ekonomiksis sagani da meTodi ekonomiksis sagani da meTodi ...
ekonomiksis sagani da meTodi ekonomiksis sagani da meTodi ...
ekonomiksis sagani da meTodi ekonomiksis sagani da meTodi ...
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<strong>ekonomiksis</strong> <strong>ekonomiksis</strong> <strong>sagani</strong> <strong>sagani</strong> <strong>sagani</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>meTodi</strong><br />
<strong>meTodi</strong><br />
<strong>ekonomiksis</strong> <strong>ekonomiksis</strong> <strong>ekonomiksis</strong> <strong>ekonomiksis</strong> arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>sagani</strong>. <strong>sagani</strong>. <strong>sagani</strong>. <strong>sagani</strong>. makro makro makro makro <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mikro mikro mikro mikro ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika<br />
termini „ekonomika ekonomika“ ekonomika ekonomika berZnuli warmoSobisaa <strong>da</strong> saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolas niSnavs.<br />
realurad sazogadoebis cxovreba Zalian hgavs ojaxis cxovrebas, amitom logikuria, rom swored<br />
„ojaxis gaZRolasTanaa“ gaigivebuli ekonomikis marTva <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d ekonomika.<br />
odiTganve a<strong>da</strong>miani <strong>da</strong> zoga<strong>da</strong>d kacobrioba saWiroebebiTaa <strong>da</strong>mZimebuli. a<strong>da</strong>mianebs uamravi<br />
materialuri Tu sulieri faqtorebis gareSe cxovreba ar SeuZliaT. isini ganuwyvetliv<br />
iswrafvian cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebisaTvis. a<strong>da</strong>mianebs sWirdebaT sakvebi, tansacmeli,<br />
sacxovrebeli adgili, uamravi saxis saqoneli, romlebic gansazRvraven cxovrebis dones.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianis, rogorc biologiuri, ise fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare es moTxovnilebebi<br />
moTxovnilebebi moTxovnilebebi<br />
moTxovnilebebi usazRvroa<br />
usazRvroa,,,, usazRvroa<br />
usazRvroa a<strong>da</strong>miani arasodes ar sjerdeba miRweuls <strong>da</strong> sul<br />
ufro meti <strong>da</strong> meti un<strong>da</strong>.<br />
amasTan, yvela am moTxovnilebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad saWiroa resursebi, romlebic Cvens<br />
irgvlivaa. swored am resursebs, maT Soris a<strong>da</strong>mianTa unars gamoiyenos es resursebi, viyenebT,<br />
raTa SevZloT Tun<strong>da</strong>c fizikuri arseboba. Tumca aris erTi mniSvnelovani problema - es es es es resursebi<br />
resursebi<br />
resursebi<br />
resursebi<br />
iSviaTia iSviaTia,,,, iSviaTia iSviaTia anu isini ar aris ulevi. Tu erTi saxis resursi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro metia bunebaSi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
maragebis amowurva ar aris mosalodneli, meore saxis resursebi ukve dReisaTvis amowurulia, an<br />
amowurvis pirasaa. zoga<strong>da</strong>d SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom resursebi<br />
resursebi resursebi<br />
resursebi SezRudulia.<br />
SezRudulia<br />
SezRudulia<br />
SezRudulia<br />
swored a<strong>da</strong>mianTa es swrafva - gaiumjobesos cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi, SezRuduli<br />
resursuli uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi aris ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis <strong>sagani</strong> <strong>da</strong> umTavresi<br />
amocana, anu ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika swavlobs swavlobs swavlobs swavlobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi moTxovnilebebis<br />
moTxovnilebebis moTxovnilebebis<br />
moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis mizniT mizniT mizniT mizniT<br />
SezRuduli<br />
SezRuduli SezRuduli<br />
SezRuduli resursebis<br />
resursebis resursebis<br />
resursebis efeqtianad<br />
efeqtianad efeqtianad<br />
efeqtianad gamoyenebis<br />
gamoyenebis gamoyenebis<br />
gamoyenebis an an an an maTi maTi maTi maTi marTvis marTvis marTvis marTvis problemebs<br />
problemebs....<br />
problemebs<br />
problemebs<br />
1<br />
swored is faqti<br />
rom, resursebi SezRudulia, xolo moTxovnilebebi usazRvroa safuZvlad udevs ekonomikis<br />
ganmartebas.<br />
ekonomi ekonomiksi<br />
ekonomi ekonomiksi<br />
ksi ksi sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi mecnierebaa mecnierebaa mecnierebaa mecnierebaa resursebis resursebis resursebis resursebis SezRudulobisa SezRudulobisa SezRudulobisa SezRudulobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arCevanis arCevanis arCevanis arCevanis Sesaxeb. Sesaxeb. Sesaxeb. Sesaxeb.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, firmebs an saxelmwifos SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi uwevT arCevanis<br />
gakeTeba <strong>da</strong> optimaluri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebis miReba. am gziT isini axdenen TavianTi<br />
survilebisa <strong>da</strong> moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas.<br />
amrigad, a<strong>da</strong>mianebi cxovroben SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis samyaroSi. resursebis<br />
SezRudulobis gamo saWiroa imis Seswavla, Tu rogor wyvets sazogadoeba problemas: ra ra ra ra<br />
produqti produqti produqti produqti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba awarmoos, awarmoos, awarmoos, awarmoos, rogor rogor rogor rogor awarmoos awarmoos awarmoos awarmoos <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rogor rogor rogor rogor gaanawilos gaanawilos gaanawilos gaanawilos igi igi igi igi<br />
moxmarebisaTvis.<br />
moxmarebisaTvis.<br />
moxmarebisaTvis.<br />
moxmarebisaTvis.<br />
ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi gvixsnis: gvixsnis gvixsnis gvixsnis rogor axdens momxmarebeli SezRuduli Semosavlis ukeTesad<br />
ganawilebas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas Soris; rogor anawilebs muSaki samuSao<br />
<strong>da</strong> Tavisufal dros an rogor gansazRvravs erTi saxis samuSaos sargeblianobas meorisagan;<br />
rogor axdens firma SezRuduli finansebis efeqtian ganawilebas <strong>da</strong>matebiTi muSebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqiraveblad imis nacvlad, rom SeiZinos axali mowyobilobebi <strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos isini erTi<br />
romelime saxis saqonlis warmoebaze.<br />
ekonomikuri mecniereba iyofa or ZiriTad nawilad: makroekonomika <strong>da</strong> mikroekonomika.
makroekonomika<br />
makroekonomika makroekonomika<br />
makroekonomika aris mecniereba meurneobis, rogorc erTiani sistemis Sesaxeb. igi<br />
Seiswavlis ekonomikas mTlianobaSi an mis msxvil nawilebs. makroekonomika Seiswavlis iseT<br />
ekonomikur sakiTxebs <strong>da</strong> problemebs, rogorebicaa umuSevroba, fasebis cvlileba,<br />
ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis done qveyanaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. Cven SegviZlia moxerxebulad CavTvaloT,<br />
gavaerTianoT amerikis ekonomikis 22 milioni kerZo sawarmo <strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT isini, rogorc<br />
erTi giganturi erTeuli <strong>da</strong> ara calk-calke. mokled rom vTqvaT makroekonomika swavlobs<br />
ara xeebs, aramed tyeebs, igi gvaZlevs ekonomikis zogad <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas. makroekonomikis<br />
kvlevis obieqtia - ekonomikis funqcionirebis kanonzomierebaTa Secnoba <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
racionaluri regulirebis sakiTxebi.<br />
mikroekonomika<br />
mikroekonomika mikroekonomika<br />
mikroekonomika aris mecniereba ekonomikis specifikuri subieqtebisa <strong>da</strong> maT Soris<br />
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. igi Seiswavlis bazarze ekonomikuri subieqtebis qcevas <strong>da</strong> maT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs. aq Cven viyenebT terminebs: calkeuli <strong>da</strong>rgi, firma, sajaro meurneoba <strong>da</strong><br />
yuradRebas vamaxvilebT iseT sidideebze, rogoricaa: warmoeba an konkretuli produqtis<br />
fasi, muSaTa raodenoba erT firmaSi, calkeuli firmis an saojaxo meurneobis Semosavali <strong>da</strong><br />
xarji <strong>da</strong> a.S. mikroekonomikaSi Cven SeviswavliT ukve ara tyeebs, aramed xeebs.<br />
mikroekonomikuri analizi saWiroa imisTvis, raTa axli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>vinaxoT Cveni ekonomikuri<br />
sistemis Zalze specifikuri komponentebi.<br />
ukanasknel periodSi, mikro <strong>da</strong> makroekonomikasTan erTad, ekonomikur TeoriaSi<br />
struqturuli elementebis saxiT arcTu iSviaTad gamoyofen mezoekonomikasa mezoekonomikasa mezoekonomikasa mezoekonomikasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
megaekonomikas.<br />
megaekonomikas.<br />
megaekonomikas.<br />
megaekonomikas.<br />
mezoekonomikis<br />
mezoekonomikis mezoekonomikis<br />
mezoekonomikis kvlevis sferos ganekuTvneba erovnuli ekonomikis gansazRvruli<br />
qvesistemebis (agrosamrewvelo, saTbob-energetikuli, satransporto kompleqsebi,<br />
infrastruqtura <strong>da</strong> sxva) qceva (funqcionireba).<br />
megaekonomika<br />
megaekonomika megaekonomika<br />
megaekonomika moicavs Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>na-wilebas, saerTaSoriso vaWrobas,<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso bazars, saerTaSoriso savaluto sistemas, savaWro <strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxdelo<br />
balanss, saerTaSoriso ekonomikur integracias, saerTaSoriso donis sxva globalur<br />
problemebs.<br />
saxelmwifos<br />
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos<br />
saxelmwifos makroekonomikuri<br />
makroekonomikuri makroekonomikuri<br />
makroekonomikuri miznebi miznebi miznebi miznebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
ekonomikuri politikis formireba sakmaod rTuli procesia <strong>da</strong> miznebis SerCevas, miznebis<br />
miRwevis SesaZlo variantebis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong> Sefasebas moicavs. makroekonomik<br />
makroekonomikuri<br />
makroekonomik<br />
makroekonomikuri<br />
uri uri politika politika politika politika<br />
makroekonomikuri<br />
makroekonomikuri makroekonomikuri<br />
makroekonomikuri miznebis miznebis miznebis miznebis miRwevis miRwevis miRwevis miRwevis strategiuli<br />
strategiuli strategiuli<br />
strategiuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> taqtikuri<br />
taqtikuri taqtikuri<br />
taqtikuri gzebis gzebis gzebis gzebis erTobliobaa<br />
erTobliobaa....<br />
erTobliobaa<br />
erTobliobaa<br />
saxelmwifos mier makroekonomikuri politikis formirebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />
swored makroekonomikuri miznebis, maT Soris prioritetebis sworad gansazRvrasa <strong>da</strong> formirebas<br />
un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eTmos.<br />
Ria ekonomikaSi (swored aseTi tipis ekonomikur sistemebad Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> an yalibdeba<br />
msoflios saxelmwifoTa umravlesobis, <strong>da</strong> maT Soris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri sistema) umTavres<br />
makroekonomikur miznebad Si<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sagareo wonasworobaTa miRweva SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT. Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong><br />
wonasworoba<br />
wonasworoba wonasworoba<br />
wonasworoba resursebis srulad gamoyenebasa <strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> fasebis stabilur dones gulisxmobs,<br />
xolo sagareo sagareo sagareo sagareo wonasworobaki<br />
wonasworobaki wonasworobaki<br />
wonasworobaki miiRweva, roca saxelmwifos mimdinare operaciaTa balansi ar aris<br />
imdenad deficituri, rom igi aRmoCndes uZluri ga<strong>da</strong>ixados sagareo valebi, an balansSi ar aris<br />
iseTi gar<strong>da</strong>meti, romelic analogiur mdgomareobaSi Caagdebs sxva saxelmwifoebs. aRniSnuli<br />
miznebis miRweva SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas rogorc makroekonomikuri politikis ZiriTadi<br />
amocana sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi.<br />
2
aRsaniSnavia, rom Si<strong>da</strong> bazarze arsebuli mdgomareoba makroekonomikuri politikis<br />
formirebaSi umniSvnelovanes (Tumca ara ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet) rols asrulebs.<br />
umTavres ekonomikur miznebad un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT:<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong> ---- nebismieri saxelmwifos umTavresi ekonomikuri mizani ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong>a.<br />
igi ufro meti raodenobis <strong>da</strong> ukeTesi xarisxis saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis warmoebas - anu<br />
cxovrebis ufro maRal dones gulisxmobs. TavisTavad ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> miiRweva arsebuli<br />
resursebis maqsimalurad gamoyenebis gziT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri<br />
zr<strong>da</strong> gamoricxulia ucxouri kapitalis monawileobis gareSe.<br />
sruli sruli sruli sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong>saqmeba – saxelmwifo valdebulia xeli Seuwyos yvelas, raTa maT hqondeT Tavisi<br />
survilisa <strong>da</strong> SesaZleblobebis Sesabamisi samsaxuri.<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri efeqtianob<br />
efeqtianobaaaa efeqtianob<br />
efeqtianob – SezRuduli sawarmoo resursebis minimaluri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT<br />
maqsimaluri ukugebis miReba.<br />
fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis stabiluri<br />
stabiluri stabiluri<br />
stabiluri done done done done – fasebis saerTo donis mkveTri zrdisa <strong>da</strong> Semcirebis, anu<br />
inflaciisa <strong>da</strong> deflaciisagan Tavis arideba.<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba<br />
Tavisufleba Tavisufleba<br />
Tavisufleba – mwarmoeblebi <strong>da</strong> momxmareblebi Tavis saqmianobaSi aRWurvilni<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyvnen maqsimaluri TavisuflebiT, rac un<strong>da</strong> gamoixatebodes bazarze Sesvlisa <strong>da</strong> gamosvlis<br />
absoluturi TavisuflebiT.<br />
Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis samarTliani<br />
samarTliani samarTliani<br />
samarTliani ganawileba<br />
ganawileba ganawileba<br />
ganawileba – moqalaqeTa arc-erTi jgufi ar un<strong>da</strong> imyofebodes<br />
siRatakis mdgomareobaSi, maSin roca sxva jgufebi imyofebian gancxromaSi.<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa – saxelmwifo valdebulia uzrunvelyos avadmyofTa,<br />
SromisuunaroTa, moxucebulTa <strong>da</strong> im pirTa Rirseuli arseboba, romlebsac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezebis<br />
gamo ar aqvT minimaluri Semosavalic ki.<br />
savaWro savaWro savaWro savaWro balansi balansi balansi balansi – saxelmwifo un<strong>da</strong> iswrafvodes saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso<br />
finansuri urTierTobebis dros <strong>da</strong>icvas gonivruli balansi. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac,<br />
rom aRniSnuli miznebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc urTierTSemavsebeli, aseve, urTierTgamomricxavi.<br />
magaliTad, ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> warmoudgenelia efeqtianobisa <strong>da</strong> sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmebis gareSe. Tavis<br />
mxriv, ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> fasebis stabilur donesa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikur uzrunvelyofas ganapirobebs.<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom inflaciis tempebis zr<strong>da</strong>s, rogorc wesi, umuSevrobis Semcireba<br />
(<strong>da</strong>saqmebis zr<strong>da</strong>) mohyveba <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, xolo <strong>da</strong>saqmebis zr<strong>da</strong> amcirebs saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebebis (ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis) aucileblobasa <strong>da</strong> mis odenobas.<br />
3
Tavi Tavi II. II. ekonomikis ekonomikis problemis problemis Sesavali. Sesavali. ekonomikuri sistemis sistemis tipebi<br />
tipebi<br />
ekonomikis ekonomikis ekonomikis ekonomikis safuZveli<br />
safuZveli<br />
safuZveli<br />
safuZveli<br />
ori fun<strong>da</strong>mentaluri faqti qmnis ekonomikis safuZvels <strong>da</strong> arsebiTad, moicavs<br />
ekonomikis mTel problemas. kerZod:<br />
1. sazogadoebis materialuri moTxovnebi usazRvroa;<br />
2. ekonomikuri resursebi SezRuduli <strong>da</strong> iSviaTia.<br />
uuuusazRvro sazRvro sazRvro sazRvro moTxovnebi.<br />
moTxovnebi. moTxovnebi.<br />
moTxovnebi. ras vgulisxmobT pirvel SemTxvevaSi ,,materialur moTxovnebSi”?<br />
,,materialur materialur materialur moTxovnebi” moTxovnebi” – es aris momxmarebelTa survili SeiZinon <strong>da</strong> gamoiyenon saqoneli<br />
<strong>da</strong> momsaxureba, , , , romlebic maTTvis sasargebloa. materialuri moTxovnilebebi praqtikuli<br />
TvalsazrisiT amouwuravi <strong>da</strong> usazRvroa, rac imas niSnavs rom, saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebaze<br />
Mmaterialuri moTxovnilebis sruli <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba SeuZlebelia. axal nakeTobaTa sul<br />
ufro metis gamoCena aRagznebs Cvens ma<strong>da</strong>s, xolo farTo reklama cdilobs <strong>da</strong>gvarwmunos<br />
imaSi, rom gvWirdeba uTvalavi <strong>sagani</strong>, romelTa yidvac am reklamis gareSe azra<strong>da</strong>c ar<br />
mogvivido<strong>da</strong>.<br />
resursebis resursebis resursebis resursebis iSviaToba. iSviaToba. iSviaToba. iSviaToba. ekonomikur ekonomikur ekonomikur ekonomikur resursebSi<br />
resursebSi resursebSi<br />
resursebSi igulisxmeba yvela bunebrivi, a<strong>da</strong>mianiseuli<br />
<strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianis mier Seqmnili resursebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
sawarmoeblad. igi moicavs obieqtTa did wres, romelTac Cven vyofT Semdeg kategoriebad:<br />
1. materialuri materialuri materialuri materialuri resursebi<br />
resursebi resursebi<br />
resursebi – miwa, anu nedli masalebi <strong>da</strong> kapitali;<br />
2. a<strong>da</strong>mianuri a<strong>da</strong>mianuri a<strong>da</strong>mianuri a<strong>da</strong>mianuri resursebi<br />
resursebi resursebi<br />
resursebi – Sroma <strong>da</strong> mewarmeobiTi unari.<br />
ganvixiloT ekonomikuri resursebi ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT.<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. miwas miwas miwas miwas ganekuTvneba yvela bunebrivi resursi – ,,bunebis mTeli naboZebi simdidre”,<br />
romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi. am farTo kategoriaSi Sedis iseTi resursebi,<br />
rogoricaa saxnavi miwebi, tyeebi, mineralebisa <strong>da</strong> navTobis wiaRiseuli, wylis resursebi.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. kapitalis<br />
kapitalis kapitalis<br />
kapitalis anu ,,sainvesticio resursebis” cneba moicavs warmoebis yvela saSualebas, anu<br />
instrumentebis yvela saxeobas, mowyobilobas, satransporto saSualebebsa Tu sasawyobo<br />
instrumentebis erToblioba, romelic gamoiyeneba saqonelTa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad<br />
<strong>da</strong> saboloo momxmareblamde maT misatanad. warmoebis am saSualebaTa warmoebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>grovebis process investirebas<br />
investirebas investirebas<br />
investirebas uwodeben.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvaoT mTliani investiciebi, aRdgeniTi investiciebi <strong>da</strong> axali anu wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
investiciebi. mTliani mTliani mTliani mTliani investiciebis<br />
investiciebis investiciebis<br />
investiciebis moculoba gaizomeba im kapital<strong>da</strong>bandebaTa RirebulebiT,<br />
rasac adgili aqvs mTlianad ama Tu im qveynis ekonoikaSi. aRdgeniTi aRdgeniTi aRdgeniTi aRdgeniTi investiciebi<br />
investiciebi investiciebi<br />
investiciebi mTlianis<br />
is nawilia, romelic gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi gacveTil ZiriTad saSualebaTa nawilis<br />
aRsadgenad (amortizaciis fondi). mTlian <strong>da</strong> aRdgeniT investiciebs Soris sxvaoba Seadgens<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> investiciebs,<br />
investiciebs, investiciebs,<br />
investiciebs, rac mimarTulia kapitalis, rogorc warmoebis faqtoris zrdisaken.<br />
swored wmin<strong>da</strong> investiciebis odenobiT ganisazRvreba qveynis ekonomikis perspeqtivebi.<br />
realuri (fizikuri) kapitali iyofa or nawilad: ZiriTad <strong>da</strong> sabrunav kapitalad.<br />
ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi kapitali kapitali kapitali kapitali moicavs xangrZlivi sargeblobis materialur dovlaTs, romelic<br />
warmoebaSi monawileobs mravali warmoebrivi ciklis ganmavlobaSi. aseTia: Senoba-nagebobani,<br />
manqanebi, mowyobiloba <strong>da</strong> sxv. sabrunavi sabrunavi sabrunavi sabrunavi kapital kapitaliiii kapital kapital ewodeba kapitalis im nawils, romelic<br />
mTlianad ixarjeba warmoebis yoveli ciklis ganmavlobaSi. aseTia: nedleuli, saTbobi,<br />
energia, masalebi, naxevarfabrikatebi, <strong>da</strong>usrulebeli warmoeba. sawarmos <strong>da</strong>naxarjSi<br />
4
gaTvaliswinebulia wlis ganmavlobaSi gacveTili ZiriTadi kapitalis nawili yovelwliuri<br />
amortizaciuli amortizaciuli amortizaciuli amortizaciuli anaricxebis<br />
anaricxebis anaricxebis<br />
anaricxebis saxiT. sabrunavi kapitalis Rirebuleba ki mTlianad Sedis<br />
sawarmos <strong>da</strong>naxarjSi.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. Sroma Sroma Sroma Sroma farTo terminia, romelsac ekonomisti iyenebs fizikur <strong>da</strong> gonebriv<br />
SesaZleblobaTa aRsaniSnavad, romlebic gamoiyeneba saqonelTa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis warmoebaSi.<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. mewarmeobiTi mewarmeobiTi unar unari unar (gergilianoba) ra SegviZlia vTqvaT im gansakuTrebul<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianiseul resursze, romelsac Cven vuwodebT mewarmeobiT unars anu ubralod,<br />
gergilianobas? am terminis specifikur mniSvnelobas gavxsniT mewarmis oTxi<br />
urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli funqciis gansazRvriT:<br />
mewarme Tavis Tavze iRebs miwis, kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> SromiTi resursebis, saqonlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis warmoebis erTian procesSi SeerTebis iniciativas. amavdroulad mewarme<br />
warmoebis mamoZravebali Zala <strong>da</strong> Suamavalicaa, romelic aerTianebs sxva resursebs im<br />
procesis ganxorcielebisaTvis, romelic momgebiani saqme Cans;<br />
mewarme Tavis Tavze iRebs biznesis procesSi ZiriTad ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa miRebis mZime<br />
amocanas, e. i. im ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebisas, romlebic gansazRvraven sawarmos saqmianobis kurss;<br />
mewarme – novatoria, romelic cdilobs komerciul safuZvelze, brunvaSi Seitanos<br />
axali produqtebi, axali sawarmoo teqnologiebi <strong>da</strong> biznesis organizaciis axali formebi;<br />
mewarme is a<strong>da</strong>miania, romelic riskavs ara mxolod Tavis dros, Sromas <strong>da</strong> saqmian<br />
reputacias, aramed <strong>da</strong>bandebul saSualebebsac – Tavis sakuTars <strong>da</strong> kompanionebisas, anu<br />
aqcionirebisasac.<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri saqmianoba, saqmianoba, saqmianoba, saqmianoba, rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis faqtori. faqtori. faqtori. faqtori. mTavroba, asrulebs<br />
ra zogierT aucilebel funqcias, did zegavlenas axdens sawarmoo procesze. igi wyvets<br />
biznesis funqcionirebisaTvis iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogoricaa Tavisufali<br />
konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa, sawarmoo stan<strong>da</strong>rtebis pirobebis SemuSaveba-ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, sazogadoebis saerTo interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, saxelmwifo aregulirebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> akontrolebs biznesis funqcionirebas qveynis masStabiT, zemoqmedebas axdens fasebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
mTlianad bazarze, gansazRvravs samuSao drois maqsimumsa <strong>da</strong> xelfasis minimums, adgens<br />
<strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebul muSakebs Soris urTierTobis samarTlebriv sakiTxebs <strong>da</strong><br />
wyvets biznesis moRvaweobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul mraval mniSvnelovan problemas.<br />
SezRudulobis SezRudulobis SezRudulobis SezRudulobis problema problema problema problema <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> alternatiuli alternatiuli Rirebuleba<br />
Rirebuleba<br />
arsebobs arCevanTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sami ZiriTadi problema, romelTa ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta uxdeba<br />
nebismier sazogadoebas, kerZod:<br />
ra ra ra ra vawarmooT?<br />
vawarmooT? vawarmooT?<br />
vawarmooT? miRebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rogor gavanawiloT<br />
resursebi yovelwliurad saWiro alternatiul produqtebs Soris. sakmarisi ar aris imis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, Tu romeli saxis produqtebi vawarmooT, aramed aucilebelia ganisazRvros<br />
TiToeuli maTganis warmoeba ra ra ra ra raodenobiT<br />
raodenobiT raodenobiT<br />
raodenobiT aris saWiro. vinai<strong>da</strong>n resursebi SezRudulia,<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi saqonlis miwodebis gazr<strong>da</strong> gansazRvruli periodis farglebSi niSnavs<br />
meore saqonlis msxverplad Sewirvas. sazogadoeba awydeba problemas ra awarmoos <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>anawilos resursebi, erTi mxriv, erovnuli Tav<strong>da</strong>cvaze <strong>da</strong> sxva saxelmwifo programebze<br />
<strong>da</strong>, meore mxriv, samomxmareblo saqonelze. Tav<strong>da</strong>cvaze <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis zr<strong>da</strong> niSnavs sxva<br />
dovlaTze uaris Tqmas an Sewirvas, vinai<strong>da</strong>n aseT SemTxvevaSi Sromis didi nawili miemarTeba<br />
5
Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi. <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>matebiT samxedro produqtze samomxmareblo saqonelsa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebaze moitans <strong>da</strong>nakargs.<br />
2. 2. rogor rogor rogor vawarmooT?<br />
vawarmooT?<br />
vawarmooT?<br />
rogor vawarmooT? rogor vawarmooT? gulisxmobs rogori teqnikisa <strong>da</strong> teqnologiis<br />
pirobebSi mimdinareobs warmoeba. ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis miRebis procesSi un<strong>da</strong> ganisazRvros axali<br />
teqnologiebis gamoyenebis xarjebis sargebeli rogor mimarTebaSia mis <strong>da</strong>nergvasTan. maRali<br />
organizaciul-teqnikuri donis mizania Seqmnas arsebuli resursebis gamoyenebis iseTi<br />
meqanizmi, romelic moitans sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis SesaZleblobebs.<br />
3. visTvis visTvis visTvis vawarmooT?<br />
vawarmooT?<br />
vawarmooT?<br />
visTvis vawarmooT? amrigad, visTvis iwarmoeba? gulisxmobs sazogadoebis romel<br />
fenebzea (maRal Tu <strong>da</strong>balSemosavlian mosaxleobaze) orientacia aRebuli.<br />
gamouyenebel gamouyenebel gamouyenebel gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa SesaZleblobaTa SesaZleblobaTa SesaZleblobaTa xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi anu anu anu anu alternatiuli alternatiuli alternatiuli alternatiuli xarjebi. xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi . arCevani varaudobs<br />
msxverpls, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c arCevanis gakeTebisas iZulebuli varT uari vTqvaT raRacaze, raRacas<br />
SevelioT, e.i. gaviRoT msxverpli, raTa SeviZinoT (vawarmooT) Cvens mier SerCeuli saqoneli<br />
<strong>da</strong> momsaxureba. rac ufro mets <strong>da</strong>vxarjavT sakvebis SeZenaze, miT ufro naklebi fuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>gvrCeba sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenis SesaZenad.<br />
nax. nax. 2.1. 2.1. arCevani arCevani (wigni) (wigni) (wigni) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> alternatiuli alternatiuli xarjebi xarjebi (axali (axali jinsebi) jinsebi)<br />
jinsebi)<br />
alternatiuli alternatiuli alternatiuli alternatiuli Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba (xarji) (xarji) (xarji) (xarji) aris im saqonlis sargeblianoba, romelzec meore<br />
saqonlisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebis gamo uars ambobs momxmarebeli. magaliTad, Tu<br />
mTavroba airCevs xarjebis gazr<strong>da</strong>s gzebis gafarToebaze, maSin man un<strong>da</strong> Seamciros samxedro<br />
xarjebi. TiToeuli aseTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba warmoadgens arCevanis arCevanis arCevanis arCevanis problemas<br />
problemas problemas<br />
problemas ---- erTi erTi erTi erTi ufro ufro ufro ufro meti meti meti meti<br />
miiRo, miiRo, miiRo, miiRo, meoris meoris meoris meoris sanacvlod.<br />
sanacvlod. sanacvlod.<br />
sanacvlod. magaliTad, wignis SeZenis alternatiuli xarji iqneba axali<br />
jinsebi, romlis SeZenac students aseve sur<strong>da</strong>, magram uromliso<strong>da</strong>c mas mouwevs<br />
universitetSi wasvla. ukanaskneli magaliTi sqematurad SeiZleba Semdegnairad<br />
warmovadginoT (ix. nax. 2.1).<br />
sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo SesaZleblobis SesaZleblobis SesaZleblobis SesaZleblobis zRvariiii zRvar zRvar zRvar<br />
sawarmoo SesaZleblobis zRvari (PPF) gviCvenebs produqtis maqsimalur raodenobas,<br />
romelic SeiZleba miRebul iqnes teqnologiis, codnisa <strong>da</strong> resursebis arsebuli donis<br />
pirobebSi. <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, sazogadoebaSi iwarmoeba ori saqoneli: xorbali <strong>da</strong> TviTmfrinavi. Tu<br />
sazogadoeba resursebs mxolod xorblis warmoebaSi gamoiyenebs, maSin SesaZlebelia 5 aTasi<br />
tona xorblis miReba; Tu mxolod TviTmfrinavebs awarmoebs, maSin SesaZlebelia 6 calis<br />
warmoeba. orive dovlaTis warmoebis SemTxvevaSi am produqtebis warmoebis Tanafardoba<br />
mocemulia cxrilSi (ix. cxrili 2.1).<br />
6
cxrili cxrili 2.1 2.1 SezRuduli SezRuduli resursebis resursebis sruli sruli gamoyeneba gamoyeneba TviTmfrinavebisa<strong>da</strong> TviTmfrinavebisa<strong>da</strong> xorblis xorblis warmoebis<br />
warmoebis<br />
alternatuli alternatuli SesaZleblobebis SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi<br />
pirobebSi<br />
nebismieri wertili, romelic iqneba OAG figuris gareT, iqneba aseve araefeqtiani, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />
aseTi raodenobis resursebi sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia (naxazi 2.2-ze L wertili).<br />
nax. nax. 2.2. 2.2. sawarmoo sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis SesaZleblobebis mrudi mrudi<br />
mrudi<br />
sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis mruds Cveulebriv amozneqili forma aqvs. es niSnavs, rom<br />
warmoebis struqturis Secvla magaliTad, TviTmfrinavebis sasargeblod, moiTxovs am<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgisTvis naklebgamosadegi <strong>da</strong> naklebefeqtiani resursebis (mag; xorblis mosavlis<br />
misaRebad saWiro resursebi) sul ufro <strong>da</strong> ufro met raodenobas yoveli momdevno<br />
TviTmfrinavisTvis (cxrili 2.1). alternatiuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi yoveli momdevno TviTmfrinavis<br />
warmoebisaTvis gamosaxulia marcvleulis erTeulebSi: 1 TviTmfrinavi – 0,2 aTasi tona<br />
xorbali; 2 TviTmfrinavi – 0,3 aTasi tona <strong>da</strong> a.S.). aRniSnuli magaliTi naTlad gviCvenebs<br />
klebadi mwarmoeblobis kanons, romlis Sesaxeb SemdgomSi visaubrebT.<br />
SesaZlebelia moxdes ise, rom ekonomikaSi gaCndes axali resursebi. Tu arsebuli<br />
resursebi gaizrdeba proporciuli raodenobiT, maSin sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis mrudi<br />
yvela wertili<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba Tanabari sididiT (naxazi 2.3-a). axali mrudi A 1G 1 miiReba<br />
Zveli mrudis (AG) paraleluri ga<strong>da</strong>taniT.<br />
7
nax. nax. 2.3. 2.3. sawarmoo sawarmoo SesaZleblobebis SesaZleblobebis mrudis mrudis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi gaCndes iseTi resursebi, romlebic ufro efeqtianad gamoiyeneba<br />
marcvleulis warmoebaSi, vidre TviTmfrinavis warmoebaSi, maSin mrudi ga<strong>da</strong>va A 2G 2<br />
mdgomareobaSi (naxazi 2.3-b) anu AA 2 nazardi ufro didi iqneba, vidre GG 2. Tu ekonomikaSi<br />
moimatebs iseTi resursebi, romlebic ufro metad vargisia TviTmfrinavebisaTvis, vidre<br />
xorblisaTvis, maSin AAG mrudi ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba A 3G 3 mdgomareobaSi.<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis tipebi tipebi tipebi tipebi<br />
Hun<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvavoT ekonomikuri sistemis Semdegi tipebi:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. tradiciul tradiciul tradiciul tradiciul ekonomikaSi<br />
ekonomikaSi ekonomikaSi<br />
ekonomikaSi warmoeba, gacvla, Semosavlebis ganawileba eyrdnoba wlebis<br />
ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebul a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebs. memkvidreoba <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebi gansazRvraven individTa<br />
ekonomikur rols, sa<strong>da</strong>c teqnikuri progresi <strong>da</strong> novaciebis <strong>da</strong>nergva mkveTra<strong>da</strong>a SezRuduli.<br />
religiuri <strong>da</strong> kulturuli faseulobebi aq pirveladia ekonomikur saqmianobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT.<br />
tradiciuli (Cvevebze <strong>da</strong>myarebuli) ekonomikuri sistema amJamad iSviaTia. igi ganagrZobs<br />
arsebobas ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aziis, afrikisa <strong>da</strong> samxreT amerikis<br />
miyruebuli soflebi _ tradiciuli ekonomikis tipiuri magaliTebia.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> kapitalizmi kapitalizmi kapitalizmi kapitalizmi anu anu anu anu sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro sistema sistema sistema sistema (laissez (laissez (laissez (laissez faire) faire) faire) faire) - pirobiTad ase uwodeben im<br />
sameurneo sistemas, romelic arsebobsa ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi. masSi<br />
igulisxmeba ekonomikuri saqmianobis iseTi sistema, romelSic TiToeuli misi subieqtis qceva<br />
motivirebulia piradi egoisturi interesebiT; yoveli ekonomikuri erTeuli cdilobs Tavisi<br />
Semosavlis maqsimizebas ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa individualurad miRebis safuZvelze. sabazro<br />
meqanizmi ki erTmaneTTan akavSirebs <strong>da</strong> koordinacias uwevs am individualur<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs. am sistemaSi bazris meSveobiT wydeba sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari<br />
problemebi (ra? rogor? visTvis?).<br />
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikuri sistemis (wmin<strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis) umTavresi ganmsazRvreli<br />
elementebia: kerZo sakuTreba; mewarmeobisa <strong>da</strong> arCevanis Tavisufleba; pirad interesi,<br />
rogorc qcevis mTavar motivi; konkurencia; fasebis sistemaze anu sabazro sistemaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>myareba; mTavrobis SezRudul roli.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. mbrZaneblur<br />
mbrZaneblur----administraciuli mbrZaneblur<br />
mbrZaneblur administraciuli administraciuli administraciuli ekonomika.<br />
ekonomika. ekonomika.<br />
ekonomika. wmin<strong>da</strong> kapitalizmis alternativaa<br />
administraciul-mbrZanebluri (komunisturi) ekonomikuri sistema, romelic gabatonebuli iyo<br />
yofili ssr kavSiris, agreTve aRmosavleT evropisa <strong>da</strong> aziis zogierTi qveynis teritoriaze.<br />
8
amJamad is <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia iseTi qveynebisaTvis, rogoricaa CrdiloeT korea <strong>da</strong> kuba. am<br />
sistemis yvelaze srulyofili <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba mocemulia karl marqsisa <strong>da</strong> fridrix engelsis<br />
SromebSi. komunistur ideologiaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli administraciul-mbrZanebluri sistemisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:<br />
sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sakuTreba praqtikulad yvela ekonomikur resursze;<br />
piradi interesis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba sazogadoebrivi (koleqtiuri) interesisadmi;<br />
kerZo mewarmeobisa <strong>da</strong> arCevanis Tavisuflebis akrZalva;<br />
konkurenciis Secvla e.w. komunisturi (socialisturi) SejibrebiT;<br />
gegmis mimarT bazris <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba <strong>da</strong> sagegmo sistemaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnoba;<br />
saxelmwifos faqtobrivad SeuzRudveli roli.<br />
mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro (Sereuli) (Sereuli) (Sereuli) (Sereuli) ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri sistema. sistema sistema sistema . realur sinamdvileSi ekonomikuri<br />
sistemebi ,,wmin<strong>da</strong>” saxiT ar arseboben. dRes arsebuli ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri sistemebi sistemebi sistemebi sistemebi Sereuli Sereuli Sereuli Sereuli saxiT saxiT saxiT saxiT<br />
arsebobs. arsebobs arsebobs arsebobs Sereuli Sereuli Sereuli Sereuli ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika _ _ _ _ iseTi ekonomikuri sistema, romelSic met-naklebi<br />
proporciulobiT erTmaneTTan Serwymulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ekonomikuri sistemis, kerZod, sabazro<br />
<strong>da</strong> administraciul-mbrZanebluri ekonomikis elementebi. magram TviT aRniSnul qveynebs<br />
Sorisac arsebobs Zalze mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba.<br />
9
moTxovna, miwodeba <strong>da</strong> bazari<br />
bazris arsi, struqtura <strong>da</strong> funqciebi<br />
bazari aris aris gamyidvelebi<br />
gamyidvelebisa gamyidvelebi<br />
gamyidvelebisa<br />
sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> myidvelebis myidvelebis Sexvedra Sexvedra Sexvedra saqonliTa saqonliTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebiT<br />
momsaxurebiT<br />
vaWrobis vaWrobis mizniT. mizniT. bazris bazris meSveobiT meSveobiT myidvelebi myidvelebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamyidvelebi gamyidvelebi ukavSirdebian ukavSirdebian erTimeores<br />
erTimeores<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> vaWroben vaWroben urTierTxelsayreli urTierTxelsayreli pirobebiT. pirobebiT. myidvelebi ---- eseni eseni arian, arian, erTi erTi erTi mxriv,<br />
mxriv,<br />
momxmareblebi, momxmareblebi, romlebic romlebic iZenen iZenen saqonel saqonelsa saqonel sa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas; momsaxurebas; meore mxriv, firmebi,<br />
romlebic romlebic yiduloben yiduloben Sromas, Sromas, kapitals, kapitals, nedleulsa nedleulsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> masalebs masalebs saqonlisa saqonlisa saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis. warmoebisaTvis. gamyidvelebi ---- eseni eseni arian arian arian firmebi, firmebi, romlebic romlebic romlebic yidian<br />
yidian<br />
saqonelsa saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas; momsaxurebas; muSebi, muSebi, romlebic romlebic yidian yidian TavianT TavianT sa samuSao sa samuSao<br />
muSao gamocdilebas;<br />
gamocdilebas;<br />
resursebis resursebis mflobelebi, mflobelebi, romlebic romlebic arendiT arendiT gascemen gascemen an an miyidian miyidian resursebs resursebs firmebs.<br />
firmebs.<br />
xSirad, xSirad, roca roca laparakia laparakia bazarze, bazarze, pirvel pirvel rigSi, rigSi, gulisxmoben gulisxmoben adgils, adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c gaiyideba<br />
gaiyideba<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Seisyideba Seisyideba samomxmareblo samomxmareblo saqoneli. saqoneli. magram magram bazris bazris bazris kategoria kategoria ufro ufro farTo farTo ccnebaa.<br />
c nebaa.<br />
Sesabamisi Sesabamisi komunikaciebis komunikaciebis saSualebaTa saSualebaTa arsebobisas arsebobisas srulia<strong>da</strong>c srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar ar aris aris aucilebeli<br />
aucilebeli<br />
bazari bazari iyos iyos specifikuri specifikuri geografiuli geografiuli adgili. adgili. sagazeTo sagazeTo Tu Tu sxva sxva reklamis reklamis meSveobiT<br />
meSveobiT<br />
yalibdeba, yalibdeba, yalibdeba, ase ase ase vTqvaT, vTqvaT, `satelefono~ `satelefono~ bazari bazari - myardeba myardeba savaWro savaWro partnioroba partnioroba partnioroba gamyidvelsa<br />
gamyidvelsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mmyidvels<br />
m yidvels Soris. Soris. Sesabamisad, Sesabamisad, bazari aris aris aris aris sfero, sfero, sfero, sfero, sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c mimdinareobs mimdinareobs mimdinareobs mimdinareobs saqonelgacvla<br />
saqonelgacvla<br />
saqonelgacvla<br />
saqonelgacvla<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis meSveobiT, meSveobiT, meSveobiT, meSveobiT, anu anu anu anu bazari bazari bazari bazari momxmareblebTan momxmareblebTan momxmareblebTan momxmareblebTan mwarmoeblebis mwarmoeblebis mwarmoeblebis mwarmoeblebis ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri kavSiris kavSiris kavSiris kavSiris<br />
organizaciuli organizaciuli organizaciuli organizaciuli formaa. formaa. formaa. formaa.<br />
bazari bazari iTvaliswinebs iTvaliswinebs ori ori mxaris mxaris arsebobas: arsebobas: saqonlis saqonlis mwarmoeblisa mwarmoeblisa (gamyidvelis) (gamyidvel<br />
is) <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
misi misi momxmareblisa momxmareblisa (myidvelis). (myidvelis). mwarmoebeli mwarmoebeli cdilobs cdilobs moaxdinos moaxdinos mis mis mier mier <strong>da</strong>mzadebuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>mzadebuli<br />
saqonlis saqonlis gayidva gayidva xelsayreli xelsayreli pirobebiT. pirobebiT. misi misi ekonomikuri ekonomikuri qceva qceva amerikelma amerikelma amerikelma ekonomistma<br />
ekonomistma<br />
p.samuelsonma p.samuelsonma <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa <strong>da</strong>axasiaTa Semdegi Semdegi triadis triadis meSveobiT: meSveobiT: `ra `ra vawarmooT?~, vawarmooT?~, `rogor<br />
`rogor<br />
vawar vawarmooT?~, vawar mooT?~, `visTvis `visTvis vawarmooT?~. vawarmooT?~. Cven Cven Cven amas amas <strong>da</strong>vupirispirebdiT <strong>da</strong>vupirispirebdiT <strong>da</strong>vupirispirebdiT momxmareblis momxmareblis dilemas:<br />
dilemas:<br />
`ra `ra `ra SeviZinoT?~, SeviZinoT?~, `rogor `rogor SeviZinoT?~ SeviZinoT?~ (ix. (ix. nax. nax. 3.1).<br />
3.1).<br />
nax. 3.1. sabazro urTierTobaTa formirebis ekonomikuri logika<br />
