H O→6H AsO +9H SO + 28NO ↑<br />
2As −4e →2As <br />
3S − 24e →3S <br />
N +3e →N 28<br />
3<br />
32
34. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
a b g d<br />
1 <br />
+ → − → 2 <br />
3 <br />
+ → <br />
− → <br />
− → <br />
+ → <br />
35. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula<br />
swori pasuxi:<br />
3-meTil-4-hidroqsi-butanali<br />
36.<br />
36.1 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
Sefasebis sqema:<br />
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri<br />
striqoni – 1 qula<br />
6 izomerze – 3 qula; 5 izomerze – 2 qula; 4 izomerze – 1 qula;<br />
SecdomiT dawerili izomerisTvis akldeba 1 qula.<br />
swori pasuxi:<br />
H3C CH2 CH2 C<br />
CH 3 C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
CH 2 CH 3<br />
CH 3 CH C<br />
H C<br />
CH 3<br />
36.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
4 I II III<br />
a<br />
b X X<br />
g X X X<br />
d<br />
e X<br />
O<br />
O<br />
33<br />
O<br />
OH<br />
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3<br />
CH 3 CH 2 C<br />
H C<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
O<br />
CH 3<br />
CH CH 3<br />
CH 3<br />
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula
37.<br />
37.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):<br />
1. amocanis piroba unda Seesabamebodes suraTs. igi unda iyos srulyofili,<br />
lakonuri, advilad gasagebi da enobrivad gamarTuli.<br />
2. dasmuli kiTxva unda moiTxovdes raodenobrivi gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas.<br />
sworad Sedgenili amocanis pirobis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
10 g masis mqone rkinis firfita moaTavses spilenZ(II)-is sulfatis<br />
wyalxsnarSi. garkveuli drois Semdeg firfita xsnaridan amoiRes, garecxes,<br />
gaaSres da awones. firfitis masa aRmoCnda 10.8 g. ramdeni g rkina Sesula<br />
reaqciaSi?<br />
37.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):<br />
1. unda Candes, rom firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs rkinisa da spilenZis<br />
molur masebs Soris sxvaoba.<br />
2. gamoTvlebi sworad unda iyos Sesrulebuli.<br />
3. amoxsnis gza unda iyos racionaluri da Seesabamebodes dasmul kiTxvas.<br />
swori amoxsnis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
+ → + <br />
firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs gansxvaveba spilenZisa da rkinis molur masebs<br />
Soris. reaqciis mixedviT, rodesac xsnarSi gadadis 1 moli rkina, firfitaze<br />
gamoiyofa 1 moli spilenZi, Sesabamisad, am dros firfitis masa izrdeba<br />
∆=64−56=8 g-iT.<br />
amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, firfitis masa gaizarda 10.8 − 10 = 0.8 g-iT, e. i.<br />
reaqciaSi Sevida 0.8∶8=0.1 moli rkina.<br />
() =0.1∙56=5.6 g<br />
pasuxi: 5.6 g rkina.<br />
34
38. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula<br />
Sefasebis sqema:<br />
pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili<br />
xelsawyo, radgan aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi – Sefasdeba<br />
2 quliT.<br />
pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi,<br />
magram dasabuTebaSi daSvebulia Secdoma – Sefasdeba 1 quliT.<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
davalebis pirobaSi mocemuli reaqciis mixedviT, nitrobenzolis anilinamde<br />
aRdgena xdeba atomuri wyalbadiT. amitom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili<br />
xelsawyo, radgan am SemTxvevaSi wyalbadi gamoyofis momentSive (rodesac is<br />
atomuri saxiTaa) uSualod imoqmedebs nitrobenzolTan.<br />
I jgufis mier warmodgenil xelsawyoSi kipis aparatSi gamoyofili wyalbadis<br />
atomebi nitrobenzolTan urTierTqmedebamde gardaiqmneba molekulebad da,<br />
Sesabamisad, ver aRadgens nitrobenzols.<br />
39.<br />
39.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula<br />
Sefasebis sqema:<br />
sruli pasuxi, romelSic TvalsaCinodaa demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri<br />
wylis arseboba – 2 qula;<br />
pasuxi, romelSic damajereblad ar aris demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri<br />
wylis arseboba – 1 qula.<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
kristalizaciuri wyali:<br />
Sabiamans gavaxurebT, ris Sedegadac gamoiyofa wyali:<br />
∙ <br />
+ ↑<br />
warmoqmnil orTqls davaxvedrebT civ sagans, romelzec orTqlis kondensaciis<br />
Sedegad wylis wveTebi warmoiqmneba.<br />
39.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
spilenZis kationebi:<br />
Sabiamnis wyalxsnarSi CavuSvebT rkinis lursmans, romelzec SeiniSneba metaluri<br />
spilenZis gamoyofa:<br />
+ → + 35
39.3. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
sulfatis anionebi:<br />
Sabiamnis wyalxsnarze bariumis qloridis xsnaris damatebisas miiReba bariumis<br />
sulfatis TeTri feris naleqi:<br />
