1 - Ganatleba

1 - Ganatleba 1 - Ganatleba

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Tavis saxelwodeba paragrafis nomeri paragrafis saxelwodeba ganmarteba Sidateqsturi davalebebi teqstis momdevno davalebebi praqtikumis saxelwodeba Semajamebeli samuSao rogor vixelmZRvaneloT am wigniT jgufuri samuSao wyvilebad samuSao proeqti proeqti I T a v i organul naerTTa agebuleba da klasifikacia 1 organuli naerTebi organul nivTie re bebs ar ganekuTvneba naxSirbadis oqsi debi, naxSirmJava da misi marilebi. me-11 suraTis mixedviT imsjeleT, rogori agebuleba unda hqondes naerTebs, romelTa molekulaSic naxSirbadatomTa hibridizaciis tipia sp. 3. SeadgineT C 6H 14 Sedgenilobis naerTis sruli da Sekvecili struqturuli formula. eTenis miReba da Tvisebebi SeamowmeT Tqveni codna praqtikumi `vitaminebi~ 5

Tavis saxelwodeba

paragrafis nomeri

paragrafis saxelwodeba

ganmarteba

Sidateqsturi davalebebi

teqstis momdevno davalebebi

praqtikumis saxelwodeba

Semajamebeli samuSao

rogor vixelmZRvaneloT am wigniT

jgufuri samuSao

wyvilebad samuSao

proeqti

I T a v i

organul naerTTa agebuleba

da klasifikacia

1

organuli naerTebi

organul nivTie re bebs ar ganekuTvneba

naxSirbadis oqsi debi,

naxSirmJava da misi marilebi.

me-11 suraTis mixedviT imsjeleT, rogori

agebuleba unda hqondes naerTebs,

romelTa molekulaSic naxSirbadatomTa

hibridizaciis tipia sp.

3. SeadgineT C 6H 14 Sedgenilobis naerTis sruli

da Sekvecili struqturuli formula.

eTenis miReba da Tvisebebi

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

praqtikumi

`vitaminebi~

78

am TavSi ganvixilavT

erTatomian da mravalatomian spirtebs.

aldehidebs da ketonebs.

karbonmJavebs.

esterebsa da cximebs.

JangbadSecveli organuli naerTebis

miRebas, Tvisebebsa da gamoyenebas.

IV T a v i

JangbadSemcveli organuli naerTebi

am Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg

SeZlebT, formulis mixedviT JangbadSemcveli organuli

naerTi miakuTnoT naerTTa Sesabamis klass.

SeadgenT JangbadSemcveli organuli naerTebis molekulaTa

modelebs.

daakavSirebT JangbadSecveli organuli naerTis Tvisebebs

mis SedgenilobaSi Semaval funqciur jgufTan.

qimiuri reaqciebiT asaxavT JangbadSemcveli organuli

naerTebis Tvisebebs da miRebis xerxebs.

imsjelebT mniSvnelovani JangbadSemcveli organuli

naerTebis praqtikul mniSvnelobaze.

13

SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom 25-e suraTze gamosaxuli

ori sxvadasxva siTxe erTsa da imave nivTierebas

Seicavdes?

xom ar iciT, ra Tvisebebis gamo ga mo iyenes is

pirvelsa da meore SemTxvevaSi?

am saxelwodebis mqone sxva nivTierebebic xom ar

aris TqvenTvis cnobili?

spirtebi

spirti aris orga -

nu li nivTiereba, rom

lis molekula Sic

naxSirwyalbadis radikalTan

da kav Si rebulia

erTi an ramdenime

hidroqsilis

jgu fi.

spirtis zogadi

fo r mulaa R‑OH.

ro gorc wesi, nax-

Sir wyal badis radikals

R-iT aRniSnaven.

am aRniSvnas gamoviyenebT

Cvenc.

hidroqsilis jgufs yvela spirti Seicavs. Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom sxvadasxva

spirtis molekulaSi hidroqsilis jgufis sxvadasxva raodenoba iyos.

molekulaSi hidroqsilis jgufis raodenobis mixedviT spirti aris:

erTatomiani. magaliTad,

CH 3OH,

meTilis

spirti

meTanoli

oratomiani. magaliTad, samatomiani. magaliTad,

spirtebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba radikalis bunebiTac. Sesabamisad,

spirti SesaZlebelia iyos:

najeri – aseTi spirtis

molekulaSi Semavali

radikali najeria,

magaliTad,

CH 3 – CH 2 – OH

eTanoli

spirtebi

sur. 25. alkoholiani sasmeli da odekoloni

CH 3 – CH 2 – OH

eTilis spirti

eTanoli

naerTebi, romelTa molekulaSic

benzolis birTvTan uSualodaa dakavSirebuli

OH – jgufi, TvisebebiT

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba spirtebisagan.

amitom isini calke klasadaa gamoyofili

da fenolebi ewodeba.

HO – CH 2 – CH 2 – OH

eTilenglikoli

ujeri – aseTi spirtis

molekulaSi Semaval

radikalSi naxSirbadis

atomebs Soris

jeradi bmebia (ormagi

an sammagi) magaliTad,

CH 2 = CH – CH 2 – OH

fenoli

OH

CH2 – CH – CH2 OH OH OH

glicerini

aromatuli – cxadia

aseTi spirtis molekulaSi

benzolis birTvia,

magram OH – jgufi

masTan dakavSirebulia

ara uSualod, aramed

naxSirbadatomiT.

maga liTad,

CH 2 – OH

fenilmeTanoli

80

spirtis molekulaSi radikali SesaZlebelia Seicavdes pirvelad, meoreul

da mesameul naxSirbadatoms. Sesabamisad spirtic SeiZleba iyos:

pirveladi – aseTi

spir tis molekulaSi

hid ro qsilis jgufi

dakavSirebulia pirvelad

naxSirbadatomTan.

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – OH

izomeria da nomenklatura

spirtis saxelwodebis Sedgenisas Sesabamisi radikalis saxelwodebas

emateba sufiqsi `oli~. sufiqsis Semdeg cifriT miuTiTeben hidroqsilis

jgufis mdebareobas ZiriTad jaWvSi:

H

H – C – OH

H

meTanoli

meTilis spirti

H

H – C – C – OH

H H

eTanoli

eTilis spirti

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 OH

propanoli – 1

1 2

HO – CH2 – CH2 – OH

eTandioli-1,2

homologiuri rigis meoTxe da yvela momdevni wevrs ki aqvs ConCxis izomerebi.

magaliTad,

4 3 2 1

CH3 _CH2 – CH2 – CH2 OH da

2 2 1

CH3 – CH – CH2OH butanoli - 1 |

CH3 2 - meTilpropanoli

fizikuri Tvisebebi

m e o r e u l i – a s e T i

spirtis molekulaSi hidroqsilis

jgu fi dakavSirebulia

meoreul nax-

SirbadatomTan.

CH 3 – CH – CH 3

|

OH

mesameuli – am SemTxvevaSi

spirtis molekul

a S i h i d r o q s i l i s

jgufi dakavSirebu lia

mesameul naxSirbadatomTan.

magaliTad.

T a v s a r T e -

bi di-, tri-,

tetra- da a.S.

hidroqsilis

jgufis raodenobasaRniSnavs.

O homologiuri rigis mesame wevridan dawyebuli spirtebSi Tavs iCens funqciuri

jgufis mdebareobis izomeria. magaliTad,

3 2 1

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 OH

propanoli -1

da

3 2 1

CH3 – CH – CH3 |

naxSirbadatomebis

danomvras

iwyeben im bolod

a n , s a i d a n a c

OH

u f r o a x l o s a a

propanoli - 2

fun qciuri jgufi.

nivTierebis Tvisebebi misi Sedgenilobis da agebulebis Sedegia, am mxriv

arc spirtebia gamonaklisi. maTi Tvisebebi ganpirobebulia molekulis SedgenilobiT

da struqturiT.

CH 3

|

CH 3 – C – CH 3

|

Jangbadis atomis eleqtrouaryofiToba gacilebiT

metia, vidre wyalbadisa da naxSirbadis, amis gamo spirtis

molekulaSi C – O da O – H bmebi polarulia. Jangbadis

atomze Tavmoyrilia nawilobriv uaryofiTi muxti, wyalbadis

atomze ki – nawilobriv dadebiTi:

δ + δ − δ +

..

R – CH2 → O

..

← H.

amitom amboben, rom spirtis molekulaSi hidroqsilis

jgufis wyalbadatoms mJavuri Tvisebebi aqvs. amiT

is mkveTrad gansxvavdeba radikalis wyalbadatomisagan.

eleqtronuli simkvrivis aseTi gadanawileba molekula-

Si imis mizezic aris, rom spirtis molekulebs Soris myardeba wyalbaduri bma:

δ + δ – δ + δ – δ + δ –

... H – O ... H – O ... H – O ....

R R R

wyalbaduri bmis arseboba ganapirobebs spirtis fizikur Tvisebebsac.

kerZod, spirtis duRilis temperatura mis molekulur masasTan SedarebiT

Zalian maRalia. ase magaliTad, propani, romlis fardobiTi molekuluri masaa

44, Cveulebriv pirobebSi airia, umartivesi spirti meTanoli ki – siTxea maSin,

rodesac misi fardobiTi molekuluri masaa 32.

erTatomiani najeri spirtebis homologiuri rigis pirveli TerTmeti wevri

siTxea, meTormete wevridan dawyebuli – myari nivTierebebi. dabali molekuluri

masis mqone spirtebi wyalSi kargad ixsneba, maT alkoholis suni da gemo

aqvT. spirtis molekuluri masis gazrdasTan erTad wyalSi xsnadoba mcirdeba.

magaliTad, oqtanoli ukve aRar ixsneba wyalSi.

msgavs reaqciaSi Sedis wyalic:

qimiuri Tvisebebi

spirtebis specifikur Tvisebebs cxadia hidroqsilis

jgufi ganapirobebs.

1 spirtebi urTierTqmedebs tute

da tutemiwa metalebTan. magaliTad,

eTilis spirtis urTierTqmedebiT natriumTan

warmoiqneba natriumis eTilati

da gamoiyofa wyalbadi (sur. 26):

2C 2H 5 – OH + 2Na → 2C 2H 5 – ONa + H 2 ↑

eTanoli natriumis eTilati

vinaidan metali spirtTan gacilebiT

mSvidad urTierTqmedebs vidre wyalTan,

laboratoriaSi tute metalebis narCenebis mosacileblad

da ga sauvnebelyofad swo red spirts

iye neben.

2 Na + 2H 2O → 2NaOH + H 2 ↑

wyalTan natriumis urTierTqmedebisas

reaqcia ufro aqtiurad

mimdinareobs, gamoiyofa

imdenad didi

r a o d e n o b i s

s i T b o , r o m

SeiZleba moxdes

afeTqeba.

msgavsi reaqciis

mixedviT

s p i r t i m J a -

vuri bunebisaa,

magram am

TvisebiT wyal-

Tan SedarebiT

100-jer ufro

sustia, rac ga mowveulia hidroqsilis

jguf ze radikalis

gavleniT. ra dikali amcirebs

O – H bmis po larizacias da

hidroqsilis jgu fis wyalbadatomis

mJavur Tvisebebs:

sur. 26 natriumis ur-

TierTqmedeba spirtTan

H :O: H CH 3 → O : H

82

CaatareT 26-e suraTze asaxuli reaqcia, kristalizatorSi,

sadac spirtia TandaTan CaasxiT wyali mcire ulufebad. ras

amCnevT? axseniT es movlena.

2 spirti urTierTqmedebs halo gen wyal bad mJavasTan, magaliTad, bromwyal

badmJavasTan. am SemTxvevaSi spir ti reaqciaSi Sedis ara mxolod hidroqsilis

wyalbadatomiT, aramed mTlianad hidroqsilis jgufiT. am reaqciaSi

spirti fuZea, reaqcia Seqcevadia:

27-e suraTze gamo-

saxulia brom eTanis

misa Rebi laborato-

riuli danadgari.

C 2H 5OH + HBr C 2H 5Br + H 2O.

aRwereT:

C2H5OH a) ra pirobebSi mim-

NaBr

dinareobs reaqcia?

H2SO4 b) ra procesebi mimdinareobsmrgvalsur.

27. bromeTanis miReba

Zira kolbaSi?

g) risTvisaa saWiro wylis macivari?

d) ratom agroveben bromeTans yinuliani wylis gamo yenebiT?

3 spirtebis molekulaTaSorisi dehidratacia. es aris iseTi reaqcia,

rodesac wyalwamrTmevi saSualebis TanxlebiT spirtis ori molekulisagan

gamoiyofa wylis erTi molekula. 100-dan 140 0 C-mde gacxelebiT, gogirdmJavas

Tanaobisas, eTilis spirtisagan am reaqciiT miiReba dieTilis eTeri:

C 2H 5 OH +HO C 2H 5

H2SO 4 (konc.)

C2H5 – O – C

t < 140cC

2H5 +H2O. dieTileTeri aqroladi, advilad aalebadi siTxea. kargi gamxsnelia, medicinaSi

gamoiyeneba narkozisTvis.

4 spirtis Sidamolekuluri dehidratacia. es reaqcia ufro maRal

temperaturaze mimdinareobs, vidre molekulaTSorisi dehidratacia, isev da

isev wyalwamrTmevi saSualebebis TanxlebiT. reaqciis Sedegad miiReba alkeni.

ma galiTad, 170 0 C-ze, gogirdmJavas Tanaobisas, eTilis spirtisagan miiReba

eTileni:

CH 3 – CH 2 – OH H 2SO 4 (konc)

t > 140 0 C CH 2 = CH 2 +H 2O.

wyali da

yinuli

C 2H 5Br

5 spirtis urTierTqmedeba organul mJavasTan. am reaqciis Sedegad miiReba

esteri, amitom reaqcias esterifikaciis reaqcia ewodeba. is mimdinareobs

Zlieri araorganuli mJavas Tanaobisas, romelic katalizatoris funqcias

asrulebs. zogadi saxiT reaqciis toloba ase iwereba:

O

kat.

R′ – C + H O – R′′ R′ – C + H2O. mJava O – R′′

OH spirti

esteri

6 spirtis daJangva. Cveulebrivad,

spirti iJangeba damJangavebis moqmedebiT,

magaliTad kaliumis permanganatiT.

rogorc wesi, damJangavi nivTiereba moxleCs

spirtis molekulidan wyalbadis or

atoms, erTs hidroqsilis jgufidan da

meores hidroqsiliani naxSirbadatomidan. pirveladi spirtis daJangvisas

miiReba Sesabamisi aldehidi:

miReba

H

CH 3 – C – O H [O]

H

eTilis spirti

‑H2O CH O

3 – C

H

Zmaraldehidi

1 halogenalkanis hidrolizi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, halogenwyalbadTan

spirtis urTierTqmedebis reaqcia Seqcevadia. e. i. reaqciis Sedegad

warmoqmnili halogenalkani urTierTqmedebs wyalTan da kvlav spirti miiReba.

Tu wylis nacvlad tutis wyalxsnars aviRebT, reaqcia Seqcevadi aRar iqneba:

R – Cl+NaOH spirtuli

duRili R – OH + NaCl.

2 alkenis hidratacia. kidev erTxel SegaxsenebT eTilenTan wylis mier-

Tebis reaqcias, is mimdinareobs π-bmis gaxleCis Sedegad da miiReba eTanoli:

CH2 = CH2 + H2O t, H3PO4 C2H5OH. eTileni eTilis spirti

zogierTi spirti gansakuTrebuli xerxiT miiReba. magaliTad, aRsaniSnavia

eTilis spirtis miRebis uZvelesi xerxi – glukozis spirtuli duRili:

C 6H 12O 6 spirtuli

duRili 2C2H 5OH+2CO 2↑.

meoreuli spirtis da-

Jangvisas miiReba ketoni.

[O]

CH3 – C H – CH3 O H

‑H2O CH3 – C – CH3 O

propanoli – 2 acetoni

spirtebidan gansakuTrebuli praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs meTanols da

eTanols. amitom swored am spirtebs ganvixilavT dawvrilebiT.

meTanoli CH 3OH – ufero siTxea, romelsac alkoholis susti suni

aqvs, duRs 64,7 0 C-ze, iwvis odnav mocisfro aliT. meTanolis istoriuli

saxelwodebaa – xis spirti. es saxelwodeba ukavSirdeba misi miRebis xerxs

– meTilis spirti tradiciulad xis merqnis mSrali gamoxdiT miiReboda.

meTanoli Zlieri sawamlavia, fermentebis gavleniT organizmSi gardaiqm-

84

neba formaldehidad da WianWvelmJavad. es nivTierebebi

ki azianebs Tvalis baduras, iwvevs mxedvelobis nervis

dazianebas da mxedvelobis srul dakargvas.

meTilis spirtis didi raodenoba gamoiyeneba formaldehidis

misaRebad, romelsac Tavis mxriv iyeneben plastmasebis

warmoebaSi. amJamad, araerTi organuli naerTis

miRebis teqnologiuri procesis safuZveli swored meTanolia,

amitom masze moTxovnileba TandaTan izrdeba.

! o r g a n i z m S i

m o x v e d r i l i

50 ml-ze me ti

meTilis spirti

iwvevs sikvdils.

eTanoli C 2H 5OH – aseve ufero, Taviseburi sunis mqone siTxea. duRs

78,3 0 C-ze. kargad iwvis, nebismieri TanafardobiT ixsneba wyalSi. sufTa samedicino

spirtSi 96% (moculobiTi procenti) spirti da 4% (moculobiTi

procenti) wyalia. uwylo absoluturi spirtis misaRebad samedicino spirts

`aTavisufleben~ wylisagan, amisaTvis mas amuSaveben iseTi nivTierebebiT,M

romlebic qimiurad urTierTqmedebs wyalTan. magaliTad, kalciumis oqsidiT

an uwylo spilenZis sulfatiT.

eTanoli farTod gamoiyeneba mrewvelobaSi sinTezuri kauCukis, samkurnalo

preparatebis da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad. is gamoiyeneba gamxsnelad,

Sedis laqebisa da saRebavebis, parfiumeruli saSualebebis SedgenilobaSi.

medicinaSi spirti gamoiyeneba rogorc sadezinfeqcio saSualeba, kvebis

mrewvelobaSi ki misgan alkoholur sasmelebs amzadeben.

1. rogoria spirtis struqtura, Tu Umisi saxelwodebaa:

a) butanoli – 2; b) buten-3-oli-1; g) penten-4-dioli-1,2?

2. ratom ar arsebobs meoTxeuli spirti? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

3. SeadgineT struqturuli formula yvela im spirtisa, romelTa molekuluri

formulaa C 5H 12O. aseTive molekuluri formula SeiZleba hqondes or

sxva nivTierebasac, romelic ar aris spirti, SeadgineT maTi struqturuli

formulebic.

4. daasaxeleT nivTierebebi, romelTa struqturuli formulebia:

a)

CH 3

CH 3 – C – OH ;

CH 3

b) CH3 – CH – CH – OH ;

CH 3 CH 3

g) CH 3 – CH = CH – CH 2 – OH ; d) CH 3 – CH – CH – CH 3 .

5. SeadgineT 2-propenoli –1 –is:

a) hidrirebis; b) hidrataciis;

g) halogenirebis; d) hidrohalogenebis reaqciaTa tolobebi.

daasaxeleT reaqciis produqtebi.

OH

C 2H 5

6. SeadgineT sqemis Sesabamisi reaqciaTa tolobebi:

a) eTani → bromeTani → eTanoli → eTileni → acetileni → benzoli;

b) kalciumis karbidi → acetileni → benzoli → cikloheqsani → qlorcikloheqsani.

7. ra qimiuri Tvisebebi unda hqondes nivTierebas, Tu misi struqturuli

formulaa H 2C=CH – CH 2OH?

SeadgineT saWiro reaqciaTa tolobebi.

8. gamoiangariSeT wyalbadis moculoba (n.p.), romelic SeiZleba gamoiyos,

Tu sareaqciod aRebulia 1 moli meTilis spirti da 1,5 moli metaluri kaliumi.

