rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis

gamocdebis erovnuli centri
rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa
sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis
qimia
Tbilisi
2013

Sinaarsi
Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
sagamocdo programa ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
testis savaraudo struqtura .............................................................................................................................. 11
2011 wlis sagamocdo varianti ............................................................................................................................. 12
2011 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi ........................................................... 32
2012 wlis sagamocdo varianti ........................................................................................................................... 38
2012 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi ........................................................... 57
rekomendebuli literaturis sia ................................................................................................................... 63
2

Sesavali
saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros gadawyvetilebiT
unda Catardes qimiis maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebi, romlebic
iTvaliswinebs pedagogTa kvalifikaciis Semowmebasa da Sesabamisi
sertifikatis gacemas.
sasertifikacio gamocdis mizania, Seamowmos maswavlebelTa codnisa da
pedagogiuri unarebis Sesabamisoba maswavleblis profesiuli standartiT
(sabazo da saSualo safexuri) gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebTan.
winamdebare krebulis daniSnulebaa sabazo da saSualo skolis qimiis
pedagogebs gaacnos sagamocdo programa, testur davalebaTa nimuSebi da
maTi swori pasuxebi, amoxsnebi, Sefasebis sqemebi da kriteriumebi.
krebulSi SegxvdebaT iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic scildeba saskolo
programis kurss, Tumca Setanilia maswavleblis profesiul standartSi.
vimedovnebT, rom krebulSi mocemul testur davalebaTa gacnoba da
Sesabamisi Teoriuli masalis safuZvlianad gameoreba saTanado daxmarebas
gagiwevT sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis momzadebasa da sasurveli Sedegis
miRwevaSi.
gisurvebT warmatebas!
3

sagamocdo programa
qimiis sagamocdo programa efuZneba sabazo da saSualo safexuris
maswavleblis profesiul standarts qimiaSi da Sedgenilia gamocdebis
erovnuli centris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa jgufisa da centrTan
arsebuli sakonsultacio sabWos mier. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen
saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis, kvleviTi institutebisa da sajaro
skolebis warmomadgenlebi.
sagamocdo programis marcxena svetSi mocemulia sakiTxTa CamonaTvali,
xolo marjvena svetSi dazustebulia, Tu risi codna moeTxoveba pedagogs
Sesabamisi sakiTxis garSemo sasertifikacio gamocdis Casabareblad.
nivTierebis qimiuri
arsi, narevi da
naerTi
martivi da rTuli
nivTierebebi
nivTierebis
raodenoba
atomis aRnagoba.
periodulobis
kanoni da
perioduli sistema
atomis ZiriTadi
maxasiaTeblebi
bunebaSi gavrcelebuli nivTierebebi, xelovnurad
miRebuli nivTierebebi da maTi daniSnuleba.
nivTierebebis gasufTavebis xerxebi. dispersiuli
sistemebi: heterogenuli da homogenuri narevebi. narevis
komponentebad dayofa, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi
Sedgenilobis dadgena.
qimiuri analizis meTodebi: gravimetria, titrimetria,
fotometria.
martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi, alotropia. metalebi da
arametalebi.
oqsidebi, fuZeebi, mJavebi da marilebi, maTi klasifikacia,
miRebis xerxebi da Tvisebebi.
kavSiri sxvadasxva klasis naerTebs Soris.
kompleqsuri naerTebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.
moli. avogadros kanoni. airis moluri moculoba. airis
fardobiTi simkvrive.
idealuri airis ZiriTadi gantoleba da misi gamoyeneba.
radioaqtiuroba. alfa-, beta- da gama-gamosxiveba. atomis
aRnagobis modelebi. atombirTvuli reaqciebi. masis
defeqti. stabiluri da arastabiluri izotopebi.
eleqtronis buneba. eleqtronuli Rrublebi da
orbitalebi. kvanturi ricxvebi. paulis principi. hundis
wesi. umciresi energiebis principi (kleCkovskis wesi).
eleqtronuli formulebi. orbitaluri diagramebi. s-, p-, dda
f –elementebi.
qimiur elementTa klasifikaciis istoria.
periodulobis kanoni da elementTa perioduli sistema,
periodulobis kanonis Tanamedrove formulireba.
perioduli sistema da atomis aRnagoba.
elementebis atomTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi: atomis
radiusi, ionizaciis potenciali, eleqtronisadmi swrafva,
eleqtrouaryofiToba. Jangvis ricxvi.
4

qimiuri bma
qimiuri reaqciebis
klasifikacia.
qimiuri kinetika
qimiuri bmebi da molekulaTaSorisi urTierTqmedebis
Zalebi.
nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis damokidebuleba nivTierebis
agebulebaze.
kristaluri mesris tipebi – ionuri, atomuri,
molekuluri, metaluri.
qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebi.
kovalenturi bmis warmoqmnis donorul-aqceptoruli
meqanizmi.
eleqtronuli orbitalebis hibridizacia. sigma- da pibmebi.
bmis maxasiaTeblebi: bmis sigrZe, bmis energia,
jeradoba, gezuroba.
atomis aRnagoba da valentoba.
molekuluri orbitalebis Teoria.
qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikacia steqiometriis, siTburi
efeqtis, Jangva-aRdgenis da Seqcevadobis mixedviT.
Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi, maTi klasifikacia. JangvaaRdgeniTi
reaqciebis tolobebis Sedgena.
qimiuri reaqciis siTburi efeqti, enTalpia, ekzoTermuli
da endoTermuli reaqciebi.
qimiuri reaqciis myisieri da saSualo siCqare. qimiuri
reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi.
moqmed masaTa kanoni. qimiuri reaqciis rigi.
katalizi da katalizatori.
Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi.
qimiuri wonasworoba. wonasworobis mudmiva. qimiur
wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. le-Satelies principi.
xsnarebi heterogenuli da homogenuri narevebi (suspenzia, emulsia,
WeSmariti xsnari). koloiduri xsnarebi (geli da zoli).
xsnadoba da xsnadobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.
gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentraciis gamosaxvis xerxebi
(nivTierebis masuri wili, moluri koncentracia).
eleqtrolituri
disociaciis
Teoria
eleqtrolituri disociacia, eleqtrolitebi da
araeleqtrolitebi.
tuteebis, mJavebisa da marilebis eleqtrolituri
disociacia. ionuri reaqciebi.
fuZeebi, mJavebi protonuri da eleqtronuli Teoriebis
mixedviT.
eleqtrolituri disociaciis xarisxi da disociaciis
mudmiva. susti, saSualo, Zlieri eleqtrolitebi.
5

arametalebis
calkeuli
warmomadgenlebi
marilTa hidrolizi. hidrolizis xarisxi.
wylis ionuri namravli da wyalbaduri maCvenebeli (pH).
buferuli xsnarebi.
wyalbadi: zogadi daxasiaTeba1 , miReba2 , fizikuri da
qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
wyali: wylis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi. wylis
gasufTavebis xerxebi.
qlori: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi. gamoyeneba. qloris naerTebi.
qlorwyalbadi da marilmJava: daxasiaTeba, miReba,
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. qloridebi,
maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia.
zogadi cnobebi ftorze, bromze da iodze. halogenebis da
maTi wyalbadnaerTebis Tvisebebis Sedareba.
Jangbadi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. ozonis miReba, misi fizikuri da
qimiuri Tvisebebi.
gogirdi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, alotropiuli
modifikaciebi. miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,
gamoyeneba.
gogirdwyalbadi: molekulis aRnagoba. miReba, fizikuri
da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
gogirdis oqsidebi: molekulis aRnagoba. miReba, fizikuri
da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. gogirdovanmJava da
sulfitebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia.
gogirdmJava: miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,
gamoyeneba. sulfatebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqciebi.
VI A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.
azoti: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
amiaki: molekulis aRnagoba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. amoniumis ionis aRnagoba da
Taviseburebebi. amoniumis marilebi, maTi aRmomCeni
reaqcia.
azotis oqsidebi: zogadi daxasiaTeba.
azotmJava: miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,
gamoyeneba. azotmJavas damJangavi Tvisebebi. nitratebi,
maTi daSlis reaqciebi.
fosfori: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da
qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
fosfini. fosforis oqsidebi da mJavebi. fosfatebi, maTi
aRmomCeni reaqcia.
zogadi cnobebi azotian, fosforian da kaliumian
mineraluri sasuqebze.
1 aqac da Semdgom zogad daxasiaTebaSi igulisxmeba: mdebareoba periodul sistemaSi,
eleqtronuli aRnagoba, izotopuri Sedgeniloba, bunebaSi gavrceleba.
2 aqac da Semdgom miRebaSi igulisxmeba laboratoriuli da samrewvelo meTodebi.
6