ganasxvaveben ganasxvaveben adgilobriv, adgilobriv, erovnul erovnul (saSinao) (saSinao) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso (msoflio) (msoflio) bazrebs.<br />
bazrebs.<br />
adgilobrivi bazari - sabazro sabazro teritoriis teritoriis sastarto sastarto formaa, formaa, romelic, romelic, Cveulebriv,<br />
Cveulebriv,<br />
viTardeba viTardeba soflis, soflis, qalaqis qalaqis farglebSi. farglebSi. warmoebis warmoebis industriamdel industriamdel stadiaze stadiaze adgilobrivi<br />
adgilobrivi<br />
bazrebi bazrebi arsebob<strong>da</strong> arsebob<strong>da</strong> naturaluri naturaluri meurneobis meurneobis garemocvaSi. garemocvaSi. Sromis Sromis <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
te teritoriuli te ritoriuli <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis arasakmarisi arasakmarisi ganviTarebis, ganviTarebis, sasaqonlo warmoebis susti<br />
ganviTarebis ganviTarebis gamo gamo adgilobriv adgilobriv bazrebze bazrebze realizdebo<strong>da</strong> realizdebo<strong>da</strong> produqtebis produqtebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire<br />
mcire<br />
tradiciuli tradiciuli anakrebi.<br />
anakrebi.<br />
10
erovnuli (saSinao) bazariiii warmoiqmna warmoiqmna warmoiqmna warmoebis warmoebis industrial industrial stadiaze, stadiaze, stadiaze, rodesac<br />
rodesac<br />
ganvi ganviTarebul ganvi ganviTarebul<br />
Tarebul sasaqonlo sasaqonlo warmoebasTan erTad gaCn<strong>da</strong> sabazro sivrcis sivrcis axali axali masStabebis<br />
masStabebis<br />
Sesabamisi Sesabamisi satransporto satransporto saSualebebi. saSualebebi. srulyofilma srulyofilma transportma, transportma, kavSiris kavSiris saSualebebma<br />
saSualebebma<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> reklamam reklamam xeli xeli Seuwyo Seuwyo saqonlis saqonlis realizacias realizacias qveynis qveynis yvela yvela regionSi. regionSi. Sedegad,<br />
Sedegad,<br />
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi bazr bazrebi bazr bazrebi<br />
ebi ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen saxelmwifos saxelmwifos Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> bazris bazris organul organul Semadgenel<br />
Semadgenel<br />
nawilebad.<br />
nawilebad.<br />
msxvili msxvili manqanuri manqanuri warmoebis warmoebis mZlavri mZlavri ganviTarebis, ganviTarebis, msxvili msxvili aqcioneruli aqcioneruli kapitalis<br />
kapitalis<br />
kapitalis<br />
gaCenis, gaCenis, Sromis Sromis saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebis <strong>da</strong>nawilebis gaRrmavebisa gaRrmavebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> komunikaciebis komunikaciebis axal<br />
axal<br />
saSualebaTa saSualebaTa gaCenis gaCenis Sedegad Sedegad ga ganviTareba ga ganviTareba<br />
nviTareba miiRo miiRo saerTaSoriso (msoflio) bazarma.<br />
amJamad, amJamad, vTqvaT, vTqvaT, evropis evropis macxovreblebi macxovreblebi kargad kargad icnoben icnoben aSS-Si, aSS<br />
Si, iaponiasa iaponiasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> msoflios<br />
msoflios<br />
mraval mraval sxva sxva qveyanaSi qveyanaSi Seqmnil Seqmnil saqonels. saqonels. msoflio msoflio bazari bazari ukve ukve didi didi xania xania amaragebs<br />
amaragebs<br />
yvela yvela saxelmwifos saxelmwifos iseTi iseTi nedleuliT, nedleuliT, rogoric rogoricaa rogoric aa navTobi, navTobi, xorbali, Saqari, yava, Cai.<br />
bazrebis sistema aris aris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva bazrebis bazrebis erToblioba. erToblioba. masSi masSi gamoiyofa gamoiyofa Semdegi<br />
Semdegi<br />
msxvili msxvili <strong>da</strong>rgebi <strong>da</strong>rgebi <strong>da</strong>rgebi (ix. (ix. nax. nax. 3.3):<br />
3.3):<br />
nax. 3.3. bazris <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi struqtura<br />
samomxmareblo saqonlis bazari (igi (igi iyofa iyofa mraval mraval qve<strong>da</strong>rgad, qve<strong>da</strong>rgad, roml romlebic<br />
roml ebic<br />
axorcieleben axorcieleben sasursaTo sasursaTo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arasasursaTo arasasursaTo saqonlis, saqonlis, sacxovrebeli sacxovrebeli binebis binebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> a.S.,<br />
a.S.,<br />
realizacias);<br />
realizacias);<br />
momsaxurebis bazariiii (aq (aq Sedis Sedis komunaluri komunaluri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sayofacxovrebo sayofacxovrebo momsaxureba, momsaxureba, finansuri<br />
finansuri<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo operaciebi, operaciebi, komerciuli, komerciuli, marketinguli, marketinguli, socialuri, socialuri, sulieri, sulieri, sulieri, kult kulturuli<br />
kult uruli<br />
d d sxva sxva momsaxureba);<br />
momsaxureba);<br />
Sromis bazari (Sromis (Sromis mimcemTaTvis mimcemTaTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli <strong>da</strong>qiravebuli muSakebisaTvis);<br />
muSakebisaTvis);<br />
warmoebis saSualebaTa bazari (aq xorcieldeba mowyobilobis, satransporto<br />
saSualebebis, saSualebebis, Senoba Senoba-nagebobebis, Senoba nagebobebis, nedleulis, saTbobis, eleqtroenergiis <strong>da</strong> sxv. sxv. yidva-<br />
yidva<br />
gayi gayidva); gayi dva);<br />
samecniero <strong>da</strong> sacdel-sakonstruqtoro <strong>da</strong>muSavebaTa bazari (samecniero (samecniero gamokvlevaTa<br />
gamokvlevaTa<br />
Sedegebis Sedegebis yidva yidva-gayidvis yidva gayidvis sfero);<br />
sfero);<br />
sasesxo kapitalis bazari zari zari zari (droebiT (droebiT Tavisufali Tavisufali fuladi fuladi saSualebebis saSualebebis yidva yidva-gayidvis<br />
yidva gayidvis<br />
sfero);<br />
sfero);<br />
fasiani qaRaldebis bazari (Semosavlis (Semosavlis momtani momtani aq aqciebis, aq aqciebis,<br />
ciebis, obligaciebis obligaciebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
sxv.<br />
dokumentebis dokumentebis yidva yidva-gayidvis yidva gayidvis gayidvis sfero); sfero);<br />
sfero);<br />
valutis bazari (erovnuli (erovnuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi, romelTa romelTa meSveobiTac<br />
warmoebs warmoebs ucxouri ucxouri fuladi fuladi erTeulebis erTeulebis SeZena, SeZena, gayidva, gayidva, gacvla gacvla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fuladi<br />
fuladi<br />
angariSsworeba angariSsworeba sxva sxva saxelmwifoebTan);<br />
saxelmwifoebTan);<br />
sulieri dovlaTis bazari ari ari ari (mecnierTa, mweralTa, mxatvarTa <strong>da</strong> sxv. inteleqtualuri<br />
saqmianobis saqmianobis produqtebis produqtebis produqtebis yidva yidva-gayidvis yidva gayidvis sfero).<br />
sfero).<br />
11
azris bazris struqturas struqturas axasiaTeben axasiaTeben agreTve agreTve vaWrobis vaWrobis organizaciuli organizaciuli formebis formebis mixedviT:<br />
mixedviT:<br />
birJebi, birJebi, birJebi, auqcionebi, auqcionebi, gamofena gamofena-gayidvebi, gamofena gamofena gayidvebi, internet internet-vaWroba<br />
internet vaWroba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
sxv.<br />
sabazro sabazro ekonomikis ekonomikis qveynebSi qveynebSi farTo<strong>da</strong>a farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli gavrcelebuli bazris bazris iseTi iseTi organizaciuli<br />
organizaciuli<br />
forma, forma, rogoricaa rogoricaa saqonlis saqonlis birJa. birJa. birJa aris aris aris adgili, adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c erTsa erTsa erTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imave imave imave dros<br />
dros<br />
regularulad regularulad xdeba xdeba gansazRvruli gansazRvruli saxeobis saxeobis saqonliT saqonliT vaWroba. vaWroba. istoriulad istoriulad sabiTumo<br />
sabiTumo<br />
vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba iyo iyo iyo eerTgvarovani<br />
e erTgvarovani<br />
rTgvarovani saqonliT saqonliT vaWroba. vaWroba. am am gagebiT, gagebiT, `sabirJo `sabirJo saqonelia~<br />
saqonelia~<br />
marcvleuli, marcvleuli, bamba, bamba, navTobi, navTobi, yava yava <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxv. sxv. rogorc rogorc wesi, wesi, saqonlis saqonlis birJebi birJebi umeteswilad<br />
umeteswilad<br />
specializebulia. specializebulia. specializebulia. Tumca, Tumca, dRevandel dRevandel pirobebSi pirobebSi pirobebSi arseboben arseboben universaluri universaluri birJebic.<br />
birJebic.<br />
sabazro sabazro ekonomikis ekonomikis ekonomikis mniSvnelovani mniSvnelovani eelementia<br />
e lementia Sromis bazari. Sromis Sromis bazris<br />
organizaciuli organizaciuli formaa formaa Sromis birJa - <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, romelic romelic asrulebs asrulebs asrulebs Suamavlis<br />
Suamavlis<br />
funqcias funqcias mewarmesa mewarmesa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samuSaos samuSaos maZiebels maZiebels maZiebels Soris. Soris. Sromis Sromis birJa birJa eweva eweva umuSevarTa<br />
umuSevarTa<br />
aRricxvas aRricxvas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samuSaoze samuSaoze mowyobas; mowyobas; emsaxureba emsaxureba pirebs, pirebs, romlebsac romlebsac ssurT<br />
s surT<br />
urT profesiis<br />
profesiis<br />
gamocvla; gamocvla; swavlobs swavlobs samuSao samuSao Zalaze Zalaze moTxovnas; moTxovnas; aqveynebs aqveynebs informacias informacias samuSao samuSao adgilebis<br />
adgilebis<br />
Sesaxeb; Sesaxeb; organizacias organizacias ukeTebs ukeTebs umuSevrebisadmi umuSevrebisadmi <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
a.S.<br />
sabirJo sabirJo vaWrobis vaWrobis mniSvnelovani mniSvnelovani organizaciuli organizaciuli formaa formaa safondo birJa. . es<br />
es<br />
ukanaskneli ukanaskneli warmoadgen<br />
warmoadgens warmoadgen s fasiani fasiani qaRaldebis qaRaldebis qaRaldebis birJas birJas - meorad meorad bazars, bazars, sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c yidva-<br />
yidva<br />
gayidvis gayidvis obieqtia obieqtia fasiani fasiani qaRaldebi. qaRaldebi. safondo safondo birJebi birJebi XIX XIX saukunis saukunis meore meore naxevramde naxevramde ar<br />
ar<br />
asrulebdnen asrulebdnen mniSvnelovan mniSvnelovan rols rols ekonomikaSi, ekonomikaSi, magram magram SemdgomSi, SemdgomSi, fasiani fasiani qaRaldebis<br />
qaRaldebis<br />
gamoSvebisa gamoSvebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yidva yidva-gayidvis yidva gayidvis gaf gafarToebasTan gaf arToebasTan erTad, erTad, maTi maTi rolic rolic rolic gaizar<strong>da</strong>. gaizar<strong>da</strong>. msoflioSi<br />
msoflioSi<br />
umsxvilesi umsxvilesi safondo safondo birJebia birJebia niu niu-iorkis, niu iorkis, londonis, parizis <strong>da</strong> sxva birJebi. birJebi. imasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, rom rom oficialur oficialur safondo safondo birJebze birJebze <strong>da</strong>iSvebian <strong>da</strong>iSvebian mxolod mxolod msxvili msxvili kompaniebi,<br />
kompaniebi,<br />
TiTqmis TiTqmis yvela yvela qveyanaSi qveyanaSi qveyanaSi gaCn<strong>da</strong> gaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> funqci funqcionirebs funqci funqci onirebs araoficialuri araoficialuri safondo birJebic.<br />
oficialuri oficialuri birJebis birJebis funqcionireba funqcionireba mkacrad mkacrad reglamentirebulia reglamentirebulia saxelmwifos saxelmwifos mier<br />
mier<br />
<strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli wesebiT, wesebiT, birJis birJis maklerTa maklerTa did did nawils nawils niSnavs niSnavs niSnavs mTavroba.<br />
mTavroba.<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove sakomunikacio sakomunikacio saSualebebis saSualebebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT maT Soris Soris internetis internetis <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mkvidre<br />
basTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT farTo farTo gavrceleba gavrceleba hpova hpova internet-vaWrobam. . internetSi internetSi gaxsnilia gaxsnilia gaxsnilia uamravi<br />
uamravi<br />
e.w. e.w. virtualuri virtualuri maRazia, maRazia, rac rac niSnavs, niSnavs, rom rom internetis internetis saSualebiT saSualebiT SegiZliaT SegiZliaT mimarToT<br />
mimarToT<br />
maRazias, maRazias, <strong>da</strong>aTvalieroT <strong>da</strong>aTvalieroT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> airCioT airCioT saqoneli, saqoneli, iyidoT iyidoT es es saqoneli saqoneli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misceT misceT misamarTi<br />
misamarTi<br />
_ _ sad sad mogarTvan. mogarTvan. Semdeg Semdeg ki ki miiRoT miiRoT pir<strong>da</strong>pir pir<strong>da</strong>pir saxlSi saxlSi an an uaxloes uaxloes safosto safosto ganyofilebaSi.<br />
ganyofilebaSi.<br />
sabazro sabazro garigebebi garigebebi gansxvavdebian gansxvavdebian gamyidvelTa gamyidvelTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> myidvelTa myidvelTa urTierTqmede<br />
urTierTqmedebis<br />
urTierTqmede bis<br />
xasiaTiT. xasiaTiT. amasTan amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, arsebobs arsebobs ori ori tipis tipis bazrebi: bazrebi: a) a) Tavisufali Tavisufali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> b)<br />
b)<br />
regulirebadi.<br />
regulirebadi.<br />
Tavisufal bazarze myidvels myidvels SeuZlia SeuZlia SearCios SearCios misTvis misTvis sasurveli sasurveli saqoneli<br />
saqoneli<br />
SeTavazebul SeTavazebul saqonelTa saqonelTa simravli<strong>da</strong>n. simravli<strong>da</strong>n. momxmarebels momxmarebels aseve aseve SeuZlia SeuZlia moZebnos moZebnos is<br />
is<br />
gamyidvelebi, gamyidvelebi, romlebic romlebic yidian yidian misaRebi misaRebi fasiT. fasiT. gamyidveli gamyidveli Tavisufalia Tavisufalia yvelaze yvelaze misaRebi<br />
misaRebi<br />
myidvelis myidvelis SerCevasa SerCevasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ga gayidvi<strong>da</strong>n ga gayidvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
yidvi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli miRebuli fulis fulis Tavisi Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr Sexedulebisamebr Sexedulebisamebr gankargvaSi.<br />
gankargvaSi.<br />
gankargvaSi.<br />
myidvelsac myidvelsac <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamyidvelsac gamyidvelsac SeuZliaT SeuZliaT SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vad SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vad SearCion SearCion savaWro savaWro garigebis<br />
garigebis<br />
pirobebi. pirobebi.<br />
pirobebi.<br />
regulirebadi bazris pirobebSi pirobebSi misi misi monawileebisaTvis monawileebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>dgenilia <strong>da</strong>dgenilia qcevis qcevis erTiani<br />
erTiani<br />
wesebi. wesebi. samarTlebrivi samarTlebrivi organoebi organoebi icaven icaven sabazro sabazro garigebaTa garigebaTa monawileebs monawileebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sjian<br />
sjian<br />
<strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebs <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebs samarTlebrivi samarTlebrivi normebis normebis <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis. <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis. bazris bazris samarTlebrivi samarTlebrivi regulireba<br />
regulireba<br />
moicavs moicavs sabazro sabazro urTierTobaTa urTierTobaTa mTel mTel sistemas. sistemas. mis mis safuZvels safuZvels Seadgens Seadgens samoqalaqo<br />
samoqalaqo<br />
kodeqsi. kodeqsi. masSi masSi gansakuTrebuli gansakuTrebuli yuradReba yuradReba eTmoba eTmoba samoqalaqo samoqalaqo samarTlebrivi<br />
xelSekrulebis xelSekrulebis _ _ sabazro sabazro urTierTobaTa urTierTobaTa regulirebis regulirebis saSualebis saSualebis rolis rolis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebas.<br />
iuridiuli iuridiuli kanonebis kanonebis Sesabamisad, Sesabamisad, regulirebiT regulirebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebulia <strong>da</strong>kavebulia saxelmwifo saxelmwifo kontrolisa kontrolisa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
marTvis marTvis organoebi: organoebi: sanitaruli sanitaruli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekologiuri ekologiuri kontrolis kontrolis <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi;<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />
;<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado organoebi; organoebi; saxelmwifos saxelmwifos safinanso<br />
safinanso-sakredito safinanso sakredito politikis politikis organoebi.<br />
organoebi.<br />
organoebi.<br />
12
azarze bazarze mniSvnelovan mniSvnelovan rols rols asruleben asruleben fasebi, romlebic iZlevian informacias<br />
saqonlis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sawarmoo sawarmoo resursebis resursebis deficitis deficitis Sesaxeb. Sesaxeb. magaliTad, magaliTad, Tu<br />
Tu<br />
navTobis navTobis nedleulze nedleulze fasi fasi izrdeba, maSin adgili aqvs aRniSnuli resursis deficits,<br />
rac rac aseve aseve gamoiwvevs gamoiwvevs gaTbobaze gaTbobaze fasis fasis gazr<strong>da</strong>s. gazr<strong>da</strong>s. am am SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi fasebi fasebi aiwevs aiwevs energiis<br />
energiis<br />
alternatiul alternatiul wyaroebzec wyaroebzec (gazi, (gazi, SeSa SeSa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva), sxva), radgan radgan momxmarebeli momxmarebeli eZebs<br />
eZebs<br />
navTobproduqtebis navTobproduqtebis Semcvlels. Semcvlels. amasTan, amasTan, moTxov moTxovna moTxov na aiwevs aiwevs SeSis Rumelzec. Rumelzec. avtomobilze<br />
fasebi fasebi SeiZleba SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>eces, <strong>da</strong>eces, radgan radgan sawvavze sawvavze mzardma mzardma fasma fasma SeiZleba SeiZleba gamoiwvios gamoiwvios misi<br />
misi<br />
gamoyenebis gamoyenebis Semcireba. Semcireba. aRniSnuli aRniSnuli procesi procesi gagrZeleba gagrZeleba gagrZeleba manam, manam, sanam sanam biznesmenebi biznesmenebi <strong>da</strong><br />
momxmareblebi momxmareblebi upasuxeben upasuxeben navTobis navTobis nedleulze nedleulze fasis fasis aweviT aweviT gamowveul g<br />
amowveul safaso safaso reaqcias.<br />
reaqcias.<br />
amrigad, amrigad, saqonelze saqonelze ufro ufro maRali maRali fasi fasi warmoebis warmoebis zrdis zrdis stimulirebas stimulirebas axdens.<br />
axdens.<br />
E<br />
3.2 moTxovna <strong>da</strong> misi cvlilebebi<br />
moTxovnis, moTxovnis, miwodebisa miwodebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sabazro sabazro wonasworobis wonasworobis analizi analizi ganvixiloT ganvixiloT srulyofili<br />
srulyofili<br />
konkurenciis konkurenciis bazris bazris magaliTze. magaliTze. aRniSnuli aRniSnuli aRniSnuli aRniSnuli bazri bazrisaTvis bazri bazrisaTvis<br />
saTvis saTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />
Taviseburebebia:<br />
Taviseburebebia:<br />
Taviseburebebia:<br />
Taviseburebebia:<br />
myidvelTa myidvelTa myidvelTa myidvelTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamyidvelTa gamyidvelTa gamyidvelTa gamyidvelTa didi didi didi didi raodenoba;<br />
raodenoba;<br />
raodenoba;<br />
raodenoba;<br />
gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gamotanili gamotanili gamotanili gamotanili saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis identuroba, identuroba, identuroba, identuroba, aradiferencirebuloba;<br />
aradiferencirebuloba;<br />
aradiferencirebuloba;<br />
aradiferencirebuloba;<br />
bazarze bazarze bazarze bazarze myidvelebisa myidvelebisa myidvelebisa myidvelebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamyidvelebis gamyidvelebis gamyidvelebis gamyidvelebis Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Sesvla; Sesvla; Sesvla; Sesvla;<br />
myidvelebis myidvelebis myidvelebis myidvelebis kargad kargad kargad kargad informirebuloba informirebuloba informirebuloba informirebuloba sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis Sesaxeb; Sesaxeb; Sesaxeb; Sesaxeb;<br />
yoveli yoveli yoveli yoveli individualuri individualuri individualuri individualuri myidvelis myidvelis myidvelis myidvelis an an an an gamyidvelis gamyidvelis gamyidvelis gamyidvelis transaqciebi transaqciebi transaqciebi transaqciebi imdenad imdenad imdenad imdenad mcirea mcirea mcirea mcirea ba ba---- ba ba<br />
zar zarze zar zarze<br />
ze ze gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gasayi<strong>da</strong>d gasayi<strong>da</strong>d warmodgenili warmodgenili warmodgenili warmodgenili saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis an an an an momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis mTlian mTlian mTlian mTlian moculobasTan<br />
moculobasTan<br />
moculobasTan<br />
moculobasTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, rom rom rom rom isini isini isini isini `iReben~ `iReben~ `iReben~ `iReben~ (eTanxmebian) (eTanxmebian) (eTanxmebian) (eTanxmebian) sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro fass. fass. fass. fass.<br />
amitom, amitom, srulyofili srulyofili konkurencia konkurencia gani ganixileba gani xileba rogorc rogorc `fasis `fasis mimRebis~ mimRebis~ (fasis<br />
(fasis<br />
Tanxmobis) Tanxmobis) moqmedebis moqmedebis modeli. modeli.<br />
modeli.<br />
moTxovnileba <strong>da</strong> moTxovna: Tanamedrove Tanamedrove ekonomikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis Teoriis erT erT-erTi erT erTi<br />
umn umniSvn umn Svn Svnelo<br />
elova<br />
vanesi va esi esi amocanaa amocanaa im im winaaRmdegobebis winaaRmdegobebis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gzebis gzebis Zieba, Zieba<br />
romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis ganusazRvrel ganusazRvrel ganusazRvrel moTxovnilebebsa moTxovnilebebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mmaTi<br />
m aTi <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebisaTvis aucilebel Sez Sez- Sez<br />
Ru Rudul Ru dul resursebs resursebs Soris Soris arsebobs. arsebobs. moTxovnileba subieqturi kategoriaa, romelic<br />
gulisxmobs gulisxmobs a<strong>da</strong>mianis a<strong>da</strong>mianis survilsa survilsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miswrafebas miswrafebas saWiroebis saWiroebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebisaken.<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebisaken.<br />
moTxovnilebisagan moTxovnilebisagan un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvavoT ganvasxvavoT moTxovna. moTxovna. moTxovna moTxovna moTxovnilebis moTxovnile<br />
bis is is is nawilia,<br />
nawilia,<br />
romelic romelic uzrunvelyofilia uzrunvelyofilia saTanado saTanado fuladi fuladi saxsrebiT, saxsrebiT, e.i. e.i. moTxovna gviCvenebs gviCvenebs gviCvenebs gviCvenebs im im im im<br />
saqonlisa saqonlisa saqonlisa saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis raodenobas, raodenobas, raodenobas, raodenobas, romlis romlis romlis romlis yidvis yidvis yidvis yidvis survili survili survili survili <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba gaaCnia gaaCnia gaaCnia gaaCnia<br />
momxmarebels momxmarebels momxmarebels momxmarebels arsebuli arsebuli arsebuli arsebuli fasis fasis fasis fasis pirobebSi.<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
moTxovnis kanoni. . moTxovnis kanoni gam gamoxatavs gam gamoxatavs<br />
oxatavs mizez mizez-Sedegobriv mizez<br />
Sedegobriv <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />
saqonlis saqonlis fassa fassa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momxmareblis momxmareblis mier mier saqonlis saqonlis Sesyidvis Sesyidvis moculobas moculobas (moTxovnis<br />
(moTxovnis<br />
moculobas) moculobas) Soris. Soris. e.i. e.i. sxva sxva Tanabar Tanabar pirobebSi pirobebSi rac rac ufro ufro maRalia maRalia saqonlis saqonlis gasayidi<br />
gasayidi<br />
fasi, fasi, miT miT naklebia naklebia moTxovna moTxovna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, piriqiT, rac rac ufro ufro <strong>da</strong>balia <strong>da</strong>balia ssaqonelze<br />
s aqonelze fasebi, fasebi, miT miT ufro<br />
ufro<br />
metia metia moTxovna moTxovna (izrdeba (izrdeba moTxovna).<br />
moTxovna).<br />
moTxovna).<br />
termini termini ,,sxva ,,sxva Tanabar Tanabar pirobebSi" pirobebSi" ganmartebas ganmartebas saWiroebs. saWiroebs. saqonelze saqonelze moTxovna moTxovna izrdeba<br />
izrdeba<br />
misi misi fasis fasis Semcirebisas Semcirebisas mxolod mxolod maSin, maSin, Tu Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT, rom rom amave amave dros dros sxva sxva sxva faqtorebi<br />
faqtorebi<br />
ucvleli ucvleli rCeba. rCeba. Tu Tu saqonlis saqonlis fa fasi fa fasi<br />
si ecema, ecema, xolo xolo amis amis paralelurad paralelurad paralelurad adgili aqvs<br />
momxmarebelTa momxmarebelTa Semosavlis, Semosavlis, maTi maTi gemovnebis gemovnebis an an sxva sxva saqonlis saqonlis fasis fasis Secvlas, Secvlas, maSin maSin aseTi<br />
aseTi<br />
cvlilebebiT cvlilebebiT gamowveuli gamowveuli Sedegebi Sedegebi winaswar winaswar gansazRvras gansazRvras naklebad naklebad eqvemdebareba.<br />
eqvemdebareba.<br />
mosalodnelia mosalodnelia erTmaneTisagan erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli gansxvavebuli sxva<strong>da</strong>s sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>s sxva<strong>da</strong>s xva Sedegis miReba.<br />
ganvixiloT ganvixiloT martivi martivi pirobiTi pirobiTi magaliTi magaliTi imis imis sailustraciod, sailustraciod, sailustraciod, Tu Tu sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fasis fasis<br />
fasis<br />
pirobebSi pirobebSi ramden ramden kg kg vaSls vaSls yiduloben yiduloben momxmareblebi momxmareblebi kviraSi kviraSi (ix. (ix. cxrili cxrili 3.1).<br />
3.1).<br />
13
1kg. vaSlis<br />
fasi (larebSi)<br />
cxrili 3.1. fasis gavlena moTxovnis sidideze<br />
moTxovnis<br />
vaSlze (kg-Si)<br />
rogorc rogorc cxrili<strong>da</strong>n cxrili<strong>da</strong>n Cans, Cans, fasis fasis yovel yovel dones dones Seesabameba Seesabameba moTxovnis moTxovnis gansazRvruli<br />
gansazRvruli<br />
sidide: sidide: Tu Tu Tu vaSls vaSls vaSls ufasod ufasod <strong>da</strong>arigeben, <strong>da</strong>arigeben, momxmareblebi momxmareblebi kviraSi, kviraSi, vTqvaT, vTqvaT, 12 12 kg kg-s kg s SeiZenen. SeiZenen. 20<br />
20<br />
TeTris TeTris fasis fasis pirobebSi pirobebSi momxmareblebi momxmareblebi kviraSi kviraSi 10 10 kg kg vaSls vaSls yiduloben. yiduloben. vaSlze va<br />
Slze Slze fasis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong> mis mis yidvas yidvas yidvas amcirebs, amcirebs, xolo xolo rodesac rodesac fasi fasi 3 3 lars lars aRwevs, aRwevs, momxmareblebi momxmareblebi vaSls<br />
vaSls<br />
saerTod saerTod aRar aRar yiduloben.<br />
yiduloben.<br />
moTxovnis mrudi grafikulad grafikulad grafikulad SeiZleba SeiZleba ase ase gamoisaxos gamoisaxos gamoisaxos (nax: (nax: 3.4):<br />
3.4):<br />
nax. 3.4 moTxovnis mrudi<br />
mrudze mrudze TiToeuli TiToeuli wertili wertili warmoadgens warmoadgens warmoadgens konkretul konkretul fass fassa fass a <strong>da</strong> produqtis Sesabamis<br />
raodenobas, raodenobas, romlis romlis yidvasac yidvasac am am fasSi fasSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets ga<strong>da</strong>wyvets momxmarebeli. momxmarebeli. moTxovnis moTxovnis Dmrudi<br />
Dmrudi<br />
ixreba ixreba qveviT qveviT qveviT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> marjvniv, marjvniv, marjvniv, radganac radganac radganac mis mis mier mier mier fassa fassa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis sidides sidides sidides Soris<br />
Soris<br />
gamoxatuli gamoxatuli kavSiri kavSiri uaryofiTia, uaryofiTia, anu, anu, adgili adgili aqvs aqvs ukukavSirs. ukukavSirs. moTxovnis moTxovnis kanoni kano<br />
ni -<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi a<strong>da</strong>mianebi ufro ufro ufro meti meti raodenobis raodenobis produqtebs produqtebs yiduloben yiduloben <strong>da</strong>bali, <strong>da</strong>bali, vidre vidre maRali maRali maRali fasis fasis<br />
fasis<br />
dros dros - gamoxatulebas gamoxatulebas gamoxatulebas poulobs poulobs moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis mrudis mrudis <strong>da</strong>Rmaval <strong>da</strong>Rmaval mimarTulebaSi.<br />
mimarTulebaSi.<br />
mimarTulebaSi.<br />
aqamde aqamde problemas problemas Cven Cven vixilavdiT vixilavdiT mxolod mxolod erTi erTi momxmareblis momxmareblis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, rac<br />
rac<br />
warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> individualur moTxovnas mocemul mocemul saqonelze saqonelze arsebuli arsebuli fasis fasis pirobebSi.<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
konkurenciis konkurenciis aRiareba aRiareba Cven Cven gvavaldebulebs gvavaldebulebs ganvixiloT ganvixiloT viTareba, viTareba, romelSiac romelSiac bazarze<br />
bazarze<br />
bevri bevri myidveli myidveli gamodis. gamodis. Cven Cven mudmivad mudmivad mivmarTavT mivmarTavT sabazro moTxovnas, , , romelic romelic yvela<br />
yvela<br />
individis individis saerTo saerTo moTxovnas moTxovnas warmoadgens. warmoadgens. sabazro sabazro moTxovnis moTxovnis mrudi yalibdeba yvela<br />
individis individis moTxovnis moTxovnis sidideebisagan sidideebisagan yoveli yoveli fasisaTvis. fasisaTvis. sabazro sabazro sabazro moTxovna moTxovna isaa, isaa, rasac<br />
rasac<br />
Cven Cven realur realur realur samyaroSi samyaroSi samyaroSi vxe<strong>da</strong>vT. vxe<strong>da</strong>vT.<br />
vxe<strong>da</strong>vT.<br />
moTxovnaze moqmedi arafasismieri faqtorebi<br />
14
moTxovnis moTxovnis cvalobadobaze cvalobadobaze moqmedebs moqmedebs ara ara mxolod mxolod saqonlis saqonlis fas fasi, fas fasi,<br />
i, aramed aramed rigi<br />
rigi<br />
arafasismier arafasismier faqtorebi. faqtorebi. moTxovnaze moTxovnaze momqmedi momqmedi arafasismieri arafasismieri faqtorebia:<br />
faqtorebia:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. fasebi monaTesave saqonelze. . . magaliTisTvis magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT ganvixiloT frinvelis frinvelis frinvelis xorcis xorcis fasis<br />
fasis<br />
cvlileba cvlileba rogor rogor moqmedebs moqmedebs saqonlis saqonlis xorcze xorcze arsebul arsebul moTxovnaze. moTxovnaze. roca roca frinvelis<br />
frinvelis<br />
xorcis xorcis fasi fasi aiwev aiwevs, aiwev aiwevs,<br />
s, maSin maSin momxmareblebi momxmareblebi SeiZenen SeiZenen ufro ufro met met saqonlis saqonlis xorcs, xorcs, rac<br />
rac<br />
gazrdis gazrdis saqonlis saqonlis xorcze xorcze moTxovnas moTxovnas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, piriqiT, roca roca saqonlis saqonlis xorci xorci gaZvirdeba<br />
gaZvirdeba<br />
momxmareblebi momxmareblebi Seamcireben Seamcireben mis mis SeZenas SeZenas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SeiZenen SeiZenen qaTmis qaTmis xorcs, xorcs, ris ris gamoc gamoc qaTmis<br />
qaTmis<br />
xorcze xorcze moTxovna moTxovna izrdeba, izrdeba, Tumca Tumca misi misi ffasi<br />
f asi ucvleli ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCeba. <strong>da</strong>rCeba. <strong>da</strong>rCeba. qaTmis xorcisa <strong>da</strong><br />
saqonlis saqonlis xorci xorci Cvens Cvens magaliTSi magaliTSi ewodeba ewodeba urTierTSemcvleli urTierTSemcvleli produqtebi produqtebi produqtebi anu<br />
anu<br />
subsitutebi.<br />
subsitutebi. subsitutebi.<br />
subsitutebi. amrigad, amrigad, substituti - produqtebis produqtebis SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi erTi erTi erTi saqonlis saqonlis fasis<br />
fasis<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong> ganapirobebs meore saqonelze saqonelze moTxovnis gazr<strong>da</strong>s gazr<strong>da</strong>s (mrudi (mrudi (mrudi ga<strong>da</strong>ad ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ad gileba<br />
marjvniv).<br />
marjvniv).<br />
amasTan amasTan erTad erTad produqtebis produqtebis sxva sxva wyvilebi wyvilebi urTierTSemavsebels warmoadgens, warmoadgens, isini<br />
isini<br />
,,Tan ,,Tan axlavs” axlavs” erTmaneTs erTmaneTs im im gagebiT, gagebiT, rom rom masze masze moTxovnis moTxovnis wardgena wardgena erTdroulad erTdroulad xdeba.<br />
xdeba.<br />
magaliTad, magaliTad, rodesac rodesac benzinis benzinis fasi fasi mcirdeba mcirdeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tqven Tqven amis amis gamo gamo mets mets <strong>da</strong>dixarT, <strong>da</strong>dixarT, TTqveni<br />
T qveni<br />
avtomobilis avtomobilis meti meti garbena garbena saburavebze saburavebze moTxovnas moTxovnas gazrdis gazrdis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. piriqiT. am am SemTxvevaSi<br />
SemTxvevaSi<br />
benzini benzini <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saburavi saburavi urTierTSemavsebel urTierTSemavsebel saqonels saqonels warmoadgens, warmoadgens, rasac rasac sxvanairad<br />
sxvanairad<br />
komplementarebs uwodeben.<br />
uwodeben.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis moTxovnaze moTxovnaze moTxovnaze aseve aseve aseve axdens axdens axdens zemoqmedebas zemoqmedebas momxmarebelTa Semosavlebis<br />
cvlileba eba. eba eba . rac rac ufro ufro metad metad izrdeba izrdeba moqalaqeTa moqalaqeTa Semosavali, Semosavali, miT miT ufro ufro met met produqts<br />
produqts<br />
moixmareben moixmareben (maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, (maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, yiduloben) yiduloben) isini. isini. iseT iseT produqtebs, produqtebs, romlebzec romlebzec moTxovnis<br />
moTxovnis<br />
gadidebas gadidebas ganapirobebs ganapirobebs Semosavlebis Semosavlebis zr<strong>da</strong> zr<strong>da</strong> normaluri saqoneli eli eli eli ewodeba. amasTan,<br />
arsebobs arsebobs ise iseTi ise iseTi<br />
Ti saqonelic, saqonelic, saqonelic, romelze<strong>da</strong>c romelze<strong>da</strong>c uaryofiT uaryofiT zemoqmedebas zemoqmedebas axdens axdens Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>, zr<strong>da</strong>, anu, anu, anu, rac rac ufro ufro maRalia maRalia maRalia Semosavali, Semosavali, Semosavali, miT miT ufro ufro naklebs naklebs yidulobs yidulobs yidulobs momxmarebeli<br />
momxmarebeli<br />
amgvar amgvar saqonels. saqonels. magaliTad, magaliTad, rodesac rodesac a<strong>da</strong>mians a<strong>da</strong>mians Semosavlebi Semosavlebi ezrdeba, ezrdeba, maT maT SeuZliaT<br />
SeuZliaT<br />
Seamciron Seamciron kartofilis kartofilis an an kombost kombostos kombost kombostos<br />
os yidva, yidva, radgan radgan gazrdili gazrdili Semosavali Semosavali maT aZlevT<br />
saSualebas saSualebas SeiZinon SeiZinon ufro ufro maRali maRali kaloriulobis kaloriulobis Semcvelobis Semcvelobis mqone mqone saqoneli saqoneli (rZis (rZis <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
xorcis xorcis produqtebi). produqtebi). im im saqonels, saqonels, romelzec romelzec moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna Semosavlis Semosavlis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan zr<strong>da</strong>sTan zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad<br />
erTad<br />
mcirdeba, mcirdeba, mcirdeba, m<strong>da</strong>re saqoneli ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi moTxovnis moTxovnis mrudi mrudi mrudi mocemul<br />
mocemul<br />
saqonelze saqonelze saqonelze marcxniv marcxniv ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. myidvelis molodinis cvlileba ganapirobebs ganapirobebs moTxovnis moTxovnis mrudis mrudis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas.<br />
samomxmareblo samomxmareblo molodini molodini molodini iseTi iseTi faqtorebis faqtorebis mimarT, mimarT, rogoricaa rogoricaa saqonelze saqonelze momavali<br />
momavali<br />
fasebi, fasebi, saqonlis saqonlis arseboba arseboba arseboba bazarze bazarze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momavali momavali SSemosavali,<br />
S Semosavali,<br />
emosavali, moTxovnis moTxovnis Secvlis<br />
Secvlis<br />
saSualebebia. saSualebebia. magaliTad, magaliTad, Tu Tu myidveli myidveli moelis, moelis, rom rom raRac raRac mizezebis mizezebis gamo gamo saqoneli,<br />
saqoneli,<br />
romlis romlis yidvac yidvac mas mas surs surs momavalSi momavalSi gaZvrdeba, gaZvrdeba, mocemul mocemul momentSi momentSi is is zrdis zrdis masze<br />
masze<br />
moTxovnas moTxovnas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. piriqiT. magaliTad, magaliTad, Tu Tu mosalodnelia, mosalodnelia, rom rom momavalSi, momavalSi, raRac raRac<br />
mizezebis mizezebis<br />
mizezebis<br />
gamo, gamo, avtomanqanebis avtomanqanebis fasi fasi gaizrdeba, gaizrdeba, maSin maSin dReisaTvis dReisaTvis avtomanqanebze avtomanqanebze moTxovna<br />
moTxovna<br />
gaizrdeba, gaizrdeba, xolo xolo momavalSi momavalSi (anu (anu mas mas Semdeg, Semdeg, rac rac avtomanqanebis avtomanqanebis fasi fasi gaizrdeba) gaizrdeba) masze<br />
masze<br />
moTxovna moTxovna Semcirdeba, Semcirdeba, rac rac grafikulad grafikulad gamoisaxeba gamoisaxeba moTxovnis moTxovnis mrudis mrudis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT<br />
jer jer mmarjvniv<br />
mm<br />
arjvniv <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semdeg Semdeg marcxniv.<br />
marcxniv.<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. samomxmareblo gemovnebis cvlileba lileba lileba lileba moTxovnaze moTxovnaze zemoqmedi zemoqmedi erT erT-erTi erT erTi faqtoria.<br />
faqtoria.<br />
faqtoria.<br />
mocemuli mocemuli produqtisaTvis produqtisaTvis xelsayreli xelsayreli samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo gemovnebis gemovnebis an an mjobinebis mjobinebis Secvla,<br />
Secvla,<br />
romelic romelic gamowveulia gamowveulia reklamiT reklamiT an an modis modis cvlilebebiT, cvlilebebiT, moaswavebs, moaswavebs, rom rom moTxo moTxovna moTxo vna<br />
gaizrdeba gaizrdeba TiTeuli TiTeuli fasis fasis mixedviT. mixedviT. zogierT zogierT zogierT SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi cvlileba cvlileba xdeba xdeba nela, nela, magram<br />
magram<br />
sistematiurad. sistematiurad. magaliTad, magaliTad, ganviTarebul ganviTarebul qveynebSi qveynebSi bolo bolo xans xans mosaxleoba mosaxleoba sul sul ufro<br />
ufro<br />
met met yuradRebas yuradRebas uTmobs uTmobs Tavis Tavis jamrTelobas, jamrTelobas, ris ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c Sedega<strong>da</strong>c mcirdeba mcirdeba moTxovna<br />
moTxovna<br />
sigaretze sigaretze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> izrde izrdeba izrde ba moTxovna moTxovna sportul sportul invertarze.<br />
invertarze.<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. myidvelTa raodenoba. . cxadia, cxadia, rom rom bazarze bazarze myidvelTa myidvelTa raodenobis raodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong>c<br />
gazr<strong>da</strong>c<br />
ganapirobebs ganapirobebs moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis gadidebas, gadidebas, xolo xolo momxmarebelT momxmarebelT raodenobis raodenobis Semcireba Semcireba asaxvas<br />
asaxvas<br />
povebs povebs povebs moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis SemcirebaSi.<br />
SemcirebaSi.<br />
SemcirebaSi.<br />
,,moTxovnaSi cvlileba~ ar un<strong>da</strong> avurioT ,,moTxovnis sididis cvlilebaSi~. rogorc<br />
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, moTxovnaSi<br />
moTxovnaSi moTxovnaSi<br />
moTxovnaSi cvlileba<br />
cvlileba cvlileba<br />
cvlileba gamoixateba moTxovnis mTeli mrudis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT an marjvniv (moTxovnis gadideba) D1-<strong>da</strong>n D2-ken, an marcxniv (moTxovnis<br />
Semcireba) D1-<strong>da</strong>n D3-ken (ix. nax. 3.5). moTxovnis<br />
moTxovnis moTxovnis<br />
moTxovnis sididis sididis sididis sididis Secvla Secvla Secvla Secvla niSnavs moTxovnis mrudze<br />
erTi wertili<strong>da</strong>n meoreze ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas, romlis mizezs warmoadgens mocemuli<br />
produqtis fasis Secvla.<br />
15
(larebSi 1 kg-ze)<br />
nax. 3.5 moTxovnis cvlileba <strong>da</strong> moTxovnis sididis cvlileba<br />
miwodeba <strong>da</strong> misi cvlilebebi<br />
moTxovnasTan moTxovnasTan erTad erTad sabazr sabazro sabazr sabazro<br />
o meqanizmis meqanizmis meore meore mxarea mxarea miwodeba. miwodeba. miwodebis miwodebis safuZvelia<br />
safuZvelia<br />
warmoeba, warmoeba, magram magram es es cnebebi cnebebi identuri identuri ar ar aris. aris. rasac rasac awarmoeben awarmoeben bazarze, bazarze, momxmarebels<br />
momxmarebels<br />
yovelTvis yovelTvis mTlianad mTlianad ar ar miewodeba. miewodeba. warmoebuli warmoebuli produqciis produqciis erT erT nawils nawils TviT<br />
TviT<br />
mwarmoebeli mwarmoebeli mwarmoebeli moixmars, moixmars, moixmars, meore meore nawili nawili nawili ki ki ki SeiZl SeiZleba SeiZl eba gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli iqnas iqnas iqnas rezervebis<br />
rezervebis<br />
Sesaqmnelad.<br />
Sesaqmnelad. Sesaqmnelad. bazarze bazarze bazarze miwodebuli miwodebuli (gasayidi) (gasayidi) produqcia produqcia aris aris warmoebuli produqciis produqciis is<br />
is<br />
nawili, nawili, romelic romelic bazarze bazarze gamyidvelis gamyidvelis xeli<strong>da</strong>n xeli<strong>da</strong>n myidvelis myidvelis xelSi xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>dis ga<strong>da</strong>dis fulis<br />
fulis<br />
saSualebiT. saSualebiT. miwodeba gviCvenebs gviCvenebs gviCvenebs gviCvenebs im im im im saqonlisa saqonlisa saqonlisa saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis raod raodenobas, raod raodenobas,<br />
enobas, enobas, romlis romlis romlis romlis<br />
miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis survili survili survili survili <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba gaaCnia gaaCnia gaaCnia gaaCnia firmebs firmebs firmebs firmebs arsebuli arsebuli arsebuli arsebuli fasis fasis fasis fasis pirobebSi.<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
miwodebis kanoni. . miwodebis miwodebis mrudi mrudi aRmavalia. aRmavalia. igi igi gviCvenebs, gviCvenebs, rom rom maRali maRali fasebis<br />
fasebis<br />
pirobebSi pirobebSi mimwodeblebi mimwodeblebi ufro ufro met met saqonels saqonels sTavazoben sTavazoben momxmareblebs, momxmareblebs, xolo xolo <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali<br />
fasebi fasebisas fasebi sas isini isini mzad mzad arian arian gayidon gayidon ufro ufro mcire mcire raodenoba.<br />
raodenoba. raodenoba. saqonlis fassa <strong>da</strong><br />
miwodebul raodenobas Soris pir<strong>da</strong>pirproporciuli <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba cnobilia, rogorc<br />
miwodebis kanoni.<br />
miwodebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fass fass Soris Soris urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebis mizniT mizniT isev isev aviRoT<br />
aviRoT<br />
pirobiTi pirobiTi ccifrobrivi<br />
cc<br />
ifrobrivi monacemebi, monacemebi, romlebic romlebic gviCveneben, gviCveneben, Tu Tu rogor rogor icvleba icvleba miwodebis<br />
miwodebis<br />
moculoba moculoba fasis fasis donis donis SecvlasTan SecvlasTan erTad erTad (ix. (ix. cxrili cxrili 3.2).<br />
3.2).<br />
1kg. 1kg. vaSlis vaSlis fasi<br />
fasi<br />
(larebSi)<br />
(larebSi)<br />
cxrili 3.1. fasis gavlena miwodebis sidideze<br />
16<br />
miwodebavaSlze<br />
miwodebavaSlze<br />
(kg (kg-Si) (kg Si)<br />
rogorc rogorc cxrili<strong>da</strong>n cxrili<strong>da</strong>n Cans, Cans, Cans, fasis fasis yovel yovel dones dones Seesabameba Seesabameba miwodebis gansazRvruli<br />
gansazRvruli<br />
sidide sidide. sidide rac rac ufro ufro izrdeba izrdeba izrdeba saqonlis saqonlis fasi, fasi, miT miT ufro ufro izrdeba izrdeba izrdeba misi misi misi miwodeba miwodeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piriqiT.<br />
piriqiT.