+ → + ↓ 40. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula<br />
+ → ↓<br />
am davalebaSi maqsimaluri qulis mosapoveblad grafaSi `konkretuli sakiTxi~<br />
pedagogs SeuZlia miuTiTos nebismieri sakiTxi Temidan `qimiuri kinetika~,<br />
xolo grafaSi – `saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera~ – mokled, magram naTlad unda<br />
aCvenos, <strong>rogor</strong> gamoiyenebs Sesabamis sademonstracio cdas.<br />
pasuxi, romelSic logikuri kavSiria sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas Soris,<br />
magram daSvebulia uzustoba, Sefasdeba 1 quliT.<br />
pasuxi, romelSic ar aris logikuri kavSiri sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas<br />
Soris, an daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, Sefasdeba 0 quliT.<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
reaqciis<br />
siCqaris<br />
damokidebuleba<br />
temperaturaze<br />
3 WiqaSi movaTavsebT sxvadasxva temperaturis (20, 30 da 40C)<br />
Zmars toli moculobebiT da samives davamatebT erTi da igive<br />
masis sodas. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi davafiqsirebT, ra droSi<br />
Sewyda buStukebis gamoyofa. miRebuli monacemebiT avagebT<br />
reaqciis siCqaris temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiks da<br />
gamovitanT Sesabamis daskvnebs.<br />
41.<br />
41.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula<br />
I II<br />
a X<br />
b X X<br />
g<br />
d X<br />
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula<br />
41.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula<br />
a b<br />
1<br />
2<br />
X<br />
3 X<br />
36
42. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
Sefasebis sqema:<br />
maqsimaluri qulis misaRebad pedagogma unda aRmoaCinos moswavlis naSromSi<br />
daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi Secdoma da naSromi unda Seafasos davalebaSi<br />
mocemuli instruqciisa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.<br />
moswavlis naSromSi daSvebuli Secdomebia:<br />
1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad<br />
atarebdnen, amitom reaqciis Sedegad miiReba hidrosulfiti, da ara sulfiti:<br />
NaOH + SO2 ⟶ NaHSO3<br />
2. sworad araa gamoangariSebuli NaOH-is moluri masa (30-is nacvlad unda<br />
eweros 40).<br />
TiToeuli Secdomis aRmoCenisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs TiTo qulas.<br />
davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciis sworad Sesrulebisa da adekvaturi<br />
komentarebisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs 1 qulas.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi ver daafiqsirebs moswavlis naSromSi arsebul<br />
Secdomebs, davaleba Sefasdeba 0 quliT (miuxedavad imisa, <strong>rogor</strong>aa Sesrulebuli<br />
davalebis danarCeni nawili).<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad<br />
atarebdnen, amitom unda daewera reaqcia:<br />
NaOH + SO2 ⟶ NaHSO3<br />
amis gamo vakleb 1 qulas<br />
2. sworad aris gamoTvlili 2<br />
3. sworad ar aris gamoTvlili NaOH-is moluri masa, magram vTvli, rom<br />
Secdoma ariTmetikulia, amitom vakleb mxolod 1 qulas<br />
4. formula sworad aris gamoyenebuli, magram swori pasuxi ar aris<br />
miRebuli, risi mizezic zemoT dafiqsirebuli Secdomebia. radgan am<br />
SecdomebisaTvis wina kriteriumebiT ukve daaklda qulebi, am punqtSi qulas<br />
aRar vakleb.<br />
5. amocana dasrulebuli saxiTaa, daSvebuli Secdomebis miuxedavad, amocanis<br />
amoxsnis Tanmimdevroba logikuria.<br />
37<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
2<br />
8
2012 wlis sagamocdo varianti<br />
instruqcia davalebebisaTvis # 1 _ 30:<br />
davalebaSi dasmulia SekiTxva da mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi,<br />
romelTagan mxolod erTia swori.<br />
pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra,<br />
romelic Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.<br />
1. mocemulia atombirTvuli reaqcia:<br />
<br />
Mn + <br />
ra aris aRniSnuli X-iT am reaqciaSi?<br />
<br />
a) V b) V g) Mn<br />
38<br />
+ <br />
<br />
d) Mn<br />
2. mocemuli naerTebidan, romelSi emTxveva azotis valentobisa da Jangvis<br />
xarisxis sidideebi erTmaneTs?<br />
a) N2 b) NH3 g) NH4Cl d) HNO3<br />
3. cnobilia, rom BF3-is molekula brtyelia da bmebs Soris kuTxeebi tolia.<br />
romel orbitalebzea gadanawilebuli boris atomis savalento eleqtronebi<br />
am molekulaSi?<br />
a) ori eleqtroni s-orbitalzea, erTi eleqtroni _ p-orbitalze<br />
b) erTi eleqtroni s-orbitalzea, ori eleqtroni _ p-orbitalze<br />
g) samive eleqtroni hibridul sp-orbitalebzea d) samive eleqtroni hibridul sp-orbitalebzea 4. mocemulia agznebul mdgomareobaSi qloris atomis savalento Sris<br />
eleqtronuli konfiguracia:<br />
[Ne]3s 3p 3d <br />
CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli Seicavs qloris aseT atoms?<br />