metalebis zogadi
daxasiaTeba
metalebis
calkeuli
warmomadgenlebi
organuli naerTebi
da maTi aRnagoba
VA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.
naxSirbadi: misi alotropebi. fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
naxSirbadis oqsidebi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba,
Tvisebebi. naxSirmJava da misi marilebi. karbonatebis
aRmomCeni reaqciebi.
siliciumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da
qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
siliciumis dioqsidi. siliciummJava da misi marilebi.
silikaturi mrewveloba.
IVA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.
metalTa mdebareoba elementTa periodul sistemaSi.
metalis kristaluri struqtura. metalTa zogadi
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi.
metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivi, standartuli eleqtroduli
potencialebis rigi. galvanuri elementebi.
metalTa miRebis zogadi meTodebi.
eleqtrolizi. faradeis kanonebi. eleqtrolizis roli
warmoebaSi.
Senadnobebi, maTi Sedgeniloba, Tvisebebi da gamoyeneba.
metalTa korozia.
natriumi da kaliumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba,
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
natriumis da kaliumis hidroqsidebi da marilebi.
IA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.
kalciumi da magniumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba
eleqtroliziT, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.
Camqrali da Caumqrali kiri.
wylis sixiste da misi Tavidan acilebis xerxebi.
IIA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.
alumini: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba eleqtroliziT,
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. aluminis
oqsidis da hidroqsidis amfoteruloba.
rkina: zogadi daxasiaTeba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi,
gamoyeneba. rkinis oqsidebi da hidroqsidebi. rkinis
ormuxtiani da sammuxtiani ionebis aRmomCeni reaqciebi.
rkinis Senadnobebi _ Tuji da foladi, maTi warmoebis
principis zogadi aRwera.
manganumi: manganumis bunebrivi naerTebi. kaliumis
permanganatis mJangavi Tvisebebi.
organuli naerTebis aRnagoba. qimiuri bmis tipebi
organul naerTebSi. kovalenturi bmis polarizacia.
induqciuri, SeuRlebis da sivrciTi efeqtebi.
izomeriis saxeebi (struqturuli, geometriuli, optikuri,
7

organuli
reaqciebi
naxSirwyalbadebi
funqciuri
jgufebis Semcveli
organuli naerTebi
konformaciuli).
organuli naerTebis klasifikacia da saerTaSoriso
nomenklatura.
organuli reaqciebi (Canacvlebis, mierTebis, eliminirebis,
izomerizaciis).
homolituri da heterolituri gaxleCis meqanizmiT
mimdinare reaqciebi.
organul naerTTa reaqciebis meqanizmebi. nukleofiluri
da eleqtrofiluri reaqciebi.
alkanebi: meTanis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba, izomeria.
nomenklatura. alkanebis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi
(wva, Canacvleba, izomerizacia, daSla). meTanis da
alkanebis miRebis meTodebi. alkanebis gamoyeneba. zogadi
cnobebi cikloalkanebze.
alkenebi: eTilenis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba, izomeria,
nomenklatura. alkenebis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi
(wva, Jangva, mierTeba, polimerizacia). markovnikovis wesi.
alkenebis miReba da gamoyeneba.
alkinebi: acetilenis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba,
izomeria, nomenklatura. acetilenis fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi Tvisebebi (wva, Jangva, Canacvleba, mierTeba, dida
trimerizacia). acetilenis miReba karbididan da
meTanidan. misi gamoyeneba.
alkadienebi: klasifikacia, aRnagoba, izomeria,
nomenklatura. butadien-1,3-is ZiriTadi qimiuri Tvisebebi
(mierTeba, polimerizacia). alkadienebis gamoyeneba.
aromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi: benzoli, aRnagoba,
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (wva, Canacvleba, mierTeba).
benzolis homologebi, izomeria, nomenklatura. atomTa
urTierTgavlena toluolis molekulaSi.
urTierTkavSiri naxSirwyalbadebis klasebs Soris.
klasTaSorisi izomerebi.
naxSirwyalbadebis bunebrivi wyaroebi: navTobi, bunebrivi
airi, navTobis Tanmxlebi airi, qvanaxSiri. navTobis
gadamuSaveba da navTobproduqtebi.
hidroqsilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi
najeri erTatomiani spirtebis homologiuri rigi:
aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura, fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi (wva, Jangva, dehidratacia, urTierTqmedeba tute
liTonebTan, araorganul da organul mJavebTan). maTi
miReba da gamoyeneba. eTerebis miReba da nomenklatura.
mravalatomiani spirtebis klasifikacia. nomenklatura.
eTilenglikoli da glicerini, maTi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi
(urTierTqmedeba tute liTonebTan, araorganul da
organul mJavebTan, spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan) da
8

gamoyeneba.
fenoli, aRnagoba, urTierTqmedeba metalebTan, tuteebTan,
bromTan da formaldehidTan. atomTa urTierTgavlena
fenolis molekulaSi.
karbonilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi
aldehidebis homologiuri rigi: aRnagoba, izomeria,
nomenklatura, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (Jangva,
aRdgena, mierTeba). aldehidebis miReba da gamoyeneba.
zogadi cnobebi ketonebis Sesaxeb.
karboqsilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi
najeri erTfuZiani karbonmJavebis homologiuri rigi:
aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura. fizikuri da qimiuri
Tvisebebi (mJavuri Tvisebebi, esterifikacia, Canacvleba,
anhidridebis warmoqmna).
WianWvelmJavas Tavisebureba. karbonmJavebis miReba. zogadi
cnobebi najer da ujer umaRles cximovan mJavebze,
rZemJavasa da mJaunmJavaze.
genetikuri kavSiri spirtebs, aldehidebs da karbonmJavebs
Soris, klasTaSoris izomerebi.
esterebi (rTuli eTerebi) da cximebi
esterebis nomenklatura. esterifikaciis da hidrolizis
reaqciebi.
cximebis Sedgeniloba. myari da Txevadi cximebi, maTi
gamoyeneba. cximebis hidrolizi da hidrogenizacia.
naxSirwylebi
monosaqaridebi: glukoza, aRnagoba, RiajaWviani da
cikluri formebi. glukozis qimiuri Tvisebebi (Jangva,
aRdgena, esterifikacia, daSla sunTqvisa da duRilis
procesSi). glukozis warmoqmna bunebaSi. fruqtoza –
glukozis izomeri.
disaqaridebi: saqaroza, Sedgeniloba, hidrolizi.
polisaqaridebi: saxamebeli da celuloza. maTi aRnagoba,
fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (hidrolizi, saxameblis
aRmoCena, celulozas nitrireba da acetilireba).
azotSemcveli organuli naerTebi
aminebis klasifikacia, nomenklatura, miReba. aminojgufis
aRnagoba da fuZe Tvisebebi.
anilini, aRnagoba da qimiuri Tvisebebi. atomTa
urTierTgavlena anilinis molekulaSi. anilinis miReba
nitrobenzolidan.
aminomJavebis nomenklatura, amfoteruli buneba,
peptiduri bmis warmoqmna.
cilebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da struqturebi. cilebis
hidrolizi.
9

unebrivi da
sinTezuri
organuli naerTebi
maRalmolekuluri
naerTebi
bunebrivi da sinTezuri organuli naerTebi.
cocxal organizmebSi mimdinare qimiuri gardaqmnebi:
sunTqva, duRili, fotosinTezi.
bunebrivi saRebrebi.
organul naerTTa roli bunebaSi, mrewvelobasa da yofacxovrebaSi.
ZiriTadi cnebebi: polimeri, monomeri, monomeruli
erTeuli (elementaruli rgoli), polimerizaciis xarisxi.
polimerizaciis da polikondensaciis reaqciebi.
plastmasebi; bunebrivi da sinTezuri kauCukebi; bunebrivi,
xelovnuri da sinTezuri boWkoebi.
10

testis savaraudo struqtura
sasertifikacio gamocdis testis maqsimaluri Sefaseba iqneba 70 qula.
minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari Seadgens 60%-s, anu sertifikatis misaRebad
saWiro iqneba minimum 43 qulis dagroveba.
maqsimalur jamur qulaSi im sakiTxTa xvedriTi wili, romlebic scildeba
saskolo programis kurss, magram Setanilia maswavleblis profesiul
standartSi, ar iqneba 10%-ze meti.
zogierTi davaleba moiTxovs im maTematikuri aparatis flobas, romelic
miTiTebulia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis maswavleblis profesiul
standartSi. gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba, rom aseT amocanebSi Sesasrulebeli
gamoTvlebi ar saWiroebdes kalkulatoris gamoyenebas.
testi pirobiTad ori tipis davalebebisgan Sedgeba.
I. daxuruli tipis davalebebi
TiToeul davalebas Tan axlavs 4 savaraudo pasuxi, romelTagan mxolod
erTia swori. am davalebebis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 1 qulaa.
es davalebebi gankuTvnilia codnis, kritikuli gaazrebis, analizisa da sxva
informaciasTan sinTezis unaris Sesamowmeblad.
II. Ria tipis davalebebi
TiToeuli davalebis gaswvriv miTiTebuli iqneba misi maqsimaluri qula.
TiToeuli davaleba moiTxovs werilobiT pasuxs. es davalebebi amowmeben
aplikantis rogorc codnis dones, aseve im pedagogiur unarebs, romlebic
asaxulia qimiis maswavleblis profesiul standartSi.
aRniSnul davalebaTa pasuxebi Sefasdeba Semdegi kriteriumebis
gaTvaliswinebiT:
ramdenad zustad da adekvaturad aris gagebuli davalebis TiToeul
komponentSi dasmuli amocana;
ramdenad kargadaa gamovlenili sakiTxebis codna da praqtikul
situaciebSi (amocanis amoxsna, eqsperimentis dagegmva da Catareba) maTi
gamoyenebis unari;
ramdenad srulad, argumentirebulad, logikuri TanmimdevrobiT aris
aRwerili konkretuli davalebis gadaWrisaTvis saWiro yvela nabiji;
ramdenad TvalsaCinod, gasagebad da mkafiodaa warmodgenili naazrevi.
11

