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usTavelis esTetika (nawyvetebi) 236 giorgi nadiraZe imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes vefxistyaosanSi gansaxierebuli mSvenierebis sazRvrebi, kargi iqneba, Tu mivmarTavT antikisa da italiuri renesansis paralelebs. antikuri kulturis esTetikuri idealia amqveyniuri sisxlsavse cxovreba. klasikuri formis WeSmariti silamazisa da xelovnebis centralur punqtsa da Sinaars, ambobs hegeli, Seadgenda mxolod is, rac a d a m i a n u r i iyo. es aris berZen da romael xelovanTa udavo damsaxureba, romlis mniSvneloba didad scildeba xelovnebis sferoebs. magram dasavleT-evropuli renesansis epoqas xelaxla mouxda aRmoeCina adamianis silamaze, romelic Sua saukuneebSi gariyuli iyo Teologiuri azris mier. italiuri renesansis, kerZod, CinkveCentos erT-erT Taviseburebas cnobili xelovnebaTmcodne hainrix violflini imaSi xedavs, rom axla adamians da adamianurs xelovneba ganixilavs rogorc samyaros umaRles esTetikur fenomens. aravis ar gamouxatavs es idea ise mkveTrad, rogorc miqelanjelos. `man pirvelma, _ wers violflini, _ gamoTqva debuleba, romelsac mniSvneloba hqonda mTeli saukunisaTvis, rom adamianis formaTa silamazis gareSe ar arsebobs kidev sxva r a i m e s i l a m a z e ~. SexedeT siqstes kapelis mxatvrobas! `aq ar moipoveba arc erTi kuTxe ubralo ornamentiT, yvelgan mxolod da mxolod adamianis sxeulebia~. leonardo da vinCisagan gansxvavebiT, miqelanjelos `samyaro gansakuTrebulia, i g i S e - dgeba mZlavri adamianebis jiSisagan~. miqelanjelos Tvalsazriss me vuwodebdi esTetikur antropocentrizms. rogorc violflinis dakvirvebidan Cans, igi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mTeli italiuri renesansisaTvis, magram, vityodiT Cven, savsebiT kanonzomieri Tvalsazrisia im epoqis kulturaSi, rodesac maZiebeli inteleqtis mTeli interesi mkveTrad Semotrialda adamianisaken. humanisturi msoflmxedvelobisaTvis adamiani da samyaro TanafardobiT da tolmniSvnelovan cnebebs rodi warmoadgenen. maT Soris svamdnen ara tolobis, aramed daqvemdebarebis niSans. samyaros mTel mniSvnelobas imaSi xedavdnen, rom igi unda gadaqceuliyo adamianis nebisyofis obieqtad da adamianis siamovnebaTa wyarod. aqedan bunebrivad da advilad SeiZleba ganviTarebuliyo esTetikuri antropocentrizmis ukiduresi Tvalsazrisi, romelic SesamCnevad Zlierdeba italiis xelovnebaSi XV s. damlevsa da XVI s. damdegs da umaRles wertils aRwevs miqelanjelos SemoqmedebaSi. miqelanjelos esTetikur samefoSi mbrZaneblobs mxolod adamiani. samyaros mravalferovani silamaze, adamianis qveviT ganlagebul safexurebze warmodgenili organizmebis, iseve rogorc mTeli usulo bunebis silamaze misi esTetikuri interesis gareSe dgas. leonardo da vinCis Sedareba miqelanjelosTan Tvalwin gviSlis axal esTetikur sferos. am or ukvdav genioss ar esmodaT da arc uyvardaT erTmaneTi. TviTeuli maTgani Tavis sakuTar esTetikur samefoSi cxovrobda. italiuri renesansis arc erT moRvawes ar gamoumJRavnebia bunebis siyvaruli ise yovlisSemcvelad da iseTi mZlavri Sinagani vnebiT, rogorc leonardo da vinCis. aseve usazRvro da grZnobieri iyo misi esTetikuri TvalTaxedva. mSveniereba, leonardos azriT, ganfenilia mTels sinamdvileze, misi formebi iseve auracxelia, rogorc fizikuri movlenebisa da fsiqiuri gancdebis mravalferovneba. leonardos kolosaluri mxatvruli memkvidreoba aWrelebulia CanaxatebiT, monaxazebiT, sqemebiT mravalferovans Temebze. aq aris peizaJebic, adamianebic, nivTebic, saganTa calkeuli nawilebic. yvelaferSi gamosWvivis maxvili yuradReba bunebisadmi da esTetikuri Zieba yvelaferSi. leonardos stili xasiaTdeba detalebis guldasmiTi amoweriT. Tanamedroveni aRtacebulni iyvnen misi ferweris sinatifiT. erT-