miwodebis<br />
miwodebis miwodebis<br />
miwodebis mrudi mrudi.... mrudi mrudi miwodebis mrudi grafikuli saxiT gviCvenebs miwodebuli saqonlis<br />
raodenobas fasis yoveli mniSvnelobis pirobebSi, amasTan sxva faqtorebi, romlebic<br />
miwodebis moculobaze axdenen zegavlenas, ucvleli rCebian. miwodebis mrudi<br />
Cveulebriv mzardia (nax: 3.4).<br />
nax. 3.6 miwodebis mrudi<br />
rogorc rogorc moTxovnis, moTxovnis, ise ise miwodebis miwodebis SemTxvevaSic SemTxvevaSic Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Cven Cven problemas problemas Cven<br />
Cven<br />
vi vixilavdiT vi vixilavdiT<br />
xilavdiT mxolod mxolod erTi erTi mimwodeblis mimwodeblis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, pozicii<strong>da</strong>n, rac rac warmoadgens warmoadgens<br />
individualur<br />
individualur<br />
individualur<br />
individualur<br />
miwodebas<br />
miwodebas miwodebas<br />
miwodebas mocemul mocemul saqonelze saqonelze arsebuli fasis pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> romelic mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba gansxvavdeba sabazro sabazro sabazro miwodebisagan. miwodebisagan. Cven Cven mudmivad mudmivad mivmarTavT mivmarTavT sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro miwodebas,<br />
miwodebas<br />
miwodebas<br />
miwodebas ,<br />
romelic romelic yvela yvela firmis firmis mi mier mi er saqonlis saqonlis miwodebis miwodebis saerTo saerTo raodenobas warmoadgens yoveli<br />
yoveli<br />
fasisaTvis.<br />
fasisaTvis.<br />
miwodebaze moqmedi arafasismieri faqtorebi (determinantebi)<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, miwodebis mrudi igeba im varaudiT, romlis Tanaxma<strong>da</strong>c<br />
miwodebis sididis garkve-uli arasafaso determinantebi (faqtorebi) winaswaraa<br />
mocemuli <strong>da</strong> cvlilebas ar eqvemdebareba. rodesac am determinantebi<strong>da</strong>n Tun<strong>da</strong>c erTerTi<br />
cvlilebas ganicdis, miwodebis mrudis mdebareoba Seicvleba. marjvniv<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba (S1-<strong>da</strong>n S2-ken 3.4 naxazze) miuTiTebs miwodebis gadidebas: mwarmoeblebi<br />
amasTan produqtis did raode-nobas awvdian yoveli SesaZlo fasiT. ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
marcxniv (S1-<strong>da</strong>n S3-ken 3.4 naxazze) miuTiTebs miwodebis Semcirebaze. mimwodeblebi<br />
TiToeuli SesaZlebeli fasiT produqtis ufro nakleb raodenobas gvTavazoben .<br />
miwodebis miwodebis cvlilebebze cvlilebebze moqmedebs moqmedebs Semdegi Semdegi arafasismieri arafasismieri faqtorebi (determinantebi):<br />
(determinantebi):<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. teqnologiis cvlileba, , rodesac rodesac mewarmeebi mewarmeebi amcireben amcireben warmoebis warmoebis alternatul<br />
alternatul<br />
Rirebulebas Rirebulebas ufro ufro ufro progresuli progresuli teqnologiis teqnologiis gamoyenebis gamoyenebis gziT, gziT, maT maT SeZliaT SeZliaT meti<br />
meti<br />
saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis warmoeba warmoeba warmoeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gayidva, gayidva, vidre vidre winaT winaT awarmoebden awarmoebden <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yiddnen. yiddnen. yiddnen. grafikulad grafikulad grafikulad es es imiT<br />
imiT<br />
gamoixateba, gamoixateba, rom rom miwodebis miwodebis mrudi mrudi marjvniv marjvniv ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. resursebze fasebis cvlileba. . resursebze resursebze fasebis fasebis Semcireba Semcireba Semcireba ganapirobebs ganapirobebs miwebis<br />
miwebis<br />
gadidebas gadidebas imave imave fasis fasis pirobebSi pirobebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piriqiT. piriqiT. grafikulad grafikulad es es gamoixateba gamoixateba<br />
miwodebis<br />
miwodebis<br />
mrudis mrudis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT marjvniv marjvniv <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> marcxniv.<br />
marcxniv.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. sxva saqonelze fasis cvlileba aseve aseve moqmedebs moqmedebs moqmedebs mocemuli mocemuli saqonlis saqonlis miwodebaze.<br />
miwodebaze.<br />
ganvixiloT magaliTi, vTqvaT, vTqvaT, fermerebs fermerebs TavianTi TavianTi finansuri finansuri resursebis resursebis gamoyeneba<br />
gamoyeneba<br />
surT surT wiwilebis wiwilebis gamosayvanaT gamosayvanaT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> pomidvris pomidvris mosay mosayvanad. mosay vanad. <strong>da</strong>uSvaT, rom pomidvris pomidvris fasebi<br />
izrdeba, izrdeba, xolo xolo wiwilebis wiwilebis fasi fasi ucvleli ucvleli rCeba. rCeba. aseT aseT SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi fermerebi fermerebi resursebs<br />
resursebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>isvrian ga<strong>da</strong>isvrian pomidvris pomidvris moyvanaze, moyvanaze, rac rac Seamcirebs Seamcirebs frinvelis frinvelis xorcis xorcis miwodebas miwodebas bazarze<br />
bazarze<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis mruds mruds marcxvniv marcxvniv ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebs.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebs.<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. molodinis cvlileba. . Tu Tu Tu imave imave imave magaliTs magaliTs <strong>da</strong>ubrundiT, <strong>da</strong>ubrundiT, <strong>da</strong>ubrundiT, SesaZlebelia SesaZlebelia aseTi aseTi<br />
aseTi<br />
msjeloba: msjeloba: <strong>da</strong>uSvaT, <strong>da</strong>uSvaT, rom rom fermerebi fermerebi moelian moelian pomidvris pomidvris fasebis fasebis stabilur stabilur <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xangrZliv<br />
xangrZliv<br />
momatebas. momatebas. es es molodini molodini gamoiwvevs gamoiwvevs resursebis resursebis sagrZnob sagrZnob ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebas meurneobis meurneobis am<br />
am<br />
sferoSi, sferoSi, sferoSi, teqnikur teqnikur-teqnologiur teqnikur teqnologiur teqnologiur cvlile cvlilebebs cvlile bebs masSi, masSi, masSi, rac rac miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis mruds mruds ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis<br />
marjvniv.<br />
marjvniv.<br />
17
5. 5. 5. 5. miwidebaze miwidebaze sagrZnob sagrZnob sagrZnob zemoqmedebas zemoqmedebas axdens axdens ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi <strong>da</strong> dotaciebi. . sawarmoebi<br />
sawarmoebi<br />
(firmebi) (firmebi) ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis umravlesobas umravlesobas warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis xarjebad xarjebad miiCneven, miiCneven, amitom<br />
amitom<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gazr<strong>da</strong> gazr<strong>da</strong> zrdis zrdis warmoebis warmoebis xarjebs xarjebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amcirebs amcirebs amcirebs miwodebas. miwodebas. miwodebas. dotaciebs<br />
dotaciebs<br />
dotaciebs<br />
uwodeben uwodeben `piruku `piruku ga<strong>da</strong>saxads”, ga<strong>da</strong>saxads”, romelic romelic amcirebs amcirebs xarjebsa xarjebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> zrdis zrdis miwodebas.<br />
miwodebas.<br />
6. 6. 6. 6. miwodebaze miwodebaze moqmedi moqmedi faqtoria faqtoria agreTve agreTve gamyidvelTa raodenoba oba. oba oba . warmoebis<br />
warmoebis<br />
mocemuli mocemuli moculobis moculobis pirobebSi, pirobebSi, rac rac metia metia mimwodebelTa mimwodebelTa raodenoba, raodenoba, miT miT metia metia sabazro<br />
sabazro<br />
miwodeba. miwodeba. Tu Tu <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong>rgSi mimwodebelTa mimwodebelTa raodenoba raodenoba izrdeba izrdeba miwodebis miwodebis mrudi mrudi marjvniv<br />
marjvniv<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba ga<strong>da</strong>adgildeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> piriqiT.<br />
piriqiT.<br />
nax. 3.7 miwodebis mrudze ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba <strong>da</strong> miwodebis ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba<br />
ise, rogorc ,,moTxovnis sididis~ cvlilebebi ganvasxvaveT ,,moTxovnaSi<br />
cvlilebisagan~, ,,miwodebis sididis~ cvlilebebic un<strong>da</strong> ganvasxvaoT ,,miwodebaSi<br />
cvlilebisagan~. gansxvavebis safuZveli arsebiTad igivea. miwodebis<br />
miwodebis miwodebis<br />
miwodebis sididis sididis sididis sididis cvlileba<br />
cvlileba<br />
cvlileba<br />
cvlileba<br />
ganisazRvreba mocemul saqonelze fasis SecvliT <strong>da</strong> gamoixateba miwodebis mrudze<br />
erTi wertili<strong>da</strong>n meoreze ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT. rac Seexeba miwodebaSi<br />
miwodebaSi miwodebaSi<br />
miwodebaSi cvlilebebs, cvlilebebs<br />
cvlilebebs<br />
cvlilebebs igi<br />
ganisazRvreba miwodebis erTi an meti determinantis (faqtoris) SecvliT <strong>da</strong> gamoixateba<br />
saerTod skalis SecvliTa <strong>da</strong> mrudis ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebiT romelime mxares (ix. naxazi 3.7).<br />
sabazro wonasworoba<br />
naxazze naxazze 3.8 3.8 mmoTxovnisa<br />
m moTxovnisa<br />
oTxovnisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> miwodebis miwodebis mrudebi mrudebi E E E wertilSi ikveTeba. am am wertilSi wertilSi fasi<br />
Seadgens Seadgens 4 4 lars, lars, xolo xolo raodenoba raodenoba 1,5 1,5 milioni milioni tonaa. tonaa. am am wertilSi wertilSi bazari bazari wonasworul<br />
wonasworul<br />
mdgomareobaSia. mdgomareobaSia. wonasworoba bazarze bazarze iseT iseT mdgomareobas mdgomareobas ewodeba, ewodeba, rodesac rodesac moTxovna moTxovna <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong><br />
miwodeba miwodeba gaTanabrebulia<br />
gaTanabrebulia.<br />
gaTanabrebulia<br />
nax. 3.8. Warbi moTxovna <strong>da</strong> Warbi miwodeba xorblis bazarze<br />
18
wonasworobaaaa stabilurobis stabilurobis wertilia, wertilia, rodesac rodesac sabazro sabazro fasis fasis cvlilebis cvlilebis tendencia<br />
tendencia<br />
ar ar arsebobs, arsebobs, Tu Tu sxva sxva gare gare gare faqtorebi faqtorebi (magaliTad, (magaliTad, erovnuli erovnuli Semosavlebi, Semosavlebi, naleqebis<br />
naleqebis<br />
raodenoba raodenoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva) sxva) ucvleli ucvleli rCeba. rCeba. wonasworuli wonasworuli fasisagan fasisagan gansxvavebuli gansxvavebuli fasis dros<br />
moqmedeben moqmedeben Zalebi, Zalebi, romlebic romlebic cdiloben cdiloben Secvalon Secvalon arsebuli arsebuli arsebuli fasi. fasi. magaliTad, magaliTad, naxazi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
naxazi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
Cans, Cans, Cans, rom rom Tu Tu erTi erTi tona tona tona xorblis xorblis fasi fasi fasi 5 5 dolaria, dolaria, adgili adgili aqvs aqvs Warb miwodebas. . am am am fasis<br />
fasis<br />
dros dros dros miwodebuli miwodebuli xorblis xorblis raodenoba raodenoba (2 (2 milion milioni milion i tona) tona) Warbobs moTxovnil (1,1 milioni<br />
tona) tona) raodenobas. raodenobas. is is faqti, faqti, rom rom xorblis xorblis mimwodeblebi mimwodeblebi ver ver yidian yidian saqonlis saqonlis sasurvel<br />
sasurvel<br />
raodenobas, raodenobas, zemoqmedebs zemoqmedebs fasis fasis Semcirebaze. Semcirebaze. rogorc rogorc ki ki fasi fasi fasi mcirdeba, mcirdeba, moTxovnis<br />
moTxovnis<br />
raodenoba raodenoba izrdeba, izrdeba, miwodebis miwodebis raodenoba raodenoba mcirdeba mcirdeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bazari bazari uaxlovdeba uaxlovdeba wonasworobis<br />
wonasworobis<br />
fass fass _ _ 4 4 dolars dolars erTi erTi tonisaTvis. tonisaTvis. Tu Tu fasi fasi 3 3 dolaria, dolaria, dolaria, adgili adgili aqvs aqvs Warb moTxovnas. .<br />
aRniSnuli aRniSnuli fasis fasis pirobebSi pirobebSi moTxovnis moTxovnis raodenoba raodenoba (2 (2 milioni milioni tona) tona) Warbobs Warbobs miwodebis miwodebis (1,1<br />
(1,1<br />
milioni milioni tona) tona) raodenobas. raodenobas. myidvelebi myidvelebi ver ver yiduloben yiduloben sasurveli sasurveli raod raodenobis raod enobis xorbals<br />
xorbals<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Cndeba Cndeba zewola zewola fasis fasis momatebaze. momatebaze. rogorc rogorc ki ki moimatebs moimatebs fasi, fasi, gaizrdeba gaizrdeba miwodebis<br />
miwodebis<br />
raodenoba, raodenoba, Semcirdeba Semcirdeba moTxovnis moTxovnis raodenoba raodenoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bazari bazari isev isev miiswrafvis miiswrafvis wonasworuli<br />
wonasworuli<br />
fasisaken fasisaken (4 (4 (4 dolari dolari erT erT tona tona xorbalze).<br />
xorbalze).<br />
moTxovnisa <strong>da</strong> miwodebis elastiuroba<br />
eeeelastiurobis<br />
lastiurobis<br />
lastiurobis lastiurobis cneba cneba cneba cneba mniSvnelovania bazris ZiriTad faqtorebSi cvlilebebisadmi<br />
a<strong>da</strong>ptaciis procesis gagebis gaRrmavebisaTvis, rac moTxovnasa <strong>da</strong> miwodebas<br />
gansazRvravs. anu elastiuroba gamoiyeneba moTxovnis (an miwodebis) determinantebis<br />
cvlilebis pasuxad moTxovnis (an miwodebis) cvlilebebis sididis gasazomad.<br />
moTxovnis safaso elastiurobis an araelas-tiurobis xarisxi<br />
koeficientis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, romelic gamoiTvleba Semdegi formuliT:<br />
izomeba Ed<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, moTxovnis safaso elastiurobas angariSoben imis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sadgenad, Tu mocemuli saxeobis saqonlis erTeulze fasis erTi procentiT Secvla<br />
ramdeni procentiT Secvlis misi realizaciis saerTo moculobas. axla <strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT<br />
elastiurobis formulis interpretacia.<br />
moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna elastiuria, elastiuria<br />
elastiuria<br />
elastiuria Tu fasis umniSvnelo procentuli cvlileba gamoiwvevs<br />
moTxovnili produqciis did procentul cvlilebas. magaliTad, Tu fasis 2 procentiT<br />
Semcireba gamoiwvevs moTxovnis 4 procentiT gadidebas, moTxovna elastiuria. cxadia,<br />
yvela msgavs situaciaSi, roca moTxovna elastiuria, elastiurobis koeficienti erTze<br />
meti iqneba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi igi 2-is tolia.<br />
Tu fasis mocemul procentul cvlilebas Tan axlavs moTxovnili produqciis<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebi cvlileba, moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna araelastiuria. araelastiuria<br />
araelastiuria<br />
araelastiuria mag., Tu fasis 3 procentiT<br />
Semcireba iZleva moTxovnili produqciis 1 procentiT gadidebas, moTxovna<br />
araelastiuria. am SemTxvevaSi elastiurobis koeficienti Seadgens 1/3-s. amrigad,<br />
araelastiuri moTxovnis dros elastiurobis koeficienti yovelTvis 1-ze naklebi<br />
iqneba.<br />
elastiur <strong>da</strong> araelastiur moTxovnas Soris warmoiSoba sasazRvro situacia,<br />
rodesac fasis procentuli cvlileba <strong>da</strong> moTxovnili produqciis raodenobis<br />
procentuli cvlileba toli aRmoCndeba. magaliTad, rodesac fasis 1 procentiT<br />
Semcireba iwvevs gayidvaTa 1 procentiT gazr<strong>da</strong>s. am specifikur SemTxvevas erTeulovan<br />
erTeulovan<br />
erTeulovan<br />
erTeulovan<br />
elastiurobas<br />
elastiurobas elastiurobas<br />
elastiurobas uwodeben, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c elastiurobis koefi-cienti zustad 1-is tolia.<br />
safaso elastiurobis koncefcia misaRebia miwodebisTvisac. miwodebis elastiurobis<br />
gamosaTvlelad gamoiyeneba Semdegi formula:<br />
19
samewarmeo samewarmeo qceva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> warmoebis xarjebi<br />
biznesi biznesi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mewarmeoba<br />
mewarmeoba<br />
biznesi biznesi biznesi biznesi (ingl., saqme) aris sameurneo saqmianoba <strong>da</strong> saqmiani urTierToba mis monawileebs<br />
Soris, romelTa mizania ekonomikuri sargeblis miReba mogebis an sxva formiT. biznesmeni<br />
biznesmeni<br />
biznesmeni<br />
biznesmeni<br />
(ingl., saqmis kaci, saqmiani a<strong>da</strong>miani) aris piri, romelic eweva bizness <strong>da</strong> iRvwis<br />
sazogadoebis keTildReobisaTvis. igi qonebis - kapitalis mflobelia. yoveli saqme ar<br />
SeiZleba biznesad CaiTvalos. nebismieri saqme, Tun<strong>da</strong>c, magaliTad, produqciis gamoSveba jer<br />
kidev ar aris biznesi. biznesad igi iqceva maSin, rodesac am produqciis mwarmoebeli<br />
urTierTobas <strong>da</strong>amyarebs produqciis myidvelTan <strong>da</strong> momxmarebelTan warmoebuli saqonlis<br />
momgebianad gayidvis mizniT.<br />
mewarmeobas Tavisi riskisa <strong>da</strong> qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis safuZvelze axorcieleben<br />
rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli pirebi. mewarmeobas<br />
mewarmeobas mewarmeobas<br />
mewarmeobas miekuTvneba nebismieri saxis sameurneo<br />
saqmianoba, Tu igi sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT ar aris akrZaluli. mewarmeoba moicavs sawarmoo,<br />
savaWro Semsyidvel, inovaciur, sakonsultacio <strong>da</strong> sxva saqmianobas, komerciul Suamavlobas,<br />
greTve fasiani qaRaldebis operaciebs.<br />
sabazro ekonomikaSi mewarmeoba <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia sakuTrebis yvela formisaTvis,<br />
saxelmwifo sakuTrebis CaTvliT.“ „mewarmeTa Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad,<br />
„samewarmeo „samewarmeo „samewarmeo „samewarmeo saqmianobad saqmianobad saqmianobad saqmianobad miiCneva miiCneva miiCneva miiCneva marTlzomieri marTlzomieri marTlzomieri marTlzomieri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> araerTjeradi araerTjeradi araerTjeradi araerTjeradi saqmianoba, saqmianoba, saqmianoba, saqmianoba, romelic romelic romelic romelic<br />
xorcieldeba xorcieldeba xorcieldeba xorcieldeba mogebis mogebis mogebis mogebis miRebis miRebis miRebis miRebis mizniT, mizniT, mizniT, mizniT, <strong>da</strong>mouki <strong>da</strong>moukideblad <strong>da</strong>mouki <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />
deblad deblad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> organizebulad“.<br />
organizebulad“. organizebulad“.<br />
organizebulad“. am kanoni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinre, samewarmeo saqmanobad ar CaiTvleba fizikuri piris saxelovnebo, samecniero,<br />
samedicino, saadvokato, sakonsultacio saqmianoba.<br />
biznesis biznesis biznesis biznesis formebi formebi formebi formebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi<br />
biznesis klasifikacias axdenen saqmianobis xasiaTis, sakuTrebis formebis, sididis,<br />
organizaciuli agebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva niSnebis mixedviT.<br />
sakuTrebis sakuTrebis sakuTrebis sakuTrebis formebis formebis formebis formebis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT arsebobs: kerZo, koleqtiuri, saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong> Sereuli<br />
firmebi;<br />
sididis sididis sididis sididis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT ansxvaveben: msxvil, saSualo <strong>da</strong> mcire firmebs.<br />
samarTlebriv<br />
samarTlebriv----organiz<br />
samarTlebriv<br />
samarTlebriv organiz organizaciuli<br />
organizaciuli<br />
aciuli aciuli formis mixedviT gamoiyofa sawarmoTa Semdegi ZiriTadi<br />
tipebi: individualuri sawarmo, erTpirovnuli mflobeloba, amxanagoba (anu partnioroba) <strong>da</strong><br />
korporacia.<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. individualuri individualuri individualuri individualuri sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo erTi piris, rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli fizikuri piris,<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobis mowyobis formaa. igi ar aris iuridiuli piri. am SemTxvevaSi mewarme<br />
gamodis rogorc fizikuri piri, sakuTari saxeliT. fizikuri piris yovelgvari saqmianoba<br />
rodi CaiTvleba samewarmeo saqmianobad (biznesad). magaliTad sakuTari an sxvisi avtomobilis<br />
gamoyeneba taqsad an tvirTis ga<strong>da</strong>sazid saSualebad ar CaiTvleba biznesad, Tu am<br />
satransporto saSualebis gamomyenebels ara aqvs samewarmeo wesiT mowyobili organizacia,<br />
mowesrigebuli sakaso <strong>da</strong> sabuRaltro saqme. es gulisxmobs Semdegs: fizikuri piri<br />
registrirebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos samewarmeo reestrSi.<br />
moqmedi kanonmdebloba individualur mewarmeze avrcelebs sruli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
princips. sxva sityvebiT, igi samewarmeo saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n warmoSobili valdebulebebisaTvis<br />
mTeli Tavisi qonebiT pira<strong>da</strong>d agebs pasuxs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu samkvidro qonebas<br />
mikuTvnebuli individualuri sawarmos saqmianobas agrZeleben memkvidreebi, isini pasuxs<br />
ageben samkvidros <strong>da</strong>mtoveblis im valdebulebebisaTvis, romelic warmoiSoba sawarmos<br />
saqmianobi<strong>da</strong>n, Tu samkvidros miRebi<strong>da</strong>n sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar gaaCereben sawarmos <strong>da</strong><br />
adrindeli safirmo saxelwodebis gamoyenebiT gaagrZeleben mis saqmianobas samemkvidreo<br />
urTierTobis aRmniSvneli <strong>da</strong>matebis <strong>da</strong>rTviT an uimisod.<br />
sakuTrebis sakuTrebis sakuTrebis sakuTrebis individualur individualur individualur individualur formas formas formas formas naklovanebebic naklovanebebic naklovanebebic naklovanebebic gaaCnia. gaaCnia gaaCnia gaaCnia kerZod, mniSvnelovania<br />
mesakuTrisTvis sruli, SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobis (Unlimited Liability)<br />
<strong>da</strong>kisreba – mesakuTre valdebulia <strong>da</strong>faros biznesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli yovelgvari xarji <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvitos <strong>da</strong>moukideblad mravali problema. Tu biznesma kraxi ganica<strong>da</strong>, man un<strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>ixados mTeli vali piradi qonebiT. individualuri firmis meore naklia kapitalis<br />
SezRuduloba. es imas niSnavs, rom fuli, romelic SeiZleba saqmeSi Caidos ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
20
sakuTari <strong>da</strong>nazogia <strong>da</strong> SezRudulia kreditis miRebis pirobebiT. mesakuTris gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi saWiroa firmis xelaxali registracia. agreTve, naklovanebebad SeiZleba<br />
CaiTvalos warmoebis masStabebis zrdis SezRudvebi, menejmentis siZneleebi <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
individualuri mewarmeoba farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli vaWrobis, sazogadoebrivi kvebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saerTod, momsaxurebis sferoSi.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. amxanagoba<br />
amxanagoba amxanagoba<br />
amxanagoba (partnioroba - Partnership) – iseTi sawarmoa, romelsac ori an meti<br />
TanamesakuTre hyavs. erTpirovnul mflobelobasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, amxanagobas garkveuli<br />
upiratesobebi<br />
upiratesobebi upiratesobebi<br />
upiratesobebi aqvs: arsebobs <strong>da</strong>matebiTi investiciebi, mozidvis saSualeba, SesaZlebelia<br />
axali ideebis <strong>da</strong>nergva. Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT martivia misi organizeba <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia ar ga<strong>da</strong>ixados<br />
zogierTi saxis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi. ganasxvaveben amxanagobis (partniorobis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formebs,<br />
kerZod, SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazo<br />
amxanagobas amxanagobas amxanagobas amxanagobas naklovanebebic naklovanebebic naklovanebebic naklovanebebic gaaCnia, gaaCnia, gaaCnia, gaaCnia, kerZod, yovel partniors ekisreba SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vi<br />
qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba. TiToeuli partniori pirovnulad agebs pasuxs amxanagobis<br />
valdebulebebze. Tu biznesma kraxi ganica<strong>da</strong>, maSin mis kreditorebs (mevaleebs) ufleba aqvT<br />
saxsrebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba mosTxovon rogorc TiToeuls cal-calke, ise yvela partniors erTad.<br />
Tumca, SesaZlebelia partnioruli SeTanxmeba imgvarad Sedges, rom SeizRudos partnioris<br />
piradi pasuxismgebloba.<br />
erT-erTi partnioris gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis an saqmi<strong>da</strong>n gasvlis SemTxvevaSi amxanagoba<br />
gaagrZelebs saqmianobas, magram saWiroa gaformdes axali xelSekruleba. amxanagobis mier<br />
moziduli kapitalis odenoba SezRudulia. misi zusti raodenoba ganisazRvreba firmis<br />
qonebiT, partniorebis SesaZleblobebiT <strong>da</strong> kreditunarianobiT. partniorebs SeiZleba<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Sexedulebebi hqondeT firmis marTvis Sesaxeb, ramac SeiZleba CaSalos saqmianoba.<br />
amxanagobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa - SezRuduli SezRuduli SezRuduli SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis pasuxismgeblobis pasuxismgeblobis pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
(Sps) (Sps) (Sps) (Sps) _ esaa kapitalis gaerTianebis forma, romelic farTo<strong>da</strong>a gavrcelebuli germaniaSi. Sps<br />
mTeli Tavisi qonebiT agebs pasuxs kreditorebis winaSe, xolo sazogadoebis wevrebi pasuxs<br />
ageben sazogadoebis valdebulebebze Tavisi wiliT <strong>da</strong> ar arian pasuxismgebelni TavianTi<br />
qonebiT. sazogadoebis wevrTa ricxvi SeiZleba iyos SezRuduli.<br />
amxanagobis erT-erTi formaa soli<strong>da</strong>ruli soli<strong>da</strong>ruli soli<strong>da</strong>ruli soli<strong>da</strong>ruli pasuxismgeblobis pasuxismgeblobis pasuxismgeblobis pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba aris erTerTi<br />
Zveli <strong>da</strong> metad gavrcelebuli sazogadoeba, igi gavrcelebulia <strong>da</strong>savleTSi. arsebiTi<br />
am formis sazogadoebaSi aris partniorTa soli<strong>da</strong>ruli pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis<br />
kreditorebis winaSe. soli<strong>da</strong>ruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebaSi ramdenime fizikuri piri<br />
erToblivad, erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT eweva araerTjerad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel mewarmeobas<br />
<strong>da</strong> partniorebi sazogadoebis valdebulebebisaTvis kreditorebis winaSe pasuxs ageben<br />
rogorc soli<strong>da</strong>ruli movaleebi uSualod, pir<strong>da</strong>pir mTel valdebulebebze, SeuzRu<strong>da</strong>vad<br />
mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.<br />
amxanagobis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli formaa komandituri komandituri komandituri komandituri sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba pirTa wevrobaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul savaWro sazogadoebaTa erT-erTi metad gavrcelebuli formaa safrangeTSi,<br />
germaniasa <strong>da</strong> inglisSi. komandituri sazogadoeba aris sazogadoeba, romelSic ramdenime<br />
piri erToblivad eweva araerTjerad <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebel mewarmeobas, Tu erTi an ramdenime<br />
partnioris pasuxismgebloba sazogadoebis kreditorebis winaSe gansazRvruli sagarantio<br />
Tanxis ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT Semoifargleba (komanditebi), xolo sxva partniorebis pasuxismgebloba<br />
SezRuduli ar aris (komplementarebi).<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. korporacia<br />
korporacia korporacia<br />
korporacia (Corporation) aris firmis organizebis forma, romlis Seqmnis dros<br />
gaicema oficialuri dokumenti registraciis Sesaxeb. korporaciebis sakuTrebis ufleba<br />
aqciebad aris <strong>da</strong>yofili, ris gamoc korporaciis mflobelebs aqcionrebs (Stocholders)<br />
uwodeben. mas SeuZlia <strong>da</strong>moukideblad mimarTos sasamarTlos an sasamarTloze iqnes<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli, gaaformos kontraqtebi, evaleba ga<strong>da</strong>ixados specialuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi.<br />
korporaciebs korporaciebs korporaciebs korporaciebs garkveuli garkveuli garkveuli garkveuli upiratesobebi<br />
upiratesobebi upiratesobebi<br />
upiratesobebi aqvT biznesis organizaciis sxva formebTan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. pirvel rigSi, esaa aqcioneris SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba individualuri<br />
mesakuTrisa <strong>da</strong> amxanagobis wevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebsac firmis valdebulebaze<br />
qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. maqsimumi, rac SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>kargos aqcionerma aris mis<br />
mier aqciebSi ga<strong>da</strong>xdili Tanxa. biznesis organizaciis ZiriTadi formebis upiratesobebi <strong>da</strong><br />
naklovanebebi mocemulia cxrilSi (ix. cx:2.)<br />
21
cxrili cxrili 2. 2. biznesis biznesis organizaciuli organizaciuli formebi formebi – upiratesobebi upiratesobebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> naklovanebebi<br />
naklovanebebi<br />
aqcionerebs SeuZliaT korporaciaSi Sesvla <strong>da</strong> gamosvla, Tu isini iyidian an gayidian<br />
korporaciis aqciebs. aqcioneris gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis SemTxvevaSi misi saaqcio wili memkvidreebze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>dis <strong>da</strong> es movlena arafriT aisaxeba korporaciis mimdinare saqmianobaze. korporaciaSi<br />
gaerTianebiT, garkveul SemTxvevaSi, individebma SesaZloa TavianTi personaluri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis Semcirebas miaRwion.<br />
korporaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa - saaqcio saaqcio saaqcio saaqcio sazogadoeba, sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba romelsac aqvs<br />
aqciebad <strong>da</strong>yofili sawesdebo kapitali. aqcionerTa qonebrivi uflebebi<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze mTavaria<br />
dividendis<br />
dividendis dividendis<br />
dividendis (mogebis nawilis) miRebis ufleba sameurneo wlis Sedegebis mixedviT.<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis partniori SeiZleba iyos fizikuri <strong>da</strong>/an iuridiuli piri. misi<br />
Seqmnis ufleba erT pirsac aqvs. aqcionerTa uflebebi ori saxisaa: piradi (sazogadoebis<br />
aqcionerTa saerTo krebaze monawileobis ufleba, xmis ufleba, informaciis miRebis <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
uflebebi) <strong>da</strong> qonebrivi (dividendis miRebis ufleba, sazogadoebis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciisas qonebis<br />
ganawilebaSi monawileobis miRebis <strong>da</strong> sxva uflebebi). imis gamo, rom ss mkacrad kapitaluri<br />
xasiaTisaa, piradi uflebebi aq naklebad dominirebs, radgan piradi uflebebis realuri<br />
ganxorcielebis ufleba mxolod aqciaTa mniSvnelovani raodenobis mflobel pirebs<br />
gaaCniaT.<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis saxelwodeba aqciebi<strong>da</strong>n warmodgeba. aqcia aris fasiani qaRaldi,<br />
romelic mis mflobels saaqcio sazogadoebis Semosavlis gansazRvru-li nawilis<br />
(dividendis) miRebisa <strong>da</strong>, rogorc wesi, am sawarmos mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi monawileobis<br />
uflebas aZlevs. aqciebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxisaa, maT Soris ZiriTadia: saxelobiTi, Cveulebrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
privilegiuri.<br />
moqmedi kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Ria <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xuruli tipis saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebebs. Ria Ria Ria Ria tipis tipis tipis tipis saaqcio sazogadoebis <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisas gamoiyeneba aqciaTa SeZenis Ria<br />
<strong>da</strong> yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi sistema. <strong>da</strong>xuruli <strong>da</strong>xuruli <strong>da</strong>xuruli <strong>da</strong>xuruli tipis tipis tipis tipis saaqcio sazogadoebaSi ki aqciebi<br />
mxolod <strong>da</strong>mfuZneblebze an winaswar gansazRvrul pirTa wreze nawildeba. aqciis upiratesi<br />
Sesyidvis uflebiT amave sazogadoebis aqcionerebi sargebloben. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>da</strong>xuruli<br />
tipis ss ar aris valdebuli gamoaqveynos Tavisi saqmianobis Sedegebi.<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvis umaRlesi organoa aqcionerTa aqcionerTa aqcionerTa aqcionerTa saerTo saerTo saerTo saerTo kreba. kreba kreba kreba igi ixilavs<br />
informacias gasuli wlis saqmianobis Sedegebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> gansazRvravs sazogadoebis<br />
saqmianobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. riggareSe saerTo kreba tardeba aqcionerTa moTxovniT.<br />
saaqcio sazogadoebis marTvis mniSvnelovan <strong>da</strong> aucilebel organos warmoadgens<br />
sameTvalyureo sameTvalyureo sameTvalyureo sameTvalyureo sabWo, sabWo sabWo sabWo romelic Sedgeba sul mcire 3 <strong>da</strong> araumetes 21 wevrisagan.<br />
22
saaqcio sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobasa <strong>da</strong> warmomadgenlobas axorcielebs dir direqcia dir direqcia<br />
eqcia eqcia<br />
(erTpirovnuli an kolegialuri organo). sazogadoebis SinaganawesiT SeiZleba<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli iyos direqtorTa Soris funqciaTa ganawileba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />
sazogadoebis saxeliT <strong>da</strong>debul yvela garigebas xels un<strong>da</strong> awerdnen direqtorebi.<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. kooperativi<br />
kooperativi kooperativi<br />
kooperativi aris wevrTa SromiT saqmianobaze <strong>da</strong>fuZnebuli sazogadoeba romlis<br />
amocanaa wevrTa interesebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba <strong>da</strong> igi mimarTuli ar aris upiratesad mogebis<br />
miRebaze. kooperativebi<br />
kooperativebi kooperativebi<br />
kooperativebi (Cooperatives) – es aris calkeuli pirebis an kompaniebis gaerTianeba,<br />
romlebic Seqmnilia gansazRvruli biznes-funqciebis Sesasruleblad. aseTebia: sabinao<br />
kooperativebi (Housing Coops), romlis wevrebic saxlis mflobelebi arian; samomxmareblo<br />
kooperativebi (Consumer Coops), romelTa mflobelebi monawileoben <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofili<br />
arian produqtisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis minimalur fasebSi SeZeniT; sawarmoo kooperativebi<br />
(Product Coops) - kompaniebi, romlebic produqts awarmoeben <strong>da</strong> Tavisi wevrebis saxeliT yidian.<br />
biznesis klasifikacia saqmianobis saxeebis mixedviT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d moicavs<br />
sawarmoo, sawarmoo, sawarmoo, komerciul komerciul <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> safinanso safinanso bizness bizness. bizness zogjer biznesis <strong>da</strong>mokidebul saxed gamoyofen<br />
sakonsultacio sakonsultacio bizness bizness. bizness bunebrivia, rom mogebis misaRebad Seqmnili produqti un<strong>da</strong> gaiyidos,<br />
e.i. biznesis nebismieri saxis partniori gulisxmobs komerciul garigebas. biznesi am<br />
<strong>da</strong>mamTavrebeli etapis gareSe kargavs azrs <strong>da</strong> ar SeiZleba miekuTvnos mocemul kategorias.<br />
biznesis klasifikacia moicavs Semdeg saxeebs:<br />
sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo biznesis biznesis biznesis biznesis Sinaarsi moicavs saqmianobis iseT saxeebs, rogoricaa: produqciis,<br />
samuSaoebis uSualo warmoeba, maT Soris literaturul <strong>da</strong> mxatvrul nawarmoebTa Seqmna,<br />
materialuri xasiaTis momsaxureba, satransporto momsaxureba, komunaluri momsaxureba. am<br />
sferoSi mimdinareobs saqonlis Seqmna, romelsac aqvs saxmari Rirebuleba <strong>da</strong> Rirebuleba,<br />
rac gulisxmobs mis Semdgom gacvlas fulze <strong>da</strong> warmoebis ganaxlebas.<br />
savaWro savaWro savaWro savaWro biznesis biznesis biznesis biznesis arsia warmoebi<strong>da</strong>n momxmareblamde saqonelmoZraobis saSuamavlo<br />
saqmianoba yidva-gayidvis saSualebiT, rac warmoadgens mza materialuri dovlaTis<br />
moxmarebas. Eekonomikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT msgavsi saxiT momsaxureba ar qmnis axal<br />
saxmar Rirebulebas <strong>da</strong> ar zrdis saqonlis Rirebulebas. maTi anazRaureba xdeba wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
produqtis xarjze. savaWro biznesSi gamoiyofa vaWrobis sabiTumo <strong>da</strong> sacalo rgolebi.<br />
pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqonlis realizacia xorcieldeba didi partiebiT Semdgomi gayidvis an<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisaTvis. sacalo vaWrobis arsia saqonlis realizacia saboloo momxmarebelze.<br />
safinanso safinanso safinanso safinanso biznesi biznesi biznesi biznesi gulisxmobs fulis bazris momsaxurebas: fasiani qaRaldebis,<br />
valutis yidva-gayidva, fasiani qaRaldebis emisia, sakredito valdebulebaTa garigebebi.<br />
safinanso biznesis yvelaze aqtiuri monawileebi arian bankebi <strong>da</strong> safondo birJebi:<br />
aramaterialuri momsaxureba gaweva aerTianebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva profilis sawarmoTa ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis organizaciis marTvis (menejmentis) momsaxurebis farTo speqtrs, maT Soris<br />
auditorul momsaxurebas, garTobaTa industriis (kazino, Eestra<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> a.S.) momsaxurebas.<br />
saqarTvelos safondo birJis funqciebia: fasiani qaRaldebis yidvisa <strong>da</strong> gayidvis Sesaxeb<br />
wina<strong>da</strong>debebis Segroveba <strong>da</strong> fasiani qaRaldebis sajaro vaWrobis organizeba.<br />
biznes biznes----gegmis biznes biznes gegmis gegmis gegmis arsi, arsi, arsi, arsi, <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
biznes biznes----gegma<br />
biznes biznes gegma gegma gegma mudmivad moqmedi dokumentia, romelSic mxolod saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeaqvT cvlilebebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebebi. misi moqmedebis xangZlivoba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia firmis<br />
saqmianobis xasiaTsa <strong>da</strong> masStabebze. rogorc wesi, biznes-gegmis pirveli wlis monacemebi<br />
Tveebis mixedviT aris mocemuli, xolo Semdegi wlebi wliur WrilSi. biznes-gegmiT bevri<br />
sargeblobs, gansakuTrebiT ki firmis TanamSromlebi <strong>da</strong> muSakebi. isini aqtiur monawileobas<br />
Rebuloben ra biznes-gegmis momzadebaSi, dokumentebis gacnobiT maT firmis strategiul<br />
ganviTarebaze naTeli warmodgena eqmnebaT.<br />
biznes-gegmis mkacrad reglamentirebuli, erTiani tipobrivi struqtura ar arsebobs. amis<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad misi tipiuri struqtura Semdegi ganyofilebebisagan Sedgeba: satitulo furceli;<br />
Sesavali nawili (reziume); <strong>da</strong>rgSi biznesis mdgomareobis analizi; proeqtis arsi; marketingis<br />
gegma; sawarmoo gegma; saorganizao gegma; riskebis Sefaseba; safinanso gegma;<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. biznes-gegmis pirveli pirveli pirveli pirveli ganyofileba<br />
ganyofileba ganyofileba<br />
ganyofileba - satitulo satitulo satitulo satitulo furceli, furceli furceli furceli ar miekuTvneba uSualod<br />
biznes-operaciebis <strong>da</strong>gegmvas. igi <strong>da</strong>interesebuli pirisaTvis qmnis warmodgenas firmis, misi<br />
biznesis, firmis <strong>da</strong>arsebis, ganviTarebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTod firmis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aseTi<br />
cnobebi sasargebloa im pirisa an organizaciisaTvis, romlebic ar icnoben an naklebad<br />
23
icnoben firmas. imisaTvis, rom gamoCndes firmis SesaZleblobebi, misi perspeqtiuloba,<br />
biznes-gegmaSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos mokle informacia firmis sawarmoo potencialis, misi produqciis<br />
<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Sesaxeb.<br />
biznes-gegmis satitulo furcelSi mocemulia:<br />
firmis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba <strong>da</strong> misamarTi (iuridiuli <strong>da</strong> faqtiuri);<br />
<strong>da</strong>mfuZneblebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba <strong>da</strong> telefonebi;<br />
proeqtis arsi, Rirebuleba, <strong>da</strong>farvis vadebi <strong>da</strong> moTxovna saidumloebaze <strong>da</strong> sxv;<br />
satitulo furceli iwereba erTi furclis moculobiT.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. biznes-gegmis Sesaval Sesaval Sesaval Sesaval nawilSi nawilSi nawilSi nawilSi mocemulia firmis saqmianoba, misi <strong>da</strong>fuZnebisaTvis<br />
saWiro Tanxa. firmis produqciaze arsebuli moTxovnileba, mosalodneli efeqti <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
miRwevis gzebi. biznes-gegmis es Tavi aris proeqtis reklama, amitom is un<strong>da</strong> Seicavdes<br />
proeqtis momgebianobis <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas. iwereba 3-4 gverdis moculobiT.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong>rgSi biznesis biznesis biznesis biznesis mdgomareobis mdgomareobis mdgomareobis mdgomareobis analizi. analizi analizi analizi am Tavis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa aCvenos <strong>da</strong>rgis specifika<br />
<strong>da</strong> done, kerZod ganviTarebadia is Tu ganviTarebuli, stabiluri Tu stagnirebuli. naCvenebi<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iyos produqciaze moTxovnilebis formireba ekonomikis ganviTarebis saerTo doni<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare aTi wlis periodis farglebSi. biznes-gegmis amave nawilSi mocemuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />
am produqciis gayidvis dinamika bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelosa <strong>da</strong> msoflioSi,<br />
momavalSi realizaciis prognozebi, mocemuli firmis wili saqarTveloSi produqciis<br />
warmoebaSi, potenciuri konkurentebi, maTi Zlieri <strong>da</strong> susti mxareebi.<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. proeqtis proeqtis proeqtis proeqtis arsi. arsi. arsi. arsi. biznes-gegmis am TavSi mocemuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos: produqciis aRwera,<br />
monacemebi patentebis Sesaxeb, sasaqonlo niSani, riT gansxvavdeba gamosaSvebad<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli produqcia importulisagan, ra pirobebiT SeiZleba iyos igi<br />
eqsportirebuli, licenziis aucilebloba, sawarmos ganlagebis adgili, satransporto<br />
kavSirebis sqema, moTxovnebi sawarmoo <strong>da</strong> administraciul personalze, mewarmisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />
partniorebis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba, argumentebi firmis warmatebis misaRwevad. biznes-gegmis es nawili<br />
sruldeba 5 gverdze.<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo gegma. gegma. gegma. gegma. am Tavis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa <strong>da</strong>majereblad iyos aRwerili firmaSi mimdinare<br />
sawarmoo procesi. am mizniT masSi mocemulia sawarmoo procesis grafikuli sqema,<br />
moijareebis CamonaTvali, misamarTebi <strong>da</strong> SerCevis <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba, saWiro mowyobilobis<br />
CamonaTvali, maTi momwodeblebi, mowodebis pirobebi <strong>da</strong> Rirebuleba, nedleulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
masalebis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba <strong>da</strong> saorientacio fasebi, nedleuliTa <strong>da</strong> masalebiT momaragebis<br />
wyaroebi, produqciis sawarmoo TviTRirebuleba, romeli mowyobiloba iqneba saWiro<br />
momavalSi, ekologiuri <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
6. 6. 6. 6. marketingis marketingis marketingis marketingis gegma. gegma. gegma. gegma. am TavSi naCvenebi un<strong>da</strong> iyos, rom saqonlis realizaciaSi seriozuli<br />
problemebi ar Seiqmneba. am mizniT masSi naCvenebia saboloo momxmarebeli, moTxovnis<br />
xasiaTi, bazris im moTxovnis specifikuroba, romelzec orientirebulia firma,<br />
konkurentebTan upiratesobebi segmentSi, faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobeben moTxovnas<br />
firmis produqciaze, teqnologiuri cvlilebebis zemoqmedeba produqciis <strong>da</strong>mzadebaze,<br />
konkurentebis romeli qmedebaa saSiSi, <strong>da</strong> rogoria Semxvedri qmedebis ZiriTadi elementebi,<br />
produqciis fasis <strong>da</strong>sabuTeba, gasaRebis organizacia, gasaRebis sistemis aRwera, mosazrebebi<br />
reklamis organizebis Sesaxeb, miznobrivi maCveneblebi 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong><br />
xelSekrulebebi saqonlis realizaciaze.<br />
biznes-gegmis es nawili sruldeba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 5 gverdze.<br />
7. 7. 7. 7. saorganizacio saorganizacio saorganizacio saorganizacio gegma. gegma. gegma. gegma. biznes-gegmis am nawilSi mocemulia sakuTrebis forma,<br />
partniorobis pirobebi, firmis organizaciul – samarTlebrivi forma, direqtorTa sabWos<br />
wevrebi, maTi telefonebi <strong>da</strong> mokle biografiuli cnobebi, vis aqvs xelis moweris ufleba<br />
finansur dikumentebze, movaleobebis ganawileba xelmZRvanelobis wevrebs Soris,<br />
urTierToba mmarTvelobis adgilobriv organoebTan, im sakiTxebis CamoTvla, romelTa<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wra arsebiTad aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli regional administraciaze, kadrebis <strong>da</strong>kompleqtebis<br />
Sromis anazRaurebis pirobebis <strong>da</strong> a.S. biznes-gegmis es nawili sruldeba 2-3 gverdze.<br />
8. 8. 8. 8. riskebis riskebis riskebis riskebis Sefaseba. Sefaseba Sefaseba Sefaseba biznes-gegmaSi risk-faqtors erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs<br />
<strong>da</strong> misi Sefaseba calke merve ganyofilebaSia mocemuli. ganyofilebs <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa<br />
produqciis realizaciis procesSi potencialuri problemebisa <strong>da</strong> siZneleebis winaswar<br />
gansazRvra.<br />
investor <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos mewarmis SeupovrobaSi, mis gambe<strong>da</strong>obaSi. mewarmes ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aSinebdes proeqtis ganxorcielebis msvlelobaSi warmoSobili sirTuleebi <strong>da</strong> mudmiv<br />
mzadyofnas un<strong>da</strong> amJRavnebdes mosalodneli sirTuleebis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad.<br />
24
ganyofilebaSi <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aris CamoTvlili proeqtis realizaciis Semaferxebeli yvela<br />
faqtori. gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia konkurentebis saqmianoba, normatiuli dokumentebis<br />
SesaZlo cvlilebebi, stiqiuri ubedurobebi, politikuri procesebi <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
9. 9. 9. 9. finansuri finansuri finansuri finansuri gegma. gegma gegma gegma biznes-gegmis finansur nawilSi mocemulia samuSao biujeti, naRdi<br />
fulis nakadebisa <strong>da</strong> sabalanso angariSis prognozebi. samuSao samuSao samuSao samuSao biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti Sefasebas aZlevs<br />
momavalSi firmis produqciis realizaciis moculobas <strong>da</strong> warmoebaze <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs erTi<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi. biujetis muxlebSi Tveebisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli wlis mixedviT asaxulia Semdegi<br />
informacia: realizaciis wmin<strong>da</strong> moculoba, Semosavali realizacii<strong>da</strong>n, nedleulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
masalis xarji, <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi xelfasze, sawarmoo xarjebi, energiisa <strong>da</strong> saTbobis xarjebi,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi, saamortizacio xarjebi, saerTo mogeba, saeqspluatacio xarjebi, mmarTvelobis<br />