2011 wlis sagamocdo varianti
instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 1 _ 30:
davalebaSi dasmulia SekiTxva da mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi,
romelTagan mxolod erTia swori.
pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra, romelic
Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.
1. TavRia WurWlebSi moaTavses:
I _ natriumis tutis granulebi II _ fosfor(V)-is oqsidis fxvnili
rogor Seicvleba TiToeuli WurWelis SigTavsis masa garkveuli drois
Semdeg?
a) orives masa gaizrdeba
b) I-is masa gaizrdeba, II-is Semcirdeba
g) I-is masa Semcirdeba, II-is gaizrdeba
d) orives masa Semcirdeba
2. CamoTvlili airebidan, romlis gamoSroba SeiZleba koncentrirebul
gogirdmJavaSi gatarebiT?
I _ HCl II _ NH3 III _ H2S
a) mxolod I-is b) mxolod II-is g) I-is da III-is d) samives
3. suraTze naCvenebia martivi cda:
WiqaSi moTavsebulia gafiltruli kiriani
wyali, xsnarSi CaSvebulia denis wyaros-
Tan mierTebuli eleqtrodebi da wredSi
CarTulia naTura.
xsnarSi gaatares naxSirorJangi, ris
Sedegadac kiriani wyali jer aimRvra,
Semdeg ki gamWvirvale gaxda.
rogor Seicvala am dros naTuris naTeba?
xsnari aimRvra xsnari gamWvirvale gaxda
a) naTura Caqra naTura Camqrali darCa
b) naTura Caqra naTura ainTo
g) naTura anTia naTura Caqra
d) naTura anTia naTura anTebuli darCa
12

4. Tqven gWirdebaT aCvenoT moswavleebs lakmusis feris cvlileba mJava
areSi, magram ar gaqvT mJavas xsnari da mogepovebaT mxolod Semdegi
ori marili:
I _ NaHCO3 II _ NaHSO4
romel marils gamoiyenebdiT am miznis misaRwevad?
a) mxolod I-s b) mxolod II-s g) orives d) arc erTs
5. tutis xsnarSi, uJangbado pirobebSi, azot(II)-is oqsidis gatarebisas:
a) warmoiqmneba nitriti
b) warmoiqmneba nitrati
g) warmoiqmneba nitritis da nitratis narevi
d) reaqcia ar warimarTeba
6. ninos da giorgis daavales CaetarebinaT reaqcia aluminis qloridisa da
natriumis tutis erTnairi koncentraciis xsnarebs Soris. amisaTvis, maT
erTi sinjaridan meoreSi unda gadaesxaT xsnaris mxolod ramdenime
wveTi.
moswavleebma davaleba sxvadasxva wesiT Seasrules:
nino giorgi
rogor Sedegebs miiRebdnen nino da giorgi?
a) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba;
giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba
b) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba;
giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba
g) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve
qreba
d) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba
13

7. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli mtkicebuleba asaxavs sworad SO2-is da SO3-is
Jangva-aRdgeniT Tvisebebs?
a) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 mxolod aRmdgeni
b) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 mxolod aRmdgeni
g) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni
d) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni
8. sam sinjaraSi moTavsebulia rkinis oqsidebi:
I _ FeO II _ Fe2O3 III _ Fe3O4.
TiToeuls Warbad daamates marilmJava, Semdeg ki amoniumis rodanidi
(NH4SCN). romel sinjaraSi Seifereba xsnari wiTlad?
a) mxolod II-Si b) I-sa da II-Si
g) I-sa da III-Si d) II-sa da III-Si
9. magniumi gansxvavebulad urTierTqmedebs sxvadasxva koncentraciis
azotmJavasTan:
I. 3Mg + 8HNO3 → 3Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 4H2O
II. 4Mg + 10HNO3 → 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O
III. 5Mg + 12HNO3 → 5Mg(NO3)2 + N2↑ + 6H2O
rogori Tanmimdevroba miiReba, Tu es reaqciebi dalagdeba magniumis
dasaJangad gamoyenebuli azotmJavas koncentraciis zrdis mixedviT?
a) II < I < III b) II < III < I
g) III < I < II d) III < II < I
10. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli nivTiereba Sedgeba dimerebisgan, romlebSic
molekulebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia ori wyalbaduri bmiT?
a) amiakis b) wylis g) eTanolis d) ZmarmJavas
11. mocemulia atombirTvuli reaqcia, romelSic X-iT aRniSnulia reaqciis
Sedegad gamotyorcnili nawilaki:
Al + He
CamoTvlilTagan, romelia X nawilaki?
14
Si + X
a) -nawilaki b) protoni g) neitroni d) eleqtroni
12. mocemuli eleqtronuli formulebidan, romeli asaxavs sworad
skandiumis atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas?
a) [Ne] 4s 2 3d 1
b) [Ne] 4s 2 4p 1
g) [Ar] 4s 2 3d 1 d) [Ar] 4s 2 4p 1

13. marilmJavas xsnaris pH=1. ramdenjer unda ganzavdes xsnari,
rom pH-is mniSvneloba 3-is toli gaxdes?
a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 10-jer d) 100-jer
14. mocemulia qimiuri reaqcia:
A myari + 2B airadi C airadi
ramdenjer unda gaizardos wneva, rom reaqciis siCqare 16-jer gaizardos?
a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 8-jer d) 16-jer
15. mocemulTagan romeli molekulaa polaruli?
I II
a) mxolod I b) mxolod II g) orive d) arc erTi
16. natriumis nitriti advilad hidrolizdeba:
NaNO +H O ⇄ NaOH + HNO
CamoTvlilTagan, romeli moqmedebebi SeuSlis xels hidrolizis process?
I. xsnaris gaciveba
II. tutis damateba
III. wylis damateba
a) I da II b) I da III g) II da III d) samive
15

17. grafikebze uwyveti xaziT gamosaxulia energiis cvlileba reaqciis
msvlelobisas.
romel grafikze gviCvenebs wyvetili xazi inhibitoris monawileobiT
mimdinare igive reaqcias?
a) b) g) d)
18. cxrilSi mocemulia wyalbadis, bromisa da bromwyalbadis molekulebSi
bmis energiebis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebi:
molekula
16
bmis energia,
kj/moli
H_H 440
Br_Br 200
H_Br 370
am monacemebidan gamomdinare, rogori iqneba TiTo moli martivi
nivTierebebidan bromwyalbadis warmoqmnis siTburi efeqti (Q)?
a) +100 kj b) _100 kj
g) +270 kj d) _270 kj
19. azotisa da wyalbadis narevi gaatares katalizatorze, ris Sedegadac
narevis moculoba 4 ml-iT Semcirda (moculobebi izomeboda erTnair
pirobebSi). ra moculobis amiaks Seicavs miRebuli narevi?
a) 2 ml b) 4 ml
g) 6 ml d) 8 ml

20. mocemulia wonasworuli sistema:
(აირ.) + (აირ.) ⇄ (აირ.) − .
am sistemaSi drois garkveul momentSi Seamcires temperatura.
qvemoT mocemuli grafikebidan romeli asaxavs sworad sistemaSi
mimdinare process?
parcialuri wneva, %
parcialuri wneva, %
HI
I 2
H 2
HI
I 2
H 2
dro
17
parcialuri wneva, %
HI
I 2
H 2
a) b)
dro
parcialuri wneva, %
H 2
g) d)
21. romeli tipis hibridizacia axasiaTebs karbonilis jgufSi
naxSirbadatomis savalento eleqtronebs?
a) sp b) sp 2 g) sp 3 d) sp 2 da sp 3
C
O
HI
I 2
dro
dro

22. mocemulia naerTebi:
I. 1-qlor-buten-1 II. 2-qlor-buten-1
romel maTgans aqvs cis- da trans-izomerebi?
a) mxolod I-s
b) mxolod II-s
g) orives
d) arc erTs
23. CamoTvlili aminomJavebidan romeli ar aris C4H9NO2-is izomeri?
a) 2-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava
b) 3-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava
g) 4-amino-butanmJava
d) 4-amino-2-meTil-butanmJava
24. mocemulia meTanis or etapiani gardaqmna eTanalad:
CH 4
am sqemaSi X nivTiereba unda iyos:
a) meTanoli
b) meTanali
g) eTini
d) eTeni
X
18
C
H 3
25. CamonaTvalidan, romeli mJavaa yvelaze Zlieri?
a) H─ COOH
b) CH3 ─ COOH
g) CF3 ─ COOH
d) CCl 3 ─ COOH
26. mocemulia amiaki da misi organuli nawarmebi
NH3 CH3_NH2 C6H5_NH2
I II III
qvemoT mocemuli romeli Tanmimdevroba asaxavs sworad aminebis fuZe
Tvisebebis gaZlierebas?
a) I < II < III b) I < III < II
g) III < I < II d) III < II < I
C
O
H

27. romel sqemazea sworad naCvenebi nitrobenzolis molekulaSi eleqtronuli
simkvrivis gadanawileba?
O
N
O
O
N
O
a) b) g) d)
28. narevi Seicavs propanolis izomerebs TanafardobiT 1 : 1. am narevis dehidrataciiT
miiRes propeni. ra miiReba warmoqmnili propenis hidrataciis
Sedegad?
a) propanol-1
b) propanol-2
g) propanali
d) propanolis izomerebis sawyisi narevi
29. mocemulia naerTebi:
I _ glukoza II _ fruqtoza III _ WianWvelmJava
romeli maTgani warmoqmnis spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan gacxelebisas
agurisfer-wiTel naleqs?
a) mxolod I b) mxolod II g) I da II d) I da III
19
O
N
O
O
N
O

