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adamianis arsebobis Zireul sakiTxebze. am brZen gmirs axasiaTebs samyaros pirvelmizezTa idumalebisa da amaRlebulobis cxoveli gancda. igi ugrZnobeli araa arc RvTis sidiadis mimarT: RvTis gamouTqmeli miuwvdomloba, iseve rogorc mzisa da varskvlaveTis Wvreta, misTvis yvelaze intensiur STabeWdilebaTa wyaroa. imiT, Tu rogori uSreti mravalnairobiT da ulevi fantaziiT xatavs rusTaveli Tavisi mTavari gmirebis yvela im Tvisebebs, ra uxvad flobs yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi individualur niuansebs da rogor organulad aTavsebs yovelive amas ambis dinamiur Seuferxebel ganviTarebaSi, mniSvnelovanwilad aris Sepirobebuli misi gmirebis saxeTa sicocxle da STambeWdavi Zala. filosofia da qristianoba magram antikuri filosofiidan momdinare naTeli da harmoniuli msoflSegrZneba poets mxolod nawilobriv aqvs gaziarebuli da ara srulad. igi sxva drois Svilia, sxva ganwyobilebisa da temperamentis patroni da bunebrivi ar iqneboda, rom igi antikuri filosofiiT naanderZev suliskveTebas gahyoloda Tundac imdenad, rom ganwyobilebaSi uTanxmoebas doqtrinebSi uTanxmoebis donemde ver aeRwia. rus- Tavels cvlileba Seaqvs filosofiis ZiriTadi doqtrinebis gagebasa da SefasebaSi sruliad Segnebulad, rogorc poemis moqmedebisa da ganwyobilebis faqizi mimoxris gziT, ise diskursiuli msjelobiT. Tu sikeTe – poemis msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlad dadebuli ZiriTadi cneba – qristianobaSi RvTis nebisadmi Sesabamisobas niSnavs (adamiani, rogorc sikeTis sazomi, aq gamoricxulia), Tu neoplatonuri filosofiis tradiciaSi sikeTe, rogorc zeindividualuri goniTi sawyisi upirispirdeba Cvens materiiT damZimebul `me~-s, mis swrafvebsa da, saerTod, mis individualur gansazRvrulobas, `vefxistyaosanSi~ sikeTis sazomia adamiani, ufro konkretulad: avtoris idealis mixedviT Seqmnili srulyofili adamiani da, Tu qveyana Tavis safuZvelSi keTilia, es im azriT unda gvesmodes, rom igi am srulyofil adamians misi bunebrivi swrafvis aRsrulebas miscems. RmerTsamca ese rad eqmna, egeTni (srulyofilni, mSvenierni) daebadeniT, arRa Segyarna, gagyarna, xeli gqmnna cremlTa dadeniT! (930) amxnevebs tariels eTikuri monizmis filosofiuri koncefciis aRmsarebeli avTandili. visca RmerTi saros morCsa tanad uxebs, mas laxvarsa moaSorebs, Tuca pirvel gulsa uxebs, _ amxnevebs imave tariels fridoni. adamianis – kerZod da sakuTrad ki srulyofili adamianis _ `me~ da sakuTari qveyniuri mizanswrafva, amgvarad, rusTavelisTvis sikeTis umaRlesi kriteriumia da amaSi igi Tanabrad damoukidebelia rogorc filosofiis, ise religiis mimarT. siyvaruli da megobroba maRali siyvaruli `vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi naTqvamia, rom siyvaruli aris `pirveli da tomi gvar- Ta zenaTa~. filosofiuri cnebebi, romelTac aq rusTaveli iyenebs, platonis cnobili cnebebia. `gvari~ platonur `ideas~ niSnavs, xolo `tomi~ _ zogads, ideaTa gamaerTianebel ideas. platonisTvis umaRlesi idea anu ideaTa idea, samyaros ierarqiis mwvervali aris s i k e T i s idea, romelic misTvis agreTve WeSmaritebacaa da mSvenierebac. rusTavelma sikeTis adgilas am ierarqiaSi m i j n u r o b a anu siyvaruli daayena. siyvarulis am idealur prototips rusTavelis sityviT `hbaZavs~ adamianTa miwieri siyvaruli, anu iseTi `xeloba~ (siSmage), romelic `xorcTa xvdeba~. es msjeloba kargad asaxavs poetis damokidebulebas siyvarulis mimarT da im suliskeTebas, romliTac poemaSi satrfialo motivebia damuSavebuli: siyvaruli kacsa da qals Soris adamianis amaRlebuli Zalaa. igi umaRlesi sikeTe da am qveynad yvelaze didi bednierebaa. sasiyvarulo urTierToba poemaSi asaxavs rainduli siyvarulis anu mijnurobis socialur instituts, romlis mravali mcneba CvenTvis im epoqis 210