a) HClO<br />
b) HClO <br />
g) HClO <br />
d) HClO
5. X da Y elementebis atomTa eleqtronuli formulebia:<br />
X – 1 2 2 <br />
39<br />
Y _ 1 2 2 <br />
qvemoT mocemuli formulebidan romeli gamosaxavs sworad am<br />
elementebis atomTa SeerTebiT miRebul naerTs?<br />
a) X Y b) X Y g) X Y d) X Y <br />
6. <strong>rogor</strong> icvleba atomTa ionizaciisa da eleqtronisadmi swrafvis energiebi<br />
perioduli sistemis jgufebSi zevidan qveviT?<br />
ionizaciis energia eleqtronisadmi swrafvis energia<br />
a) izrdeba izrdeba<br />
b) izrdeba mcirdeba<br />
g) mcirdeba izrdeba<br />
d) mcirdeba mcirdeba<br />
7. JangbadSi piritis (FeS2) wvis reaqciaSi romeli elementia mJangavi da<br />
romeli _ aRmdgeni?<br />
aRmdgeni mJangavi<br />
a) rkina Jangbadi<br />
b) gogirdi Jangbadi<br />
g) rkina da gogirdi Jangbadi<br />
d) rkina gogirdi da Jangbadi<br />
8. mocemuli molekulebidan romelia polaruli:<br />
S H<br />
H<br />
O<br />
O<br />
S<br />
O<br />
N<br />
H<br />
H<br />
I II III<br />
a) I da II b) I da III g) II da III d) samive<br />
H
9. mocemulia daSlis ori reaqcia:<br />
I. A ⟶ B + C<br />
II. D ⟶ E + F<br />
cnobilia, rom I reaqcia mudmiv gacxelebas moiTxovs, xolo II reaqcia<br />
gacxelebas mxolod sawyis etapze saWiroebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba<br />
davaskvnaT, rom am reaqciebidan:<br />
a) I – egzoTermulia, II – endoTermuli<br />
b) I – endoTermulia, II – egzoTermuli<br />
g) orive egzoTermulia<br />
d) orive endoTermulia<br />
10. mocemulia mesame rigis reaqciis toloba:<br />
A + 2B C<br />
davuSvaT, B nivTierebis koncentracia 2-jer gaizarda. <strong>rogor</strong> unda<br />
SevcvaloT A nivTierebis koncentracia, rom reaqciis siCqare ucvleli<br />
darCes?<br />
a) 4-jer SevamciroT<br />
b) 2-jer SevamciroT<br />
g) 2-jer gavzardoT<br />
d) 4-jer gavzardoT<br />
11. specialur daxurul WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturaze moaTavses toli<br />
moculobebis wyalbadi da Jangbadi. narevi aafeTqes da gaacives sawyis<br />
temperaturamde. ramdenjer Semcirdeboda wneva WurWelSi?<br />
a) 1.33-jer<br />
b) 1.5-jer<br />
g) 3-jer<br />
d) 4-jer<br />
12. xsnarSi natriumis tutis koncentraciaa 10 moli/l.M<br />
<strong>rogor</strong>ia am xsnaris pH ?<br />
a) 3 b) 4 g) 10 d) 11<br />
40
13. mocemulia energetikuli diagrama reaqciisaTvis:<br />
+→+<br />
am naxazze aRniSnuli energiebidan romelia reaqciis enTalpia (siTburi<br />
efeqti)?<br />
a) b) g) d) <br />
14. Casatarebeli gaqvT sademonstracio cda:<br />
"wylis daSla martiv nivTierebebad eleqtrolizis saSualebiT”.<br />
CamoTvlili nivTierebebidan romeli unda daamatoT gamoxdil wyals, rom<br />
igi eleqtrogamtari gaxdes da SesaZlebloba mogeceT CaataroT<br />
aRniSnuli cda?<br />
I _ II _ III _ <br />
a) mxolod I<br />
b) mxolod II<br />
g) mxolod III<br />
d) I an III<br />
15. mocemulia nitratebi:<br />
I _ Pb(NO3)2 II _ Cu(NO3)2 III _ AgNO3<br />
romeli maTganis gaxurebiT darCeba myar naSTSi metalis oqsidi?<br />
a) mxolod I-is<br />
b) mxolod III-is<br />
g) <strong>rogor</strong>c I-is, ise II-is<br />
d) <strong>rogor</strong>c II-is, ise III-is<br />
reaqciis koordinata<br />
41
16. sodian wyalSi Sabis (KAl(SO ) ∙12H O) gaxsnisas SeiniSneba xsnaris<br />
amRvreva da airis intensiuri gamoyofa. romeli naleqi da airi<br />
warmoiqmneba am dros?<br />
naleqi airi<br />
a) Al(CO) HS b) Al(CO) CO g) Al(OH) HS d) Al(OH) CO 17. mocemulia martivi nivTierebebi:<br />
I _ qlori II _ alumini III _ siliciumi<br />
romeli maTgani urTierTqmedebs tutis wyalxsnarTan?<br />
a) I da II<br />
b) I da III<br />
g) II da III<br />
d) samive<br />
18. najeri erTatomiani spirtebis miRebis erT-erTi meTodia monohalogenalkanebis<br />
hidrolizi:<br />
+ ⇄ _ + <br />
CamoTvlili qmedebebidan romeli gamoiwvevda spirtis gamosavlianobis<br />
maqsimalur gazrdas?<br />
a) mJavas damateba da temperaturis gazrda<br />
b) mJavas damateba da temperaturis Semcireba<br />
g) tutis damateba da temperaturis gazrda<br />
d) tutis damateba da temperaturis Semcireba<br />
19. gogirdmJavas xsnaris 10 ml-is gasatitrad daixarja 20 ml natriumis<br />
tutis 0.1 M xsnari. <strong>rogor</strong>i iyo gogirdmJavas moluri koncentracia<br />
gasatitr xsnarSi?<br />
a) 0.05 M b) 0.1 M g) 0.2 M d) 0.4 M<br />
42
20. kaliumis permanganatis monawileobiT mimdinare Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebSi<br />
manganumis Jangvis xarisxi SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad Seicvalos:<br />
Mn +7<br />
43<br />
Mn +6<br />
+4<br />
Mn<br />
Mn +2<br />
es damokidebulia sareaqcio xsnaris pH-ze.<br />
romel Jangvis xarisxs Rebulobs manganumi sxvadasxva areSi?<br />
mJava areSi tute areSi<br />
neitralur<br />
areSi<br />
a) +6 +2 +4<br />
b) +6 +4 +2<br />
g) +2 +6 +4<br />
d) +2 +4 +6<br />