30. narevi Seicavda TiTo mol spirts, aldehidsa da karbonmJavas.
რაოდენობა, მოლი
რაოდენობა, მოლი
wyalbadis da Sesabamisi katalizatoris meSveobiT moaxdines erT-erTi
komponentis hidrireba, ris Sedegadac misi raodenoba ganaxevrda.
romeli diagrama gamosaxavs sworad narevSi organuli naerTebis
raodenobrivi Semcvelobis cvlilebas?
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH
a) b)
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH
g) d)
20
რაოდენობა, მოლი
რაოდენობა, მოლი
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH
რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ
RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH

instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 31 _ 32:
unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul movlenebs/obieqtebs
Soris.
cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad:
cifrebiT danomril TiToeul obieqts/movlenas SeusabameT anbaniT danomrili
obieqti/movlena da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi.
gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime movlenas/obieqts SeiZleba
Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan.
31. ipoveT Sesabamisoba cxrilSi mocemul reaqtivebsa da qimiur
nivTierebaTa gamafrTxilebel niSnebs Soris.
1
2
3
4
a b g d
reaqtivebi
niSnebi KCN NH4NO3 CH3OH 3 H2O
21

32. grafiki gviCvenebs wonasworul reaqciebSi wnevis gazrdisas
C nivTierebis raodenobis cvlilebis sam SemTxvevas.
gansazRvreT, romeli mrudi Seesabameba TiToeul reaqcias.
reaqciebi
(A, B, C da D airebia)
a. A + B ⇄ 2C
b. 2A + B ⇄ 2C
g. A + B ⇄ C + D
d. A + B ⇄ 2C + D
e. 2A + B ⇄ C + 2D
1
2
3
a b g d e
C nivTierebis
raodenoba
33. ganzavebul azotmJavaSi dariSxan(III)-is sulfidis gaxsnisas
gamoiyofa azot(II)-is oqsidi, xolo dariSxani da gogirdi
umaRlesi Jangvis xarisxamde iJangeba Sesabamisi mJavebis
warmoqmniT.
22
1
2
3
wneva
dawereT Sesabamisi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis toloba eleqtronuli balansis
CvenebiT.

34. SeavseT cxrili masSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT:
reaqciebi
a b g d
wyalbadi
mJangavia
23
wyalbadi
aRmdgenia
wyalbadi
ar icvlis
Jangvis
xarisxs
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
1 CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3_CH3
2 HC≡CH + H2O → CH3_CHO
3 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH+H2
35. dawereT mocemuli organuli naerTis saxelwodeba:
CH 2 CH CH 2 C
OH
CH 3
O
H
Jangvis da aRdgenis
Sesabamisi
naxevarreaqciebi
Cu +2 + 2e Cu 0
H 0 _ e H +1
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
...................................
.

36. gakveTilze moswavleebs miecaT Semdegi davaleba:
`dawereT C4H8O2 molekuluri formulis mqone yvela im izomeris
struqturuli formula, romelic Seicavs
24
C
O
O
jgufs~.
qvemoT mocemulia sami moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli davalebis pasuxebi:
I moswavle
II moswavle
III moswavle
H3C CH2 CH2 C
CH 3 C
O
O
H C CH CH C
3 2 2
CH 3 CH 2 C
O
O
O
C 2 H 5
OH
O
OH
CH 3
H3C CH2 CH2 C
CH 3 CH 2 C
O
O
O
OH
CH 3
CH 3 CH 2 C
CH 2 CH 2 C
CH 3
CH 3 C
CH 3 C
O
O
O
CH 3 CH C
O
O
CH 3
O
O
OH
CH 3
CH 2 CH 3
O
OH
CH 2 CH 3

36.1. dawereT mocemuli davalebis swori, srulyofili pasuxis Tqveni
varianti.
36.2. cxrilSi CamoTvlilia komentarebi. TiToeul naSroms SeiZleba
daerTos erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi komentari.
romel komentars daurTavdiT TiToeul naSroms?
Sesabamis ujrebSi dasviT niSani X.
komentari
a. ar esmis zogadad, ras niSnavs
izomeria
b. ar wers naxSirbaduri jaWvis
(ConCxis) izomerebs
g. ar wers karbonmJavebis
homologiuri rigis yvela
SesaZlo wevrs
d. ar wers klasTaSoris
izomerebs
e. imeorebs erTi da igive izomers
25
I
moswavlis
naSromi
II
moswavlis
naSromi
III
moswavlis
naSromi

37. qvemoT mocemuli sqemis safuZvelze CamoayalibeT amocanis
srulyofili piroba da mokled, magram naTlad aCveneT
amoxsnis gza.
Fe
10 g
37.1. piroba:
37.2. amoxsna:
CuSO4
26
10.8 g

38. moswavleTa or jgufs daevala warmoedgina mowyobiloba,
romliTac SesaZlebelia nitrobenzolis aRdgeniT anilinis
miReba, Semdegi reaqciis mixedviT:
C 6 H 5 NO 2
+ 6H
_ 2H 2 O
27
C 6 H 5 NH 2
jgufebma Tavisi mosazrebebi warmoadgines Semdegi saxiT:
I jgufi II jgufi
romeli jgufis mier warmodgenili pasuxia swori?
(pasuxi daasabuTeT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pasuxi ar Sefasdeba!)
.
HCl
Fe
C6H5NO2
HCl
C6H5NO2 Fe

39. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Sabiamani ( ∙). mokled aRwereT, rogor moaxdenT am marilSi kristalizaciuri
wylis, spilenZis kationebisa da sulfatis anionebis arsebobis TvalsaCinod
demonstrirebas.
39.1. kristalizaciuri wyali:
39.2. spilenZis kationebi:
39.3. sulfatis anionebi:
40. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Zmari da soda.
reaqcia am nivTierebebs Soris SeiZleba gamoiyenoT
sademonstraciod sxvadasxva sakiTxis axsnisas.
rogor gamoiyenebdiT am reaqcias TemisTvis "qimiuri kinetika"?
cxrilSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT Sesabamis ujrebSi CawereT:
erTi konkretuli sakiTxis dasaxeleba;
Sesabamisi saswavlo aqtivobis mokle aRwera.
Tema
eleqtrolituri
disociaciis
Teoria
qimiuri kinetika
konkretuli
sakiTxi
ionuri
mimocvlis
reaqciebi
28
saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera
vaCveneb, rom reaqciis Sedegad gamoiyofa
airi, rac imas niSnavs, rom reaqcia srulad
warimarTeba. davawerineb reaqciis
molekulur, srul da mokle ionur
tolobebs.

41. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis eleqtronuli balansis Sedgenisas
moswavleebi xSirad uSveben Secdomebs, rac ZiriTadad
gamowveulia Semdegi mizezebiT:
I _ ver xvdebian, rom Jangvis xarisxis zrda xdeba eleqtronebis gacemis
Sedegad, xolo Semcireba _ eleqtronebis mierTebiT;
II _ ver angariSoben sxvaobas dadebiT da uaryofiT ricxvebs Soris.
qvemoT mocemulia oTxi fragmenti moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli
samuSaoebidan, romlebSic maT unda SeedginaT eleqtronuli balansi
Semdegi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciisTvis:
+4→ −4→ −4→ +4→ +→+
29
+6→ −4→ −6→ +4→ TamTa laSa daTo elene
41.1. zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebidan,
romelma gamoiwvia TiToeuli
moswavlis mier daSvebuli
Secdoma? cxrilis Sesabamis
ujrebSi dasviT niSani X.
41.2. Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze Tqven dasaxeT Semdegi strategia:
moswavles, romelmac yvelaze kargad gaarTva Tavi davalebas, mieces ufro
rTuli davaleba, rac xels Seuwyobs mis progress;
moswavles, romelsac hqonda daSvebuli yvelaze meti Secdoma, saTanado
axsna-ganmartebis Semdeg, mieces ufro martivi davaleba, rac daexmareba
mas daSvebuli Secdomebis gaazrebasa da problemis daZlevaSi.
am miznis gansaxorcieleblad, qvemoT mocemuli Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebidan,
SearCieT yvelaze rTuli da yvelaze martivi. cxrilis Sesabamis ujrebSi
dasviT niSani X.
a. b.
reaqciebi
1. FeS +O →Fe O +SO
2. NH +O →NO+H O
3. H SO +C→CO +SO +H O
a TamTa
b laSa
g daTo
d elene
yvelaze
martivi
I mizezi II mizezi
yvelaze
rTuli

42. mocemulia amocana:
"200 g natriumis tutis xsnarSi Warbad gaatares gogird(IV)-is oqsidi,
ris Sedegadac xsnaris masa 6.4 g-iT gaizarda. gamoTvaleT reaqciis
Sedegad STanTqmuli airis moculoba (n. p.) da tutis masuri wili
sawyis xsnarSi."
erT-erTma moswavlem es amocana Semdegnairad amoxsna:
2NaOH + SO2 ⟶ Na2SO3 + H2O
ν(SO) = .
= 0.1 moli
V(SO ) = 0.1 ∙ 22.4 = 2.24 l.
ν(NaOH) ∶ν(SO ) =2∶1, ν(NaOH) =0.1∙2=0.2 moli
m(NaOH) =0.2∙30=6 g
NaOH ნ.∙ 100%
ხს..
= ∙ 100%
=3%.
pasuxi: V(SO ) = 2.24 l; NaOH 3%.
SeafaseT moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli naSromi qvemoT mocemuli
instruqciis da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.
instruqcia:
amocana fasdeba maqsimum 10 quliT.
Sefaseba unda moxdes mxolod sqemaSi mocemuli xuTi kriteriumis
mixedviT.
TiToeuli kriteriumi fasdeba 0, 1 an 2 quliT.
Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari principia: erTi konkretuli Secdoma
isjeba mxolod erTxel. (Tu moswavle uSvebs Secdomas da akldeba
qula erT-erTi kriteriumis mixedviT, maSin SemdgomSi mas ar unda
daakldes qula iseTi SecdomisTvis, romelic ukve dafiqsirebuli
SecdomiTaa gamowveuli).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom komentaris gakeTeba aucilebelia yvela
kriteriumisTvis!
30