9. gaaanalizeT 28-e suraTze aRwerili procesi. ivaraudeT, C 2H 6O Sedgenilobis

nivTiereba spirtia, Tu eTeri. varaudi daasabuTeT gaangariSebiT.

natriumi

C 2H 6O

wyali

0,05 moli

wyalbadi

wyali

sur. 28

wyali

0,56 litri

86

14

mravalatomiani spirtebi

oratomiani spirtia eTilenglikoli, anu eTandioli:

CH 2 _OH

|

CH 2 – OH

samatomiani spirtia glicerini, anu propantrioli:

CH 2 _OH

|

CH _OH

|

CH 2 _OH

cxadia, arsebobs iseTi spirtic, romlis molekulaSic samze meti hidroqsilis

jgufia. aseTia magaliTad, eqvsatomiani spirti – sorbiti, romelic

gamoiyeneba Saqris Semcvlelad imitom, rom tkbilia:

HO – CH2 – CH – CH – CH – CH – CH2 – OH

| | | |

OH OH OH OH

mravalatomian spirtebs didi praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs.

eTilenglikoli gamoiyeneba antifrizis dasamzadeblad. antifrizi iseTi

siTxea, romelic Znelad iyineba da am Tvisebis gamo mas avtomobilis radiatorSi

asxamen. eTilenglikoli gamoiyeneba agreTve zogierTi organuli niv-

Tierebebis sinTezisaTvis. magaliTad, maRalmolekuluri sinTezuri boWkos

misaRebad. is gamoiyeneba agreTve feTqebadi nivTierebebis dasamzadeblad.

glicerini gamoiyeneba nitroglicerinis misaRebad. nitroglicerini

ZLli eri asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa. medicinaSi nitroglicerini gamoiyeneba

rogorc sisxlZarRvTa gafarToOebis saSualeba gulis ukmarisobis dros.

glicerini gamoiyeneba parfiumeruli saSualebebis, samedicino preparatebis

dasamzadeblad, tyavis warmoebaSi. is icavs tyavs gamoSrobisagan.

gamoiyeneba agreTve qsovilebis dasamuSaveblad. gliceriniT damuSavebuli

qsovili rbili da elastikuria.

oratomiani spirtebis miReba

oratomiani spirti miiReba:

1 eTilenis daJangvisas kaliumis permanganatis xsnariT:

CH 2 =CH 2 +[O] +H 2O HO – CH 2 – CH 2 – OH

eTileni eTilenglikoli

2 dihalogenalkanis hidroliziT. najeri naxSirwyalbadis dihalogennawarmis

wyalTan urTierTqmedebiT miiReba eTilenglikoli:

CH2 _Cl H _OH

+

CH2 _Cl H _OH

CH 2 _OH

CH 2 – OH

+ 2HCl

mravalatomiani

spi rti ise-

T i s p i r t i a ,

romlis mo lekulaSicramdenimehidroqsilis

jgu fia.

wonasworoba marjvniv gadainacvlebs, Tu reaqcias tutis wyalxsnarSi CavatarebT.

a reaqtivebi iqneba saWEiro analogiuri reaqciiT glicerinis misa Rebad?

SeadgineT reaqciis toloba.

mravalatomiani spirtebis fizikuri Tvisebebi

eTilenglikoli da glicerini ufero, blanti siTxeebia, motkbo gemo aqvT

da kargad ixsnebian wyalsa da eTanolSi. eTilenglikoli duRs 197,6 0 C-ze.

glicerini ki – 290 0 C-ze.

qimiuri Tvisebebi

1 eTilenglikolisa da glicerinis qimiuri

Tvisebebi erTatomiani spirtis qimiuri Tvisebebis

msgavsia, magaliTad, isini urTierTqmedeben

aqtiur metalebTan:

CH 2 – O H + 2 Na →

CH 2 – O H

CH 2 – O – Na

CH 2 – O – Na + H 2↑.

SeadgineT eTilenglikolis halogenwyalbad-

Tan urTierTqmedebis reaqciis toloba.

eTilenglikoli sawamlavia.

amitom frTxilad unda movepyroT

antifrizis xsnars,

romelic eTi lenglikolis

w y a l x s n a r i a . e T i l e n g -

l i k o l i s S e x e b a s a k v e b

produqtebTan dauSvebelia.

2 mravalatomian spirtebs specifikuri, mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebic aqvs. aseTia magaliTad reaqcia spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan.

Tu spilen(II)-is hidroqsidze vimoqmedebT gliceriniT (tutis Tanaobisas)

da narevs SevanjRrevT, naleqi gaixsneba da miiReba lurji feris xsnari – es

spilenZis gliceratis xsnaria (sur. 29) .

CH 2 – O – H

CH – O – H

CH 2 – OH

glicerini

spilenZ(II)-is

hidroqsidi

H – OO

+

H – OO

Cu →

CH 2 – O

CH – O

CH 2 – OH

sur.29 glicerinis urTierTqmedeba

spilen(II)-is hidroqsidTan.

spilenZis

glicerati

C u

+2H 2O

am reaqciidan Cans,

rom mravalatomian

spirts susti, magr

a m e r T a t o m i a n z e

uf ro ZlieriA mJava

buneba aqvs. es aixsneba

molekulaSi OH

jgufebis dagrovebiTa

da maTi urTierTgavleniT,

rac wyalbadatomebs

ufro moZravs

xdis.

spilen(II)-is glicerati mocemulia

gamartivebuli saxiT.

faqtobrivad spilenZis glicerats

ufro rTuli Sedgeniloba

aqvs.

88

3 glicerini urTierTqmedebs azotmJavasTan. am reaqciis Sedegad miiReba

nitroglicerini – azotmJavasa da glicerinis esteri:

CH 2 – OH

CH – OH

CH 2 – OH

+

H – OO – ONO 2

H 2 SO 4

CH2 – O – NO2 CH – O – NO2 + 3H2O CH 2 – O – NO 2

trinitroglicerini

saxelwodeba nitrogliceriniistoriulia

da ar

Seesabameba esteris

saxelwodebis

Sedgenis saerTa-

Soriso wesebs.

1. SeadgineT naerTis struqturuli formula, Tu misi saxelwodebaa

butantrioli-1,2,4 .

2. SeadgineT sqemis Sesabamis reaqciaTa tolobebi:

a) CH 3 – CH 3 → CH 3 – CH 2 – Cl → CH 2 = CH 2→ HO – CH 2 – CH 2 – OH;

b) HO – CH 2 – CH 2 – OH → Cl – CH 2 – CH 2 – Cl → CH ≡ CH →CH 3 – CH 3→

CH 3 – CH 2Cl → CH 3 – CH 2 – OH → CH 2 = CH 2 → HO – CH 2 – CH 2 – OH.

3. mocemulia organuli naerTTa formulebi.

daadgineT:

– ramdeni sxvadasxva nivTierebaa gamosaxuli?

– ramdeni homologia? SeadgineT TiToeulis saxelwodeba.

– ramdeni izomeria? SeadgineT TiToeulis saxelwodeba.

– aris Tu ara sxvadasxvanairad gamosaxuli erTi da igive nivTiereba.

H H

a)

b) H3C – CH2 – CH – CH

g) H3C – CH – CH3 O O

3

OH

H2C – CH2 d) HO – CH2 HO – CH

HO – CH 2

e) HO – CH 2

HO – CH

HO – CH 2

z) H3C – CH – CH2 – CH – CH3 OH OH

v) H 5C 2 – CH – CH 2

OH OH

T) HO – CH 2 – CH 2 – OH

4. mocemulia Termoqimiuri toloba: C 2H 4 +H 2O → C 2H 5OH +460 kj.

gamoiangariSeT:

a) eTilenis moculoba (n.p.);

b) spirtis raodenoba da masa, Tu cnobilia, rom am procesSi gamoiyo 920 kj

siTbo.

15

TqvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom hidroqsilis jgufi SesaZlebelia dau-

kavSirdes uSualod benzolis birTvs. naerTTa

im klass, sadac hidroqsilis jgufi uSualod

ukavSirdeba benzolis birTvs, anu fenilis radikals

C 6H 5‑s, fenoli ewodeba.

hidroqsilis jgufis raodenobis mixedviT

fe nolebi SesaZlebelia iyos erTatomiani

da mravalatomiani.

amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT fenolebis klasis pirvel warmomadgenelze,

sakuTriv fenolze, romelsac karbolmJavac ewodeba.

mravalatomiani fenolis

molekulaSi er-

Tze meti hidroqsilis

jgufia. magaliTad,

OH

1 2

OH

1,2 – dihidroqsibenzoli

HO

1

OH

2 3

OH

1,2,3 – trihidroqsibenzoli

OH

1

fenoli

5 3

HO OH

1,3,5,-trihidroqsibenzoli

miReba

fenolis misaRebi bunebrivi nedleulia – qvanax-

Siris fisi, magram is Zalian cotaa saimisod, rom

uzrunvelyos fenolze arsebuli moTxovnileba.

SemuSavebulia ramdenime sinTezuri xerxi. erTerTi

maTgani mimdinareobs Semdegi sqemiT:

C 6H 6 → C 6H 5Cl → C 6H 5OH.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom halogenis atomi

ufro mtkicedaa dakavSirebuli fenilis radikal-

Tan, vidre alkanis radikalTan. amitom, misi Canacvleba

hidroqsilis jgufiT ufro mkacr pirobebSi

– maRal temperaturasa da wnevaze mimdinareobs.

fenoli gamoiyeneba samkurnalo preparatebis,

feTqebadi nivTierebebis, antiseptikuri saSualebebisa

da sxvaTa dasamzadeblad, bioqimiur laboratoriaSi

ki – dnm-is misaRebad.

fizikuri Tvisebebi

fenoli ufero, kristaluri

nivTierebaa. lRveba 43 0 C-ze.

aqvs mkveTri, Taviseburi (`wamlis~)

suni, momwamlavia.

oTaxis temperaturaze

umniSvnelo raodenobiT

ixsneba wyalSi.

cxel wyal Si ki ixsneba

ga nusazRvreli raode-

nobiT (sur.30). kanze

mox ved risas iwvevs dam-

erTatomiani fenoli

Seicavs hidroqsilis

erT jgufs, ma ga liTad:

OH

fenoli

OH

CH 3

2 – meTilfenoli

fenolis monawileobiT

mimdinare qimiuri

reaqciebi unda Catardes

amwov karadaSi,

damcavi xelTaTmanebis

gamoyenebiT.

civ

wyalSi

cxel

wyalSi

sur. 30. fenolis gaxsna civsa

da cxel wyalSi.

90

wvrobas, amitom masTan muSaobisas

saWiroa sifrTxile. organizmSi

moxvedrisas iwvevs nivTierebaTa

cvlis darRvevas.

qimiuri Tvisebebi

radgan fenolis molekulaSi

OH-jgufi uSualodaa dakavSirebuli

fenilis radikalTan, mosalodnelia,

rom mas spirtebisagan

gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi hqondes

(fenilis radikalisa da hidroqsilis

jgufis urTierTgavlenis

gamo). fenolis Tvisebebis ganxilvisas

SesaZlebelia gamoiyos

Tvisebebi, romlebic ganpirobebulia

mis molekulaSi – erTis

mxriv OH jgufis da meores mxriv

– fenilis radikalis arsebobiT.

1 spirtis msgavsad fenoli reaqciaSi

Sedis tute metalebTan:

2C6H5OH + 2Na → 2C6H5ONa + H2 natriumis

fenolati

Ö←H

magram, fenolSi

OH jgufis wyalbada

t o m z e g a v l e n a s

axdens fenilis radikali,

romelsac aqvs unari

Tavisken miizidos hidroqsilis

Jangbadatomis Tavisufali

eleqtronebi. amitom O‑H bma Zalian

polarulia, wyalbadatomi

ki ufro moZravi da reaqciisunariani,

vidre spir tSi. amitom

fenols spirtisagan gansxvavebiT

susti mJava buneba aqvs, rac

gamoixateba imiT, rom fenoli

spirtisagan gansxvavebiT reaqciaSi

Sedis tutesTan:

C 6H 5OH + NaOH → C 6H 5ONa + H 2O.

fenolis molekulaSi fenilis

radikalis arsebobiT ga mowveul

Tvisebebs Soris aRsaniSnavia:

fenolSi mJavuri Tvisebebi Zalian sustadaa

gamoxatuli _ is fers ver ucvlis

indikators, misi gamoZeveba natriumis

fenolatidan SesaZlebelia iseTi susti

mJaviTac ki, rogoric naxSirmJavaa:

C6H5ONa + H2CO3 → C6H5OH + NaHCO3 ,

e. i. fenoli naxSirmJavaze susti mJavaa.

erTatomian spirtebTan SedarebiT fenolSi

mJavuri Tvisebebis gaZliereba hidroqsilis

jgufze benzolis birTvis gavleniT

aixsneba, rac iwvevs Obmis polarobis

gazrdas da O – H hidroqsilis jgufis

wyal badatomis reaqciis unarianobas.

Jangbadatomis gauziarebeli eleqtronuli

wyvili urTierTqmedebs benzolis

bir Tvis π-eleqtronul sistemasTan, ris

gamoc Jangbadis eleqtronuli wyvi li

nawilobriv wainacvlebs C‑O bmis nax Sirbad

atomisaken, Jangbadis atomi miiswrafvis

Tavisi eleqtronuli muxtis kompensaciisaken,

amitom is Tavisken Zlier

waanacvlebs O‑H bmis eleqtronul wyvils,

ris Se degadac wyalbadis atomze dadebiTi

muxti izrdeba da advildeba misi moxleCa

protonis saxiT.

δ

6

–

5

H

:Ο:

δ+

benzolis birTvisaken Jangbadis eleqtronuli

wyvilis wanacvleba iwvevs eleqtronuli

muxtis (simkvrivis) gadanawilebas

benzolis birTvis π – ele q tronul

sis temaSi da mis koncentrirebas 2, 4 da 6

mdgo mareobaSi, am mdgomareobaSi wyalbada

tomebi advilad Canacvldeba sxva atomebiT.

maSasadame, hidroqsilis jgufi, Tavis

mxriv, gavlenas axdens benzolis birTvze,

ris gamoc advildeba Canacvlebis reaqcia.

marTlac, benzolis bromirebisaTvis sa-

Wi roa katalizatori da Tavisufali bromi,

fenolis bromireba ki mimdinareobs katalizatoris

gareSe, bromiani wyliT da

miiReba tribromfenoli – TeTri feris

naleqis saxiT.

1

4

δ –

2

3

δ –

2 bromirebis reaqcia. hidroqsilis jgu fis gavlenis gamo fenolSi benzolis

birTvis bromireba ufro advilad mimdinareobs, vidre benzolisa:

OH

+ 3Br 2

fenoli

Br

2,4,6 – tribromfenoli

3 nitrirebis reaqcia. aseve advilad mimdinareobs nitrirebis reaqcia.

fenolze koncentrirebuli azotmJavas moqmedebiT miiReba 2,4,6 – trinitrofenoli

– feTqebadi nivTiereba, romelsac pikrinis mJava ewodeba.

OH

+ 3HNO 3

Br

O 2N

OH

NO 2

Br

+ 3HBr

NO 2

+ 3H 2O

fenoli 2,4,6 – trinitrofenoli

4 fenolis polikondensacia. fenolisa da formaldehidis urTierTqmedebisas

gamoiyofa wylis molekula, fenolis naSTebi ki erTmaneTs ukav-

Sirdeba. am reaqcias polikondensaciis reaqcia ewodeba.

es reaqcia SeiZleba gamovsaxoT Semdegi sqemiT:

H H

OH

C

OH

H

O

+

H H

– H2O H

CH2 H

dimeri

Tu moreagire nivTierebebi sakmarisi raodenobiTaa, reaqcia kidev

SeiZleba gagrZeldes da warmoiqmnas ara mxolod dimeri, aramed makromolekula,

romelsac fenolformaldehiduri fisi ewodeba.

Cveulebriv temperaturaze warmoiqmneba wrfivi agebulebis makromolekulebi,

xolo Tu reaqcias maRal temperaturaze CavatarebT, miRebuli

produqti daitoteba da miiReba badiseburi struqturis polimeri:

OH

CH 2

OH

CH 2

OH

CH 2

OH

92

fenolformaldehiduri fisisagan amzadeben plastmasebs, romlebic cecxlgamZle

da yinvamedegia. is uZlebs wylis, mJavisa da tutis moqmedebas,

aqvs dieleqtrikuli Tvisebebi. fenolformaldehiduri fisisagan miiReba

agreTve unikaluri Tvisebebis webo, romelic awebebs metalisagan damzadebul

detalebsac ki da rac mTavaria uzrunvelyofs `gadabmis adgilis~

simtkices.

1. SeadgineT sqemis Sesabamisi reaqciaTa tolobebi:

CH4 → C2H2 → C6H6 →C6H5OH →2,4,6 tribromfenoli.

2. ori uetiketo WurWlidan erTSi fenolia, meoreSi ki – eTilis spirti.

rogor ganvasxvavoT isini mxolod fizikuri Tvisebebis mixedviT? daasabuTeT

Tqveni varaudi.

3. saxelwodebis mixedviT SeadgineT Semdegi nivTierebebis struqturuli

formulebi:

a) 1,2,3 – trihidroqsibenzoli; b) 1,4 – dihidroqsibenzoli.

axseniT, SeiZleba Tu ara es nivTierebebi miviCnioT:

a) izomerebad; b) homologebad?

4. SeadgineT sqemis Sesabamisi reaqciaTa tolobebi:

C6H6 → C6H5 Cl → C6H5OH. 5. SeadareT benzolisa da fenolis qimiuri Tvisebebi, Sedarebis Sedegebi

gamosaxeT diagramiT.

axseniT msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis mizezebi. gansxvaveba msgavseba gansxvaveba

16

gansakuTrebiT gogonebisaTvis kargad unda iyos

nacnobi im siTxis suni, romelsac frCxilebidan lakis

mosacileblad iyeneben, es aqroladi siTxe acetonia. acetoni

ketonebis klass ganekuTvneba da yvela sxva ketonis

msgavsad karbonilis jgufs Seicavs. karbonilis jgufs

Seicavs aldehidic.

wyalbadis atomTan dakavSirebul karbonilis

jgufs aldehidis jgufs uwodeben.

erTi Tavisufali savalento xaziT karbonilis jgufi

SeaerTeT wyalbadis atomTan, meoreTi ki – R-iT aRniSNul

naxSirwyalbadis radikalTan da Tqven aldehidis zogad

formulas miiRebT.

umartivesi aldehidi formaldehidia, sadac karbonilis jgufi dakavSirebulia

mxolod wyalbadatomTan:

organul nivTie

rebas, romlis

m o l e k u l a S i

k a r b o n i l i s

j g u f i d a k a v -

Sirebulia or

naxSir wyal badis

radikalTan, ketoni

ewodeba.

aldehidebi da ketonebi

H

C = O

H

zogjer karbonilis jgufi SeerTebulia or radikalTan.

aseT organul nivTierebas ewodeba ketoni.

umartivesi ketoni praqtikidan TqvenTvis kargad nacnobi

nivTiereba ace tonia. mis molekulaSi karbonilis jgufi dakavSirebulia

meTilis or radikalTan:

izomeria da nomenklatura

aldehidi da ketoni

organuli niv Ti ere

bebia, ro me lTa

mole ku laSic Sedis

nax Sirwyalbadis

ra dikalTan da kav-

Si rebuli

aRniSneT radikalebi R 1-iT da R 2-iT. savalento xazebiT

SeaerTeT karbonilis jgufTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tqven

ketonis zogad formulas miiRebT.

O

CH3 – C – CH3 acetoni

SeafaseT aldehidebi naxSirwyalbadis radikalis mixedviT. sqema gadaixa-

zeT rveulSi da rgolis Sig niT CawereT saTanado magaliTebi. es magaliTe-

bi Se arCieT Cvens mier SemOoTavazebuli aldehidebis formulebidan.

romeli maT ga nis Se sa xeb Se giZ li aT TqvaT dabejiTebiT _ `gaau

fe rulebs bromian wyals~. axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase:

CH 2=CH – C

O

H

CH3 – C O

H

C = O

karbonilis

jgufi.

