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ogor SeviswavloT da rogor vaswavloT rusTveli 242 elguja xinTibiZe SoTa rusTveli XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis saqarTvelos samefo karis poetia. uSualo biografiuli cnobebi poetis Sesaxeb ar Senaxula. misi vinaoba (rusTveli) dadasturebulia poemis prologSi, xolo saxeli, SoTa, mxolod XVII saukunis dasawyisisa da Semdgomi drois qarTul literaturul wyaroebSi. poema dawerili unda iyos Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis zeobis xanaSi, daaxloebiT 1189_1207 wlebSi. rusTvelis vinaobis Taobaze Seqmnil mraval xalxur gadmocemasa da mecnierul varaudTa Soris dReisaTvis ufro popularulia is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac vefxistyaosnis avtori aris ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris kedelze gamoxatuli da saaRape wignSi moxsenebuli meWurWleTuxucesi SoTa rusTveli. monastris gumbaTis qveS erT-erT centralur svetze gamoxatuli wm. maqsime aRmsareblisa da wm. iovane damaskelis freskaTa Soris Caxatulia locvad xelapyrobili didgvarovani moxuci eriskacis portreti, warweriT: `rusTveli~. suraTze zemodan miwerilia: `amisa damxatavsa SoTas Seundves RmerTman. amin~. monasterSive Semonaxulia saaRape wigni, romelSic sxva mosaxsenebelTa Soris ikiTxeba: `amasve orSabaTsa aRapi SoTaÁsa meWurWleTuxucesisa...~ freskac da saaRape wignis Canaweric XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Sesrulebuladaa miCneuli.… vefxistyaosani lirikuli pasaJebis Semcveli epikuri Txzulebaa. poemis siuJeti arabeTsa da indoeTSi viTardeba. es ori ambavi kompoziciurad gamTlianebulia. mTlianoba ki miRweulia erTmaneTisagan organulad gamomdinare siuJeturi rkalebiT imgvarad, rom erT siuJetur rkalSi meorea Casmuli, meoreSi _ mesame da ase Semdeg. poemis kompoziciaSi ar Cans siuJetis ganviTarebis am sistemidan, ZiriTadi xazidan, arcerTi gadaxveva. msgavsad renesansuli epoqis literaturis saerTo specifikisa, yvela mimoxvra vefxistyaosnis siuJetSi mkacradaa motivirebuli da avtoris Canafiqrs damorCilebuli. siuJetis ganviTarebis yvela epizodi poemis kompoziciaSi Semodis mxolod im moculobiT, riTac aucilebelia siuJetis ganviTarebisaTvis. arc erTi epizodis ganaxleba da gagrZeleba siuJetis sxva monakveTSi ar xdeba. epizoduri ambebi TavianTi SesaZlebeli saintereso gagrZelebebiT poemaSi ganviTarebis gareSe ixurebian. rusTveli yveba mxolod imas, rac siuJetis ZiriTadi rgolis moZraobisTvis aris aucilebeli. vefxistyaosnis kompozicia aSkarad amyarebs mimar- Tebas epikuri stilis klasikur modelTan, romelic jer kidev homerosis poemebSia gamokveTili da aristoteles mier `poetikaSi~ gaanalizebuli: rusTveli mokled mogviTxrobs qronologiurad xangrZliv ambavs; detlurad, vrclad mxolod calkeul epizodebs gadmoscems. mokled gadmocemuli grZeli ambis da vrclad aRwerili umTavresi epizodebis mTlianoba ZiriTadi ambis TxrobaSi CarTuli personaJTa mogonebebiTa da naambobiT regulirdeba. rogorc irkveva, epikuri metyvelebis am specifikur stilze rusTveli prologSic msjelobs. poemis siuJeti qarTul realobasTan misadagebul aRmosavluri tipis qargazea gaSlili, razedac TviTon avtoric miuTiTebs: `ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad na- Targmanebi, vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi...~ rusTvelis umTavresi Seyvarebuli wyvilis Tavgadasavali – indoeTis samefo karis intrigis Sedegad dakarguli satrfos Zebna tarielis da misi megobris avTandilis mier; gatacebulis kvalze miniSneba Sem- TxveviT gacnobili mesame megobris mefe fridonis mier; sami megobris mier fridonis meomrebis TavdadebiT qajeTSi gamomwyvdeuli nestanis ganTavisufleba – tipuri aRmosavluri narativia, romlis erTi arqetipi uZveles indur eposSi `ramaianaSic~ Cans: indoeTis mefis Ze rama samefo karis intrigis gamo udabur tyeSia gadaxvewili da Tavis megobarTan erTad eZebs gatacebul usayvarles meuRles sitas. igi am xetialSi Sexvdeba, daumegobrdeba da brZolaSi daexmareba erT mefes, romelsac dauna-