xel, gviambobs vazari, _ `leonardom dawera wyliT savse sura, romelSic ramdenime yvavili iyo Cadebuli. gansacvifrebeli simarTlis garda, suraze ise iyo gamosaxuli wylis gaorTqlianeba, rom cocxalze cocxali Canda~. amrigad, msoflio rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni italiuri renesansis or did xelovans warmodgenili aqvs ori, erTi meorisagan gansxvavebulia aspeqtiT. erTisTvis mSveniereba koncentrirebulia titanuri adamianis saxeSi, meorisTvis igi Tanabrad aris ganfenili samyaroSi da zogjer mcireSi meti mimzidvelobaa, vidre diadSi. leonardom aRmoaCina miniaturulisa da intimuris esTetika. davakvirdeT am fonze rusTavels. gana ar mogvagonebs misi qmnileba miqelanjelos esTetikur samyaros? vefxistyaosani _ es xom siqstes kapelis qar- Tuli plafonia, poeziis saSualebebiT gaSlili epiur tiloze. rogorc miqelanjelos plafoni gvajadoebs Tavisi monumenturi bibliuri figurebiT, mociqulebiT, winaswarmetyvelebiT, sibilebiT, monebiT, aseve rusTavelis poema itacebs mkiTxvels, uwinares yovlisa, RvTaebrivi ZaliTa da vnebebiT aRWurvili gmirebiT. orive xelovanis wamodgeniT, amqveyniur sinamdvileSi adamianis silamaze umaRlesia da yvelaze momxibvleli (988, 3-4). gavixsenoT agreTve erTi kargad cnobili adgili vefxistyaosnidan, sadac avTandilis bagiT laparakobs TviTon rusTaveli adamianis prioritetze `usulo~, `uasako~, `usityvo~ da `ara cnobieri~ sagnis winaSe. ambavi exeba nestanisagan saCuqrad mi- Rebul samxres. es iyo yvelaze Zvirfasi nivTi tarielisaTvis, amas daukavSirda mis mier gancdili siyvarulis mTeli sitkboeba da simware, igi gadaiqca ubedurebaSi myofi nestanis simbolod da indoeli Wabukis erTaderT nugeSad (896, 2-3). da mainc, rusTavelis azriT, igi araferia adamianTan SedarebiT: `sjobs asmaTisa ar-leva maga samxrisa levasa~. (897, 3). advili warmosadgenia, ra farTo daskvnebis saSualebas iZleva avTandilis aRniSnuli monologi. masSi Cans filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobac, humanisturi socialuri Sexedulebanic, esTetikuri koncefciac. filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba warmodgenilia aseTi diskursiuli formiT: niv- Ti (e. i. mTeli organuli da araorganuli buneba) imitom unda daemorCilos adamians, rom es ukanaskneli kosmiuri Semoqmedebis yvelaze srulqmnili nayofia. adamiani unda CaiTvalos im umaRlesi formebis dagvirgvinebad da erTgvar damTavrebad, sai- Tkenac miiswrafvis bunebis dialeqtikuri moZraoba. da marTlac, adamianis saxiT buneba hqmnis cnobierebas, ese igi poulobs sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas. sxva azri ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes im negatiur niSnebs, romliTac rusTaveli axasiaTebs nivTs: `uasako da usulo, ar sityvieri, cnobili~ (898, 1-2). rusTavelma kargad icis, ra Zalas warmoadgens cnobierebis, Semecnebis, codnis niWiereba. es aris is, rac adamians aqcevs sinamdvilis hegemonad. maSasadame, Cven safuZveli gvaqvs vTqvaT, rom buneba Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze iZulebuli xdeba daemorCilos imas, rac TviTon misi Semoqmedebis nayofs warmoadgens. am striqonebidan Cven gvesmis maRali humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis xmebic. Tu adamiani aris `mjobi yovlisa soflisa~, cxadia, pirvel rigSi swored is imsaxurebs siyvarulsa da movla-patronobas, amasTan misdami siyvaruli unda iyos wminda, uangaro, Tavisufali yovelgvari nivTieri interesebisagan. dasasrul, es striqonebi saSualebas gvaZleven CvenTvis sayuradRebo esTetikuri daskvnac gamoviyvanoT. Tu adamiani diadi kosmiuri Semoqmedebis yvelaze srulqmnili nayofia, ueWvelia, igi unda viazroT imave dros iseT arsebad, romelSiac samyaros mSvenierebam moaxdina mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobis koncentrireba. sxvanairad rom warmogvedgina saqme, maSin miviRebdiT, rom bunebam Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi ganvi- Tarebis umaRles safexurze gamoTiSa mxolod mSveniereba; k o s m i u r i s i m f o n i a darRveuli aRmoCndeboda misi Semadgeneli xmebis disharmoniuli gaTiSviT. 237

usTavelis esTetika<br />

(nawyvetebi)<br />

236<br />

giorgi nadiraZe<br />

imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes vefxistyaosanSi gansaxierebuli mSvenierebis sazRvrebi,<br />