C

O

H

94

saerTaSoriso nomenklaturis mixedviT najeri aldehidis saxelwodeba rom

SevadginoT, naxSirbadatomTa imave ricxvis mqone alkanis saxelwodebas unda

mivumatoT sufiqsi – `ali~, magaliTad,

O

H – C

H

meTanali

saerTaSoriso nomenklaturis paralelurad xSirad iyeneben aldehidis

trivialur saxelwodebas. rogorc wesi, aseTi saxelwodeba momdinareobs

aldehidis Sesabamisi mJavas saxelwodebidan (ix. cxrili).

cxrili: zogierTi mJavas struqturuli formula da saxelwodeba

saerTaSoriso

saxelwodeba

O

CH3 – C

H

eTanali

aldehidebs axasiaTebs mxolod

erTi – naxSirbadovani

ConCxis, izomeria.

formula trivialuri saxelwodeba

meTanali HCHO WianWvelaldehidi (formaldehidi)

eTanali CH 3CHO Zmaraldehidi

propanali CH 3CH 2CHO propionaldehidi

propenali CH 2=CHCHO akroleini

butanali CH 3CH 2CH 2CHO erboaldehidi

pentanali CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CHO valerianaldehidi

benzaldehidi C 6H 5CHO benzaldehidi

fizikuri Tvisebebi

aldehidi

najeri ujeri aromatuli

. . . . . . . . .

CH3 – CH2 – C

propanali

ZiriTadi jaWvis naxSirbadatomTa danomvra

iwyeba aldehidis jgufis naxSirbadatomidan.

amitom, aldehidis jgufis

mdebareobis cifriT miTiTeba saWiro ar

aris, is yovelTvis pirvelia.

aldehidebis fizikur TvisebebSi gasarkvevad yuradReba gavamaxviloT

maTi molekulis eleqtronul agebulebaze. imis gamo, rom naxSirbadTan

SedarebiT Jangbadi gacilebiT eleqtrouaryofiTi elementia, C = O bmis

O

H

CH 3 – CH – CH 2 – C

CH 3

3-meTilbutanali

O

eleqtronuli simk vrive gadaweulia Jangbadisken, amitom bma Zalian polarulia:

δ

C = O

+

δ –

Sesabamisad, aldehidi polaruli naerTia, rac aisaxeba kidevac mis TvisebebSi:

aldehidebis pirveli warmomadgenlebi – formaldehidi, Zmaraldehidi

wyalSi xsnadia. maTi duRilis temperatura ufro dabalia, vidre Sesabamisi

spirtebis, rac imiT aixsneba, rom spirtebisagan gansxvavebiT aldehidebSi

wyalbaduri bmebi ar arsebobs. moklejaWvian aldehidebs arasasiamovno

suni aqvs. grZeljaWvian aldehidebsa da ketonebs ki yvavilis suni aqvs

da amitomac gamoiyeneba parfiumeriaSi.

qimiuri Tvisebebi

aldehidi ZiriTadad Sedis daJangvisa da mierTebis reaqciaSi.

1 daJangvis reaqcia. aldehidis daJangviT warmoiqmneba Sesabamisi mJava,

sqematurad es procesi ase gamoisaxeba:

R – C O

H

R – C O

OH

TvisebiTi reaqcia

reaqciis Sedegad warmoqm-

aldehidis daJangva advilad mimdinareobs

da SesaZlebelia susti damJangaviT – vercxnili

metaluri vercxli Txlad

efineba WurWlis kedlebs, miiReba

vercxlis sarke. amitomac,

lis oqsidis amiakiani xsnariT daiJangos. am reaqcias `vercxlis sarkis~

ga mar tivebulad es procesi ase gamoisaxeba reaqcia ewodeba. rogorc wesi,

(sur. 31):

aldehidis aRmosaCenad am reaqcias

iyeneben.

CH3– C O

CH3 – C

H

O

+Ag2O →

+2Ag

OH

eTanali eTanmJava

ufro zustad reaqcia ase ga moisaxeba:

R– C O

H +2[Ag(NH3) 2]OH → R– C

ONH4 O +2Ag+3NH3+H2O reaqciis toloba SegiZliaT ar da imaxsovroT.

aldehidis daJangva SesaZlebelia spilenZ(II)is

hidroqsidiTac. is Jangavs aldehidebs,

TviTon ki aRdgeba spilenZ(I)-is hidroqsi dam de

CuOH-is saxiT. es aramdgradi yviTeli feris

naerTi ki maSinve iSleba spilenZ(I)-is oqsidis

warmoqmniT, romelsac wiTeli feri aqvs

(sur. 32):

R – C

O

+ 2Cu(OH) 2

H

lurji

R – C

O

OH

+ Cu 2O↓ + 2H 2O

wiTeli

aldehidisa da vercxlis oqsidis

amikiani xsnaris narevi

aldehidi

sur. 31. vercxlis sarkis

warmoq mnis procesi

vercxlis

sarke

sur. 32. spilen(I)-is hidroqsidi,

rome lic iSleba da warmoqmnis

spi lenZ(I)-is oqsids.

96

2 mierTebis reaqcia. mierTebis reaqcias ganekuTvneba aldehidis hid-

rirebis reaqcia, romelic mimdinareobs

karbonilis jgufis ormagi

bmis gaxleCis Sedegad. aldehidis

hidrirebisas miiReba pirveladi

spirti:

CH3 – C

H

O + H2 Ni CH3 – CH2 – OH

miReba

laboratoriaSi aldehidis miRebis xerxSi gasarkvevad CaatareT aseTi cda:

sinjaraSi CaasxiT 4-5 ml eTilis spirti.

spilenZis mavTulisagan daamzadeT spira-

c

li da gaavarvareT spirtquris alze, vidre

d

a

ar gaSavdeba, ris Semdegac CauSviT spirtian

sinjaraSi.

ras amCnevT? _ ra argumentebi gaqvT

imis dasasabuTeblad, rom namdvilad aldehidi miiReba?

zogadi saxiT daJagvis procesi ase gamoisaxeba:

O

R – CH2 – O – H + [O] → R – C

H

+ H2O. mrewvelobaSi aldehids iReben sxvadasxva xerxiT.

1 meTanalis miRebis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro ekonomiuri xerxia meTanis

daJangva specialur reaqtorSi haeris JangbadiT:

H

H – C – H + O2 H

500 0 C, kat.

H – C

O

+ H2O. H

2 meTanali miiReba agreTve meTanolis daJangviT. reaqciis procesSi

meTano lis orTqlis narevs haerTan atareben gavarvarebuli vercxlis an

spilenZis badeze:

2CH 3OH + O 2

Cu an Ag

ketonis hidrirebisas miiReba meoreuli

spirti:

O OH

CH3 – C – CH3 + H2 Ni

CH3 – CH – CH3 2H – C

O

+ 2H2O. H

3 dReisaTvis eTanalis miReba SesaZlebelia eTilenis daJangviT. eTilens

Jangaven haeris JangbadiT paladiumisa da spilenZis qloridebis Tanaobisas:

O

kat

2CH2=CH2+O2 2CH3 – C

es xerxi sakmaod ekonomiuria, radgan eTileni iafi nedleulia.

aldehidebidan gansakuTrebuli praqtikuli Rirebuleba aqvs

WianWvelaldehidsa da Zmaraldehids.

WianWvelaldehidi, anu formaldehidi HCHO – ufero,

mZafri sunis mqone momwamlavi airia, wyalSi kargad

ixsneba, formaldehidis wyalxsnars (40%-ians) formalini

ewodeba, mas sadezinfeqciod iyeneben. formaldehidisagan

iReben urotropins, urotropini samkurnali preparatia.

dapresil mdgomareobaSi, briketis saxiT mas sawvavadac

iyeneben (mSrali spirti). yvelaze mniSvnelovani ki is aris,

rom formaldehidi gamoiyeneba fenolformaldehiduri

fisebisa da zogierTi sxva nivTierebis misaRebad.

Zmaraldehidi CH 3CHO, mZafri, arasasiamovno sunis

mqone advilad aqroladi siTxea. wyalSi kargad ixsneba,

mrewvelobaSi Zmaraldehididan iReben plastmasebsa da

acetatur boWkos.

1. struqturuli formulebis mixedviT SeadgineT Semdegi nivTierebebis

saxelwodebebi:

a)

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH – C

CH 3

O

g) CH2 = CH – CH2 – C

H

2. gadaixazeT rveulSi da SeavseT cxrili:

saxelwodeba najeri naxSir wya lbadis

molekuluri

formula

meTani

eTani

propani

butani

pentani

heqsani

O

H

b)

Br – CH 2 – CH 2 – C

O

H

m o l e k u l u r i f o r m u l a

sur.33. formalini

anadgurebs mikrobebs

ris gamoc masSi inaxaven

cocxal organizmebs.

Sesabamisi Espir tis Sesabamisi aldehidis Sesabamisi mJavas

98

3. SeadgineT sqemis Sesabamisi reaqciaTa tolobebi:

O

a) CH4 → C2H2 → CH3 – C → CH3 – CH2OH → CH3CH2Br → C2H4 →

H

O

→ CH3CH2OH → CH3 – C

H

O

b) CH4 → H – C → CH3OH → CH3Cl → C2H6 → C2H5OH →

H

CH3 – C

4. SeadgineT reaqciis toloba, romelic Seesabameba:

a) propanoli – 1-is daJangvas;

b) propanoli – 2-is daJangvas;

ra gansxvavebaa reaqciis produqtebs Soris?

vercxlis sarkis reaqcia

O

H

praqtikumi

aiReT sinjara, CaasxiT 1 ml formalini (formaldehidis wyalxsnari),

daamateT ramdenime wveTi vercxlis oqsidis amiakiani xsnari. sinjara odnav

SeaTbeT spirtquris alze.

1. ras amCnevT?

2. ratom xdeba sinjaris kedlebi sarkiseburi?

3. SeadgineT reaqciis toloba.

Tu

siyvarulis qimia

TiToeuli cocxali organizmi organoe-

bisa da qsovilebis rTuli, gansakuTreb-

uli da unikaluri sistemaa, romelTagan

TiToeuli Tavis aucile bel, specifikur

funqcias asrulebs. am funqciis Sesrulebas

ki ganapirobebs organizmSi im nivTierebebis

arseboba, romelic gamomuSavdeba Sinagani sekreciis jirkvlebiT. am

nivTierebebs hirmonebi ewodeba.

cocxali samyaro Zalian mravalferovania, magram ZiriTadad is mainc or

nawilad iyofa _ mamrebad da mdedrebad.

or nawilad iyofa kacobriobac _ qalebad da mamakacebad.

qalis sasqeso hormonebs estrogenebi ewodeba, mamakacisas ki _ androgenebi.

estrogenis molekulaSi 18 naxSirbadatomia. estrogenebidan aRsa niSnavia

C18H24O2 _ estradioli:

molekulis aRnagoba cxadyofs, rom estradioli SesaZlebelia mivakuTvnoT

erTdroulad spirtebsac da fenolebsac.

estrogenebs miekuTvneba nivTiereba estronic, is erTdroulad feno licaa

da ketonic:

C 18H 22O 2 _ estroni

androgeni _ mamakacis sasqeso hormonia. aseTi hormonis molekulaSi 19

naxSirbadis atomia.

gainteresebT...

erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani androgeni testosteronia.

100

testosteroni

hormonebidan aRsaniSnavia adrenalini, is Tirkmelzeda jirkvlis hormonia

da rogorc yvela hormoni, adrenalinic organizmSi mudmivad gamomuSavdeba.

Warbi emociebi, dadebiTic da uaryofiTic, iwvevs adre nalinis gaZlierebul

gamoyofas.

uCveulo situaciaSi xarT, guliscema gagixSirdaT, Tvalis gugebi gagifar-

TovdaT, gafiTrdiT an gawiTldiT? _ e. i. Tqvens organizmSi ukve aris adrenalinis

saWiro doza, rac aucileblad mogexmarebaT Sinagani Zalebis mobilizebaSi!

adrenalini

17

karbonmJavebi

alubali, mocxari, tyemali, limoni, for-

Toxali ..., maTi momJavo gemo yvelas gigrZvniaT.

albaT iciT, rom am mJave gemos karbonmJavebi

ganapirobebs.

karbonmJavebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba

karboqsilis jgufis raodenobiT da naxSir wyalbaduri

radikalis bunebiT.

molekulaSi karboqsilis jgufis Semcvelobis

mixedviT karbonmJava SesaZlebelia iyos:

erTfuZiani. magaliTad,

O

CH3 – C

OH

ZmarmJava

organul nivTierebas, romlis

molekulaSi naxSirwyalbadis

radikalTan erTi

an ramdenime karboqsilis

jgufia dakavSirebuli, karbonmJava

ewodeba.

orfuZiani. magaliTad,

CamoayalibeT najeri da ujeri karbonmJavas ganmarteba. saTanado

magaliTebi Cvens mier SemOoTavazebuli karbonmJavebis formulebidan

SearCieT.

CH 3 ‑ COOH ZmarmJava

O

HO

C – C

C – CH 2 – CH 2 – C

qarvis mJava

CH3 – (CH2) 7 – CH= CH – (CH2) 7 – COOH

oleinmJava

romeli maTganis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT TqvaT dabejiTebiT _ Sedis hidrirebis

reaqciaSi?

axseniT, ratom fiqrobT ase.

O

OH

mJaunmJava

C

benzois mJava.

O

OH

– C O

OH

O

HO

atomTa jgufs kar-

boqsilis jgufi ewodeba.

dagveTanxmebiT, rom naxSirwyalbaduri radikalis bunebis mixedviT karbonmJava

SesaZlebelia iyos: najeri, ujeri, aromatuli.

CH 2=CH – COOH

akrilmJava

aromatuli karbonmJava ki iseTi mJavaa, romlis molekulaSic benzolis

birTvi Sedis. aseTia benzois MmJava

O

OH

101

102

nomenklatura da izomeria

SeamCnevdiT, rom organuli mJavebis klasi sakmaod mravalferovania.

ganvixiloT najeri erTfuZiani karbonmJavebi.

najeri karbonmJavas saxelwodebis Sedgenisas Sesabamisi alkanis saxelwodebis

fuZes emateba sityva `mJava~, naxSirbadatomTa danomvra ki iwyeba

karboqsilis jgufis naxSirbadatomidan. magaliTad,

O

H – C

OH

meTanmJava

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – C

butanmJava

kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom dRemde gamoiyeneba mJavebis istoriuli, anu

trivialuri saxelwodebebi (ix. cxrili).

cxrili: zogierTi mJavas struqturuli formula da saxelwodeba

saerTaSoriso

saxelwodeba

O

OH

qimiuri formula trivialuri saxelwodeba

meTanmJava HCOOH WianWvelmJava

eTanmJava CH 3COOH ZmarmJava

propanmJava CH 3CH 2COOH propionmJava

butanmJava CH 3CH 2CH 2COOH erbomJava

pentanmJava CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2COOH valerianmJava

heqsanmJava CH 3 – (CH 2) 4 – COOH kapronmJava

heqsadekanmJava CH 3 (CH 2) 14 – COOH palmitinmJava

oqtadekanmJava CH 3 (CH 2) 16 – COOH stearinmJava

fizikuri Tvisebebi

O

CH3 – C

OH

eTanmJava

O

CH3 – CH2 – CH – C

OH

CH3 2-meTilbutanmJava

SedarebiT mcire molekuluri masis karbonmJavebi

ZmarmJavas msgavsad mkveTri, Taviseburi sunis

mqone siTxeebia. 4-8 atomi naxSirbadis Semcveli

karbonmJavebi arasasiamovno sunis mqone zeTiseburi

siTxeebia.

karbonmJava, romlis molekulaSic naxSirbadatomTa

ricxvi rvas aRemateba, myari, wyalSi uxsnadi

nivTierebaa.

najeri erTatomiani mJavas duRilis temperatura

izrdeba molekulaSi naxSirbadatomis ricxvis

zrdasTan erTad. ase magaliTad, WianWvelm-

miaqcieT yuradReba!

mJavas molekulaSi imdeni nax-

Sir badatomia, ramde nic – Sesabamisi

alkanis molekulaSi.

spirtisa da mJavas duRilis

temperaturebi.

Javas duRilis temperatura 101 0 C-ia,

ZmarmJavasi – 118 0 C, xolo propionmJavasi

– 141 0 C.

sayuradReboa is faqti, rom mcire

molekuluri masis mqone umartivesi

karbonmJava – WianWvelmJavac ki siTxea,

maSin, roca ufro meti molekuluri

masis mqone butani imave pirobebSi airadi

nivTierebaa:

HCOOH C 4H 10

M r=46 M r=58

t duR.=100,8 0 C; t duR.= –0,5 0 C;

wyalbaduri bmis warmoqmnis unari

karbonmJavas wyalSi kargad xsnadobis

mizezicaa – wyalSi gaxsnisas wyalbaduri

bma myardeba karbonmJavasa da wylis

molekulas Soris:

O H

|| |

R – C – O – H ... O

H

kanonzomieria isic, rom naxSirwyalbadur

radikalSi naxSirbadatomTa

ricxvis zrdasTan erTad karbonmJavas

wyalSi xsnadoba mcirdeba.

qimiuri Tvisebebi

karbonmJavebis zogadi qimiuri Tvisebebi araorganuli mJavebis qimiuri

Tvisebebis msgav sia. magaliTad, ZmarmJava wyalSi gaxsnisas disocirdeba wyalbadis

kationad da mJavuri naSTis anionad:

CH3COOH CH3COO –

+ H + .

nivTierebis molekulur masasa

da agregatul mdgomareobas Soris

arsebuli aseTi Seusabamoba ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom karbonmJavas

molekulebs aqvs wyalbaduri

bmebis damyarebis una ri, isini wyvilwyvilad

uerTdeba erTmaneTs da

warmoqmnis dimers.

karbonmJavas molekulebs Soris

wyalbaduri bmis damyarebis unari

ki aixsneba maTi eleqtronuli agebulebiT.

marTlac, karboqsilis

jgufSi eleqtronuli simkvrive isea

gadanawilebuli, rom Jangbadatomi

nawilobriv uaryofiTad, xolo wyalbadatomi

nawilobriv dadebiTad

imuxteba:

karbonmJavebs Soris yvelaze Zlieria WianWvelmJava. is saSualo si

Zlieris mJavaa, danarCeni karbonmJavebi ki sustia. karbonmJavas molekulaSi

naxSirbadatomTa ricxvis zrdasTan erTad disociaciis xarisxi mcirdeba.

Cven ki gTavazobT karbonmJavas monawileobiT mimdinare neitralizaciis

reaqciis zogad tolobas.

δ +

– C

δ –

O

.. δ +

O .. ← H

swored am `boloebiT~ myardeba

wyal baduri bma maT molekulebs

Soris:

R – C

O. . . H – O

O – H . . . O

C – R

gamoikvlieT ZmarmJavas qimiuri Tvisebebi.

ZmarmJava gaanawileT sam sinjaraSi. erTSi CauSviT Mg, meoreSi – MgO,

mesameSi ki – Na 2CO 3 an CaCO 3 (carci).

daakvirdiT reaqciebis mimdinareobas.

SeadgineT reaqciaTa tolobebi. SeadareT ZmarmJavas

qimiuri Tvisebebi araorganuli mJavebis qimiur

Tvisebebs, gamoitaneT daskvna.

ZmarmJavas ma ri -

lebs aceta tebi ewo -

deba. ma ga li Tad,

Mg(CH 3COO) 2 mag ni umis

acetatia.

103

104

1 R – COOH + NaOH → R – COONa + H 2O.

gagacnobT karbonmJavas sxva qimiur Tvisebebsac.

2 karbonmJava reaqciaSi Sedis spirtTan. reaqciis Sedegad ki miiReba esteri

da wyali. amitom, am reaqcias esterifikaciis reaqcia ewodeba.

esterifikaciis reaqcia Seqcevadia da im SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs bolomde,

Tu sareaqcio ares scildeba warmoqmnili esteri an wyali.

gamoikvlieT esterifikaciis reaqciis mimdinareobis pirobebi:

a) ZmarmJavian sinjaraSi CaasxiT eTilis spirti. amCnevT reaqciis niSnebs?

sinjara SeaTbeT:

amCnevT reaqciis niSnebs?

sinjaraSi mcireodeni gogirdmJava CaasxiT da sinjara kvlav SeaTbeT.

axla Tu amCnevT reaqciis niSnebs?

gamoitaneT daskvna esterifikaciis reaqciis mimdinareobis pirobebis Sesaxeb,

gadaiwereT rveulSi da reaqciis tolobaSi SeitaneT reaqciis mimdinareobis

pirobebis Sesabamisi aRniSvnebi:

O O

|| ||

R – C – OH + R′ – OH E R – C – OR′ +H2O .

karbonmJava spirti esteri

3 karbonmJavebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zogierTi specifikuri Tvisebac,

rac ganpirobebulia molekulaSi naxSirwyalbaduri radikalis arsebobiT.

magaliTad, karbonmJava reaqciaSi Sedis qlorTan:

H

Cl – Cl + H – C – C

O

→ Cl – C – C

H

O – H

O

H

+HCl .

