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nizebul redaqcias. aq TiTqmis mTlianad aris daculi `visramianis~ siuJeturi sqema, oRond gansxvavebulia finali. Tumca raminis msgavsad tristanmac droebiT TiTqos daiviwya Tavisi trfobis sagani da coli SeirTo (qristianuli wesiT jvari daiwera TeTrxelebian izoldaze, Tumca meuRleoba ar gauwevia), magram Zveli siyvarulis grZnoba mas odnavac ar ganelebia gulSi da wuTisofels gamoesalma rogorc am siyvarulis erTguli msaxuri. tristanTan erTad suli ganuteva izoldamac. `visramianis~ Seyvarebulebi (visi da ramini) bolos da bolos SeuRldnen da bednierad daasrules amqveyniuri cxovreba. `tristan da izoldaSi~ siyvaruli ufro gafaqizebulia, haerovnebis SaravandediT aris mosili da moklebulia `visramianisTvis~ damaxasiaTebel SiSvel erotiulobas. tristani, nawilobriv izoldac, mefe markTan urTierTobaSi iCenen did mokrZalebas, pativiscemiT epyrobian keTilsa da sulgrZel mefes. amiT isini ar hgvanan raminsa da viss. saerTod, `tristan da izoldas~ dadebiT personaJTa wre darbaisluri da keTilSobiluria. rogorc vTqviT, romans SerTvia qristianul-keTilSobiluri motivebi. aqa-iq SeiniSneba Suasaukuneobrivi crumorwmuneobis elementebic (magaliTad, gankiTxva gaxurebuli SanTiT). rogorc `tristan da izoldas~, ise `visramianis~ siyvaruli, sazogadoebrivi zneobis TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia ar yofiliyo sacilobeli, tristani da ramini namdvilad mainc Ralatobdnen maT moyvarulsa da keTilismyofel maxlobel naTesavebs (tristani biZas, ramini Zmas) da imaT colebTan iWerdnen intimur kavSirs. TavianTi mxriT, qmrebis aSkarad moRalatis rolSi gamodian maTi colebi (izolda da visi), sagulisxmoa, rom arc izoldas da arc viss arasodes ugrZvniaT sindisis gulwrfeli qenjna. nazi izolda guldamSvidebiT asrulebda ori qmris meuRlis movaleobas (`visramianiT~ visma ZiZis daxmarebiT TilismiT Sekra kanonieri qmris mamakacoba). zneobrivad aseTi saTakilo siyvaruli imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom tristanma da izoldam viTomc sabediswero siyvarulis samsala Sesves, ris gamoc maT neba aRekveTaT, isini uZlurni aRmoCndnen winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT bedis ganaCenisaTvis. `visramianis~ gmirebis siyvarulic TiTqo RvTis ganCinebiT Caisaxa. man gansazRvra visisa da raminis daucxromeli siyvarulis Zala. orive romaniT (ufro xazgasmulad `visramianiT~) qalwulebi miaTxoves maTi asakisaTvis Seuferebel moxucebs, qalwulebis guli ki bunebrivad miizides axalgazrda mSvenierma Wabukebma. sxvadasxva motivebis momizezebiT, avtorebi cdiloben mkiTxveli sazogadoebis winaSe gaamarTlon siyvarulis snebiT Sepyrobili maTi ubeduri gmirebi. magram mijnurebis saqcielis aseTi Tavgamodebuli dacvis saWiroeba poetebis mxriT, ukve imaze miuTi- Tebs, rom TviTon es saqcieli marTlac saCoTiro unda yofiliyo sazogadoebrivi zneobis TvalsazrisiT. k. balmontis moazrebiT `tristan da izolda~ erTaderTi Txzulebaa evropul literaturaSi, romelsac SeiZleba SeuerTdes `qarTveli mgosnis Seudarebeli poema~. marTlac-da namdvili adamianuri siyvarulis stiqia araCveulebrivi ZaliTaa asaxuli bretonul moTxrobaSi. oRond, `tristan da izoldas~ Zlieri siyvaruli Sorsaa ufaqizesi siyvarulis im amamaRlebeli grZnobisagan, rasac rusTvelma um- Rera. meorec: tristanisa da izoldas siyvaruli jadosnuri garemoebiT gaikvanZa (rogorc viciT, tristanma da izoldam SemTxveviT siyvarulis samsala Sesves). amitomac, `tristan da izoldas~ personaJebis moqmedebas gansazRvravda bedisweris brma kanoni da ara maTi piraduli neba-survili. tarielisa da nestanis siyvaruli ki bunebriv pirobebSi Caisaxa da bunebriv niadagze aRmocenda. vefxistyaosnis gmirebis moqmedebas arc RvTaebrivi Zala warmarTavs da arc bedisweris ganCineba. vefxistyaosnis personaJebis pirovnuli Tavisufleba maT siyvaruls aZlevs renesansul xasiaTs. tristanisa da izoldas mijnuroba garegnulad mainc, ramdenadme Selamazebuli formis miuxedavad, arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba `visramianiT~ asaxuli mijnurobisagan. `visramianisa~ da `vefxistyaosnis~ mijnuroba Cven ukve SevupirispireT erTmaneTs da aq aRar gavimeorebT. 268

