naramsini romeli maRali Seswvdeba zecas ... - Reso Kiknadze
naramsini romeli maRali Seswvdeba zecas ... - Reso Kiknadze
naramsini romeli maRali Seswvdeba zecas ... - Reso Kiknadze
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<strong>naramsini</strong><br />
<strong>romeli</strong> <strong>maRali</strong> <strong>Seswvdeba</strong> <strong>zecas</strong>?<br />
<strong>romeli</strong> farTe gadaswvdeba miwas?<br />
Zveli SuamdinareTis istoriis aqaduri xanidan (2334-2154<br />
Zv.w.) Cvenamde moRweul arcTu mravalricxovan ZeglTa Soris<br />
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi bareliefi. ori metris<br />
simaRlisa da erTi metris siganis qviSaqvis stelaze gamosaxulia<br />
erTi istoriuli faqti, razec sityvierad masze amokveTili warweris<br />
fragmentebi gvauwyebs: "Zlieri <strong>naramsini</strong>... saTunma<br />
lulubelniSekriba da..." aq SemorCenilia bareliefis personaJTa<br />
saxelebi: <strong>naramsini</strong> - semuri modgmis aqadis dinastiis erT-erTi<br />
ukanaskneli mefe, lulubelni - SuamdinareTis CrdiloeTiT, mTianeTSi<br />
mosaxle tomi, saTuni - maTi beladi. sxvas, yvelafer danarCens, rac<br />
am warweras aklia (Tundac sityva "davamarcxe" Tu "musri gavavle"),<br />
Tavad bareliefi gvamcnobs ufro metyvelad, vidre sityvas SeuZlia<br />
gamoxatos. masze gamosaxuli scena, rogorc vxedavT, brZolis<br />
kulminacias gadmoscems - naramsinma Tavisi laSqriTurT lulubelTa<br />
mTianeTis ukidures zRvars miaRwia da iq moimwyvdia mowinaaRmdege.<br />
es aris bareliefis TxrobiTi empiriuli Sinaarsi. magram masSi<br />
Camarxulia simboluri azri, rac am nawarmoebs gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas aniWebs da msgavs (sabrZolo) Temaze agebul sxva<br />
bareliefur scenebidan gamoarCevs.<br />
mTels scenaze batonobs <strong>naramsini</strong>s bumberazuli figura, <strong>romeli</strong>c<br />
erTi mesamediT aRemateba sxva danarCenT. igi bareliefis<br />
geometriuli Suagulia. tradiciuli kanonis Tanaxmad, mis qvemo<br />
kidurebi da saxe profilSia, xolo mkerdi gamoxatulia - en face.<br />
misi fizikuri Zala sxeulis marjvena mxares aris koncentrirebuli,<br />
marcxena mxare ki ramdnadme miCqmalulia, rasac TiTqos ragac<br />
disharmonia Seaqvs sxvamxriv idealurad agebul mis figuraSi.<br />
marcxena fexi sagrZnoblad susti da mokle Cans (ara perspeqtivis<br />
gamo), TiTqos umweod udgas miwaze. amiT gaZlierebulia STabeWdileba<br />
marjvenis simtkicisa, radgan mas awevs, rogorc svets, sxeulis<br />
mTeli simZime. ZalTa am ganawilebiT plastiurad aris gadmocemuli<br />
aRmarTze svlis bunebrivi wesi, rac saWirod CaTvala dantem aReniSna<br />
"jojoxeTis" erT adgilas: "mere gavyevi udabur ferdobs, ise rom<br />
myari fexi mudam dabla mqonda". aseve marjvena fexi <strong>naramsini</strong>sa da<br />
misi razmelebisa gamarTulia da marcxeni qvemoT myarad dgas<br />
bilikze. bareliefze fiqsirebulia is momenti, roca marcxena fexia<br />
win wadgmuli, marjvena ukan darCa.<br />
Tu wina periodis, Sumeruli xanis bareliefebis sivrce<br />
dayofilia daxurul sarTulebad, rac sivrculad gamoxatavda epizodTa<br />
droSi monacvleobas, <strong>naramsini</strong>s stelaze miRweulia gradaciuli<br />
moZraobis ritmi Ria sivrceSi. droisa da sivrcis erTianoba aq<br />
miRweulia. <strong>naramsini</strong>s meomarni, ricxviT Svidni, or qvemo qvemo<br />
"safexurze" arian ganlagebulni. es avangardia, romlebis ferdobs<br />
Sesevia, maT axali bilikebi gaukvalavT da win miiweven. laSqari<br />
mTaSi adis, misi kudi ki sadgac qvemoT, ufskrulSi ikargeba.
