iii_tomi.pdf
iii_tomi.pdf iii_tomi.pdf
liTac ukavSirdeba sikeTisaTvis mebrZoli don kixotisa da Tavisuflebismoyvare oilenSpigelis saxelebs mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi. ticianma am Zegls uwoda `udidesi epopea me-18 saukunis feodalur saqarTvelosi~ (t. tabiZe, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 1957, gv. 72). `xumarswavla~ erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli wignia qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi. Txzulebis keTili gmirebi marcxdebian (zuraba Tavs iklavs), maT Trgunavs garemomcveli boroteba, ingreva saqar- Tvelos feodaluri monarqia, nadgurdeba adamianuri idealebi. qarTuli literaturisaTvis ucxoa aseTi uimedoba da sasowarkveTa, amgvari tragikuli paTosi, magram unda gvaxsovdes, vin aris am nawarmoebis avtori da rodis iwereboda es Zegli. savsebiT naTeli warmodgena Segveqmneba ioane batoniSvilis miznebsa da ocnebebze, Tuki gavecnobiT kanonproeqtTa erT-erT umniSvnelovanes krebuls qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi _ `sjuldebas~, romelic mxolod qaRaldze darCa, radgan ioane batoniSvilis patriotul SemarTebas win gadaulaxavi dabrkoleba eloda: gardaicvala giorgi XII, saqarTvelo ruseTs SeuerTda, batoniSvilebi ruseTSi gadaasaxles da ioanes gegmebic ganuxorcielebeli darCa. albaT, yvelaze sastiki dartyma mis- Tvis mainc is iyo, rom ruseTSi `miwveul~ batoniSvilebs samudamod aekrZalaT sam- SobloSi dabruneba. ioanes adiutantis, gabriel ratiSvilis, Txrobis mixedviT, imdenad didi iyo qarTveli batoniSvilebis sasowarkveTa am ambis Setyobisas, rom TviT am brZanebis wamkiTxavi vinme nikolai kamenski aatira kidec qarTveli mamuli- Svilebis ubedurebam (g. ratiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 178-179). `Tu Tavisi reformebis proeqtSi ioane batoniSvilma gamoarkvia rogor SeiZleboda, misi azriT, saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqiis ganaxleba da qarTveli eris gamoyvana progresis gzaze, `kalmasobaSi~ man dagvanaxa, rom srsvili RrRnida mTels erovnul sxeuls, rom yvelaze metad swored misi mTavari organoebi, ese igi gabatonebuli da mmarTveli wreebi, iyvnen daavadebuli~ (g. qiqoZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 184). ioane batoniSvili Tavisi Txzulebis erT-erTi epizoduri personaJia da igi nawarmoebSi mudam mesame pirSi ixsenieba: `...da gaemarTnen siRnaRisaken batonis-Svils ioanesTan~, `da mcire xnis ukan batonis-Svils ioanesTan waiyvana...~; magram uaRresad mniSvnelovania, rom swored avtori afasebs ioane beris moRvaweobas saxarebiseuli fraziT: `netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis~, rac, faqtobrivad, nawarmoebis mTavari personaJis mxatvruli funqciis gansazRvracaa. maT saubarSi beri batoniSvils Tavis gaWirvebas SesCivis: `ioane: swores TqmisaTvis kinaRam qva damkribes. batonis-Svili: netareba mogewereba qristes brZanebisamebr. ioane: viTar? batonis-Svili: netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis, rameTu maTi ars sasufeveli caTa~. es fraza (`netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis~) TxzulebaSi Semdeg ukve ioane beris piriT meordeba da am ideis gansxeulebas warmoadgens. ioane batoniSvils nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri ainteresebs, rogorc garkveuli msoflmxedveloba, rogorc `ideis matarebeli~ personaJi. `xumarswavlaSi~ saqarTvelos realuri viTarebis obieqtur asaxvasTan erTad gadmocemulia feodaluri monarqiis ngrevasTan dakavSirebuli subieqturi tkivili, romelic xelaSvilis cnobierebaSi nafleT-nafleT, tragikul epizodebad irekleba. gare ralobasTan urTierToba ki ar warmoaCens ioane bers, rogorc individualizebul literaturul xasiaTs, aramed TviT xelaSvilis cnobiereba aris am realobis aRqmisa da Sefasebis erTgvari kriteriumi. swored am dros gamovlenili misi pirovnuli pozicia warmoadgens mas dasrulebul mxatvrul saxed. Tavisi gmiri avtors ainteresebs, rogorc garkveuli msoflmxedveloba da es msoflmxedveloba borotebiTa da uvicobiT aRsavse gare realobasTan urTierTobisas ayalibebs am personaJis xasiaTsa da daniSnulebas (gamoxatuls bibliuri fraziT: `netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis~). `xumarswavlaSi~ gadmoce- 332