nibelungebi `nibelungebis~ CvenTvis saintereso redaqcia (Tqmuleba an simRera nibelungebze) literaturulad Camoyalibda me-13 saukunis dasawyisSi. es redaqcia mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba kurtuaziuli romanis tips, Tumca mas sakmaod aqvs SenarCunebuli ufro adreuli periodis feodaluri eposis xasiaTi. `nibelungebSi~ mTavari yuradReba eqceva saraindo-sabrZolosa da saraindo-sapatronymo urTierTobis ambebs. am Txzulebis siuJetur RerZs namdvilad Seadgens veragulad mokluli zigfridis qvrivis, mSvenieri krimhildes saSineli SurisZieba sayvareli qmris sisxlis sazRvevad. krimhildesadmi SuriT gamsWvalulma brunhildem (krimhildes rZalma, krimhildes Zmis mefe gunteris meuRlem) mamac rainds hagens moRalaturad moakvlevina keTilzniani raindi zigfridi (zigfridis mkvlelobaSi wili edo mefe gunters, agreTve imis bevr moymes). unugeSo krimhilde erTxans gulSi iklavda boRmas da SurisZiebisaTvis emzadeboda. swored am mizeziT daTanxmda igi miTxoveboda mefe etcels (atilas). krimhilde fiqrobda: `egeb Zvirfas qmris mkvlelebs me mivuzRo magierio~ (1259, 7-8). krimhildem TavisTan miipatiJa Zmebi da maTi raindebi, magram keTili stumrobis nacvlad mouwyo umagaliTo xocva-Jleta. SurisZiebis grZnobiT gabruebulma dedofalma moRalate hagens piradad gauCexa Tavi zigfridis xmliT. etcelis erTma raind- Taganma veRar Seikava Tavi da dedofalsac gaugmira guli. siyvaruli Zalian mkrTalad aris asaxuli `nibelungebSi~. siyvarulis grZnobis analizs am poemis ucnobi avtori ar mimarTavs, samagierod, is gatacebiT umReris meuRleobrivi erTgulebis gamovlinebas da meuRleobrivi bednierebis idilias. oRond mosiyvarule meuRle-qalis gaborotebul SurisZiebas sazRvari ara aqvs. Suris- Ziebis cecxliT agznebulma krimhildem wonsaworoba dahkarga, winaswar mofiqrebuli jojoxeTuri gegmiT man imsxverpla didZali udanaSaulo piri. poemis mixedviT, SurisZieba miCneulia iseT yovlismomcvel brma stiqiur grZnobad, romelic SeiZleba gadaizardos umagaliTo danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi. krimhildes sikvdili raindis xeliT msjavria im SemaZrwunebeli moqmedebisaTvis, rac saerTod keTilma da znefaqizma qalma Caidina SurisZiebiT Smagobis viTarebaSi. Tu `nibelungebis~ centralur gmir qals krimhildes SurisZiebis grZnoba amoZravebda (SurisZiebis gamo man daiviwya stumarTmoyvareoba, movaleoba ojaxis, na- Tesavebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe; krimhildem sakuTari Svilic ki ar daindo, rom ganexorcielebina Tavisi saSurisZiebo ganzraxvani), `vefxistyaosnis~ centralur gmir qals – nestans, asuldgmulebda amaRlebuli siyvaruli, didi adamianuri sulgrZeloba da samSoblo qveynisadmi movaleobis moqalaqeobrivi Segneba. SurisZiebiT mTvral krimhildes sisxli wyuroda, igi araviTar msxverpls ar erideboda. nestani ki, rodesac iZulebuli gaxda tarielisaTvis erCia xvarazmSahis Zmis mokvla, sagangebod afrTxilebda mas (542, 2-3): didsa sisxlsa ver Segaqmnev, ver viqmnebi Sua kedlad; ra movides, siZe mokal, misTa spaTa auwyvedlad. simRera rolandze gmirobisa da samSoblos siyvarulis warmtaci himnia franguli sagmiro-saraindo poema `simRera rolandze~, romelic SeuTxzavs me-11 saukunis gasulis ucnob truvers. ukve SeniSnulia, rom am poemis personaJebis, rolandis da olivies megobroba ramdenadme mogvagonebs rusTvelis tarielisa da avTandilis megobrobas, Tumca `vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa Zmoba-megobroba gansxvavebulma garemoebam Seapiroba da mas sxvagvari xasiaTi da mimarTuleba mieca. mainc, vaJkacuri pirdapirobiT, SemmarTeblobi- Ta da erTgvari ganusjelobiT mamaci rolandi hgavs tariels, xolo TavdaWerilobiT, ganmsjelobiTa da SemagoneblobiTi tendenciebiT olivie ufro avTandiliseburi xasiaTis Tvisebebs gamoxatavs. bevr rameSi hgvanan erTmaneTs mefe karlosi da mefe rostevani. `vefxistyaosansa~ da simReras rolandze erTmaneTTan aaxloebs savaJ- 269

