iii_tomi.pdf
Share Embed Flag
Download ePaper

iii_tomi.pdf

iii_tomi.pdf iii_tomi.pdf

naec.ge
04.06.2013 Views

ioane batoniSvili da misi `xumarswavla~ 328 kaxa jamburia ioane batoniSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi XII-is Svili, daibada 1768 wlis 16 maiss. rogorc misi Sromebidan Cans, man saukeTeso ganaTleba miiRo, icoda germanuli, franguli, laTinuri, Turquli, sparsuli, rusuli da somxuri enebi. ioane batoniSvili monawileobas iRebda saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi. man Tavis ZmasTan erTad 1798 wels Caatara mosaxleobis aRwera, 1799 wels ki Seadgina da mamamiss warudgina saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis farTo reformebis proeqti, romelic ar ganxorcielda giorgi mefis gardacvalebisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis gamo. kanon-proeqtTa es krebuli _ `sjuldeba~ _ gamoirCeva Tavisi masStaburi xasiaTiT da naTlad asaxavs ara marto ioane batoniSvilis farTo erudiciasa da niWierebas, aramed mis miznebsa da sazogadoebriv-politikur Sexedulebebsac. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis gardaqmnas igi mowinave evropuli saxelmwifoebis modelis mixedviT cdilobda. rogor esaxeboda ioanes saqarTvelos momavali? am kanonproeqtTa krebulis mixedviT unda gaxsniliyo umaRlesi saswavleblebi TbilisSi, gorsa da TelavSi. am saswavleblebSi araviTari mniSvneloba ar unda hqonoda moswavleTa socialur mdgomareobas, wodebriv gansxvavebas. pirveldawyebiTi swavla-ganaTleba ki xelmisawvdomi unda yofiliyo yvelasaTvis; unda gaxsniliyo biblioTekebi da muzeumebi, unda daarsebuliyo orkviriani gazeTi; unda Seqmniliyo umaRlesi saTaTbiro organo, romelSic Sevidodnen burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi, kreditebiTa da ijarebiT xeli unda Sewyoboda erovnuli burJuaziis Camoyalibebas, skolebisa da stambebis saqmeebi unda daqvemdebareboda garkveuli Tanamdebobis pirs _ `ganaTlebis moxeles~; unda monaxuliyo realuri saSualebebi qvriv-obolTa da davrdomilTa dasaxmareblad da sxva mravali. ioane batoniSvili Tavisi drois erT-erTi saukeTeso meomari da sardali iyo. 1789 wels man Tavi gamoiCina WarelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, 1790 wels ki imereTis mefes, solomon II-s, miemxro taxtis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi da didi daxmarebac gauwia mas. gansakuTrebiT isaxela Tavi ioanem 1795 wels, aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis dros, rodesac mteri Tbilisis SemosasvlelTan SeaCera, amiT ki Tavisi papa erekle II tyveobas gadaarCina da saSualeba misca daetovebina Tbilisi. 1796 wels ioane batoniSvilma sofel SildasTan daamarcxa omar xani, 1798 wels dirbSi Tavs daesxa lekebs da xelT Caigdo maTi beladi; imave wels ibrZoda yarsTan, 1800 wlis noemberSi ki kidev erTxel gadamwyvet SetakebaSi daamarcxa kaxeTSi SemoWrili xunZaxis batoni omar-xani. 1801 wlis martSi imperator pavle I-is brZanebiT batoniSvilebi ioane, bagrati da mixeili peterburgSi miiwvies. qarTvelebi moskovSi ukve axal imperators aleqsandre I-s eaxlnen. aq gamoucxades batoniSvilebs imperatori aleqsandre I-is cnobili manifesti, ramac taxtis memkvidreTa sasowarkveTa gamoiwvia. am brZanebis Sesabamisad, `igini mamulisa Tvisisadmi arRa ukunqceul iqmnen, aramed, raTa maradis daS- Ten ruseTisa mamulsa Sina~ (gabriel ratiSvili, mciredi raime moTxroba rosiisa, w-Si: qarTveli mwerlebi ruseTis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962, gv. 278). 1801 wlidan ioane batoniSvili peterburgSi cxovrobda da nayofier samwerlo da samecniero moRvaweobas eweoda. igi gardaicvala iqve, 1830 wels. ioane batoniSvilis Semoqmedeba dResac gaocebas iwvevs avtoris interesTa mravalferovnebiTa da uaRresad didi erudiciiT. mTeli misi moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo evropuli mecnieruli da kulturuli miRwevebis aTvisebisa da maTi saqarTveloSi gavrcelebisaken. `mas isRa darCenoda, rom peterburgidan Tavisi nawerebiT mecnieruli da moraluri ideebis propaganda gaewia. is SeebrZola patriotuli Segnebis