ufskrulidan amodis jari, xeebi, mTa, - yvelaferi, rac ki<br />
bareliefzea gamosaxuli. aRmasvlis efeqts aZlierebs vertikalebi -<br />
aRmarTuli Subebi da Standartebi, <strong>naramsini</strong>s meomrebs rom moaqvT,<br />
aseve maTi zeaRmarTuli Tavebi, mzera. magram, sadac erTi imarjvebs<br />
da maRla adis, iq meore marcxdeba da Zirs emxoba. swored im<br />
adgilidan, sadac naramsins bilikze ganrTxmuli mtris mkerdze<br />
marcxena fexi udgas (aq vxedavT, or erTmaneTze gadajvaredinebul<br />
gvams, ZnasaviT Sekruls), ufskrulisaken Tavdayira eSveba SiSveli<br />
sxeuli kacisa (adamiani SiSvlad Cadis mkvdarTa samefoSi), <strong>romeli</strong>c<br />
qmnis tragikul kontrasts gamarjvebulis aRmarTul figurasTan. amave<br />
dros haerSi gamokidebuli es sxeuli is vertikalia, <strong>romeli</strong>c<br />
agrZelebs marcxena ferdobis xazs da masTan erTad or Tanabar<br />
nawilad hyofs bareliefis sivrces. marjvena mxares, sadac<br />
ganiaraRebuli mteria gamosaxuli, kvlav davinaxavT qvemoT mimarTul<br />
vertikals: TiTqos cidan (Tumca is <strong>naramsini</strong>s xelidan unda<br />
gamodiodes) nasroli Subi Tu isari waqceuls yelSi garWobia da misi<br />
wveri miwis zedapirTan maxvil kuTxes qmnis. magram drois uaxloes<br />
monakveTSi es gangmiruli kaci gulaRma daecema da Subic (Tu isari)<br />
Sveulad aRimarTeba. swored am dros <strong>naramsini</strong> erT nabijs gadadgams<br />
win da axla mis mkerds daTrgunavs terfiT. es nabiji bediswerasaviT<br />
gardauvalia, romlis molodini mTasTan mdgari kacis sasowarkveTili<br />
pozac gamoxatavs. is fexze dgas, magram es dgoma wamieria.<br />
mxatvarma erTdoulobaSi dagvanaxa ori mdgomareoba: is garbis kidec<br />
(rasac misi Suatani da qvemo kidurebi mowmobs) da vedrebis pozaSic<br />
yovndeba sazareli mtris winaSe monusxuliviT. Tumca gasaqcevi gza<br />
aRaraa - marjvena mxares mTavrdeba ara mxolod bareliefis sivrce,<br />
aramed qveyanac. es qveynis kidea, romlis miRma garesknelia.<br />
qvemoT ki ufskrulia, sadac misi erTi Tvistomi iCexeba.<br />
sasowarkveTilis figuris qvemoT oriarusian vertikalze dganan<br />
msgavsi aRsasrulis momlodineni: erTs Subis wveri gadastexia,<br />
<strong>romeli</strong>c CvariviT Camohkidebia usargeblo buns, Tumca is iZleva<br />
daRmaval vertikals, kontrastulad eritmeba am kacis vedrebis niSnad<br />
zeaweul xels. meore figuras mis qvemoT xeli kidev ufro maRla<br />
aRumarTavs <strong>naramsini</strong>sken, mxarze jer kidev gamosayenebeli raRac<br />
iaraRi gaudevs.<br />
am konvulsiur ritms upirispirdeba gamarjvebulTa laRi, mwyobri<br />
ritmi, romlis wyaro Tavad <strong>naramsini</strong>a. meomrebi zustad imeoreben<br />
maTi winamZRolis moZraobas: marSiT mihyvebian mas, iqiTken<br />
iyurebian, saiTac naramsins miumarTavs mzera. isini misi nebiT<br />
arian aRZrulni, sakuTari maT ar gaaCniaT. isini aireklaven<br />
naramsins, TiTqos misi xatebi arian, maTze maRla masuli kaci maTi<br />
idealia. amrigad, <strong>naramsini</strong> ara mxolod geometriuli centria<br />
bareliefisa, aramed nebeluri Suagulic. mis figuraSi marxia neba,<br />
<strong>romeli</strong>c yvelafers amoZravebs, rac bareliefzea gamosaxuli.<br />
aq vxedavT meore centrsac, sakralur Suaguls. es aris mTa -<br />
ufskrulis karnizis piras mdgari pitalo konusi, mogluvebuli<br />
mwvervaliT, romelsac uzarmazari, masTan Seuzomadi varskvlavebi<br />
agvirgvineben.amgvarad gamosaxul mTas lulubelTa realuri<br />
mTianeTidan uSualod gadavyavarT kosmiur areSi. es im miTosuri mTis
xatia, romlis "fesvi miwis gulSia, xolo mwvervali cas swvdeba". es<br />
fraza, rogorc miTologema, itevs mniSvnelovan azrs, Zvel<br />