xarjebi, marketingis xarjebi, sxva xarjebi, mogeba ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>mde, mogebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> mogeba ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis Semdeg.<br />
biznes gegmis safinanso ganyofilebis gacnobiT investori proeqts ekonomikur Sefasebas<br />
aZlevs <strong>da</strong> sabolood <strong>da</strong>rwmundeba mis perspeqtiulobaSi. misTvis cnobili xdeba<br />
rentabelobis done, <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis amoRebis dro, finansuri simtkice <strong>da</strong> firmis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdisunarianobis xarisxi.<br />
biznes-gegmis Sedgena sakmaod rTuli <strong>da</strong> Sromatevadi procesia. misi <strong>da</strong>sabuTebisaTvis<br />
saWiro informaciis Segrovebas bevri dro QWirdeba <strong>da</strong> moiTxovs mudmivmoqmed sainformacio<br />
qselis arsebobas.<br />
4.6 4.6 4.6 4.6 marketingi marketingi marketingi marketingi sawarmos sawarmos sawarmos sawarmos biznes biznes----sa biznes biznes sa saqmianobaSi<br />
saqmianobaSi<br />
qmianobaSi<br />
qmianobaSi<br />
termini - marketingiL warmoiSva inglisuri<strong>da</strong>n ,,market”,Lrac bazars niSnavs. marke marketingi<br />
marke marketingi<br />
tingi tingi -<br />
aris Tanamedrove firmis sawarmoo <strong>da</strong> gasaRebiTi saqmianobis marTvis iseTi sistema, romelic<br />
momxmarebelze orientirebuli saqonlis warmoebas, mis Seuferxebul realizacias <strong>da</strong> mogebis<br />
miRebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
marketingis ZiriTadi devizia iwarmoos is, rac iyideba (rac momxmarebels surs) <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
gaiyidos is, rac iwarmoeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sawarmom, sanam awarmoebs,<br />
gulmodgined un<strong>da</strong> Seiswavlos konkretul momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi, miRebuli monacemebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>azustos nomenklatura <strong>da</strong> mxolod amis Semdeg SesTavazos momxmarebels saqoneli <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
piriqiT: awarmoos saqoneli <strong>da</strong> misi realizaciis dros <strong>da</strong>dges seriozuli siZneleebis winaSe.<br />
marketingis marketingis marketingis marketingis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi funqciebia:<br />
funqciebia:<br />
funqciebia:<br />
funqciebia:<br />
gasa gasaRebis gasa gasaRebis<br />
Rebis Rebis bazris bazris bazris bazris kompleqsuri kompleqsuri kompleqsuri kompleqsuri gamokvleva<br />
gamokvleva. gamokvleva<br />
gamokvleva igi moicavs saWiro informaciis mopovebas,<br />
marketinguli garemos gamokvlevas, bazris koniunqturis Seswavla-analizsa <strong>da</strong> prognozebis<br />
gansazRvras, gasaRebis formebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis analizs;<br />
saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis d<strong>da</strong>gegmva<br />
dd<br />
agegmva agegmva. agegmva igi, iseve rogorc marketingis momdevno<br />
sami funqcia, warmoadgens marketingis programis specialur ganyofilebas <strong>da</strong> mimarTulia<br />
sawarmos konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisaken, konkretulad exeba sawarmos produqciis<br />
samomxmareblo Tvisebebs, axali saxeobisa <strong>da</strong> asortimentis saqonlis SemuSavebas <strong>da</strong> miznad<br />
isaxavs efeqtiani gasaRebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT misi xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebis<br />
momxmarebelTa konkretul moTxovnebTan misa<strong>da</strong>gebas;<br />
saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) fasis fasis fasis fasis <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong>gegmva. <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong>gegmva moicavs bazarze sawarmos qcevis fasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli strategiis gansazRvras xangrZlivi periodisaTvis <strong>da</strong> taqtikis gansazRvras<br />
mokle periodisaTvis saqonlis TiToeuli jgufisa <strong>da</strong> saxeobis mixedviT. igi gulisxmobs<br />
ekonomikuri koniunqturis, saqonlis sasicocxlo ciklis fazebis, alternatiuli<br />
Rirebulebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorTa gaTvaliswinebiT fasebis donis gansazRvras;<br />
saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) (momsaxurebis) gasaRebis gasaRebis gasaRebis gasaRebis <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong>gegmva. <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong>gegmva mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sawarmos nawarmis<br />
gasaRebis arxebis <strong>da</strong>gegmva <strong>da</strong> formireba pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong> arapir<strong>da</strong>piri meTodebiT. pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
meTodSi igulisxmeba TviT sawarmos mier filialebis, gasaRebis punqtebisa <strong>da</strong> sawyobebis,<br />
sademonstracio <strong>da</strong>rbazebis, teqnikuri momsaxurebis sadgurebisa <strong>da</strong> centrebis organizacia,<br />
e.i. realizacia gasaRebis sakuTari, <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli qselis meSveobiT. arapir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>meTodi</strong> ki<br />
niSnavs nawarmis realizacias <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli Suamavlebis meSveobiT. arsebobs nawarmis<br />
kombinirebuli, anu Sereuli <strong>meTodi</strong>T gasaRebac;<br />
komunikaciuri komunikaciuri komunikaciuri komunikaciuri politikis politikis politikis politikis ganxorcieleba<br />
ganxorcieleba. ganxorcieleba<br />
ganxorcieleba aq vgulisxmobT saqonlis pir<strong>da</strong>pir anu<br />
personalur gayidvas, finansuri saSualebebis meSveobiT gasaRebis stimulirebas, nawarmis<br />
25
gayidvamde <strong>da</strong> gayidvis Semdgom momsaxurebas, gamoyenebas, bazrobebs, saqonlur niSnebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
stils, SefuTvas, suvenirebs, teqmomsaxurebas, servisul politikas <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
26
Tavi Tavi Tavi V. V. warmoebis warmoebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis xarjebis xarjebis xarjebis xarjebis arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> klasifikacia<br />
klasifikac<br />
klasifikac<br />
klasifikacia<br />
ia ia<br />
warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi aris firmis mier produqciis warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> realizaciaze<br />
gaweuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis erToblioba.<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi SeiZleba gaiyos orad: aSkara (buRaltrul) <strong>da</strong> farul<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebad. <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis aseTi <strong>da</strong>yofa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia imasTan, rom, rogorc wesi,<br />
sawarmo iyenebs rogorc sxvebisagan SeZenil, ise sakuTar resursebs.<br />
aSkara aSkara aSkara aSkara <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi is alternatiuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebia, romelic aSkara (fuladi)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelis formas iRebs <strong>da</strong> xmardeba resursebis momwodeblebs. mas miekuTvneba:<br />
muSebis xelfasi, menejerTa Sromis anazRaureba, savaWro sawarmoTa sakomisio<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi, sabanko <strong>da</strong> safinanso momsaxurebis mimwodebelTa Sromis anazRaureba,<br />
satransporto xarjebis ganaRdeba <strong>da</strong> a.S. es <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi aisaxeba sawarmos<br />
buRaltrul wignSi <strong>da</strong> amitom mas buRaltrul <strong>da</strong>naxarjebsac uwodeben.<br />
faruli faruli faruli faruli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi aris warmoebis procesSi gamoyenebuli sawarmos kuTvnili<br />
ekonomikuri resursebi, romlebzec igi fuls ar ixdis. faruli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
utoldeba im fulad Semosavals, romelsac mocemuli sawarmo miiReb<strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
sawarmoze am resursis gayidvis an ijariT gacemis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad,<br />
individualuri mewarmis <strong>da</strong>xarjuli samuSao drois alternatiuli Rirebulebaa is<br />
xelfasi, romelsac igi miiReb<strong>da</strong> sxva sawarmoSi <strong>da</strong>xarjuli Sromis anazRaurebis<br />
saxiT. SeiZleba sxva magaliTis motanac: sawarmo iyenebs mis kuTvnil Senobas,<br />
romelSic igi fuls ar ixdis. magram mas rom es Senoba ijariT gaeca, uTuod<br />
miiReb<strong>da</strong> gansazRvrul Semosavals saijaro qiris saxiT. faruli xarjebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, sawarmos buRaltrul wignSi ar aisaxeba.<br />
aSkara <strong>da</strong> farul <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs Soris gansxvavebis <strong>da</strong>dgena aucilebelia<br />
sawarmos funqcionirebis miznis - mogebis asaxsnelad. sawarmos mTliani<br />
Semosavli<strong>da</strong>n aSkara <strong>da</strong> faruli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis (mTliani <strong>da</strong>naxarjis) gamoqviTvis<br />
Semdeg <strong>da</strong>rCenili Tanxa aris ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri mogeba. mogeba mogeba mogeba am ukanasknelisagan biznesis<br />
samyaroSi xSirad ganasxvaveben buRaltrul buRaltrul buRaltrul buRaltrul mogebas, mogebas mogebas mogebas romelic miiReba sawarmos<br />
mTliani Semosavli<strong>da</strong>n aSkara <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis gamoklebiT.<br />
firmas optimaluri ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis misaRebad srulyofili informacia un<strong>da</strong><br />
hqondes <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis donis Sesaxeb. moklevadian periodSi firmis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi iyofa<br />
mudmiv <strong>da</strong> cvalebad <strong>da</strong>naxarjebad.<br />
mudmivi mudmivi mudmivi mudmivi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi (FC) iseTi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebia, romelic ar icvleba warmoebis<br />
moculobis cvlilebis dros <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis imave odenobiT gaiweva maSinac, roca<br />
sawarmo gaCerebulia <strong>da</strong> saerTod arafers ar awarmoebs. mas miekuTvneba Senobebis,<br />
nagebobebisa <strong>da</strong> manqana-mowyobilobebis gamoyenebasTan, aren<strong>da</strong>sTan, kapitalur<br />
remontTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi, agreTve administraciuli xarjebi<br />
(administraciuli <strong>da</strong> kapitaluri remontis xarjebi SeiZleba pirobiTad mudmiv<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebs mivakuTvnoT, radganac isini garkveul donemde warmoebis zomaze arian<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulni).<br />
cvalebadi cvalebadi cvalebadi cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi (VC) is <strong>da</strong>naxarjebia, romelic icvleba warmoebis<br />
moculobis cvlilebis dros. mas miekuTvneba <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi nedleulze,<br />
eleqtroenergiaze, <strong>da</strong>mxmare masalebze, Sromis anazRaurebaze. gansxvavebiT mudmivi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebisagan, cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi izrdeba an mcirdeba produqtis gamoSvebis<br />
proporciulad. warmoebis organizaciis sawyis periodSi cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
izrdeba ufro swrafad, vidre gamoSvebuli produqtis moculoba.<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobis analizisaTvis metad mniSvnelovania mTliani <strong>da</strong> saSualo<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis gansazRvra. mTliani mTliani mTliani mTliani <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi (TC) aris mudmivi <strong>da</strong> cvalebadi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis ariTmetikuli jami. igi formuliT gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:<br />
TC = FC +VC<br />
saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarje<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarje<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
bi bi (AC), anu <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi produqciis erTeulze udris mTliani<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis jams gayofils warmoebuli produqciis moculobaze. formuliT<br />
gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c AC aris saSualo <strong>da</strong>naxarji;<br />
27
TC _ mTliani <strong>da</strong>naxarji;<br />
Q _ gamoSvebuli produqciis moculoba.<br />
saSualo <strong>da</strong>naxarji aCvenebs, Tu ra ujdeba mewarmes saSualod produqciis<br />
yoveli erTeulis gamoSveba. moklevadian periodSi sawarmos <strong>da</strong>naxarji iyofa mudmiv<br />
<strong>da</strong> cvalebad <strong>da</strong>naxarjebad, ris gamoc SesaZlebelia saSualo mudmivi <strong>da</strong> saSualo<br />
cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis gaangariSeba.<br />
warmoebis moculobis zr<strong>da</strong>sTan erTad amonagebi izrdeba, amitom saSualo<br />
mudmivi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi (mudmivi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi produqtis erTeulze) mcirdeba. saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo<br />
mudmivi mudmivi mudmivi mudmivi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi (AFC) Semdegnairad gaiangariSeba:<br />
AFC = FC /Q<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
FC _ mudmivi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebia,<br />
Q _ produqtis raodenoba<br />
saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo cvalebadi cvalebadi cvalebadi cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi (AVC) ganisazRvreba cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis (VC)<br />
SefardebiT produqtis moculobasTan (Q)<br />
AVC =VC /Q.<br />
saSualo cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis (AVC) cneba metad mniSvnelovania firmis<br />
efeqtianobis, wonasworuli mdgomareobisa <strong>da</strong> misi ganviTarebis axlo perspeqtivebis<br />
gansazRvrisTvis (gafarToeba, warmoebis Semcireba, <strong>da</strong>rgi<strong>da</strong>n gasvla).<br />
zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi (Marginal Costs - MC) aris mTliani <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis nazardi,<br />
romelic gamoiwvia warmoebis erTi erTeuliT gadidebam. zRvrul <strong>da</strong>naxarjebSi<br />
igulisxmeba <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi, romlebic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia produqtis bolo erTeulis<br />
warmoebasTan, romelic Semdegnairad gaiangariSeba:<br />
klebadi klebadi klebadi klebadi ukugebis ukugebis ukugebis ukugebis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sawarmos sawarmos sawarmos sawarmos optimaluri optimaluri optimaluri optimaluri sidide sidide sidide sidide<br />
yovel calkeul periodSi warmoebis faqtorebis SesaZlo mocemuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT<br />
produqciis maqsimalur warmoebas sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo sawarmoo funqcia funqcia funqcia funqcia ewodeba. sxvagvarad, sawarmoo<br />
funqcia gamoxatavs produqciis SesaZlo maqsimalur warmoebas <strong>da</strong> mocemul<br />
produqciaze yvela warmoebis faqtoris <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs Soris teqnologiur<br />
urTierTkavSirs. sawarmoo funqciis mniSvneloba ganisazRvreba imiT, rom is avlens<br />
alternatiul SesaZleblobebs, romlis drosac warmoebis faqtorTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
Sexameba uzrunvelyofs produqciis erTi <strong>da</strong> imave moculobis gamoSvebas, e.i. avlens<br />
warmoebis faqtorebis optimaluri Sexamebis variants, warmoebis faqtorebze<br />
moTxovnis ZiriTadi TaviseburebiT. isini cal-calke ar gamoiyeneba. Tavis mxriv,<br />
warmoebis faqtorebis urTierTkavSiri ganapirobebs TiToeul maTganze moTxovnis<br />
sididis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas yvela <strong>da</strong>narCenis fasze.<br />
sawarmoo funqciis arsSi garkveva SesaZlebleblobas gvaZlevs gavigoT<br />
,,<strong>da</strong>matebiTi produqtis” anu zRvruli produqtis raoba. zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli produqti produqti produqti produqti aris<br />
warmoebis sxva faqtorebis ucvlelobisas erTi romelime maTganis gadidebis<br />
Sedegad miRebuli <strong>da</strong>matebiTi produqti. Tu mTlian produqtad miviRebT wlis<br />
manZilze muSakTa gansazRvruli raodenobis mier warmoebuli produqciis mTlian<br />
moculobas, zRvruli produqti iqneba erT muSakze gaangariSebiT mTliani<br />
produqtis cvlileba <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa ricxvis Secvlisas. magaliTad, Tu <strong>da</strong>vuSvebT,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>saqmebul muSakTa raodenobis oTxi<strong>da</strong>n xuTamde gazrdisas mTliani produqti<br />
272 toni<strong>da</strong>n 385 tonamde izrdeba, mexuTe (<strong>da</strong>matebuli) muSis zRvruli produqti 113t.<br />
iqneba (385-272). es maSin, roca saSualo produqti (produqciis mTliani moculoba<br />
gayofili muSaTa raodenobaze) – 77t., mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba zRvrul produqts<br />
(113t.).<br />
magram <strong>da</strong>saqmebul muSakTa raodenobis zr<strong>da</strong>s aqvs zRvari, romlis iqiTac Sromis<br />
mwarmoebloba ecema, Tumca SeiZleba mTliani produqti izrdebodes. es xdeba imitom,<br />
rom miwisa <strong>da</strong> kapitalis ucvleli moculoba ukve aRar aris sakmarisi yvela muSakis<br />
28
sruli ukugebiT muSaobisaTvis. Sromis mwarmoeblurobis done <strong>da</strong>cemis tendenciiT<br />
xasiaTdeba maSinac, roca saWiroze gacilebiT naklebi muSakia <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli<br />
gansazRvruli raodenobis miwis <strong>da</strong> kapitalis momsaxurebaze.<br />
es azri rom ufro gasagebi gaxdes^ moviyvanoT erTi magaliTi. <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT rom<br />
firma,^vTqvaT @,,jeli” awarmoebs velosipedebs <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>naxarji Sedgeba mxolod<br />
SromiTi <strong>da</strong>naxarjisagan. sawarmoSi yoveldRiuri warmoebis done gaizomeba fizikur<br />
erTeulebSi anu mTliani fizikuri produqtiT. fizikuri erTeulebis raodenoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia muSebis raodenobaze. muSebis gareSe ar arsebobs warmoeba mocemul<br />
sawarmoSi erT muSas ar SeuZlia raimes warmoeba,^radgan velosipedis warmoebis<br />
zogierTi monakveTi,^rogorc minimumi^moiTxovs ori a<strong>da</strong>mianis erTobliv muSaobas.<br />
or muSas ukve SeuZlia warmoebiTi procesis <strong>da</strong>wyeba,^magram imis gamo,^rom am or<br />
muSas mouxdeba Sromis monacvleoba, samuSaos erTi saxi<strong>da</strong>n meoreze ga<strong>da</strong>svla, maTi<br />
Sromis nayofiereba <strong>da</strong>bali iqneba <strong>da</strong> dReSi gamoimuSaveben,^mxolod, vTqvaT, erT<br />
velosipeds. roca or muSas <strong>da</strong>emateba mesame muSa^ SesaZlebeli gaxdeba Sromis<br />
gansazRvruli specializacia <strong>da</strong> warmoeba gaizrdeba sam fizikur erTeulamde, oTxi<br />
muSis SemTxvevaSi warmoeba ufro gafarTovdeba <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebeli gaxdeba dReSi 7<br />
velosipedis gamoSveba. 5 awarmoebs 10 velosipeds,^6-12-s^ xolo 7-13 velosipeds. es<br />
iqneba produqciis gamoSvebis maqsimumi. muSebis Semdgomi zr<strong>da</strong> mxolod gaauaresebs<br />
Sedegs. mizezi martivia. instrumentebi <strong>da</strong> mowyobiloba mTlianad <strong>da</strong>kavebulia.<br />
amitom yoveli <strong>da</strong>matebiTi muSa iZulebuli iqneba <strong>da</strong>elodos im SemTxvevas^ roca<br />
masze moTxovna warmoiSoba. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> velosipedis gamoSveba SesaZlebeli iqneba^<br />
Tu mocemul sawarmoSi Seitaneba <strong>da</strong>matebiTi mowyoba <strong>da</strong> masalebi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
muSebis raodenobis gadideba gamoiwvevs produqciis gamoSvebis zr<strong>da</strong>s, magram<br />
amJamad, Cven vixilavT mxolod erTi cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjis gadidebas, sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjis ucvlelobis pirobebSi (ix. nax.5.1).<br />
nax. nax. nax. 5.1 5.1. 5.1 . zRvruli fizikuri produqti<br />
klebadiiii klebad klebad klebad ukugebis ukuge ukuge ukugebis<br />
bis bis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni - zRvruli fizikuri produqtis mrudis <strong>da</strong>mavali nawili<br />
im principebis ilustrirebaa, romelic cnobilia, rogorc Semosavlis klebadobis<br />
kanonis saxeliT. am principis Tanaxmad erTi tipis <strong>da</strong>naxarjis gadidebis kvalobaze,<br />
roca ucvleli rCeba sxva <strong>da</strong>naxarjis moculoba, drois cnobil momentSi miiRweva<br />
wertili, romlis Semdeg zRvruli fizikuri produqtis Semcirebas <strong>da</strong>iwyebs.<br />
Semosavlis klebadobis kanoni gamasdevia yvela cnobili warmoebiTi procesisa <strong>da</strong><br />
yvela cvalebadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjisaTvis.<br />
amrigad, klebadi ukugebis kanons Zala aqvs maSin, rodesac warmoebis erTi<br />
romelime faqtoris <strong>da</strong>naxarji Tanmimdevrulad izrdeba, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni faqtorebi<br />
ucvlelia. warmoebis yvela faqtoris <strong>da</strong>naxarjis erTdrouli gadidebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
teqnikuri progresis pirobebSi aRniSnuli kanoni ar moqmedebs.<br />
29
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia konkurencia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> monopolia<br />
monopolia<br />
BBBB<br />
konkurenciis konkurenciis<br />
konkurenciis<br />
konkurenciis arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bazris bazris bazris bazris struqturis struqturis<br />
struqturis<br />
struqturis tipebi tipebi tipebi tipebi<br />
,,konkurencia<br />
,, ,, ,, konkurencia”<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia”<br />
” ” ---- laTinuri<br />
laTi laTi laTinuri<br />
nuri nuri sityvaa sityvaa sityvaa sityvaa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> brZolas, brZolas brZolas brZolas,<br />
, , metoqeobas metoqeobas<br />
metoqeobas<br />
metoqeobas niSnavs niSnavs niSnavs niSnavs ukeTesi ukeTesi ukeTesi ukeTesi<br />
pirobebis pirobebis pirobebis<br />
pirobebis mosapoveblad.... mosapoveblad<br />
mosapoveblad<br />
mosapoveblad igi kapitalisturi meurneobis dros warmoiSva <strong>da</strong><br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> konkurentebis brZolas rac SeiZleba meti mogebis misaRebad.<br />
Tavisufali konkurenciis dros yvela cdilobs warmatebas miaRwios iseTi<br />
saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis warmoebiT, romelsac, maTi varaudiT, sxvebi SeiZenen. amiT<br />
isini am saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis sanacvlod fuls Rebuloben.<br />
sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro konkurencia konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia emsaxureba emsaxureba<br />
emsaxureba<br />
emsaxureba rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc myidvelebis,<br />
myidvelebis<br />
myidvelebis<br />
myidvelebis,<br />
, , aseve aseve aseve aseve gamyidvelebis<br />
gamyidvelebis<br />
gamyidvelebis<br />
gamyidvelebis<br />
interesebs,<br />
interesebs<br />
interesebs<br />
interesebs,<br />
, , anu anu anu anu orive orive orive orive mxarisaTvis<br />
mxarisaTv<br />
mxarisaTv<br />
mxarisaTvis<br />
is is momgebiania.<br />
momgebiania<br />
momgebiania<br />
momgebiania.<br />
. . amis amis amis amis gamo gamo gamo gamo konkurencia konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia Tavisufali<br />
Tavisufali<br />
Tavisufali<br />
Tavisufali<br />
mewarmeobis mewarmeobis<br />
mewarmeobis<br />
mewarmeobis ekonomikis ekonomikis<br />
ekonomikis<br />
ekonomikis qvakuTxedia....<br />
qvakuTxedia<br />
qvakuTxedia<br />
qvakuTxedia<br />
es imiT aixsneba, rom mogebis gazrdis survili mewarmeebs aiZulebs siaxleTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>nergvas, ufro meti <strong>da</strong> ukeTesi xarisxis saqonlis warmoebas, meti maRalanaz-<br />
Raurebadi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, resursebis ufro efeqtian gamoyenebas,<br />
warmoebis muSakTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebas <strong>da</strong> Sromis organizaciis srulyofas.<br />
misi Sedegia produqciis erTeulze sawarmos <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis Semcireba, rac iZleva<br />
fasis Semcirebis SesaZleblobas. es aCqarebs warmoebuli saqonlis realizacias <strong>da</strong><br />
zrdis sawarmos mogebas. sabolood, mocemuli sawarmos konkurentunarianoba<br />
bazarze gamovlindeba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, konkurencia sawarmos mogebis maqsimizaciis erTerTi<br />
pirobaa.<br />
amrigad, Tavisufali mewarmeobis ekonomikaSi mwarmoeblebs Soris konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
xels xels xels xels uwyobs uwyobs uwyobs uwyobs saqonlis xarisxis amaRlebas <strong>da</strong> masze Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bali fasis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebas. radgan TiToeuli Cvengani (gamyidveli Tu myidveli) momxareblebi varT,<br />
amdenad, konkurencia yvelasaTvis sasargebloa.<br />
bazris bazris bazris bazris struqturis struqturis<br />
struqturis<br />
struqturis tipebi tipebi tipebi tipebi<br />
bazris struqtura sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvaria, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli srulyofili srulyofili<br />
srulyofili<br />
srulyofili anu anu anu anu ````wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>~ wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>~<br />
~ ~<br />
konkurenciiT konkurenciiT<br />
konkurenciiT<br />
konkurenciiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli absoluturi absoluturi<br />
absoluturi<br />
absoluturi anu anu anu anu ````wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>~ wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong>~<br />
~ ~ monopoliiT. monopoliiT<br />
monopoliiT<br />
monopoliiT Tanamedrove<br />
realur ekonomikur sistemebSi, <strong>da</strong> saerTo<strong>da</strong>c, srulyofili anu `wmin<strong>da</strong>~<br />
konkurencia, iseve rogorc absoluturi anu `wmin<strong>da</strong>~ monopolia Teoriuli<br />
abstraqciaa, romlebic gamoxataven or polarul sabazro situacias, or logikur<br />
zRvars. es modelebi, TiToeuli am situaciis pirobebSi, Teoriulad asaxaven mogebis<br />
maqsimizaciis mimarTulebiT individualur sawarmoTa SesaZlo saqmianobis ZiriTad<br />
kanonzomierebebs. realur sinamdvileSi maT Soris `Tavsdeba~ anu funqcionirebs<br />
arasrulyofili konkurencia, rodesac kompaniebi monopolisturi monopolisturi<br />
monopolisturi<br />
monopolisturi konkurenciis an<br />
oligopoliis oligopoliis<br />
oligopoliis<br />
oligopoliis pirobebSi ewevian konkurencias.<br />
bazris struqturis oTxive tipis zogadi suraTi cxrilis saxiT SeiZleba<br />
warmovadginoT Semdegnairad (ix. cxrili 6.1):<br />
cxrili cxrili 6.1 6.1. 6.1<br />
bazris bazris bazris struqturis struqturis struqturis tipebi tipebi<br />
tipebi<br />
30
wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> konkurentuli konkurentuli konkurentuli konkurentuli bazari bazari bazari bazari<br />
konkurentuli konkurentuli aris aris iseTi iseTi sabazro sabazro struqtura, struqtura, sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c bazarze bazarze uamravi uamravi firma<br />
firma<br />
uwevs uwevs erTmaneTs erTmaneTs konkurencias. konkurencias. vinai<strong>da</strong>n TiToeuli maTgani yidis erToblivi sabazro<br />
warmoebis sakmaod mcire nawils, amitom maTi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebi gavlenas ver axdenen<br />
sabazro fasze. TiToeuli firma Rebulobs sabazro fass, rogorc mocemulobas.<br />
konkurentuli bazris modeli mniSvnelovania sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis,<br />
sawvavis, sabinao momsaxurebisa <strong>da</strong> finansuri bazrebis gamokvlevis dros.<br />
am modelis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi niSnebia:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. fasis fasis fasis fasis miReba; miReba; miReba; miReba;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis erTgvarovneba erTgvarovneba erTgvarovneba erTgvarovneba (homogenuroba, (homogenuroba, (homogenuroba, (homogenuroba, identuroba, identuroba, identuroba, identuroba, aradiferencirebuloba);<br />
aradiferencirebuloba);<br />
aradiferencirebuloba);<br />
aradiferencirebuloba);<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. bazarze bazarze bazarze bazarze Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Sesvla Sesvla Sesvla Sesvla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bazri<strong>da</strong>n bazri<strong>da</strong>n bazri<strong>da</strong>n bazri<strong>da</strong>n gasvla; gasvla; gasvla; gasvla;<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. bazarze bazarze bazarze bazarze gamyidvelebisa gamyidveleb<br />
gamyidveleb<br />
gamyidvelebisa<br />
isa isa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> myidvelebis myidvelebis myidvelebis myidvelebis didi didi didi didi ricxvi. ricxvi. ricxvi. ricxvi.<br />
monopoliis monopoliis monopoliis monopoliis arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
firmas, romelic Tavisi saqonlis erTaderTi gamyidvelia <strong>da</strong> am saqonels<br />
axlo Semcvlelebi ar gaaCnia, absoluturi anu wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> monopolia monopolia<br />
monopolia<br />
monopolia ewodeba.<br />
monopoliis ZiriTadi mizezia bazarze Sesvlis barierebi. monopolia erTaderT<br />
gamyidvelad rCeba Tavis bazarze, vinai<strong>da</strong>n sxva firmebs ar SeuZliaT am bazarze<br />
Sesvla <strong>da</strong> monopoliisTvis konkurenciis gaweva. bazarze Sesvlis barierebs, Tavis<br />
mxriv, sami mizezi aqvs:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. ZiriTad ZiriTad ZiriTad ZiriTad resurss resurss resurss resurss erTi erTi erTi erTi firma firma firma firma flobs; flobs; flobs; flobs;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. mTavroba mTavroba mTavroba mTavroba erT erT erT erT firmas fi fi firmas<br />
rmas rmas aZlevs aZlevs aZlevs aZlevs raime raime raime raime saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis eqskluziur eqskluziur eqskluziur eqskluziur uflebas; uflebas; uflebas; uflebas;<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi iseTia, iseTia, iseTia, iseTia, rom rom rom rom erTi erTi erTi erTi mwarmoebeli mwarmoebeli mwarmoebeli mwarmoebeli ufro ufro ufro ufro efeqtianad<br />
efeqtianad<br />
efeqtianad<br />
efeqtianad<br />
muSaobs, muSaobs, muSaobs, muSaobs, vidre vidre vidre vidre mwarmoebelTa mwarmoebelTa mwarmoebelTa mwarmoebelTa didi didi didi didi raodenoba.<br />
raodenoba.<br />
raodenoba.<br />
raodenoba.<br />
oligopoliis oligopoliis oligopoliis oligopoliis arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
oligopolia, oligopolia,<br />
oligopolia,<br />
oligopolia, iseTi bazari, sa<strong>da</strong>c mxolod ramdenime gamyidvelia <strong>da</strong> TiToeuli<br />
maTgani yidis sxvaTa sxvaTa sxvaTa sxvaTa msgavs msgavs msgavs msgavs an an an an identur identur identur identur saqonels. saqonels. saqonels. saqonels. oligopoliuri bazris arsi imaSi<br />
mdgomareobs, rom am bazarze moqmedi romelime erTi gamyidvelis qmedebas SeuZlia<br />
sakmaod didi gavlena moaxdinos yvela sxva gamyidvelis moqmedebaze.<br />
oligopolia, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, konkurencias ar spobs. is ramdenime giganturi<br />
firma, romelic ar axasiaTebs bazris sxva tipebs, _ esaa sayovelTao sayovelTao sayovelTao sayovelTao <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />
erTmaneTze. erTmaneTze<br />
erTmaneTze<br />
erTmaneTze es urTierT<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Zneli warmosadgeni araa. vTqvaT, <strong>da</strong>rgSi<br />
gabatonebulia sami firma, romelTagan TiToeuls ekuTvnis produqtis erovnuli<br />
warmoebis mesamedi. aseT viTarebaSi verc erTi firma ver miiRebs ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />
ise, rom ar gaiTvaliswinos <strong>da</strong>narCeni oris reagireba am ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze. ese igi<br />
oligopoliuri firmebi erTmaneTze arian <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli <strong>da</strong> maTi ekonomikuri<br />
mdgomareoba ukeTesia maSin, rodesac es firmebi urTierTTanamSromloben, awarmoeben<br />
produqciis mcire raodenobas <strong>da</strong> aweseben fass, romelic zRvrul <strong>da</strong>naxarjze metia.<br />
31
ogoria rogoria rogoria rogoria <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong>rgSi <strong>da</strong>rgSi Sesvlis Sesvlis Sesvlis Sesvlis barierebi? barierebi?<br />
barierebi?<br />
barierebi? masStabi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli ekonomia bazarze<br />
didi raodenobiT firmebis Tanaarsebobas ewinaaRmdegeba. patentebi <strong>da</strong> saidumlo<br />
teqnologiebi potenciuri konkurentebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n mocilebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
bazarze aseve arsebobs Sesvlis e.w. ,,bunebrivi’’ bunebrivi’’ bunebrivi’’ bunebrivi’’ barierebi. barierebi barierebi barierebi isini <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli arian<br />
konkretuli bazris struqturaze. mis gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebuli firmebi xSirad<br />
strategiula<strong>da</strong>c moqmedeben, raTa SezRudon axali firmebis Sesvla bazarze. es<br />
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom axali konkurentebis gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, oligopoliebi<br />
SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>emuqron maT bazarze saqonlis didi raodenobis miwodebiT <strong>da</strong> fasebis<br />
SemcirebiT.<br />
zogjer zogjer zogjer zogjer barierebi barierebi barierebi barierebi iqmneba iqmneba iqmneba iqmneba xelovnurad, xelovnurad, xelovnurad, xelovnurad, mTavrobis mTavrobis mTavrobis mTavrobis an an an an adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi organoebis<br />
organoebis<br />
organoebis<br />
organoebis<br />
mier, mier, mier, mier, roca roca roca roca xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba xelisufleba mxolod mxolod mxolod mxolod erT erT erT erT an an an an ramdenime ramdenime ramdenime ramdenime sawarmos sawarmos sawarmos sawarmos aZlevs aZlevs aZlevs aZlevs bazarze bazarze bazarze bazarze Sesvlis Sesvlis Sesvlis Sesvlis<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
SesaZleblobas.<br />
mcirericxovnoba <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTze <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba nayofieri nia<strong>da</strong>gia oligopolistebs<br />
Soris saidumlo saidumlo saidumlo saidumlo SeTanxmebaTa SeTanxmebaTa<br />
SeTanxmebaTa<br />
SeTanxmebaTa misaRwevad. SeTanxmebani (rogorc<br />
gaformebuli, ise jentlmenuri) SeiZleba exebodes fasebis <strong>da</strong>fiqsirebas, bazrebis<br />
ganawilebas <strong>da</strong> sxv. SeTanxmebaTa mizania firmebs Soris konkurenciis simZafris<br />
SezRudva _ Serbileba.<br />
oligopolias axasiaTebs lideroba lideroba lideroba lideroba fasebSi. fasebSi. fasebSi. fasebSi. arsebobs praqtika: mTavari firma<br />
(lideri) cvlis saqonlis fass, xolo sxvebi avtomaturad misdeven am cvlilebas (e.i.<br />
TviTonac am fasebiT iwyeben gayidvas). es aris <strong>meTodi</strong>, romlis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiTac<br />
oligopolistebs SeuZliaT fasebis politikis koordinireba ise, rom ar mimarTon<br />
aSkara molaparakebas fasebis sakiTxSi.<br />
monopolisturi monopolisturi monopolisturi monopolisturi konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
monopolisturi monopolisturi monopolisturi monopolisturi konkurencia konkurencia<br />
konkurencia<br />
konkurencia gulisxmobs iseT situacias, romlis drosac, arc<br />
ise did sawarmoTa mniSvnelovani raodenoba awvdis msgavs, araidentur produqcisa.<br />
gansxvaveba monopolistur <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> konkurencias Soris erTob mniSvnelovania.<br />
monopolisturi konkurenciisaTvis saWiro araa aseulobiT Tu aTasobiT firmebis<br />
arseboba, sakmarisia maTi Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi didi ricxvi, vTqvaT 25, 35, 60 an 70.<br />
monopolisturi monopoli<br />
monopoli<br />
monopolisturi<br />
sturi sturi konkurenciisaTvis konkurenciisaTvis konkurenciisaTvis konkurenciisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Semdegi Semdegi Semdegi Semdegi niSnebi: niSnebi: niSnebi: niSnebi:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. produqcias produqcias produqcias produqcias awarmoebs awarmoebs awarmoebs awarmoebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yidis yidis yidis yidis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva zomis zomis zomis zomis mravali mravali mravali mravali firma; firma; firma; firma;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. produqcia produqcia produqcia produqcia diferencirebulia diferencirebulia<br />
diferencirebulia<br />
diferencirebulia ---- firmebi firmebi firmebi firmebi yidian yidian yidian yidian heterogenur heterogenur heterogenur heterogenur (msgavs, (msgavs, (msgavs, (msgavs, magram magram magram magram ara ara ara ara<br />
erTnair) erTnair) erTnair) erTnair) saqonels;<br />
saqonels; saqonels; saqonels;<br />
32
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos roli roli ekonomikaSi<br />
ekonomikaSi<br />
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos saxelmwifos ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
saxelmwifos saxelmwifos ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri funqciebi funqciebi Semdegnairad Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT<br />
CamovayaliboT:<br />
CamovayaliboT<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. sabazro sistemis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli samarTlebrivi<br />
bazisa dა sazogadoebrivi atmosferos Seqmna;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. konkurenciis <strong>da</strong>cva;<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> simdidris ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba;<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. erovnuli produqtis struqturis Secvlis mizniT resursebis ganawilebis<br />
koreqtireba;<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. ekonomikis stabilizacia <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri zrdis waxaliseba.<br />
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebi „„„„bazris bazris bazris bazris fiaskos fiaskos““““ fiaskos fiaskos <strong>da</strong>Zlevis saSualebaa. Tu<br />
ganvixilavT makonelisa <strong>da</strong> brius re<strong>da</strong>qciiT Camoyalibebuli funqciebs (gar<strong>da</strong><br />
pirvelisa) <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebi „bazris fiaskos“ sami<br />
Semadgeneli nawilis - sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi<br />
sazogadoebrivi<br />
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTissss dovlaTi dovlaTi dovlaTi (m.S. kvazisazogadoebrivi dovlaTis)<br />
warmoebas, gare gare (eqsternaluri<br />
eqsternaluri<br />
eqsternaluri)<br />
) efeqtebisa efeqtebisa <strong>da</strong> arasakmarisi arasakmarisi<br />
arasakmarisi<br />
arasakmarisi konkurenciis konkurenciis<br />
konkurenciis<br />
konkurenciis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas<br />
„emsaxurebian“.<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. samarTlebrivi samarTlebrivi<br />
samarTlebrivi<br />
samarTlebrivi bazisa bazisa bazisa bazisa ddddაააა sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi<br />
sazogadoebrivi<br />
sazogadoebrivi atmosferos atmosferos<br />
atmosferos<br />
atmosferos Seqmna.... Seqmna Seqmna Seqmna saxelmwifos<br />
upirvelesi funqcia gulisxmobs im wesebis SemoRebas, romlebic aucilebelia bazris<br />
yvela monawilisaTvis. es aris kanonebi, romlebic exeba sakuTrebis uflebebs,<br />
xelSekrulebebs, gakotrebasa <strong>da</strong> kidev auarebel sxva kanonebs, romlebic<br />
aregulireben urTierTobebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva subieqtebs Soris. kanonebis umravlesoba ar<br />
efuZneba zedmiwevniT zust analizs ekonomikuri xarjebisa <strong>da</strong> sargeblis Sesaxeb.<br />
zogierTi kanoni momdinareobs romaelebis epoqi<strong>da</strong>n, zogi efuZneba inglisur<br />
samoqalaqo samarTals, xolo Tanamedrove kanonebi xSirad efuZneba utilitarul<br />
mosazrebebs an ubralod imas, Tu ras moiTxovs arsebuli politikuri koniunqtura.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. konkurenciis konkurenciis<br />
konkurenciis<br />
konkurenciis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>cva – imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom konkurencia Tavisufali<br />
sabazro ekonomikis dros ganviTarebis umTavresi mastimulirebeli faqtoria <strong>da</strong><br />
mwarmoeblebis interesebis momxmareblis interesebisadmi <strong>da</strong>morCileba swored<br />
konkurenciis wyalobiT xdeba <strong>da</strong> bazari momxmareblis interesebis <strong>da</strong>cvis funqcias iZens,<br />
rodesac mas (momxmarebels) saSualeba aqvs misTvis sasurveli fasisa <strong>da</strong> Tvisebebis<br />
produqcia SeiZinos, gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratomaa misi SenarCuneba aucilebeli. magram<br />
bazari, romelic ar aris TviTregulirebadi sistema, konkurenciis meSveobiT ebrZvis<br />
konkurencias, anu Zlierisa <strong>da</strong> sustis brZola, romelic ganviTarebis stimulia,<br />
SesaZloa bazarze mxolod erTi maTganis, Zlieris <strong>da</strong>rCenis safuZveli gaxdes<br />
mTavrobis mier monopoliebze kontrolis <strong>da</strong>weseba SesaZlebelia ori gziT:<br />
pirvel pirvel pirvel pirvel SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi<br />
SemTxvevaSi<br />
SemTxvevaSi - ,,bunebrivi ,,bunebrivi ,,bunebrivi ,,bunebrivi monopoliebis” monopoliebis”<br />
monopoliebis”<br />
monopoliebis” <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
teqnologiuri <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri pirobebi gamoricxaven konkurenti bazrebis arsebobas,<br />
mTavrobam qmnis fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis regulirebis regulirebis regulirebis regulirebis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo komisiebs komisiebs komisiebs komisiebs (saxelmwifo<br />
maregulirebeli komisiebi) <strong>da</strong> awesebs gaweuli momsaxurebis stan<strong>da</strong>rtebs.<br />
transporti, kavSirgabmuloba, eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba <strong>da</strong> sxva, ama Tu im<br />
zomiT eqvemdebarebian aseT regulirebas;<br />
meore meore meore meore SemTxvevaSi SemTxvevaSi<br />
SemTxvevaSi<br />
SemTxvevaSi - bazrebis umetesobaSi efeqtiani warmoeba SeiZleba<br />
uzrunvelyofil iqnas konkurenciis maRali donis arsebobis pirobebSi.<br />
konkurenciis, rogorc biznesis qcevis efeqtiani regulatoris <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gaZlierebis mizniT mTavroba qmnis antimonopoliur antimonopoliur antimonopoliur antimonopoliur kanonebs, kanonebs kanonebs kanonebs riTac zRu<strong>da</strong>vs<br />
monopoliebs. masSi igulisxmeba kanonTa paketi, romelic moicavs kanonebis,<br />
sasamarTlo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebisa <strong>da</strong> samarTlebrivi normebis Zalze rTul <strong>da</strong><br />
ganStoebul qsels.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. resursebis resursebis<br />
resursebis<br />
resursebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawile<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>naw ga<strong>da</strong>naw ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
ile ile ba – saxelmwifos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa<br />
xeli Seuwyos resursebis ganawilebas sazogadoebisaTvis sasurveli mimarTulebebiT.<br />
amas ewodeba saxelmwifo politikis mikroekonomikuri aspeqti<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom firmebis mier yvelanairi saqonlis warmoeba xdeba srulyofili<br />
konkurenciis pirobebSi. agreTve warmovidginoT, rom yoveli saqoneli, msgavsad<br />
purisa, nawildeba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva individebs Soris moxmarebisaTvis ise, rom rac ufro<br />
mets moixmars saqonlis saerTo raodenobi<strong>da</strong>n erTi individi, miT ufro naklebs<br />
33
moixmaren sxvebi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom adgili ara aqvs haeris gabinZurebas <strong>da</strong><br />
yvela individs erTnairad miuwvdeba xeli a<strong>da</strong>mianur <strong>da</strong> bunebriv resursebze.<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi sabazro meqanizmi zogierTi saxis saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
saWiro raodenobiT warmoebas ver uzrunvelyofs, an saerTod ar gamoyofs resursebs im<br />
saqonlis sawarmoeblad, romlis warmoebac ekonomikurad mewarmisaTvis<br />
gaumarTlebelia, magram sazogadoebisaTvis aucilebelia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba<br />
„gare efeqtebs“, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi e.w. „sazogadoebriv dovlaTs“.<br />
„„„„gare gare gare gare efeqtebad““““ efeqtebad<br />
efeqtebad<br />
efeqtebad un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT is efeqtebi, romelsac warmoeba axdens pirze (m.S.<br />
bunebaze) <strong>da</strong> am efeqtebis <strong>da</strong>ZlevisaTvis xarjebi un<strong>da</strong> gaiRos mesame pirma, anu man, visac<br />
arc warmoebis <strong>da</strong> arc moxmarebis procesSi monawileoba ar miuRia (ga<strong>da</strong>dinebis (ga<strong>da</strong>di (ga<strong>da</strong>di (ga<strong>da</strong>dinebis<br />
nebis nebis xarji), xarji xarji xarji<br />
xolo „„„„sazogadoebriv<br />
sazogadoebriv sazogadoebriv<br />
sazogadoebriv dovlaTs““““ dovlaTs dovlaTs dovlaTs ganekuTvneba iseTi saqoneli <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba, romelic<br />
ar aris gamoricxvadi (<strong>da</strong>matebiT momxmarebels SeuZlia misi usasyidlod miReba <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuZlebelia raime barieris <strong>da</strong>weseba, raTa momxmareblisaTvis misi gamoyeneba<br />
miuwvdomeli gaxdes <strong>da</strong> SeuZlebelia momxmareblebis gamoricxva am saqonlis moxmarebis<br />
procesi<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong> konkurentuli (warmoebis nebismieri mocemuli donisas zRvruli<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong>matebiTi momxmareblisaTvis nulis tolia), xolo kvazisazogadoebrivia<br />
saqoneli, romelic SeiZleba iyos an konkurentuli, an gamoricxvadi, an orive erTad.<br />
amave jgufSi un<strong>da</strong> gaerTiandes is saqoneli <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba, romlis warmoebaSic<br />
masStabis efeqts aqvs mniSvneloba.<br />
gare efeqtebi SesaZlebelia iyos ara mxolod uaryofiTi, aramed <strong>da</strong>debiTic.<br />
magaliTad, ganaTleba, vaqcinacia <strong>da</strong> sxv. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifom SeiZleba<br />
waaxalisos an moTxovna (transfertebis saxiT), an miwodeba (subsidirebis saxiT), an<br />
Tavad gamovides mewarmis rolSi.<br />
rogor rogor rogor rogor ebrZvis ebrZvis ebrZvis ebrZvis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo gare gare gare gare efeqtebs? efeqtebs? efeqtebs? efeqtebs?<br />
gare efeqtebis Semcirebis mizniT, saxelmwifo mimarTavs pir<strong>da</strong>pir kontrols<br />
an ekonomikur stimuls, raTa aiZulos firmebi Seamciron uaryofiTi an gazardon<br />
<strong>da</strong>debiTi gare efeqtebi.<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri pir<strong>da</strong>piri pir<strong>da</strong>piri pir<strong>da</strong>piri kontroli. kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli garemos <strong>da</strong>binZurebasTan, jan<strong>da</strong>cvasa <strong>da</strong> qveynis<br />
usafrTxoebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli gare efeqtebis yvela SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo<br />
mimarTavs pir<strong>da</strong>pir kontrols. samwuxarod, ekologiuri programebi yovelTvis ar<br />
iZleva <strong>da</strong>debiT Sedegebs. pir<strong>da</strong>piri kontroli mTavrobis mxri<strong>da</strong>n xSirad<br />
warumatebelia, zemoT aRwerili mizezebis gamo. arcTu iSviaTad, kontrolis<br />
meqanizmi atarebs arasistematur <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviT xasiaTs. Tu arsebuli normebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis <strong>da</strong>wesebuli jarimebi sakmaod mkacria, firmebs uCndebaT stimuli,<br />
rom <strong>da</strong>icvan normebi, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi, jarimebi minimaluria. aseT dros<br />
firmebi ugulebelyofen ekologiur normebs. mxolod mravalmilionian jarimebs<br />
SeuZliaT am problemebis mogvareba.<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, TviT normebi, TavisTavad, Zalze uxeSi instrumentia. Cveulebriv,<br />
isini erTi <strong>da</strong> igivea rogorc didi, aseve patara firmebisaTvis, rogorc qalaqis, ise<br />
soflis sawarmoTaTvis. aseTi normebis umravlesoba xels uSlis efeqtiani<br />
ekologiuri politikis gatarebas. magaliTad, erTi <strong>da</strong> igive raodenobis<br />
gamonabolqvebs meti ziani moaqvT qalaqSi, vidre sofelSi. Tumca jarima orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi erTnairia. Tanabari sididis jarima normebis erTnairi <strong>da</strong>rRvevisaTvis<br />
mZime mdgomareobaSi Caayenebs patara firmas <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis SeumCneveli <strong>da</strong>rCeba didi<br />
firmisaTvis <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi garemos garemos garemos garemos <strong>da</strong>binZurebisaTvis. <strong>da</strong>binZurebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>binZurebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>binZurebisaTvis pir<strong>da</strong>piri kontrolis naklovanebebis<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebis mizniT ekonomistebi gvTavazoben garemos gabinZurebisaTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>wesebas. am SemTxvevaSi firmebma un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ixadon ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi maT<br />
mier garemos <strong>da</strong>binZurebiT miRebuli zianis Sesabamisad. amis meSveobiT, SesaZlebeli<br />
xdeba gare efeqtis internalizeba, anu gare efeqtis transformireba Si<strong>da</strong> efeqtSi,<br />
radgan firmas uxdeba socialuri zaralis sakuTari xarjebiT anazRaureba<br />
nawilobriv mainc. es ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
kodeqsiTac.<br />
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ga<strong>da</strong>dinebam SeiZleba xelsayreli forma miiRos.<br />
gansakuTrebul saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis warmoebam <strong>da</strong> moxmarebam SeiZleba aseve<br />
ganapirobos xelsayreloba - ga<strong>da</strong>dinebis ga<strong>da</strong>dinebis ga<strong>da</strong>dinebis ga<strong>da</strong>dinebis sargebeli, sargebeli<br />
sargebeli<br />
sargebeli romelic kompensacias ar<br />
moiTxovs, anu iseTi xelsayreloba, romelic iqmneba gareSe faqtorebiT, mesame<br />
34
mxarisaTvis an sazogadoebisaTvis mTlianad. gulmkerdis rentgenogramas an<br />
polimelitis sawinaaRmdego acras pir<strong>da</strong>piri sargebloba moaqvs momxmareblisaTvis.<br />
ganaTlebac sargeblianobis kide erTi klasikuri magaliTia. ganaTlebas sargebloba<br />
moaqvsindividualuri momxmareblisaTvis: ,,ufro ganaTlebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi”, Cveulebrivad<br />
ufro maRal Semosavals Rebuloben, vidre ,,naklebad ganaTlebulebi”. magram<br />
ganaTleba ufro met sargeblobas uzrunvelyofs mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
magaliTad, ekonomika mTlianad igebs ufro mwarmoebluri samuSao Zalis arsebobiT<br />
erTi mxriv, <strong>da</strong> naklebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT - <strong>da</strong>naSaulis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebaze, kanonebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvaze <strong>da</strong> saqvelmoqmedo programebze - meore mxriv.<br />
rogor SeiZleba ga<strong>da</strong>vwyviToT resursebis araproporciuli ganawilebis<br />
problema, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia ga<strong>da</strong>denis sargeblianobis arsebobasTan?<br />
resursebis ganawilebaSi koreqtivis Setanis mizniT saxelmwifos SeuZlia gamoiyenos<br />
ekonomikuri xasiaTis sami <strong>meTodi</strong>:<br />
moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis gadideba; gadideba; gadideba; gadideba;<br />
miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis stimulireba;<br />
stimulireba;<br />
stimulireba;<br />
stimulireba;<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo mewarmeoba.<br />
mewarmeoba.<br />
mewarmeoba.<br />
mewarmeoba.<br />
4. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani funqcia, romelic aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> Seasrulos<br />
saxelmwifom, aris Semosavlebis Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis ddd<strong>da</strong>aaa simdidris<br />
simdidris simdidris<br />
simdidris ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba,,,, ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba raTa miRweuli iyos<br />
socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli fenebis <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> e.w. „Semosavlebis samarTliani ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba“,<br />
magram realurad aRniSnuli funqciis umTavresi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba sazogadoebis socialuri<br />
simSvidis uzrunvelyofaa <strong>da</strong> ara simdidris Tanabari ganawileba.<br />
aRniSnuli funqciis Sesasruleblad saxelmwifo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistemas iyenebs <strong>da</strong><br />
begravs ra maRalSemosavlian fenebs, miRebuli TanxebiT cdilobs naklebaduzrunvelyofili<br />
fenebis „guli moigos“.<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. ekonomikis ekonomikis ekonomikis ekonomikis stabilizaciisa stabilizaciisa stabilizaciisa stabilizaciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri zrdis zrdis zrdis zrdis waxal waxalisebis waxal waxalisebis<br />
isebis isebis funqcia funqcia funqcia funqcia –<br />
SeiZleba saxelmwifos erT-erT umTavres makroekonomikur funqciad miviCnioT.<br />
kerZod, fasebis stabiluri donis, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis maRali donis uzrunvelyofiT<br />
saxelmwifo cdilobs Sesabamisi garemo Seqmnas, romelSic mewarme mxolod<br />
warmoebaze ifiqrebs <strong>da</strong> ara im riskze, romelic SesaZloa saxelmwifos mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
„siurprizad“ moevlinos.<br />
imisaTvis, rom Searbilos ekonomikuri ciklis ryevebi, SeinarCunos sameurneo<br />
saqmianobis maRali aqtiuroba, erTi, sityviT, uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri<br />
stabiluroba, saxelmwifo iyenebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs, kreditis sargeblis ganakveTebs <strong>da</strong><br />
mimoqcevaSi arsebuli fulis masas. ekonomikaze zemoqmedebis instrumentebia:<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado-sabiujeto (fiskaluri) <strong>da</strong> fulad-sakredito (monetaruli) politika.<br />
fiskaluri fiskaluri fiskaluri fiskaluri politikis politikis<br />
politikis<br />
politikis mizania saxelmwifos Semosavlebi <strong>da</strong> xarjebi Secvalos<br />
iseTnairad, rom SeinarCunos ekonomikuri zrdis saTanado tempebi. monetaruli<br />
monetaruli<br />
monetaruli<br />
monetaruli<br />
politikis politikis<br />
politikis<br />
politikis amocanaa kontroli gauwios fulis masis moZraobas <strong>da</strong> sargeblis<br />
ganakveTis regulirebiT xeli Seuwyos Sesabamisobas warmoebasa <strong>da</strong> moxmarebas S<br />
35
ZiriTadi ZiriTadi makroekonomi<br />
makroekonomikuri makroekonomi<br />
makroekonomi kuri maCveneblebi<br />
maCveneblebi<br />
erToblivi erToblivi<br />
erToblivi<br />
erToblivi erovnuli erovnuli<br />
erovnuli<br />
erovnuli produqti produqti produqti produqti arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mniSvneloba<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
mniSvneloba<br />
arsebobs sazogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis mravali maCvenebeli.<br />
sayovelTaod aRiarebulia^ rom ekonomikis sijansaRis xelmisawvdomi indikatoria<br />
saqonelisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis warmoebis moculoba anu rogorc mas uwodeben<br />
produqciis erToblivi gamoSveba ekonomikaSi. erovnuli angariSis Sedgenisas<br />
ZiriTadi maCvenebelia erToblivi erToblivi<br />
erToblivi<br />
erToblivi erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli produqti produqti produqti produqti (eep). igi ganisazRvreba<br />
rogorc erovnuli warmoebis faqtorebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze drois garkveul<br />
periodSi (Cveulebriv wlis ganmavlobaSi) warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqonlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis sabazro Rirebuleba.<br />
erovnuli erovnuli<br />
erovnuli<br />
erovnuli simdidre simdidre simdidre simdidre es) ((((es es es - yvelaze zogadi makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia. masSi<br />
igulisxmeba materialuri dovlaTi, romelsac flobs mocemuli qveyana<br />
gansazRvruli TariRisaTvis <strong>da</strong>, romelic Seqmnilia mravali Taobebis SromiTYmTeli<br />
ganvlili drois manZilze. farTo gagebiT, erovnul simdidreSi, a<strong>da</strong>mianis SromiT<br />
Seqmnil materialur dovlaTTan erTad, Sedis kvlavwarmoebis procesSi CarTuli<br />
bunebrivi resursebic.<br />
erovnuli simdidre sazogadoebis ganviTarebis safuZveli <strong>da</strong> yvelaze zogadi<br />
makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia. magram igi realurad ver asaxavs sazogadoebis<br />
keTildReobis dones <strong>da</strong> ver gamodgeba qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis xarisxis<br />
saerTaSoriso SefasebisaTvis.<br />
arsebobs sazogadoebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis amsaxveli meore, ufro<br />
martivi maCvenebeli _ mTliani mTliani mTliani mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> Si<strong>da</strong> produqti produqti produqti produqti (mSp), (mSp), (mSp), (mSp), romelic erovnuli angariSebis<br />
sistemaSi gaeros mier rekomendirebulia mTavar makroekonomikur maCveneblad. eepisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, mSp mSp mSp mSp aris aris aris aris drois garkveul periodSi (Cveulebriv kvartlis, wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi) qveynis SigniT warmoebuli yvela saboloo saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
sabazro Rirebuleba.<br />
rogor SeiZleba gaizomos wliurad warmoebuli saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
sabazro garigeba? arsebobs misi gazomvis ori gansxvavebuli <strong>meTodi</strong>: <strong>da</strong>naxarjebisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semosavlebis Semosavlebis <strong>meTodi</strong>, <strong>meTodi</strong>, <strong>meTodi</strong>, aseve aseve aseve saboloo saboloo saboloo moxmarebis moxmarebis mixedviT mixedviT. mixedviT pirvel SemTxvevaSi eep<br />
(mep esp, msp) warmodgenilia^ rogorc yvela <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis jami, romelic<br />
aucilebelia bazarze wlis ganmavlobaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
SesaZenad. es aris eeeeep ep----is ep ep is is is gansazRvra gansazRvra gansazRvra gansazRvra <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis mixedviT....^^^^xolo mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT rac Seexeba eeeeep ep----is ep ep is is is<br />
gaangariSebas gaangariSebas<br />
gaangariSebas<br />
gaangariSebas Semosavlebis Semosavlebis Semosavlebis Semosavlebis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT gulisxmobs^ rom igi miiReba mocemul wels<br />
produqciis mTeli moculobis warmoebiT miRebuli yvela Semosavlis SekrebiT. es<br />
ori siRrmiseuli analizi saSualebas gvaylevs <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT^ rom eep _ ganisazRvreba<br />
an mocemul wels warmoebuli produqtis mTeli moculobis Sesyidvaze <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis<br />
SekrebiT^ an mocemuli wlis produqciis mTeli moculobis warmoebiT miRebul<br />
yvela Semosavlis SekrebiT.<br />
ormagi ormagi ormagi ormagi angariSis angariSis angariSis angariSis gamoriccccxva<br />
gamori gamori gamori xva xva xva<br />
warmoebis erToblivi moculobis swori gaangariSebisaTvis saWiroa mocemul wels<br />
warmoebuli produqtebi <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba mxolod erTxel iyos gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
produqtTa umravlesoba ramdenime warmoebriv stadias gaivlis^ sanam bazarze<br />
moxvdebodes& amis gamo produqtTa umravlesobis calkeul nawilebs ramdenjerme yidian<br />
<strong>da</strong> yiduloben. amrigad produqtTa nawilebis mravaljeradi aRricxvis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
asacileblad^ romelsac yidian <strong>da</strong> yiduloben^ eep-is gaangariSebisas gaiTvaliswineba<br />
mxolod saboloo produqtebis sabazro Rirebuleba <strong>da</strong> gamoiricxeba Sualeduri<br />
produqti&<br />
saboloo saboloo saboloo saboloo produqtebSi produqtebSi<br />
produqtebSi<br />
produqtebSi - Cven vgulisxmobT saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas^ romelic<br />
saboloo moxmarebisaTvis Seisyideba <strong>da</strong> ara gayidvisa <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebisaTvis&<br />
saboloo saboloo saboloo saboloo moxmarebis moxmarebis<br />
moxmarebis<br />
moxmarebis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT - gazomili emep aris im saqonlis <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis mTliani<br />
sabazro Rirebuleba^ romelsac iyenen saojaxo meurneobebi^ firmebi <strong>da</strong> mTavroba&<br />
eep-is meSveobiT gaizomeba ekonomikaSi saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis wliuri<br />
gamoSveba& mep-ma rom ukve ganaxorcielos es amocana^ aucilebelia gamoiricxos yvela<br />
arawarmoebiTi garigeba^ romelsac wlis ganmavlobaSi axdenen ekonomikaSi& arsebobs<br />
arawarmoebiTi garigebis ori ZiriTadi tipi%<br />
36
1& wmin<strong>da</strong> finansuri garigeba;<br />
2& naxmari saqonlis ga’idva&<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> finansuri finansuri<br />
finansuri<br />
finansuri garigeba garigeba garigeba garigeba Tavis mxriv i’ofa sam ZiriTad saxed%<br />
transfertuli transfertuli<br />
transfertuli<br />
transfertuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi saxelmwifo biujeti<strong>da</strong>n% igi Seicavs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebs socialur <strong>da</strong>zRvevaze^ <strong>da</strong>xmarebas umuSevrobaze <strong>da</strong> pensiebs<br />
veteranebze& saxelmwifo transfertuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba is<br />
aris^ rom maTi mimRebi ar monawileobs mimdinare warmoebis moculobis SeqmnaSi& amitom<br />
ar SeiZleba am ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis Caricxva mep-Si&<br />
kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo transfertuli transfertuli<br />
transfertuli<br />
transfertuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi^ ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi am ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebs miekuTvneba yovelTviuri<br />
subsidebi^ romelsac magaliTad^ studenti Rebulobs saxli<strong>da</strong>n an mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />
naTesavebisagan erTjeradi saCuqris saxiT& es ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi ar aris warmoebis Sedegi^<br />
aramed igi erTi kerZo piri<strong>da</strong>n meoreze saxsrebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis aqtia&<br />
fasiani fasiani fasiani fasiani qaRaldebis qaRaldebis<br />
qaRaldebis<br />
qaRaldebis yidva-gayidva<br />
yidva yidva yidva gayidva& gayidva gayidva safondo birJaze garigebebi sxva araferia Tu<br />
ara qaRaldis aqtivebis gacvla^ aseTi garigeba pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar iTvaliswinebs mimdinare<br />
warmoebis gadidebas&<br />
naxmari naxmari naxmari naxmari nivTebis nivTebis nivTebis nivTebis gayidva gayidva gayidva gayidva an ar asaxavs mimdinare warmoebas^ an Seicavs ormag<br />
aRricxvas& magaliTad Tu pavle yidis 2005w& gamoSvebul @mersedess#& es garigeba ar<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aisaxos mep-is gansazRvrul dros^ radgan mas Tan ar axlavs warmoebis mimdinare<br />
moculobis gadideba& winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi miviRebdiT warmoebis xelovnur<br />
gadidebas^ amrigad mimdinare mep-<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> gamoiricxos ga<strong>da</strong>yidvis garigeba^ winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi gveqnebo<strong>da</strong> ormagi aRricxva&<br />
eep-is eep eep eep is is is gaangariSeba gaangariSeba<br />
gaangariSeba<br />
gaangariSeba gasavlebis<br />
gasavlebis gasavlebis<br />
gasavlebis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT<br />
gasavlebis mixedviT eep-is gasazomad saWiroa saboloo produqtis an momsaxurebis<br />
xarjebis ‘vela saxeobis Sejameba& is ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi^ romliTac angariSoben eep-s<br />
miekuTvneba%<br />
piradi piradi piradi piradi samomxmareblo samomxmareblo<br />
samomxmareblo<br />
samomxmareblo xarjebi* xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi<br />
erToblivi<br />
erTo erTo erToblivi<br />
blivi blivi kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo samamulo samamulo samamulo samamulo investiciebi*<br />
investiciebi<br />
investiciebi<br />
investiciebi<br />
saqonelTa saqonelTa<br />
saqonelTa<br />
saqonelTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
momsaxurebis momsaxurebis<br />
momsaxurebis saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi*<br />
Sesyidvebi<br />
Sesyidvebi<br />
Sesyidvebi<br />
min<strong>da</strong> min<strong>da</strong> min<strong>da</strong> min<strong>da</strong> eqsporti*<br />
eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti<br />
GDP=C+I+G+XN (1)<br />
სადაც, სადაც სადაც სადაც,<br />
, ,<br />
C C C C –––– არის არის არის არის პირადი პირადი პირადი პირადი სამომხმარებლო სამომხმარებლო სამომხმარებლო სამომხმარებლო ხარჯები;;;; ხარჯები ხარჯები ხარჯები<br />
I I I I ––––ერთობლივი ერთობლივი ერთობლივი ერთობლივი კერძო კერძო კერძო კერძო სამამულო სამამულო სამამულო სამამულო ინვესტიციები;;;;<br />
ინვესტიციები<br />
ინვესტიციები<br />
ინვესტიციები<br />
G G G G –––– სახელმწიფო სახელმწიფო სახელმწიფო სახელმწიფო შესყიდვები;;;;<br />
შესყიდვები<br />
შესყიდვები<br />
შესყიდვები<br />
Xn Xn Xn Xn –––– წმინდა წმინდა წმინდა წმინდა ექსპორტი.... ექსპორტი ექსპორტი ექსპორტი<br />
დაწვრილებით განვიხილოთ (GDP)-ის ელემენტები:<br />
C C C C –––– პირადი პირადი პირადი პირადი სამომხმარებლო სამომხმარებლო სამომხმარებლო სამომხმარებლო ხარჯები,,,, ხარჯები ხარჯები ხარჯები სხვა არაფერია თუ არა დროის პერიოდში ქვეყანაში<br />
პირადი მოხმარებისათვის გამოყენებული ხანგრძლივი (ავტომანქანა, სახლი და ა.შ.) და ხანმოკლე<br />
(სურსათი, ტანსაცმელი) მოხმარებისათვის განკუთვნილი საქონლისა და მომსახურების<br />
(იურისტის, ექიმის, ხელოვანის და ა.შ)<br />
I I I I –––– ერთობლივი ერთობლივი ერთობლივი ერთობლივი კერძო კერძო კერძო კერძო სამამულო სამამულო სამამულო სამამულო ინვესტიციები.... ინვესტიციები<br />
ინვესტიციები<br />
ინვესტიციები აღნიშნული ტერმინი აერთიანებს ქვეყნის<br />
შიგნით ადგილობრივი სახსრებით ყველა მანქანა-დანადგარის შეძენას, შენობის აშენებასა და<br />
მარაგების შეცვლას. გასათვალისწინებელია, რომ ინვესტიციებს განეკუთვნება მხოლოდ ახალი<br />
ტექნიკისა და ტექნოლოგიის შეძენა, შენობების აშენება და არა ფასიანი ქაღალდების შეძენა ან<br />
გასხვისება. დასაზუსტებელია ტერმინში სიტყვა “ერთობლივი”, რომელიც ასახავს წლის<br />
განმავლობაში წარმოების პროცესში მოხმარებული მანქანა-დანადგარების შესაცვლელად<br />
განხორციელებულ ინვესტიციებსაც და ნებისმიერ ახლად განხორციელებულ ინვესტიციასაც, მაშინ<br />
როცა წმინდა კერძო სამამულო ინვესტიციები წლის განმავლობაში მხოლოდ კაპიტალის ნამატს<br />
აღნიშნავს.<br />
G G G G –––– სახელმწიფო სახელმწიფო სახელმწიფო სახელმწიფო შესყიდვები შესყიდვები<br />
შესყიდვები<br />
შესყიდვები ასახავს წლის განმავლობაში სახელმწიფოს მიერ<br />
განხორციელებულ ყველა ხარჯს, გარდა ტრანსფერტული გადახდებისა. ცხადი ხდება, რომ<br />
შესაძლებელია სახელმწიფო და პირადი მოხმარების გაერთიანება, თუმცა მაკროეკონომიკური<br />
37
პოლიტიკის ანალიზისათვის ფრიად საჭირო ინფორმაციის მიღება შეიძლება თუ მათ ცალკცალკე<br />
განვიხილავთ. სწორედ GDP-ში სახელმწიფო შესყიდვების წილის მიხედვით შეიძლება<br />
დავადგინოთ სახელმწიფოს მიერ ეკონომიკაში ჩარევის ხარისხი.<br />
Xn Xn Xn Xn –––– წმინდა წმინდა წმინდა წმინდა ექსპორტი ექსპორტი ექსპორტი ექსპორტი ასახავს იმ ოდენობას, რომლითაც უცხო სახელმწიფოთა დანახარჯები<br />
ადგილობრივ საქონელსა და მომსახურებაზე (ექსპორტი - X) აღემატება ადგილობრივ დანახარჯებს<br />
უცხოური საქონლისა და მომსახურების შეძენაზე (იმპორტი -M), ანუ Xn=XM, აღსანიშნავია, რომ<br />
ძალიან ბევრ სახელმწიფოში3 Xn-ის სიდიდე უარყოფითია და იგი ამცირებს GDP-ს მოცულობას.<br />
eep-is eep eep eep is is is gaangariSeba gaangariSeba<br />
gaangariSeba<br />
gaangariSeba Semosavlebis Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT<br />
შემოსავლების შემოსავლების<br />
შემოსავლების<br />
შემოსავლების მეთოდით მეთოდით მეთოდით მეთოდით GDP----სსსს GDP GDP GDP მეთოდით მეთოდით მეთოდით მეთოდით გაანგარიშებისას გაანგარიშებისას<br />
გაანგარიშებისას<br />
გაანგარიშებისას ყურადღება ყურადღება<br />
ყურადღება<br />
ყურადღება უნდა უნდა უნდა უნდა მიექცეს მიექცეს მიექცეს მიექცეს<br />
ხელფასს, ხელფასს ხელფასს ხელფასს,<br />
, , რენტას რენტას, რენტას რენტას,<br />
, , პროცენტსსსს, პროცენტ პროცენტ პროცენტ , , , საკუთრებიდან საკუთრებიდან<br />
საკუთრებიდან<br />
საკუთრებიდან შემოსავალს,<br />
შემოსავალს<br />
შემოსავალს<br />
შემოსავალს,<br />
, , კორპორაციათა კორპორაციათა<br />
კორპორაციათა<br />
კორპორაციათა მოგებასა მოგებასა მოგებასა მოგებასა და და და და ირიბ ირიბ ირიბ ირიბ<br />
გადასახადებს....<br />
გადასახადებს<br />
გადასახადებს<br />
გადასახადებს<br />
ხელფასი ხელფასი ხელფასი ხელფასი –––– მოიცავს როგორც შრომის ნებისმიერ ანაზღაურებას (ხელფასი, ჯამაგირი, პრემია,<br />
დანამატი), ასევე დამქირავებლის შენატანებს სოციალურ, ჯანმრთელობის დაცვის და სხვა<br />
ფონდებში;<br />
რენტა რენტა რენტა რენტა – არის ფირმებისა და საოჯახო მეურნეობების შემოსავალი, რომლებიც ახორციელებენ<br />
მატერიალური რესურსების მიწოდებას (მაგალითად მიწის ან ოფისის მიქირავებას). წმინდა რენტა<br />
არის რენტისა და მიქირავებული ობიექტის ამორტიზაციის სხვაობა;<br />
პროცენტი პროცენტი პროცენტი პროცენტი –––– თანხაა, რომელსაც ფირმები უხდიან ფულადი კაპიტალის მიმწოდებლებს<br />
(მაგალითად, პროცენტი ანაბარზე, კორპორაციების ანაბარზე), აქ არ გაითვალისწინება<br />
სახელმწიფოს მიერ გადახდილი პროცენტები;<br />
შემოსავალი შემოსავალი<br />
შემოსავალი<br />
შემოსავალი საკუთრებიდან საკუთრებიდან<br />
საკუთრებიდან<br />
საკუთრებიდან – მოიცავს შემოსავალს ინდივიდუალური სამეწარმეო<br />
საქმიანობიდან;<br />
კორპორაციის კორპორაციის<br />
კორპორაციის<br />
კორპორაციის მოგება მოგება მოგება მოგება – გამოიყენება 3 მიმართულებით: მოგების გადასახადის გადასახდელად,<br />
დივიდენდების დასარიგებლად და გაუნაწილებელ მოგებად (ანუ მოგების ნაწილი მიიმარტება<br />
ინვესტიციების სახით).<br />
ირიბი ირიბი ირიბი ირიბი გადასახადები გადასახადები<br />
გადასახადები<br />
გადასახადები – განიხილება როგორც წარმოების ხარჯები და შეიტანება პროდუქციის<br />
ფასში. მეცნიერთა ნაწილი თვლის, რომ იგი არაფაქტორული შემოსავალია და ამდენად არ უნდა<br />
შეიტანებოდეს ერთობლივ შემოსავალში , თუმცა ირიბ გადასახადებს იხდიან წარმოების მე-5<br />
ფაქტორის (სახელმწიფოს უნარის) გამოყენებისათვის, ამდენად იგი ასევე ფაქტორულ შემოსავლებს<br />
განეკუთვნება.<br />
ამორტიზაცია ამორტიზაცია<br />
ამორტიზაცია<br />
ამორტიზაცია –––– ძირითადი კაპიტალის გამოყენებისათვის გაწეული ხარჯია.<br />
erovnuli erovnuli<br />
erovnuli<br />
erovnuli angariSgebis angariSgebis<br />
angariSgebis<br />
angariSgebis sxva sxva sxva sxva maCveneblebi<br />
maCveneblebi<br />
maCveneblebi<br />
maCveneblebi<br />
erovnuli angariSgebis sxva maCveneblebs miekuTvneba:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> erovnuli erovnuli<br />
erovnuli<br />
erovnuli produqti produqti produqti produqti - eep-s^ rogorc warmoebis mTliani moculobis<br />
sazoms erTi mniSvnelovani nakli gaaCnia& igi moicavs Rirebulebebs^ romelic<br />
gamoi’eneba gacveTili ZiriTadi kapitalis (Senoba-nageboba^ manqana-mow’obilobebis<br />
aRsadgenad)^ e&i& mep-Si Sedis amortizacia& saboloo produqtis namdvili odenobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sadgenad gamoi’eneba wep maCvenebeli. wmin<strong>da</strong> wmi wmi wmin<strong>da</strong><br />
n<strong>da</strong> n<strong>da</strong> erovnuli erovnuli<br />
erovnuli<br />
erovnuli produqti produqti produqti produqti tolia wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi qveynis mosaxleobis mier warmoebuli saboloo produqtisa, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
warmoebuli produqcia moicavs wmin<strong>da</strong> investiciebs anu erTobliv investiciebs<br />
gamoklebuli amortizacia.<br />
wep====eeeeep wep wep wep ep----amortizacia<br />
ep ep amortizacia<br />
amortizacia<br />
amortizacia<br />
wep-is <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT izomeba warmoebis wliuri saerTo moculoba^ romlis moxmareba<br />
SeuZlia mTlianad ekonomikas&<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. ეროვნული ეროვნული<br />
ეროვნული<br />
ეროვნული შემოსავალი შემოსავალი<br />
შემოსავალი<br />
შემოსავალი არის ის შემოსავალი, რომელსაც იღებენ რესურსების<br />
მიმწოდებლები -ის წარმოებაში შეტანილი წვლილისათვის. იგი უდრის Mmep Mm Mm Mmep----ს,<br />
ep ep იმ გადახდების<br />
გარეშე, რომელიც დაკავშირებულია არარეზიდენტების მიერ ქვეყანაში მიღებულ შემოსავლებთან<br />
და წმინდა შემოსავლებთან;<br />
ეშ====წეპ ეშ ეშ ეშ წეპ წეპ წეპ ---- ბიზნესის ბიზნესის ბიზნესის ბიზნესის არაპირდაპირი არაპირდაპირი არაპირდაპირი არაპირდაპირი გადასახადები<br />
გადასახადები<br />
გადასახადები<br />
გადასახადები<br />
38
piradi piradi piradi piradi Semosavali. Semosavali.<br />
Semosavali.<br />
Semosavali. erovnuli Semosavali gansxvavdeba piradi Semosavlisagan& es<br />
imiT aixsneba^ rom SromiT gamomuSavebuli Semosavlis nawili (Senatani socialur<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRvevaze^ ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi korporaciaTa mogebaze) faqtobrivad ar xvdeba arsad<br />
moxmarebaSi (saojaxo meurneoba)* piriqiT saojaxo meurneoba moxvedrili Semosavlis<br />
nawili ar warmoadgens Sromis Sedegs (erovnuli Semosavlisagan gansxvavebiT^ romelic<br />
gamomuSavebuli Semosavlis maCvenebelia). piradi Semosavali warmoadgens faqtobrivad<br />
miRebuli Semosavlis maCvenebels& piradi Semosavlis gaangariSebisaTvis saWiroa^<br />
erovnuli Semosavals <strong>da</strong>akldes Semosavlis iseTi saxe^ romelic SromiT<br />
gamomuSavebulia^ magram miRebulia. kerZod 1) Senatani socialur <strong>da</strong>zRvevaze* 2)<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi korporaciis mogebaze* 3) korporaciis gaunawilebeli mogeba& miRebul<br />
Sedegs emateba Semosavali^ romlis miReba ar warmoadgens mimdinare SromiTi<br />
saqmianobis Sedegs (transfertuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi)&<br />
p. p. S. S. = = eS eS - Senatani socialur<br />
socialur socialur <strong>da</strong>zRvevaze <strong>da</strong>zRvevaze - ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi korporaciis korporaciis mogebaze mogebaze -<br />
korporaciis korporaciis gaunawilebeli gaunawilebeli mogeba mogeba + transfertuli<br />
transfertuli transfertuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
4.... Semosavali Semosavali<br />
Semosavali<br />
Semosavali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis Semdeg. Semdeg. Semdeg. Semdeg. Semosavali^ romelic pirad<br />
gankargulebaSia^ pirad Semosavals warmoadgens individualuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
gamoklebiT& individualuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi Sedgeba piradi saSemosavlo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis,<br />
piradi qonebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdisa <strong>da</strong> memkvidreobis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadisagan^ romelTa Soris wam’vania<br />
pirveli. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis Semdeg Semosavlis gaangariSeba Semdegnairad<br />
xorjieldeba&<br />
Semosavali Semosavali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis Semdeg Semdeg = pirad pirad Semosavals Semosavals _ individualuri<br />
individualuri<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
Semosavali ga<strong>da</strong>xdis Semdeg is Semosavalia^ romelsac gankargaven saojaxo<br />
meurneobani saboloo saxiT& individebi <strong>da</strong> saojaxo meurneobebi maT gankargulebaSi<br />
arsebul Semosavlebs warmarTaven moxmarebasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>grovebaze&<br />
nominaluri nominaluri<br />
nominaluri<br />
nominaluri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> realuri realuri realuri realuri eep eep eep eep fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis donis donis donis donis gazomva gazomva gazomva gazomva<br />
Cven ganvsazRvreT mep, rogorc saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis fuladi Rirebuleba.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis fuladi Rirebulebis gasazomad viyenebT<br />
sabazro fasebs. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi fasebi icvleba, radgan inflacia,<br />
rogorc wesi, wli<strong>da</strong>n wlamde zrdis fasebs.<br />
cvalebadi fasebis problema ekonomistebma rogor un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Zlion, Tu isini<br />
iyeneben fuls, rogorc sazom erTeuls? cxadia, rom erovnuli produqti <strong>da</strong><br />
erovnuli Semosavali un<strong>da</strong> gaizomos myari sazomiT. ekonomistebs SeuZliaT<br />
gamoasworon gazomvis uzustoba, romelsac badebs elastikuri sazomi, fasebis<br />
indeqsis meSveobiT.<br />
fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi _ giangariSeba mocemul wels produqciis <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
gansazRvruli anakrebis mTlian jamsa <strong>da</strong> sabaziso periodis saqonelTa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
identuri jgufis erTobliv fass Soris TanafardobiT. igi gviCvenebs fasebis<br />
cvlilebebis saSualo dones sabaziso periodis fasebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. Tu naTqvams<br />
formulis saxiT warmovadgenT miviRebT%<br />
eep-is maCvenebelTa agebisaTvis gamoiyeneba deflatoris deflatoris<br />
deflatoris<br />
deflatoris fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi _<br />
maCvenebeli^ romelic gamoxatavs mimdinare fasebSi eep-is Sefardebas Sesa<strong>da</strong>r fasebSi<br />
eep-Tan^ anu Tanafardobas nominalur <strong>da</strong> realur eep-s Soris&<br />
Cven SegviZlia gavzomoT romelime wlis eep, Tu gamoviyenebT mocemuli wlis<br />
faqtiur sabazro fasebs. es gvaZlevs nominalur nominalur nominalur nominalur eep----ssss, eep eep eep anu mimdinare fasebSi<br />
gaangariSebul eep-s. rogorc wesi, Cven gvainteresebs rogor icvleba realuri eep,<br />
39
omelic izomeba stabilur anu ucvlel fasebSi. realuri realuri realuri realuri eep----is eep eep eep is is is misaRebad un<strong>da</strong><br />
gavyoT nominaluri eep fasebis indeqsze, romelic cnobilia rogorc eep-is<br />
deflatori. e. i<br />
eep----i eep eep eep i i i <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri keTildReoba<br />
keTildReoba<br />
keTildReoba<br />
keTildReoba<br />
kritikosebi ukmayofiloebi arian imiT, rom eep asaxavs iseTi sazogadoebis<br />
msoflmxedvelobas, romelic orientirebulia saqonlis gauTavebel warmoebaze.<br />
rogorc erTma kritikosma ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: ,,me arafers meubneba Tqveni erovnuli<br />
produqtis dolarebi <strong>da</strong> milionebi, CemTvis eep-is miRma igulisxmeba garemos<br />
mTliani <strong>da</strong>binZureba”.<br />
bolo periodSi ekonomistebi Seecadnen CaesworebinaT oficialuri eep-s<br />
maCveneblebi ise, rom maT ukeT aesaxaT ekonomikis mier moTxovnilebebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis done. erT-erTi midgoma gulisxmobs erovnuli warmoebis ufro<br />
srulyofili sazomis SemuSavebas, romelsac ewodeba wmin<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri<br />
keTildReoba (wek). wek wek wek wek efuZneba eep-s maCvenebels, magram Semoaqvs ori cvlileba.<br />
pirveli, wek wek wek wek gamoricxavs eep-s bevr iseT komponents, romlebic ar asaxaven individis<br />
keTildReobis zr<strong>da</strong>s. meore, moxmarebis zogierTi mniSvnelovani muxlebi, romlebic<br />
ar asaxaven individis keTildReobis zr<strong>da</strong>s. moxmarebis zogierTi mniSvnelovani<br />
muxlebi, romlebic ar aris Setanili eep-Si, Setanilia wek-Si.<br />
wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri keTildReoba keTildReoba keTildReoba keTildReoba aris aris aris aris erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis ufro ufro ufro ufro zusti zusti zusti zusti<br />
maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Seicavs Seicavs Seicavs Seicavs moxmarebis moxmarebis moxmarebis moxmarebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> investiciebis investiciebis investiciebis investiciebis mxolod mxolod mxolod mxolod im ii<br />
im<br />
m m muxlebs, muxlebs, muxlebs, muxlebs, romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
uSualod uSualod uSualod uSualod zrdian zrdian zrdian zrdian ekonomikur ekonomikur ekonomikur ekonomikur keTildReobas.<br />
keTildReobas.<br />
keTildReobas.<br />
keTildReobas.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vaxasiaToT wek-is ZiriTadi elementebi.<br />
Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali drois drois drois drois Rirebuleba. Rirebuleba.<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
Rirebuleba. <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, Tqven gaxdiT ufro SeZlebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyviteT imuSaoT naklebi, raTa iseve isargebloT <strong>da</strong> isiamovnoT Tavisufali<br />
droiT, rogorc saqonliT an momsaxurebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, eep-s maCvenebeli<br />
Semcirdeba miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom keTildReoba gaizrdeba. saWiroa saTanado<br />
koreqcia imisaTvis, rom eep-<strong>da</strong>n miviRoT wek, romelSic gaTvaliswinebulia<br />
Tavisufali drois sargeblianoba.<br />
ganvixiloT agreTve Tqven mier saxlSi Sesrulebuli samuSao _ sadilis<br />
momzadeba an kedlebze Spaleris gakvra. vinai<strong>da</strong>n aq <strong>da</strong>matebuli Rirebuleba ar aris<br />
nayidi an gayiduli bazrebze, isini ar iqnebian Setanili mep-is sasaqonlo nakadSi <strong>da</strong><br />
arc Semosavlebis nakadSi. wek----is wek wek wek is is is gansazRvrisaTvis gan gan gansazRvrisaTvis<br />
sazRvrisaTvis sazRvrisaTvis saWiroa saWiroa saWiroa saWiroa aseTi aseTi aseTi aseTi tipis tipis tipis tipis saqmianobis<br />
saqmianobis<br />
saqmianobis<br />
saqmianobis<br />
Rirebulebis Rirebulebis Rirebulebis Rirebulebis gaTvaliswineba.<br />
gaTvaliswineba.<br />
gaTvaliswineba.<br />
gaTvaliswineba.<br />
Crdilovani Crdilovani Crdilovani Crdilovani ekonomika. ekonomika.<br />
ekonomika.<br />
ekonomika. bolo periodSi mravali ekonomisti moiTxovs mzardi<br />
Crdilovani ekonomikis aRricxvas. Crdilovani ekonomika ori saxisaa:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. aralegaluri aralegaluri aralegaluri aralegaluri saqmianoba saqmianoba<br />
saqmianoba<br />
saqmianoba (rogoric aris narkotikebiT vaWroba an <strong>da</strong>kveTili<br />
mkvleloba);<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. legaluri legaluri legaluri legaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>malvis <strong>da</strong>malvis <strong>da</strong>malvis <strong>da</strong>malvis mizniT mizniT mizniT mizniT aRuricxavi aRuricxavi aRuricxavi aRuricxavi saqmianoba saqmianoba<br />
saqmianoba<br />
saqmianoba (magaliTad,<br />
xelosnis saqmianoba, romelmac arasamuSao saaTebSi SeakeTa Tqveni televizori,<br />
piradi garigebis Tanaxmad).<br />
erovnuli angariSebis sistema gamoricxavs aralegalur saqmianobas erovnuli<br />
produqtis gazomvisas. sayovelTao Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad igi aris ,,saziano”.<br />
narkotikiT vaWroba ar iqneba Setanili arc mep-Si <strong>da</strong> arc wek-Si.<br />
magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas Crdilovani ekonomikis meore saxeobaze: xelosnebis,<br />
eqimebis, ZiZebis <strong>da</strong> glexebis saqmianobaze, romlebic awarmoeben Rirebulebis mqone<br />
saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebas, magram SesaZloa Tavs arideben statistikur aRricxvas?<br />
Catarebuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze zogierTi ekonomisti amtkicebs, rom es<br />
seqtori ganviTarebul qveynebSi aRmavlobas ganicdis. maT Seiswavles finansuri<br />
monacemebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>askvnes, rom bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi realuri mep-is maCvenebeli,<br />
Crdilovani ekonomikis aRuricxaobis gamo mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba faqtobrivs.<br />
garemos garemos garemos garemos <strong>da</strong>binZureba. <strong>da</strong>binZureba<br />
<strong>da</strong>binZureba<br />
<strong>da</strong>binZureba rig SemTxvevaSi, eep aRricxavs ,,zians”. magaliTad, qveynis<br />
macxovreblebi yiduloben 10 mln kolovat eleqtroenergias piradi moxmarebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> kompania ,,eldens” uxdian 10 TeTrs 1 kilovat-saaTSi. 1 mln.lari <strong>da</strong>faravs<br />
Sromis, sawvavis <strong>da</strong> eleqtrosadguris xarjebs. <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom kompania zians ayenebs<br />
regions eleqtroenergiis warmoebisas gamoyofili gamonabolqviT. igi ar ixdis am<br />
40
gare efeqtis kompensacias. warmoebis moculobis gazomva un<strong>da</strong> gulisxmobdes ara<br />
marto eleqtronergiis <strong>da</strong>matebul Rirebulebas (romelsac aRricxavs mep), aramed<br />
agreTve garemos gabinZurebiT miyenebul ziansac (romelic ar aRiricxeba mep-Si).<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri cikli cikli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba<br />
13.1 13.1 13.1 13.1 ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ciklis ciklis ciklis ciklis arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi fazebi fazebi fazebi fazebi<br />
ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> makroekonomikuri arastabiluroba erTmaneTs enacvleba<br />
drois garkveul monakveTSi, romelsac ekonomikur cikls uwodeben.<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri cikli cikli cikli cikli niSnavs ekonomikuri aqtiurobis doneTa aRmavlobasa <strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>qveiTebas, romlebic erTimeores misdeven ramdenime wlis manZilze. calkeuli<br />
ekonomikuri ciklebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan xangZlivobiT <strong>da</strong><br />
intensivobiT, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa yvela maTgans erTi <strong>da</strong> igive fazebi gaCnia.<br />
ekonomikur cikls aqvs oTxi faza (ix. naxazi 13.1): piki (bumi); <strong>da</strong>cema; depresia;<br />
gamococxleba.<br />
nax nax 13.1.ekonomikuri 13.1.ekonomikuri ciklis ciklis fazebi<br />
fazebi<br />
ekonomikuri ciklis pikis pikis pikis pikis faza faza faza faza niSnavs imas, rom qveynis ekonomikaSi iwyeba<br />
sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong> warmoeba sruli an TiTqmis sruli simZlavriT muSaobs. ciklis<br />
am fazaSi SeiniSneba fasebis zrdis tendencia.<br />
pikis momdevno fazaa <strong>da</strong>cema. <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>cema Aam dros warmoeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba mcirdeba, ecema<br />
moTxovna samuSao Zalaze, neldeba fasebis zr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
depresiis depresiis depresiis depresiis fazaSi fazaSi fazaSi fazaSi ekonomika depresiul mdgomareobaSia: warmoebis <strong>da</strong>cema wydeba,<br />
izrdeba fulis miwodeba, klebulobs moTxovna kreditze, ecema sargeblis done,<br />
iafdeba krediti. Ddepresiis qve<strong>da</strong> wertilis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli niSania, is rom mas<br />
Semdeg rac warmoeba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba yvelaze <strong>da</strong>bal dones miaRwevs, kvlav iwyeba<br />
fskeri<strong>da</strong>n amosvla <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>dis gamococxlebis fazaSi.<br />
gamococxlebis gamococxlebis gamococxlebis gamococxlebis fazaSi fazaSi fazaSi fazaSi warmoebis done izrdeba, xolo <strong>da</strong>saqmeba matulobs<br />
srul <strong>da</strong>saqmebamdec ki. ekonomikaSi gamococxlebis procesi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan Zlierdeba,<br />
fasebis done iwyebs matebas, sanam ar moxdeba sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong> warmoeba mTeli<br />
simZlavriT ar amuSavdeba.<br />
41
ekonomikuri ciklebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan xangrZlivobiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> intensivobiT, magaliTad, 30-iani wlebis `didi depresia~, romelmac seriozuli<br />
ziani miayena ekonomikur aqtiurobas, mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gacilebiT<br />
xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> intensiuri iyo, vidre omis Semdgomi <strong>da</strong>qveiTebis periodebi.<br />
umuSevrobisa umuSevrobisa umuSevrobisa umuSevrobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebis <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebis sididisa sididisa sididisa sididisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> donis donis donis donis gansazRvra.<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra.<br />
. .<br />
sabazro ekonomikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani makroekonomikuri problemaa<br />
umuSevroba, romlis dros Sromisunariani mosaxleobis erTi nawili ver Soulobs<br />
samuSaos, iqceva Warb mosaxleobad <strong>da</strong> qmnis Sromis sarezervo armias. ekonomikuri<br />
ciklis fazebis mixedviT umuSevrobis done xan maRalia, xan <strong>da</strong>bali, xan ki<br />
normaluri. Ee.i. iseTi, romelsac bunebrivs uwodeben.<br />
umuSevrobis arsSi ufro Rrmad Casawvdomad saWiroa, jer erTi, <strong>da</strong>vazustod<br />
TviT cneba `umuSevari` <strong>da</strong> meorec, movniSnoT umuSevrebis kuTvnili adgili<br />
mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur struqturaSi. amisaTvis qveysnis mosaxleobas,<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Sso) mier miRebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT,<br />
yofen or did jgufad:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. ekonomikurad araaqtiuri mosaxleoba;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba.<br />
ekonomikurad ekonomikurad ekonomikurad ekonomikurad araaqtiur araaqtiur araaqtiur araaqtiur mosaxleobas mosaxleobas<br />
mosaxleobas<br />
mosaxleobas miekuTvnebian qveynis is mcxovrebni,<br />
romlebic ar Sedian samuSao Zalis (muSaobisaTvis mzadmyofi Sromisunariani<br />
mosaxleobis) SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
ekonomikurad ekonomikurad ekonomikurad ekonomikurad aqtiur aqtiur aqtiur aqtiur mosaxleobas mosaxleobas<br />
mosaxleobas<br />
mosaxleobas Seadgens Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis<br />
nawili, romelic samuSao Zalas sTavazobs saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebisaTvis. amitom igi xSirad samuSao samuSao samuSao samuSao Zala<strong>da</strong>a Zala<strong>da</strong>a Zala<strong>da</strong>a Zala<strong>da</strong>a wodebuli. ufro konkretulad,<br />
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba (samuSao Zala) moicavs fiqsirebuli asakis (16 <strong>da</strong><br />
meti wlis) orive sqesis ekonomikuri saqmianobiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebul <strong>da</strong> umuSevar<br />
mosaxleobas. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, samuSao Zala gaiangariSeba <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa <strong>da</strong> umuSevarTa<br />
raodenobis SejamebiT.<br />
yvela, vinc aris <strong>da</strong>saqmebuli an umuSevari miekuTvneba samuSao samuSao samuSao samuSao Zalas. Zalas. Zalas. Zalas.<br />
samuSao samuSao samuSao samuSao Zalas Zalas Zalas Zalas ar miekuTvneba srulwlovani mosaxleobis is nawili, romelic<br />
swavlobs, diasaxlisebi, pensionerebi, invalidebi <strong>da</strong> isinic, vinc ubralod ar eZeben<br />
samsaxurs (ar surT muSaoba).<br />
qveynis mosaxleobis aRniSnuli struqturi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ganisazRvreba<br />
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri aqtivobis aqtivobis aqtivobis aqtivobis done done done done _ ekonomikurad aqtiur a<strong>da</strong>mianTa wili<br />
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis saerTo ricxovnobaSi.<br />
ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleoba, Tavis mxriv, iyofa or jgufad:<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi _ is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic miekuTvnebian Semdeg kategorias: a)<br />
<strong>da</strong>qiravebulebi; b) TviT<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi;<br />
umuSevrebi umuSevrebi<br />
umuSevrebi<br />
umuSevrebi _ is a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic asakobrivad miekuTvnebian ekonomikurad<br />
aqtiuri mosaxleobis ricxvs, ar ewevian ekonomikur saqmianobas, mzad arian muSaobis<br />
<strong>da</strong>sawyebad <strong>da</strong> eZeben samuSaos.<br />
42
umuSevrad umuSevrad iTvleba iTvleba 16 wlis <strong>da</strong> meti asakis anu samuSao asakSi myofi<br />
Sromisunariani piri, romelic gamosakvlevi kviris ganmavlobaSi ar aris <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobiT (erTi saaTiTac ki), bolo oTxi kviris ganmavlobaSi<br />
aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos <strong>da</strong> Sovnis SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudges muSaobas. es aris<br />
umuSevrobis gansazRvra mkacri mkacri mkacri mkacri kriteriumiT.<br />
kriteriumiT<br />
kriteriumiT<br />
kriteriumiT<br />
arsebobs nebayoflobiTi <strong>da</strong> iZulebiTi umuSevroba.<br />
nebayofilobiTi nebayofilobiTi nebayofilobiTi nebayofilobiTi umuSevroba umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ar surT<br />
muSaoba SeTavazebul xelfasze, magram imuSaveben, Tuki anazRaureba gizrdeba. gar<strong>da</strong><br />
amisa, aris mosaxleobis Sromisunariani nawili, romelsac ama Tu im mizezis gamo ar<br />
surs muSaoba.<br />
iZulebiTi iZulebiTi iZulebiTi iZulebiTi umuSevroba umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba warmoiqmneba Sromis mouqneli fasisa <strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli<br />
xelfasis pirobebSi. magaliTad, Tu xelfasi maRalia sabazro wonasworobis<br />
poziciebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> ar ecema, maSin Sromis resursebis miwodeba Warbia <strong>da</strong> samuSao<br />
adgilebs iRebs mxolod muSakTa nawili, <strong>da</strong>narCenebi ki iZulebiTi umuSevrebi<br />
xdebian.<br />
teqnologiuri teqnologiuri teqnologiuri teqnologiuri umuSevroba. umuSevroba.<br />
umuSevroba.<br />
umuSevroba. arsebobs umuSevrobis mravali saxeoba, yvelaze<br />
cnobilia teqnologiuri umuSevroba, romlisganac arc erTi ekonomika ar aris<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRveuli, magram is gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia iq sa<strong>da</strong>c swrafi mecnierul<br />
teqnologiuri procesi <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa maRal Semosavlebs erwymis. Ggasagebia, rom<br />
swored aseTi Serwyma aniWebs did ekonomikur efeqtianobas samuSao adgilebis<br />