daClungebas, moralis daSlas, egoizms, umecrebas~ (g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebebi, t. I, Tb., 1963, gv. 71). ioane batoniSvilis Sromebidan sayuradReboa: saqarTvelos istoria, sjuldeba, qarTuli enis gramatika, bunebismetyveleba, maTematika, saartilerio wigni, yrmaTa enciklopedia, vokaluri da instrumentuli niSnebis Semswavleli saxelmZRvanelo da sxv. man Targmna adam fergiusonis `moZRvreba zneobiTi filosofiisa~, abat kondiliakis `logika~, gavriil derJavinis `RmerTi~ da `faboniasa da iulias miwer-mowera~, sparsulidan _ `seilaniani~ da sxv. ioane batoniSvilis umTavresi nawarmoebia `xumarswavla~ (samecniero literaturaSi mas xSirad `kalmasobas~ uwodeben), romelic erTgvarad aerTianebs da ajamebs misi moRvaweobis yvela tendencias. es Zegli gansakuTrebuli movlenaa qarTuli azrovnebis istoriaSi: igi rogorc mecnieruli, aseve mxatvruli mniSvnelobis fenomenia, radgan mecnieruli enciklopediisa da mxatvruli nawarmoebis sinTezs warmoadgens. Zeglis konstruqcia metad sainteresoa: es aris mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Casmuli enciklopedia (SeiZleba iTqvas piriqiTac: es aris enciklopedia, romelsac `Car- Cod~ aqvs morgebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi iseve, rogorc sulxan-sabas igav-arakebs aqvs `CarCod~ morgebuli memkvidris aRzrdis ambavi). nawarmoebis struqtura formaluri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod martivia: igi dayofilia epizodebad, romelTa absoluturi umravlesoba agebulia erT modelze: beri ioane xelaSvili da glexi zuraba RambaraSvili mogzauroben sakalmasod, `mosarewvelad purisa~ _ e. i. sursaTis Sesagroveblad. isini dadian kuTxidan kuTxeSi, moivlian mTel saqarTvelos. yovel axal adgilze misvlisas saubari imarTeba (mTeli Txzuleba dialogis formiTaa dawerili), yovel saubarSi CarTulia garkveuli mecnieruli informacia, xandaxan _ sakmaod vrcelic (es informacia yovelTvis beri ioanes piriT aris gadmocemuli). amas mosdevs an zuraba RambaraSvilis xumroba da situaciis gantvirTva, an SekamaTeba principul, zneobriv-eTikur sakiTxebze da ioane beris damcireba-Seuracxyofa. mkiTxvelis winaSe warmodgeba, erTi mxriv, umweo, ke- Tili da uaRresad ganaTlebuli humanisti beri, meore mxriv, wvril-wvrili adamianuri mankierebebisagan Semdgari saSineli boroteba. beri Tavisi qadagebebiT ebrZvis adamianTa siClungesa da zneobriv degradacias da, marTalia, xandaxan dasaCuqrebulic ki aRmoCndeba xolme, magram ufro xSirad nacemi, damcirebuli da Seuracxyofilia. sikeTisaTvis brZola, romelic warumateblobiT da xSirad tragikomikurad mTavrdeba, Zalauneburad iwvevs evropuli literaturuli gmirebis asociaciebs. qarTvel mkvlevarT gakvriT aRuniSnavT SesaZlebeli literaturuli paralelebis arseboba servantesisa da ioane batoniSvilis gmirebs Soris, magram aq Sarl de kosteris ukvdavi gmirebic SeiZleba gavixsenoT. moxetiale wyvilis modeli (keTilSobili raindi da misi komikuri mxlebeli) ucxo araa msoflio literaturisaTvis. sxvadasxva eris literaturam gansxvavebul epoqebSi araerTi didebuli nawarmoebi Seqmna ori adamianis mogzaurobisa da Tavgadasavlebis Sesaxeb. am oridan erTi suverenia, rainduli RirsebebiT Semkuli, sike- Tisa da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli, xolo meore _ komikuri msaxuri, miwieri zraxvebiT Sepyrobili, `ubralo~ da `Cveulebrivi~ adamiani. pirobiTad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveli aTasebidan erTaderTia, meore ki _ aTasebidan erT-erTi. isini avseben da Tan amave dros Tavisi arsiT, daniSnulebiT upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, riTac kidev ufro naTlad warmoaCenen TiToeuli maTganis Sinagan bunebasa da literaturul xasiaTs. es uaRresad humanuri da mkiTxvelisaTvis sayvareli wyvili figurirebs msoflio literaturis iseT SedevrebSi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: migel de servantes saavedras `maxvilgonieri idalgo don kixot lamanCeli~ da Sarl de kosteris `oilenSpigelisa da lame guZakis legenda~. Tavisi arsiT don kixoti da til oilenSpigeli erTgvari gmirebi arian. maTi msgavseba jer kidev garegnul niSnebSi Cans _ orive maRalia, awowili, fermkrTali, TiTqos uxorco da TiTqos garegnobazec ki emCnevaT gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis, 329