warmodgenas samyaros RerZze (axis mundi). am bareliefis Seqmnidan<br />
Teqvsmeti saukunis Semdeg sxva mbrZanebelma SuamdinareTis<br />
imperiisa, sargon aSurelma, urartuSi laSqrobisas nanaxi <strong>maRali</strong>mTa<br />
swored am sityvebiT Seamko da amiT gansakuTrebul ganzomilebaSi<br />
gadaitana Tavisi laSqroba. igi TiTqos miadga uxilav kosmiur RerZs,<br />
mTad aRmarTuls, sadac misi rwmeniT man pirvelma daadga fexi. Cvens<br />
bareliefze ki TvaliT pirvelad vxedavT am sityvebis mkveTr plastiur<br />
gamoxatulebas. Cven vxedavT mTis wverze mokiafe varskvlavs, romlis<br />
gamartivebuli geometriuli varianti (+++) imdroindel damwerlobaSi<br />
cisa (an) da RmerTis (dingir) niSans gamoxatavda. am niSniT<br />
bareliefi ambobs, rom mTis mwvervali cas, anis sauflos, ebjineba.<br />
meore momcro varskvlavi naramsins adgas Tavs zemoT - es misi<br />
niSania. is, rogorc misi RvTiurobis mimaniSnebeli, damwerlobiT<br />
(sityvier) teqstebSi win uZRvis mis saxels . magram stelaze sxva<br />
RvTaebriv niSansac atarebs - orrqian muzarads.<br />
ori Zlieri rqa im momcro varskvlavisken aris mimarTuli,<br />
<strong>romeli</strong>c Tavze dahnaTis gaRvTaebrivebul mefes da aciskrovnebs mas.<br />
is SeiZleba <strong>naramsini</strong>s bedis varskvlavad davsaxoT an, amasTan<br />
erTad, is SeiZleba qalRmerT inanas niSanic iyos - inana misi<br />
dinastiis mfarveli qalRmerTia. erT dros man "Seiyvara" (amoarCia)<br />
sxva "SavTavianTa" Soris misi papa sargoni (Saru kenu) da mTeli<br />
wina aziis batonoba Caabara. inana omis qalRmerTic aris. Tu<br />
qalwuli inana, "samkauli vrceli zesknelisa", erTis mxriv,<br />
siyvarulis qalRmerTia, mwuxris varskvlavis saxiT caze mokiafe,<br />
meore mxriv, is aris "qalbatoni brZolis velisa". am dros is<br />
ciskris varskvlavia, radgan brZola ciskrisas iwyeba.<br />
amave mTianeTSi, sadac naramsinma Zleva ganaxorciela,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, inanas mfarvelobiT, moxda sxva brZolac, romlis<br />
amsaxveli ambavi saripulis kldezea amokveTili (<strong>naramsini</strong>s stela<br />
amJamad luvris muzeumSi inaxeba). aq ukve lulubelma sZlia aqadels<br />
da Cven vxedavT maT mefes, saxelad anu-baninis (is atarebs aqadur<br />
saxels), mdgars <strong>naramsini</strong>s pozaSi Tumca ara mTis, aramed meomari<br />
qalRmerTis winaSe (simbolur enaze erTia mTa da RmerTi), romelsac<br />
Zleuli aqadelni sabeliT miuyvania masTan. es is qalRmerTia,<br />
<strong>romeli</strong>c adre aqadis dinastias swyalobda, axla ki gandgomia mas.<br />
inanam piri Seaqcia aqadelebs da maTi mtris mxareze gadavida. es<br />
moxda swored im miTosis Tanaxmad, sadac inana periodulad iviwyebs<br />
dumuzis da dasaRupavad gaswiravs mas, raTa mere ixsnas<br />
qvesknelidan da kvlav Seiyvaros. aseTia misi buneba, rac<br />
gamoxatavs dinastiaTa bedis cvalebadobas.<br />
magram saripulis bareliefze sxva ram aris niSandoblivi. Tumca<br />
erTi saukunis Semdeg lulubelebma Surisgeba aRasrules TavianT Zvel<br />
mterze, magram xelovnebaSi marcxi ganicades: saripulis kldeze<br />
gamokveTili bareliefi odnavadac ver uwevs metoqeobas <strong>naramsini</strong>s<br />
stelas. aq Cven vxedavT mxolod tlanq, barbarosul Zalas, <strong>romeli</strong>c<br />
mxolod imarjvebs, Trgunavs, magram amis miRma arafers gulisxmobs.<br />
lulubeli mefis figura imeorebs <strong>naramsini</strong>s pozas, magram masSi ver
vigrZnobT <strong>naramsini</strong>s didebulebas, zesknelisken swrafvas, rasac<br />
xels uwyobs bareliefis mTeli kompozicia mravalgvarad gamoxatuli<br />
vertikalebiT. saripulis scenaze ganivi Zlevs Sveuls.<br />