Sefasebis sqema
Sefasebis kriteriumebi komentari qula
1. reaqciis tolobis
siswore da
Sesabamisoba
pirobasTan
2. airis moculobis
gamoTvlis codna
3. reaqciis mixedviT
reagentis masis
gamoTvlis codna
4. xsnarSi nivTierebis
masuri wilis
gamoTvlis codna
5. amoxsnis logikuri
Tanmimdevroba
saboloo Sefaseba (kriteriumebis mixedviT miRebul qulaTa jami)
31

2011 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
a X X X X
b X X X X X
g X X
d X X X X
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
a X X X
b X X X X
g X X X X X
d X X X
31. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula
a b g d
1 X
2 X X
3 X
4 X
32. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula
a b g d e
1 X
2 X X X
3 X
33. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
swori pasuxi:
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula
(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli
vertikaluri svetebis raodenobaa
3As S + 28HNO +4H O→6H AsO +9H SO + 28NO ↑
2As −4e →2As
3S − 24e →3S
N +3e →N 28
3
32

34. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
a b g d
1
+ → − → 2
3
+ →
− →
− →
+ →
35. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
swori pasuxi:
3-meTil-4-hidroqsi-butanali
36.
36.1 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri
striqoni – 1 qula
6 izomerze – 3 qula; 5 izomerze – 2 qula; 4 izomerze – 1 qula;
SecdomiT dawerili izomerisTvis akldeba 1 qula.
swori pasuxi:
H3C CH2 CH2 C
CH 3 C
O
O
O
OH
CH 2 CH 3
CH 3 CH C
H C
CH 3
36.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
4 I II III
a
b X X
g X X X
d
e X
O
O
33
O
OH
CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
CH 3 CH 2 C
H C
O
O
O
O
CH 3
CH CH 3
CH 3
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula

37.
37.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):
1. amocanis piroba unda Seesabamebodes suraTs. igi unda iyos srulyofili,
lakonuri, advilad gasagebi da enobrivad gamarTuli.
2. dasmuli kiTxva unda moiTxovdes raodenobrivi gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas.
sworad Sedgenili amocanis pirobis erT-erTi varianti:
10 g masis mqone rkinis firfita moaTavses spilenZ(II)-is sulfatis
wyalxsnarSi. garkveuli drois Semdeg firfita xsnaridan amoiRes, garecxes,
gaaSres da awones. firfitis masa aRmoCnda 10.8 g. ramdeni g rkina Sesula
reaqciaSi?
37.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):
1. unda Candes, rom firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs rkinisa da spilenZis
molur masebs Soris sxvaoba.
2. gamoTvlebi sworad unda iyos Sesrulebuli.
3. amoxsnis gza unda iyos racionaluri da Seesabamebodes dasmul kiTxvas.
swori amoxsnis erT-erTi varianti:
+ → +
firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs gansxvaveba spilenZisa da rkinis molur masebs
Soris. reaqciis mixedviT, rodesac xsnarSi gadadis 1 moli rkina, firfitaze
gamoiyofa 1 moli spilenZi, Sesabamisad, am dros firfitis masa izrdeba
∆=64−56=8 g-iT.
amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, firfitis masa gaizarda 10.8 − 10 = 0.8 g-iT, e. i.
reaqciaSi Sevida 0.8∶8=0.1 moli rkina.
() =0.1∙56=5.6 g
pasuxi: 5.6 g rkina.
34

38. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili
xelsawyo, radgan aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi – Sefasdeba
2 quliT.
pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi,
magram dasabuTebaSi daSvebulia Secdoma – Sefasdeba 1 quliT.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
davalebis pirobaSi mocemuli reaqciis mixedviT, nitrobenzolis anilinamde
aRdgena xdeba atomuri wyalbadiT. amitom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili
xelsawyo, radgan am SemTxvevaSi wyalbadi gamoyofis momentSive (rodesac is
atomuri saxiTaa) uSualod imoqmedebs nitrobenzolTan.
I jgufis mier warmodgenil xelsawyoSi kipis aparatSi gamoyofili wyalbadis
atomebi nitrobenzolTan urTierTqmedebamde gardaiqmneba molekulebad da,
Sesabamisad, ver aRadgens nitrobenzols.
39.
39.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
sruli pasuxi, romelSic TvalsaCinodaa demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri
wylis arseboba – 2 qula;
pasuxi, romelSic damajereblad ar aris demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri
wylis arseboba – 1 qula.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
kristalizaciuri wyali:
Sabiamans gavaxurebT, ris Sedegadac gamoiyofa wyali:
∙
+ ↑
warmoqmnil orTqls davaxvedrebT civ sagans, romelzec orTqlis kondensaciis
Sedegad wylis wveTebi warmoiqmneba.
39.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
spilenZis kationebi:
Sabiamnis wyalxsnarSi CavuSvebT rkinis lursmans, romelzec SeiniSneba metaluri
spilenZis gamoyofa:
+ → + 35

39.3. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
sulfatis anionebi:
Sabiamnis wyalxsnarze bariumis qloridis xsnaris damatebisas miiReba bariumis
sulfatis TeTri feris naleqi:
+ → + ↓ 40. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
+ → ↓
am davalebaSi maqsimaluri qulis mosapoveblad grafaSi `konkretuli sakiTxi~
pedagogs SeuZlia miuTiTos nebismieri sakiTxi Temidan `qimiuri kinetika~,
xolo grafaSi – `saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera~ – mokled, magram naTlad unda
aCvenos, rogor gamoiyenebs Sesabamis sademonstracio cdas.
pasuxi, romelSic logikuri kavSiria sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas Soris,
magram daSvebulia uzustoba, Sefasdeba 1 quliT.
pasuxi, romelSic ar aris logikuri kavSiri sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas
Soris, an daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, Sefasdeba 0 quliT.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
reaqciis
siCqaris
damokidebuleba
temperaturaze
3 WiqaSi movaTavsebT sxvadasxva temperaturis (20, 30 da 40C)
Zmars toli moculobebiT da samives davamatebT erTi da igive
masis sodas. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi davafiqsirebT, ra droSi
Sewyda buStukebis gamoyofa. miRebuli monacemebiT avagebT
reaqciis siCqaris temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiks da
gamovitanT Sesabamis daskvnebs.
41.
41.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
I II
a X
b X X
g
d X
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula
41.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
a b
1
2
X
3 X
36

42. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
maqsimaluri qulis misaRebad pedagogma unda aRmoaCinos moswavlis naSromSi
daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi Secdoma da naSromi unda Seafasos davalebaSi
mocemuli instruqciisa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.
moswavlis naSromSi daSvebuli Secdomebia:
1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad
atarebdnen, amitom reaqciis Sedegad miiReba hidrosulfiti, da ara sulfiti:
NaOH + SO2 ⟶ NaHSO3
2. sworad araa gamoangariSebuli NaOH-is moluri masa (30-is nacvlad unda
eweros 40).
TiToeuli Secdomis aRmoCenisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs TiTo qulas.
davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciis sworad Sesrulebisa da adekvaturi
komentarebisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs 1 qulas.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi ver daafiqsirebs moswavlis naSromSi arsebul
Secdomebs, davaleba Sefasdeba 0 quliT (miuxedavad imisa, rogoraa Sesrulebuli
davalebis danarCeni nawili).
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad
atarebdnen, amitom unda daewera reaqcia:
NaOH + SO2 ⟶ NaHSO3
amis gamo vakleb 1 qulas
2. sworad aris gamoTvlili 2
3. sworad ar aris gamoTvlili NaOH-is moluri masa, magram vTvli, rom
Secdoma ariTmetikulia, amitom vakleb mxolod 1 qulas
4. formula sworad aris gamoyenebuli, magram swori pasuxi ar aris
miRebuli, risi mizezic zemoT dafiqsirebuli Secdomebia. radgan am
SecdomebisaTvis wina kriteriumebiT ukve daaklda qulebi, am punqtSi qulas
aRar vakleb.
5. amocana dasrulebuli saxiTaa, daSvebuli Secdomebis miuxedavad, amocanis
amoxsnis Tanmimdevroba logikuria.
37
1
1
2
2
8

2012 wlis sagamocdo varianti
instruqcia davalebebisaTvis # 1 _ 30:
davalebaSi dasmulia SekiTxva da mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi,
romelTagan mxolod erTia swori.
pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra,
romelic Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.
1. mocemulia atombirTvuli reaqcia:
Mn +
ra aris aRniSnuli X-iT am reaqciaSi?
a) V b) V g) Mn
38
+
d) Mn
2. mocemuli naerTebidan, romelSi emTxveva azotis valentobisa da Jangvis
xarisxis sidideebi erTmaneTs?
a) N2 b) NH3 g) NH4Cl d) HNO3
3. cnobilia, rom BF3-is molekula brtyelia da bmebs Soris kuTxeebi tolia.
romel orbitalebzea gadanawilebuli boris atomis savalento eleqtronebi
am molekulaSi?
a) ori eleqtroni s-orbitalzea, erTi eleqtroni _ p-orbitalze
b) erTi eleqtroni s-orbitalzea, ori eleqtroni _ p-orbitalze
g) samive eleqtroni hibridul sp-orbitalebzea d) samive eleqtroni hibridul sp-orbitalebzea 4. mocemulia agznebul mdgomareobaSi qloris atomis savalento Sris
eleqtronuli konfiguracia:
[Ne]3s 3p 3d
CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli Seicavs qloris aseT atoms?
a) HClO
b) HClO
g) HClO
d) HClO