raodenobis Semcirebas, radganac mewarmeebi swored am principiT xelmZRvaneloben.<br />
ganasxvaveben umuSevrobis sam saxes:<br />
uuuumuSevrobis muSevrobis muSevrobis muSevrobis saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi<br />
1. 1. friqciuli friqciuli friqciuli friqciuli umuSevroba. umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba friqciuli umuSevroba warmoiSoba mosaxleobis<br />
gauTavebeli ga<strong>da</strong>nacvlebiT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionebsa <strong>da</strong> samsaxurebs Soris an TaobaTa<br />
cvlis mizeziT. maSinac ki, roca ekonomika imyofeba sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmebis pirobebSi,<br />
yovelTvis iqneba garkveuli denadoba, romelic gamowveulia imiT, rom a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />
eZeben samuSaos, rodesac amTavreben skolas an ga<strong>da</strong>dian sacxovreblad sxva qalaqSi,<br />
qalebi SeiZleba isev Seerwyan samuSao Zalas bavSvebis gaCenis Semdeg. friqciuli<br />
umuSevrobis gamo, momuSaveebi xSirad ga<strong>da</strong>dian samuSao<strong>da</strong>n samuSaoze an eZeben<br />
ukeTes samsaxurs, ris gamoc, maT uwodeben ,,nebayoflobiT” umuSevrebs.<br />
2. 2. struqturuli struqturuli struqturuli struqturuli umuSevroba. umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba im SemTxvevaSi, roca samuSao Zalis miwodeba <strong>da</strong><br />
masze moTxovna erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, saqme gvaqvs struqturul umuSevrobasTan.<br />
struqturuli umuSevroba warmoiSoba maSin, roca mecnierul-teqnikuri<br />
progresis zegavleniT xdeba ekonomikis struqturuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebi. iq sa<strong>da</strong>c bazrebi<br />
dinamikuria matulobs invensticiebi, produqciis gamoSveba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba. sxva<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgebSi ki warmoeba ikveceba <strong>da</strong> samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba. aseTi procesis dros<br />
umuSevrobis arseboba savsebiT bunebrivia.<br />
3. cikluri cikluri cikluri cikluri umuSevroba umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba<br />
umuSevroba – warmoiSoba yvela <strong>da</strong>rgSi, yvela sferosa <strong>da</strong> regionSi<br />
samuSao Zalaze <strong>da</strong>bali moTxovnis gamo. es umeteswilad xdeba ekonomikuri ciklis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cemis fazaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba mTliani xarjebis ukmarisobiT. ekonomikuri<br />
43
gamococxleba <strong>da</strong>qveiTebis Semdeg ki adidebs moTxovnas samuSao Zalaze <strong>da</strong> amcirebs<br />
umuSevrobas.<br />
umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis donis donis donis donis gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
`sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmebis” pirobebSi umuSevrobis dones umuSevrobis bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi done done done done<br />
ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba. sruli sruli sruli sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong>saqmeba <strong>da</strong>saqmeba ewodeba situacias, roca <strong>da</strong>saqmeba 100%-ze naklebia, xolo<br />
umuSevarTa raodenoba ar aRemateba friqciuli <strong>da</strong> struqturuli umuSevrobis jams.<br />
maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, `sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmeba` ganisazRvreba rogorc <strong>da</strong>saqmeba, romelic samuSao<br />
Zalis 100%-ze naklebia.<br />
e. e. e. e. i. i. i. i. umuSevarTa umuSevarTa umuSevarTa umuSevarTa raodenobas, raodenobas, raodenobas, raodenobas, romelic romelic romelic romelic Seesabameba Seesabameba Seesabameba Seesabameba friqciuli friqciuli friqciuli friqciuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> struqturuli<br />
struqturuli<br />
struqturuli<br />
struqturuli<br />
umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis jams, jams, jams, jams, bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi umuSevroba, umuSevroba, umuSevroba, umuSevroba, anu anu anu anu umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi bunebrivi done done done done ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba.<br />
umuSevrobis bunebrivi done warmoiSoba <strong>da</strong>balansebuli samuSao Zalis bazrebis<br />
pirobebSi, maSin roca samuSaos mZebnelTa raodenoba Tavisufali samuSao adgilebis<br />
tolia.<br />
umuSevrobis done ganisazRvreba, rogorc umuSevrobisa <strong>da</strong> samuSao Zalis<br />
procentuli Tanafardoba.<br />
umuSevrobis donis maCvenebelTa sizustes mniS<strong>da</strong>vnelovanwilad gansazRvravs<br />
is, Tu ramdenad sworad iqneba <strong>da</strong>dgenili samuSao Zalis saerTo ricxovnoba <strong>da</strong><br />
faqtiuri umuSevroba. samuSao Zalis raodenobisa <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris, umuSevarTa<br />
ricxovnobis gasaangariSeblad iyeneben mosaxleobis aRweris, SerCeviTi gamokiTxvis<br />
<strong>da</strong> SromiTi <strong>da</strong>saqmebis biuroebis monacemebs, magram saqmisadmi didi gulmodginebis<br />
gamoCenis SemTxvevaSic ver ver ver ver xerxdeba xerxdeba xerxdeba xerxdeba utyuari utyuari utyuari utyuari Sedegebis Sedegebis Sedegebis Sedegebis miReba. miReba miReba miReba tipiur cdomilebaTa<br />
magaliTebad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vasaxeloT Semdegi:<br />
oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, arasruli arasruli arasruli arasruli samuSao samuSao samuSao samuSao dRiT dRiT dRiT dRiT <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>saqmebulebi<br />
mTlianad mTlianad mTlianad mTlianad <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa <strong>da</strong>saqmebulTa kategoriaSi kategoriaSi kategoriaSi kategoriaSi Sedian. Sedia Sedia Sedia es metnaklebad gamarTlebulad<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos im pirebis mimarT, romlebic arasruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT muSaoben<br />
TavianTi neba-surviliT. magram gaumarTlebelia im pirTa mimarT, romelTac surT<br />
sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT muSaoba, magram amas ver aRweven <strong>da</strong> iZulebulni arian<br />
<strong>da</strong>sjerdnen arasruli samuSao dRiT muSaobas. aseTi pirebis srul <strong>da</strong>saqmebulebad<br />
aRiarebiT, oficialuri statistika, cxadia, xelovnurad amcirebs umuSevrobis donis<br />
maCvenebels.<br />
oficialurad, umuSevrad iTvleba is <strong>da</strong>usaqmebeli, romelic aqtiurad eZebs<br />
samuSaos. sxva sityvebiT, umuSevari, romelic aqtiurad ar iRwvis samuSaos<br />
mosapoveblad, `samuSao `samuSao `samuSao `samuSao Zalis Zalis Zalis Zalis Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n` Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n`<br />
Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n`<br />
Semadgenlobi<strong>da</strong>n` gamosulad iTvleba. ara<strong>da</strong>, arcTu<br />
cotaa iseTi umuSevari, romelTac mobezr<strong>da</strong>T samuSaos sapovnelad uSedego<br />
xangrZlivi xetiali <strong>da</strong> ukve imed<strong>da</strong>kargulebi eTiSebian samuSaos aqtiur maZebarTa<br />
kategorias. am nawilis umuSevarTa kategoriaSi SeutanlobiT, oficialuri<br />
statistika aseve amcirebs umuSevrobis donis maCvenebels.<br />
zogierTi respodenti (gamosakiTxi piri) iZleva cru cru cru cru informacias informacias<br />
informacias<br />
informacias _ TiTqos is<br />
mowadinebiT eZebs samuSaos, Tumca es sinamdviles ar Seefereba. aseTi qcevis mizania<br />
is, rom miiRos umuSevrobis kompensacia an socialuri uzrunvelyofis <strong>da</strong>xmareba.<br />
umuSevrobis oficialur dones xelovnurad zrdis Crdilovani Crdilovani Crdilovani Crdilovani ekonomikis<br />
ekonomikis<br />
ekonomikis<br />
ekonomikis<br />
arseboba. amgvar saqmianobaSi Cabmuli pirebi sruli <strong>da</strong>tvirTviT muSaoben, magram<br />
44
formalurad umuSevarTa kategorias ganekuTvnebian _ TavianT Tavs umuSevars<br />
uwodeben.<br />
zemoT aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba im <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotana, rom, marTalia, umuSevroba<br />
qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebelia, magram igi<br />
yovelTvis rodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos ekonomikis sijansaRis uSecdomo barometrad.<br />
umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis Sedegebi Sedegebi Sedegebi Sedegebi<br />
umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri Sedegebi. Sedegebi Sedegebi Sedegebi umuSevroba niSnavs SezRuduli resursebis<br />
nawilobriv gamoyenebas, amis gamo igi iwvevs sagrZnob ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur<br />
xarjebs. umuSevrobis mTavari fasi gamouSvebeli produqciaa. rodesac ekonomikas ar<br />
SeuZlia sakmarisi samuSao adgilebis Seqmna imaTTvis, visac muSaoba surs <strong>da</strong><br />
SeuZlia, saqonelTa <strong>da</strong> momsaxureobis potenciuri warmoeba samu<strong>da</strong>mod ikargeba.<br />
analizis Sedegad SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom umuSevroba sazogadoebas xels uSlis<br />
mudmivad imoZraos zemoT, Tavisi potenciuri SesaZleblobebis mrudze. ekonomistebi<br />
am <strong>da</strong>kargul produqcias ganmartaven rogorc mep----is mep mep mep is is is moculobis moculobis moculobis moculobis CamorCenas. CamorCenas<br />
CamorCenas<br />
CamorCenas es<br />
CamorCena is moculobaa, romliTac faqtobrivi erToblivi erovnuli produqti<br />
naklebia potenciurze. rac ufro maRalia umuSevrobis done miT ufro didia mep-is<br />
CamorCena.<br />
makroekonomikis sferoSi cnobilma mkvlevarma artur oukenma maTemetikurad<br />
gamosaxa Tanafardoba umuSevrobis donesa <strong>da</strong> mep-is moculobis CamorCenas Soris. es<br />
Tanafardoba, romelic oukenis oukenis kanonis kanonis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili gviCvenebs, rom Tu<br />
umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis faqtobrivi faqtobrivi done done 1% 1%-iT 1% 1% iT aRemateba bunebriv dones, dones, maSin mep mep-is mep<br />
is mculobis<br />
CamorCena CamorCena potenciuri potenciuri warmoebisagan warmoebisagan Seadgens Seadgens 2.5% 2.5%-s. 2.5% s.<br />
umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis umuSevrobis socialuri socialuri socialuri socialuri Sedegebi. Sedegebi. Sedegebi. Sedegebi. marTalia, umuSevrobiT gamowveuli<br />
ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong>nakargebi didia, magram mainc SeuZlebelia fulad gamoxatulebaSi<br />
adekvaturad Sefasdes xangrZlivi iZulebiTi umuSevrobiT gamowveuli a<strong>da</strong>mianuri,<br />
socialuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri zarali. gamokvlevebi jan<strong>da</strong>cvis sferoSi miuTiTeben<br />
imaze, rom umuSevroba iwvevs rogorc fizikuri, ise fsiqikuri janmrTelobis<br />
ngrevas: izrdeba gulsisxlZarRvTa <strong>da</strong>avadebebi, nevrozebi, alkoholizmi <strong>da</strong><br />
TviTmkvlelobebis ricxvi. fsiqologiuri gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, samsaxuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />
<strong>da</strong>Txovna, rogorc wesi, zogisTvis iseTive tramvaa, rogorc axlo megobris<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba, zogisTvis umaRlesi saswavlebelSi misaReb gamocdebSi CaWra.<br />
45
inflacia<br />
inflacia<br />
inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis arsi, arsi, arsi, arsi, saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> tipebi tipebi tipebi tipebi<br />
termini termini termini termini `inflacia~ ``<br />
`inflacia~<br />
inflacia~ inflacia~ laTinuri laTinuri laTinuri laTinuri warmoSobisaa, warmoSobisaa, warmoSobisaa, warmoSobisaa, rac rac rac rac `gabervas~ `gabervas~ `gabervas~ `gabervas~ niSnavs niSnavs niSnavs niSnavs (laT. Inflatio _<br />
gaberva). . . . igi igi igi igi fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis saerTo saerTo saerTo saerTo donis donis donis donis momatebaa, momatebaa, momatebaa, momatebaa, rac rac rac rac fulis fulis fulis fulis gaufasurebaSi gaufasurebaSi gaufasurebaSi gaufasurebaSi gamoixateba.<br />
gamoixateba.<br />
gamoixateba.<br />
gamoixateba.<br />
magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom aucileblad yvela fasi izrdeba. inflaciis sakmaod<br />
swrafi zrdis drosac ki zogjer saqonelze fasi SeiZleba stabiluri iyos, xolo<br />
sxvebze Semcirdes kidec. inflaciis dros Tavs iCens fasebis Zalze araTanabari<br />
zrdis tendencia. igi xan Zalze naxtomiseburad matulobs, xan Tanabari tempiT, xan<br />
ki saerTod ar izrdeba. inflacia miekuTvneba Tanamedrove ekonomikis mZime, Znelad<br />
samkurnalo <strong>da</strong>avadebas. misgan arc erTi qveyana <strong>da</strong>zRveuli ar aris.<br />
inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis uSualo uSualo uSualo uSualo gamovlenis gamovlenis gamovlenis gamovlenis formebia: formebia: formebia: formebia:<br />
a) a) a) a) saqonelTa saqonelTa saqonelTa saqonelTa fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis zr<strong>da</strong>; zr<strong>da</strong>; zr<strong>da</strong>; zr<strong>da</strong>;<br />
b) b) b) b) qaRaldis qaRaldis qaRaldis qaRaldis fulis fulis fulis fulis gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fulis fulis fulis fulis msyidvelobiTi msyidvelobiTi msyidvelobiTi msyidvelobiTi unaris unaris unaris unaris <strong>da</strong>cema; <strong>da</strong>cema; <strong>da</strong>cema; <strong>da</strong>cema;<br />
g) g) g) g) ucxouri ucxouri ucxouri ucxouri valutis valutis valutis valutis kursis kur kur kursis<br />
sis sis amaRleba amaRleba amaRleba amaRleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> im im im im qveynis qveynis qveynis qveynis valutis valutis valutis valutis kursis kursis kursis kursis <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong>cema sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />
mZvinvarebs mZvinvarebs mZvinvarebs mZvinvarebs inflacia.<br />
inflacia.<br />
inflacia.<br />
inflacia.<br />
ganasxvaveben zomier (mcocav), WenebiT <strong>da</strong> hiperinflacias.<br />
zomieri zomieri zomieri zomieri _ ewodeba qaRaldis fulis iseT gaufasurebas, romelic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />
SeumCnevlad mimdinareobs. zomieri inflaciis dros fasebi nela izrdeba, weliwadSi<br />
10%-ze naklebi.<br />
WenebiTi WenebiTi WenebiTi WenebiTi _ ewodeba qaRaldis fulis swrafi tempiT gaufasurebas, am dros fasebi<br />
qaosuria, igi weliwadSi izrdeba 200%-e. aravin icis ramdeni laris warmoeba<br />
dezorganizirebulia. yvela crdilobs moimaragos saqoneli <strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n moicilos<br />
uvargisi fuli.<br />
hiperinflaciis hiperinflaciis<br />
hiperinflaciis<br />
hiperinflaciis _ dros ki mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli fulis raodenoba <strong>da</strong> fasebi<br />
astronomiuli tempiT izrdeba. fasebi <strong>da</strong> xelfasi katastrofulad scildeba<br />
erTmaneTs, ecema sazogadoebis yvelaze uzrunvelyofili fenebis keTildReobac ki.<br />
inflaciis inf inf inflaciis<br />
laciis laciis tipebi tipebi tipebi tipebi<br />
ekonomikaSi ganasxvaveben inflaciis or tips:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis inflacia. inflacia inflacia inflacia tradiciulad cvlilebebi fasebis doneSi Warbi<br />
moTxovniT aixsneba. ekonomikas SeuZlia Seecados meti <strong>da</strong>xarjos, vidre awarmoos.<br />
igi SeiZleba miiswarfodes iseTi wertilisaken, romelic mis sawarmoo SesaZleblobs<br />
scildeba. warmoebriv seqtors ar ZaluZs upasuxos am Warb moTxovnas produqciis<br />
realuri moculobis gazrdiT, radgan yvela arsebuli resursi mTlianad<br />
gamoyenebulia. amitom es Warbi moTxovna zrdis produqciis fasebs <strong>da</strong> iwvevs<br />
moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis moTxovnis inflacias<br />
in in inflacias.<br />
flacias flacias rodesac mTliani <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi izrdeba, fasebis done iwyebs<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>s.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis inflacia. inflacia inflacia inflacia miwodebis inflacia SeiZleba warmoiSvas bazarze<br />
miwodebis cvlilebebis Sedegad. ekonomikaSi xSirad aris periodi, roca fasebis<br />
46
done izardeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom erToblivi moTxovna Warbi ar aris. iyo<br />
periodebi, roca produqciis moculobac <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmebac Semcir<strong>da</strong>, fasebis saerTo<br />
donis imavdroulad gadidebiT.<br />
warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis warmoebis xarjebis xarjebis xarjebis xarjebis zrdiT zrdiT zrdiT zrdiT ganpirobebuli ganpirobebuli ganpirobebuli ganpirobebuli inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria fasebis gadidebas<br />
iseTi faqtorebiT xsnis, romlebic iwveven <strong>da</strong>naxarjTa gadidebas produqciis<br />
erTeulze. produqciis erTeulze <strong>da</strong>naxarjTa gadideba amcirebs mogebas <strong>da</strong><br />
arsebuli fasebis pirobebSi firmebis mier miwodebuli produqciis moculobas. amis<br />
Sedegad mcirdeba saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis miwodeba mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT.<br />
miwodebis es Semcireba, Tavis mxriv zrdis fasebis dones. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, am sqemiT<br />
fasebi zrdis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs <strong>da</strong> ara moTxovna, rogorc es inflaciis dros xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli inflaciis ori yvelaze mniSvnelovani wyaroa: a)<br />
nominaluri xelfasis zr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> b) nedleulsa <strong>da</strong> energiaze fasebis zr<strong>da</strong>.<br />
a) a) a) a) xelfasis xelfasis xelfasis xelfasis momatebiT momatebiT momatebiT momatebiT gamowveuli gamowveuli gamowveuli gamowveuli inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia _ inflaciis is saxeobaa, romelic<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebis gadidebiT gamowveuli inflaciis nairsaxeobaa. es im SemTxvevaSi iqceva<br />
sinamdviled, rodesac gaizrdeba muSa-mosamsaxureTa xelfasi. Tu xelfasis momateba<br />
qveynis masStabiT ar gawonaswordeba Sesabamisi faqtorebiT, iseTiT rogoricaa erT<br />
saaTSi gamowveuli produqciis moculoba, maSin gaizrdeba produqciis erTeulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi. mwarmoeblebi amas saqonlis warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis SemcirebiT<br />
upasuxeben. ucvleli moTxovnis pirobebSi miwodebis es Semcireba fasebis donis<br />
gadidebas gamoiwvevs.<br />
b) b) b) b) miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis miwodebis meqanizmis meqanizmis meqanizmis meqanizmis moSliT moSliT moSliT moSliT gamowveuli gamowveuli gamowveuli gamowveuli inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia _ nedleulisa <strong>da</strong><br />
energiis fasebis momatebis meore mTavari nairsaxeobaa. igi warmoebis xarjis<br />
gadidebis Sedegia. amis naTeli magaliTia fasebis mniSvnelovani momateba aSS<br />
importul navTobze 1973-1974ww <strong>da</strong> 1979-1980ww, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c am periodSi energiis<br />
fasebic gaizr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> transportis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebic. aman gamoiwvia inflaciis swrafi<br />
zr<strong>da</strong>, romelic <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT iyo gamowveuli.<br />
inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis tempi tempi tempi tempi (done ( ( ( done) done done)<br />
) ) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi<br />
inflaciis tempi aris fasebis saerTo donis cvlilebis tempebi <strong>da</strong> Semdegnairad<br />
gaizomeba:<br />
rogor un<strong>da</strong> gaviangariSoT ,,fasebis done”, romelic ganxilulia inflaciis<br />
definiciaSi? Teoriulad, fasebis done ekonomikaSi gaiangariSeba, rogorc sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis saSualo Sewonili. praqtikulad fasebis saerTo done<br />
izomeba fasebis indeqsebiT. fasis indeqsi ki gansazRvravs maT saerTo dones sabazro<br />
periodTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT. magaliTisaTvis aviRoT 1999 weli, rodesac fasebi gaizar<strong>da</strong><br />
10,7%-iT. im wels yvela ZiriTad produqtze fasebi gaizar<strong>da</strong>: sursaTze, sasmelze,<br />
binis qiraze, tansacmelze, transportze, samedicino momsaxurebaze <strong>da</strong> sxva. es aris<br />
fasebis zrdis saerTo tendencia, romelsac ewodeba inflacia.<br />
inflaciis donis gazomvis sxvanairi saSualebaa `70-is sididis wesi~. igi<br />
saSualebas iZleva swrafad gaviangariSoT fasebis donis gaormagebisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli wlebis raodenoba, saWiroa mxolod 70-is gayofa inflaciis<br />
yovelwliur doneze.<br />
47
magaliTad, inflaciis yovelwliuri 3%-iani dinis pirobebSi fasebis done<br />
gaormagdeba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT wlis Semdeg (70:3=23); 8%-iani inflaciis fasebis done<br />
gaorkecdeba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT cxra wlis Semdeg (70:8=9). un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom `70-is<br />
sididis wesi~ Cveulebriv gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac, magaliTad, saWiroa realuri<br />
eep an Tqveni piradi <strong>da</strong>nazogebis gasaormageblad aucilebeli drois raodenoba.<br />
inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis gavlena gavlena gavlena gavlena ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebaze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebaze<br />
ze ze<br />
exla ki vnaxoT Tu rogor ga<strong>da</strong>anawilebs Semosavlebs moulodneli inflacia.<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> realuri realuri realuri realuri Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis mimRebni. mimRebni mimRebni mimRebni ganvixiloT Tu rogor<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>anawilebs inflacia Semosavlebs im SemTxvevaSi, roca erovnuli Semosavlis<br />
sidide mudmivia. amisaTvis saWiroa ganvasxvavoT nominaluri <strong>da</strong> realuri Semosavali.<br />
nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri Semosavali Semosavali<br />
Semosavali<br />
Semosavali _ aris is Semosavali, romelsac a<strong>da</strong>miani iRebs xelfasis,<br />
rentis, sargeblis an mogebis saxiT. realuri realuri realuri realuri Semosavali Semosavali<br />
Semosavali<br />
Semosavali ki - ganisazRvreba<br />
saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis im raodenobiT, romelic SeiZleba SeZenil iqnas<br />
nominaluri Semosavlis TanxiT. Tu nominaluri Semosavali gaizrdeba ufro swrafi<br />
tempiT, vidre fasebis done, realuri Semosavali gaizrdeba <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, Tu fasebis<br />
done ufro swrafad gaizrdeba, vidre nominaluri Semosavali, maSin realuri<br />
Semosavali Semcirdeba. es procesi SeiZleba gamoisaxos formuliT:<br />
realuri realuri Semosavlis Semosavlis cvlileba cvlileba (%) = nominaluri Semosavlis cvlileba (%) _<br />
cvlilebebi cvlilebebi fasebis fasebis doneSi doneSi (%)<br />
amrigad, Tu nominaluri Semosavali gaizrdeba 10%-iT, xolo fasebis done 5%iT,<br />
maSin realuri Semosavali gaizrdeba 5%-iT <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, Tu nominaluri<br />
Semosavali gaizrdeba 5%-iT, xolo fasebis done gaizrdeba 10%-iT, maSin realuri<br />
Semosavali Semcirdeba 5%-iT. e.i inflacia amcirebs dolaris msyidvelobiT unars.<br />
realuri Semosavali Semcirdeba mxolod maSin Tu nominaluri Semosavali CamorCeba<br />
inflacias.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom inflacia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad moqmedebs ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebaze imisgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukideblad mosalodnelia igi Tu winaswar gauTvaliswinebeli. mosalodneli<br />
mosalodneli<br />
mosalodneli<br />
mosalodneli<br />
inflaciis inflaciis<br />
inflaciis<br />
inflaciis SemTxveveSi Semosavlis mimRebs SeuZlia RonisZiebaTa gatareba, raTa<br />
Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicilos an Seamciros inflaciis negatiuri Sedegebi, romlebic winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi mis realur SemosavalSi aisaxeba.<br />
fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis mimRebni. mimRebni mimRebni mimRebni . inflacia sjis im a<strong>da</strong>mianebs,<br />
romlebic Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT fiqsirebul nominalur Semosavals Rebuloben. e.i igi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>anawilebs Semosavlebs fiqsirebuli Semosavlis mimRebTaTvis maTi SemcirebiT<br />
<strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis sxva jgufebisaTvis Semosavlis gadidebiT. magaliTad, xan<strong>da</strong>zmulebi,<br />
romlebic kerZo pensiaze an rentaze cxovroben, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
yovelTviur fiqsirebul nominalur Semosavlebs. a<strong>da</strong>miani, romelic pensiaze gavi<strong>da</strong><br />
48
1975 wels <strong>da</strong> im dros sakmao Tanxas Rebulob<strong>da</strong>, 1988 wels maTi pensiis<br />
msyidvelobiTi unari sanaxevrod Semcir<strong>da</strong>.<br />
a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, romlebic arfiqsirebuli SemosavlebiT cxovroben - Rebuloben<br />
realur realur realur realur Semosavals,<br />
Sem Sem Semosavals,<br />
osavals, osavals, SeiZleba mogebulni <strong>da</strong>rCnen inflaciisagan. aseTi ojaxebis<br />
nominalurma Semosavlebma SeiZleba gauswron fasebis dones, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c maTi<br />
realuri Semosavlebi gaizrdeba.<br />
2. <strong>da</strong>nazogTa <strong>da</strong>nazogTa <strong>da</strong>nazogTa <strong>da</strong>nazogTa mflobelebi.<br />
mflobelebi<br />
mflobelebi<br />
mflobelebi . inflaciam SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>sajos <strong>da</strong>nazogTa mflobelebic.<br />
fasebis gadidebiT <strong>da</strong>nazogTa realuri Rirebuleba anu msyidvelobiTi unari<br />
mcirdeba. inflaciis dros mcirdeba bankis vadiani anabrebis sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo polisebis<br />
<strong>da</strong> fiqsirebuli Rirebulebis sxva aqtivebis Rirebuleba, romlebic odesRac<br />
sakmarisi iyo gauTvaliswinebeli garemoebisaTvis Tavis gasarTmevad. aviRoT aseTi<br />
magaliTi. a<strong>da</strong>mianma <strong>da</strong>zoga 1000 dolari <strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong>aban<strong>da</strong> komerciul bankSi anu iyi<strong>da</strong><br />
1000 dolariani obligacia 6%-iani ganakveTiT. magram Tu inflacia miaRwevs 13%-s,<br />
maSin wlis bolos am 1000 dolaris Rirebuleba <strong>da</strong>ecema 938 dolaramde anu meanabre<br />
miiRebs 1060 dolars, magram am 1060 dolaris Rirebuleba Seadgens mxolod 938 (1060 :<br />
1.13).<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. debitorebi debitorebi debitorebi debitorebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kreditorebi. kreditorebi.<br />
kreditorebi.<br />
kreditorebi. inflacia aseve ga<strong>da</strong>anawilebs Semosavlebs<br />
debitorebsa <strong>da</strong> kreditorebs Soris. kerZod, gauTvaliswinebeli inflacia sargebels<br />
moutans debitorebs (sesxis mimRebT) kreditorebis (sesxis mimRebTa) xarjze.<br />
inflaciis ZiriTadi gavlena ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis procesebze warmoiSoba inflaciis<br />
araerTgvarovani gavleni<strong>da</strong>n aqtivebsa <strong>da</strong> pasivebze, romelsac flobs xalxi. maTTvis<br />
visac aqvs vali, fasebis swrafi zr<strong>da</strong> momgebiania. magaliTad, Tqven giravnobiT<br />
isesxeT 100 000 lari ramdenime wliT <strong>da</strong> Tqveni wliuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadia 10 000 lari.<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, maRalma inflaciam gaaormaga fasebi <strong>da</strong> xelfasebi. Tqveni fuladi<br />
Semosavlebic gaormag<strong>da</strong>, Tumca am SemosavlebiT SegiZliaT iyidoT isev igive<br />
raodenobis saqoneli. magram ra mouva Tqven mier nasesxeb Tanxas? giravnobaze<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdeli Tanxa rCeba isev 10 000 lari wliuri, magram Tqven mogiwevT am Tanxis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelad imis naxevari muSaoba, vidre giwev<strong>da</strong>T. maRalma inflaciam gazar<strong>da</strong><br />
Tqveni qoneba 50 000 lariT imitom, rom gaanaxevra <strong>da</strong>sabrunebeli valis realuri<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
aseTma mosazrebebma SeiZleba waaxalisos xalxi, meti isesxos fuli saxlebisa<br />
Tu miwis nakveTebis sayidlad. magram Semdeg, rodesac inflacia Cacxreba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyeba<br />
recesia, wliuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> iqneba imdenad rTuli, rom bevri a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />
SeiZleba gakotrdes.<br />
Tu xarT fulis gamsesxebeli <strong>da</strong> gaqvT aqtivebi grZelvadian obligaciebSi,<br />
yvelaferi moxdeba piriqiT. fasebis moulodneli zr<strong>da</strong> Tqven gagaRaribebT, radgan<br />
fuls, romelsac ukan <strong>da</strong>gibruneben eqneba naklebi myidvelobiTi unari, vidre<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad moelodiT.<br />
mosalodneli mosalodneli<br />
mosalodneli<br />
mosalodneli inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia<br />
inflaciis Sedegebi ganawilebis sferoSi aseTi mZime ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
acilebac moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong>, a<strong>da</strong>mianebs, rom SeeZloT:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis winaswar winaswar winaswar winaswar ganWvreta;<br />
ganWvreta;<br />
ganWvreta;<br />
ganWvreta;<br />
49
2. 2. 2. 2. Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi minimaluri minimaluri minimaluri minimaluri koreqtirebis koreqtirebis koreqtirebis koreqtirebis SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba SesaZlebloba hqondeT hqondeT hqondeT hqondeT fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis doneSi doneSi doneSi doneSi<br />
momavali momavali momavali momavali cvlilebebis cvlilebebis cvlilebebis cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
Tu winaswar ganvWretT inflacias _ SeiZleba cvlilebebi SevitanoT<br />
Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi kreditorebsa <strong>da</strong> debitorebs Soris. Tu inflacia<br />
grZeldeba didxans, xalxi iwyebs mis prognozirebas <strong>da</strong> bazrebi iwyeben a<strong>da</strong>ptacias<br />
inflaciasTan. inflaciis tempebi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan iqneba ,,CaSenebuli” procentis sabazro<br />
ganakveTSi. <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, ekonomika iwyebs sastarto mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n 3% saprocento<br />
ganakveTiT <strong>da</strong> stabiluri fasebiT. Tu adgili eqneba fasebis zrdis molodins<br />
weliwadSi 9%, maSin obligaciebsa <strong>da</strong> ipoTekaze (sesxebi aRebuli uZravi qonebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>giravebiT) ga<strong>da</strong>saxdeli procentebi nacvlad 3%- isa, gaxdeba 12%. nominaluri<br />
saprocento ganakveTi 12%, Sedgeba realuri saprocento ganakveTisgan 3% plus<br />
inflaciis 9% gan, rodesac saprocento ganakveTi koreqtirebulia aseTnairad,<br />
adgili aRar eqneba Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> qonebis Semdgom ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas.<br />
inflaciasTan inflaciasTan inflaciasTan inflaciasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis ekonomikuri ekonomiku<br />
ekonomiku<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ri ri Sedegebi Sedegebi Sedegebi Sedegebi<br />
arsebobs inflaciis eqvsi ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>naxarji, romlebic miuTiTeben imas, rom<br />
fulis miwodebis stabiluri zr<strong>da</strong> rogor gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri sidideebis<br />
mdgomareobaze. inflaciis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebia:<br />
`gacveTili fexsacmelis~ <strong>da</strong>naxarjs, romelic <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia mosaxleobis<br />
xelT arsebuli fulis raodenobis SemcirebasTan;<br />
`menius~ <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi, romelic ganpirobebulia firmebis mier fasebis xSiri<br />
cvlilebebiT gamowveul <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong>nakargebTan;<br />
SefardebiTi fasebis xSiri cvlilebebi;<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado valdebulebaTa gaumarTlebeli cvlilebebi, romelic<br />
gamowveulia saga<strong>da</strong>saxado kodeqsSi Semosavlebis indeqsaciis gauTvaliswineblobiT.<br />
Secdomebi <strong>da</strong> gaugebrobebi, romlebic warmoiSva Rirebulebis sazomis Secvlis<br />
Sedegad.<br />
movaleebsa <strong>da</strong> kreditorebs Soris finansebis TviTneburi ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba.<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. `gacveTili `gacveTili `gacveTili `gacveTili fexsacmlis~ fexsacmlis~ fexsacmlis~ fexsacmlis~ <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi, <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi rogorc vnaxeT inflaciis garkveul<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs akisrebs saojaxo meurneobebs. rogor SeuZliaT maT am<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebisagan Tavis acileba? vinai<strong>da</strong>n inflacia Tqvens safuleSi arsebuli<br />
fulis Rirebulebas amcirebs, amitom inflaciis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba<br />
naklebi fulis flobiT SegiZliaT. amis erT-erTi gza bankis ufro xSiri stumrobaa.<br />
magaliTad, yovel oTx kviraSi erTxel banki<strong>da</strong>n 200 dolaris gamotanis nacvlad<br />
SegiZliaT kviraSi erTxel 50 dolari gamoitanoT. bankis ufro meti stumrobiT<br />
SegiZliaT Tqveni fulis ufro meti raodenoba SeinaxoT sargeblian angariSze <strong>da</strong><br />
naklebi Tqvens safuleSi. vinai<strong>da</strong>n, bankSi klientis xSiri `stumroba misi<br />
fexsacmlis gacveTas~ iwvevs, mas `gacveTili fexsacmlis~ <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs uwodeben.<br />
cxadia, Se<strong>da</strong>reba mxolod ga<strong>da</strong>taniTi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, raTa xazi gaesvas im<br />
droisa <strong>da</strong> energiis <strong>da</strong>nakargebs, romlebic mocemul SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. `menius~ `menius~ `menius~ `menius~ <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi. <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi iSviaTia firma, romelic Tavisi produqciis fass<br />
yoveldRiurad cvlides. firmebi fasebs imitom cvlian iSviaTad, rom fasebis<br />
cvlileba garkveul <strong>da</strong>naxarjebTanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. fasebis cvlilebasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebul <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs `menius~ <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi ewodeba. es <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi Seicavs<br />
axali katalogebis beWdvis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs, axali fasebis reklamirebis <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs<br />
<strong>da</strong> TviT im <strong>da</strong>naxarjebsac, romlebic saWiroa momxmarebelTa Soris axali fasebisT<br />
gamowveuli gaRizianebis Sesamcireblad.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad _ TiTqmis yvela ga<strong>da</strong>saxdi<br />
stimulirebas amaxinjebs, a<strong>da</strong>mianebs qcevis Secvlisaken ubiZgebs <strong>da</strong> resursebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebas naklebad efeqtians xdis, magram mravali ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi kidev ufro<br />
50
problematuri xdeba inflaciis pirobebSi. saqme is aris, rom saga<strong>da</strong>saxado <strong>da</strong>begvris<br />
mravali debuleba ar iTvaliswinebs inflaciur zemoqmedebas. magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT,<br />
rom inflaciis wliuri tempi Seadgens 20%-s, xolo moqalaqis mier nayidi aqciis<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli fasi iyo 100 lari. momaval wels imave realuri fasis misaRebad<br />
aucilebelia misi realizacia 120 larad (100l + 20% inflacia). mocemul<br />
SemTxvevaSi saga<strong>da</strong>saxado kanonmdebloba am operacias ganixilavs rogorc 20 laris<br />
Semosavlis miRebas TiToeul gayidul aqciaze <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, mas begravs. es imiT<br />
aixsneba, rom ibegreba ara realuri Semosavali, aramed nominaluri. es ki amcirebs<br />
mocemuli moqalaqis realur Semosavals.<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. Secdomebi Secdomebi Secdomebi Secdomebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gaugebrobebi gaugebrobebi<br />
gaugebrobebi<br />
gaugebrobebi _ Znelia im uwesrigobebisa <strong>da</strong> gaugebrobebis<br />
Sefaseba, romlebsac inflacia iwvevs. Cven visaubrebT imis Sesaxeb, rom saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
kodeqsi arasworad gamoTvlis realur Semosavlebs inflaciis pirobebSi. mis<br />
msgavsad buRaltrebi arakoreqtulad gamoTvlian firmaTa Semosavlebs, rodesac<br />
fasebi izrdeba, vinai<strong>da</strong>n inflaciis Sedegad dolars sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
Rirebuleba aqvs <strong>da</strong> amitom firmis mogebis gamoTvla ufro rTulia.<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. movaleebsa movaleebsa movaleebsa movaleebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kreditorebs kreditorebs kreditorebs kreditorebs Soris Soris Soris Soris finansebis finansebis finansebis finansebis TviTneburi TviTneburi TviTneburi TviTneburi ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba. ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawileba amaSi<br />
igulisxmeba is, Tu rogor nawildeba Semosavlebi debitorebsa <strong>da</strong> kreditorebs<br />
Soris moulodneli inflaciis Sedegad, romelzec zemoT gvqon<strong>da</strong> saubari.<br />
inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis inflaciis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri strategiebi<br />
strategiebi<br />
strategiebi<br />
strategiebi<br />
msoflio Teoriasa <strong>da</strong> praqtikaSi cnobilia, rom inflaciis sruli likvi<strong>da</strong>cia<br />
SeuZlebelia, magram saxelmwifos SeuZlia zomieri gaxados igi <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />
gamomdinare, marTvadic. es Tezisi safuZvlad udevs antiinflaciuri regulirebis<br />
RonisZiebaTa mTel kompleqss.<br />
antiinflaciuri politika iyofa grZelvadian <strong>da</strong> moklevadian politikad.<br />
pirveli moicavs grZelvadian miznebsa <strong>da</strong> amocanebs, xolo meore mokle droSi<br />
iZleva garkveul Sedegebs.<br />
grZelvadiani antiinflaciuri politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi amocanaa _<br />
inflaciuri inflaciuri inflaciuri inflaciuri molodinis molodinis molodinis molodinis Caqroba Caqroba Caqroba Caqroba _ ekonomikur subieqtTa samomxmareblo<br />
fsiqologiaze zemoqmedeba, maTi ganTavisufleba <strong>da</strong>nazogebis gaufasurebis SiSisagan.<br />
amisaTvis ki aucilebelia bazris efeqtiani funqcionireba, rac gamoixateba<br />
antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis <strong>da</strong>nergvaSi, mcire biznesis ganviTarebaSi,<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistemis liberalizaciaSi, warmoebis diversifikaciaSi <strong>da</strong> a.S. es<br />
RonisZiebebi arapir<strong>da</strong>piri gziT udides zegavlenas axdens inflaciis meqanizmze,<br />
ganapirobebs inflaciis Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT aRmofxvras <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, xels<br />
uwyobs inflaciuri molodinis likvi<strong>da</strong>cias. msoflio praqtiki<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia, rom<br />
mxolod efeqtianad momuSave sabazro meqanizmi iwvevs fasis zrdis Senelebas <strong>da</strong> mis<br />
Semcirebas. mxolod am SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli momxmarebelTa fsiqologiis<br />
Secvla <strong>da</strong> inflaciuri molodinis Caqroba, rasac mohyveba proporciis Secvla<br />
fuladi Semosavlebis mosaxmarebel <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sagrovebel nawilebs Soris am<br />
ukanasknelis sasargeblod. rac ufro sustia inflaciuri molodini miT metia<br />
midrekileba <strong>da</strong>nazogis gafarToebisadmi. es centraluri bankis sesxis sul ufro<br />
naklebi gamoyenebiT iZleva biujetis deficitis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis saSualebas.<br />
aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs gancxadebis gancxadebis gancxadebis gancxadebis efeqtsac, efeqtsac efeqtsac efeqtsac romlis Teoriuli kvlevac<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia amerikeli ekonomistis e. filifsis saxelTan. misi arsi mdgomareobs<br />
SemdegSi: Tu mTavroba icavs antiinflaciur kurss, inarCunebs inflaciis im dones,<br />
romelsac winaswar acnobebs mosaxleobas, ganuxrelad asrulebs Tavis <strong>da</strong>pirebas<br />
Tun<strong>da</strong>c ramodenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, maSin ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis efeqtic ar <strong>da</strong>ayovnebs.<br />
51
mosaxleoba Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT rwmundeba, rom mTavrobas Seswevs unari, gaakontrolos<br />
mdgomareoba, rom igi ar ga<strong>da</strong>uxvevs <strong>da</strong>saxul antiinflaciur kurss <strong>da</strong> aucileblad<br />
gaakeTebs imas, rasac gancxadebis saxiT pirdebo<strong>da</strong> xalxs. yovelive es gavlenas<br />
axdens mwarmoebelTa <strong>da</strong> momxmarebelTa ekonomikur qcevaze: isini ndobas gamoxataven<br />
mTavrobis mimarT <strong>da</strong> exmarebian mas inflaciis <strong>da</strong>ZlevaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom ndobis<br />
problema srula<strong>da</strong>c ar aris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli inflaciis sawinaaRmdego kompensaciaze.<br />
yovelTvis cxadia, rom is xarjebis inflaciiT STainTqmeba.<br />
inflaciur ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs grZelvadiani fuladi fuladi fuladi fuladi<br />
politika, politika,<br />
politika,<br />
politika, romelic antiinflaciuri strategiis Semadgeneli nawilia. mis gareSe<br />
inflaciis SeCereba SeuZlebelia. fuladi politikis antiinflaciurobisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia mkacri fuladi SezRudvis reJimis <strong>da</strong>weseba, saxeldobr, biujetis<br />
deficituri mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> a.S. igi yalibdeba warmoebis zrdis tempisa <strong>da</strong><br />
inflaciis iseTi donisagan, romelsac mTavroba misaRebad Tvlis <strong>da</strong> romlis<br />
SenarCunebasac SeZlebs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. metad mniSvnelovania, rom<br />
centraluri banki <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli iyos aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. es mas<br />
saSualebas aZlevs biujetis deficitis <strong>da</strong>safinanseblad imdeni fuli asesxos<br />
mTavrobas, romlis SesaZleblobasac iZleva fulis winaswar <strong>da</strong>dgenili limiti. am<br />
moTxovnis <strong>da</strong>rRveva <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis `gaberva~ fulis Warbi raodenobiT iwvevs<br />
antiinflaciuri kursi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xvevas. fulis limitis winaswar <strong>da</strong>dgenil farglebs<br />
ar un<strong>da</strong> gascdes agreTve sargeblis ganakveTis SemcirebisaTvis gamiznuli fulis<br />
raodenobis gazr<strong>da</strong>. uamisod SeuZlebeli iqneba inflaciis SeCereba. Tumca am<br />
regulatoris gamoyeneba Zalze saxifaToa, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi aferxebs warmoebis<br />
ganviTarebas. amitom gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi un<strong>da</strong> amoqmeddes warmoebis<br />
mxar<strong>da</strong>mWeri sxva meqanizmebi, centralurma bankma borotad ar un<strong>da</strong> gamoiyenos Tavisi<br />
uflebebi. aucilebelia man sargeblis ganakveTi <strong>da</strong>saSveb farglebSi maqsimalurad<br />
Seamciros. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maRali sargeblis ganakveTi win aRudgeba<br />
investiciebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nazogebs <strong>da</strong> xels SeuSlis maT warmoebaSi <strong>da</strong>bandebas. <strong>da</strong>nazogis<br />
xarjze inflaciuri garemos gaZliereba stimuls aZlevs moTxovnas, ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c<br />
izrdeba fasebi <strong>da</strong> warmoiSoba fasebis zrdis axali spirali. aseTi inflaciuri<br />
meqanizmi kvlavwarmoebis tendencies iZens.<br />
grZelvadiani antiinflaciuri politikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani amocanaa<br />
biujetis biujetis biujetis biujetis deficitis deficitis deficitis deficitis Semcireba Semcireba Semcireba<br />
Semcireba misi sruli likvi<strong>da</strong>ciis perspeqtiviT, rogorc<br />
msoflio praqtikaSia aprobirebuli. am problemis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra mizanSewonilia ara<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado wesebis gamkacrebiT <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gazrdiT, rac mxolod `wuTier~<br />
antiinflaciur efeqts iZleva, aramed _ saxelmwifo xarjebis SemcirebiT.<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistebis liberalizacia, rac gamoixateba ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ganakveTebis<br />
SemcirebiT, impulss aZlevs investiciur process, saboloo angariSiT ki<br />
ganapirobebs warmoebis zr<strong>da</strong>sa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo biujetebis Semosavlebis gadidebas.<br />
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebasac, rom antideficituri rezervebi SeRudulia,<br />
maSin aqcenti saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebaze un<strong>da</strong> gakeTdes. ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes,<br />
rom biujetis xarjebis yoveli laris, dolaris <strong>da</strong> a.S. ukan dgas misi<br />
valdebulebebi sazogadoebis winaSe.<br />
moklevadiani antiinflaciuri politika maqsimalur Sedegs mxolod maSin iZleva,<br />
rodesac xels uwyobs moTxovnis <strong>da</strong>cemas <strong>da</strong> ekonomikis saqonlurobis amaRlebas anu<br />
miwodebis zr<strong>da</strong>s, es ukanaskneli ki rogorc sazRvargareTis qveynebis gamocdileba<br />
gviCvenebs, SesaZlebelia gamouyenebeli rezervebis amoqmedebiT <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT,<br />
momsaxurebis sferos diversifikaciiT. amasTan am process sagrZnoblad uwyobs xels<br />
saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis masobrivi importi.<br />
52
moklevadiani antiinflaciuri politikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa<br />
zemoqmedeba zemoqmedeba zemoqmedeba zemoqmedeba fuladi fuladi fuladi fuladi Semosavlebis Semosavlebis Semosavlebis Semosavlebis mflobelTa mflobelTa mflobelTa mflobelTa qcevaze qcevaze qcevaze qcevaze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare moTxovnis<br />
moTxovnis<br />
moTxovnis<br />
moTxovnis<br />
xarjze xarjze xarjze xarjze maTi maTi maTi maTi <strong>da</strong>nazogis <strong>da</strong>nazogis <strong>da</strong>nazogis <strong>da</strong>nazogis gazr<strong>da</strong>. gazr<strong>da</strong> gazr<strong>da</strong> gazr<strong>da</strong> es, pirvel yovlisa, anabrebze procentis (sargeblis)<br />
ganakveTi amaRlebiT miiRweva. magram am sferoSi saprocento politikis<br />
SesaZleblobebi garkveul CarCoebSia moqceuli, vinai<strong>da</strong>n anabrebze procentis<br />
ganakveTis zrdis ga<strong>da</strong>suli gazr<strong>da</strong> kreditis gaZvirebas iwvevs, es ki ukugavlenas<br />
axdens warmoebis ganviTarebaze. aranakleb mniSvneloba aqvs <strong>da</strong>nazogis likvidurobis<br />
donis Semcirebas, rac vadian anabrebze sargeblis gazrdiTa <strong>da</strong> mravali sxva xerxiT<br />
gamoixateba.<br />