21. mocemulia naerTebi:<br />
I. 2,3-dibrombuten-2 II. 1,2-dibrompropen-1<br />
romel maTgans axasiaTebs geometriuli izomeria?<br />
a) mxolod I-s<br />
b) mxolod II-s<br />
g) orives<br />
d) arc erTs<br />
22. CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli ar aris C4H10O molekuluri formulis<br />
mqone nivTierebis izomeri?<br />
a) meTil-propileTeri<br />
b) dieTileTeri<br />
g) butanol-1<br />
d) butanali
23. <strong>rogor</strong> icvleba mJavas siZliere da wyalSi xsnadoba erTfuZiani karbonmJavebis<br />
homologiur rigSi molekuluri masis zrdasTan erTad?<br />
a) mJavas siZliere izrdeba, xsnadobac izrdeba<br />
b) mJavas siZliere izrdeba, xsnadoba mcirdeba<br />
g) mJavas siZliere mcirdeba, xsnadoba izrdeba<br />
d) mJavas siZliere mcirdeba, xsnadobac mcirdeba<br />
24. dinitrobenzolis romeli izomeri miiReba nitrobenzolis nitrirebiT?<br />
a) orTo-dinitrobenzoli<br />
b) meta-dinitrobenzoli<br />
g) orTo- da para- dinitrobenzolebis narevi<br />
d) orTo-, meta- da para- dinitrobenzolebis narevi<br />
25. mocemulia eTanis eTanolad gardaqmnis sqema, romelic ori reaqciiT<br />
xorcieldeba:<br />
C H <br />
CHOH CamoTvlilTagan romeli SeiZleba iyos am sqemaSi X nivTiereba?<br />
I _ qloreTani II _ eTileni III _ acetileni<br />
a) <strong>rogor</strong>c I, ise II<br />
b) <strong>rogor</strong>c I, ise III<br />
g) <strong>rogor</strong>c II, ise III<br />
d) samive<br />
26. mocemulia naerTebi:<br />
I. propanol-2<br />
II. 2-meTilpropanol-2<br />
romeli maTganis katalizuri JangviT miiReba ketoni?<br />
a) mxolod I-is<br />
b) mxolod II-is<br />
g) <strong>rogor</strong>c I-is, ise II-is<br />
d) arc erTis<br />
44
27. propenis hidrohalogenirebiT miRebuli produqtidan viurcis sinTeziT<br />
(metalur natriumTan urTierTqmedebiT) miiRes naxSirwyalbadi.<br />
romelia miRebuli naxSirwyalbadis formula?<br />
a) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3<br />
b) CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 2 CH 3<br />
g) CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 d) CH3 C C CH3 CH3 CH3 28. mocemulia ori naerTi:<br />
HOCH 2<br />
45<br />
OH<br />
HOOC<br />
I II<br />
romeli maTganis 1 moli Seva reaqciaSi 2 mol natriumis tutesTan?<br />
a) mxolod I-is b) mxolod II-is g) orives d) arc erTis<br />
29. qvemoT mocemuli erTnairi moculobis siTxeebidan romeli ufro meti<br />
moculobis meTilamins STanTqavs erTnair fizikur pirobebSi?<br />
a) gamoxdili wyali<br />
b) amiakiani wyali<br />
g) tutis wyalxsnari<br />
d) qlorwyalbadis wyalxsnari<br />
30. romelia celulozas monomeruli rgoli?<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
H<br />
O<br />
n<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
H<br />
O<br />
H H<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
n<br />
H<br />
CH2OH O<br />
H<br />
OH H<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
H<br />
O<br />
n<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
CH 2 OH<br />
a) b) g) d)<br />
H<br />
H<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
H H<br />
OH<br />
O<br />
n
instruqcia davalebebisaTvis # 31 _ 33:<br />
unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul movlenebs/obieqtebs<br />
Soris.<br />
cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad:<br />
cifrebiT danomril TiToeul obieqts/movlenas SeusabameT anbaniT danomrili<br />
obieqti/movlena da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime movlenas/obieqts SeiZleba<br />
Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan.<br />
31. mocemulia Seqcevadi reaqcia, romelic mimdinareobs myari katalizatoris<br />
Tanaobisas:<br />
2A + B ⇄ C + D , ∆H < 0<br />
A, B, C da D nivTierebebi airad mdgomareobaSia.<br />
sistemaSi, romelSic mimdinareobda es reaqcia, damyarda wonasworoba.<br />
<strong>rogor</strong> imoqmedebs qvemoT mocemuli TiToeuli faqtori cal-calke am<br />
reaqciis wonasworobaze?<br />
faqtori<br />
1 wnevis gazrda<br />
2 temperaturis gazrda<br />
3<br />
4<br />
D nivTierebis<br />
koncentraciis Semcireba<br />
katalizatoris zedapiris<br />
farTobis gazrda<br />
46<br />
a b g<br />
gadaixreba<br />
marcxniv<br />
wonasworoba<br />
ar<br />
Seicvleba<br />
gadaixreba<br />
marjvniv
32. spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidi da bromis xsnari xSirad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva<br />
organuli naerTebis aRmosaCenad.<br />
ipoveT Sesabamisoba mocemul naerTebsa da maTTvis damaxasiaTebel<br />
TvisebiT reaqciebs Soris.<br />
naerTi<br />
1 meTanali<br />
2 eTandiol-1,2<br />
3 aminobenzoli<br />
4 C H OH<br />
5 HOCH _(CHOH) _CHO<br />
6 C H COOH<br />
TvisebiTi<br />
reaqcia<br />
a b g d<br />
agurisferi<br />
naleqi<br />
() -Tan -Tan<br />
47<br />
kaSkaSa<br />
lurji<br />
xsnari<br />
TeTri<br />
naleqi<br />
ufero<br />
xsnari