sxva Zeglebidanacaa cnobili. termini `mijnuri~ arabuli warmoSobisaa (`mijnuri Smagsa gviqvian arabuliTa eniTa~. `mejnuni~ avi sulisagan Sepyrobils niSnavs,) iseve rogorc `mijnurobis~ sazogadoebrivi institutis Semadgeneli zogierTi mcneba. magram TviT es ganviTarebuli forma maRali wris kacisa da qalis sasiyvarulo urTierTobisa (`mijnuroba~ anu rainduli siyvaruli), romelic `vefxistyaosanSi~ da mis Tanamedrove sxva TxzulebebSi aisaxa, qarTuli samxedro aristokratiis kuTvnilebaa, mis wreSi SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli qristianuli kulturis farTo monawileobiT, iseve rogorc qalis rainduli kulti (e.w. kurtuazuli anu `sakaro~, `sadarbazo~ siyvaruli) dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. siyvarulisagan dasneuleba da fermixdiloba, misgan velad gaWra da mijnur raindTa urTierTTanagrZnoba, grZnobis ardaCena da moyvris argaTqma, satrfos samsaxuri xmliTa Tu keTili saqmiT da siyvarulis amamaRlebeli, eTikurad aRmzrdeli roli – ai am sazogadoebrivi institutis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli mcnebebi da eTikuri warmodgenebi. mijnuroba mxolod absoluturad srulyofili, adamianisTvis SesaZlo yvela RirsebiT Semkuli kacis saqmea, igi rCeulTa xvedria. amitom mijnuri, Tu mas hsurs Tavisi satrfos Rirsi iyos, yvela am saTnoebaTa miRwevas unda ecados. is, rac dRes CvenTvis Sua saukuneTa dasasrulis amaRlebuli, keTilSobiluri rainduli siyvarulis saxeliT aris cnobili, rusTavels mijnurobis mcnebebisa da qalis rainduli kultis saxiT Tavisi mSobeli aristokratiuli garemodan aqvs SeTvisebuli. magram, Tu rusTavelis poemaSi siyvaruli raindul mcnebebs misdevs, igi am mcnebebiT mainc ar izRudeba. rusTaveli xatavs siyvaruls ara mxolod iseTad, rogoric is unda iyos, aramed iseTad, rogoric is aris, fsiqologiur niuansTa iseTi mravalferovnebiT, romelic mas siyvarulis mxatvel diad avtorTa upirveles rigebSi ayenebs. siyvarulis gaCena da maluli tareba, misi sixaruli da Wmunva, grZnobis mo- Zaleba da Sesusteba, misi uecari aRzeveba, gmiris fiqri, asociaciebi da sulieri impulsebi yvela am gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi – ai adamianis sulieri cxovrebis is sfero, romelsac rusTaveli yvelaze met yuradRebas uTmobs da sadac igi yvelaze meti fsiqologiuri detalebis povnas axerxebs. Tu saraindo lirikisa da epikisaTvis saerTod siyvarulis gandidebasTan erTad am grZnobis erTgvari dogmatizaciaa damaxasiaTebeli, Tu aq savaldebulo mcnebebi xSirad grZnobis namdvil spontanur mimdinareobas metnaklebad cvlis an zRudavs, rusTavelis poema avtoris mxatvruli mizandasaxulobis mixedviT Seudareblad ufro maRal etaps warmoadgens siyvarulis `aRmoCenis~, misi WeSmariti bunebis Secnobis gzaze. rusTaveli saraindo kultis normatul mcnebebs kidec icnobs da kidec scnobs. magram misTvis grZnobis namdvili bunebis xedva da gamoxatva ar aris gaSualebuli araviTari mcnebebiT. amiT rusTaveli enaTesaveba ara saraindo kulturis sityvier xelovnebas, aramed renesansul xelovnebas. rom siyvaruli adamianis amamaRlebuli Zalaa, es rusTavelis sxva Tanamedroveebmac da daaxloebiT Tanamedroveebmac icodnen. magram maT wreSi rusTavels mainc Tavisi mkveTri individualoba axasiaTebs. italiuri `tkbili axali stilis~ poetebi umRerdnen qals rogorc Cvenze maRal goniTs arsebas, romlis `Semecneba~ udidesi sikeTe da amaRleba iyo. satrfo qals isini xSirad `filosofiis~ metaforiT aRniSnavdnen, qalis am simbolursa da gvarovnul rols ukan ki (rogorc Cvenze maRal arsebaTa warmomadgenlisa), vidre dantemde, misi individualuri gansazRvruloba da pirovnuli niSanTvisebebi iCrdileboda. aRmosavlur mistikaSi (sufizmSi) qali aris `RvTis sxivi~ am codvil qveyanaSi, absoluturi mSvenebis anu RvTis SemTxveviTi gamokrToma da am mxriv nebismieri sxva mSvenieri sagnisagan ar gansxvavdeba. misi trfoba gvaCvevs Tavdaviwyebasa da sakuTari meobis daTmobas, romelic saboloo angariSSi RmerTTan migviyvans, da mxolod amdenadaa siyvaruli amaRlebis gza. rusTavelisTvis satrfo qali pirvel rigSi p i r o v n e b a a , romelic daxasiaTebulia ara misi xalebisa da zilfebis xotbiT, rogorc sufiur poeziaSi, aramed misi gancdebisa da misi moqmedebis aRweriT; poemis gmir qalTa sulisa da xorcis xatvisaTvis gamoyenebuli ferebis simdidreSi rusTavelis samijnuro 211