5. X da Y elementebis atomTa eleqtronuli formulebia:
X – 1 2 2
39
Y _ 1 2 2
qvemoT mocemuli formulebidan romeli gamosaxavs sworad am
elementebis atomTa SeerTebiT miRebul naerTs?
a) X Y b) X Y g) X Y d) X Y
6. rogor icvleba atomTa ionizaciisa da eleqtronisadmi swrafvis energiebi
perioduli sistemis jgufebSi zevidan qveviT?
ionizaciis energia eleqtronisadmi swrafvis energia
a) izrdeba izrdeba
b) izrdeba mcirdeba
g) mcirdeba izrdeba
d) mcirdeba mcirdeba
7. JangbadSi piritis (FeS2) wvis reaqciaSi romeli elementia mJangavi da
romeli _ aRmdgeni?
aRmdgeni mJangavi
a) rkina Jangbadi
b) gogirdi Jangbadi
g) rkina da gogirdi Jangbadi
d) rkina gogirdi da Jangbadi
8. mocemuli molekulebidan romelia polaruli:
S H
H
O
O
S
O
N
H
H
I II III
a) I da II b) I da III g) II da III d) samive
H

9. mocemulia daSlis ori reaqcia:
I. A ⟶ B + C
II. D ⟶ E + F
cnobilia, rom I reaqcia mudmiv gacxelebas moiTxovs, xolo II reaqcia
gacxelebas mxolod sawyis etapze saWiroebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom am reaqciebidan:
a) I – egzoTermulia, II – endoTermuli
b) I – endoTermulia, II – egzoTermuli
g) orive egzoTermulia
d) orive endoTermulia
10. mocemulia mesame rigis reaqciis toloba:
A + 2B C
davuSvaT, B nivTierebis koncentracia 2-jer gaizarda. rogor unda
SevcvaloT A nivTierebis koncentracia, rom reaqciis siCqare ucvleli
darCes?
a) 4-jer SevamciroT
b) 2-jer SevamciroT
g) 2-jer gavzardoT
d) 4-jer gavzardoT
11. specialur daxurul WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturaze moaTavses toli
moculobebis wyalbadi da Jangbadi. narevi aafeTqes da gaacives sawyis
temperaturamde. ramdenjer Semcirdeboda wneva WurWelSi?
a) 1.33-jer
b) 1.5-jer
g) 3-jer
d) 4-jer
12. xsnarSi natriumis tutis koncentraciaa 10 moli/l.M
rogoria am xsnaris pH ?
a) 3 b) 4 g) 10 d) 11
40

13. mocemulia energetikuli diagrama reaqciisaTvis:
+→+
am naxazze aRniSnuli energiebidan romelia reaqciis enTalpia (siTburi
efeqti)?
a) b) g) d)
14. Casatarebeli gaqvT sademonstracio cda:
"wylis daSla martiv nivTierebebad eleqtrolizis saSualebiT”.
CamoTvlili nivTierebebidan romeli unda daamatoT gamoxdil wyals, rom
igi eleqtrogamtari gaxdes da SesaZlebloba mogeceT CaataroT
aRniSnuli cda?
I _ II _ III _
a) mxolod I
b) mxolod II
g) mxolod III
d) I an III
15. mocemulia nitratebi:
I _ Pb(NO3)2 II _ Cu(NO3)2 III _ AgNO3
romeli maTganis gaxurebiT darCeba myar naSTSi metalis oqsidi?
a) mxolod I-is
b) mxolod III-is
g) rogorc I-is, ise II-is
d) rogorc II-is, ise III-is
reaqciis koordinata
41

16. sodian wyalSi Sabis (KAl(SO ) ∙12H O) gaxsnisas SeiniSneba xsnaris
amRvreva da airis intensiuri gamoyofa. romeli naleqi da airi
warmoiqmneba am dros?
naleqi airi
a) Al(CO) HS b) Al(CO) CO g) Al(OH) HS d) Al(OH) CO 17. mocemulia martivi nivTierebebi:
I _ qlori II _ alumini III _ siliciumi
romeli maTgani urTierTqmedebs tutis wyalxsnarTan?
a) I da II
b) I da III
g) II da III
d) samive
18. najeri erTatomiani spirtebis miRebis erT-erTi meTodia monohalogenalkanebis
hidrolizi:
+ ⇄ _ +
CamoTvlili qmedebebidan romeli gamoiwvevda spirtis gamosavlianobis
maqsimalur gazrdas?
a) mJavas damateba da temperaturis gazrda
b) mJavas damateba da temperaturis Semcireba
g) tutis damateba da temperaturis gazrda
d) tutis damateba da temperaturis Semcireba
19. gogirdmJavas xsnaris 10 ml-is gasatitrad daixarja 20 ml natriumis
tutis 0.1 M xsnari. rogori iyo gogirdmJavas moluri koncentracia
gasatitr xsnarSi?
a) 0.05 M b) 0.1 M g) 0.2 M d) 0.4 M
42

20. kaliumis permanganatis monawileobiT mimdinare Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebSi
manganumis Jangvis xarisxi SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad Seicvalos:
Mn +7
43
Mn +6
+4
Mn
Mn +2
es damokidebulia sareaqcio xsnaris pH-ze.
romel Jangvis xarisxs Rebulobs manganumi sxvadasxva areSi?
mJava areSi tute areSi
neitralur
areSi
a) +6 +2 +4
b) +6 +4 +2
g) +2 +6 +4
d) +2 +4 +6
21. mocemulia naerTebi:
I. 2,3-dibrombuten-2 II. 1,2-dibrompropen-1
romel maTgans axasiaTebs geometriuli izomeria?
a) mxolod I-s
b) mxolod II-s
g) orives
d) arc erTs
22. CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli ar aris C4H10O molekuluri formulis
mqone nivTierebis izomeri?
a) meTil-propileTeri
b) dieTileTeri
g) butanol-1
d) butanali

23. rogor icvleba mJavas siZliere da wyalSi xsnadoba erTfuZiani karbonmJavebis
homologiur rigSi molekuluri masis zrdasTan erTad?
a) mJavas siZliere izrdeba, xsnadobac izrdeba
b) mJavas siZliere izrdeba, xsnadoba mcirdeba
g) mJavas siZliere mcirdeba, xsnadoba izrdeba
d) mJavas siZliere mcirdeba, xsnadobac mcirdeba
24. dinitrobenzolis romeli izomeri miiReba nitrobenzolis nitrirebiT?
a) orTo-dinitrobenzoli
b) meta-dinitrobenzoli
g) orTo- da para- dinitrobenzolebis narevi
d) orTo-, meta- da para- dinitrobenzolebis narevi
25. mocemulia eTanis eTanolad gardaqmnis sqema, romelic ori reaqciiT
xorcieldeba:
C H
CHOH CamoTvlilTagan romeli SeiZleba iyos am sqemaSi X nivTiereba?
I _ qloreTani II _ eTileni III _ acetileni
a) rogorc I, ise II
b) rogorc I, ise III
g) rogorc II, ise III
d) samive
26. mocemulia naerTebi:
I. propanol-2
II. 2-meTilpropanol-2
romeli maTganis katalizuri JangviT miiReba ketoni?
a) mxolod I-is
b) mxolod II-is
g) rogorc I-is, ise II-is
d) arc erTis
44

27. propenis hidrohalogenirebiT miRebuli produqtidan viurcis sinTeziT
(metalur natriumTan urTierTqmedebiT) miiRes naxSirwyalbadi.
romelia miRebuli naxSirwyalbadis formula?
a) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3
b) CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH 2 CH 3
g) CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 d) CH3 C C CH3 CH3 CH3 28. mocemulia ori naerTi:
HOCH 2
45
OH
HOOC
I II
romeli maTganis 1 moli Seva reaqciaSi 2 mol natriumis tutesTan?
a) mxolod I-is b) mxolod II-is g) orives d) arc erTis
29. qvemoT mocemuli erTnairi moculobis siTxeebidan romeli ufro meti
moculobis meTilamins STanTqavs erTnair fizikur pirobebSi?
a) gamoxdili wyali
b) amiakiani wyali
g) tutis wyalxsnari
d) qlorwyalbadis wyalxsnari
30. romelia celulozas monomeruli rgoli?
H
OH
H
OH
H
O
H
OH
H
O
n
H
OH
H
OH
H
O
H H
OH
O
n
H
CH2OH O
H
OH H
H
OH
H
O
n
H
OH
CH 2 OH
a) b) g) d)
H
H
OH
O
H H
OH
O
n

instruqcia davalebebisaTvis # 31 _ 33:
unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul movlenebs/obieqtebs
Soris.
cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad:
cifrebiT danomril TiToeul obieqts/movlenas SeusabameT anbaniT danomrili
obieqti/movlena da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi.
gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime movlenas/obieqts SeiZleba
Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan.
31. mocemulia Seqcevadi reaqcia, romelic mimdinareobs myari katalizatoris
Tanaobisas:
2A + B ⇄ C + D , ∆H < 0
A, B, C da D nivTierebebi airad mdgomareobaSia.
sistemaSi, romelSic mimdinareobda es reaqcia, damyarda wonasworoba.
rogor imoqmedebs qvemoT mocemuli TiToeuli faqtori cal-calke am
reaqciis wonasworobaze?
faqtori
1 wnevis gazrda
2 temperaturis gazrda
3
4
D nivTierebis
koncentraciis Semcireba
katalizatoris zedapiris
farTobis gazrda
46
a b g
gadaixreba
marcxniv
wonasworoba
ar
Seicvleba
gadaixreba
marjvniv

32. spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidi da bromis xsnari xSirad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
organuli naerTebis aRmosaCenad.
ipoveT Sesabamisoba mocemul naerTebsa da maTTvis damaxasiaTebel
TvisebiT reaqciebs Soris.
naerTi
1 meTanali
2 eTandiol-1,2
3 aminobenzoli
4 C H OH
5 HOCH _(CHOH) _CHO
6 C H COOH
TvisebiTi
reaqcia
a b g d
agurisferi
naleqi
() -Tan -Tan
47
kaSkaSa
lurji
xsnari
TeTri
naleqi
ufero
xsnari

33. magniumis marilmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis reaqcia Caatares sxvadasxva
pirobebSi:
a. 2.4 g magniumis natexi moaTavses 100 ml 0.1 M marilmJavaSi
b. 2.4 g magniumis natexi moaTavses 100 ml 0.2 M marilmJavaSi
g. 2.4 g magniumis burbuSela moaTavses 100 ml 0.1 M marilmJavaSi
d. 2.4 g magniumis burbuSela moaTavses 100 ml 0.2 M marilmJavaSi
TiToeuli cdisaTvis aages gamoyofili airis moculobis droze
damokidebulebis grafiki:
V, l
ipoveT Sesabamisoba reaqciis pirobebsa da grafikze mocemul mrudebs
Soris.
a
b
g
d
I II III IV
48
I
II
III
IV
t, wT

34. gogirdmJavas areSi gansazRvruli koncentraciis kaliumis permanganati
eTilenglikols mJaunmJavamde Jangavs.
dawereT Sesabamisi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis toloba eleqtronuli balansis
CvenebiT. reaqciaSi organuli naerTebi warmoadgineT molekuluri formulebis
saSualebiT.
35. SeavseT cxrilis carieli ujrebi:
b)
reaqciebi
+ → + +
HCCH + H2O C
H 3
C
O
H
49
a)
g)
Jangvis da aRdgenis Sesabamisi
naxevarreaqciebi
36. dawereT 2-izopropil-5-meTil-cikloheqsanol-1-is struqturuli formula
(izopropilis radikali unda aCvenoT struqturulad):

37. mocemulia acetonis (tduR.=56°C) gamosaxdeli mowyobilobis sqema:
3
2
1
4
(gamoxda unda warmoebdes atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi).
daakvirdiT am sqemas da gaaanalizeT, sworad aris Tu ara SerCeuli
Semdegi poziciebi:
1 – gamacxelebeli
2 – siTxis done gamosaxdel kolbaSi
3 – gamosaxdeli kolbis forma
4 – Termometris sindiyiani bolos mdebareoba
5 – gadamyvani (forStosi)
6 – macivris tipi
7 – macivarTan wylis mierTeba
8 – alonJisa da mimRebi kolbis wyvili
5
SecdomiT SerCeuli poziciebis mosaniSnad qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis
saTanado ujraSi dasviT niSani X.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7
50
6
8

38. moswavlem Temaze “ZmarmJava da misi marilebi” internetSi
moiZia saintereso da advilad gansaxorcielebeli sademonstracio
cda, romelic tardeba natriumis acetatis kristalhidratis da
fenolftaleinis fxvnilis narevis gamoyenebiT.
am narevis gacxelebiT warmoiqmneba tute areSi fenolftaleinisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Seferiloba, romelic gacivebisas qreba:
gacxeleba gaciveba
moswavle ver mixvda, ratom xdeba feris aseTi cvlileba da gTxovaT axsna.
38.1. CamoTvaleT, romel sakiTxebs SeaxsenebdiT moswavles imisaTvis, rom
man kargad gaiazros cdis arsi.
38.2. auxseniT moswavles, ra iwvevs feris aseT cvlilebebs.
51

39. sagakveTilo procesSi sxvadasxva akademiuri moswrebis mqone moswavleTa
CarTulobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia, gaTvaliswinebuli iyos maTi
individualuri SesaZleblobebi.
am miznis misaRwevad mizanSewonilia, moswavleebs mieceT sirTulis
mixedviT diferencirebuli davalebebi.
erTi resursis _ mocemuli suraTis safuZvelze SeadgineT gansxvavebuli
sirTulis 2 amocana, romelTa amoxsnasac raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi
sWirdeba.
I amocana gankuTvnili unda iyos dabali akademiuli moswrebis moswavlisa-
Tvis, xolo II amocana – warmatebuli moswavlisaTvis.
SeadgineT orive amocanis srulyofili piroba da dawereT pasuxi (amoxnis
gzis Cveneba saWiro ar aris).
aseve, argumentirebulad daasabuTeT, raSi mdgomareobs Tqven mier Sedgenili
amocanebis gansxvaveba sirTulis mixedviT.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom:
amocanebis piroba unda iyos mocemuli suraTis adekvaturi;
orive amocana unda moiTxovdes gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas;
pirobis Sedgenisas SegiZliaT nebismieri ricxobrivi monacemebis damateba.
52
224 ml

I amocana: (piroba da pasuxi)
II amocana: (piroba da pasuxi)
dasabuTeba
53

40. moswavleebs daevalaT, daesaxelebinaT mocemuli struqturuli
formulis mqone naxSirwyalbadi:
H C CH C CH 3 3
C 2 H 5
qvemoT mocemulia ori moswavlis pasuxi:
I moswavlis pasuxi: II moswavlis pasuxi:
2-eTilbuten-2 3-eTilbuten-2
40.1. mokle komentarebiT axseniT, Tu ratom miiRo TiToeulma moswavlem aseTi
pasuxi.
komentari I moswavlis pasuxze
54
komentari II moswavlis pasuxze
40.2. gamogadgebodaT Tu ara qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi imisaTvis, rom
SeamowmoT, ramdenad sworad gaiazres moswavleebma daSvebuli Secdomebi.
lakonurad da argumentirebulad dasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.
H C CH C CH
3 2
C 2 H 5
CH 3

41. mocemulia amocana:
"2.3 g natriumi gaxsnes 97.8 ml wyalSi. gamoTvaleT gamoyofili wyalbadis
moculoba (n. p.) da natriumis hidroqsidis masuri wili miRebul xsnarSi".
erT-erTma moswavlem es amocana Semdegnairad amoxsna:
2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑
(Na) = 2.3 : 23 = 0.1 moli
(NaOH) = (Na) = 0.1 moli
(H) = 2 ∙ (Na) = 0.2 moli
V(H2) = 22.4 ∙ ( H2) = 22.4 ∙ 0.2 = 4.48 l
Mr(NaOH) = 23 + 1 + 16 = 40
M(NaOH) = 40 g/moli
(NaOH) = 0.1 ∙ 40 = 4 g
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O)
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 = 100.1 g
(NaOH) = (NaOH) : (xsn.) = 4 : 100.1 ≈ 0.04
pasuxi: V(H ) = 4.48 l; (NaOH) 0.04.
SeafaseT moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli naSromi qvemoT mocemuli instruqciisa
da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.
instruqcia:
amocana unda SeafasoT maqsimum 10 quliT.
Sefaseba unda moxdes mxolod sqemaSi mocemuli xuTi kriteriumis
mixedviT.
TiToeuli kriteriumi 2-quliania da fasdeba mTeli qulebiT.
Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari principia: erTi konkretuli Secdoma
isjeba mxolod erTxel. (Tu moswavle uSvebs Secdomas da akldeba
qula erT-erTi kriteriumis mixedviT, maSin SemdgomSi mas aRar unda
daakldes qula iseTi SecdomisTvis, romelic ukve dafiqsirebuli
SecdomiTaa gamowveuli).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom komentaris gakeTeba aucilebelia yvela kriteriumisaTvis!
55

Sefasebis sqema
Sefasebis kriteriumebi komentari qula
1. reaqciis tolobis
siswore da
Sesabamisoba
pirobasTan
2. reaqciis mixedviT
produqtis masis da
moculobis
gamoTvlis codna
3. xsnaris masis
gamoTvlis codna
4. xsnarSi nivTierebis
masuri wilis
gamoTvlis codna
5. amoxsnis logikuri
Tanmimdevroba
saboloo Sefaseba (kriteriumebis mixedviT miRebul qulaTa jami)
56

2012 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
a X
b X X X X X
g X X X X X X
d X X X
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
a X X
b X X X
g X X X X
d X X X X X X
31. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
a b g
1 X
2 X
3 X
4 X
(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri
striqonebis raodenobaa
32. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 6 qula
1 X
a b g d
2 X
3 X
4 X
5 X X
6 X
33. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
I II III IV
a X
b X
g X
d X
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri
striqoni – 1 qula
(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri
striqonebis raodenobaa
57

34. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
sworad dawerili reaqcia (reagentebi da produqtebi) – 1 qula
sworad Sedgenili balansi – 1 qula
sworad gaTanabebuli reaqciis toloba – 1 qula
5C H O +8KMnO + 12H SO →4K SO +8MnSO +5C H O + 22H O
35. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
yoveli sworad Sevsebuli ujra – 1 qula
a)
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl b) 4KClO →KCl+3KClO
g)
2C 2C 5
Mn Mn 8
C
C C C
36. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula
C
H 3
OH
CH 3
CH CH 3
37. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
1
qula
1
qula
1
qula
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
X X X
Tu moniSnulia 3 an naklebi ujra, maSin yoveli sworad moniSnuli ujra
1 qulaa;
Tu moniSnulia 3-ze meti ujra, maSin qulebis gamoTvlisas sworad
moniSnul ujras abaTilebs zedmetad da arasworad moniSnuli ujra.
58

38. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 5 qula
38.1 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula
Sefasebis sqema
am davalebaSi srulyofilad CaiTvleba da 2 quliT fasdeba pasuxi,
romelSic Cans, rom cdis arsis gasagebad aucilebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi
sakiTxebis codna:
marilTa hidrolizi
reaqciis Seqcevadoba da/an wonasworobis gadaxris pirobebi
arasrulyofilad CaiTvleba da 1 quliT fasdeba pasuxi, romelSic am ori
ZiriTadi sakiTxidan mxolos erTia naxsenebi.
pasuxi, romelSic es sakiTxebi saerTod ar figurirebs, fasdeba 0 quliT.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
kristalhidratebi da kristalizaciuri wyali
marilebis hidrolizi
reaqciis Seqcevadoba
indikatorebis moqmedeba
38.2 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis sqema
am davalebaSi srulyofilad CaiTvleba da 3 quliT fasdeba pasuxi,
romelSic cdis msvleloba logikurad da Tanmimdevruladaa axsnili,
kerZod, pasuxSi unda Candes, rom:
I. gacxelebisas kristalhidratidan gamoiyofa wyali _ 1 qula
II. gamoyofili wyali axdens acetatis hidrolizs, ris Sedegadac
warmoiqmneba tute are, rac iwvevs Seferilobis cvlilebas _ 1 qula)
III. gacivebisas mimdinareobs sapirispiro procesebi – neitralizacia da
kristalhidratis warmoqmna (1 qula)
Tu pasuxSi daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, maSin saerTo Sefasebas akldeba
1 qula.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
natriumis acetatis kristalhidrati gacxelebiT iSleba da gamoiyofa wyali.
gamoyofil wyalSi natriumis acetati, romelic susti mJavasa da Zlieri fuZis
marilia, hidrolizdeba da miiReba tute are, romelSic fenoftaleini
Jolosfers Rebulobs.
gacivebisas mimdinareobs sapirispiro reaqciebi _ natriumis tute aneitralebs
ZmarmJavas, xolo warmoqmnili natriumis acetati ierTebs wyals.
gacxeleba
CH3COONa . nH2O CH COONa
3 + nH2O gaciveba
CH COONa 3 + H2O gacxeleba
gaciveba
CH3COOH +
NaOH
59

39. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 6 qula
Sefasebis kriteriumebi
1. orive amocanis piroba unda Seesabamebodes suraTs; amasTanave, amocanaSi
dasmuli kiTxva unda moiTxovdes raodenobrivi gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas –
1 qula
magaliTad:
pirobaSi gamoyenebuli unda iyos marilmJava;
gamoyofili airis moculoba unda Seadgendes 224 ml-s;
reaqciis Semdeg ar unda rCebodes gauxsneli naSTi;
ar SeiZleba, xsnarSi moTavsebuli myari nivTiereba iyos Na an K, radgan
es metalebi ar CaiZireboda xsnarSi (aseve am SemTxvevaSi daculi ar
iqneboda usafrTxoeba);
da a.S.
2. orive amocanis piroba unda iyos srulyofili – 1 qula
magaliTad:
aucilebelia, miTiTebuli iyos, rom moculoba gazomilia normalur
pirobebSi;
Tu amocanaSi dasmuli kiTxva iTxovs aRebuli mJavas koncentraciis
dadgenas, aucilebelia, miTiTebuli iyos, rom HCl srulad daixarja;
da a.S.
3. TiToeuli amocanis pasuxi unda iyos swori – 2 qula (TiToeul amocanaze
– TiTo qula).
4. amocanebis pirobebi unda gansxvavdebodes sirTulis mixedviT – 1 qula.
5. gansxvaveba amocanebis sirTuleebs Soris logikurad da damajereblad
unda iyos dasabuTebuli – 1 qula.
garda amisa, Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba Semdegi:
Tu amocanis pirobaSi daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, an ricxvebi arasworadaa
SerCeuli, ris gamoc amocana ar ixsneba, saerTo Sefasebas daakldeba 1
qula.
Tu dawerilia mxolod erTi amocana, misi maqsimaluri Sefaseba 2 qulaa.
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
I amocana:
magniumis naWeri srulad gaixsna marilmJavaSi, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 224 ml
wyalbadi (n.p.). gamoTvaleT, ra masis magniumi iyo aRebuli.
pasuxi: 0.24 g magniumi.
II amocana:
0.186 g masis mqone magniumis da aluminis Senadnobi srulad gaixsna
marilmJavaSi, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 224 ml wyalbadi (n.p.). gamoTvaleT
SenadnobSi metalebis moluri Tanafardoba.
pasuxi: () ∶ () =6∶1
dasabuTeba:
I amocana saWiroebs mxolod reaqciis mixedviT martiv gamoTvlas. II amocana, Iisagan
gansxvavebiT, moiTxovs maTematikuri codnis gamomJRavnebasac, kerZod, ori
gantolebis an gantolebaTa sistemis Sedgenas da maT amoxsnas. garda amisa,
moswavles pasuxis misaRebad dasWirdeba raodenobasa da masas Soris
damokidebulebis codnis gamoyenebac.
60

40. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula
Sefasebis kriteriumebi
davalebis pasuxSi unda Candes, rom:
a) orive moswavle uSvebs erTnair Secdomas (eTilis radikals Tvlis
Canacvlebul radikalad), da Sesabamisad, sworad ver irCevs yvelaze
grZel naxSirbadul jaWvs – 1 qula
b) I moswavle SecdomiT SerCeul naxSirbadul jaWvSi lokantebs sworad
nomravs, II moswavle ki am moqmedebasac arasworad akeTebs – 1 qula
g) mocemuli formula SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imisaTvis, rom II moswavles
vaCvenoT, Tu romeli bolodan unda dainomros ormagi bmis Semcveli
naxSirbaduli jaWvi _ 1 qula
d) mocemuli formulas ver gamoviyenebT imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor unda
SevarCioT yvelaze grZeli naxSirbaduli jaWvi, radgan mesame naxSirbadatomTan
ganStoebas akeTebs ori erTnairi sigrZis radikali _ 1 qula
SeniSvna: a) da b) kriteriumebiT miRebuli qulebi gansazRvraven davaleba
40.1-is Sefasebas, xolo g) da d) kriteriumebiT miRebuli qulebi – davaleba
40.2-is Sefasebas
40.1. swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
I moswavlem sworad ar SearCia
yvelaze grZeli jaWvi, Tumca SecdomiT
SerCeuli jaWvi sworad danomra (e.i.
im bolodan, romelTanac ufro axloa
ormagi bma).
40.2. swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
II moswavlem dauSva 2 Secdoma: I
moswavlis msgavsad, sworad ver SearCia
yvelaze grZeli jaWvi. garda amisa, man
araswori bolodan danomra
naxSirbaduli jaWvi.
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc magaliTi, Tu romeli bolodan unda dainomros
naxSirbaduli jaWvi ormagi bmis mdebareobis mixedviT, magram ver gamoviyenebT,
rogorc magaliTs yvelaze grZeli naxSirbaduli jaWvis SesarCevad, radgan mesame
naxSirbadatomTan ganStoebas akeTebs ori erTnairi sigrZis radikali. ukeTesi
magaliTi iqneba, C2H5-is nacvlad mocemuli rom iyos C3H7.
61

41. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula
Sefasebis sqema:
maqsimaluri qulis misaRebad pedagogma unda aRmoaCinos moswavlis
naSromSi daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi Secdoma da naSromi unda Seafasos
davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciisa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.
moswavlis naSromSi daSvebuli Secdomebia:
1. sworad ar aris gamoTvlili wyalbadis raodenoba. weria
(H) = (Na) ∙ 2 = 0.2 moli
unda eweros:
(H) = (Na) : 2 = 0.05 moli
2. xsnaris masis gamoTvlisas, moswavle ar iTvaliswinebs gamoyofili
wyalbadis masas.
weria:
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O)
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 =100 .1 g
unda eweros:
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O) − (H2)
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 _ 0.1 = 100 g
TiToeuli Secdomis aRmoCenisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs TiTo qulas.
davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciis sworad Sesrulebisa da adekvaturi
komentarebisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs 1 qulas.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi moswavlis naSromSi aRniSnul Secdomebs ver
daafiqsirebs (CaTvlis, rom davaleba sworad aris Sesrulebuli), davaleba
Sefasdeba 0 quliT (miuxedavad imisa, rogoraa Sesrulebuli davalebis
danarCeni nawili).
swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:
sworia
2
masas sworad iTvlis, moculobas _ ara.
unda iyos: () = (Na) : 2 = 0.05 moli
V(H2) = 22.4 (H2) = 22.4 0.05 = 1.12 l
ar iTvaliswinebs gamoyofili wyalbadis masas. unda eweros:
(xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O) − (H2)
(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 _ 0.1 = 100 g
sworia. ZiriTadi Secdoma daSvebuli iyo xsnaris masis
gamoTvlisas, romelSic qula ukve daaklda
sworia
62
1
0
2
2
7

ekomendebuli literaturis sia:
saxelmZRvaneloebi:
rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis
(qimia, fizika, biologia). gamocdebis erovnuli centri, 2011.
s. adamia. qimia (gaRrmavebuli kursi). Tbilisi, saqarTvelos macne,
(2009 an 2011 wlebis gamocemebi).
Н.Л. Глинка. Общая химия. Ленинград, Химия, 1979 г. (da Semdgomi gamocemebi).
Uno Kask, J. David Rawn. General Chemistry, W,. C. Brown Publishers. 1993 (da Semdgomi
gamocemebi).
programaSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasameoreblad SegiZliaT agreTve gamoiyenoT
qimiis nebismieri saxelmZRvanelo, romliTac sargeblobdiT umaRles
saswavlebelSi.
meTodur saxelmZRvaneloebad SesaZlebelia gamoiyenoT qimiis saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorTa mier gamocemuli maswavleblis sarekomendacio
wignebi.
internet resursi:
http://www.ets.org/praxis/
63