33. magniumis marilmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis reaqcia Caatares sxvadasxva<br />
pirobebSi:<br />
a. 2.4 g magniumis natexi moaTavses 100 ml 0.1 M marilmJavaSi<br />
b. 2.4 g magniumis natexi moaTavses 100 ml 0.2 M marilmJavaSi<br />
g. 2.4 g magniumis burbuSela moaTavses 100 ml 0.1 M marilmJavaSi<br />
d. 2.4 g magniumis burbuSela moaTavses 100 ml 0.2 M marilmJavaSi<br />
TiToeuli cdisaTvis aages gamoyofili airis moculobis droze<br />
damokidebulebis grafiki:<br />
V, l<br />
ipoveT Sesabamisoba reaqciis pirobebsa da grafikze mocemul mrudebs<br />
Soris.<br />
a<br />
b<br />
g<br />
d<br />
I II III IV<br />
48<br />
I<br />
II<br />
III<br />
IV<br />
t, wT
34. gogirdmJavas areSi gansazRvruli koncentraciis kaliumis permanganati<br />
eTilenglikols mJaunmJavamde Jangavs.<br />
dawereT Sesabamisi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis toloba eleqtronuli balansis<br />
CvenebiT. reaqciaSi organuli naerTebi warmoadgineT molekuluri formulebis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
35. SeavseT cxrilis carieli ujrebi:<br />
b)<br />
reaqciebi<br />
+ → + + <br />
HCCH + H2O C<br />
H 3<br />
C<br />
O<br />
H<br />
49<br />
a)<br />
g)<br />
Jangvis da aRdgenis Sesabamisi<br />
naxevarreaqciebi<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
36. dawereT 2-izopropil-5-meTil-cikloheqsanol-1-is struqturuli formula<br />
(izopropilis radikali unda aCvenoT struqturulad):
37. mocemulia acetonis (tduR.=56°C) gamosaxdeli mowyobilobis sqema:<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
4<br />
(gamoxda unda warmoebdes atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi).<br />
daakvirdiT am sqemas da gaaanalizeT, sworad aris Tu ara SerCeuli<br />
Semdegi poziciebi:<br />
1 – gamacxelebeli<br />
2 – siTxis done gamosaxdel kolbaSi<br />
3 – gamosaxdeli kolbis forma<br />
4 – Termometris sindiyiani bolos mdebareoba<br />
5 – gadamyvani (forStosi)<br />
6 – macivris tipi<br />
7 – macivarTan wylis mierTeba<br />
8 – alonJisa da mimRebi kolbis wyvili<br />
5<br />
SecdomiT SerCeuli poziciebis mosaniSnad qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis<br />
saTanado ujraSi dasviT niSani X.<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br />
7<br />
50<br />
6<br />
8
38. moswavlem Temaze “ZmarmJava da misi marilebi” internetSi<br />
moiZia saintereso da advilad gansaxorcielebeli sademonstracio<br />
cda, romelic tardeba natriumis acetatis kristalhidratis da<br />
fenolftaleinis fxvnilis narevis gamoyenebiT.<br />
am narevis gacxelebiT warmoiqmneba tute areSi fenolftaleinisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli Seferiloba, romelic gacivebisas qreba:<br />
gacxeleba gaciveba<br />
moswavle ver mixvda, ratom xdeba feris aseTi cvlileba da gTxovaT axsna.<br />
38.1. CamoTvaleT, romel sakiTxebs SeaxsenebdiT moswavles imisaTvis, rom<br />
man kargad gaiazros cdis arsi.<br />
38.2. auxseniT moswavles, ra iwvevs feris aseT cvlilebebs.<br />
51
39. sagakveTilo procesSi sxvadasxva akademiuri moswrebis mqone moswavleTa<br />
CarTulobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia, gaTvaliswinebuli iyos maTi<br />
individualuri SesaZleblobebi.<br />
am miznis misaRwevad mizanSewonilia, moswavleebs mieceT sirTulis<br />
mixedviT diferencirebuli davalebebi.<br />
erTi resursis _ mocemuli suraTis safuZvelze SeadgineT gansxvavebuli<br />
sirTulis 2 amocana, romelTa amoxsnasac raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi<br />
sWirdeba.<br />
I amocana gankuTvnili unda iyos dabali akademiuli moswrebis moswavlisa-<br />
Tvis, xolo II amocana – warmatebuli moswavlisaTvis.<br />
SeadgineT orive amocanis srulyofili piroba da dawereT pasuxi (amoxnis<br />
gzis Cveneba saWiro ar aris).<br />
aseve, argumentirebulad daasabuTeT, raSi mdgomareobs Tqven mier Sedgenili<br />
amocanebis gansxvaveba sirTulis mixedviT.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom:<br />
amocanebis piroba unda iyos mocemuli suraTis adekvaturi;<br />
orive amocana unda moiTxovdes gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas;<br />
pirobis Sedgenisas SegiZliaT nebismieri ricxobrivi monacemebis damateba.<br />
52<br />
224 ml
I amocana: (piroba da pasuxi)<br />
II amocana: (piroba da pasuxi)<br />
dasabuTeba<br />
53
40. moswavleebs daevalaT, daesaxelebinaT mocemuli struqturuli<br />
formulis mqone naxSirwyalbadi:<br />
H C CH C CH 3 3<br />
C 2 H 5<br />
qvemoT mocemulia ori moswavlis pasuxi:<br />
I moswavlis pasuxi: II moswavlis pasuxi:<br />
2-eTilbuten-2 3-eTilbuten-2<br />
40.1. mokle komentarebiT axseniT, Tu ratom miiRo TiToeulma moswavlem aseTi<br />
pasuxi.<br />
komentari I moswavlis pasuxze<br />
54<br />
komentari II moswavlis pasuxze<br />
40.2. gamogadgebodaT Tu ara qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi imisaTvis, rom<br />