adamianis arsebobis Zireul sakiTxebze. am brZen gmirs axasiaTebs samyaros pirvelmizezTa<br />

idumalebisa da amaRlebulobis cxoveli gancda. igi ugrZnobeli araa arc<br />

RvTis sidiadis mimarT: RvTis gamouTqmeli miuwvdomloba, iseve rogorc mzisa da<br />

varskvlaveTis Wvreta, misTvis yvelaze intensiur STabeWdilebaTa wyaroa. imiT, Tu<br />

rogori uSreti mravalnairobiT da ulevi fantaziiT xatavs rusTaveli Tavisi mTavari<br />

gmirebis yvela im Tvisebebs, ra uxvad flobs yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi individualur<br />

niuansebs da rogor organulad aTavsebs yovelive amas ambis dinamiur<br />

Seuferxebel ganviTarebaSi, mniSvnelovanwilad aris Sepirobebuli misi gmirebis saxeTa<br />

sicocxle da STambeWdavi Zala.<br />

filosofia da qristianoba<br />

magram antikuri filosofiidan momdinare naTeli da harmoniuli msoflSegrZneba<br />

poets mxolod nawilobriv aqvs gaziarebuli da ara srulad. igi sxva drois Svilia,<br />

sxva ganwyobilebisa da temperamentis patroni da bunebrivi ar iqneboda, rom<br />

igi antikuri filosofiiT naanderZev suliskveTebas gahyoloda Tundac imdenad,<br />

rom ganwyobilebaSi uTanxmoebas doqtrinebSi uTanxmoebis donemde ver aeRwia. rus-<br />