kvlav vubrundebiT <strong>naramsini</strong>s stelas da SevniSnavT, rom aq<br />
imis winaTgrZnobac SegviZlia, rac gamosaxuli ar aris: kacs,<br />
naramsins, jer ar dausrulebia svla, kacma kidev unda gadadgas erTi<br />
nabiji, rom xeliT Sewvdes varskvlavs, cis Tavanis gamomsaxvels mis<br />
Tavs zemoT. da TiTqos pasuxi gasces saukuno kiTxvas, <strong>romeli</strong>c<br />
adamianis dasazRvrul SesaZleblobebs gulisxmobs: "<strong>romeli</strong> <strong>maRali</strong><br />
miswvdeba <strong>zecas</strong>?"<br />
es kiTxva, <strong>romeli</strong>c awvalebda Suamdinareli adamianis gonebas,<br />
plastiur gamoxatulebas hpovebs am bareliefze. es Zegli, lulubelTa<br />
tomze Zlevis niSnad rom Seiqmna, am warmaval faqtze ufro mets<br />
gvamcnobs. stela gvauwyebs, rom <strong>naramsini</strong>s pirovnebaSi kaci gascda<br />
kacobriv sazRvars, man gabeda da RmerTis saxeli miikuTvna -<br />
"Zlieri <strong>naramsini</strong>, RmerTi aqadisa, mefe samyaros oTxive kuTxisa"<br />
(aseTia misi titulatura). am sityvieri teqstiT gacemulia pasuxi<br />
Cveni epigrafis meore striqonze "<strong>romeli</strong> farTo dafaravs miwas?",<br />
radgan Zveli warmodgeniT samyaros oTxi kuTxe aqvs. amgvari unda<br />
yofiliyo gaRvTaebrivebuli mefis ganzomileba, rogorc inana hpirdeba<br />
gviani Sumeris erT mbrZanebels: "samyaros kidemde samaradisod<br />
gagafarToveb".<br />
Semdeg vnaxavT, ra bedi ewia <strong>naramsini</strong>s pirovnebas momdevno<br />
saukuneebSi Sumeri xalxis cnobierebaSi, romelTac misi aRzeveba<br />
udides hubrisad CaTvales. ar epatia mas RmerTTan gatolebis<br />
ganzraxvac, RmerTebis insiniis, rqiani muzaradis, mitaceba.<br />
manamde ki vnaxoT, ra bedi ewia Tavad mis stelas, <strong>romeli</strong>c siparSi,<br />
mzis qalaqis mTavar taZarSi daidga, rogorc Sesawiravi.<br />
stela imeorebs masze gamosaxuli adamianis beds, rogorc is<br />
gamoikveTa istoriul perspeqtivaSi. naramsinma Tavisi gamarjvebis<br />
mauwyebeli Zegli mzis RmerTs daudga siparSi, "maradiul qalaqSi",<br />
romelsac erTi aqaduri eposis Tanaxmad, "warRvnis niaRvari ar<br />
Sexebia", da idga iq Tormeti saukunis ganmavlobaSi, vidre elamis<br />
mefem ar daaqcia sipari misi taZriTurT da Zegli Tavis sataxtoSi,<br />
SuSanSi, ar waiRo nadavlad. am ambavs elamuri warwera gvamcnobs,<br />
<strong>romeli</strong>c iribad aris warwerili mTis gamosaxulebis gluv zedapirze,<br />
romlis winaSec dgas <strong>naramsini</strong>. teqsti ambobs: "RmerTi inSuSinaqi<br />
Semewia, davamxe sipari, aviRe <strong>naramsini</strong>s Zegli, elamSi gavagzavne<br />
da iq Cemi RmerTis, inSuSinaqis, winaSe davdgi". cxadia,<br />
<strong>naramsini</strong>s stela srulebiTac ar iyo imisaTvis damzadebuli, rom zed<br />
elamuri warwera gakeTebuliyo, an ra iyo SuSani da vin iyo<br />
<strong>naramsini</strong>sTvis inSuSinaqi?<br />
da ai, am SuSanis anu suzis nangrevebSi aRmoCnda es Zegli<br />
gasuli saukunis damlevs. es is suzaa, sadac aleqsandre<br />
makedonelma grandiozuli qorwili gadauxada aTi aTas elin mebrZols,<br />
romelTanac aTi aTasi sparseli qalwuli SeauRla, riTac simbolurad<br />
gamoxata dasavlur-aRmosavluri kulturebis sinTezi - elinisturi<br />
xanis dagvirgvineba.<br />
manve, aleqsandrem, suzadan daabruna qserqses mier aTenidan
gatacebuli berZeni RmerTebis qandakebebi. sad iyo am dros<br />
<strong>naramsini</strong>s Zegli? is albaT didixnis daqceuli taZris nangrevebSi<br />
emarxa da Cveni drois arqeologs eloda. 636 wel (Zv.w.) aSuris<br />
mefem aSurbanipalma gaanadgura suza da elamis RmerTebi babilonSi<br />
tyved waasxa. am droisaTvis sadRac Rrmad, nangrevebSi egdo<br />
gamarjvebis Zegli wuTisoflis warmavlobisa da cvalebadobis uCinar<br />