H

O – H

ZmarmJava qlorZmarmJava

sagangebod aRvniSnavT WianWvelmJavas Tvisebebs – mo lekulaSi karboqsilis

jgufTan uSualod dakavSirebuli wyalbadis gamo, is aldehidic aris

da mJavac, amitom advilad iJangeba vercxlis oqsidis amiakiani xsnariT da

warmoqmnis naxSirmJavas, romelic iSleba naxSirorJangad da wylad:

H – C O

OH

anu

HO – C O

+ Ag2O H

WianWvelmJava

H – C O

OH

t

HO – C O

+ 2Ag↓

OH

H2O + CO2↑ naxSirmJava

koncentrirebul gogirdmJavasTan ga cxelebisas

Wian WvelmJava wylis mo lekulas moixleCs

(Si da mo lekuluri dehidratacia) da

naxSirbad(II)-is oqsids gamoyofs.

es reaqcia SeiZ le ba gamoviyenoT la bo ra toriaSi

nax Sir bad(II)-is oqsidis misaRebad:

H 2O + CO.

miReba

laboratoriaSi karbonmJavas miReba SesaZlebelia araorganuli mJavebis

msgav sad, mis marilze gogirdmJavas moqmedebiT. magaliTad,

2CH3 – C O

O – Na + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2CH3 – C O

t

O – H

natriumis acetati ZmarmJava

mrewvelobaSi ki karbonmJavas misaRebad aldehidis daJangvis reaqcias

mimarTaven:

R – CHO +[O] → R – COOH.

aldehidi karbonmJava

vinaidan aldehidi Tavis mxriv spirtis daJangviT miiReba, amitom mJavas

miReba SesaZlebelia uSualod spirtis daJangviT. Sualeduri produqtis,

aldehidis gamoyofis gareSe. am procesis gamosaxva SesaZlebelia Semdegi Semajamebeli

tolobiT:

R – CH 2OH + 2[O] → RCOOH + H 2O.

spirti karbonmJava

najeri erTfuZiani karbonmJavebidan

gansakuTrebuli praqtikuli mniSvneloba

aqvs WianWvelmJavas, ZmarmJavas, agreTve

palmitinis, stearinisa da oleinis mJavebs.

amitom, ufro dawvrilebiT maT Sesaxeb visaubrebT.

WianWvelmJava HCOOH mZafri sunis mqone

siTxea, duRs 100,8 0 C-ze. wyalSi kargad

ixsneba, kanze moxvedrisas iwvevs damwvrobas.

mas aqvs madezinficirebeli Tvisebebi,

ris gamoc gamoiyeneba farmacevtul da

tyavis warmoebaSi, agreTve medicinaSi. is

gamoiyeneba agreTve qsovilisa da qaRaldis

Rebvis procesSi.

sur.34. WianWvelmJava Sedis Wian-

Wvelis organizmSi, WinWarSi da

naZvis wiwvebSi. WinWari imitom

susxavs, rom WianWvelmJava aRizianebs

kans. WianWvel mJava sawamlavia.

ZmarmJava CH3COOH ufero, mZafri sunis mqone siTxea, wyalSi ixsneba nebismieri

raodenobiT. ZmarmJavas 3-5%-iani xsnari farTod gamoiyeneba kvebis mrewvelobaSi

da maRaziaSi iyideba komerciuli saxelwodebiT `Zmari~. ZmarmJavaSi

kargad ixsneba mravali organuli nivTiereba da amitom gamoiyeneba saRebavebisa

da laqebis mosacileblad.

ZmarmJava xmardeba agreTve teqnikurad mniSvnelovani nivTierebebis, magaliTad,

herbicidebis miRebas.

grZeljaWviani najeri erTfuZiani karbonmJavebia – palmitinisa da stearinis

mJavebi.

moklejaWviani najeri, erTfuZiani karbonmJavebisagan

gansxvavebiT myari, wyalSi uxsnadi mJavebia. Tumca, C15H31COOH maTi natriumisa da kaliumis marilebi – stearatebi palmitinis MmJava

da palmitatebi wyalSi kargad ixsneba da gasarecxad

C17H35COOH gamoiyeneba, maTi komerciuli saxelwodebaa `saponi~.

stearinis mJava

105

106

grZeljaWviani ujeri karbonmJavebidan gansakuTrebiT

aRsaniSnavia oleinmJava C 17H 33COOH. is

zeTiseburi, usuno nivTierebaa.

saponi

saponi sxva araferia, Tu ara umaRlesi karbonmJavas

marili. umaRlesi karbonmJavebidan sapnis

misaRebad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba: palmitinis

sur. 35. sapnebi

mJava C15H31COOH, sterinis mJava C17H35COOH, oleinis mJava C17H33COOH. am mJavebis mier warmoqmnili natriumis marilebi myari sapnebia, kaliumis

marilebi ki _ Txevadi. am marilebis hidrolizisas warmoiqmneba ori niv-

Tiereba, tute da cximovani mJava. tute Slis damaWuWyianebel nivTierebebs,

cximovani mJava zedapirulad-aqtiuri nivTierebaa, romelic xels uwyobs

damaWuWyianebeli nivTierebebis mocilebas gaWuWyianebuli zedapiridan.

1. SeadgineT erbomJavas homologebisa da izomerebis or-ori formula,

daasaxeleT isini.

2. saxelwodebis mixedviT SeadgineT nivTierebis struqturuli formula:

a) meTilacetati; b) mJaunmJava;

g) WianWvelmJava; d) diqlorZmarmJava;

e) magniumis acetati; v) eTilacetati;

z) eTilformiati; T) akrilmJava.

3. daasruleT reaqciaTa tolobebi:

a) C17H35COOH+ NaOH →

b) C17H35COOH +Na2CO3 →

g) C17H33COOH +H2 →

4. sqemis Sesabamisad SeadgineT reaqciaTa tolobebi:

eTani → eTileni → bromeTani → eTanoli → Zmaraldehidi → ZmarmJava.

5. Sedgenilobisa da agebulebis safuZvelze ivaraudeT akrilmJavas

H2C=CH_COOH qimiuri Tvisebebi.

6. SeadgineT araorganuli nivTierebidan, magaliTad CO2-dan an CaC2-dan ZmarmJavas miRebis sqema. Semdeg ki dawereT sqemis Sesabamisi reaqciaTa tolobebi.

7. SeadgineT reaqciis sami toloba, romelTagan erTi – daasabuTebs Wian-

WvelmJavas msgavsebas ZmarmJavasTan, meore – daasabuTebs gansxvavebas WianWvelm-

Javasa da ZmarmJavas Soris, mesame – daasabuTebs WianWvelmJavas da ZmarmJavas

msgavsebas araorganul mJavebTan.

8. gamoiangariSeT airis moculoba (n.p.) romelic SesaZloa gamoiyos 4,6 g

metaluri natriumis urTierTqmedebiT 0,1 mol meTanolTan.

18

Cais gamxmari foTlebis nayeni albaT araerTxel mogimzadebiaT.

Tumca, SesaZloa arc gifiqriaT, rom misi surnelis da nayenis zedapirze

cximovani wveTebis warmoqmnis erT-erTi mizezi esteria.

esteris zogadi formulaa:

nomenklatura

fizikuri Tvisebebi

R – C O

O – R

esteris saxelwodeba Sedgeba Sesabamisi spirtisa da mJavas saxelwodebisagan.

magaliTad,

O

H – C

O – CH3 meTilmeTanati, an

meTilformiati

O

CH3 – C

O – C2H5 eTileTanati, an

eTilacetati

ratom afrqvevs saocar surnels gazafxulze ayvavebuli xexilis baRi, an

ratom igrZnoba larnakSi moTavsebuli sul ramdenime mindvris yvavilis suni

ase mZafrad?

ase imitom xdeba, rom moklejaWviani erTfuZiani mJavasa da moklejaWviani

spirtis esterebi wyal ze msubuqi, aqroladi, sasiamovno sunis mqone siTxeebia.

aseAT esterebs Seicavs yvavilebi, xili da nayofi, ris gamoc maT sasiamovno,

specifikuri suni aqvT. grZeljaWviani erTfuZiani mJavasa da grZeljaWviani

spirtis esteria magaliTad, futkris cvili. is ZiriTadad Sedgeba palmitinis

mJavasa da miricilis spirtisagan C 15H 31COOC 30H 61. veSapis qoni, anu spermaceti

ki – imave palmitinmJavasa da cetilis spirtis esteria C 15H 31COOC 16H 33.

O

||

C5H11 – O – C – C3H7 esterebi, cximebi

O

||

CH3 – O – C – C3H7 sur. 36. esterebis gavrceleba bunebaSi

O

||

C 2H 5 – O – C – C 3H 7

SeadgineT msxlis, vaSlisa da ananasis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali esterebis

saxelwodeba.

107

108

qimiuri Tvisebebi

rogorc araerTxel aRvniSneT esteri urTierTqmedebs wyalTan – mimdinareobs

esterifikaciis sapirispiro reaqcia, ris Sedegadac miiReba mJava da

spirti:

O

CH3 – C

+ HOH E CH3 – C .

O – C2H5 O

+ C2H5 – OH

O – H

miReba

spirtsa da mJavas Soris wylis moxleCiT mimdinare qimiuri reaqciis Sedegad

miiReba organuli nivTiereba – esteri:

R – C O

+HOR R – C

OH

O

E

+ H2O .

O – R

rogorc ukve iciT, es reaqcia Seqcevadia, wonasworobis gadanacvleba

esteris warmoqmnis mxares SesaZlebelia wyalwamrTmevi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.

esteri gamoiyeneba, rogorc danamati kvebis mrewvelobaSi. meTilakrilati

CH2=CH – COOCH3 da meTilmetakrilati farTod gamoiyeneba

organuli minis warmoebaSi.

esteris klass ganekuTvneba cxoveluri da mcenareuli cximi. isini mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba sxva esterisagan zogierTi TvisebiT, biologiuri

roliTa da mniSvnelobiT, amitom maT calke ganvixilavT.

cximi

cximis Sedgeniloba da agebuleba SeiZleba gamoisaxos zogadi formuliT:

CH 2 – O – C

CH – O – C

O

O – R 1

O

O – R2 cximi grZeljaWviani

karbonmJavas da

glicerinis esteria.

O

CH2 – O – C

O – R3 cximebis SedgenilobaSi ZiriTadad Sedis grZeljaWviani karbonmJavebis

– oleinis, palmitinisa da stearinis mJavaTa radikalebi. maSasadame, cximis

SedgenilobaSi SesaZlebelia Sediodes, rogorc ujeri (oleinmJava), ise najeri

mJavas (palmitinisa da stearinis) naSTi.

Tu esteris SedgenilobaSi

didi raodenobiT Sedis ujeri

mJavas radikali, is Txevadia.

aseTi cximi umetesad mcenareuli

warmoSobisaa da mas

zeTi ewodeba. magaliTad mzesumziras,

soios, zeiTunis da

sxva. iSviaTad, magram, mainc

arsebobs myari mcenareuli

cximi, magaliTad – qoqosisa da

kakaos zeTi.

esterebis msgavsad yvela cximi hidrolizdeba:

R

OH

1

HC – C O

R2 H2C – C

O

R3 + 3HOH H C – OH

R

H2C – OH

2 – C O

R3 – C O

H2C – C

+

glicerini

OH

O

H2C – OH

R1 – C O

karbonmJava

cximebi, romlebic warmoqmnilia um-

Tavresad najeri mJavebisagan, myaria.

ujeri mJavebis Semcvelobis zrdasTan

erTad cximis lRobis temperatura

mcirdeba. cxoveluri

cximis umravle soba

ZiriTadad najer mJavebs

Seicavs. Cveulebriv pirobebSi

isini myaria da

advil lRobadi. magali-

Tad, cxvris an Roris

qoni. Tumca,

gamonaklisi aqac

arsebobs – Tevzis

qoni Cveulebriv

pirobebSi Txevadia.

cxadia, es reaqciac Seqcevadia. wonasworobam rom reaqciis produqtebis

mxares gadainacvlos, mas atareben tute areSi, risTvisac umateben tute

metalis karbonats, magaliTad, sodas (Na 2CO 3) an tutes. aseT pirobebSi

hidrolizi Seuqcevadad mimdinareobs da reaqciis Sedegad miiReba ara karbonmJava,

aramed misi marili.

cximis molekulis Sedgeniloba ganapirobebs mis fizikur da qimiur Tvisebebs.

amitom, ujeri mJavas naSTis Semcvel esters ujeri naerTis Tvisebebi

aqvs – auferulebs bromian wyals, Sedis mierTebis reaqciaSi. Tumca, Cven

yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone hidrirebis

reaqciaze, radgan am reaqciiT Txevadi cximisagan miiReba myari esteri.

manamde ki mokled mimovixiloT cximi, rogorc sakvebi produqti.

cximi yvelaze ufro kaloriuli sakvebi produqtia. organizmSi moxvedrisas,

fermentebis gavleniT, cximi hidrolizdeba glicerinad da karbonmJavad.

am nivTierebebisagan SemdegSi warmoiqmneba sxva iseTi cximi, romelic

cocxali organizmisaTvis ufro advili SesaTvisebelia.

gemoze rom araferi vTqvaT, organizmisaTvis ufro margebeli ujeri

cximebia, magram molekulaSi ramdenime ujeri bmis arsebobis gamo isini reaqciisunarianebi

arian, iJangebian haeris JangbadiT, ris gamoc maTi didxans

Senaxva SeuZlebelia.

109

110

am naklis aRmofxvra SesaZlebelia cximebis hidrirebiT. am gziT miiReba

garemo pirobebisadmi ufro mdgradi myari cximi, romelsac iyenebenDA

margarinis

warmoebaSi:

CH 2 – O – C

CH – O – C

O

C 17H 33

O

CH2 – O – C O

zeTi

C 17H 33

+ 3H 2

Cu, Ni

t

CH 2 – O – C

O

C 17H 35

O

CH – O – C

C17H35 CH2 – O – C O

margarini

C17H35 margarinis misaRebad cximis hidrireba mimdinareobs 150-160 0 C-ze, spilenZnikelis

katalizatoris TanxlebiT, 3-4 saaTis ganmavlobaSi.

1. SeadgineT iseTi esteris formula, romelSic naxSirbadatomTa minimaluri

ricxvia.

– daadgineT masSi TiToeuli elementis masuri wili.

– gansazRvreT, ra nivTierebisaganaa SesaZlebeli aseTi esteris miReba.

– SeadgineT Sesabamisi reaqciis toloba.

2. daasruleT reaqciaTa tolobebi:

H3C – C O

a)

OH

+ HOC2H5 →

H3C – C O

b)

OH

+ HOCH2 – CH – CH3 →

3. ratom wvavs Tvalebs saponi?

CH 3

hidrirebuli

cximi margarini

4. rogor ganasxvavebT or, vardisfrad SemRvreul xsnars, Tu iciT, rom erTerTSi

fenolia, meoreSi ki – saponi?

5. rodesac Tqveni mSoblebi skolaSi swavlobdnen...

80-90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi moqmed qimiis saxelmZRvaneloSi amoikiTxavT:

`cximebi rTuli eTerebis klass ekuTvnian. amitom maTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli

reaqcia hidrolizia.

cximebis hidrolizis reaqcia, iseve rogorc sxva rTuli eTerebisa,

Seqcevadia, gamovsaxoT es gamartivebuli gantolebiT:

O

||

CH 2 ― O ― C ―R HO ― H CH 2 ― OH

O O

||

CH ― O ― C ― R + HO ― H D CH ― OH + 3R ― C

O

||

CH 2 ― O ― C ―R HO ― H CH 2 ― OH

ra pirobebi iqneba saWiro imisTvis, rom wonasworeobam glicerinisa

da karnbonmJavas warmoqmnis mxares gadainacvlos?”

– upasuxeT cximebis hidrirebis reaqciis Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvas. axseniT

Tqveni pasuxi.

– kidev ra SegiZliaT TqveT cximebis qimiuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb?

OH

111

112

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

1 kalciumis propionats bunebrivad Seicavs zogierTi saxeobis yveli,

zogierTs ki umateben specialurad, kvebiTi Rirebulebis gasaumjobeseblad:

atomia:

a) saxelwodebis mixedviT SeadgineT am naerTis formula;

b) aRwereT, ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli misi miReba laboratoriaSi.

SeadgineT reaqciis toloba;

g) ivaraudeT da reaqciis tolobiT asaxeT misi Tvisebebi.

2 Txis rZe erTfuZian karbonmJavas Seicavs, romelSic eqvsi naxSir bad-

– SeadgineT am naerTis struqturuli formula;

– ra hqvia am naerTs saerTaSoriso nomenklaturis mixedviT?

– romeli ukeT gaixsneba wyalSi – Txis rZe, Tu Zroxis rZe, romelic Seicavs

rZemJavas?

CH 3CHCOOH

|

OH

– ra msgavsi da gansxvavebuli Tvisebebi aqvs am nivTierebebs?

– CamoayalibeT kriteriumebi, romlebic Sefasebisas gamoiyeneT.

4

suraTze Tqven xedavT qolesterinis struqturul formulas. naerTTa

romel klass miakuTvnebdiT mas? ivaraudeT, unda ixsnebodes Tu ara wyalSi

es naerTi? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi. Cven ki dasaxmareblad gTavazobT

spirtebis wyalSi xsnadobis cxrils.

HO

4 sqemaze aRwerilia fenolidan samkurnalo preparatebis, aspirinisa da

dispirinis miReba:

H H

CH 3

spirti wyalSi xsnadoba

250C-ze g/100 g

wyalSi

meTanoli srulad ixsneba

eTanoli srulad ixsneba

1 – propanoli srulad ixsneba

1 – butanoli 9

cikloheqsani 5,6

1-heqsanoli 0,6

a) romeli xerxia ufro ekonomiuri?

b) dispirini ukeT gaixsneba wyalSi Tu aspirini? (varaudis eqsperimentiT

Semowmeba Zneli ar aris. orive preparati afTiaqSi iyideba).

g) erT-erTi maTgani ufro efeqturi tkivilgamayuCebeli saSualebaa,

SesaZlebelia, Tu ara es faqti maT wyalSi xsnadobas ukavSirdebodes? axseniT

amis mizezi.

113

114

jer kidev XIX saukuneSi mecnierebma aRmoaCines, rom arsebobs daavadeba,

romelic azianebs nervul sistemas da romelic gamowveulia sakvebSi romeliRac

gansakuTrebuli nivTierebis ukmarisobiT. 1912 wels polonelma mecnierma

kazimeJ funkma brinjisagan gamoyo es gansakuTrebuli nivTiereba da

mas vitamini uwoda. vitamini warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan `vita~ da qar-

Tulad niSnavs `sicocxles~.

dRes es sityva yvelam icis. Tumca ra funqcia akisria vitaminebs organizmSi,

saidan miewodeba vitaminebi organizms, ra saxis vitaminebia dReisaTvis

cnobili _ amis Sesaxeb adamianebma naklebad ician.

proeqti

Temis

aqtualoba

vitaminis roli adamianis organizmisaTvis

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani C da B 1 vitaminebi

sakvebi da vitaminebi

kvlevis sagani:

hipoTeza

kvlevis meTodebi:

`vitaminebi~

zogierTi vitaminis funqcia adamianis organizmSi

adamianis dRiuri norma vitaminebTan mimarTebaSi

wyalSi xsnadi da cximSi xsnadi vitaminebi

vitaminebis Semcveloba sakveb produqtebSi

kvlevis

qimiuri

nawili

zogierTi vitaminis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, qimiuri formula

eqsperimentuli

nawili:

A vitaminis aRmoCena mzesumziris zeTSi (Sesa dareblad

cda CaatareT zeiTunis zeTzec).

sinjaraSi moaTavseT 1 ml mzesumziris zeTi da davamatoT

2-3 ml FeCl 3-is 1%-iani xsnari.