daClungebas, moralis daSlas, egoizms, umecrebas~ (g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebebi, t.<br />

I, Tb., 1963, gv. 71).<br />

ioane batoniSvilis Sromebidan sayuradReboa: saqarTvelos istoria, sjuldeba,<br />

qarTuli enis gramatika, bunebismetyveleba, maTematika, saartilerio wigni, yrmaTa<br />

enciklopedia, vokaluri da instrumentuli niSnebis Semswavleli saxelmZRvanelo<br />

da sxv. man Targmna adam fergiusonis `moZRvreba zneobiTi filosofiisa~, abat kondiliakis<br />

`logika~, gavriil derJavinis `RmerTi~ da `faboniasa da iulias miwer-mowera~,<br />

sparsulidan _ `seilaniani~ da sxv.<br />

ioane batoniSvilis umTavresi nawarmoebia `xumarswavla~ (samecniero literaturaSi<br />

mas xSirad `kalmasobas~ uwodeben), romelic erTgvarad aerTianebs da ajamebs<br />

misi moRvaweobis yvela tendencias. es Zegli gansakuTrebuli movlenaa qarTuli azrovnebis<br />

istoriaSi: igi rogorc mecnieruli, aseve mxatvruli mniSvnelobis fenomenia,<br />

radgan mecnieruli enciklopediisa da mxatvruli nawarmoebis sinTezs warmoadgens.<br />

Zeglis konstruqcia metad sainteresoa: es aris mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Casmuli<br />

enciklopedia (SeiZleba iTqvas piriqiTac: es aris enciklopedia, romelsac `Car-<br />