dasturad. hqoniaT Tavisi bedi Zeglebsac! Wabuki aleqsandre veRar<br />
ixilavda mas Zvel SuSanSi elamelTa RvTaebis inSuSinaqis taZarSi.<br />
radgan im xanad aRar arsebobda es taZari. magram aleqsandres<br />
mouxda triumfaluri gavla gzisa imave mTebSi, roca msoflios<br />
sabatonod iyo gasuli. SegviZlia <strong>naramsini</strong>s adgilas am Zeglze<br />
Wabuki aleqsandres bedi amovikiTxoT. aleqsandres hqonda SemTxveva<br />
Setakeboda im tomens, romelTac <strong>naramsini</strong> ebrZoda da amarcxebda.<br />
lulubelebi, kuTielebi, qaSielebi jer kidev binadrobdnen im mTebSi,<br />
romelTagan erT-erTi gamosaxulia Zeglze samyaros Suagulad. berZnuli<br />
wyaroebi mogviTxroben, rom aleqsandre SeWrila luristanis mTianeTSi<br />
da qveynis siRrmeSi devnida kaSielebs (berZn. kossai). arianes<br />
wignSi "aleqsandres laSqroba" vkiTxulobT: "maSin gaolaSqra man<br />
koseebis, uqsiebis meomari mezoblebis winaaRmdeg. cxovroben<br />
koseebi mTis soflebSi, romlebic miudgomel adgilebSia gaSenebuli.<br />
roca mteri miuaxlovdeba maT, isini Tavs afareben maRal<br />
mwvervalebs, da jari verafers awyobs masTan...aleqsandrem<br />
gaanadgura es tomi, Tumca zamTarSi mouxda laSqroba. misTvis xeli<br />
ar SeuSlia arc zamTars, arc ugzoobas..."<br />
aRmosavleTSi aleqsandre "orrqianad" aris cnobili, magram<br />
dasavleTi ar icnobs (an ar cnobs) am epiTets. sacnauria misi<br />
msgavseba Zeglze gamosaxul naramsinTan ara mxolod rqebiT - rqiani<br />
muzaradiT, romelsac, aRmosavluri gadmocemiT, aleqsandre atarebda,<br />
- aramed bedisweriTac. plutarqes SeeZlo daewera maTi paraleluri<br />
biografiebi, <strong>naramsini</strong>s arseboba rom scodnoda.<br />
"paralelur biografiebSi" aleqsandre maqedoneli iulius<br />
keisarTan aris dawyvilebuli, Tumca maTi SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba<br />
avtors ar moucia. ar aris cxadi, ras emyareboda plutarqe maTi<br />
dawyvilebisas. makedoneli aleqsandre ki namdvilad iCens msgavsebas<br />
aqadel naramsinTan, maTi "sinkrisisi" SeiZleba Semdeg istoriul<br />
faqtebs daefuZnos:<br />
orive mbrZanebeli aRZruli iyo msoflio batonobisken ltolviT,<br />
rasac win edga, rogorc causa finalis, erTiani kacobriobis idea.<br />
suzaSi momxdari qorwili am universalobis, gaxleCili<br />
dasavlur-aRmosavluri samyaroebis kvlav erT sxeulad Sekvris, misi<br />
gamTlianebis simboluri niSani iyo. Tumca naramsins ar hqonia<br />
aseTi masStabi, aseT sivrceze ar gaSlila misi moRvaweoba, magram<br />
arsi erTi iyo. <strong>naramsini</strong>s dapyrobebis Sedegad mTels axlo<br />
aRmosavleTSi gavrcelda ena da kultura axladCenili erT-erTi semuri<br />
modgmis xalxisa, romelsac saxeli erTi uCino qalaqis, aqadis<br />
mixedviT, ewoda. es ena adgils ikavebs Sumeruli enisa da kulturis<br />
gverdiT da mere erwymis mas, raTa Suamdinaruli sinTezuri<br />
civilizacia Seqmniliyo. am sinTezSi Cven SeiZleba davinaxoT im<br />
movlenis analogi, romelsac aleqsandres laSqrobebma daudes saTave -
es iyo elinizmi. SuamdinareTsac hqonda Tavisi "elinizmi", romelsac<br />
SeiZleba "Sumerizmi" vuwodoT.<br />
<strong>naramsini</strong>s titulSi "mefe samyaros oTxive kuTxisa" pirvelad<br />
msoflio istoriaSi hpova sityvieri gamoxatuleba msoflio erTianobis<br />
ideam. am titulis mflobelisaTvis es SeiZleba realuric yofiliyo,<br />
radgan masSi igulisxmeboda imdroisaTvis cnobili msoflios<br />
dasaxlebul nawili - oikomena, romlis miTogeografiuli saxelwodeba<br />
geopolitikuri miTologemis Semcvelia: SuamdinareTis imperia,<br />
<strong>romeli</strong>c daaarsa sargon aqadelma (2369-2314 ww. qristemde),<br />