A vitaminis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba _ kaSkaSa mwvane Seferiloba.

C vitaminis aRmoCena sam sxvadasxva jiSis vaSlSi. SearCieT sami sxva dasxva

jiSis vaSli. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi eqsperimenti CaatareT Semdegnairad.

sinjaraSi CaasxiT 2 ml vaSlis wveni da daamateT 10 ml wyali. Semdeg daamateT

saxameblis bubko (1 g saxamebeli 100 g mduRare wyalze), wveT-wveTad

daamateT iodis 5%-iani xsnari mdgradi lurji Seferilobis warmoqmnamde,

romelic ar qreba 10-15 wT-is ganmavlobaSi.

es teqnika dafuZnebulia im garemoebaze, rom askorbinis mJavas molekulebi

advilad iJangeba iodiT. rogorc ki iodi mTlianad daJangavs askorbinis

mJavas, momdevno wveTi urTierTqmedebs saxamebelTan da xsnari lurjad

Seifereba. wveTebis raodenobis mixedviT SesaZlebelia miaxloebiT davadginoT

sxvadasxva jiSis vaSlSi C vitaminis raodenoba.

C vitaminis SedarebiT raodenobaze (Zalian miaxloebiT) SeiZleba vimsjeloT

iodis xsnaris wveTebis raodenobis mixedviT, romelic askorbinis

mJavas molekulebis daJangvaze ixarjeba.

eqsperimentis Sedegebi:

A da C vitaminis aRmoCena sakveb produqtebSi.

SerCeulia iseTi

produqtebi, rom

fe ris cvlileba mkafiod

gamoCndes.

115

116

am TavSi ganvixilavT

naxSirwylebs _ monosaqaridebs,

disaqaridebs da polisaqaridebs.

aminebsa da aminomJavebs.

cilebs.

bunebriv da sinTezur polimerebs.

V T a v i

naxSirwylebi, azotSemcveli

organuli naerTebi

polimerebi

am Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg

SeZlebT qimiuri formulis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan

ganasxvavoT mono-, di- da polisaqaridebi.

imsjeloT mono-, di- da polisaqaridebis fizikur da qimiur

Tvisebebze, daakavSiroT es Tvisebebi maT SedgenilobaSi

arsebul funqciur jgufebTan.

SeZlebT qimiuri formulis mixedviT naerTTa Sesabamis

klass miakuTvnoT azotSemcveli organuli naerTi.

SeZlebT qimiuri reaqciebiT asaxoT aminebisa da

aminomJavebis Tvisebebi da miRebis xerxebi.

SeZlebT imsjeloT cilis agebulebaze, Tvisebebsa da

mniSvnelobaze.

SeZlebT ganasxvavoT bunebrivi da sinTezuri polimerebi.

19

naxSirwylebs Soris namdvilad aris tkbili niv-

Tierebebi, magram Turme, rac tkbilia yvelaferi

naxSirwyali ar aris. magaliTad, eqvsatomiani spirti-sorbiti.

yvela naxSirwyalic ar aris tkbili _

magaliTad saxamebeli.

udavo arc naxSirwylis zogadi formulaa

C n(H 2O) m. es formula qimiaSi damkvidrda bunebaSi far-

Tod gavrcelebuli naxSirwylebis analizis Sedegad.

aseTia magaliTad, glukoza da fruqtoza. mogvianebiT

gairkva, rom zogierTi naxSirwylis Sedgeniloba ar

pasuxobs am formulas, magaliTad, dezoqsiroboza

C 6H 10O 4. amis miuxedavad istoriuli saxelwodeba `naxSirwyali~ dRemde SemorCa

qimias.

naxSirwylebs hidrolizis unari aqvs. am unaris mixedviT naxSirwylebi

iyofa sam ZiriTad jgufad: mono, di da polisaqaridebad.

axla ufro dawvrilebiT gavecnoT TiToeuli jgufis mniSvnelovan warmomadgenlebs.

monosaqaridi ar

iSleba wyalSi, e. i.

ar hidrolizdeba.

monosaqaridia magaliTad,

glukoza

da fruqtoza.

monosaqaridi – glukoza, fruqtoza

fizikuri Tvisebebi

glukoza da fruqtoza ufero, myari kristaluri

nivTierebebia. orive kargad ixsneba wyalSi.

glukoza mniSvnelovani sakvebi produqtia. organizmSi

moxvedrisas is nawlavebidan sisxlSi Seiwoveba

da misi saSualebiT miewodeba organizms da qsovilebs,

sadac mimdinareobs glikogenis, cximebisa da aminom-

Javebis sinTezi.

glukoza Sedis

yur Znis wvenSi, amitom

daarqves mas

yurZnis Saqari.

naxSirwylebi

disaqaridi hidrolizdebamonosaqaridis

ori molekulis

warmoqmniT. disaqaridia

magaliTad, saqaroza

da maltoza.

fruqtoza Sedis

xilSi, amitom

daarqves mas xilis

Saqari.

naxSirwyali – iseTi

or ganuli nivTierebaa,

romlis molekula-

Sic Sedis naxSirbadis,

wyal badisa da Jangbadis

atomebi. amave dros

wyalbadisa da Jangbadis

atomTa Tanafardoba

iseTivea, rogorc

wylis molekulaSi 2:1.

polisaqaridi iseTi

naxSirwyalia, romelic

hidrolizdeba monosaqaridis

mravali

molekulis warmoqmniT

– ZiriTadad, es glukozis

molekulebia.

glukozis Sem cveloba

adamianisa da

cxovelis sisxlSi

0,1%-is far glebSia.

Tu 100 ml sis xlSi

glu kozis Semcvelobam

180 mg-s gadaaWarba,

niv TierebaTa cvla

irRveva da viTardeba

daavadeba – Saqriani

diabeti.

glukoza cocxali

organizmis ujredis

energiis wyaroa,

amitom is farTod

gamoiyeneba medicina-

Si sxvadasxva daavadebebis,

gansakuTrebiT

ki saerTo sisustis

samkurnalod.

117

118

qsovilSi moxvedrisas glukoza nela iJangeba da gardaiqmneba wylad da

naxSirorJangad. am procesSi gamoiyofa energia:

C 6H 12O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + @920 kj.

es energia mniSvnelovnad uzrunvelyofs cocxali organizmebis energetikul

moTxovnebs. am energiis xarjze organizmi asrulebs sxvadasxva funqcias

_ nivTierebaTa sinTezi, kunTebis muSaoba da sxva.

glukozis molekulis agebuleba

glukoza erTdroulad mravalatomiani spirtic aris da aldehidic. amitom

amboben, rom – is aldehidspirtia.

glukozis molekuluri formulaa C 6H 12O 6.

SeecadeT glukozis struqturuli formulis Sedgenas. gaiTvaliswineT,

rom naxSirbadis eqvsi atomidan erTi Sedis aldehidis jgufSi, darCenil

xuT atomTan ki TiTo spirtuli jgufia SeerTebuli.

Sekvecili struqturuli formula ki iqneba:

O

CH2OH – (CHOH) 4 – C

H

glukozis izomeri fruqtoza

ke ton spirtia:

cdis Sedegad dadgenilia, rom kris ta luri

glukoza Sedgeba cik luri agebulebis molekulebisagan.

cikli ikvreba C‑5-is hidroqsilis

wyal badis gadasvliT aldehidis jgufis

JangbadatomTan.

CH 2OH – (CHOH) 3 – C – CH 2OH

||

O

glukozis struqturul formulaSi spirtuli hidroqsilebi ganlagebulia

ZiriTadi jaWvis marjvniv, an marcxniv.

Tu glukozis molekulaSi, OH jgufi me-5 naxSirbadatomis marjvnivaa, maSin

glukoza D-rigs miekuTvneba. Tu marcxnivaa – L-rigs. bunebaSi gavrcelebuli

naxSirwylebi, rogorc wesi, D-rigis izomerebia. L-rigis izomerebi ki bunebaSi

ar arsebobs. C-2, C-3 da C-4 naxSirbadatomTan OH-is ganla-

fruqtoza proeqciuli

for muliT ase gamo isaxeba:

CH 2OH

|

C = O

|

HO – C – H

|

H – C – OH

|

H – C – OH

|

CH 2OH

D-fruqtoza.

gebis mixedviT arsebobs D-rigis

monosaqaridebis sxvadasxva izomeri.

D-glukozis struqturul

formulaSi C‑3 Tan hidroqsili

ganlagebulia marcxniv, C‑2 da

C‑4-Tan ki – marjvniv.

iseT struqturul formulas,

sadac C‑2, C‑3, C‑4 da C‑5 naxSirbadatomebTan

hidroqsilis

orientacia cnobilia, proeqciuli

formula ewodeba.

CHO

2|

H – C – OH

3|

HO – C – H

4|

H – C – OH

5|

H – C – OH

6|

CH 2OH

D-glukoza.

am faqtis asaxsnelad gavixsenoT is, rom naxSirbadatomebs SeuZlia Tavisufali

brunva δ-bmis irgvliv. brunvis procesSi aldehidis jgufi maqsimalurad

uaxlovdeba mexuTe naxSirbadatomis spirtul jgufs.

aseT geometriul formaSi mexuTe naxSirbadis (C‑5) hidroqsilis wyalbadi

gadadis karbonilis JangbadTan, xolo hidroqsilis Jangbadatomi ukav Sirdeba

naxSirbadis pirvel atoms da warmoq mnis cikls, romelsac eqvskuTxedis forma

aqvs.

6CH2OH

6CH

2OH

5 C OH

5C

O

H

C 4

H

1

C

O

H

C 4

H

OH

1

C

HO OH

3

C

H

2

C

H HO

OH

3

C

H

2

C

H

H OH

glukozis ciklis SedgenilobaSi

Sedis erTi Jangbadisa da xuTi

naxSirbadis atomi, romlebic

cikluri formula gviCvenebs ara mxolod

atomTa SeerTebis Tanmimdevrobas,

aramed maT urTierTganlagebasac sivrcesavalento

xazebis gadakveTaSia. Si.Seam CnevdiT, rom glukozis molekulis

ciklSi Semavali TiToeuli nax- pirveli da mexuTe naxSirbadatomis urT-

Sirbadatomi or valentobas xarierTqmedebis Sedegad, pirvel naxSirbadjavs

mezobel naxSirbadatomebTan atomTan warmoiqmna axali hid roqsilis

dasakavSireblad. danarCeni ori jgufi. am hidroqsils SeuZlia daikavos

valentoba perpendikularuli

xazebiT aris gamosaxuli da nax-

Sirbadatomebs OH-Tan da OH-Tan

aerTebs.

orgvari mdebareoba – erTi, rodesac

pirveli da meore naxSirbadatomis hidroqsili

ciklis sibrtyis erT mxaresaa da

meore – rodesac pirveli da meore naxSir-

CHO

H – C – OH

HO – C – H

H – C – OH

CH2OH H O OH

H

OH H

HO H

badatomis hidroqsili ciklis sibrtyis

sxvadasxva mxaresaa.

Sesabamisad, glukozas cikluri α da

β forma aqvs:

H – C – OH

H

OH

6

CH2OH 6

CH2OH CH2OH D-glukozis

wrfivi forma.

D-glukozis

cikluri forma.

5 C

H

C 4

OH

HO 3

C

O

H

2

C

H

1C

OH

5 C

H

C 4

OH

HO 3

C

O

H

2

C

OH

1C

H

OH

α‑D-glukoza

glukozis α-forma.

H

OH

β‑D-glukoza

glukozis β-forma.

wyalxsnarSi glukoza arsebobs samive formiT – cikluri α forma, wrfivi

forma da cikluri β forma, maT So ris dinamikuri wonasworoba myar deba:

cikluri wrfivi cikluri forma;

α-forma aldehiduri forma β-forma.

119

120

glukozis qimiuri Tvisebebi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, glukoza aldehidspirtia, amitom is Sedis aldehidisa

da spirtisaTvis damaxasiaTebel qimiur reaqciebSi.

glukoza Sedis reaqciaSi spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan da glicerinis msgavsad

kaSkaSa – lurji feris xsnars warmoqmnis.

glukoza warmoqmnis esterebs.

daasabuTeT am ori mosazrebis marTebuloba Teoriuli mtkicebulebis safuZvelze.

erTi maTgani mainc daasabuTeT eqsperimentulad.

rogorc aldehidi glukoza iJangeba da warmoqmnis Sesabamis mJavas. magaliTad,

is reaqciaSi Sedis vercxlis oqsidis amiakian xsnarTan:

CH2OH – (CHOH) 4 – C O

H + Ag CH

2O 2OH – (CHOH) 4 – C O

+ 2Ag↓

OH

SesaZlebelia agreTve, glukozis molekulaSi aldehidis

jgufis aRdgena Sesabamis spirtamde.

SeadgineT glukozis aRdgenis reaqciis

toloba, Tu aRmdgenad gamoiyeneba wyalbadi,

reaqciis Sedegad ki miiReba eqvsatomiani

spirti. reaqciis katalizatoria Ni.

glukozis aRdgeniT miRebul spirts (sorbits), Saqris

Semcvlelad uniSnaven Saqriani diabetiT daavadebul avadmyofebs.

glukoza Sedis e. w. duRilis reaqciaSi. es reaqcia mimdinareobs

gansakuTrebuli biologiuri katalizatorebis

– fermentebis monawileobiT. duRilis reaqciebs Soris mniSvnelovania

spirtuli da rZemJavuri duRili.

spirtuli duRilis reaqcias odiTgan iyenebda adamiani alkoholuri sasmelebis

misaRebad:

C 6H 12O 6

spirtuli

duRilis

baqteriebi

2C 2H 5OH + 2CO 2@↑.

mrewvelobaSi glukozis spirtuli

duRiliT miiReba eTilis spirti.

glukozas iyeneben sakonditro warmoebaSi

marmeladis, karamelisa da

sxva tkbileulis dasamzadeblad.

rZemJavuri duRili mimdinareobs

rZemJavuri duRilis baqteriebis

monawileobiT:

C6H12O6 2CH3 – CH – COOH

rZemJavuri

duRilis

baqteriebi

e s r e a q c i a

iwvevs rZis am-

Javebas.

duRilis baqte

riebi iwvevs

b o s t n e u l i s

dam Javeba sac.

`vercxlis sarke~,

romelic glukozis

vercxlis oqsidis

amiakian xsnarTan

urTierTqmedebiT

warmoiqmneba.

OH rZemJava

1. SeiZleba Tu ara glukozis wrfivi forma CaiTvalos cikluri formis

izomerad? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

2. SeadareT glukozisa da glicerinis Tvisebebi,

Sedarebis Sedegi gamosaxeT diagramiT.

gansx.

msgavsi gansx.

glukoza glicerini

3. sorbiti eqvsatomiani spirtia, misi miReba SesaZlebelia glukozisagan.

SeadgineT am reaqciis toloba. miuTiTeT,M rogor SeiZleba sorbitSi spirtis

funqciu ri jgufebis aRmoCena?

4. 59 g glukozis sruli daJangvisas gamoiyo 146,3 kj siTbo. gamoTvaleT am

reaqciis siTburi efeqti.

121

122

glukozasTan vercxlis oqsidis amiakiani

xsnaris urTierTqmedeba

praqtikumi

1 sinjaraSi CaasxiT 1-2 ml glukozis wyalxsnari, daamateT 1-2 ml

vercxlis oqsidis amiakiani xsnari. sinjara gaacxeleT mduRare wylis

abazanaze.

ras amCnevT? glukozis Ria Tu ciklur formas axasiaTebs vercxlis sarkis

reaqcia?

SeadgineT reaqciis toloba.

2 spilenZ (II)-is hidroqsidis urTierTqmedeba glukozasTan

a) sinjaraSi CaasxiT 0,5 ml glukozis wyalxsnari da 2 ml natriumis

hidroqsidis wyalxsnari. miRebul narevs daamateT 1 ml Sabiamnis wyalxsnari.

ras amCnevT?

b) miRebul wyalxsnars frTxilad daamateT 1 ml wyali. sinjara ise

daamagreT Stativze, rom spirtquris aliT mxolod xsnaris zeda nawili

Tbebodes. rogorc ki feris cvlileba daiwyeba, SewyviteT gaTboba.

g) warmoqmnili spilenZ (II)-is hidroqsidis naleqi ratom gardaiqmneba

lurji feris gamWvirvale xsnarad? romeli funqciuri jgufi iwvevs am

cvlilebas?

d) ratom icvleba gacxelebisas sareaqcio narevis feri lurjidan

wiTlamde? ra aris wiTeli naleqi?

romeli funqciuri jgufi iwvevs am reaqcias?

SeadgineT reaqciis toloba.

20

disaqaridebi

disaqaridebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli bunebaSi. saqaroza, anu Cveulebrivi

Saqari, rZis Saqari laqtoza da alaos Saqari maltoza disaqaridebia.

disaqaridebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani saqarozaa.

disaqaridis molekula ori monosaqari

saqarozas kubaSi iReben disagan Sedgeba. ori

Saqris lerwmisagan, evro-

monosaqaridis molekupaSi

– Saqris Warxlisagan;

agaris Saqars Saqris lis naSTebi ki erTmaneTs

Warxlisagan iReben. uerTdeba monosaqaridis

ori moleku lidan erTi

molekula wylis moxle-

Cis Sedegad.

magaliTad, saqarozas molekula warmoiqmneba glukozisa da fruqtozis

mo le kulebidan erTi molekula wylis moxleCiT:

C 6H 12O 6 + C 6H 12O 6 → C 12H 22O 11 + H 2O

glukoza fruqtoza saqaroza

polisaqaridi – saxamebeli da celuloza

fizikuri Tvisebebi

saxamebeli TeTri, amorfuli fxvni lia, civ wyalSi ar ixsneba, cxel wyalSi

ki ijirjveba da warmoqmnis koloidur xsnars (sur. 37)

celuloza myari, boW kovani nivTierebaa, wyalSi

ar ixsneba. celulozaa bamba da filtris qaRaldi

(sur. 38).

sur.37 saxamebeli.

disaqaridi fermentis

moqmedebiT hidrolizdeba

da iSleba isev glukozad

da fruqtozad.

saqarozas nawi lob rivi

hidrolizi mimdinareobs

murabis momzadebis procesSic.

celuloza mom di nareobs

la Tinuri sityvidan

`celula~, rac

qarTulad `uj reds~

niSnavs.

sur.38 bambis buCqi.