mulia katastrofisaken mimavali saqarTvelos utyuari suraTi, romelsac Tan axlavs mTavari personaJis cnobierebaSi gardatexili realobis pesimisturi Sefaseba. beris tragikuli peripetiebis iumoristuli xerxebiT gadmocema Cveuli ambavia ioane batoniSvilis TxzulebaSi. anegdoturi xumrobis elferi dahkravs nawarmoebis mraval epizods, romlebSic adamianTa gonebrivi ususuroba da zneobrivi siRaribea gadmocemuli. gr. kiknaZis azriT, `erT-erT saSualebas, raTa adamianma moaxerxos Tavisi mwuxarebis Semsubuqeba, warmoadgens am samwuxaroSi sasacilos `danaxva~. xdeba piriqiTac: sasaciloSi sevdis momgvreli momentebis SemCneva zRudavs sicilis gavrcelebis farglebs~ (qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1853, gv. 14). `xumarswavlis~ mxatvruli Taviseburebebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, am ambivalenturi xasiaTiT aris ganpirobebuli. es nawarmoebi, albaT, zedmetad paTetikuri da maRalfardovani iqneboda, feodaluri monarqiis ngrevis tragizms xalxuri metyvelebidan momdinare cocxali iumori rom ar anelebdes. `xumarswavlis~ mxatvrul Taviseburebebze msjelobisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mixeil baxtinis sityvebi, romlebic menipur satiras exeba: `ideas aq ar eSinia araviTari jurRmulisa da cxovrebis aranairi WuWyisa. ideis gamomxatveli adamiani, brZeni, ejaxeba samyaroseuli borotebis, garyvnilebis, simdablisa da veragobis ukidures gamoxatulebas~ (М. Бахтин, Проблемы поэтики Достоевского, М., 1963, с. 154). marTlac, rac yvelaze ufro naTlad da garkveviT aris gamoxatuli `xumarswavlaSi~, es aris idea sikeTisa da codnis Sesaxeb (gansxeulebuli ioane beris saxiT), romelic wamdauwum ejaxeba boroti sawyisis gamoxatulebas _ adamianTa siregvnesa da cxovrebis WuWys. am TxzulebaSi Tavs iCens skandalurisa da eqscentriulis iseTi mxatvruli gamovlinebebi, romlebic Zireulad gansxvavdeba rogorc epikuri Tu tragikuli katastrofebisagan, iseve klasikuri komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli situaciebisaganac. SeiZleba gabedulad iTqvas, rom `xumarswavla~ principulad axleburi movlenaa qar- Tuli prozis istoriaSi da axali Janris _ romanis _ dasawyiss moaswavebs. igi mravalmxriv kavSirs avlens evropul kulturasTan, evropul mwerlobasTan. rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, mraval iseT mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebas udebs saTaves, mogviano xanaSi rom Zalze efeqturi mxatvruli figurebis saxiT mogvevlineba (magaliTad, ilias prozaul SedevrSi `kacia-adamiani?!~). ioane batoniSvilis Txzulebam Zalze didi dagvianebiT moaRwia qarTvel mkiTxvelamde da amitomac gansakuTrebuli gavlena ver moaxdina qarTuli prozis ganviTarebaze (sxvaTa Soris, `xumarswavlis~ reminiscenciebs didi warmatebiT iyenebs `fsevdoteqstis~ Sesaqmnelad aka morCilaZe wignSi `agvistos pasiansi~). dRes ukve gabedulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ioane batoniSvilis `xumarswavla~ qarTuli prozis axali safexuri da romanis Janris dasawyisia Cvens mwerlobaSi. 333
- Page 282 and 283: wignebSia gamokveTili. WeSmarit Tav
- Page 284 and 285: ganpirobebulia raimegvari motiviT,
- Page 286 and 287: `daviTianis~ avtori skefsisis Semwy
- Page 288 and 289: i poeziis saunjidan unda iyos amozi
- Page 290 and 291: luri qali RvTiur Zalad iqceva, real
- Page 292 and 293: turi TviTgardasaxvani, (`gind meZin
- Page 294 and 295: 2. rogorc aRvniSneT, `daviTianSi~ b
- Page 296 and 297: li gansazRvravda da Semdeg miawerda
- Page 298 and 299: lier pursac~ da saerTod, d. guramiS
- Page 300 and 301: a pirovnebaSi gaCndes mravali `me~.