antiinflaciuri efeqti miiRweva <strong>da</strong>nazogis aramxolod bankebSi <strong>da</strong>bandebiT,<br />
aramed misi gamoyenebiT saxelmwifo obligaciebis, aqcioneruli sazogadoebis<br />
aqciebis, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faseulobebis <strong>da</strong> a.S. SesaZenad.<br />
moklevedian antiinflaciur politikas ganekuTvneba agreTve saxelmwifos iseTi<br />
radikaluri RonisZieba, rogoricaa fulis fulis fulis fulis gamocvla gamoc gamoc gamocvla<br />
vla vla misi misi misi misi uaRresad uaRresad uaRresad uaRresad gaufasurebis<br />
gaufasurebis<br />
gaufasurebis<br />
gaufasurebis<br />
gamo gamo gamo gamo (nulifikacia) (nulifikacia)<br />
(nulifikacia)<br />
(nulifikacia) <strong>da</strong> deflacia<br />
deflacia _ fulis masis Semcireba mimoqcevi<strong>da</strong>n Warbi<br />
qaRaldis fulis amoRebis gziT;<br />
aseTi reforma mxolod mokle xniT iZleva sasurvel Sedegs <strong>da</strong> calke aRebuli<br />
sxva antiinflaciuri RonicZiebebis gareSe, veraviTar gavlenas ver axdens inflaciis<br />
meqanizmze.<br />
inflaciis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvis erT-erTi strategiaa xelfasebisa xelfasebisa xelfasebisa xelfasebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fasebis fasebis fasebis fasebis kontroli.<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
kontroli<br />
mTavroba xelfasze <strong>da</strong> fasebze controls awesebs imisaTvis, rom moaxdinos firmebis<br />
saqmiano<br />
bis regulireba xelfasebis gacemisa <strong>da</strong> fasebis <strong>da</strong>wesebis saxiT.<br />
53
safinanso<br />
safinanso-sabiujeto safinanso sabiujeto sistema sistema sistema <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fiskaluri fiskaluri politika<br />
politika<br />
finansebis finansebis finansebis finansebis arsi arsi arsi arsi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
termini `finansebi~ warmoSobilia laTinuri sityvi<strong>da</strong>n, rac niSnavs Semosavals,<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxads. finansebi Tavisi materialuri SinaarsiT miznobriv fulad fondebs<br />
warmoadgens, anu qveyanaSi Seqmnili mSpis nawils <strong>da</strong> mTlianobaSi moicavs qveynis<br />
finansur resursebs. finansuri resursebi saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sawarmoebis,<br />
korporaciebis <strong>da</strong> sxva organizaciebis (sakuTrebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad) gankargulebaSi<br />
arsebuli fuladi saxsrebis fondebis erTobliobaa. finansuri finansuri finansuri finansuri resursebis resursebis<br />
resursebis<br />
resursebis ZiriTadi<br />
wyaro swored mTliani Si<strong>da</strong> produqti <strong>da</strong> erovnuli Semosavalia.<br />
xSirad termins _ `finansebi~ aigiveben fulTan <strong>da</strong> mis sinonimad miaCniaT, agram<br />
es ase ar aris. sinamdvileSi saqme gvaqvs or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva kategoriasTan, or<br />
ekonomikur berketTan, romlebic gamoxataven or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sazogadoebriv movlenas.<br />
amis gamo arasworia `finansebis~ gaigiveba `fulad resursebTan~, Tumca finansebis<br />
arsebobafunqcionireba fulis gareSe SeuZlebelia. igi finansebis arsebobis<br />
aucilebeli pirobaa. saxelmwifo, finansuri meqanizmis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, qmnis fulad<br />
fondebs, romelTac Tavisi mravalricxovani (politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
socialuri) funqciebis Sesasruleblad iyenebs.<br />
finansuri urTierTobebi formirdeba: sawarmoebs Soris sasaqonlo-materialur<br />
faseulobaTa SeZenisa <strong>da</strong> mza produqciisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis realizaciis procesSi;<br />
sawarmoebsa <strong>da</strong> maT zemdgom organizaciebs Soris centralizebuli fondebis Seqmnaganawilebis<br />
procesSi, kerZod, saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sawarmoebs Soris, erTi mxriv,<br />
saxelmwifos winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis (ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis Setana) <strong>da</strong>,<br />
meore mxriv, sawarmoos winaSe saxelmwifos mier aRebuli valdebulebebis (xarjebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>finansebis) procesSi; sawarmoebs, moqalaqeebsa <strong>da</strong> arasabiujeto organizaciebs<br />
Soris resursebis miRebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis Setanis procesSi; calkeul<br />
sabiujeto <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs Soris; sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo organizaciebsa <strong>da</strong> sawarmoebsa <strong>da</strong><br />
moqalaqeebs Soris; <strong>da</strong> bolos, saxelmwifoTa Soris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa<br />
angariSsworebisa <strong>da</strong> finansuri resursebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis procesSi. Sesabamisad,<br />
finansebis mTavari <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa ara marto saxelmwifoebrivi fuladi fondebis<br />
Seqmnagamoyeneba, aramed sawarmoTa <strong>da</strong> saojaxo meurneobebis finansuri<br />
uzrunvelyofa.<br />
ganasxvaveben finansebis sam dones: saxelmwifo finansebs, arasaxelmwifo, anu<br />
kerZo sawarmoTa <strong>da</strong> korporaciaTa finansebsa <strong>da</strong> saojaxo meurneobebis finansebs.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi _ es aris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistema, romelic<br />
yalibdeba saxelmwifos mier Tavisi funqciebis ganxorcielebisas gaweuli xarjebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>safinanseblad saWiro fuladi fondebis Seqmnis mizniT mTliani erovnuli<br />
produqtis ganawilebis, ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebisa <strong>da</strong> moxmarebis procesSi. am urTierTobis<br />
materializacia xdeba centralur <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv biujetebSi, specialur<br />
biujetgareSe saxelmwifo fondebsa <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo sawarmoTa gankargulebaSi<br />
Tavmoyril fulad fondebSi.<br />
kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo sawarmoTa sawarmoTa sawarmoTa sawarmoTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> korporaciaTa korporaciaTa korporaciaTa korporaciaTa finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi gamoixateba fulad urTierTobebSi,<br />
romlebic warmoiSobian maTi ekonomikuri saqmianobis procesSi, uzrunvelyofen<br />
warmoebis process <strong>da</strong> mogebis miRebas. isini materializebulia fuladi kapitalisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> sawarmoTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fuladi fondebis saxiT. kerZo sawarmoTa <strong>da</strong> korporaciaTa<br />
finansebi ekonomikuri (fuladi) urTierTobebia, romlebic xels uwyoben sawarmoTa<br />
decentralizebuli fuladi fondebis wrebrunvas.<br />
saojaxo saojaxo saojaxo saojaxo meurneobebis meurneobebis meurneobebis meurneobebis finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi gamoixateba fulad urTierTobebSi, romlebic<br />
warmoiSobian calkeuli ojaxebis (moqalaqeebis) Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> xarjebis<br />
formirebis procesSi <strong>da</strong> romlebic uzrunvelyofen maTi kvlavwarmoebis process.<br />
finansuri finansuri finansuri finansuri sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis rgolebi rgolebi rgolebi rgolebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sferoebi sferoebi sferoebi sferoebi<br />
finansuri finansuri finansuri finansuri sistema sistema sistema sistema _ es aris saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sawarmoebis fuladi fondebis<br />
warmoSobis, ganawilebisa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebis formebisa <strong>da</strong> meTodebis sistema. misi<br />
mTavari funqciaa finansuri resursebis efeqtiani ganawileba.<br />
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove finansuri finansuri finansuri finansuri sistema sistema sistema sistema Sedgeba Sedgeba Sedgeba Sedgeba finansur finansur finansur finansur urTierTobaTa<br />
urTierTobaTa<br />
urTierTobaTa<br />
urTierTobaTa<br />
Semdegi Semdegi Semdegi Semdegi rgolebisagan:<br />
rgolebisagan:<br />
rgolebisagan:<br />
rgolebisagan:<br />
saxelmwifos sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donis biujetebi;<br />
54
saxelmwifo krediti;<br />
qonebrivi <strong>da</strong> piradi <strong>da</strong>zRvevis fondebi;<br />
sakuTrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formis mqone sawarmoTa finansebi.<br />
finansuri sistemis ZiriTadi rgolia saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo sabiujeto sabiujeto sabiujeto sabiujeto sistema, sistem sistem sistem romlis<br />
marTvis (<strong>da</strong>gegmva, Sesruleba <strong>da</strong> a.S.) safuZvels fiskaluri politika warmoadgens.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti aris qveynis mTavari safinanso gegma, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu<br />
sai<strong>da</strong>n Rebulobs saxelmwifo Semosavlebs <strong>da</strong> raze xarjavs igi. ufro martivad, rom<br />
vTqvaT, es aris saxelmwifo Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong> xarjebis gegma. amJamad igi,<br />
faqtobrivad, moicavs sami donis biujets:<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetad;<br />
afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis biujetebs;<br />
saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis anu adgilobriv biujetebs.<br />
yvela zemoT aRniSnuli biujeti erTmaneTisgan <strong>da</strong>moukidebelia <strong>da</strong> muSavdeba<br />
`saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT gansazRvruli principebis<br />
safuZvelze. saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistema faqtobrivad <strong>da</strong>savleTis ekonomikurad<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebis sabiujeto sistemis identuria.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo krediti krediti krediti krediti warmoadgens saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> sxva iuridiul <strong>da</strong> fizikur<br />
pirebs Soris sakredito urTierTobaTa formas, romlis drosac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
saxelmwifo gamodis msesxeblis rolSi. saxelmwifokreditis mizani biujetis<br />
deficitis <strong>da</strong>finansebaa. saxelmwifo krediti <strong>da</strong> mis safuZvelze warmoSobili<br />
saxelmwifo valebi imarTeba saqarTvelos Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, sul ufro Zlierdeba <strong>da</strong>zRvevis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRvevis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRvevis<br />
<strong>da</strong>zRvevis<br />
(qonebis, piradi, pasuxismgeblobis, ekonomikuri riskebis) roli, rac ganpirobebulia<br />
ara mxolod bunebriv-stiqiuri movlenebiT, aramed ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
arastabilurobiT, konkurenciiT <strong>da</strong> a.S. gansakuTrebiT Zlierdeba sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo<br />
riskebis done ekonomikuri, kerZod warmoebis <strong>da</strong>cemis periodebSi. <strong>da</strong>zRveva ojaxebs<br />
moulodneli riskisagan icavs. am mizniT ga<strong>da</strong>naxuli Tanxa gauTvaliswinebeli<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjis <strong>da</strong>farvas iTvaliswinebs, ris gamoc <strong>da</strong>zRveva nebismieri ojaxis biujetis<br />
mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia.<br />
sakuTrebis sakuTrebis sakuTrebis sakuTrebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva formis formis formis formis mqone mqone mqone mqone sawarmoTa sawarmoTa sawarmoTa sawarmoTa finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi moicavs saxelmwifo,<br />
municipaluri, saaqcio, kerZo, saijaro <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis sawarmoTa finansebs, romelic<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
saga<strong>da</strong>saxado sistema sistema sistema sistema<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi warmoadgens fizikuri <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli pirebis savaldebulo<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdels, romelsac saxelmwifo amoiRebs. saqarTvelos saga<strong>da</strong>saxado kodqsis<br />
mixedviT `ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi aris... saqarTvelos saxelmwifo, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> aWaris<br />
avtonomiuri respublikebisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv biujetebSi savaldebulo upirobo<br />
Senatani, romelsac ixdis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>mxdeli, ga<strong>da</strong>xdis aucilebeli,<br />
araeqvivalenturi <strong>da</strong> usasyidlo xasiaTi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare~.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT pir<strong>da</strong>pir ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebad <strong>da</strong> arapir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebad.<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri pir<strong>da</strong>piri pir<strong>da</strong>piri pir<strong>da</strong>piri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis akrefa xorcieldeba uSualod ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelTan, mis mier materialur faseulobaTa warmoebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>grovebis Sedegad<br />
miRebuli Semosavlebi<strong>da</strong>n an qonebi<strong>da</strong>n. amitom, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelisaTvis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis odenoba zusta<strong>da</strong>a cnobili. ase magaliTad, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelebi<br />
saSemosavlo ga<strong>da</strong>saxads ixdian Semosavlebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi, qonebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxads<br />
ixdian gansazRvruli saxis qonebis mesakuTreebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vyoT realur ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebad <strong>da</strong><br />
pirad ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebad.<br />
realuri realuri realuri realuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebiT ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebiT ibegreba ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelis savaraudo saSualo<br />
Semosavakli, romelic SeiZleba miRebuli iqnes mocemul ekonomikur pirobebSi ama<br />
Tu im ga<strong>da</strong>saxadiT <strong>da</strong>sabegri obieqti<strong>da</strong>n (uZravi qonebi<strong>da</strong>n, fuladi kapitali<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />
a.S.). realuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebiT, upirveles yovlisa, ibegreba qoneba, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />
gamomdinareobs misi <strong>da</strong>saxelebac (real (ing.) _ qoneba). xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros miRebuli Semosavlis odenoba an Semowmdes ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelis mier deklarirebuli Semosavlebis siswore. magaliTad, Zalian rTulia<br />
taqsis mZRolis Semosavlis Semowmeba. amitom, aseT SemTxvevebSi, savaraudo<br />
Semosavlis mixedviT gamoangariSebuli fiqsirebuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis <strong>da</strong>weseba aiolebs<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadiT <strong>da</strong>begvris teqnikur mxares.<br />
55
piradi piradi piradi piradi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> warmoebs faqtiurad miRebuli Semosavlebi<strong>da</strong>n. maT<br />
miekuTvnebaT saSemosavlo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi, mogebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi memkvidreobisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> CuqebisaTvis <strong>da</strong> sxva.<br />
arapir<strong>da</strong>piri arapir<strong>da</strong>piri arapir<strong>da</strong>piri arapir<strong>da</strong>piri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi dgindeba miwodebuli saqonlis (samuSaos,<br />
momsaxurebis) fasze <strong>da</strong>namatis saxiT (aqcizi, <strong>da</strong>matebuli Rirebulebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi,<br />
gayidvi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi <strong>da</strong> sxva).arapir<strong>da</strong>piria ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi, romelic dgindeba<br />
miwodebuli saqonlis an/<strong>da</strong> gaweuli momsaxurebis fasze <strong>da</strong>namatis saxiT <strong>da</strong><br />
romelsac ixdis momxmarebeli am ga<strong>da</strong>saxadiT gazrdili fasiT saqonlis an/<strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis SeZenisas. arapir<strong>da</strong>piri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis biujetSi ga<strong>da</strong>xdis valdebuleba<br />
ekisreba saqonlis mimwodebels an/<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis gamwevs, romelic am kodeqsis<br />
miznebisTvis iwodeba ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>mxdelad~.<br />
saqarTveloSi moqmedi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi aseve iyofa saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv <strong>da</strong><br />
adgilobriv ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebad.<br />
saerTo----saxelmwifoebrivi saerTo saerTo saerTo saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>weseba <strong>da</strong> SemoReba xorcieldeba<br />
saqarTvelos umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, Tumca es ar<br />
niSnavs imas, rom es ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> Cairicxos centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis biujetSi. maTi ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> savaldebuloa saqarTvelos mTel<br />
teritoriaze.<br />
saerTo----saxelmwifoebriv saerTo saerTo saerTo saxelmwifoebriv saxelmwifoebriv saxelmwifoebriv ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs miekuTvneba:<br />
miekuTvneba<br />
miekuTvneba<br />
miekuTvneba<br />
saSemosavlo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi;<br />
mogebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi;<br />
<strong>da</strong>matebiTi Rirebulebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi (dRg);<br />
aqcizi;<br />
sabaJo ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi.<br />
adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi adgilobrivi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis <strong>da</strong>weseba aseve xorcieldeba saqarTvelos umaRlesi<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos mier, Tumca maTi SemoReba warmoebs adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT. isini iricxeba<br />
teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebSi. maTi ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> savaldebuloa Sesabamisi<br />
subieqtebis teritoriaze.<br />
adgilobriv adgilobriv adgilobriv adgilobriv ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs miekuTvneba:<br />
miekuTvneba:<br />
miekuTvneba:<br />
miekuTvneba:<br />
qonebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi;<br />
saTamaSo biznesis ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo biujeti biujeti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sabiujeto sabiujeto sistema sistema<br />
sityva `biujeti~<br />
`biuje `biuje `biujeti~<br />
ti~ ti~ warmomdgaria Zveli franguli sityvi<strong>da</strong>n, rac ,,tyavis qisas”<br />
niSanavs. ingliselebma sityva `biujets~ anu inglisurad tomaras gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba mianiWes <strong>da</strong> `biujeti~ uwodes saxelmwifos Semosaval-gasavlis<br />
xarjTaRricxvis kanonproeqts.<br />
biujeti Sedgeba ori urTierT<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli nawilisagan:<br />
1. saSemosavlo saSemosavlo saSemosavlo saSemosavlo nawili, nawili, nawili, nawili, romelic moicavs Semosavlebis CamonaTvals wyaroebis<br />
mixedviT. aq Tavs iyris iuridiuli <strong>da</strong> fizikuri pirebis mier ga<strong>da</strong>xdili<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi <strong>da</strong> mosakreblebi, agreTve saxelmwifo<br />
sesxebi;<br />
2. gasavlis gasavlis gasavlis gasavlis nawili, nawili nawili nawili romelic aerTianebs saxelmwifos mier gasawev xarjebs<br />
xarjvis mimarTulebebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis mixedviT.<br />
biujeti warmoadgens balanss, romelSic Semosavlebi xarjebis tolia. maTi<br />
utolobis SemTxvevaSi Tu xarjebi sWarbobs Semosavlebs, adgili aqvs deficitis<br />
deficitis<br />
deficitis<br />
deficitis<br />
arsebobas, xolo Tu Semosavlebi metia xarjebze, maSin piriqiT, adgili aqvs<br />
biujetis proficitis proficitis<br />
proficitis<br />
proficitis arsebobas.<br />
saqarTvelos sabiujeto sabiujeto sabiujeto sabiujeto sistema sistema sistema sistema warmoadgens qveynis biujetebis erTianobas,<br />
romelic gansazRvrulia qveynis administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobiT,<br />
ekonomikuri urTierTobebiTa <strong>da</strong> iuridiuli normebiT. saqarTvelos sabiujeto<br />
sistema moicavs qveynis saxelmwifo biujets, afxazeTisa <strong>da</strong> aWaris avtonomiuri<br />
respublikebis biujetebs, saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis biujetebs.<br />
saqarTvelos sabiujeto sistemis agebis ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa <strong>da</strong>cva<br />
aucilebelia sabiujeto procesis yvela monawilisaTvis, Semdegia:<br />
56
yovlismomcveloba, yovlismomcveloba<br />
yovlismomcveloba<br />
yovlismomcveloba romelic gulisxmobs biujetis yvela Semosulobisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis srulyofilad asaxvis aucileblobas Sesabamis biujetebSi;<br />
gamWvirvaloba gamWvirvaloba<br />
gamWvirvaloba<br />
gamWvirvaloba anu biujetebis proeqtebis sakanonmdeblo organoebSi<br />
ganxilvis procedurebis sajarooba sazogadoebisa <strong>da</strong> masobrivi informaciis<br />
saSualebebisaTvis; <strong>da</strong>mtkicebuli biujetebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi Sesrulebis angariSebis<br />
gamoqveyneba; biujetis Sesaxeb informaciis xelmisawvdomoba nebismieri fizikuri <strong>da</strong><br />
iuridiuli pirisaTvis;<br />
angariSvaldebuleba, angariSvaldebuleba<br />
angariSvaldebuleba<br />
angariSvaldebuleba romelic gulisxmobs sabiujeto procesis monawile<br />
yvela piris pasuxismgeblobas mis mier ganxorcielebul saqmianobaze <strong>da</strong> biujetis<br />
Sesaxeb warmodgenil informaciaze;<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba, <strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba<br />
<strong>da</strong>moukidebloba rac gansazRvravs saxelmwifo biujetis, avtonomiuri<br />
respublikebis biujetebisa <strong>da</strong>saqarTvelos sxva teritoriuli erTeulebis<br />
biujetebis urTierT<strong>da</strong>moukideblobas;<br />
erTianoba, erTianoba<br />
erTianoba<br />
erTianoba romelic gulisxmobs imas, rom centraluri, avtonomiuri<br />
respublikebisa <strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi biujetebi uzrunvelyofilni arian erTiani<br />
ekonomikuri safuZvliT, sabiujeto klasifikaciiT, angariSTa erTiani CamonaTvaliT,<br />
sabiujeto dokumentaciiT, saxelmwifo finansuri kontrolis erTiani principebiT;<br />
universaluroba, universaluroba<br />
universaluroba<br />
universaluroba rac imas niSnavs, rom biujetis yvela Semosuloba<br />
mimarTuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes saerTo ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis <strong>da</strong>safinanseblad, gar<strong>da</strong> kanoniT<br />
gansazRvruli SemTxvevebisa;<br />
konsolidireba, konsolidireba<br />
konsolidireba<br />
konsolidireba romelic gulisxmobs yvela saxelmwifo SemosulobiT<br />
saxelmwifo konsolidirebuli fondis Seqmnas <strong>da</strong> mis xarjvas kanoniT <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
wesiT. fondis marTva moxdeba saxelmwifo xazinis mier <strong>da</strong> ganTavsdeba erovnul<br />
bankSi mis angariSze.<br />
saxelmwifo biujeti warmoadgens saxelmwifos fuladi Semosavlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
xarjebis mimdinare wlis ZiriTad finansur gegmas, romelsac kanonis Zala aqvs.<br />
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifo biujetis biujetis biujetis biujetis Semosavlebi Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi saxelmwifos centralizebuli finansuri<br />
resursebis nawilia, romelic aucilebelia centraluri xelisuflebis funqciebis<br />
Sesasruleblad. misi mTavari wyaroa qveynis ekonomikaSi axladSeqmnili Rirebuleba<br />
anu erovnuli Semosavali (an mSp), agreTve erovnuli simdidris Rirebulebis nawili.<br />
saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebis formirebaSi umniSvnelovanesi roli eniWeba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs, magram arsebobs sxva saxis Senatanebic. esenia: arasaga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
Semosavlebi; kapitaluri Semosavlebi; grantebi; sesxebi.<br />
biujetis Semosulobebi gansazRvrulia aseTi struqturiT:<br />
1.Semosavlebi,<br />
Semosavlebi, Semosavlebi,<br />
Semosavlebi, maT Soris:<br />
1.1. mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado Semosavlebi Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi – saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis<br />
Sesabamisad saxelmwifo biujetis kuTvnili ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi;<br />
1.2. 1.2. 1.2. 1.2. mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare arasaga<strong>da</strong>saxado arasaga<strong>da</strong>saxado arasaga<strong>da</strong>saxado arasaga<strong>da</strong>saxado Semosavlebi Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi – saxelmwifos wilobrivi<br />
monawileobiT Seqmnili sawarmoebi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli wmin<strong>da</strong> mogeba, saqarTvelos<br />
kanonmdeblobiT <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesiT saqarTvelos erovnuli banki<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli mogeba,<br />
administraciuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi (maT Soris mosakreblebi), jarimebi <strong>da</strong> sauravebi,<br />
biujeti<strong>da</strong>n gacemuli sesxebis <strong>da</strong>brunebiT miRebuli <strong>da</strong> sxva arasaga<strong>da</strong>saxado<br />
Semosavlebi (kapitaluri Semosavlebis gar<strong>da</strong>);<br />
1.3. 1.3. 1.3. 1.3. kapitaluri kapitaluri kapitaluri kapitaluri Semosavlebi Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi<br />
Semosavlebi – fiqsirebuli kapitaluri aqtivebis realizacii<strong>da</strong>n<br />
miRebuli Semosavali, aqtivebis realizacii<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli Semosavali, miwisa <strong>da</strong><br />
aramaterialuri aqtivebis realizacii<strong>da</strong>n miRebuliSemosavali <strong>da</strong> arasaxelmwifo<br />
wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli kapitaluri transferebi;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. grantebi grantebi grantebi grantebi – saSinao <strong>da</strong> sagareo wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n fuladi formiT miRebuli grantebi<br />
an sasaqonlo formiT miRebuli <strong>da</strong> monetirebuli grantebi;<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. sesxebi sesxebi sesxebi sesxebi – saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis mier kanonmdeblobiT<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenili wesiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgenil farglebSi qveynis SigniT <strong>da</strong> garT arsebuli sesxebi.<br />
xarjebis erTobliobas, romelic warmoiSveba saxelmwifos mier Tavisi<br />
funqciebis SesrulebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, biujetis xarjebi ewodeba. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
saxelmwifo biujetis biujetis biujetis biujetis xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi _ es aris ekonomikuri urTierTobani, romelic<br />
warmoiqmneba saxelmwifos fuladi saxsrebis fondis <strong>da</strong>rgobrivi, miznobrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebasa <strong>da</strong> gamoyenebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
biujetis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebi gansazRvrulia aseTi struqturiT:<br />
1. xarjebi, xarjebi, xarjebi, xarjebi, maT Soris:<br />
57
1.1. mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare mimdinare xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi – xelfasebi, <strong>da</strong>xmarebebi, saqonelsa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebaze<br />
gaweuli sxva xarjebi, mimdinare transferebi, subsidiebi, procentis <strong>da</strong>farva <strong>da</strong><br />
sabiujeto klasifikaciiT gansazRvruli sxva mimdinare xarjebi;<br />
1.2. kapitaluri kapitaluri kapitaluri kapitaluri xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi xarjebi – kapitaluri aqtivebis SeZena, kapitaluri transferebi<br />
<strong>da</strong> sabiujeto klasifikaciiT gansazRvruli sxva kapitaluri xarjebi;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. <strong>da</strong>krediteba, <strong>da</strong>krediteba<br />
<strong>da</strong>krediteba<br />
<strong>da</strong>krediteba saaqcio saaqcio saaqcio saaqcio kapitalSi kapitalSi kapitalSi kapitalSi monawileoba;<br />
monawileoba;<br />
monawileoba;<br />
monawileoba;<br />
3333. valis valis valis valis amortizacia amortizacia<br />
amortizacia<br />
amortizacia – sesxis ZiriTadi Tanxis <strong>da</strong>farva.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi ganisazRvreba funqcionaluri niSnis<br />
mixedviT, anu xarjebis miznebis msgavsobis mixedviT. calkeul funqcionalur<br />
rgolSi gamoiyofa xarjebi organizaciuli anu mxarjavi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebis mixedviT,<br />
xolo TiToeuli maTganis xarjebi klasificirebulia ekonomikuri niSnis mixedviTac.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelwmifo biujetis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis funqcionaluri funqcionaluri funqcionaluri funqcionaluri klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
klasifikacia<br />
moicavs asignebebs Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: 1. saerTo <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis saxelmwifo<br />
momsaxureba; 2. Tav<strong>da</strong>cva; 3. sazogadoebrivi wesrigi <strong>da</strong> uSiSroeba; 4. ganaTleba; 5.<br />
janmrTelobis <strong>da</strong>cva; 6. socialuri <strong>da</strong>zRveva <strong>da</strong> socialuri uzrunvelyofa; 7.<br />
sabinao-komunaluri meurneoba; 8. <strong>da</strong>sveneba, kultura, sporti <strong>da</strong> religia; 9. saTbobenergetikuli<br />
kompleqsi; 10. soflis meurneoba, satyeo meurneoba, meTevzeoba <strong>da</strong><br />
monadireoba; 11. samTo mrewveloba <strong>da</strong> sasargeblo wiaRiseuli, ga<strong>da</strong>mamuSavebeli<br />
mrewveloba <strong>da</strong> mSenebloba; 12. transporti <strong>da</strong> kavSirgabmuloba; 13. ekonomikur<br />
saqmianobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sxva momsaxureba; 14. xarjebi, romelic ar ganekuTvneba<br />
ZiriTad ganyofilebebs.<br />
58
fulis fulis bazari<br />
bazari<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis arsi, arsi, arsi, arsi, formebi formebi formebi formebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
struqtura<br />
fulis fulis istoria istoria. istoria . fuli sazogadoebis civilizaciam warmoSva. igi, erTi<br />
SexedviT, yvelasaTvis sakmaod cnobili <strong>da</strong> martivi ekonomikuri cnebaa. magram, rac<br />
ufro SevecdebiT mis samyaroSi SeRwevas, miT ufro <strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, rom fuli<br />
gacilebiT ufro rTuli Sinaarsisaa <strong>da</strong> umravlesobam cota ram Tu icis mis Sesaxeb.<br />
es arcaa gasakviri _ fulis samyaro xom ekonomikuri saqmianobis erT-erTi<br />
urTulesi sferoa.<br />
Soreul warsulSi, rodesac pirvelad Caisaxa saqonluri gacvla,<br />
pirvelyofili tomebis winaSe <strong>da</strong>dga, erTi SexedviT, ga<strong>da</strong>uWreli amocana: rogor,<br />
rogori sacvleli TanafardobiT SeeZlo erT, vTqvaT, mesaqonleobiT <strong>da</strong>kavebul<br />
toms samarTlianad gaecvala `Warbi~ xorci miwaTmoqmedi tomis mier moyvanil<br />
marcvleulze? <strong>da</strong>makmayofilebeli pasuxis povna maSin SeuZlebeli iyo. jer xom arc<br />
iyo sayovelTaod aRiarebuli eqvivalenti, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebelia yvela<br />
sxva saqonelTa Rirebulebis gazomva. es ki swored isaa, rasac mogvianebiT uwodes<br />
fuli fuli. fuli<br />
fulis istoriaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori sruliad gansxvavebuli epoqa.<br />
pirveli _ esaa WeSmariti Rirebulebis mqone normaluri fulis Ziebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
gamoyenebis epoqa; meore ki _ Tanamedrove fulis epoqa.<br />
pirveli epoqisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Semdegi niSnebi. es iyo saqonluri<br />
eqvivalentebis (e.w. `saqonluri fulis~) epoqa. Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, sasaqonlo warmoebis<br />
Casaxvisas gaCn<strong>da</strong> erTi sasargeblo nivTis SemTxveviTi gacvla meoreze. rogorc wesi,<br />
es gacvla iyo erTjeradi, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi ganviTareba iwyo barterulma<br />
vaWrobam (erTi sasargeblo nivTis meoreze regularulma gacvlam fulis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis<br />
gareSe). Semdeg sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionsa <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi SemoRebul iqna gacvlis<br />
adgilobrivi eqvivalentebi _ saqoneli, romelic sargeblob<strong>da</strong> farTo <strong>da</strong> mudmivi<br />
moTxovniT. aseTi saqonlis nusxa sakmaod vrcelia. CamovTvaloT zogierTi maTgani:<br />
niJarebi _ <strong>da</strong>savleT afrikaSi; qsovili <strong>da</strong> kakaos Tesli _ maiasa <strong>da</strong> actekebSi; qeri<br />
<strong>da</strong> xorbali _ mesopotamiaSi; Tafli _ egvipteSi; abreSumi _ CineTSi; Cai _<br />
monRoleTSi; bewviani nadiris tyavi, Tevzi, marili, Tambaqo _ amerikis kontinentze<br />
<strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
bunebrivia, rom saqonlis mravali saxeobi<strong>da</strong>n erTi <strong>da</strong>saxelebis gamoyofam<br />
eqvivalentis rolSi bevrad gaaadvila saqonelgacvlis procesi, magram ara imdenad,<br />
rom es yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>sasruli am mimarTulebiT arsebuli ZiebisaTvis. swored<br />
analogiuri siZneleebis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad jer kidev Cv. w/aR.-mde zogierT regionsa <strong>da</strong><br />
saxelmwifoSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes jer keTilSobili liTonebis zodebis, Semdeg ki maTgan<br />
<strong>da</strong>mzadebuli monetebis gamoyeneba. xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyenebo<strong>da</strong><br />
vercxli <strong>da</strong> oqro. mxolod XIX saukunis meore naxevri<strong>da</strong>n monopolia ga<strong>da</strong>dis<br />
oqroze. keTilSobili liTonebisagan monetebis moWras gaaCn<strong>da</strong> mravali mizezi.<br />
CamovTvaloT zogierTi maTgani:<br />
maTi erTgvarovneba, magaliTad, ori tyavi (maTi eqvivalentad gamoyenebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi) gansxvavdeba <strong>da</strong>muSavebis xarisxiT, ori oqros an vercxlis zodi<br />
mxolod woniT;<br />
gaadvilebulia maTi umtkivneulod <strong>da</strong>nawileba, rasac ver vityviT, magaliTad,<br />
pirutyvis Sesaxeb;<br />
keTilSobili liTonebi gamoirCeva portatulobiT, rac mosaxerxebelia<br />
transportirebisaTvis;<br />
aseTi liTonebi praqtikulad ar fuWdeba <strong>da</strong> ar kargavs faseulobas.<br />
pirveli monetebi gaCn<strong>da</strong> CineTsa <strong>da</strong> lidiis samefoSi (Cv w/aR-mde VII saukuneSi).<br />
<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 500 wels Cv. w/aR-mde sparseTis mefem <strong>da</strong>riosma Tavis saxelmwifoSi<br />
monetebis mimoqcevaSi SetaniT Secvala barteri. Semdeg monetebis moWra gavrcel<strong>da</strong><br />
xmelTaSua zRvisa <strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis sanapiro saxelmwifoebSi, uwinares yovlisa, Zvel<br />
saberZneTsa <strong>da</strong> romSi.<br />
oqrosa <strong>da</strong> vercxlis monetebis realuri Rirebulebis <strong>da</strong>cilebam misi<br />
nominalisagan ganapiroba am monetebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba naklebad Zvirfasi<br />
liTonebiTa (spilenZi, nikeli) <strong>da</strong> qaRaldis fuliT. qaRaldis fuli pirvelad gaCn<strong>da</strong><br />
59
CineTSi (VIII saukuneSi). es fuli did STabeWdilebas axden<strong>da</strong> im a<strong>da</strong>mianebze,<br />
romlebmac CineTSi am periodSi imogzaures.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
yvelam kargad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vimaxsovroT, rom fuli raze<strong>da</strong>c laparaki gvaqvs<br />
yovelTvis niSnavs yvelafer imas, romelic Cveulebrivad gamoiyeneba saqonlisa <strong>da</strong><br />
momsaxurebis asanazRaureblad an valis <strong>da</strong>safaravad. igi gansxvavdeba yvela sxva<br />
saqonlisagan. fuls fuls fuls fuls aqvs aqvs aqvs aqvs sayovelTao sayovelTao sayovelTao sayovelTao saxmari saxmari saxmari saxmari Rirebuleba, Rirebuleba,<br />
Rirebuleba,<br />
Rirebuleba, Tviseba uSualod<br />
gaicvalos yvela sxva saqoneli.<br />
fuli sazogadoebis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa, romelsAbevri iseTi Tviseba<br />
gaaCnia, rom a<strong>da</strong>mians uWirs misi axsna, marTlac gana garegnulad magiuri araa<br />
fulis is Zala, rom misi meSveobiT kmayofildeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis yovelgvari<br />
moTxovnileba? Tu fuli gaqvs, SeiZen yvelafers, ris SeZenasac moisurveb,<br />
<strong>da</strong>ikmayofileb yvela im moTxovnilebas, risi <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebac SegiZlia.<br />
kiTxvaze Tu ra aris fuli? ekonomistebi tradiciul amomwurav pasuxs scemen.<br />
fuli es aris gansakuTrebuli saqoneli, romelic warmoadgens sayovelTao<br />
eqvivalents, yvela sxva <strong>da</strong>narCenis Rirebulebis gamoxatvis saSualebaa.<br />
ეკონომისტები ტერმინ ,,ფულის” ქვეშ განსაზღვრულ შინაარსს დებენ, კერძოდ ფული ფული ფული ფული ეს არის<br />
აქტივების ერთობლიობა, რომელიც გარიგებების დროს გამოიყენება. გარკვეული მიახლოებით<br />
შეიძლება ითქვას, რომ ფულის ნიშნები (ლარები), რომლებიც მოსახლეობაშია, ქვეყნის<br />
ეკონომიკაში ფულის საერთო რაოდენობას ქმნის.<br />
fuli fuli fuli fuli gansxvavebiT gansxvavebiT gansxvavebiT gansxvavebiT yvela yvela yvela yvela sxva sxva sxva sxva saqonlisagan, saqonlisagan, saqonlisagan, saqonlisagan, asrulebs asrul asrul asrul gansakuTrebul<br />
gansakuTrebul<br />
gansakuTrebul<br />
gansakuTrebul<br />
sazogadoebriv sazogadoebriv sazogadoebriv sazogadoebriv rols. rols. rols. rols. raSi gamoixateba es? Tuki nebismieri sxva saqoneli<br />
kvlavwarmebis sferos droebiTi stumaria, romelsac igi, moxmarebis Sedeg<strong>da</strong> adre<br />
Tu gvian tovebs. fuli aRniSnuli sferos mudmivi Tanamgzavria, romelic<br />
mowodebulia mudmivad mimoiqceodes. am TvalsazrisiT Ffulis buneba mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansxvavdeba saqonlis bunebisagan.<br />
fuli fuli fuli fuli saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani Sinagani winaaRmdegbis winaaRm winaaRm winaaRmdegbis<br />
degbis degbis ga<strong>da</strong>Wris ga<strong>da</strong>Wris ga<strong>da</strong>Wris ga<strong>da</strong>Wris saSualebaa. saSualebaa<br />
saSualebaa<br />
saSualebaa es winaaRmdegoba<br />
arsebobs saxmar Rirebulebasa <strong>da</strong> Rirebulebas Soris. igi vlindeba gacvlis<br />
procesSi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iWreba fulis meSveobiT SeuZlia saqonel-mwarmoebels sakuTari<br />
saqoneli gacvalos sxva saqonelze. winaaRmdegoba kerZo <strong>da</strong> sazogadoebriv Sromas<br />
Soris aseve ga<strong>da</strong>wydeba fulze gacvlis gziT. Tu saqonel mwarmoebelma <strong>da</strong>amza<strong>da</strong><br />
iseTi nivTi, romelic uvargisia <strong>da</strong> ar aris saWiro sazogadoebisaTvis, maSin mas ar<br />
SeuZlia gayidos igi, ga<strong>da</strong>aqcios fulad <strong>da</strong> amitom misi kerZo Sroma ver povebs<br />
sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.<br />
fulis saSualebiT vlindeba ara mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli sazogadoebrivi<br />
Sromis aRiarebis done, arame isic, Tu ra zomiT aris igi saWiro sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
magaliTad, Tu saqoneli warmoebulia Warbi raodenobiT, maSin bazarze maSin<br />
bazarze is gautoldeba fulis SegarebiT nakleb raodenobaze, vidre mis<br />
Rirebulebas Seesabameba <strong>da</strong> amiT saqonelmwarmoebeli mixvdeba, rom misi Sromis<br />
nawili fuWad <strong>da</strong>ixarja. amrigad, fuli fuli fuli fuli warmoadgens warmoadgens warmoadgens warmoadgens saqonelmwarmoebelTa<br />
saqonelmwarmoebelTa<br />
saqonelmwarmoebelTa<br />
saqonelmwarmoebelTa<br />
sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi sazogadoebrivi Sromis Sromis Sromis Sromis stiqiuri stiqiuri stiqiuri stiqiuri Sromis Sromis Sromis Sromis iaraRs. iaraRs iaraRs iaraRs<br />
nebismieri rigiTi saqoneli uSualod gamodis rogorc saxmari Rirebuleba,<br />
Rirebuleba ki faruli formiT aris masSi <strong>da</strong> gamovlindeba mxolod fulTan<br />
gatolebis gziT. amrigad fuli fuli fuli fuli gansxvavebiT gansxvavebiT gansxvavebiT gansxvavebiT yvela yvela yvela yvela sxva sxva sxva sxva saqonelisagan, saqonelisagan, saqonelisagan, saqonelisagan, Rirebulebis<br />
Rirebulebis<br />
Rirebulebis<br />
Rirebulebis<br />
sayovelTao sayovelTao sayovelTao sayovelTao gansaxierebaa. gansaxierebaa.<br />
gansaxierebaa.<br />
gansaxierebaa. fulis saxmar RirebulebaSi vlindeba yvela saqonlis<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
amrigad fuli monopoliurad asrulebs sayovelTao eqvivalentis rols.<br />
amasTan, mas aqvs rigi funqciebisa, romelTa Sesruleba Cveulebriv saqonels ar<br />
SeuZlia, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, igi am ukanasknelze ufro mdi<strong>da</strong>ri, mravalmxrivi <strong>da</strong><br />
ganviTarebuli kategoriaa.<br />
ფული სამ ფუნქციას ასრულებს: ღირებულების საზომი, მიმოქცევის საშუალება და<br />
დაგროვების საშუალება. amasTan istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi fulma SeiZina<br />
axali funqciebi. kerZod, ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebisa <strong>da</strong> msoflio fulis funqcia.<br />
fuli, fuli, fuli, fuli, როგორც როგორც როგორც როგორც ღირებულების ღირებულების<br />
ღირებულების<br />
ღირებულების საზომი,,,, საზომი საზომი საზომი ფული გამოდის ერთეულის, მასშტაბის სახით.<br />
სწორედ ფულის მეშვეობით გამოისახება ყველა ფასი და მიმდინარეობს produqciis warmoebaze<br />
60
<strong>da</strong> realizaciaze gaweuli <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis აღრიცხვა. საქონლის ფასები გამოისახება<br />
ლარებში (დოლარებში) და არა სხვა საქონლის რაოდენობაში.<br />
sazogadoeba moxerxebulad Tvlis fuladi erTeulis gamoyenebas masStabis<br />
saxiT, sx/sx dovlaTisa <strong>da</strong> resursebis Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Rirebulebis TanaSezomisTvis.<br />
iseve rogorc distanciebs vzomavT milebsa Tu kilometrebSi <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTs<br />
vu<strong>da</strong>rebT, Cven aseve vzomavT dovlaTisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis Rirebulebas fulad<br />
gamosaxulebaSi. amas TiToeuli produqtis fasis gamosaxva yvela sxva produqtiT,<br />
romelze<strong>da</strong>c SesaZlebeli iqneba misi gacvla. fulis gamoyeneba saerTo mniSvnelobis<br />
saxiT, niSnavs, rom nebismieri produqtis fasi sakmarisia gamoisaxos mxolod<br />
fuladi erTeuliT. fulis aseTi gamoyeneba garigebis monawileobis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs advilad Seu<strong>da</strong>ron erTmaneTs sx/sx saqonelTa <strong>da</strong> resursebis SefardebiTi<br />
Rirebulebebi.<br />
მიმოქცევის მიმოქცევის<br />
მიმოქცევის<br />
მიმოქცევის საშუალება საშუალება საშუალება საშუალება - ეს ფულის is ფუნქციაა, რომლის მეშვეობითაც ჩვენ ვყიდულობთ<br />
საქონელსა და მომსახურებას. ფულის გარეშე ეკონომიკის განხილვა ფულის ფუნქციებს უფრო<br />
ნათლად დაგვანახებს. ასეთ დროს უნდა მოხდეს მოთხოვნილებათა დამთხვევა, ანუ ორი<br />
ადამიანის ძალიან იშვიათი შემთხვევა, როდესაც მათ სურთ შეიძინონ ზუსტად ის საქონელი,<br />
რომელიც აქვს მეორეს. ასეთ გაცვლას ბარტერი ბარტერი ბარტერი ბარტერი ჰქვია.<br />
fuls rogorc avRniSneT saxmari Rirebulebisa, aqvs kerZo specifikuri saxmari<br />
Rirebuleba - nebismier dros SeuZlia uSualod gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas sxva saqonlad,<br />
gamoyebebul iqnes finansur valdebulebaTa <strong>da</strong>safaravad <strong>da</strong> a.S. xolo konkretuli<br />
saxmari Rirebulebis mqone arcerT sxva saqon-ls yovelTvis ar SeuZlia gar<strong>da</strong>iqmnas<br />
fulad an gamoyenebul iqnas finansur valdebulebaT <strong>da</strong>safaravad, amitom fuli fuli fuli fuli<br />
yvelaze yvelaze yvelaze yvelaze likviduri likviduri likviduri likviduri aqtivia. aqtivia aqtivia aqtivia igi simdidiris <strong>da</strong>grovebis Zalze moxerxebuli <strong>da</strong><br />
sazogadoebrivi simdidris universaluri saSualebaa. es garemoeba fuls fuls fuls fuls aniWebs aniWebs aniWebs aniWebs<br />
gansakuTrebul gansakuTrebul gansakuTrebul gansakuTrebul funqcias funqcias funqcias funqcias ---- warmoadgens warmoadgens warmoadgens warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>grovebis, <strong>da</strong>grovebis, <strong>da</strong>grovebis, <strong>da</strong>grovebis, <strong>da</strong>zogvis <strong>da</strong>zogvis <strong>da</strong>zogvis <strong>da</strong>zogvis saSualebas.<br />
saSualebas.<br />
saSualebas.<br />
saSualebas.<br />
დაგროვების დაგროვების<br />
დაგროვების<br />
დაგროვების საშუალება საშუალება საშუალება საშუალება არის დღევანდელი შენაძენების მომავალში გადატანის საშუალება.<br />
fuli simdidris Senaxvis Zalze moxerxebuli formaa. fulis flobas iSviaTi<br />
gamonaklisis gar<strong>da</strong> ar moaqvs fuladi Semosavali, romelic miiReba simdidris<br />
Senaxvis dros. mag: uZravi qonebis (sakuTrebis) an fasiani qaRaldebis (aqciebi,<br />
obligaciebi <strong>da</strong> a. S) formiT. magram fuls is upiratesoba gaaCnia, rom igi<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>udeblad gamoyenebuli iqnes firmis an saojaxo meurneobis mier nebismieri<br />
finansuri valdebulebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad. fuli gamodis Rirebulebis Senaxvis<br />
saSualebad Rirebulebis Senaxvis saSualebad gamoiyeneba imisaTvis, rom SevinaxoT<br />
myidvelobiTi unari Semosavlis miRebis momenti<strong>da</strong>n misi <strong>da</strong>xarjvis momentamde<br />
fulis funqcia metad saojaxo funqciaa, imis gamo rom a<strong>da</strong>mianTA did nawils sx/sx<br />
mosazrebis gamo ar surs sakuTari Semosavali misi miRebisTanave <strong>da</strong>xarjos.<br />
ras niSnavs fulis likviduroba? likviduri ewodeba iseT aqtivs, romelic<br />
advilad SeiZleba sx/sx formad vaqcioT,an advilad SeiZleba an advilad<br />
gamoviyenoT rogorc ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualeba <strong>da</strong> romelsac aqvs fiqsirebuli nominaluri<br />
Rirebuleba.<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad saxelmwifo fuls agroveb<strong>da</strong> oqros saxiT. exla oqrosTan erTad<br />
xdeba qaRaldis fulis <strong>da</strong>grovebac. erTic <strong>da</strong> meorec qmnis fuladi saqonlis<br />
centralizirebul marags.<br />
fuli rogorc <strong>da</strong>grovebis saSualeba <strong>da</strong>matebiT <strong>da</strong>sabuTebas povebs<br />
gadsasaxadis saSualebis funqciaSi. saqme isaa rom saqonelmimoqcevis ganviTarebis<br />
kvalobaze saqonlis realizacia <strong>da</strong> misi anazRaureba xSirad erTdroulad ar xdeba.<br />
es niSnavs imas rom, saqoneli iyideba ganvadebiT, kreditiT. gamyidveli xdeba<br />
kreditori, xolo myidveli movale. valis <strong>da</strong>farvisaTvis saWiroa fulis <strong>da</strong>groveba.<br />
Aam SemTxvevaSi fuli fuli fuli fuli ga<strong>da</strong>xdis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebaa. saSualebaa<br />
saSualebaa<br />