123

124

bunebaSi gavrceleba

saxamebeli Sedis mce nareuli ujredis cito plazmaSi, sakvebi nivTierebis

maragis Semcveli marcvlebis saxiT.

kartofilis bolqvSi

20%-mde saxamebelia

celuloza mcenareuli ujredis garsis Semadgeneli aucilebeli komponentia.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mcenarisaTvis celuloza `saaRmSeneblo~,

`makonstruirebel~ funqcias asrulebs. bambis boWkoSi 95% celulozaa,

selis boWkoSi celulozas Semcveloba 80% aRwevs, xis merqanSi ki – 59%-s

uaxlovdeba.

saxameblisa da celulozis agebuleba

saxameblisa da celulozas

monomeruli er Teulebi

sxvada sxva nairadaa

agebuli. saxa meblis monomeruli

erTeuli α

glukozis naSTia, celulozas

mono meruli er-

Teuli ki – β glukozisa.

saxameblis

monome ruli

erTeuli

celulozas

monomeruli

erTeuli

xorblisa da simindis

marcvlebSi 70%-mdea.

makromolekulebi, romelsac amilozas

uwodeben, xolo ganStoebuli struqtura

aqvs makromolekulebs, romelsac

amilopeqtini ewodeba (sur. 39). saxamebelSi

daaxloebiT 10-20% amiloza da

80-90% amilopeqtinia. amiloza ixsneba

cxel wyalSi, amilopeqtini ki – ijirjveba,

amitom warmoiqmneba bubko, romelic

gamoiyeneba qsovilebis gasaxameblad.

brinjSi ki saxameblis

Semcveloba

80%-s aRwevs.

saxameblisa da celulozis Sedgeniloba

ga moisa xeba zogadi formuliT (C 6H 10O 5) n. ganmeorebadi

mono meruli erTeulebis raodenoba

saxamebelSi ramdenime aTass aRwevs. saxameblisagan

gansxvavebiT celulo za Si monomeruli

erTeulebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad metia, e.

i. metia misi mo lekuluri masac, romelic xSir

SemTxvevaSi ramdenime milions aRwevs.

celuloza da saxamebeli gansxvavdeba ara

mxo lod molekuluri masiT, aramed agebulebiTac.

kerZod, saxameblis makromolekulas

SesaZloa orgvari struqtura hqondes

– wrfivi da ganStoebuli. wrfivia saxameblis

(a)

(b)

sur. 39 a) amiloza; b) amilopeqtini.

celulozas makromolekulebs mxolod wrfivi

struqtura aqvs (sur. 40).

qimiuri Tvisebebi

celuloza da saxamebeli hidrolizdeba da

warmoqmnis glukozas. es procesi mimdinareobs

zogierTi cxovelis saWmlis

momnelebel sistemaSi

mravldebian mikroorganizmebi,

romlebic gamoimuSaveben

celulozis gadasamuSaveblad

saWiro

fermentebs, am fermentebis

monawileobiT celulozas

makromolekulaSi β glukozis

naSTebs Soris arsebuli

bmebi wydeba da celuloza

iwyebs daSlas.

aseT fermentebs adamianis

organizmi ar gamoimuSavebs,

amitom celuloza

adamianisaTvis sakvebad ar

gamodgeba.

mineraluri mJavas,

magaliTad gogirdmJavas

Tan xlebiT:

(C6H10O5) n + (n‑1)H2O → nC6H12O6 .

polisaqaridi glukoza

rac Seexeba saxamebels, is cocxal organizmSi

hidrolizdeba safexurebad:

saxamebeli → deqstrinebi →

glukoza:

maltoza →

(C6H10O5) → (C6H10O5) → nC12H22O11 → nC6H12O6 .

saxamebeli deqstrinebi maltoza glukoza

Tu celulozas monomeruli erTeulis

struqturas daakvirdebiT, Se am CnevT, rom masSi

sami Tavisufali spirtuli jgufia, amis gamo

celulozas molekuluri formula SeiZleba

asec gamoisaxos:

[C 6H7O2(OH) 3] n .

TvisebiTi reaqcia

am spirtuli jgu -

fe bis xarjze celuloza

warmoqmnis

esters. magaliTad,

c e l u l o z a s d a -

muSavebisas azot mJa vasa da gogirdmJa vas nareviT,

pirobe bis mixedviT miiReba mono, di da trinitroceluloza:

OH

C6H7O2 + nHNO3 → C6H7O2 OH + nH [

2O

OH n

ONO n

2

mononitroceluloza

C 6H 7O 2

OH[

[[

OH

[[

C 6H 7O 2

OH

[[

+ 2nHNO3 → C6H7O2 n

+ 3nHNO3 → C6H7O2 n

OH

ONO2 ONO2 n

dinitroceluloza

[[

ONO2 ONO2 ONO2 trinitroceluloza

n

+ 2nH 2O

+ 3nH 2O

sur. 40. celulozas makromoleku

lebis orientacia

celulozasagan gansxvavebiT

saxamebeli iod-

Tan urTierTqmedebisas

warmoqmnis lurji

feris nivTierebas. es

aris Tvisebi-

Ti reaqcia,

rogorc iodis,

ise saxameblisaRmosaCenad.

esteris warmoqmnis

unari aqvs saxamebelsac

da celulozasac.

magram, saxa meblis

mier warmoqmnili esteri

jer-jerobiT

praqtikaSi naklebad

gamoiyeneba. celulozas

mier warmoqmnil

esters ki farTo

praqtikuli gamo yeneba

aqvs.

125

126

iseve, rogorc nitrojgufis Semcveli sxva nivTierebebi, nitrocelulozas

yvela saxeoba cecxlsaSiSia. gansakuTrebiT ki trinitroceluloza, romelic

feTqebadi nivTierebaa. `piroqsilinis~ saxelwodebiT is farTod gamoiyeneba

ukvamlo denTis dasamzadeblad.

celulozas urTierTqmedebisas ZmarmJavasTan aseve SesaZlebelia nitrocelulozas

analogiuri produqtebis, diacetilcelulozasa da triacetilcelulozas

miReba:

[C6H7O2(OH) 3]n + 3nCH3COOH → [C6H7O2(OCOCH3) 3]n + 3nH2O. triacetilceluloza

acetilceluloza gamoiyeneba laqebis da saRebavebis

warmoebaSi.

triacetilcelulozasagan amzadeben agreTve rentgenis

firsa da kinofirs, romelic cecxlgamZlea.

cxeli siTxe

cxeli haeri

filieri, anu

Tvalaki

filieri

Saxta

boWko

acetaturi boWkos formirebis sqema

aceti lceluloza gamoiyeneba xelovnuri abreSumis

misaRebad. saamisod acetilcelulozas xsnian acetonSi.

Semdeg am xsnars gaatareben wvrilnaxvretebian

filierSi. filieridan gamosuli xsnari wvrili

Wavlis saxiT niavdeba Tbili haeriT. am dros acetoni

swrafad orTqldeba, xolo gamSrali acetilceluloza

warmoqmnis wvril, mbzinav Zafebs. mas axveven

da misgan qsovils _ acetatur abreSums qsoven.

acetonSi gaxsnili acetilcelulozas

xsnari.

acetaturi abreSumi

1. ori uetiketo WurWlidan erT-erTSi myari sapnis fxvnilia, meoreSi ki –

saxamebeli. rogor ganasxvavebT maT erTmaneTisagan?

2. rogor daamtkicebT, rom mwife vaSlSi aris glukoza, mkvaxe vaSlSi ki ar

aris? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

3. sityvebis nacvlad CawereT im nivTierebaTa formulebi, romelTa saSualebiTac

SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli gardaqmnebis ganxorcieleba.

ricxvebis nacvlad ki miuTiTeT saWiro reagentebi:

saxamebeli glukoza eTanoli Zmris aldehidi ZmarmJava

magniumis acetati.

4. ratomaa moxarSuli kartofili webovani? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

5. mxolod fizikuri Tvisebebis safuZvelze rogor ganvasxvavoT xorblis

fqvili saxameblisagan?

6. ra garegnuli niSnebi eqneba qvemoT aRweril reaqciebs:

a) kaliumis iodidis ufero xsnars daamates saxameblis bubko;

b) iodis spirtxsnars daamates saxameblis bubko;

g) natriumis iodidis ufero xsnars daamates qloriani wyali, Semdeg ki saxameblis

bubko.

7. ra masis saqaroza SeiZleba miviRoT1,5 t Saqris Warxlidan, Tu masSi saqarozas

masuri wili 20 % -ia?

127

128

21

aminebi

azotSemcveli naerTebi

arsebobs uamravi organuli naerTi, romelic

azots Seicavs, maT ASorisaa aminebi. aminebis SedgenilobaSi

azoti Sedis aminojgufis saxiT NH 2.

bunebaSi aminebi warmoiqmneba cilovani nivTierebebis

xrwnis Sedegad _ am dros warmoqmnili arasasiamovno

suni aminebis sunia. magaliTad, gafuWebuli

Tevzis suni trimeTilaminis warmoqmniTaa ganpirobebuli.

arsebobs aminebis sami tipi:

pirveladi amini – rodesac amiakis molekulaSi

wyalbadis erTi atomia Canacvlebuli radikaliT:

CH 3 – NH 2

meTilamini

pirvelad amins ganixilaven agreTve, rogorc

naxSirwyalbadis nawarms, sadac wyalbadis atomi

Canacvlebulia NH 2 jgufiT (aminojgufiT).

NH 2 jgufi aminebis funqciuri jgufia.

amini SesaZlebelia

ganvixiloT rogorc

ami akis nawarmi, ro mlis

molekulaSic erTi, ori

an samive wyalbadato mi

Cana cvlebulia naxSirwyalbadis

radi kaliT:

meoreuli amini – rodesac

amiakis molekulaSi

ori wyalbadis

atomia Canacvlebuli

naxSirwyalbaduri radikaliT:

CH 3CH 2

dieTilamini

axla, amiakis molekulaSi samive wyalbadis atomi CaanacvleT eTilis radikaliT

da Tqven mesameul amins miiRebT. misi saxelwodebaa trieTilamini.

naerTs, romlis molekulaSic aminojgufi uSualodaa

dakavSirebuli aromatul birTvTan, aromatuli amini

ewodeba. umartivesi aromatuli aminia aminobenzoli, anu

anilini.

izomeria da nomenklatura

aminebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia:

1) naxSirbadovani ConCxis izomeria

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 2 – NH 2

butilamini

CH 3 – CH –CH 2 – NH 2

CH 3

izobutilamini

NH 2

NH

anilini

2) funqciuri jgufis mdebareobis

izomeria

CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – NH2 propilamini

CH 3 – CH – CH 3

NH 2

izopropilamini

uwodebdiT Tu ara pirvelad, meoreul

da mesameul amins erTmaneTis izomerebs?

daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi SemoTavazebuli

magaliTebis ganxilvis safuZvelze.

fizikuri Tvisebebi

iseTi aminebi, rogoricaa meTilamini, dimeTilamini da

trimeTilamini airadi nivTierebebia. sxva grZeljaWviani aminebi wyalSi

xsnadi siTxeebia. aqvs amiakis msgavsi, Taviseburi suni, romelic Tevzis

sunsac mogvagonebs.

rogorc pirveladi, ise meoreuli aminis molekulebi erTmaneTTan amyarebs

molekulaTaSoris wyalbadur bmebs. amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom maTi lRobisa

da duRilis temperatura mniSvnelovnad maRalia im naerTebis lRobisa

da duRilis temperaturasTan SedarebiT, romelTac daaxloebiT igive

molekuluri masa aqvs, magram ar gaaCnia wyalbaduri bmebis damyarebis unari.

mesameul aminebSi wyalbaduri bma ar arsebobs.

qimiuri Tvisebebi

aminis molekulaSi, amiakis msgavsad, azotis atoms aqvs Tavisufali eleqtronuli

wyvili. am eleqtronuli wyvilis saSualebiT is amyarebs kovalentur bmas

donorul – aqceptoruli meqanizmiT, sadac donoris rolSi azotis atomia:

amis gamo amins SeuZlia miierTos wyalbadis kationi da gamoamJRavnos tutis

Tvisebebi.

1 CH3 – CH 2 – NH 2 + → [CH 3 – CH 2 – NH 3] + + OH –

eTilamoniumis ioni

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – NH 2 propilamini

CH 3 – CH 2 – NH – CH 3 meTileTilamini

CH 3 – N – CH 3 trimeTilamini

│

CH 3

wyalSi gaxsnisas eTilamini, amiakis msgavsad, warmoqmnis eTilamoniumis

dadebiTad damuxtul ions da uaryofiTad damuxtul

hidroqsidis ions, amitom aminis wyalxsnars tute reaqcia aqvs:

2 amiakis msgavsad, amini urTierT qme debs mJavasTan:

2CH3 – CH2 – NH2 + H2SO4 → [CH3– CH2– NH3] 2SO4. eTilamoniumis sulfati

2NH3 + H2SO4 → ( NH4) 2SO4 amoniumis sulfati

aminis saxelwode bis

Sedgenisas Camo Tvlian

Camnacvleblebs da umateben

sufiqss – `amini~.

129

130

aRsaniSnavia, rom aminis fuZe

Tviseba Warbobs amiakis fuZe Tvisebas,

aq Tavs iCens alkilis radikalis

gavlena aminojgufze. es jgufi bmis

eleqtronul simkvrives gadaswevs

aminojgufis azotis mxa res, amis gamo

azotis atomze Tavisu fali eleqtronuli

wyvilis simkvri ve ufro maRalia,

vidre amiakSi, rac aZlierebs

wyal badis kationis mierTebis unars,

e. i. fuZe Tvisebebs:

CH 3CH 2NO 2

3 amini iwvis da wvis Sedegad warmoqmnis

wyals, naxSirorJangsa da Tavisufal azots:

miReba

4CH 3NH 2 + 9O 2 → 4CO 2+ 10H 2O+ 2N 2 .

aminebis miReba SesaZlebelia nitrona er-

Tebis aRdgeniT. aRmdgenlad gamo iyeneba

wyalbadi gamoyofis momentSi (ato muri

wyalbadi, romelic sareaqcio areSi warmoiqmneba.

magaliTad, rkinis an TuTiis

urTierTqme debiT marilmJavasTan)L:

6 [ H ]

Zn + HCl

CH 3CH 2NH 2 + 2H 2O.

eTilamini

amave gziT SesaZlebelia aromatuli aminis miRebac. ase magaliTad, mre wvelobaSi

anilins iReben nitrobenzolis aRdgeniT, risTvisac am ukanasknels

acxeleben rkinasTan da wylis orTqlTan erTad:

6 [ H ]

Fe + H2 O , t

C6H5NO2 C6H5NH2 + 2H2O. nitrobenzoli anilini

aminebi farTod gamoiyeneba samedicino

preparatebis, polimerebisa da sxvaTa misa

Rebad, gansakuTrebiT didi praqtikuli

mniSvneloba aqvs anilins. is gamo iyeneba

saRebavebis, medikamentebis – sulfanilamiduri

preparatebis, polimerebis misa-

Rebad.

anilinis miRebis es xerxi SeimuSava

rusma mecnierma n. zininma,

amitom am reaqcias zininis

reaqcia ewodeba.

1. SeadgineT propileTilaminis izomerebis struqturuli formulebi.

2. fuZe Tvisebebis zrdis mixedviT ganalageT nivTierebebi:

CH 3NH 2 , NH 3 , (CH 3) 2NH, C 6H 5NH 2 . daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

3. SeadgineT meTanidan anilinis miRebis gardaqmnaTa sqema yvela Sualeduri

produqtis miTiTebiT, Semdeg ki dawereT reaqciaTa tolobebi.

4. ramdeni grami anilinis miReba SeiZleba 210 g nitrobenzolisagan, Tu am

reaqciis praqtikuli gamosavlianoba Teoriulis 75%-ia?

5. rodesac Tqveni mSoblebi skolaSi swavlobdnen

80-90-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi moqmed qimiis saxelmZRvaneloSi aminebis Sesaxeb

weria:

`azoti organul naerTebSi SeiZleba Sediodes ara mxolod

azotmJavas naSTis saxiT (gaixseneT nitrobenzoli C 6H 5NO 2 da

celoluzis rTuli eTeri _ trinitrati [C 6H 7O 2ONO 2] 3) 11, aramed

sxva formiTac. cnobilia mravali organuli naerTi, romelSic

azoti amiakis saxiT Sedis, magaliTad,

H

CH3 – N

H

CH3 CH3 N – H

CH3 CH3 N

meTilamini dimeTilamini trimeTilamini

sityvierad CamoayalibeT, ra iciT ufro meti aminebis agebulebis, izomeriisa

da nomenklaturis Sesaxeb.

CH 3

CH3 C2H5 N – H

H

C6H5 – N

H

C6H5 C6H5 N – H

meTileTilamini fenilamini (anilini) difenilamini

yvela es naerTi aminebis klass ekuTvnis.

aminebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc amiakis nawarmebi,

romelTa molekulaSi wyalbadis erTi an ramdenime atomi Canacvlebulia

naxSirwyalbadebis radikalebiT.~

131

132

22

aminomJavebi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac aminomJavas Sesaxeb Sei-

Zleba iTqvas, aris is, rom Sedis cilis SedgenilobaSi.

Tumca, arsebobs Cveni janmrTelobisa da komfortisaTvis

saWiro araerTi nivTiereba, romelic aminomJavasagan

miiReba, aminomJavas mravalferovan Tvisebebs ki misi

Sedgenilobis Tavisebureba ganapirobebs.

saxelwodebidanac gamomdinareobs, rom aminomJavas

mo lekulaSi aucileblad Sedis ori funqciuri jgufi

– NH2 aminojgufi da – C O karboqsilis jgufi.

OH

amitom aminomJavas zogadi formula SesaZloa iyos mxolod

aseTi:

H2N – CH – COOH

R

izomeria da nomenklatura

aminomJavebis izomeria ganpirobebulia:

1

naxSirbadovani ConCxis agebulebiT:

4 3 2 1

CH3 – CH2 – CH – C

NH 2

2– aminobutanmJava

CH 3

3 2 1

CH3 – C – C

NH 2

O

OH

O

OH

2-amino-2-meTilpropanmJava

2

aminomJava karbon

mJa vas iseTi

na war mia, rome lic

Se icavs naxSirwyal

badis radikalTandakavSirebul

ami no jgufs

–NH 2 da karboqsilis

jgufs –

–COOH.

aminojgufis mdebareobiT:

aminomJavas sa xel wodebis Sedge

nisas danomvra iwyeba im naxSirbadatomidan,

romelic Sedis karboqsilis

jgufSi.

Tumca, ufro xSirad aminomJavas saxelwodebis Sedgenisas

amino jgufis mdebareobas aRniSnaven berZnuli

asoebiT: α, β, γ da a.S. ase

magaliTad 2 –amonobutan- γ β α O

mJavas saxelwodeba iqneba

α-aminobutanmJava.

CH3 – CH2 – CH – C

OH

cilis sinTezSi monawileobs daaxloebiT 20 sxvadasxva aminomJava. zogier-

Tis tri vi aluri saxelwodeba mocemulia cxril Si:

NH 2

cxrili: zogierTi aminomJavas saxelwodeba da struqturuli formula

mJavas saxelwodeba formula

glicini

alanini

cisteini

serini

glutaminmJava

lizini

fenilalanini

H 2N – CH 2 – COOH

CH 3–CH–COOH

|

NH 2

HS – CH2 – CH – COOH

|

NH2 HO – CH2 – CH – COOH

|

NH 2

HOOC – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH – COOH

|

NH 2

H 2N – (CH 2) 4 – CH – COOH

|

NH 2

– CH 2– CH – COOH

|

NH 2

tirozini HO – – CH 2 – CH – COOH

|

NH 2

fizikuri Tvisebebi

aminomJavebi ufero, kristaluri nivTierebebia. rogorc wesi ixsnebian

wyalSi da ar ixsnebian eTerSi. aminomJava SeiZleba iyos tkbili, mware, an

saerTod ar hqondes gemo.

bunebrivi 20 α-aminomJavadan, naxevari e.w. Seucvleli aminomJavaa, radgan

isini organizmSi ar sinTezirdeba da miewodeba sakvebis saSualebiT. Tu

sakvebSi aseTi aminomJavebis raodenoba arasakmarisia, organizmis normaluri

ganviTareba da funqcionireba ferxdeba.

qimiuri Tvisebebi

nivTierebis Sedgeniloba mis Tvisebebs ganapirobebs. amitom, dabejiTebiT

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom aminomJavas aqvs rogorc aminebis, ise karbonmJavebis

Tvisebebi. Tumca, axla Cven ganvixilavT aminomJavebis iseT mniSvnelovan qimiur

Tvisebebs, romelic am ori funqciuri jgufis erTdrouli arsebobiTaa

gamowveuli. es aris amfoteroba da peptidebis warmoqmna. aminomJava amfoteruli

organuli nivTierebaa, tutesTan urTierTqmedebs ro gorc mJava,

xolo mJavasTan – rogorc fuZe:

O

H2N – CH – C

OH

R

+ NaOH → H2N – CH – C O

O – Na + H2O R

mJava

HOOC – CH – NH 2 + HCl → [ HOOC – CH – NH 3[

R

fuZe

+

Cl –

133

134

aminomJavebis umniSvnelovanesi Tviseba erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebaa

– mo lekulaTSorisi kondensacia, romlis drosac warmoiqmneba amiduri

dajgufeba – NH – CO da gamoiyofa wyali.

mJava urTierTqmedebs fuZesTan, fuZe ki mJavasTan. amitom cxadia, rom

erTi aminomJava karboqsilis jgufiT reaqciaSi Sedis meore aminomJavas aminojgufTan:

a-aminomJavebisagan

war moq mnil poliamids

polipeptidi ewodeba.

dimeri

rogorc xedavT, dimeric Seicavs orive funqciur

jgufs, amitom SesaZle belia reaqcia kvlav

gagrZeldes maRalmolekuluri naerTis – polimeris

warmoqmnamde. magaliTad,

nNH 2 – (CH 2) 5 – COOH → (... – NH – (CH 2) 5) – CO – ...)n + +(n‑1)H 2O.

aseTi reaqciis Sedegad miRebuli polimerebi Seicavs amiduri fragmentebis

did raodenobas da amitom ewodeba poliamidi.

aminomJavebi farTod gamoiyeneba medicinaSi. magaliTad, nervuli sistemis

daavadebisas rekomendebulia glutaminis mJavas gamoyeneba:

HOOC – CH – CH 2 – CH 2 – COOH

|

NH 2

d a j g u f e b a s

polipeptidis mo lekulaSi

amiduri an peptiduri

dajgufeba ewodeba.

amave mJavas, an mis marils umateben konservebsa da sxva sakveb koncentratebs

gemos gasaumjobeseblad. aminomJavebs uniSnaven avadmyofs mZime operaciis

Semdeg, organizmis gamofitvisas da a.S.

normaluri, anu wrfivi agebulebis aminomJavebi, aminokapronmJava

H 2N – (CH 2) 5 – COOH da aminoenantis mJava H 2N – (CH 2) 6 – COOH gamoiyeneba sinTezuri

boWkos, kapronis da enantis misaRebad.