- Page 302 and 303: mo sayvarelo, imyofebi sada? qveskn
- Page 304 and 305: 8. principi, rom adamiani ixatebode
- Page 306 and 307: nen, `marTlis Tqma~ iyo. Teoriulad
- Page 308 and 309: didsa iqmian mefeni puroba-darbazob
- Page 310 and 311: daviT guramiSvilma qarTul poeziaSi
- Page 312 and 313: sebaa. vaJa arasodes aravisi Taname
- Page 314 and 315: aqac iseve, rogorc pirvel magaliTSi
- Page 316 and 317: Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa, asxd
- Page 318 and 319: ali~ - am fraziT xazgasmulia raRac
- Page 320 and 321: literatura: 1. А. Ф. Лосев,
- Page 322 and 323: xeebSia warmodgenili da mkiTxveli u
- Page 324 and 325: dRes misi saxeliTaa cnobili, magali
- Page 326 and 327: erTmaneTze mSvenier saxe-simboloebs
- Page 328 and 329: ioane batoniSvili da misi `xumarswa
- Page 330 and 331: maRali mowodebis, kvali. don kixoti
- Page 334 and 335: S i n a a r s i: 1. Sesavali ------
- Page 336: 336
mulia katastrofisaken mimavali saqarTvelos utyuari suraTi, romelsac Tan axlavs<br />
mTavari personaJis cnobierebaSi gardatexili realobis pesimisturi Sefaseba.<br />
beris tragikuli peripetiebis iumoristuli xerxebiT gadmocema Cveuli ambavia<br />
ioane batoniSvilis TxzulebaSi. anegdoturi xumrobis elferi dahkravs nawarmoebis<br />
mraval epizods, romlebSic adamianTa gonebrivi ususuroba da zneobrivi siRaribea<br />
gadmocemuli. gr. kiknaZis azriT, `erT-erT saSualebas, raTa adamianma moaxerxos Tavisi<br />
mwuxarebis Semsubuqeba, warmoadgens am samwuxaroSi sasacilos `danaxva~. xdeba<br />
piriqiTac: sasaciloSi sevdis momgvreli momentebis SemCneva zRudavs sicilis gavrcelebis<br />
farglebs~ (qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis, Tb.,<br />
1853, gv. 14). `xumarswavlis~ mxatvruli Taviseburebebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, am ambivalenturi<br />
xasiaTiT aris ganpirobebuli. es nawarmoebi, albaT, zedmetad paTetikuri<br />
da maRalfardovani iqneboda, feodaluri monarqiis ngrevis tragizms xalxuri metyvelebidan<br />
momdinare cocxali iumori rom ar anelebdes. `xumarswavlis~ mxatvrul<br />
Taviseburebebze msjelobisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mixeil baxtinis sityvebi, romlebic<br />
menipur satiras exeba: `ideas aq ar eSinia araviTari jurRmulisa da cxovrebis<br />
aranairi WuWyisa. ideis gamomxatveli adamiani, brZeni, ejaxeba samyaroseuli borotebis,<br />
garyvnilebis, simdablisa da veragobis ukidures gamoxatulebas~ (М. Бахтин,<br />
Проблемы поэтики Достоевского, М., 1963, с. 154). marTlac, rac yvelaze ufro naTlad da<br />
garkveviT aris gamoxatuli `xumarswavlaSi~, es aris idea sikeTisa da codnis Sesaxeb<br />
(gansxeulebuli ioane beris saxiT), romelic wamdauwum ejaxeba boroti sawyisis<br />
gamoxatulebas _ adamianTa siregvnesa da cxovrebis WuWys.<br />
am TxzulebaSi Tavs iCens skandalurisa da eqscentriulis iseTi mxatvruli gamovlinebebi,<br />
romlebic Zireulad gansxvavdeba rogorc epikuri Tu tragikuli katastrofebisagan,<br />
iseve klasikuri komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli situaciebisaganac. SeiZleba<br />
gabedulad iTqvas, rom `xumarswavla~ principulad axleburi movlenaa qar-<br />
Tuli prozis istoriaSi da axali Janris _ romanis _ dasawyiss moaswavebs. igi mravalmxriv<br />
kavSirs avlens evropul kulturasTan, evropul mwerlobasTan. rac gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania, mraval iseT mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebas udebs<br />
saTaves, mogviano xanaSi rom Zalze efeqturi mxatvruli figurebis saxiT mogvevlineba<br />
(magaliTad, ilias prozaul SedevrSi `kacia-adamiani?!~).<br />
ioane batoniSvilis Txzulebam Zalze didi dagvianebiT moaRwia qarTvel mkiTxvelamde<br />
da amitomac gansakuTrebuli gavlena ver moaxdina qarTuli prozis ganviTarebaze<br />
(sxvaTa Soris, `xumarswavlis~ reminiscenciebs didi warmatebiT iyenebs `fsevdoteqstis~<br />
Sesaqmnelad aka morCilaZe wignSi `agvistos pasiansi~).<br />
dRes ukve gabedulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ioane batoniSvilis `xumarswavla~ qarTuli<br />
prozis axali safexuri da romanis Janris dasawyisia Cvens mwerlobaSi.<br />
333
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