SeamowmoT, ramdenad sworad gaiazres moswavleebma daSvebuli Secdomebi.<br />
lakonurad da argumentirebulad dasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.<br />
H C CH C CH<br />
3 2<br />
C 2 H 5<br />
CH 3
41. mocemulia amocana:<br />
"2.3 g natriumi gaxsnes 97.8 ml wyalSi. gamoTvaleT gamoyofili wyalbadis<br />
moculoba (n. p.) da natriumis hidroqsidis masuri wili miRebul xsnarSi".<br />
erT-erTma moswavlem es amocana Semdegnairad amoxsna:<br />
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑<br />
(Na) = 2.3 : 23 = 0.1 moli<br />
(NaOH) = (Na) = 0.1 moli<br />
(H) = 2 ∙ (Na) = 0.2 moli<br />
V(H2) = 22.4 ∙ ( H2) = 22.4 ∙ 0.2 = 4.48 l<br />
Mr(NaOH) = 23 + 1 + 16 = 40<br />
M(NaOH) = 40 g/moli<br />
(NaOH) = 0.1 ∙ 40 = 4 g<br />
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O)<br />
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 = 100.1 g<br />
(NaOH) = (NaOH) : (xsn.) = 4 : 100.1 ≈ 0.04<br />
pasuxi: V(H ) = 4.48 l; (NaOH) 0.04.<br />
SeafaseT moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli naSromi qvemoT mocemuli instruqciisa<br />
da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.<br />
instruqcia:<br />
amocana unda SeafasoT maqsimum 10 quliT.<br />
Sefaseba unda moxdes mxolod sqemaSi mocemuli xuTi kriteriumis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
TiToeuli kriteriumi 2-quliania da fasdeba mTeli qulebiT.<br />
Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari principia: erTi konkretuli Secdoma<br />
isjeba mxolod erTxel. (Tu moswavle uSvebs Secdomas da akldeba<br />
qula erT-erTi kriteriumis mixedviT, maSin SemdgomSi mas aRar unda<br />
daakldes qula iseTi SecdomisTvis, romelic ukve dafiqsirebuli<br />
SecdomiTaa gamowveuli).<br />
gaiTvaliswineT, rom komentaris gakeTeba aucilebelia yvela kriteriumisaTvis!<br />
55
Sefasebis sqema<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi komentari qula<br />
1. reaqciis tolobis<br />
siswore da<br />
Sesabamisoba<br />
pirobasTan<br />
2. reaqciis mixedviT<br />
produqtis masis da<br />
moculobis<br />
gamoTvlis codna<br />
3. xsnaris masis<br />
gamoTvlis codna<br />
4. xsnarSi nivTierebis<br />
masuri wilis<br />
gamoTvlis codna<br />
5. amoxsnis logikuri<br />
Tanmimdevroba<br />
saboloo Sefaseba (kriteriumebis mixedviT miRebul qulaTa jami)<br />
56
2012 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15<br />
a X<br />
b X X X X X<br />
g X X X X X X<br />
d X X X<br />
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30<br />
a X X<br />
b X X X<br />
g X X X X<br />
d X X X X X X<br />
31. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
a b g<br />
1 X<br />
2 X<br />
3 X<br />
4 X<br />
(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri<br />
striqonebis raodenobaa<br />
32. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 6 qula<br />
1 X<br />
a b g d<br />
2 X<br />
3 X<br />
4 X<br />
5 X X<br />
6 X<br />
33. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
I II III IV<br />
a X<br />
b X<br />
g X<br />
d X<br />
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri<br />
striqoni – 1 qula<br />
(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri<br />
striqonebis raodenobaa<br />
57
34. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
sworad dawerili reaqcia (reagentebi da produqtebi) – 1 qula<br />
sworad Sedgenili balansi – 1 qula<br />
sworad gaTanabebuli reaqciis toloba – 1 qula<br />
5C H O +8KMnO + 12H SO →4K SO +8MnSO +5C H O + 22H O<br />
35. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli ujra – 1 qula<br />
a)<br />
<br />
Cl<br />
Cl <br />
<br />
Cl Cl b) 4KClO →KCl+3KClO <br />
g)<br />
<br />
2C 2C 5<br />
<br />
Mn Mn 8<br />
C <br />
C C C <br />
36. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula<br />
C<br />
H 3<br />
OH<br />
CH 3<br />
CH CH 3<br />
37. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
1<br />
qula<br />
1<br />
qula<br />
1<br />
qula<br />
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8<br />
X X X<br />
Tu moniSnulia 3 an naklebi ujra, maSin yoveli sworad moniSnuli ujra<br />
1 qulaa;<br />
Tu moniSnulia 3-ze meti ujra, maSin qulebis gamoTvlisas sworad<br />
moniSnul ujras abaTilebs zedmetad da arasworad moniSnuli ujra.<br />
58
38. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 5 qula<br />
38.1 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula<br />
Sefasebis sqema<br />
am davalebaSi srulyofilad CaiTvleba da 2 quliT fasdeba pasuxi,<br />
romelSic Cans, rom cdis arsis gasagebad aucilebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi<br />
sakiTxebis codna:<br />
marilTa hidrolizi<br />
reaqciis Seqcevadoba da/an wonasworobis gadaxris pirobebi<br />
arasrulyofilad CaiTvleba da 1 quliT fasdeba pasuxi, romelSic am ori<br />