1. SeadgineT reaqciaTa tolobebi, romlebic asaxavs aminopropanmJavas

urTierT qmedebas:

a) gogirdmJavasTan;

b) meTilis spirtTan;

g) natriumis hidroqsidTan.

2. SeadgineT ε-aminokapronmJavas polikondensaciis reaqciis toloba, Tu

misi formulaa:

H 2N – (CH 2) 5 – C

O

OH

3. SeadgineT dipeptidis warmoqmnis reaqciis toloba aminoZmarmJavasa da

α-aminopropanmJavasgan.

4. SeadareT polimerizaciis da polikondensaciis reaqciebi, Sedarebis

Sedegebi asaxeT diagramiT.

135

136

23

sinjaraSi moTavsebuli erTi α− aminomJava Cveulebrivi organuli niv-

Tierebaa, is umniSvnelovanesi maSin xdeba, rodesac isev α− aminomJavebTan

urTierTqmedebiT peptids warmoqmnis, radgan peptidis warmoqmna ukavSirdeba

cilis warmoqmnas, cila da sicocxle ki ganuyofeli cnebebia, sadac cila ar

aris, iq arc sicocxlea.

qimiuri TvalsazrisiT cila biologiuri polimeria, romelic

α-aminomJavebis naSTebisgan Sedgeba. misi molekuluri masa ramdenime aTasidan

ramdenime milionamde meryeobs.

ganvixiloT peptidis miRebis reaqcia umartivesi α-aminomJavebisagan.

ori aminomJavasagan miRebul peptids dipeptidi ewodeba.

glicini

cilebi

O H

H 2NCH 2C OH + H N – CH – COOH → H 2O + H 2N – CH 2 – C – N – CH – COOH

CH 3

alanini

dipeptidi isev urTierTqmedebs α-aminomJavasTan

da axla tripeptidi warmoiqmneba:

O H O H

H2N – CH2 – C – N – CH – C – OH + H N – CH2 – COOH → H2O +

glicini

CH 3

O H O H

+ H2N – CH2 – C – N – CH – C – N – CH2 –COOH

CH 3

tripeptidi – glicilalanilglicini

mravali α-aminomJavebisagan warmoqmnil peptids

polipeptidi ewodeba, rac zogadad ase Caiwereba:

H O H O H O

. . . – N – CH – C – N – CH – C – N – CH – C – . . .

CH 3

dipeptidi

m i R e b u l t r i -

p e p t i d s , m o l e k u -

laSi Semavali aminomJavebis

naSTebis

m i x e d v i T e w o d e b a

glicilalanilglicini

(Gly‑Ala‑Gly) (gliala-gli).

zogadad

peptids kiTxuloben

bolo α-aminomJavaSi

Canacvlebuli aminom-

Javebis radikalebis

mixedviT.

R 1 R 2 R 3

sadac R 1 , R 2 , R 3 – α-aminomJavas radikalebia. 50ze meti αaminomJavasagan Sedgenili

polipeptidi ukve cilaa.

cila erTi an ramdenime polipeptidis jaWvisagan Sedgeba, sadac

α-aminomJavebis naSTebi erTmaneTs peptiduri jgufiT uerTdeba.

peptiduri bmis garSemo atomebis brunva SeuZlebelia, amitom peptiduri

bmiT dakavSirebuli atomebi erT sibrtyeSia moTavsebuli. cilis SedgenilobaSi

monawileobs 20 sxvadasxva α-aminomJava. sami α-aminomJavas erTmaneTTan

SeerTebis 6 varianti arsebobs, e. i. maTi SeerTebiT 6 tripeptidi warmoiqmneba,

xolo 20 α-aminomJavas SeerTebis varianti TiTqmis ganusazRvrelia, radgan

erTi da igive aminomJava polipeptidis SedgenilobaSi SesaZlebelia ramdenjerme

monawileobdes.

ama Tu im individualuri cilis makromolekulaSi

aminomJavis naSTebis ganlagebis sakUu-

Tari, mkacri Tanmimdevroba arsebobs, rac imiT

gamoixateba, rom polimeris jaWvis gaswvriv

ganlagebuli aminomJavas naSTSi Semavali radikalebi

sxvadasxvaa. sqematurad aminomJavaTa

naSTebis Tanmimdevroba SesaZloa gamoi saxos

ase:

..NH – CH – CO – NH – CH – CO – NH – CH – CO – ...

| | |

R 1 R 2 R 3

aminomJavaTa naSTebis SeerTebis gansaz-

Rvrul Tanmimdevrobas cilis pirveladi

struqtura ewodeba.

SesaZloa vifiq roT, rom polipeptiduri

jaWvi wrfivi unda iyos. sinamdvi leSi mkacrad

wrfivi struqtura cilebis arc ise did raodenobas

aqvs. gamokvle vebma cxadyo, rom polipeptiduri

jaWvis zogierTi ubnebi cilis molekulaSi

spi raluradaa daxveuli. cilis spiraluri

struqturis formirebas ganapirobebs C = O

da N – H jgufebs Soris damyarebuli wyalbaduri

bmebi.

cilis pirveladi struqtura

ZiriTadad gansazRvravs mis

specifikur Tvisebebs. Tu Se icva

la cilis pirveladi struqtura,

icvleba misi Tvisebebic.

magaliTad, adamianis hemoglobini

Sedgeba 574 aminomJavas

naSTisagan. Tu erT-erT jaWvSi

glutaminmJavas naSTis nacvlad

meore aminomJavas valinis naSTi

Caenacvleba, maSin sisxlis wiTeli

ujredebi iRebs namglisebur

formas. aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani

sneuldeba namgliseburi

anemiiT, romelic adreul asakSi

iwvevs sikvdils.

polipeptidebSi Semavali

20 α-aminomJavidan 10 Sesa-

Zlebelia adamianis organizmSi

warmoiqmnas sxvadasxva

nivTierebisgan. magram, danarCeni

10 aminomJavas sin-

Tezi adamianis organizmSi

ar mimdinareobs. aseT aminomJavebs

ZiriTadi aminom

Javebi, anu Seucvleli aminomJavebi

ewodeba. Seucvleli

α-aminomJavebi adamianis

organizmma sxvadasxva

cilovani sakvebidan unda

miiRos. cilas, romelic 10

Seucvlel aminomJavas Seicavs

srulfasovani cila

ewodeba, cxoveluri cila

da rZe srulfasovania, xolo

zogierT mcenareul cilaSi

erTi an ramdenime Seucvleli

aminomJava ar Sedis. aseTi Ucila

arasrulfasovani cilaa.

soios cila Tavisi SedgenilobiT

srul fasovania, magram

simindis cila arasrulfasovania,

radgan TiTqmis ar Seicavs

or Seucvlel aminomJavas

– lizinsa da triptofans.

brinjis cilaSi cotaa lizini

da treonini, xorbalSi ki –

li zini. amitom srulfasovani

kvebisaTvis racionSi unda

Sediodes yvelanairi mcenareuli

produqti.

137

138

cilis aseT struqturas meoreuli

struqtura ewodeba.

spiralis gareT mimarTulia aminomJavebis

radikalebi R, romelTa SedgenilobaSi Sedis:

karboqsilis jgufi – COOH, aminojgufi NH 2,

hidroqsilis jgufi OH, sulfhidridis jgufi

SH da sxva. spiralis gareT ganlagebuli

es jgufebi urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegad

warmoqmnis sxvadasxva tipis bmebs: ionurs,

kova lenturs, wyalbadurs da a.S. ris gamoc

spirali ixveva da igragneba. cilis aseT struqturas

cilis mesameuli struqtura ewodeba.

rig SemTxvevebSi cila warmoqmnis meo Txeul

struqturas. amis Sesaxeb 26-e paragrafSi visaubrebT.

Tvisebebi

cilis meoreul struqtura

Si spiralis erTi xvia iseTi

zomisaa, rom yoveli aminomJavas

jgufis Tavze ganla-

gebulia meoTxe aminomJavas

jgufi, amitom maT Soris

myar deba wyalbaduri bmebi,

rac spiralis mdgradobas ganapirobebs.

cilis mesameul struqtu

ras aseTi forma aqvs.

cilas mravalferovani Tvisebebi aqvs. zogierTi cila myari nivTierebaa,

ar ixsneba wyalSi da marilTa xsnarebSi. Tumca, cilaTa umravlesoba Txevadi

an labiseburi nivTierebaa, magaliTad, kvercxis cila albumini.

wyalSi gaxsnisas cilebi warmoqmnis koloidur xsnars, wyalxsnaridan cila

gamoileqeba mZime metalebis,

tyviisa da vercxliswylis

ma ri lebiT. amitomacaa mZime

metalebis orTqli da maTi

marilebi Zalian saSiSi co cxali

organizmisaTvis.

cilis gamoleqva SesaZlebelia

mineraluri mJavebiT,

magaliTad, azotmJaviT da

gogirdmJaviT, formaliniT

da fenoliT, agreTve eTilis

spirtiT. swored amitomaa

sur.41. cilis denaturirebis sqema

SesaZlebeli mcenareebisa

da cxovelebis qsovilebis dakonserveba formalinisa da eTilis spirtis

gamoyenebiT.

susti gacxelebisas cilis meoreuli da mesameuli struqtura irRveva, rac

iwvevs misi biologiuri funqciis dakargvas. am process cilis denaturireba

ewodeba (sur. 41).

Zlieri gaxurebisas cilis makromolekula mTlianad iSleba da gamoiyofa

aqroladi produqtebi, romelTac damwvari bumbulis suni aqvs. am TvisebiT

SesaZlebelia cilis amocnoba, cilovani warmoSobis boWkos, abreSumisa da

Salis gansxvaveba sxva boWkoebisagan.

hidrolizi cilis umniSvnelovanesi Tvisebaa, cila hidrolizdeba amiduri

bmis xarjze, susti gaxurebisas mJavas an tutis xsnaris TanxlebiT:

NH 2 – CH – C – N – CH – C – N – CN – C – ...

| || | | || | | ||

R 1 O H R 2 O H R 3 O →

HO – H HO – H HO – H

→ NH2 – CH – COOH + NH2 – CH – COOH + NH2 – CH – COOH + ..

| | |

R1 R2 R3 cilis hidrolizis procesSi warmoiqmneba sxvadasxva aminomJava.

adamianisa da cxovelis organizmSi cilis hidrolizi fermentebis gavleniT

mimdinareobs, warmoqmnili aminomJavebi sisxlSi gadadis da qsovilebsa da

ujredebs miewodeba, sadac gardaiqmneba cocxali organizmisaTvis saWiro

cilad.

cilovani nivTierebebi didi xania mecnierTa yuradRebis centrSia. cilis

struqturisa da funqciebis Seswavla SesaZlebels xdis memkvidreobis meqanizmis

dadgenas, sxvadasxva daavadebaTa bunebis gamovlenas.

Tavdapirvelad gamoikvlies SedarebiT dabali molekuluri masis mqone

cilebi _ hormonebi da fermentebi. erT-erTi pirveli cila, romlis pirveladi

struqturis dadgena mecnierebma moaxerxes, iyo hormoni – insulini. es

hormoni aregulirebs sisxlSi Saqris Semcvelobas. aRmoCnda, rom insulinis

molekula Sedgeba ori, araerTnairi polipeptiduri jaWvisagan. erTSi 21

aminomJavas naSTia, meoreSi ki – 30-is. polipeptiduri jaWvebi erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebulia sulfiduri -S‑S- xidebiT (sur. 42):

sur.42. sulfiduri xidebi insulinis molekulaSi

139

140

cilis struqturis dadgenis Semdeg SesaZlebelia misi sinTezi. insulinis

sinTezi namdvilad aris organuli qimiis udidesi miRweva. dReisaTvis

qimikosebi swavloben gacilebiT rTuli Sedgenilobis cilebs. ukve cnobilia

daaxloebiT 2000 cilis pirveladi struqtura, rac araerTi efeqturi medikamentis

Seqmnis winapirobaa.

1. ra mimarTeba arsebobs cnebebs Soris: `peptidi~, `polipeptidi~, `poli amidi~,

`cila~?

2. SeadgineT reaqciis toloba, romelic Seesabameba cilis hidrolizs, Tu misi

zogadi formulaa:

–NH – CH–CO–

|

R

axseniT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs am process adamianis organizmisaTvis.

3. moifiqreT da aRwereT meTodi, romliTac martivad ganasxvavebT:

– Salis Zafs bambis Zafisagan;

– xelovnur abreSums bunebrivisagan.

axseniT, ras efuZneba Tqvens mier gamoyenebuli meTodi.

24

polimerebi

polimeri maRalmolekuluri naerTia, romelsac didi molekuluri

masa aqvs – ramdenime aTasidan ramdenime milionamde. polimerebis makromolekulebi

Sedgeba monomeruli erTeulebis didi raodenobisagan, makromolekulis

sidide ganisazRvreba polimerizaciis xarisxiT.

gTavazobT eTilenis polimerizaciis sqemas:

nCH2 = CH2 → (...– CH2– CH2 –...) n

am sqemis magaliTze gaixseneT cnebebi: po li meri,

monomeri, monomeruli erTeuli, poli me ri zaciis

xarisxi. ras aRniSnavs n po limerizaciis re aqciis

sqemaSi? ra gansxvavebaa monomersa da mo no merul

erTeuls Soris?

Cven ki SegaxsenebT polimerizaciis reaqciis ganmartebas:

literaturaSi SesaZloa

SegxvdeT termi nebi:

`ele mentaruli rgo li~,

`struq turuli er Teuli~,

`mo nomeruli er-

Te uli~. gax sov deT, rom

samive termini er Tsa da

imave cnebas aRniSnavs.

polimerizaciis reaqcia aris qimiuri procesi, romlis drosac

erTmaneTs uerTdeba sawyisi dabalmolekuluri nivTierebis (monomeris)

molekulebi da warmoqmnis polimeris makromolekulebs.

polimerizaciis reaqciaSi Ses vlis unari aqvs iseT nivTierebebs, romelTa

molekulaSic ujeri bmaa. e. i. po limerizaciis unari aqvs ujer naerTebs. es

SeiZleba iyos erTi da igive mo nomeris, an sxvadasxva monomeris molekulebi.

Tu reaqciaSi erTi da igive monomeris molekulebi monawileobs, reaqcias

po limerizaciis reaqcia ewodeba. Tu reaqciaSi ori, an meti sxvadasxva niv-

Ti e rebis molekulebi monawileobs, reaqcias Tana polimerizaciis reaqcia

ewodeba.

magaliTad,

polimerizaciis reaqcias ganekuTvneba polieTilenis, polipropilenis,

po li vinilqloridis miRebis reaqciebi:

Tanapolimerizaciis reaqcias miekuTvneba, magaliTad, beta dien-sti rolis

kauCukis miRebis reaqcia:

n CH 2 = CH – CH = CH 2 + nCH 2 = CH → – CH 2 – CH = CH – CH 2 – CH 2 – CH –

butadieni – 1,3

n CH 2 = CH – CH 2 – CH –

CH 3

propileni polipropileni

C 6H 5

n

C 6H 5

stiroli butadien-stirolis kauCuki

141

142

axla ganvixiloT polikondensaciis reaqcia.

polikondensaciis reaqcia qimiuri procesia, romlis drosac

sawyisi mono merebis molekulaTa SeerTebisas polimeris makromolekulebad

war mo iqmneba ara mxolod ZiriTadi pro duq ti

polimeri, aramed Tanauri produqtic.

Tanauri produqti aris dabalmolekuluri nivTiereba, ufro

xSirad wya li.

polikondensaciis reaqciaSi Sedis iseTi nivTierebebi, romelTa molekule

bic funqciur jgufs Seicavs.

rogorc polimerizaciis reaqciis SemTxvevaSi, poli kon densaciis

reaqciac SesaZloa iyos homopolikondensaciis da Tanapolikondensaciis.

homopolikondensaciis reaqciaSi monawileobs erTi da igive monomeris

molekulebi, magaliTad, monosaqaridis glukozis molekulebisagan mce nareTa

ujredebSi warmoiqmneba polisaqaridebi:

nC 6H 12O 6 → (–C 6H 10O 5 – ) n + nH 2O

glukoza polisaqaridi

(saxamebeli, celuloza)

Tanapolikondensaciis reaqciaSi polimeri warmoiqmneba ori an meti

sawyisi monomeris molekulebisagan. magaliTad, fenol-formaldehiduri

fisis miReba:

nC 6H 5 – OH + n H – C

O

H

OH

CH2 –

n

+ n H 2O

fenoli formaldehidi fenolformaldehiduri

fisi

polimeris Tviseba damokidebulia mis Sedgenilobaze, molekulur

masasa da agebulebaze.

polimeri, romlis SedgenilobaSic Sedis wyalbadi da naxSirbadi,

iwvis. aseTia magaliTad, polieTileni da polipropileni, polimeris

mikromolekulis monomerul erTeulSi halogenis gamoCena polimers

axal Tvisebas sZens – is aRar iwvis, aseTia magaliTad, polivinilqloridi,

fToroplasti.

polimeris molekuluri masa mis agregatul mdgomareobas gansazRvravs:

Tu polimerizaciis xarisxi arc ise maRalia, miiReba sqeli Txevadi masa,

xolo monomeruli erTeulebis raodenobis gazrdis Sedegad miiReba myari

produqti.

molekuluri masis maRali mniSvneloba uzrunvelyofs polimeris araaqro

ladobas, gansazRvravs lRobisa da daSlis temperaturul intervalebs.

wrfivi agebulebis polimerebs didi molekuluri masa aqvs, Sesabamisad

maTi molekulebi grZelia, rac maT moqnilobas ganapirobebs, polimeris

jaWvis moqniloba mniSvnelovnad

izrdeba naxSirbadisa da

polimeris Semadgeneli sxva

atomebis Sinagani brunviT

martivi bmis irgvliv. amis gamo

SesaZlebelia mikro molekulis

erTi nawilis Semobruneba meoris

mimarT, es ki Tavis mxriv polimeris

makromolekulis Zlieri

gaRunvis da gorglebad daxvevis

SesaZleblobas qmnis.

wrfivi agebulebis myar poli

merSi makromolekulebi

erT ma neTTan ax lo saa ganla gebuli.

amis gamo aRi Zvre ba mole

ku laTaOSorisi ur Ti erT qmedebis

Za lebi. mole ku laTa Sorisi

Zalebi Za lian sustia, Cveulebriv

qi miur bmaze 10-15-jer

sus ti, magram vinaidan isini

xor ci eldeba makromolekulis

mTel sigr Zeze uzarmazari

raodenobis monomeruli erTeulebis

monawileobiT, mo le kulaTaSorisi

Zalebis jamuri simtki

ce mniSvnelovnad izrdeba.

amiT aixsneba is, rom polimeri

didi meqanikuri simtkiciT xa siaTdeba,

organul gamxsnelSi ki

blant xsnars warmoqmnis.

polimerebi, romlebic wrfivi

agebulebis makro mo le kulebisagan

Sedgeba, gacxe lebisas

jer rbildeba da mxolod

Semdeg iwyebs lRo bas, dabalmolekuluri

nivTiere bebi

sagan gansxvavebiT polimers

ar aqvs darbilebisa da lRobis

fiq sirebuli temperatura. es

imi tom, rom polimeris Sedge nilobaSi

sxvadasxva zomis makromo

lekulebi Sedis.

wrfiv molekulebs SesaZlebelia

hqondes rogorc kristaluri, ise amorfuli

struqtura, polimeris kristalurobaSi

igulisxmeba makromolekulebis an maTi

nawilebis mowesrigebuli, paraleluri

ganlageba. amorful mdgomareobaSi

makromolekulebs mouwesrigebeli

urTierTganlageba aqvs. ganStoebuli da

sivrculi agebulebis polimerebi, rogorc

wesi, amorfulia.

rodesac kristalurobaze vlaparakobT,

unda vicodeT, rom mxolod idealur

SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli molekulebis

erTmaneTis mimarT Nparaleluri ganlageba,

sinamdvileSi makromolekulebis zogierTi

monakveTi erTmaneTis mimarT ufro

mowesrigebulad aris ganlagebuli,

zogierTi ki – naklebad, erTi da igive

makromolekulebi ganlagebulia rogorc

kristalur ise amorful ubnebSi (sur. 43).

erTi da igive polimeris kristalurobis

xasiaTi SesaZloa Seicvalos. magaliTad,

polimeris gaWimva xels uwyobs molekulebis

paralelur ganlagebas, ris Sedegadac

kristaluroba izrdeba.