vrceldeboda "mzis aRmosavleTis zRvidan mzis dasavleTis zRvamde",<br />
anu dRevandeli sparseTis yuridan xmelTaSua zRvamde. sargon<br />
aqadelma, rogorc erT teqstSia naTqvami, am dasavleTis zRvaSi<br />
ganbana iaraRi. am farglebs gareT, am zRvaTa gaRma, yvelaferi<br />
miTosur samyaroSi Zevs, saaqaos ar ekuTvnis. rogor gamoiyureba ori<br />
sxva kuTxe - kuTxe CrdiloeTisa da kuTxe samxreTisa? CrdiloeTi,<br />
viciT, barbarosi mTielebis samyofelia, samxreTSi ki udabnoa,<br />
saidanac gamudmebiT xdeba kvlav da kvlav semuri tomebis<br />
infiltracia tigrosisa da evfratis nayofier xeobaSi.<br />
msoflios oTxsave kuTxis batonobas ubralo mokvdavi ver<br />
aRasrulebda, aseve, idealur planSi, gaxleCil, daqucmacebul<br />
msoflios ver gaaerTianebda. am aqtis pretenziis mqone mefe<br />
RvTaebis rangSi unda aRzevebuliyo. msoflio batonoba, floba misi<br />
erTiani sxeulisa, zekacur Zalas moiTxovs, adamianis apoTeozi misi<br />
aucilebeli pirobaa. indoel gimnosofists ekiTxeba aleqsandre:<br />
"rogor SeuZlia kacs, rom RmerTi gaxdes?", brZeni pasuxobs<br />
martivad, aRmosavlel brZenTa wesisamebr: "Tu iseT rasme<br />
moimoqmedebs, risi qmnac kacis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba".<br />
aleqsandrem igulisxma, rom is ukve gascda kacebriv SesaZleblobaTa<br />
sazRvars da, swored indoeTidan dabrunebulma, aiZula elinTa<br />
laSqari, RvTisdari pativi miegoT misTvis. mxolod misma<br />
Tanamemamule makedonelebma uaryves es winadadeba. plutarqes aqvs<br />
Semonaxuli cnoba: samSoblosken mimavalma aleqsandrem gza gaimruda<br />
da libiis udabnoSi, sivas oazisSi, ewvia egviptelTa mzis RmerTis<br />
amonis saxelganTqmul taZars. qurumi gamogebebia mas da umcnobebia<br />
misTvis, rom amoni esalmeba mas, viTarca Zes. aleqsandre<br />
martod-marto Sesula taZris wmidaTa wmidaSi, rogorc faraoni, da<br />
saxegabrwyinebuli gamosula gareT, rogorc mziuri Ze amonisa.<br />
amieridan aleqsandrem zevs-amonis niSani miiRo - verZis rqebi, anu<br />
is niSani, romliTac gamoirCeoda sxva RmerTebisgan amoni (mas<br />
gamosaxavdnen verZis an verZisTaviani dagrexilrqebiani kacis<br />
saxiT). pavsania gvamcnobs, rom arkadiis qalaq megapolisSi<br />
aleqsandresaTvis agebuli sasaxlis maxloblad verZis rqebiani amonis<br />
qandakeba mdgara. verZis rqebiT aris aleqsandre gamoxatuli<br />
monetebze. oRond verZis dagrexili rqebi Sefarulia Wabuki mefis<br />
xuWuWa TmaSi. es dasavluri TavSekavebaa. im epoqis dasavleTma ar<br />
aRiara sabolood mefis RvTaebrivoba (am ideologiam romis<br />
imperatorTa xanaSi miaRwia apogeas).<br />
naramsinsa da aleqsandres erTmaneTTan aaxloebs mzis taZarTan<br />
maTi kavSiri da mis orakulTan (samisnosTan). libielTa amons
SuamdinareTSi Seesabameba mzis RmerTi SamaSi (Sum. uTu), <strong>romeli</strong>c<br />
orakulebis RmerTadac iTvleba. SemTxveviT ar momxdara, rom<br />
naramsinma Tavisi gamarjvebis Zegli mzis RmerTs Seswira siparSi,<br />
Tumca mis saxelSi ikiTxeba mTvaris (sin), ara mzis RmerTis saxeli<br />
(amas Tavisi mizezi aqvs, ris axsnas aq ar SevudgebiT). es ori<br />
RvTaeba - Suamdinaruli SamaSi da egvipturi amoni, miuxedavad<br />
arsobrivi erTianobisa, ganasaxierebs or gansxvavebul civilizacias.<br />
isini maT niSnebs warmoadgenen. magram isini aseve warmoadgenen<br />
niSnebs Tanamimdevrul astronomiuli epoqebisa - erTia epoqa kurosi<br />
da meorea epoqa verZisa. SuamdinareTis civilizacia aRbeWdili iyo<br />
kuros zodiakos niSniT. am epoqaSi dauvali (aRmavali) mze anu Sol<br />
invicTus gazafxulis buniobisas am Tanavarskvlaveds miiTvlida,<br />
Sedioda kuros saxlSi. amitomac <strong>naramsini</strong>s muzarads kuros rqebia<br />