Cod~ aqvs morgebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi iseve, rogorc sulxan-sabas igav-arakebs<br />

aqvs `CarCod~ morgebuli memkvidris aRzrdis ambavi).<br />

nawarmoebis struqtura formaluri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod martivia: igi dayofilia<br />

epizodebad, romelTa absoluturi umravlesoba agebulia erT modelze: beri<br />

ioane xelaSvili da glexi zuraba RambaraSvili mogzauroben sakalmasod, `mosarewvelad<br />

purisa~ _ e. i. sursaTis Sesagroveblad. isini dadian kuTxidan kuTxeSi, moivlian<br />

mTel saqarTvelos. yovel axal adgilze misvlisas saubari imarTeba (mTeli<br />

Txzuleba dialogis formiTaa dawerili), yovel saubarSi CarTulia garkveuli<br />

mecnieruli informacia, xandaxan _ sakmaod vrcelic (es informacia yovelTvis beri<br />

ioanes piriT aris gadmocemuli). amas mosdevs an zuraba RambaraSvilis xumroba da<br />

situaciis gantvirTva, an SekamaTeba principul, zneobriv-eTikur sakiTxebze da ioane<br />

beris damcireba-Seuracxyofa. mkiTxvelis winaSe warmodgeba, erTi mxriv, umweo, ke-<br />

Tili da uaRresad ganaTlebuli humanisti beri, meore mxriv, wvril-wvrili adamianuri<br />

mankierebebisagan Semdgari saSineli boroteba. beri Tavisi qadagebebiT ebrZvis<br />

adamianTa siClungesa da zneobriv degradacias da, marTalia, xandaxan dasaCuqrebulic<br />

ki aRmoCndeba xolme, magram ufro xSirad nacemi, damcirebuli da Seuracxyofilia.<br />

sikeTisaTvis brZola, romelic warumateblobiT da xSirad tragikomikurad<br />

mTavrdeba, Zalauneburad iwvevs evropuli literaturuli gmirebis asociaciebs.<br />

qarTvel mkvlevarT gakvriT aRuniSnavT SesaZlebeli literaturuli paralelebis<br />

arseboba servantesisa da ioane batoniSvilis gmirebs Soris, magram aq Sarl de kosteris<br />

ukvdavi gmirebic SeiZleba gavixsenoT.<br />

moxetiale wyvilis modeli (keTilSobili raindi da misi komikuri mxlebeli)<br />

ucxo araa msoflio literaturisaTvis. sxvadasxva eris literaturam gansxvavebul<br />

epoqebSi araerTi didebuli nawarmoebi Seqmna ori adamianis mogzaurobisa da Tavgadasavlebis<br />

Sesaxeb. am oridan erTi suverenia, rainduli RirsebebiT Semkuli, sike-<br />

Tisa da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli, xolo meore _ komikuri msaxuri, miwieri zraxvebiT<br />

Sepyrobili, `ubralo~ da `Cveulebrivi~ adamiani. pirobiTad SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom pirveli aTasebidan erTaderTia, meore ki _ aTasebidan erT-erTi. isini avseben<br />

da Tan amave dros Tavisi arsiT, daniSnulebiT upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, riTac<br />

kidev ufro naTlad warmoaCenen TiToeuli maTganis Sinagan bunebasa da literaturul<br />

xasiaTs. es uaRresad humanuri da mkiTxvelisaTvis sayvareli wyvili figurirebs<br />

msoflio literaturis iseT SedevrebSi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: migel de servantes<br />

saavedras `maxvilgonieri idalgo don kixot lamanCeli~ da Sarl de kosteris<br />

`oilenSpigelisa da lame guZakis legenda~.<br />

Tavisi arsiT don kixoti da til oilenSpigeli erTgvari gmirebi arian. maTi msgavseba<br />

jer kidev garegnul niSnebSi Cans _ orive maRalia, awowili, fermkrTali,<br />

TiTqos uxorco da TiTqos garegnobazec ki emCnevaT gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis,<br />

329

logo

products

Resources

Company

Terms of service
Privacy policy
Cookie policy
Cookie settings
Imprint
Change language
Made with love in Switzerland
© 2024 Yumpu.com all rights reserved

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!