(2)

sur. 43. polimeris amorfuli da

kristaluri agebuleba

(1) kristaluri agebulebis ubani

(2) amorfuli agebulebis ubani.

ganStoebuli, datotvili makromolekulebisagan agebul polimerebSi

makromolekulebi erTmaneTisagan dacilebulia, molekulaTaSorisi Zalebi

moqmedebs mxolod polimeris calkeul ubnebze. Sesabamisad, daqveiTebulia

meqanikuri simtkice, lRobis temperatura. sivrciTi struqturis polimerebi

meqanikurad mtkicea, ar ixsneba organul gamxsnelSi da ar lRveba – aseTi

polimeri gaxurebisas iSleba.

(1)

143

144

SegaxsenebT, rom polimeris Tvisebebze did gavlenas axdens regularoba,

rac mJRavndeba polimeris makromolekulis warmomqmneli sawyisi monomeris

molekulebis mkacrad gansazRvruli TanmimdevrobiT SeerTebaSi.

polimerebs, romelTa makromolekulebi agebulia erTnairi sivrculi

konfi gu raciis mqone elementaruli rgolebisagan, stereoregularuli

ewodeba, po li meri stereoregularulia maSinac, rodesac mis makro mo lekulaSi

gan sxva vebuli sivrculi konfiguraciis mqone monomeruli er Teulebia,

magram maTi monacvleoba jaWvSi xasiaTdeba garkveuli Tan mimdevrobiT.

polimers, romelSic sxvadasxva konfiguraciis monomeruli erTeulebi

nebismieradaa ganlagebuli, arastereoregularuli ewodeba.

stereoregularobas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc ukve iciT

swored stereoregularuli agebulebis gamoa kauCuki elastikuri.

elastikuroba ki kauCukis ganmsazRvreli Tvisebaa misi gamoyenebisas

avto mo bilisa da TviTmfrinavis saburavebis dasamzadeblad, radgan

avtomobilisa da safren bilikze TviTmfrinavis moZraobisas maTi saburavebi

mravaljeradad deformirdeba.

polimerebis makromolekulebs sxvadasxva agebuleba, sxvadasxva geo metriuli

forma aqvs: wrfivi, ganStoebuli anu datotvili da sivrculi.

wrfivi agebuleba aqvs magaliTad, polieTilenis, polipropilenis

makro molekulebs. mravaljer ganmeorebadi elementaruli rgolebi

am polimerebSi warmoqmnis zigzagisebur jaWvs. daxveuli gorglis

msgavsi wrfivi agebuleba aqvs kauCukis makromolekulas. saxameblis

makromolekulas datotvili agebuleba aqvs. rezins ki sivrculi, sadac

makromolekulebs Soris warmoqmnilia qimiuri bmebi (sur. 44).

a) b) g)

sur. 44. polimeris geometriuli forma:

a) wrfivi; b) ganStoebuli; g) sivrculi.

xelovnuri maRalmolekuluri naerTebi miiReba bunebrivi naerTebisagan

qimiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT ise, rom ar icvleba ZiriTadi jaWvi. erTerTi

pirveli xelovnuri polimeri iyo viskoza, romelic celulozasgan

miiRes. xelovnuria rezinic – romelic naturaluri kauCukis vulkanizaciis

produqtia. sinTezuri maRalmolekuluri naerTebi miiReba iseTi

nivTierebebis polimerizaciiT da polikondensaciiT, romlebic bunebaSi ar

moipoveba da sinTezuri gziTaa miRebuli. pirveli sinTezuri polimerebi

bakeliti da karboliti fenolformaldehiduri fisebia, romlebic miiReba

fenolis polikondensaciiT formaldehidTan.

1. SesaZlebelia Tu ara monomerul erTeulad miviCnioT polieTilenis

molekulebSi – CH 2 – jgufi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.

2. ras aRniSnavs n vinilqloridis polimerizaciis reaqciaSi?

n CH2 = CH – CH2 – CH –

Cl Cl

n

3. polieTilenis saSualo molekuluri masaa 28000. gamoiangariSeT misi

polimerizaciis xarisxi.

4. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom polimeris Termomedegobis gazrdis problema

ukavSirdeba iseTi polimerebis sinTezis problemas, romelic jaWvSi ar Seicavs

naxSirbadis atomebs. axseniT ras efuZneba mecnierTa aseTi mosazreba.

145

146

25

elementorganuli polimerebi

elementorganuli polimerebi es iseTiU polimerebia, romlebic ZiriTadad

jaWvSi Seicavs ara naxSirbadis, aramed sxva qimiuri elementebis, magaliTad,

Jangbadis, titanis, siliciumis atomebs. aseTi polimerebis gverdiT jaWvSi

organuli radikalebia.

ase magaliTad, 1935 wels miiRes siliciumorganuli polimeri – silikoni,

romlis Sedgenilobac SeiZleba gamoisaxos ase:

R R

| |

. . . – Si – O – Si – O – ...

| |

R R

es polimeri xasiaTdeba maRali TermomedegobiT, kargi eleqtro sa izolacio

TvisebebiT, qimiuri inertulobiT, hidrofoburia, e. i. ar sveldeba

wyliT.

plastmasi

plastmasi ewodeba im masalas, romelic mzaddeba polimeris safuZvelze.

plastmass SeuZlia gacxelebisas miiRos garkveuli forma da SeinarCunos

gacivebisas.

rogorc wesi plastmasi sxvadasxva nivTierebis narevia, polimeri am niv-

TierebaTagan erT-erTi, Tumca yvelaze saWiro komponentia. swored polimeri

akavSirebs plastmasis yvela komponents da erT mTlian, metnaklebad

erTgvarovan masad gardaqmnis. amitom polimers uwodeben Semkvrels, makav-

Sirebels.

pirveli plastmasi miiRes bunebrivi polimerisagan – kauCukisagan, celulozas

nawarmisagan da a. S. SemdegSi Semkvrelad gamoiyenes sinTezuri

polimerebic – fenolformaldehiduri fisi, polieTeri da sxva.

mza nakeTobis Sesaqmnelad im plastmasebis gamoyenebaa ufro mosaxerxebeli,

romelTa gamyarebis da darbilebis procesi Seqcevadia. aseT polimers

Termoplasti, anu Termoplastikuri polimeri ewodeba. aseTi polimeri

gaxurebisas lRveba, SeuZlia miiRos gansazRvruli forma da SeinarCunos

is gamyarebisas. Tu aseT polimers isev gavacxelebT, is kvlav darbildeba da

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi axal formas SeiZens, rac imas niSNnavs, rom arsebobs

misi xelmeored gadamuSavebis SesaZlebloba.

ase iReben, magaliTad, lavsanisa da kapronisagan boWkos, polieTilenisagan

sxvadasxva daniSnulebis sagnebs, aseTi polimeria kauCukic.

Tu nakeTobis formirebis procesSi xdeba polimeris makromolekulebis

`Sekereba~ da polimeri gamyarebisas iZens badisebur agebulebas, maSin SeuZlebeli

xdeba aseTi nivTierebis dabruneba blant da denad mdgomareobaSi

gaxurebis an gaxsnis gziT. aseT plastmass reaqtoplasti, anu Termoreaqtiuli

polimeri ewodeba. Termoreaqtiulia magaliTad fenoformaldepiduri

fisi.

Semkvreli polimeris garda plastmasSi xSirad SehyavT sxvadasxva daniSnulebis

danamatebi, Semavseblebi, saRebrebi, nivTierebebi, romlebic aumjobesebs

meqanikur Tvisebebs, Termomedegobas.

plastmasebi farTod gamoiyeneba samSeneblo industriaSi, manqanaTm-

SeneblobaSi, eleqtroteqnikaSi, SesafuTi masalebis warmoebaSi, yoveldRiuri

moxmarebis sagnebis dasamzadeblad.

plastmasebis farTo gamoyenebas ganapirobebs maTi dabali fasi, gadamuSavebis

SesaZlebloba da iseTi Tvisebebi, romliTac isini ar Camouvardeba

metalebs, Senadnobebs, zog SemTxvevaSi ki ukeTesicaa maTze. ase magaliTad,

plastmasis nakeTobebi Zalian msubuqia, mdgradia koroziis mimarT, mtkicea,

gaaCnia Zalian kargi optikuri da saizolacio Tvisebebi.

boWko

boWko aris wrfivi agebulebis polimeri, romelic gamosadegia Zafebis,

maryuJebis, safeiqro masalebis dasamzadeblad.

bunebrivi boWko warmoSobis mixedviT aris:

• mcenareuli, rogoricaa bamba, seli, qereli da sxva;

• cxoveluri, rogoricaa matyli da abreSumi;

• mineraluri, rogoricaa asbesti.

qimiuri boWko miiReba boWkos warmomqmneli polimeris xsnaris an nal-

Robisagan. qimiuri boWko SesaZloa iyos xelovnuri da sinTezuri.

xelovnuri boWko miiReba bunebrivi polimerisagan, an maTi gadamuSavebis

produqtisagan. ZiriTadad es aris celuloza da misi eTerebi. xelovnuria,

magaliTad viskozuri da acetaturi boWko.

sinTezuri boWko miiReba sinTezuri polimerisagan. aseTia magaliTad

kaproni, lavsani, nailoni da sxva.

1. boWkos misaRebad iyeneben aminomJavebs, magaliTad ε-aminokapronmJavas,

Tumca iyeneben mxolod normaluri agebulebis aminomJavebs da ara maT izomerebs,

magaliTad

NH 2 – CH 2 – CH – CH 2 – CH 2 – COOH

|

CH 3

axseniT, ra aris amis mizezi.

2. praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba boWko nitroni, romelic garegnulad gavs

Sals. is kargad inaxavs siTbos, gamoirCeva didi simtkiciT, elastikuria, Termomedegia.

nitroni, yvela sxva bunebrivsa da qimiur boWkosTan SedarebiT, mdgradia

sinaTlisa da atmosferuli zemoqmedebis mimarT. misi monomeria akrilis mJavas

nitrili, anu akrilonitrili CH 2 = CH – CN. SeadgineT nitrilis polimerizaciis

reaqciis toloba.

gamoyaviT monomeruli erTeuli.

3. polipropilenis boWko gamoirCeva simsubuqiT. is wyalze msubuqia, gamoirCeva

agreTve didi simtkiciT, tuteebisa da mJavebis mimarT mdgradobiT. gamoiyeneba

sazRvao bagirebis, xaliCebis, TevzsaWeri badeebis, trikotaJis nawarmis dasamzadeblad

da sxva. SeadgineT propilenis polimerizaciis reaqciis toloba.

147

148

4. Tu kauCuks 30%-ze met gogirds daamateben, miiReba xisti masala – eboniti,

romelic plastmasebis miRebamde erT-erT saukeTeso izolatorad miiCneoda. rogor

axsniT im faqts, rom eboniti aRar aris elastikuri?

5. 45-e suraTze Tqven xedavT mowyobilobas,

romlis saSualebiTac mimdinareobs

kauCukis daSlis reaqcia. gaauferulebs Tu

ara kauCukis daSlis produqti bromian wyals?

daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

sur. 45. kauCukis daSla

6. TqvenTvis kargadaa nacnobi rezinis nakeTobani. imisaTvis, rom kauCukis

Tvisebebs gaecnoT, gaaSreT rezinis webo, romelic kauCukisa da benzinis narevia.

SeadareT rezinisa da kauCukis Tvisebebi, gamoikvlieT, ra emarTeba maT gaTbobisas.

26

biopolimerebi

biopolimerebs ganekuTvneba TqvenTvis kargad nacnobi cilebi, polisaqaridebi

da nukleinis mJavebi.

cila iseTi biopolimeria, romelic α-aminomJavebis naSTebisagan Sedgeba.

cilaSi gamoyofen oTxi donis struqturas. cilis pirveladi struqtura

wrfivi struqturaa, is ganisazRvreba polipeptidur jaWvSi aminomJavebis

molekulaTa naSTebis monacvleobiT. cilis pirveladi struqtura ganapirobebs

dedamiwaze yvela cocxali organizmis cilovan individualobas.

sul raRac 20 α-aminomJavisagan buneba qmnis cilaTa mravalferovnebas. iseve

rogorc TiTis anabeWdi, yovel cocxal organizmSi cilaTa ganumeorebeli,

mxo lod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli nakrebia. organizmisaTvis

`ucxo~ cilis nakrebis, magaliTad, mikrobebis miuReblobazea dafuZnebuli

organizmis damcavi reaqcia – imuniteti.

cilis meoreuli struqtura, romelic xSirad spiraliseburia, ganisaz-

Rvreba cilis molekulis polipeptiduri jaWvis spiralad daxvevis TaviseburebiT.

es daxveva xdeba C = O da – NH– jgufebs Soris wyalbaduri bmebis

warmoqmnis xarjze.

cilis mesameuli struqtura,

romelic gorglismagvaria, ganisazRvreba

cilovani spiralis

sivrciTi mdebareobiT (sur. 46). am

sivrciT mdebareobas ganapirobebs

wyalbaduri, amiduri da disulfiduri

bmebis warmoqmna. gansaz-

Rvruli sivrciTi konfiguraciis

mqone cilis mesameuli struqtura,

SverilebiTa da RrmulebiT, gareT

mimarTuli funqciuri jgufebiT

ganapirobebs cilis molekulis

specifikur biologiur aqtivobas. sur. 46. cilis mesameuli struqtura

zogierT cilas, magaliTad hemoglobins,

meoTxeuli struqtura aqvs (sur. 47). meoTxeuli struqtura

warmoiqmneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cilis makromolekulis SedgenilobaSi

ramdenime polipeptiduri jaWvi Sedis. es struqtura ganisazRvreba im

polipeptiduri jaWvebis sivrculi ganlagebiT, romlebic ar aris erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli kovalenturi bmebiT.

polisaqaridi iseTi biopolimerebia,

romlebic Sedgeba monosaqaridis

naSTebisagan.

polisaqaridia saxamebeli da

celuloza. saxameblisa da celulozas

magaliTiT Cven kidev

erTxel vrwmundebiT, Tu ra didi

gavlena aqvs nivTierebis Tvisebebze

sivrcul agebulebas. erTi

sur. 47. cilis meoTxeuli struqtura

da igive molekuluri formulis

mqone (C6H10O5) n saxameblisa da ce-

149

150

lulozas Tvisebebs Soris marTlac TvalsaCino gansxvavebaa – saxamebeli

sakvebi nivTierebaa, naxSirwyalia, romelsac mcenare ujredSi imaragebs.

saxamebeli agebulia α-glukozis molekulis naSTebisagan.

CH 2OH

5 O

H

4

H

6

H

1

OH OH

3

H

2

OH

H

OH

glukozis α-forma

CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH

O O O

H H H H H H H H

H

... O O O ...

H

4

OH

OH H OH H OH H

H OH H OH H OH

6

CH2OH 5

H

OH

3

H

2

OH

saxameblis makromolekulis naSTebi

celuloza mcenareuli ujredis damatebiTi meqanikuri garsia, is agebulia

β-glukozis molekulis naSTebisagan.

O

OH

1

H

glukozis β-forma

CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH

O O O

H H H H H H

... O O O ...

OH H H OH H H OH H H

H OH H OH H OH

celulozas makromolekulis naSTebi.

polinukleotidi, anu nukleinis mJavebi

nukleinis mJavebi iseTi biopolimerebia, romlebic nukleotidebisagan

Sedgeba.

nukleinis mJavebi xasiaTdeba maT makromolekulaSi sul oTxi saxis nukleotidis

monacvleobiT. aqedan sami nukleotidi Sedis nebismieri nukleinis

mJavas SedgenilobaSi. es nukleotidebia: adenini (a), guanini (g), citozini

(c), meoTxe nukleotidi rnm-isaTvis aris uracili (u), xolo dnm-isaTvis Timini

(T).

dnm-is makromolekula spiralia, romelic

saerTo RerZze daxveuli ori jaWvisagan Sedgeba

(sur. 48). es dnm-is meoreuli struqturaa. iseve

rogorc cilis mo le kulaSi, nukleinis mJavas

SemTxvevaSic meoreuli struqtura wyalbaduri

bmebis safuZvelze yalibdeba. Tavis

mxriv wyal baduri bmebi myardeba makromolekulis

sxvadasxva jaWvis azotovan fuZeebs Soris,

romlebic cilis molekulebis Semadgeneli radikalebisagan

gansxvavebiT mimarTulia ara spiralis

gareT, aramed SigniT.

nukleinis mJavebi rnm da dnm umniSvne lovanes

rols asrulebs organizmis memkvidreobiTi

informaciis Senaxvisa da gadacemis procesSi,

cilis biosinTezSi.

= a...T =

a – adenini = a...T =

g – guanini

T – Timini

c – citozini = c...g =

= a...T =

= T...a =

= g...c =

= c...g =

= a...T =

= T...a =

= g...c =

= T...a =

= c...g =

sur. 48. dnm-is ormagi

spiralis agebuleba

151

152

1. gaecaniT Semajamebel sqemas `polimerebis klasifikacia~. SeadgineT mcire

moTxroba sqemis mixedviT.

stereoregularuli

stereoregula-

robis mixedviT

polimeri

arastereore

gu laruli

miRebis xerxis mixedviT

bunebrivi

warmoSobis

mixedviT

polikondensaciis

polimerizaciis

xelovnuri

sinTezuri

wrfivi

organuli

ZiriTadi jaWvis Sedge-

nilobis mixedviT

makromolekulis for-

mis mixedviT

gaxurebis mimarT

damokidebulebiT

araorganuli

sivrculi

element

organuli

ganStoebuli

Termoplastikuri

Termoreaqtiuli

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna

1 erT-erT laboratoriaSi Seamowmes Zexvis nimuSSi saxameblis Semcveloba,

risTvisac gamoiyenes kaliumis iodidis xsnari, radganac Seferiloba

ar Seicvala, `eqspertma~ daaskvna, rom Zexvis nimuSSi saxamebeli ar aris.

ras fiqrobT amis Sesaxeb Tqven? ras urCevdiT eqsperts?

2 sqemaze mocemulia 1 t mSrali

xis naxerxis gadamuSavebiT miRebuli

masalebis saxeoba da raodenoba.

_ SeiZleba Tu ara celulozas gadamuSavebis

process vuwodoT unarCeno

warmoeba?

daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

Tu Tqveni pasuxi dadebiTia, axseniT

ratom ar utoldeba produqtebis masaTa

jami nedleulis masas?

sur. 49

3 suraTze Tqven xedavT diagramas, romelic asaxavs adamianis organizmis

qimiur Sedgenilobas. gaiTvaliswineT Tqveni organizmis masa da daadgineT

qimiuri Sedgeniloba.

wyali 65%

cximebi 10%

cilebi 18%

naxSirwylebi 5%

sxva organuli da

araorganuli

nivTierebebi 2%

153

154

4 suraTze gamosaxuli cilis struqturebs Soris, romelia pirveladi,

meoreuli da mesameuli? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.

a) b)

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