kargi iqneba, Tu mivmarTavT antikisa da italiuri renesansis paralelebs.<br />

antikuri kulturis esTetikuri idealia amqveyniuri sisxlsavse cxovreba. klasikuri<br />

formis WeSmariti silamazisa da xelovnebis centralur punqtsa da Sinaars,<br />

ambobs hegeli, Seadgenda mxolod is, rac a d a m i a n u r i iyo. es aris berZen da romael<br />

xelovanTa udavo damsaxureba, romlis mniSvneloba didad scildeba xelovnebis<br />

sferoebs.<br />

magram dasavleT-evropuli renesansis epoqas xelaxla mouxda aRmoeCina adamianis<br />

silamaze, romelic Sua saukuneebSi gariyuli iyo Teologiuri azris mier.<br />

italiuri renesansis, kerZod, CinkveCentos erT-erT Taviseburebas cnobili xelovnebaTmcodne<br />

hainrix violflini imaSi xedavs, rom axla adamians da adamianurs<br />

xelovneba ganixilavs rogorc samyaros umaRles esTetikur fenomens. aravis ar gamouxatavs<br />

es idea ise mkveTrad, rogorc miqelanjelos. `man pirvelma, _ wers violflini,<br />

_ gamoTqva debuleba, romelsac mniSvneloba hqonda mTeli saukunisaTvis,<br />

rom adamianis formaTa silamazis gareSe ar arsebobs kidev sxva<br />

r a i m e s i l a m a z e ~. SexedeT siqstes kapelis mxatvrobas! `aq ar moipoveba arc erTi<br />

kuTxe ubralo ornamentiT, yvelgan mxolod da mxolod adamianis sxeulebia~. leonardo<br />

da vinCisagan gansxvavebiT, miqelanjelos `samyaro gansakuTrebulia, i g i S e -<br />

dgeba mZlavri adamianebis jiSisagan~.<br />

miqelanjelos Tvalsazriss me vuwodebdi esTetikur antropocentrizms. rogorc<br />

violflinis dakvirvebidan Cans, igi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mTeli italiuri renesansisaTvis,<br />

magram, vityodiT Cven, savsebiT kanonzomieri Tvalsazrisia im epoqis<br />

kulturaSi, rodesac maZiebeli inteleqtis mTeli interesi mkveTrad Semotrialda<br />

adamianisaken. humanisturi msoflmxedvelobisaTvis adamiani da samyaro TanafardobiT<br />

da tolmniSvnelovan cnebebs rodi warmoadgenen. maT Soris svamdnen ara tolobis,<br />

aramed daqvemdebarebis niSans. samyaros mTel mniSvnelobas imaSi xedavdnen,<br />

rom igi unda gadaqceuliyo adamianis nebisyofis obieqtad da adamianis siamovnebaTa<br />

wyarod. aqedan bunebrivad da advilad SeiZleba ganviTarebuliyo esTetikuri antropocentrizmis<br />

ukiduresi Tvalsazrisi, romelic SesamCnevad Zlierdeba italiis xelovnebaSi<br />

XV s. damlevsa da XVI s. damdegs da umaRles wertils aRwevs miqelanjelos<br />

SemoqmedebaSi. miqelanjelos esTetikur samefoSi mbrZaneblobs mxolod adamiani.<br />

samyaros mravalferovani silamaze, adamianis qveviT ganlagebul safexurebze<br />

warmodgenili organizmebis, iseve rogorc mTeli usulo bunebis silamaze misi esTetikuri<br />

interesis gareSe dgas.<br />

leonardo da vinCis Sedareba miqelanjelosTan Tvalwin gviSlis axal esTetikur<br />

sferos. am or ukvdav genioss ar esmodaT da arc uyvardaT erTmaneTi. TviTeuli<br />

maTgani Tavis sakuTar esTetikur samefoSi cxovrobda.<br />

italiuri renesansis arc erT moRvawes ar gamoumJRavnebia bunebis siyvaruli ise<br />

yovlisSemcvelad da iseTi mZlavri Sinagani vnebiT, rogorc leonardo da vinCis.<br />

aseve usazRvro da grZnobieri iyo misi esTetikuri TvalTaxedva. mSveniereba, leonardos<br />

azriT, ganfenilia mTels sinamdvileze, misi formebi iseve auracxelia, rogorc<br />

fizikuri movlenebisa da fsiqiuri gancdebis mravalferovneba.<br />

leonardos kolosaluri mxatvruli memkvidreoba aWrelebulia CanaxatebiT, monaxazebiT,<br />

sqemebiT mravalferovans Temebze. aq aris peizaJebic, adamianebic, nivTebic,<br />

saganTa calkeuli nawilebic. yvelaferSi gamosWvivis maxvili yuradReba bunebisadmi<br />

da esTetikuri Zieba yvelaferSi. leonardos stili xasiaTdeba detalebis guldasmiTi<br />

amoweriT. Tanamedroveni aRtacebulni iyvnen misi ferweris sinatifiT. erT-

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