aqvs. Semdgomi epoqa, <strong>romeli</strong>c daaxl. Zv.w-is me-18 saukunidan<br />
iwyeba, is astronomiuli xanaa, roca mze gazafxulis buniobisas<br />
verZis zodiakoSia. am xanis mzis RvTaeba verZis rqebiT<br />
gamoisaxeba. aseTia amoni da misi Zec, aleqsandre, verZis rqebiT<br />
aris gamoxatuli. misi gavrcelebuli aRmosavluri (musulmanur<br />
samyaromde mosuli) saxelwodebaa "orrqiani" (arab. zu-l-karnaini).<br />
TiTqos aleqsandres <strong>naramsini</strong>s saxiT vxedavT sxva epoqaSi, verZis<br />
epoqaSi.<br />
orive mbrZanebeli angrevda Zvels axlis asaSeneblad Zvelis<br />
nangrevebze. orive mbrZanebeli afarTovebda geofrafiul Tvalsawiers,<br />
Tavisi batonobis qveS aqcevda misTvis misawvdom oikumenas. maTi<br />
damangreveli energia imave wyarodan modis, saidanac Senebis<br />
daucx<strong>romeli</strong> wyurvili. im dinastiam, romelsac <strong>naramsini</strong> ekuTvnoda,<br />
bolo mouRo Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa wyobas, daangria Zveli<br />
taZrebi, axal niadagze daafuZna ra sakulto cxovreba SuamdinareTis<br />
mTels teritoriaze. aleqsandrem niwasTan gaaswora midiisa da<br />
sparseTis qalaqebi, ris sanacvlod man, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, 12<br />
qalaqi daafuZna Tavis saxelze. am saxels wyevla-krulviT ixseniebs<br />
erTi sasanuri xanis Zegli: "movida jojoxeTis naSieri, avbediTi<br />
mwvalebeli, berZeni isqanderi da cecxls misca saRmrTo wignebi.<br />
musri gaavlo dasturebsa da datvarebs, herpatebsa da mobedebs, da<br />
eranSahris brZenebs da rjuliskacebs. Suri da mtroba daTesa<br />
eranSahris beladebs Soris, Tavad ki jojoxeTSi STainTqa". sxva,<br />
mogviano avtori wers: "Zvel mezRapreT SeuTxzavT, TiTqos isqanders<br />
iranis miwaze Tormeti qalaqi aeSenebinos, isqanderiad wodebuli...<br />
magram usafuZvloa es gadmocema, radgan isqanderi damangreveli iyo<br />
da ara aRmSenebeli..."<br />
aseve, ZvelcxovrebamoSlil Sumeris cnobierebas <strong>naramsini</strong>s<br />
pirovneba SerCa, rogorc damangreveli Zalis gansaxiereba. erT<br />
Sumerul poemaSi, <strong>romeli</strong>c daiwera aqadis dinastiis damxobis Semdeg,<br />
vkiTxulobT: "qalaqTa mZarcveli yaCaRiviT uzarmazari kibe miadga<br />
equris taZars, raTa equri didi xomaldiviT daengria, vercxlis<br />
sabadosaviT gamoengria, laJvardis mTasaviT gamoeTxara... taZris<br />
wmidaTa wmida, sadac dRis sinaTle arasodes SeuRwevia, misma<br />
laSqarma TvaliT ixila; RvTiuri, saidumlo dafebi aqadelma ixila..."
hegelis sityviT, aleqsandre makedonelis tipis pirovnebani<br />
mowodebiT msoflio sulis adeptebi arian. msoflio suli maTi uSualo<br />
moqmedebiT axorcielebs aqa qmnads. swored amis gamo maTi pirovneba<br />
usazRvrod farTovdeba. magram rogoria maTi, rogorc kerZo pirTa,<br />
bedi? hegelisave sityviT, maTi bedi ar aris bednieri, is<br />
tragikulia. tragizmi cxaddeba ar mxolod imaSi, rom aleqsandre<br />
naadrevad iRupeba. bolos da bolos, naadrevi sikvdili Zveli<br />
berZnuli TqmiT araTu tragikuli, kurTxeulobis niSania: "vinc<br />
RmerTebs uyvarT, Wabukebad kvdebian". aRmosavluri<br />
msoflgancdisaTvis es gamoTqma metismetad odiozuria. iq RmerTebis<br />
kurTxeva kacTa mimarT swored sawinaaRmdegoSi cxaddeba. iq<br />
dRegrZelobaa kurTxeulobis niSani. "sicocxle Soreul dReTa mimarT<br />
momaniWe me", ase mimarTaven RmerTebs. <strong>naramsini</strong>s mefobis wlebi -<br />
ocdaCvidmeti mTlianad faravs aleqsandres sicocxlis wlebs, da<br />
naSTic rCeba. aRmosavluri warmodgeniT, aleqsandres xanmokle<br />
sicocxle sasjeli unda yofiliyo im yvelafrisaTvis, rac man<br />
aRmosavleTSi Caidina. Tumca mogviano xanaSi, roca sparsul-muslimur<br />