nizebul redaqcias. aq TiTqmis mTlianad aris daculi `visramianis~ siuJeturi sqema,<br />

oRond gansxvavebulia finali. Tumca raminis msgavsad tristanmac droebiT TiTqos<br />

daiviwya Tavisi trfobis sagani da coli SeirTo (qristianuli wesiT jvari daiwera<br />

TeTrxelebian izoldaze, Tumca meuRleoba ar gauwevia), magram Zveli siyvarulis<br />

grZnoba mas odnavac ar ganelebia gulSi da wuTisofels gamoesalma rogorc<br />

am siyvarulis erTguli msaxuri. tristanTan erTad suli ganuteva izoldamac. `visramianis~<br />

Seyvarebulebi (visi da ramini) bolos da bolos SeuRldnen da bednierad<br />

daasrules amqveyniuri cxovreba. `tristan da izoldaSi~ siyvaruli ufro gafaqizebulia,<br />

haerovnebis SaravandediT aris mosili da moklebulia `visramianisTvis~<br />

damaxasiaTebel SiSvel erotiulobas. tristani, nawilobriv izoldac, mefe markTan<br />

urTierTobaSi iCenen did mokrZalebas, pativiscemiT epyrobian keTilsa da sulgrZel<br />

mefes. amiT isini ar hgvanan raminsa da viss. saerTod, `tristan da izoldas~<br />

dadebiT personaJTa wre darbaisluri da keTilSobiluria. rogorc vTqviT, romans<br />

SerTvia qristianul-keTilSobiluri motivebi. aqa-iq SeiniSneba Suasaukuneobrivi<br />

crumorwmuneobis elementebic (magaliTad, gankiTxva gaxurebuli SanTiT).<br />

rogorc `tristan da izoldas~, ise `visramianis~ siyvaruli, sazogadoebrivi zneobis<br />

TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia ar yofiliyo sacilobeli, tristani da ramini namdvilad<br />

mainc Ralatobdnen maT moyvarulsa da keTilismyofel maxlobel naTesavebs<br />

(tristani biZas, ramini Zmas) da imaT colebTan iWerdnen intimur kavSirs. TavianTi<br />

mxriT, qmrebis aSkarad moRalatis rolSi gamodian maTi colebi (izolda da visi),<br />

sagulisxmoa, rom arc izoldas da arc viss arasodes ugrZvniaT sindisis gulwrfeli<br />

qenjna. nazi izolda guldamSvidebiT asrulebda ori qmris meuRlis movaleobas<br />

(`visramianiT~ visma ZiZis daxmarebiT TilismiT Sekra kanonieri qmris mamakacoba).<br />

zneobrivad aseTi saTakilo siyvaruli imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom tristanma<br />

da izoldam viTomc sabediswero siyvarulis samsala Sesves, ris gamoc maT neba<br />

aRekveTaT, isini uZlurni aRmoCndnen winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT bedis ganaCenisaTvis.<br />

`visramianis~ gmirebis siyvarulic TiTqo RvTis ganCinebiT Caisaxa. man gansazRvra<br />

visisa da raminis daucxromeli siyvarulis Zala. orive romaniT (ufro xazgasmulad<br />

`visramianiT~) qalwulebi miaTxoves maTi asakisaTvis Seuferebel moxucebs,<br />

qalwulebis guli ki bunebrivad miizides axalgazrda mSvenierma Wabukebma. sxvadasxva<br />

motivebis momizezebiT, avtorebi cdiloben mkiTxveli sazogadoebis winaSe gaamarTlon<br />

siyvarulis snebiT Sepyrobili maTi ubeduri gmirebi. magram mijnurebis<br />

saqcielis aseTi Tavgamodebuli dacvis saWiroeba poetebis mxriT, ukve imaze miuTi-<br />

Tebs, rom TviTon es saqcieli marTlac saCoTiro unda yofiliyo sazogadoebrivi<br />

zneobis TvalsazrisiT.<br />

k. balmontis moazrebiT `tristan da izolda~ erTaderTi Txzulebaa evropul<br />

literaturaSi, romelsac SeiZleba SeuerTdes `qarTveli mgosnis Seudarebeli poema~.<br />

marTlac-da namdvili adamianuri siyvarulis stiqia araCveulebrivi ZaliTaa<br />

asaxuli bretonul moTxrobaSi. oRond, `tristan da izoldas~ Zlieri siyvaruli<br />

Sorsaa ufaqizesi siyvarulis im amamaRlebeli grZnobisagan, rasac rusTvelma um-<br />

Rera. meorec: tristanisa da izoldas siyvaruli jadosnuri garemoebiT gaikvanZa<br />

(rogorc viciT, tristanma da izoldam SemTxveviT siyvarulis samsala Sesves). amitomac,<br />

`tristan da izoldas~ personaJebis moqmedebas gansazRvravda bedisweris brma<br />

kanoni da ara maTi piraduli neba-survili. tarielisa da nestanis siyvaruli ki bunebriv<br />

pirobebSi Caisaxa da bunebriv niadagze aRmocenda. vefxistyaosnis gmirebis<br />

moqmedebas arc RvTaebrivi Zala warmarTavs da arc bedisweris ganCineba. vefxistyaosnis<br />

personaJebis pirovnuli Tavisufleba maT siyvaruls aZlevs renesansul xasiaTs.<br />

tristanisa da izoldas mijnuroba garegnulad mainc, ramdenadme Selamazebuli<br />

formis miuxedavad, arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba `visramianiT~ asaxuli mijnurobisagan.<br />

`visramianisa~ da `vefxistyaosnis~ mijnuroba Cven ukve SevupirispireT erTmaneTs da<br />

aq aRar gavimeorebT.<br />

268

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