ZiriTadi sakiTxidan mxolos erTia naxsenebi.<br />
pasuxi, romelSic es sakiTxebi saerTod ar figurirebs, fasdeba 0 quliT.<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
kristalhidratebi da kristalizaciuri wyali<br />
marilebis hidrolizi<br />
reaqciis Seqcevadoba<br />
indikatorebis moqmedeba<br />
38.2 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
Sefasebis sqema<br />
am davalebaSi srulyofilad CaiTvleba da 3 quliT fasdeba pasuxi,<br />
romelSic cdis msvleloba logikurad da Tanmimdevruladaa axsnili,<br />
kerZod, pasuxSi unda Candes, rom:<br />
I. gacxelebisas kristalhidratidan gamoiyofa wyali _ 1 qula<br />
II. gamoyofili wyali axdens acetatis hidrolizs, ris Sedegadac<br />
warmoiqmneba tute are, rac iwvevs Seferilobis cvlilebas _ 1 qula)<br />
III. gacivebisas mimdinareobs sapirispiro procesebi – neitralizacia da<br />
kristalhidratis warmoqmna (1 qula)<br />
Tu pasuxSi daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, maSin saerTo Sefasebas akldeba<br />
1 qula.<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
natriumis acetatis kristalhidrati gacxelebiT iSleba da gamoiyofa wyali.<br />
gamoyofil wyalSi natriumis acetati, romelic susti mJavasa da Zlieri fuZis<br />
marilia, hidrolizdeba da miiReba tute are, romelSic fenoftaleini<br />
Jolosfers Rebulobs.<br />
gacivebisas mimdinareobs sapirispiro reaqciebi _ natriumis tute aneitralebs<br />
ZmarmJavas, xolo warmoqmnili natriumis acetati ierTebs wyals.<br />
gacxeleba<br />
CH3COONa . nH2O CH COONa<br />
3 + nH2O gaciveba<br />
CH COONa 3 + H2O gacxeleba<br />
gaciveba<br />
CH3COOH +<br />
NaOH<br />
59
39. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 6 qula<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi<br />
1. orive amocanis piroba unda Seesabamebodes suraTs; amasTanave, amocanaSi<br />
dasmuli kiTxva unda moiTxovdes raodenobrivi gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas –<br />
1 qula<br />
magaliTad:<br />
pirobaSi gamoyenebuli unda iyos marilmJava;<br />
gamoyofili airis moculoba unda Seadgendes 224 ml-s;<br />
reaqciis Semdeg ar unda rCebodes gauxsneli naSTi;<br />
ar SeiZleba, xsnarSi moTavsebuli myari nivTiereba iyos Na an K, radgan<br />
es metalebi ar CaiZireboda xsnarSi (aseve am SemTxvevaSi daculi ar<br />
iqneboda usafrTxoeba);<br />
da a.S.<br />
2. orive amocanis piroba unda iyos srulyofili – 1 qula<br />
magaliTad:<br />
aucilebelia, miTiTebuli iyos, rom moculoba gazomilia normalur<br />
pirobebSi;<br />
Tu amocanaSi dasmuli kiTxva iTxovs aRebuli mJavas koncentraciis<br />
dadgenas, aucilebelia, miTiTebuli iyos, rom HCl srulad daixarja;<br />
da a.S.<br />
3. TiToeuli amocanis pasuxi unda iyos swori – 2 qula (TiToeul amocanaze<br />
– TiTo qula).<br />
4. amocanebis pirobebi unda gansxvavdebodes sirTulis mixedviT – 1 qula.<br />
5. gansxvaveba amocanebis sirTuleebs Soris logikurad da damajereblad<br />
unda iyos dasabuTebuli – 1 qula.<br />
garda amisa, Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba Semdegi:<br />
Tu amocanis pirobaSi daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, an ricxvebi arasworadaa<br />
SerCeuli, ris gamoc amocana ar ixsneba, saerTo Sefasebas daakldeba 1<br />
qula.<br />
Tu dawerilia mxolod erTi amocana, misi maqsimaluri Sefaseba 2 qulaa.<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
I amocana:<br />
magniumis naWeri srulad gaixsna marilmJavaSi, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 224 ml<br />
wyalbadi (n.p.). gamoTvaleT, ra masis magniumi iyo aRebuli.<br />
pasuxi: 0.24 g magniumi.<br />
II amocana:<br />
0.186 g masis mqone magniumis da aluminis Senadnobi srulad gaixsna<br />
marilmJavaSi, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 224 ml wyalbadi (n.p.). gamoTvaleT<br />
SenadnobSi metalebis moluri Tanafardoba.<br />
pasuxi: () ∶ () =6∶1<br />
dasabuTeba:<br />
I amocana saWiroebs mxolod reaqciis mixedviT martiv gamoTvlas. II amocana, Iisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, moiTxovs maTematikuri codnis gamomJRavnebasac, kerZod, ori<br />
gantolebis an gantolebaTa sistemis Sedgenas da maT amoxsnas. garda amisa,<br />
moswavles pasuxis misaRebad dasWirdeba raodenobasa da masas Soris<br />
damokidebulebis codnis gamoyenebac.<br />
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40. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebi<br />
davalebis pasuxSi unda Candes, rom:<br />
a) orive moswavle uSvebs erTnair Secdomas (eTilis radikals Tvlis<br />
Canacvlebul radikalad), da Sesabamisad, sworad ver irCevs yvelaze<br />
grZel naxSirbadul jaWvs – 1 qula<br />
b) I moswavle SecdomiT SerCeul naxSirbadul jaWvSi lokantebs sworad<br />
nomravs, II moswavle ki am moqmedebasac arasworad akeTebs – 1 qula<br />
g) mocemuli formula SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imisaTvis, rom II moswavles<br />