tradiciaSi aleqsandres reabilitacia moxda, misi asaki im ori rqis<br />
gamo or adamianur asaks gauTanabres.<br />
rac Seexeba naramsins, mas Tavis aRmosavleTSi miego<br />
Suamdinaruli istoriosofiidan gamomdinare damsaxurebuli sasjeli.<br />
misma pirovnebam Sumerul tradiciaSi moicva mTeli dinastia.<br />
amgvarad gafarTovda misi kerZo-adamianuri me. da, raki es dinastia<br />
daeca, mizezi am dacemisa mTlianad naramsins daekisra. <strong>naramsini</strong><br />
ar yofila dinastiis ukanaskneli mefe, ukanaskneli iyo<br />
Sar-qali-Sari, romlis saxeli "mefe yovelTa mefeTa" namdvilad<br />
ironiulad JRers, magram is tragikulia. "miTosur istorias" ar axsovs<br />
SarqaliSari, arc aintersebs. mas surs dacema im pirovnebaSi<br />
dainaxos, <strong>romeli</strong>c erT dros metismetad aRzevebuli iyo. xolo, sadac<br />
aRzevebaa, iq gabudayeba (hubrisi) gardauvalia.<br />
Zvelbabilonur enaze SemorCenilia legenda naramsinze, sadac<br />
<strong>naramsini</strong>s didebis apogeaSi, swored im mdgomareobaSi, rogoradac<br />
Zeglzea gamosaxuli, Tavs iCens hubrisi. mas Semdeg, rac RmerTebma<br />
orakullze uari uTxres (rac avbediTi niSani iyo), <strong>naramsini</strong> risxviT<br />
miubrunda iSTars (inanas) da gamomwvevad SeekiTxa: "gana lomi<br />
odesme dagidevs orakuls? gana mas umkiTxavnia nadiris RviZlze?<br />
gana SehkiTxvia odesme mgeli siszmris amxsnel diacs? maS,<br />
yaCaRiviT Cemi nebisaebr Sevudgebi saqmes". <strong>naramsini</strong>s neba<br />
daupirispirda RvTiurs. xolo <strong>naramsini</strong>, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
"aqadis RmerTad"`iwodeboda, adamiani iyo. da vin misca mas "aqadis<br />
RmerToba", vin aRazeva is "SavTavianebze", vin ganuvrco mas<br />
sabatono miwa-wyali "mzis amosavleTidan mzis dasavleTamde"? vin<br />
daadga orrqiani muzaradi Tavze? am insiniebiT igi xom Tavad inanam<br />
Semosa da axla Tavis mwyalobels etoqeba. "Cemi nebisaebr Sevudgebi<br />
saqmes", anu is ambobs, rom RmerTebi nebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
Sevudgebi saqmes. Tu RmerTi nebas ar mrTavs, me maqvs Cemi neba.<br />
es ganzraxva, es sityvebi, gamoxatavs im ukanasknel nabijs,<br />
<strong>romeli</strong>c unda gadadgas mTisken Zeglze gamosaxulma<br />
rqebianmuzaradianma. amieridan Zlieri rqa, <strong>romeli</strong>c mis Tavs
amSvenebda, urCobisa da qedficxelobis rqad gadaiqca da is usaTuod<br />
unda mostexoda mas. Tu rqa, erTi mxriv, "xsnis rqaa" (fsalm.<br />
17:3), meore mxriv, metismetad amaRlebuli rqa, rogorc<br />
ampartavnebis niSani, Seuwynarebelia RvTisTvis (fsalm.74,6),<br />
radgan ukeTurTa rqebs dalewavs ufali (fsalm. 74:11). nu<br />
mogveCveneba uadgilod an anaqronistulad fsalmunebis damowmeba.<br />
fsalmunTa WeSmariteba yovel epoqaSi WeSmaritebaa, radgan is<br />
universaluria. erTaderTi RmerTia, <strong>romeli</strong>c aumaRlebs adamians<br />
rqas da igive moamtvrevs mas. "nu aimaRlebT maRlad rqaTa<br />
TqvenTa...(rameTu) yovelni rqani codvilTani Seimusrnen..."<br />
(fsalm. 74:6...11).<br />
raoden <strong>maRali</strong>a aRzeveba da amaRleba rqisa, imdenad Rrmaa<br />
damxoba. ramdenadac maRla avida <strong>naramsini</strong>, imdenad dabla daeSva<br />
igi, Zeglze erTad aris varskvlavebiT dagvirgvinebuli mTa da<br />
ufskruli. naramsinSi gansaxierebuli dinastia daamxo imave<br />
mTianeTis tomma, romlis Zlevas miuZRvna man Tavisi gamarjvebis<br />
stela. qalaqi aqadi, saidanac aRzevda sargonis dinastia, ise<br />
daemxo, rom SuamdinareTis mTeli istoriis manZilze veRar gaimarTa<br />
welSi. misi adgilic ki dRemde miukvlevelia.<br />
zurab kiknaZe
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