Tavels cvlileba Seaqvs filosofiis ZiriTadi doqtrinebis gagebasa da SefasebaSi<br />

sruliad Segnebulad, rogorc poemis moqmedebisa da ganwyobilebis faqizi mimoxris<br />

gziT, ise diskursiuli msjelobiT. Tu sikeTe – poemis msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlad<br />

dadebuli ZiriTadi cneba – qristianobaSi RvTis nebisadmi Sesabamisobas niSnavs<br />

(adamiani, rogorc sikeTis sazomi, aq gamoricxulia), Tu neoplatonuri filosofiis<br />

tradiciaSi sikeTe, rogorc zeindividualuri goniTi sawyisi upirispirdeba<br />

Cvens materiiT damZimebul `me~-s, mis swrafvebsa da, saerTod, mis individualur gansazRvrulobas,<br />

`vefxistyaosanSi~ sikeTis sazomia adamiani, ufro konkretulad: avtoris<br />

idealis mixedviT Seqmnili srulyofili adamiani da, Tu qveyana Tavis safuZvelSi<br />

keTilia, es im azriT unda gvesmodes, rom igi am srulyofil adamians misi<br />

bunebrivi swrafvis aRsrulebas miscems.<br />

RmerTsamca ese rad eqmna, egeTni (srulyofilni, mSvenierni) daebadeniT,<br />

arRa Segyarna, gagyarna, xeli gqmnna cremlTa dadeniT! (930)<br />

amxnevebs tariels eTikuri monizmis filosofiuri koncefciis aRmsarebeli avTandili.<br />

visca RmerTi saros morCsa tanad uxebs,<br />

mas laxvarsa moaSorebs, Tuca pirvel gulsa uxebs,<br />

_ amxnevebs imave tariels fridoni. adamianis – kerZod da sakuTrad ki srulyofili<br />

adamianis _ `me~ da sakuTari qveyniuri mizanswrafva, amgvarad, rusTavelisTvis<br />

sikeTis umaRlesi kriteriumia da amaSi igi Tanabrad damoukidebelia rogorc filosofiis,<br />

ise religiis mimarT.<br />

siyvaruli da megobroba<br />

maRali siyvaruli<br />

`vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi naTqvamia, rom siyvaruli aris `pirveli da <strong>tomi</strong> gvar-<br />

Ta zenaTa~. filosofiuri cnebebi, romelTac aq rusTaveli iyenebs, platonis cnobili<br />

cnebebia. `gvari~ platonur `ideas~ niSnavs, xolo `<strong>tomi</strong>~ _ zogads, ideaTa<br />

gamaerTianebel ideas. platonisTvis umaRlesi idea anu ideaTa idea, samyaros ierarqiis<br />

mwvervali aris s i k e T i s idea, romelic misTvis agreTve WeSmaritebacaa da<br />

mSvenierebac. rusTavelma sikeTis adgilas am ierarqiaSi m i j n u r o b a anu siyvaruli<br />

daayena. siyvarulis am idealur prototips rusTavelis sityviT `hbaZavs~ adamianTa<br />

miwieri siyvaruli, anu iseTi `xeloba~ (siSmage), romelic `xorcTa xvdeba~. es<br />

msjeloba kargad asaxavs poetis damokidebulebas siyvarulis mimarT da im suliskeTebas,<br />

romliTac poemaSi satrfialo motivebia damuSavebuli: siyvaruli kacsa da<br />

qals Soris adamianis amaRlebuli Zalaa. igi umaRlesi sikeTe da am qveynad yvelaze<br />

didi bednierebaa. sasiyvarulo urTierToba poemaSi asaxavs rainduli siyvarulis<br />

anu mijnurobis socialur instituts, romlis mravali mcneba CvenTvis im epoqis<br />

210

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