vaCvenoT, Tu romeli bolodan unda dainomros ormagi bmis Semcveli<br />
naxSirbaduli jaWvi _ 1 qula<br />
d) mocemuli formulas ver gamoviyenebT imis saCveneblad, Tu <strong>rogor</strong> unda<br />
SevarCioT yvelaze grZeli naxSirbaduli jaWvi, radgan mesame naxSirbadatomTan<br />
ganStoebas akeTebs ori erTnairi sigrZis radikali _ 1 qula<br />
SeniSvna: a) da b) kriteriumebiT miRebuli qulebi gansazRvraven davaleba<br />
40.1-is Sefasebas, xolo g) da d) kriteriumebiT miRebuli qulebi – davaleba<br />
40.2-is Sefasebas<br />
40.1. swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
I moswavlem sworad ar SearCia<br />
yvelaze grZeli jaWvi, Tumca SecdomiT<br />
SerCeuli jaWvi sworad danomra (e.i.<br />
im bolodan, romelTanac ufro axloa<br />
ormagi bma).<br />
40.2. swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
II moswavlem dauSva 2 Secdoma: I<br />
moswavlis msgavsad, sworad ver SearCia<br />
yvelaze grZeli jaWvi. garda amisa, man<br />
araswori bolodan danomra<br />
naxSirbaduli jaWvi.<br />
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT <strong>rogor</strong>c magaliTi, Tu romeli bolodan unda dainomros<br />
naxSirbaduli jaWvi ormagi bmis mdebareobis mixedviT, magram ver gamoviyenebT,<br />
<strong>rogor</strong>c magaliTs yvelaze grZeli naxSirbaduli jaWvis SesarCevad, radgan mesame<br />
naxSirbadatomTan ganStoebas akeTebs ori erTnairi sigrZis radikali. ukeTesi<br />
magaliTi iqneba, C2H5-is nacvlad mocemuli rom iyos C3H7.<br />
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41. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula<br />
Sefasebis sqema:<br />
maqsimaluri qulis misaRebad pedagogma unda aRmoaCinos moswavlis<br />
naSromSi daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi Secdoma da naSromi unda Seafasos<br />
davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciisa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.<br />
moswavlis naSromSi daSvebuli Secdomebia:<br />
1. sworad ar aris gamoTvlili wyalbadis raodenoba. weria<br />
(H) = (Na) ∙ 2 = 0.2 moli<br />
unda eweros:<br />
(H) = (Na) : 2 = 0.05 moli<br />
2. xsnaris masis gamoTvlisas, moswavle ar iTvaliswinebs gamoyofili<br />
wyalbadis masas.<br />
weria:<br />
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O)<br />
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 =100 .1 g<br />
unda eweros:<br />
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O) − (H2)<br />
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 _ 0.1 = 100 g<br />
TiToeuli Secdomis aRmoCenisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs TiTo qulas.<br />
davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciis sworad Sesrulebisa da adekvaturi<br />
komentarebisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs 1 qulas.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi moswavlis naSromSi aRniSnul Secdomebs ver<br />
daafiqsirebs (CaTvlis, rom davaleba sworad aris Sesrulebuli), davaleba<br />
Sefasdeba 0 quliT (miuxedavad imisa, <strong>rogor</strong>aa Sesrulebuli davalebis<br />
danarCeni nawili).<br />
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:<br />
sworia<br />
2<br />
masas sworad iTvlis, moculobas _ ara.<br />
unda iyos: () = (Na) : 2 = 0.05 moli<br />
V(H2) = 22.4 (H2) = 22.4 0.05 = 1.12 l<br />
ar iTvaliswinebs gamoyofili wyalbadis masas. unda eweros:<br />
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O) − (H2)<br />
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 _ 0.1 = 100 g<br />
sworia. ZiriTadi Secdoma daSvebuli iyo xsnaris masis<br />
gamoTvlisas, romelSic qula ukve daaklda<br />
sworia<br />
62<br />
1<br />
0<br />
2<br />
2<br />
7
ekomendebuli literaturis sia:<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebi:<br />
<strong>rogor</strong> <strong>movemzadoT</strong> <strong>pedagogTa</strong> <strong>sasertifikacio</strong> <strong>gamocdisaTvis</strong><br />
(qimia, fizika, biologia). gamocdebis erovnuli centri, 2011.<br />
s. adamia. qimia (gaRrmavebuli kursi). Tbilisi, saqarTvelos macne,<br />
(2009 an 2011 wlebis gamocemebi).<br />
Н.Л. Глинка. Общая химия. Ленинград, Химия, 1979 г. (da Semdgomi gamocemebi).<br />
Uno Kask, J. David Rawn. General Chemistry, W,. C. Brown Publishers. 1993 (da Semdgomi<br />
gamocemebi).<br />
programaSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasameoreblad SegiZliaT agreTve gamoiyenoT<br />
qimiis nebismieri saxelmZRvanelo, romliTac sargeblobdiT umaRles<br />
saswavlebelSi.<br />
meTodur saxelmZRvaneloebad SesaZlebelia gamoiyenoT qimiis saskolo<br />
saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorTa mier gamocemuli maswavleblis sarekomendacio<br />
wignebi.<br />
internet resursi:<br />
http://www.ets.org/praxis/<br />
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