xavs, Tu rogor mihyavda gatacebuli sita demons. sami megobari am mefis laSqriT demonebis samefoSi datyvevebul sitas gaaTavisuflebs. aRmosavlur surnels vefxistyaosnis narativi siuJetis calkeul komponentebSic inarCunebs. bavSvobaSi erTad aRzrdis Semdeg nestanis pirveli xilviT tarielis dabnedis uSualo paralelia `visramianSi~: raminis dabneda visis danaxvisas. siyvaruliT gaxelebuli tarielis mier Tavisi ambis mboba avTandilisTvis da am ukanasknelis mier mijnuris daxmarebisTvis Tavdadebis gadawyveta leilis da majnunis siyvarulis aRmosavleTSi popularuli ambidan majnunisa da raind navfalis damegobrebis scenasTan amJRavnebs mimarTebas. aRmosavluri tipis ambavs rusTveli XII saukunis qarTuli samefo karis istoriis alegoriul datvirTvas SesZens; masSi taxtis memkvidreobis problemis originalur gadawyvetas Semoitans – ori memkvidris mtrobis nacvlad maT siyvaruls iqadagebs; moyvasis siyvarulis qristianul Tezas adamianuri siyvarulis renesansul idealad gadaiazrebs; aRmosavluri narativis zRaprul mdinarebaSi antikur filosofias Cadebs; satrfos Zebnis usasrulo xetials borotis arseboba-ararsebobis Teologiuri Tezis Ziebad aqcevs da yvelafers erTad qarTuli poemis originalur siuJetad gardaqmnis. am siuJetze afuZnebs rusTveli Tavis uTvalavferebian poetur Senobas. ai, misi principuli, Tumca calkeuli komponentebi: adamiani, Semkuli adamianobis saukeTeso gamovlinebebiT, yvela umaRlesi moralur-fizikuri RirsebiT _ Tvalad turfa, mxne da vaJkaci, asakiT yrma, brZeni da ritori, uxvi, damTmobi da moazrovne-Semmecnebeli. adamiani, zecas Tvalmipyrobili _ RvTaebrivi azris, uzenaesis neba-survilis mWvreteli. varskvlavebiT moWedili zeca, miwyiv mbrunavi Tanavarskvlavedebi da maTSi dausrulebliv moxetiale mnaTobebi, xan wyromiT mziralni, xan sitkbosa da sikeTis gadmomfrqvevni _ RvTaebriv gonebaTa jaWvis xiluli daboloebani, RvTaebrivi Canafiqris mauwyebelni. uzenaesi, yovlisSemZle, uflebaTa ufali, yovelTaTvis tkbilad mxedi. da isev adamiani, gmiri, bednierebisaTvis mebrZoli, amqveyniuri borotebis mZleveli, Semkuli adamianur emociaTa uwmindesi da RvTaebrivi fenomeniT – siyvaruliTa da megobrobiT, rogorc adamianuri arsis umaRlesi gamovlinebiT. adamiani, romelic rusTvels Semoyavs poemaSi, yvela SemTxvevaSi erTi kuTxiT danaxuli, erTi principiT daxatuli ar aris. mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTi mxriv cxovrebiseuli personaJebi (fatmani, useni, vezirebi, vaWrebi, msaxurebi), romlebic maTTan dakavSirebul epizodebiTurT nawarmoebis mxolod calkeul detalebs avseben, da meore mxriv idealuri gmirebi – ara cxovrebidan aRebulni, realur-naturalurad arsebulni, aramed poetis fantaziiT Seqmnilni da amdenad idealurni _ ideaSi arsebulni. amgvari idealuri tipaJi iqmneba cxovrebiseuli personis safuZvelze avtoriseuli pirobiTobisa da hiperbolizebis principiT. pirobiTobaa is, rom personaJi poemaSi Semoyvanilia mxolod im niSniT da im motiviT, ris gamosaxatavadacaa igi gamiznuli da misi Tavgadasavali mkacradaa SezRuduli mxolod im epizodebiT, rac aucilebelia nawarmoebis siuJetis procesisaTvis. ase magaliTad, asmaTi erTguli msaxuri qalis idealia; misi xasiaTis Tu emociis arcerTi sxva gamovlineba poemaSi ar Cans. arc fridonis an Sermadinis cxovrebis arcerTi epizodi ar Cans poemaSi, romelic siuJetis ganviTarebis mkacrad motivirebuli xazidan iqneba gadaxrili. adamianis danaxva mxolod dadebiTi kuTxiT da am dadebiTis hiperbolizeba msoflmxedvelobrivi ganacxadia tradiciul realobaTa gadasafaseblad. idealuri adamianis dayeneba sakuTari poeturi samyaros centrSi aris gamoxatuleba rusTvelis swrafvisa axali azrovnebisaken, romelic axal epoqas moaqvs. ase iqmneba axali sinamdvile, axali realoba, poetiseuli samyaro. poeti eZebs farul niuansebs gmiris sulier samyaroSi, xedavs pirovnebiseul Widils sakuTar mesTan da nacvlad moTxrobili ambis garegnuli, fabuluri mxarisa, literaturuli interesis gadatanas cdilobs personaJis fsiqikaze. 243

ogor SeviswavloT da rogor vaswavloT rusTveli<br />

242<br />

elguja xinTibiZe<br />

SoTa rusTveli XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis saqarTvelos samefo karis poetia. uSualo<br />

biografiuli cnobebi poetis Sesaxeb ar Senaxula. misi vinaoba (rusTveli) dadasturebulia<br />

poemis prologSi, xolo saxeli, SoTa, mxolod XVII saukunis dasawyisisa<br />

da Semdgomi drois qarTul literaturul wyaroebSi. poema dawerili unda<br />

iyos Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis zeobis xanaSi, daaxloebiT 1189_1207 wlebSi.<br />

rusTvelis vinaobis Taobaze Seqmnil mraval xalxur gadmocemasa da mecnierul varaudTa<br />

Soris dReisaTvis ufro popularulia is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac<br />

vefxistyaosnis avtori aris ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris kedelze gamoxatuli<br />

da saaRape wignSi moxsenebuli meWurWleTuxucesi SoTa rusTveli. monastris<br />

gumbaTis qveS erT-erT centralur svetze gamoxatuli wm. maqsime aRmsareblisa<br />

da wm. iovane damaskelis freskaTa Soris Caxatulia locvad xelapyrobili didgvarovani<br />

moxuci eriskacis portreti, warweriT: `rusTveli~. suraTze zemodan miwerilia:<br />

`amisa damxatavsa SoTas Seundves RmerTman. amin~. monasterSive Semonaxulia saaRape<br />

wigni, romelSic sxva mosaxsenebelTa Soris ikiTxeba: `amasve orSabaTsa aRapi<br />

SoTaÁsa meWurWleTuxucesisa...~ freskac da saaRape wignis Canaweric XIII saukunis<br />

pirvel naxevarSi Sesrulebuladaa miCneuli.…<br />

vefxistyaosani lirikuli pasaJebis Semcveli epikuri Txzulebaa. poemis siuJeti<br />

arabeTsa da indoeTSi viTardeba. es ori ambavi kompoziciurad gamTlianebulia. mTlianoba<br />

ki miRweulia erTmaneTisagan organulad gamomdinare siuJeturi rkalebiT<br />

imgvarad, rom erT siuJetur rkalSi meorea Casmuli, meoreSi _ mesame da ase Semdeg.<br />

poemis kompoziciaSi ar Cans siuJetis ganviTarebis am sistemidan, ZiriTadi xazidan,<br />

arcerTi gadaxveva. msgavsad renesansuli epoqis literaturis saerTo specifikisa,<br />

yvela mimoxvra vefxistyaosnis siuJetSi mkacradaa motivirebuli da avtoris Canafiqrs<br />

damorCilebuli. siuJetis ganviTarebis yvela epizodi poemis kompoziciaSi<br />

Semodis mxolod im moculobiT, riTac aucilebelia siuJetis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />

arc erTi epizodis ganaxleba da gagrZeleba siuJetis sxva monakveTSi ar xdeba. epizoduri<br />

ambebi TavianTi SesaZlebeli saintereso gagrZelebebiT poemaSi ganviTarebis<br />

gareSe ixurebian. rusTveli yveba mxolod imas, rac siuJetis ZiriTadi rgolis<br />

moZraobisTvis aris aucilebeli. vefxistyaosnis kompozicia aSkarad amyarebs mimar-<br />

Tebas epikuri stilis klasikur modelTan, romelic jer kidev homerosis poemebSia<br />

gamokveTili da aristoteles mier `poetikaSi~ gaanalizebuli: rusTveli mokled<br />

mogviTxrobs qronologiurad xangrZliv ambavs; detlurad, vrclad mxolod calkeul<br />

epizodebs gadmoscems. mokled gadmocemuli grZeli ambis da vrclad aRwerili<br />

umTavresi epizodebis mTlianoba ZiriTadi ambis TxrobaSi CarTuli personaJTa mogonebebiTa<br />

da naambobiT regulirdeba. rogorc irkveva, epikuri metyvelebis am specifikur<br />

stilze rusTveli prologSic msjelobs.<br />

poemis siuJeti qarTul realobasTan misadagebul aRmosavluri tipis qargazea<br />

gaSlili, razedac TviTon avtoric miuTiTebs: `ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad na-<br />

Targmanebi, vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi...~ rusTvelis umTavresi Seyvarebuli wyvilis<br />

Tavgadasavali – indoeTis samefo karis intrigis Sedegad dakarguli satrfos Zebna<br />

tarielis da misi megobris avTandilis mier; gatacebulis kvalze miniSneba Sem-<br />

TxveviT gacnobili mesame megobris mefe fridonis mier; sami megobris mier fridonis<br />

meomrebis TavdadebiT qajeTSi gamomwyvdeuli nestanis ganTavisufleba – tipuri<br />

aRmosavluri narativia, romlis erTi arqetipi uZveles indur eposSi `ramaianaSic~<br />

Cans: indoeTis mefis Ze rama samefo karis intrigis gamo udabur tyeSia gadaxvewili<br />

da Tavis megobarTan erTad eZebs gatacebul usayvarles meuRles sitas. igi am xetialSi<br />

Sexvdeba, daumegobrdeba da brZolaSi daexmareba erT mefes, romelsac dauna-

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