saSualebaa Aamrigad, fulis es funqcia warmoiSva<br />
saqonlis kreditiT gayidvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT.<br />
fulis zemoTaRniSnuli funqciis sazRvrebi scildeba mimoqcevis sferos. es<br />
naTlad Cans ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis, sesxebis <strong>da</strong>farvis, xelfasebisa <strong>da</strong> pensiebis<br />
gacemis dros <strong>da</strong> a.S. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, fulis rogorc ga<strong>da</strong>xdis saSualebis moZraoba,<br />
saboloo angariSiT, yovelTvis ukavSirdeba Rirebulebis realizacias.<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>anawilebis Camoyalibebis safuZvelze saerTaSoriso<br />
gacvlis ganviTarebam warmoqmna obieqturi aucilebloba, rom fuls aqtiuri<br />
monawileona mieRo msoflio bazarze <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba gaewia saerTaSoriso<br />
vaWrobisaTvis. Aamdenad, man SeiZina msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio fulis fulis fulis fulis funqcia fun fun funqcia.<br />
qcia qcia<br />
61
msoflio bazarze fuli warmoadgens:<br />
1) 1) 1) 1) ga<strong>da</strong>xdis sayovelaTao saSua-lebas saerTaSoriso saga<strong>da</strong>saxado valdebulebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>farvisas;<br />
2) 2) 2) 2) yidvis sayovelTao saSualebas sazRvargareT saqonlis naRdi fuliT<br />
SeZenisas;<br />
3) 3) 3) 3) sazogadoebrivi simdidiris sayovelTao gamoxatulebas, materializacias <strong>da</strong><br />
misi erTi qveyni<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi ga<strong>da</strong>tanis saSualebas.<br />
aqe<strong>da</strong>n yvelaze farTod gamoiyeneba fuli rogorc sayovelTao ga<strong>da</strong>xdis<br />
saSualeba.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis formebi formebi formebi formebi<br />
fulis mimoqcevis istoria mowmobs, rom fuli ar SeiZleba iyos erTgvarovani<br />
masa. igi saxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxisaa, rogorc warmoSobis, ise mimoqcevis pirobebis mixedviT.<br />
fulma warmoSobis periodi<strong>da</strong>n dRemde arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi ganica<strong>da</strong>.<br />
istoriaSi cnobilia fulis Semdegi formebi: saqonluri, liTonur-Weduri,<br />
emisiuri <strong>da</strong> depozitur-eleqtronuli, romelic bolo perio-dSi farTod ganviTar<strong>da</strong><br />
civilizirebul qveynebSi.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli forma forma forma forma ---- saqonluri saqonluri saqonluri saqonluri formaa, formaa formaa formaa Tavis mxriv iyofa saq-onlursaaangariSo<br />
<strong>da</strong> saqonlur-woniT formebad. pirvels miekuTvneba saqonluri formis<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli ”talRa” Sromis iaraRebis, msxvilfexa pirutyvis, samkaulebis <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
saxiT, romelTa wona gacvlis procesSi mTavar rols asruleb<strong>da</strong>, meores_mcenareuli<br />
warmoSobis produqtebi, mogvianebiT, liTonebic ki, romelTa wona <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nawevrebis<br />
SesaZlebloba gacvlis procesSi did mniSvnelobas iZen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis liTonur liT liT liTonur----Wedur<br />
onur onur Wedur Wedur Wedur formas formas formas formas miekuTvneba liTonis fuli monetebis saxiT,<br />
romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa srulfasovan oqrosa <strong>da</strong> vercxlis monetebad. es<br />
ukanaskneli qaRaldis fulis nairsaxeobaa, romlis normaluri Rirebuleba <strong>da</strong><br />
msyidvelobiTi unari aRemateba mis Sinagan Rirebu-lebas.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis emisiur emisiur emisiur emisiur formas formas formas formas miekuTvneba Rirebulebis niSnebis nebismieri saxe,<br />
romelic warmodgenilia specialur qaRaldze garkveuli atribut-biT. masSi Sedis:<br />
sakuTriv qaRaldis fuli <strong>da</strong> sakredito fulis saxeobaTa umravlesoba.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis depozitur----eleqtronuli depozitur<br />
depozitur<br />
depozitur eleqtronuli eleqtronuli eleqtronuli forma forma forma forma asaxvas povebs sabanko depozitebSi,<br />
sakredito baraTebsa <strong>da</strong> e.w. eleqtronul fulSi. fulis saukeTeso nimuSad SeiZleba<br />
miviCnioT meore Taobis eleqtronuli eleqtronuli eleqtronuli eleqtronuli sakredito sakredito sakredito sakredito baraTebi, baraTebi baraTebi baraTebi romlebic reagirebas<br />
axdenen mxolod maTi mflobelis anabeWdze an mis xelmoweraze. es fuli<br />
warmodegnilia ara liTonis an fasiani qaRaldis saxiT, aramed aisaxeba sabankosakorespondento<br />
kavSirebSi.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis masis masis masis masis gansazRvra.... gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra<br />
gansazRvra fulis fulis fulis fulis raodenobrivi<br />
raodenobrivi<br />
raodenobrivi<br />
raodenobrivi<br />
Teoriis Teoriis Teoriis Teoriis gantoleba gantoleba gantoleba gantoleba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fuladi fuladi fuladi fuladi multiplikatori<br />
multiplikatori<br />
multiplikatori<br />
multiplikatori<br />
ეკონომიკაზე ფულის რაოდენობის ზემოქმედების ანალიზის უმნიშვნელოვანესი ეტაპი<br />
მიმოქცევაში არსებული ფულის რაოდენობის განსაზღვრაა.<br />
nebismieri qoneba garkveuli TvalsazrisiT fulia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n igi likviduria, Tu<br />
misi gacvla SesaZlebelia sxva dovlaTze raime xarjis gareSe. fuli sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebuli mimoqcevis saSualeba, absoluturad likviduri saxsaria. mimoqcevaSi<br />
arsebuli fulis raodenobis gansazRvra <strong>da</strong> misi regulireba sakmaod rTuli<br />
procesia. vinai<strong>da</strong>n fuli aris aqtivebis erToblioba, gamoyenebuli garigebaTa<br />
<strong>da</strong>sadebad. misi raodenoba ganisazRvreba aqtivebis raodenobiT.<br />
aqtivebis pirveli pi pi pirveli<br />
rveli rveli saxea saxea saxea saxea naRdi naRdi naRdi naRdi fuli fuli fuli fuli –––– qaRaldisa qaRaldisa qaRaldisa qaRaldisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> liTonis liTonis liTonis liTonis fuli, fuli fuli fuli , am<br />
ukanasknelSi Sedis xur<strong>da</strong> monetebi. mTlianobaSi liTonis fuli Seadgens naRdi<br />
fulis mxolod 5-10%-s, <strong>da</strong>narCeni qaRaldis fulia.<br />
aqtivebis aqtivebis aqtivebis aqtivebis meore meore meore meore saxea saxea saxea saxea e.w. e.w. e.w. e.w. sabanko sabanko sabanko sabanko fulis fulis fulis fulis anu sabanko depozitebis is nawili,<br />
romelic moicavs mimdinare angariSebze arsebul mTlian Tanxas. es aris anabari<br />
mokiTxvamde, romelic gamoiyeneba garigebaTa <strong>da</strong>debisa <strong>da</strong> saCeko angariSworebis<br />
dros <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare unaRdo angariSsworebis safuZvelia.<br />
aqtivebis aqtivebis aqtivebis aqtivebis mesame mesame mesame mesame saxea saxea saxea saxea e.w. e.w. e.w. e.w. ,,TiTqmis ,,TiTqmis ,,TiTqmis ,,TiTqmis fuli”. fu fu fuli”.<br />
li”. li”. masSi Sedis sabanko fulis meore<br />
nawili vadiani anabrebis mTliani Tanxis saxiT, arasaCeko Semnaxveli angariSebi<br />
62
(biujetis saxsrebi, sabiujeto-sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis angariSebze arsebuli<br />
Tanxa <strong>da</strong> a.S.) <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo obligaciebis mTliani moculoba, romelic Ria bazarze<br />
SeiZleba gaicvalos naRd fulze.<br />
,,TiTqmis fuli” likviduri aqtivia, vinai<strong>da</strong>n advilia misi gacvla naRd fulze.<br />
igi TiTqmis imave rols asrulebs, rasac fuli <strong>da</strong> uvado anabrebi. raodenobrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT sabanko fuli aRemateba naRd fuls, vinai<strong>da</strong>n garigebaTa umravlesoba<br />
unaRdo angariSsworebiT xorcieldeba.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis bazari bazari bazari bazari<br />
fulze fulze fulze fulze moTxovna. moTxovna. moTxovna. moTxovna. ekonomikis nebismier sferoSi arsebobs fulze (MD)<br />
moTxovna. fulze moTxovnas, upirveles yovlisa, ganapirobebs is garemoeba, rom<br />
fuli absoliturad likviduri saxsaria. fulze moTxovna ganisazRvreba TviT im<br />
funqciebiT, romelsac igi asrulebs ekonomikaSi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia<br />
mimoqcevis (gacvlis) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>grovebis (<strong>da</strong>zogvis) saSualebis funqciebi.<br />
nebismieri pirovneba Semosavlebis garkveul nawils xarjavs saWiro saqonlisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis SesaZenad, nawils ki fuladi saxiT zogavs. magram Sin fulis<br />
Senaxva niSnavs sargeblis (procentis) saxiT Semosavlis <strong>da</strong>kargvas.<br />
fulze erToblivi moTxovna SeiZleba gaiyos or nawilad:<br />
1) 1) 1) 1) moTxovna, romelic ganpirobebulia saqmian garigebebSi fulis gamiyenebiT<br />
(tranzaqciuli (tranzaqciuli (tranzaqciuli (tranzaqciuli moTxovna);<br />
moTxovna);<br />
moTxovna);<br />
moTxovna);<br />
2) 2) 2) 2) moTxovna, romelic ganpirobebulia fulis <strong>da</strong>zogviT, simdidris <strong>da</strong>grovebis<br />
surviliT (spekulaciuri (spekulaciuri moTxovna).<br />
tranzaqciuli tranzaqciuli tranzaqciuli tranzaqciuli moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna ukavSirdeba bazarze fulis meSveobiT ganxorcielebul<br />
nebismier garigebas. ar SeiZleba, magaliTad, aqciiT iyido saqoneli, amisaTvis<br />
saWiroa fuli. tranzaqtiul moTxovnasTan erTad arsebobs spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri moTxovna, moTxovna, moTxovna, moTxovna,<br />
romelic ganpirobebulia fulis meSveobiT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva finansuri saxsrebis SeZeniT.<br />
Nnebismier win<strong>da</strong>xedul momxmarebels un<strong>da</strong> hqondes individualuri finansuri<br />
saxsrebis portfeli, romelSic un<strong>da</strong> Sediodes: fuli, obligaciebi <strong>da</strong> aqciebi.<br />
Ffuli TavisTavad ar iZleva Semosavals, magram is am SemTxvevaSi momxmarebels<br />
sWirdeba ,,spekulaciuri” miznisaTvis – maSin iyidos sxva finansuri saxsrebi,<br />
rodesac maTi fasi <strong>da</strong>ecema. Oobligaciebi <strong>da</strong> aqciebi iZleva Semosavals, magram maTSi<br />
fulis <strong>da</strong>bandeba did riskTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Tu<br />
obligaciebi, procentis saxiT, met Semosavals moitans, vidre fulis Senaxva, maSin<br />
mosaxleoba upiratesobas mianiWebs obligaciebis SeZenas. Tu obligaciebze<br />
sargeblis ganakveTi izrdeba, maSin moTxovna fulze mcirdeba <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, Tu<br />
sargeblis ganakveTi ecema, maSin mosaxleoba amjobinebs Tavisi Semosavlebis<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili fulis saxiT Seinaxos.<br />
fulis fulis fulis fulis miwodeba. miwodeba miwodeba miwodeba.<br />
. . drois garkveul momentSi ekonomikaSi arsebuli fulis<br />
raodenobas anu fulis miwodebas, rogorc wesi saxelmwifo aregulirebs.<br />
kanonmdeblobiT fulis emisia saxelmwifos prerogativaa <strong>da</strong> misi monopoliuri<br />
uflebaa. amitom fulis miwodeba saxelmwifo politikis erTerTi mniSvnelovani<br />
mxarea. fuladi masis sididis regulireba cnobilia fuladi politikis<br />
saxelwodebiT.<br />
fulad masas erovnuli banki akontrolebs. am mizniT igi iyenebs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />
regulators. erT-erTi mTavaria bankTaSorisi bankTaSorisi bankTaSorisi bankTaSorisi kreditis kreditis kreditis kreditis ganakveTi. ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi igi aris procenti<br />
im kreditze, romelsac erovnuli banki aZlevs yvela sxva banks. Tu SeimCneva<br />
inflaciuri procesebis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba, centraluri banki, romelic valdebulia<br />
winaaRmdegoba gauwios mas, zrdis am ganakveTs. am gziT ecema fulze moTxovna <strong>da</strong><br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT nela izrdeba mimoqcevaSi fuladi masa. amitom bankTaSorisi kreditis<br />
ganakveTis zr<strong>da</strong> miCneulia infliaciis winaaRmdeg brZolis efeqtian saSualebad.<br />
erovnuli bankis meore regulatoria savaldebulo savaldebulo savaldebulo savaldebulo rezervebis rezervebis rezervebis rezervebis norma. norma norma norma<br />
savaldebulo rezervebSi igulisxmeba komerciuli bankis fuladi Tanxa, romlis<br />
sesxad gacemis uflebac mas ara aqvs <strong>da</strong> valdebulia Tavis angariSze hqondes<br />
centralur bankSi. igi moqmedebs situaciis mixedviT: Tu saWiroa fuladi masis<br />
zrdis Seneleba, igi zrdis savaldebulo rezervebis normas <strong>da</strong> piriqiT, rodesac<br />
aucilebelia mimoqcevaSi gazardos fulis raodenoba, centraluri banki <strong>da</strong>bla<br />
63
swevs savaldebulo rezervebis normas <strong>da</strong> amiT saSualebas aZlevs komerciul banks,<br />
Tavisi saxsrebis droebiT gayinuli nawili kreditad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcios.<br />
fuladi masisadmi erovnuli bankis kontrolis erT-erTi ZiriTadi regulatoria<br />
agreTve fasia fasiani fasia fasiani<br />
ni ni qaRaldebis qaRaldebis qaRaldebis qaRaldebis bazarze bazarze bazarze bazarze saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado valdebulebaTa valdebulebaTa valdebulebaTa valdebulebaTa yidva yidva---- yidva yidva<br />
gayidvasTan gayidvasTan gayidvasTan gayidvasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli operaciebi.<br />
operaciebi.<br />
operaciebi.<br />
operaciebi.<br />
saxelmwifo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado valdebuleba aris saxelmwifos vali<br />
mosaxleobisadmi. igi aris mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli samTavrobo fasiani qaRaldebis<br />
erToblioba, romelic iyofa sabazro <strong>da</strong> arasabazro kategoriebad. sabazro<br />
kategorias miekuTvneba saxazino Tamasuqi (3 <strong>da</strong> 6 –Tviani, 91-dRiani, <strong>da</strong> wliuri<br />
<strong>da</strong>farvis vadiT), saSualovadiani saxazino Tamasuqi (1-<strong>da</strong>n 10 wlamde <strong>da</strong>farvis vadiT)<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxazino obligacia. arasabazro saxelmwifo saga<strong>da</strong>saxado valdebulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa Semnaxveli obligacia. mas miekuTvneba agreTve:<br />
samTavrobo angariSebis ucxouri samTavrobo, xelisuflebis adgilobrivi<br />
organoebis seriebi.<br />
64
sakredito<br />
sakredito-sabanko sakredito sabanko sistema sistema <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> fulad fulad-sakredito fulad sakredito politika<br />
politika<br />
Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove Tanamedrove sakredito sakredito sakredito sakredito sistema sistema sistema sistema<br />
sakredito sakredito sakredito sakredito sistema sistema sistema sistema aris aris aris aris sakredito urTierTobis urTierToba mis arss<br />
gansazRvravas garkveul istoriul periodSi qveyanaS miRebuli <strong>da</strong>kreditebis<br />
formebi <strong>da</strong> principebi, agreTve sakredito-safinanso <strong>da</strong>wesebulebaTa erToblioba.<br />
dReisaTvis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis sakredito sistema sami rgolisagan<br />
Sedgeba:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. centraluri centraluri centraluri centraluri banki; banki; banki; banki;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. sabanko sabanko sabanko sabanko seqtori seqtori seqtori seqtori (komerciuli ( ( (<br />
bankebi, Semnaxveli bankebi, sainvesticio <strong>da</strong><br />
ipoTekuri bankebi, bankirTa saxlebi, specializebuli bankebi);<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. arasabanko arasabanko arasabanko arasabanko seqtoris seqtoris seqtoris seqtoris specializebuli speci speci specializebuli<br />
alizebuli alizebuli sakredito----safinanso sakredito<br />
sakredito<br />
sakredito safinanso safinanso safinanso institutebi<br />
institutebi<br />
institutebi<br />
institutebi<br />
(sainvesticio kompaniebi, safinanso kompaniebi, saqvelmoqmedo fondebi, sasesxo<br />
Semnaxveli asociaciebi, asociaciebi,<br />
asociaciebi,<br />
asociaciebi, sa<strong>da</strong>zRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio fondebi).<br />
miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom calkeuli qveynebis sabanko sistemebi zogjer arsebiTad<br />
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, maT mainc aqvT saerTo niSani. es aris yvela bankis or<br />
kategoriad <strong>da</strong>yofa. aqe<strong>da</strong>n, pirvelia centraluri centraluri centraluri centraluri bankebi, bankebi bankebi bankebi romelTac aqvT erovnuli<br />
fulis gamoSvebis (emisiis) <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi fulis mimoqcevis regulirebis ufleba.<br />
meore kategorias Seadgens komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli bankebi, bankebi bankebi bankebi romlebic, gansazRvruli principebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>cvis safuZvelze, axorcieleben <strong>da</strong>kreditebas.<br />
sabanko kreditebis klasifikacia Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT:<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba (kreditis mizani);<br />
gamoyenebis sfero;<br />
sargeblobis vadebi;<br />
uzrunvelyofa;<br />
gacemisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>farvis <strong>meTodi</strong>;<br />
saprocento ganakveTis saxeoba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos Semdeg jgufebad:<br />
komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli krediti. krediti krediti krediti Aam kerditiT firma-gamyidveli aZlevs firma-myidvels<br />
im pirobiT, rom igi nayidi saqonlis safasurs ganvadebiT ga<strong>da</strong>ixdis. komerciuli<br />
krediti gaicema mimdinare xarjebisaTvis erT wlamed vadiT. misi mizania saqonlis<br />
realizaciis <strong>da</strong>Cqareba. ganasxvaveben komerciuli kreditis or formas: 1) krediti<br />
Ria angariSsworebiT <strong>da</strong> 2) saTamasuqo krediti. krediti krediti krediti krediti Ria Ria Ria Ria angariSsworebiT<br />
angari angari angariSsworebiT<br />
SsworebiT<br />
SsworebiT<br />
gulisxmobs, rom SeTanxmebis safuZvelze gamyidveli gayiduli saqonlis<br />
Rirebulebas valis saxiT Cawers myidvelis angariSze, es ukanaskneli ki kisrulobs<br />
valdebulebas, <strong>da</strong>dgenil va<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong>faros krediti. saTamasuqo saTamasuqo saTamasuqo saTamasuqo kreditis kreditis kreditis kreditis (Tamasuqi Tamasuqi---- Tamasuqi Tamasuqi<br />
abstraqtuli fuladi valdebulebis Semcveli fasiani qaRaldia, savalo dokumentis<br />
nairsaxeobaa. igi SeiZleba iyos martivi <strong>da</strong> rTuli anu ga<strong>da</strong>cemiTi. martivia martivia martivia martivia Tamasuqi, Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi<br />
roca masSi saxelobiT aris miTiTebuli, Tu vin gasca Tamasuqi <strong>da</strong> vin un<strong>da</strong> miiRos<br />
fuladi Tanxa. ga<strong>da</strong>cemiTi ga<strong>da</strong>cemiTi ga<strong>da</strong>cemiTi ga<strong>da</strong>cemiTi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi aris saordero fasiani qaRaldi, romlis<br />
mflobels yovelTvis SeuZlia TamasuqiT gaTvaliswinebuli misi uflebebi ga<strong>da</strong>sces<br />
sxva pirs saTanado warweriT (indosamentiT). piri, vinc aseTi warweriT ga<strong>da</strong>sca<br />
ufleba sxva pirs, pasuxismgebelia TamasuqiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebis<br />
SesrulebisaTvis, Tu am warweraSi pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar aris miTiTebuli sxva piroba) arsi<br />
mdgomareobs SemdegSi: gamyidveli saqonlis gayidvis Taobaze Setanxmebis safuZvelze<br />
aformebs ga<strong>da</strong>sapirebel Tamasuqs <strong>da</strong> warudgens myidvels, es ukanaskneli ki axdens<br />
mis aqceptirebas, anu iZleva werilobiT Tanxmobas, rom fuls ga<strong>da</strong>ixdis Tamasuqze<br />
miTiTebul va<strong>da</strong>Si.<br />
sabanko sabanko sabanko sabanko krediti. krediti krediti krediti igi gulisxmobs bankis mier akumulirebuli Tavisufali<br />
fuladi saxsrebisa <strong>da</strong> sakuTari kapitalis nawilis gacemas klientebze droebiT<br />
sargeblobisaTvis.<br />
saxelmwifo sa sa saxelmwifo<br />
xelmwifo xelmwifo krediti. krediti krediti krediti es forma gamoxatavs sakredito urTierTobebis iseT<br />
erTobliobas, romelSic kreditoris rolSi saxelmwifo gamodis.<br />
ipotekuri ipotekuri ipotekuri ipotekuri krediti. krediti krediti krediti es forma kreditis yvelaze adreuli formaa. mas gascems<br />
banki xangrZlivi vadiT uZravi qonebis <strong>da</strong>giravebis safuZvelze.<br />
samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo krediti. krediti krediti krediti igi eZleva mosaxleobas samomxmareblo saqonlis<br />
SesaZenad <strong>da</strong> gulisxmobs saqonlis gayidvas momxmareblis mier safasuris ganvadebiT<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdis pirobiT. samomxmareblo krediti gaicema xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebis<br />
65
SesaZenad. kreditis ga<strong>da</strong>uxdelobis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli kargavs sakuTrebis<br />
uflebas <strong>da</strong>kreditebul nivTebze, romelic banks ga<strong>da</strong>ecema.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso krediti. krediti krediti krediti es krediti saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi<br />
sasesxo kapitalis moZraobis forma, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis firmebsa<br />
<strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebs Soris sakredito urTierTobebSi.<br />
saeqsporto saeqsporto saeqsporto saeqsporto krediti. krediti krediti krediti es xerxi gaicema sazRvargareT iuridiul an fizikur<br />
pirze saqonlis eqsportis <strong>da</strong>finansebis mizniT.<br />
sasoflo----sameurneo sasoflo sasoflo sasoflo sameurneo sameurneo sameurneo krediti. krediti krediti krediti kreditis es forma emsaxureba uSualid soflis<br />
meurneobis ganviTarebas. sasoflo-sameurneo kredits gascemen komerciul ipoTekur<br />
bankebs, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis mommaragebeli <strong>da</strong> gamsagebeli firmebi <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
gamoyenebis gamoyenebis gamoyenebis gamoyenebis sferos sferos sferos sferos mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba iyos ori saxeobis:<br />
sesxebi sesxebi sesxebi sesxebi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi an an an an sabrunavi sabru sabru sabrunavi<br />
navi navi kapitalis kapitalis<br />
kapitalis<br />
kapitalis <strong>da</strong>safinanseblad. Tavis mxriv, kreditebi<br />
sabrunav kapitalSi iyofa kreditebad warmoebis sferosa <strong>da</strong> brunvis (mimoqcevis)<br />
sferoSi.<br />
sargeblobis sargeblobis sargeblobis sargeblobis vadebis vadebis vadebis vadebis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba iyos onkoluri<br />
(moTxovnamde) <strong>da</strong> vadiani. onkoluri onkoluri onkoluri onkoluri sesxebi sesxebi sesxebi sesxebi eqvemdebareba <strong>da</strong>brunebas fiqsirebul<br />
va<strong>da</strong>Si kreditorisagan oficialuri Setyobinebis miRebis Semdeg. isini moiTxoven<br />
stabilur pirobebs sasesxo kapitalis bazarze. vadiani vadiani vadiani vadiani kreditebi kreditebi<br />
kreditebi<br />
kreditebi miRebulia <strong>da</strong>iyos<br />
moklevadianad, saSualovadianad <strong>da</strong> grZelvadianad. Tanamedrove sabanko saqmeSi<br />
upiratesad gamoiyeneba moklevadiani kreditebi. grZelvadiani krediti umTavresad<br />
emsaxureba ZiriTadi kapitalis kvlavwarmoebas, xolo moklevadiani krediti ki -<br />
sabrunavi kapitalis moZraobas.<br />
uzrunvelyofis uzrunvelyofis uzrunvelyofis uzrunvelyofis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT kreditebi iyofa arauzrunvelyofilad (sablanko) <strong>da</strong><br />
uzrunvelyofilad. sablanko kreditebi miecemaT pirvelxarisxovan msesxeblebs<br />
kreditis <strong>da</strong>brunebiTobis uzrunvelyofis raime formis gamoyenebis gareSe.<br />
arauzrunvelyofili arauzrunvelyofili arauzrunvelyofili arauzrunvelyofili sesxi sesxi sesxi sesxi – sesxi, romelsac ara aqvs uzrunvelyofa an aqvs<br />
uzrunvelyofa giraos saxiT, romelic ar pasuxobs moTxovnebs, wayenebuls sagiravno<br />
uzrunvelyofisadmi uzrunvelyofili sesxis mixedviT. sesxis sesxis sesxis sesxis uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
warmoadgens Tanamedrove sabanko kreditis ZiriTad saxesxvaobas. uzrunvelyofis<br />
saxeobaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT miRebulia maTi <strong>da</strong>yofa sagiravnoebad, garantirebulebad<br />
<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zRveulebad.<br />
<strong>da</strong>farvis <strong>da</strong>farvis <strong>da</strong>farvis <strong>da</strong>farvis xerxis xerxis xerxis xerxis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi iyofa sesxebad, romlebic ifareba<br />
erTdroulad <strong>da</strong> sesxebad, romlebic ifareba ganawilvadebiT. sesxebi, sesxebi, sesxebi, sesxebi, romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
romlebic<br />
ifareba ifareba ifareba ifareba erTdrouli erTdrouli erTdrouli erTdrouli ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT, ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT warmoadgens moklevadiani kreditis <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />
tradiciul formas, rameTu mosaxerxebelia iuridiuli gaformebis pozicii<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
sesxebi, sesxebi, sesxebi, sesxebi, romlebic romlebic romlebic romlebic ifareba ifareba ifareba ifareba ganawilvadebiT, ganawilvadebiT,<br />
ganawilvadebiT,<br />
ganawilvadebiT, gulisxmobs kreditis <strong>da</strong>farvas ori an<br />
meti ga<strong>da</strong>saxdeliT <strong>da</strong>kreditebis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi. <strong>da</strong>brunebis konkretuli<br />
pirobebi ganisazRvreba sakredito xelSekrulebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia <strong>da</strong>kreditebis<br />
obieqtze, kreditis va<strong>da</strong>ze, inflaciur procesebsa <strong>da</strong> rig sxva faqtorebze.<br />
saprocento saprocento saprocento saprocento ganakveTebis ganakveTebis<br />
ganakveTebis<br />
ganakveTebis saxeobis mixedviT sabanko kreditebi SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>iyos<br />
kreditebad, fiqsirebuli an mcuravi saprocento ganakveTiT. sesxebi fiqsirebuli<br />
fiqsirebuli<br />
fiqsirebuli<br />
fiqsirebuli<br />
saprocento saprocento saprocento saprocento ganakveTiT ganakveTiT<br />
ganakveTiT<br />
ganakveTiT gulisxmobs <strong>da</strong>kreditebis mTeli periodisTvis saprocento<br />
ganakveTis gansazRvruli sididis <strong>da</strong>wesebas misi ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis uflebis gareSe.<br />
mocemul SemTxvevaSi msesxebeli iRebs Tavis Tavze valdebulebas, ga<strong>da</strong>ixados<br />
procentebi ucvleli SeTanxmebuli ganakveTiT imisgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, Tu<br />
kapitalebis bazarze ra cvlilebebi moxdeba. <strong>da</strong>krediteba mcuravi mcuravi mcuravi mcuravi saprocento<br />
saprocento<br />
saprocento<br />
saprocento<br />
ganakveTiT ganakveTiT<br />
ganakveTiT<br />
ganakveTiT gulisxmobs saprocento ganakveTis gamoyenebas, romlis moculobac<br />
periodulad ga<strong>da</strong>isinjeba. mocemul SemTxvevaSi saprocento ganakveTi iqmneba ori<br />
Semadgeneli nawilisagan. ZiriTadi ganakveTi, romelic icvleba bazris<br />
koniunqturaze <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>namatisagan, romelic warmoadgens fiqsirebul<br />
sidides.<br />
moculobis moculobis moculobis moculobis mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT mixedviT miRebulia sabanko kreditebis <strong>da</strong>yofa mcire, mcire, mcire, mcire, saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />
msxvil msxvil msxvil msxvil sesxebad. sesxebad sesxebad sesxebad sabanko praqtikaSi ar arsebobs erTiani midgoma klasifikaciisadmi<br />
mocemuli niSnis mixedviT.<br />
kreditis kreditis kreditis kreditis principebi<br />
principebi<br />
principebi<br />
principebi<br />
66
kreditis kreditis kreditis kreditis principebi. principebi.<br />
principebi.<br />
principebi. gamoyofen <strong>da</strong>kreditebis Semdeg ZiriTad principebs:<br />
vadianoba, ga<strong>da</strong>xdisunarianoba, <strong>da</strong>brunebadoba (kreditunarianoba), garantireba<br />
(uzrunvelyofa), diferencialuri midgoma.<br />
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke.<br />
vadianobis vadianobis vadianobis vadianobis principi. principi principi principi sakuTari saxsrebis gar<strong>da</strong>, bankebi kreditis gasacemad<br />
iyeneben meanabreTa depozitebs. es ukanasnkeli SeiZleba iyos: 1. 1. 1. 1. depoziti depoziti depoziti depoziti<br />
moTxovnamde moTxovnamde<br />
moTxovnamde<br />
moTxovnamde (mimdinare angariSi). es is anabaria, romelic meanabres pirvelive<br />
moTxovnisTanave <strong>da</strong>ubrundeba; 2. 2. 2. 2. vadiani vadiani vadiani vadiani depozitebi. depozitebi<br />
depozitebi<br />
depozitebi am SemTxvevaSi depozitors<br />
fuli ubrundeba gansazRvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg. amrigad, banks SeuZlia mis<br />
gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuli mxolod gansazRvruli vadis <strong>da</strong>wesebiT gaasesxos.<br />
Tu movale <strong>da</strong>wesebul va<strong>da</strong>Si ar <strong>da</strong>abrunebs sesxs, maSin mas SeiZleba yovel<br />
va<strong>da</strong>ga<strong>da</strong>cilebul dReze <strong>da</strong>uwesdes sauravi an es Tanxa amoRebul iqnas sasamarTlo<br />
wesiT.<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdisunarianoba. ga<strong>da</strong>xdisunarianoba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdisunarianoba<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>xdisunarianoba banki <strong>da</strong>interesebul pirebs kreditebs awvdis gansazRvruli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis pirobiT. Cveulebriv, es safasuri dgindeba procentebSi<br />
gasesxebuli Tanxis mimarT, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. es imas niSnavs, rom Tu banki<br />
msesxebels 10 aTas lars awodebs 20%-iani sargebliT, maSin mas wlis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong><br />
<strong>da</strong>ubrundes 12 aTasi lari.<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebadoba. <strong>da</strong>brunebadoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebadoba<br />
<strong>da</strong>brunebadoba krediti miewodeba gansazRvruli vadiT <strong>da</strong> am vadis gasvlis<br />
Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brundes.<br />
garantireba garantireba garantireba garantireba (uzrunvelyofa). ( ( (<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi bankebi ar kmayofildebian<br />
msesxebelTa materialuri mdgomareobis an komerciuli operaciebis Sesaxeb<br />
ekonomikuri informaciis specialuri analiziT <strong>da</strong> Tavi rom <strong>da</strong>icvan fulis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kargvisagan, iyeneben <strong>da</strong>zRvevis kidev erT saSualebas. es aris kreditis gacema<br />
giraos qveS.<br />
diferencirebuli diferencirebuli diferencirebuli diferencirebuli midgoma. midgoma midgoma midgoma kargad momuSave firmebi kreditis miRebisas<br />
sargebloben garkveuli upiratesobiT, xolo cu<strong>da</strong>d momuSaveni am mxriv SezRudulni<br />
arian.<br />
banki----sakredito banki banki banki sakredito sakredito sakredito sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis qvasamkuTxedi<br />
qvasamkuTxedi<br />
qvasamkuTxedi<br />
qvasamkuTxedi<br />
banki aris sakredito-safinanso <strong>da</strong>wesebuleba, romlis mTavar funqciasac<br />
Seadgens droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebis akumulacia (pasiuri pasiuri pasiuri pasiuri operaciebi) operaciebi<br />
operaciebi<br />
operaciebi <strong>da</strong><br />
maTi gacema kreditis saxiT droebiT sargeblianobisTvis fizikur an iuridiul<br />
pirebze (aqtiuri (aqtiuri (aqtiuri (aqtiuri operaciebi). operaciebi<br />
operaciebi<br />
operaciebi depozitis <strong>da</strong>interesebis mizniT banki mas uxdis<br />
garkveul procents Setanil anabarze, kreditis gacemisas ki depozitis gacilebiT<br />
maRal procents axdevinebs. procentebs Soris sxvaoba Seadgens sabanko sabanko sabanko sabanko mogebas. mogebas mogebas mogebas<br />
bankis saqmianobis mizania mogebis maqsimizacia. sabanko mogebisgan un<strong>da</strong><br />
ganvasxvavoT bankis bankis bankis bankis wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong> mogeba mogeba mogeba mogeba anu bankis mTlian mogebas gamoklebuli sabanko<br />
operaciebis warmoebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli xarjebi. sabanko sabanko sabanko sabanko mogebis mogebis mogebis mogebis norma norma norma norma ki<br />
gamoiTvleba wmin<strong>da</strong> mogebis SefardebiT bankis sakuTar kapitalTan.<br />
erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli banki banki banki banki <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
sabanko sistemaSi yvelaze efeqtiani misi oriarusiani struqturaa. pirveli<br />
iarusi ukavia centralur centralur centralur centralur banks, banks banks banks rogorc saxelmwifo struqturas, xolo meore<br />
arasaxelmwifo banks anu komerciul komerciul banks.<br />
nebismieri saxelmwifofo sabanko sistemis mTavari rgolia erovnuli banki.<br />
erovnuli bankebis ZiriTadi funqcia ganaxorcielos xelmZRvaneloba <strong>da</strong><br />
ze<strong>da</strong>mxeveloba qveynis mTels sabanko sistemaze. maT zogjer LbankTa banksac<br />
uwodeben.<br />
erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli bankis bankis bankis bankis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi funqciebia:<br />
funqciebia:<br />
funqciebia:<br />
funqciebia:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. fulis emisia;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. fulad-sakredito politikis gatareba;<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. komerciul bankebis regulireba <strong>da</strong> reformireba;<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. savaluto politikis gatareba;<br />
5. 5. 5. 5. sakredito institutebis saqmianobis regulireba;<br />
6. 6. 6. 6. mTavrobis safinanso agentis funqcia;<br />
7. 7. 7. 7. saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saangariSsworebo urTierTobaTa organizacia.<br />
67
komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli bankebi bankebi bankebi bankebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maTi maTi maTi maTi funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
funqciebi<br />
fulad-sakredito sistemis xerxemals komerciuli bankebi bankebi warmoadgens,<br />
romlebic axorcieleben, rogorc samrewvelo, savaWro, samSeneblo, satransporto <strong>da</strong><br />
sxva sawarmoebisa <strong>da</strong> firmebis, ise saojaxo meurneobis <strong>da</strong>kreditebis umetes nawils,<br />
im resursebis xarjze, rasac mobilizacias ukeTeben depozitebis saxiT. amitomac maT<br />
xSirad depozitur bankebs uwodeben<br />
amrigad, amrigad, komerciuli komerciuli banekbis ZiriTadi ZiriTadi funqciebia<br />
funqciebia:<br />
funqciebia<br />
a) a) a) a) sawarmoebis (firmebis), saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> saojaxo meurneobebis <strong>da</strong>krediteba;<br />
b) b) b) b) sakredito fulis gamoSveba<br />
g) g) g) g) ekonomikaSi angariSsworebisa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebis ganxorcieleba;<br />
d) d) d) d) konsultaciebi<br />
e) e) e) e) ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> finansuri informaciebis wardgena.<br />
komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis mTavari mimarTulebaa droebiT Tavisufali<br />
fuladi saSualebebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nazogebis mozidva, anabrebis formiT. amisaTvis meanabre<br />
Rebulobs sargebels procentis saxiT.<br />
specialuri specialuri safinanso<br />
safinanso-sakredito safinanso<br />
safinanso sakredito <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi<br />
sabazro sistemaSi ekonomikis garkveul sferoebsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rgebis <strong>da</strong>kreditebaSi<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben specializebuli safinanso-sakredito <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi.<br />
isini komerciuli bankebisagan ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d imiT gansxvavdebian, rom moqmedebis areali<br />
SezRudulia <strong>da</strong> asruleben erT an ramdenime operacias.<br />
specializebul safinanso-sakredito <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs miekuTvneba:<br />
sainvesticio bankebi;<br />
Semnaxveli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi;<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>zRveo kompaniebi;<br />
sapensio fondebi;<br />
sainvesticio kompaniebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
ganvixiloT TiTeuli calk-calke.<br />
sainvesticio sainvesticio bankebi bankebi bankebi - iseTi specialuri sakredito institutebia, romlebic<br />
uSveben fasian qaRaldebs <strong>da</strong> uzrunvelyofen maTi realizaciis safuZvelze<br />
kapitalis mozidvas.<br />
Semnaxveli Semnaxveli <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi - aris iseTi urTierTSemnaxveli bankebis, sasesxo-<br />
Semnaxveli asociaciebisa <strong>da</strong> sakredito kavSirebis erToblioba, romlebic<br />
mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>nazogis akumulaciis safuZvelze, afinanseben komerciul saqmianobas.<br />
am <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs ara aqvT aqciebi.<br />
sa<strong>da</strong>zRveo sa<strong>da</strong>zRveo kompaniebi kompaniebi - mosaxleobisa <strong>da</strong> firmebis fuladi saxsrebis<br />
mobilizaciis, vaWrobis, transportisa <strong>da</strong> a.S. mniSvnelovan obieqtebs.<br />
sapensio sapensio fondebi fondebi - Tavmoyril fulad saxsrebs, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d abandeben rogorc<br />
kerZo, ise saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebSi <strong>da</strong> iwyeben grZelvadiani<br />
<strong>da</strong>kreditebisaTvis.<br />
sainvesticio sainvesticio kompaniebi kompaniebi - Sualeduri rgolia, individualur kapitalsa <strong>da</strong> ara<br />
finansur sferoSi funqcionarebad korporaciebs Soris. sainvesticio kompaniebi<br />
kapitals umTavresad abandeben korporaciaTa aqciebSi.<br />
fuladdddDDDD----sakredito fula fula fula sakredito sakredito sakredito politikis politikis politikis politikis instrumentebi<br />
instrumentebi<br />
instrumentebi<br />
instrumentebi<br />
fulad----sakredito fulad fulad fulad sakredito sakredito sakredito politikis politikis politikis politikis fuZemdebluri fuZemdebluri fuZemdebluri fuZemdebluri mizania mizania mizania mizania ekonomikisadmi <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />
warmoebis saerTo donis miRwevaSi, romelic xasiaTdeba sruli <strong>da</strong>saqmebiT <strong>da</strong><br />
inflaciis ararsebobiT. fulad-sakredito politika iwvevs fulis miwodebis<br />
gadidebas <strong>da</strong>qveiTebis dros <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis wasaxaliseblad, xolo inflaciis dros<br />
piriqiT zRu<strong>da</strong>vs fulis miwodebas <strong>da</strong>naxarjebis Sesakvecad.<br />
fulad-sakredito politikis instrumentebi romlebic SeiZleba iqnas<br />
gamoyenebuli erovnuli bankis mmarTvelTa sabWos SexedulebiT, komerciuli bankis<br />
rezervebze zemoqmedebisaTvis, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>jgufdes Semdegnairad:<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. operaciebi Ria bazarze;<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. sarezervo normis Secvla;<br />
68
3. 3. 3. 3. saangariSo ganakveTis Secvla;<br />
operaciebi operaciebi<br />
operaciebi<br />
operaciebi Ria Ria Ria Ria bazarze bazarze bazarze bazarze gulisxmobs saxelmwifo obligaciebis SeZena-gayidvas<br />
erovnuli bankebis mier Ria bazarze. e. i. obligaciebis yidva gayidvas komerciul<br />
bankebsa <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobaze mTlianad.<br />
rodesac erovnuli bankebi fasian qaRaldebs (obligaciebs) Ria bazarze<br />
yiduloben komerciuli bankebis rezervebi izogeba. Tu bankebis sesxad gascemen<br />
Tavis Warb rezervebs qveyanaSi fulis miwodeba izrdeba.<br />
rodesac erovnuli bankebi fasian qaRaldebs Ria bazarze yidian, komerciuli<br />
bankebis rezervebi mcirdeba. komerciul bankebis rezervebis es Semcireba ga<strong>da</strong>va<br />
qveyanaSi fulis miwodebis Semcirebaze. myidvelebi obligaciebs yiduloben sabanko<br />
CekebiT.<br />
sarezervo sarezervo<br />
sarezervo<br />
sarezervo normis normis normis normis Secvla Secvla Secvla Secvla - sabanko kanonis safuZvelze yvela safinanso<br />
Suamavali valdebulia qondes rezervebi. federaluri sarezervo sistema sargeblobs<br />
uflebiT gaadidos an Seamciros kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli rezervebis norma<br />
romelic wevr bankebs aqvs TavianTi depozitebis mimarT. Tu federalur sarezervo<br />
fonds surs kreditis swrafad SekumSva, igi amaRlebs rezervebis normas <strong>da</strong>, piriqiT<br />
Tu federalur sarezervo fonds surs kreditis miRebis pirobebis Semsubuqeba, maSin<br />
mas SeuZlia kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sarezervo normis Semcireba.<br />
ganvixiloT orive SemTxveva.<br />
sarezervo normiTi zr<strong>da</strong> gaadidebs savaldebulo rezervebis raodenobas,<br />
romelic un<strong>da</strong> SeinarCunon bankebma. amiT bankebi <strong>da</strong>kargaven Warb rezervebs<br />
iZulebuli iqnebian Seamciron TavianTi saCeko anabrebi <strong>da</strong> amiT fulis miwodeba.<br />
sarezervo normis Semcirebis dros Semcirdeba sakanonmdeblo rezervebic,<br />
xolo Warbi rezervebi gaizrdeba. Warbi rezervebis gazrdis Sedegad gaizrdeba<br />
bankis <strong>da</strong>kreditebis SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> sabanko riskebis mier fuli Seqmnis<br />
SeasZleblobebi e.i sarezervo normis Semcireba savaldebulo normebs ga<strong>da</strong>oyvans<br />
Warb nornad <strong>da</strong> amiT gazrdis bankis SesaZleblobas Seqmnian axali fuli<br />
<strong>da</strong>kreditebis gziT.<br />
saaangariSo saaangariSo<br />
saaangariSo<br />
saaangariSo ganakveTis ganakveTis<br />
ganakveTis<br />
ganakveTis Secvla. Secvla Secvla Secvla erovnuli bankis erT-erTi ZiriTadi funqciaa<br />
misces sesxebi comerciuli bankebs, romlebsac mtkice finansuri mdgomareoba<br />
gaaCnia, magram zogjer moulodnelad awydebian <strong>da</strong>matebiT saxsrebis miRebis<br />
aucileblobas.<br />
rodesac omerciuli banki iRebs iRebs sesxs, erovnuli banks ga<strong>da</strong>scems Tavis<br />
Tavze gamoweril valis valdebulebas. saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebiT erovnuli<br />
bankebi ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs axdevineben komerciuli bankebisaTvis SeTavazebul sesxebze.<br />
sesxis micemiT erovnuli banki adidebs mosesxe komerciuli bankebis rezervebs. es<br />
Warbi rezervebi ki <strong>da</strong>kreditebia erTerTi wyaroa.<br />
erovnuli mmarTvelTa sabWos ufleba aqvs <strong>da</strong>adginos an Secvalos saangariSo<br />
ganakveTi, romliTac igi kreditebs gascems komerciul bankebze. komerciuli bankebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, saangariSo ganakveTi warmoadgens <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs, romlebic<br />
gamowveulia rezervebis SeZeniT. saangariSo ganakveTis Semcireba stimuls aZlevs<br />
komerciul bankebs, SeiZinon <strong>da</strong>matebiTi rezervebi erovnuli bankebisagan sesxis<br />
aRebis gziT. komerciul bankebis kreditebi, romlebic am axal rezrvebs eyrdnoba<br />
adidebs fulis miwodebas <strong>da</strong>, piriqiT saangariSo ganakveTis zr<strong>da</strong> amcirebs<br />
komerciuli bankebis mier <strong>da</strong>matebiTi rezervebis miRebis interess, centraluri<br />
bankebi<strong>da</strong>n sesxebis gziT. amitom saangariSo ganakveTis gadideba gamoiwvevs fulis<br />
miwodebis Semcirebas.<br />
22.6 22.6 22.6 22.6 iafi iafi iafi iafi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Zviri Zviri Zviri Zviri fulis fulis fulis fulis politika politika politika politika<br />
<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT rom ekonomika waawy<strong>da</strong> umuSevrobas <strong>da</strong> fasebis Semcirebas.<br />
xelmZRvaneli sakredito fuladi <strong>da</strong>wesebulebebi Rebuloben ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas fulis<br />
miwodebis gadidebis aucielblobis Sesaxeb, erTobliv <strong>da</strong>naxarjTa<br />
stimulirebisaTvis. Tavisufali resusebis STanTqmis mizniT, fulis miwodebis<br />
gasadideblad erovnuli bankis mmarTvelTa sabWom un<strong>da</strong> izrunos komerciuli<br />
bankebis Warbi rezervebis zr<strong>da</strong>ze. ra konkretuli RonisZiebebi uzrunvelyofs mas?<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli bankebs bankebs bankebs bankebs un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> SeiZinon SeiZinon SeiZinon SeiZinon fasiani fasiani fasiani fasiani qaRaldebi qaRaldebi qaRaldebi qaRaldebi Ria Ria Ria Ria bazarze. bazarze. bazarze. bazarze. obligaciebis<br />
obligaciebis<br />
obligaciebis<br />
obligaciebis<br />
es es es es SeZena SeZena SeZena SeZena anazRaurebuli anazRaurebuli anazRaurebuli anazRaurebuli iqneba iqneba iqneba iqneba komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli bankebis bankebis bankebis bankebis rezervebis rezervebis rezervebis rezervebis gadidebiT;<br />
gadidebiT;<br />
gadidebiT;<br />
gadidebiT;<br />
69
2. 2. 2. 2. un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> Semcirdes Semcirdes Semcirdes Semcirdes sarezervo sarezervo sarezervo sarezervo norma, norma, norma, norma, rac rac rac rac avtomaturad avtomaturad avtomaturad avtomaturad ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans ga<strong>da</strong>iyvans savaldebulo<br />
savaldebulo<br />
savaldebulo<br />
savaldebulo<br />
rezervebs rezervebs rezervebs rezervebs Warb Warb Warb Warb rezervebSi rezervebSi rezervebSi rezervebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gazrdis gazrd gazrd gazrdis<br />
is is fuladi fuladi fuladi fuladi multiplikatoris multiplikatoris multiplikatoris multiplikatoris sidides; sidides; sidides; sidides;<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> Semcirdes Semcirdes Semcirdes Semcirdes saangariSo saangariSo saangariSo saangariSo ganakveTi, ganakveTi, ganakveTi, ganakveTi, raTa raTa raTa raTa stimuli stimuli stimuli stimuli mieces mieces mieces mieces komerciul<br />
komerciul<br />
komerciul<br />
komerciul<br />
bankebs bankebs bankebs bankebs gaadidon gaadidon gaadidon gaadidon TavianTi TavianTi TavianTi TavianTi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi federaluri federaluri federaluri federaluri sarezervo sarezervo sarezervo sarezervo bankebisagan bankebisagan bankebisagan bankebisagan sesxebis sesxebis sesxebis sesxebis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
politikur ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa aseT anakrebs iafi fulis politika politika politika ewodeba. misi<br />
amocana krediti iafi <strong>da</strong> advilad xelmisawvdomi gaxados raTa gazardos erTobliv<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjTa moculoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saqmeba.<br />
exla <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom zedmeti <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi ekonomikis sainflacio spiralisaken<br />
ubiZgebs. erovnuli bankis mmarTvelTa sabWom un<strong>da</strong> ecados Seamciros saerTo<br />
<strong>da</strong>naxarjebi fulis miwodebis SezRudvis anu Semcirebis gziT. am problemis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>Wris gasaRebia komerciuli bankebis rezervebis Semcireba. rogor keTdeba es?<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli bankebma bankebma bankebma bankebma saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo obligaciebi obligaciebi obligaciebi obligaciebi un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> un<strong>da</strong> gayidon gayidon gayidon gayidon Ria Ria Ria Ria bazarze bazarze bazarze bazarze<br />
komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli bankebis bankebis bankebis bankebis rezervebis reze reze rezervebis<br />
rvebis rvebis Sesacvlelad;;;;<br />
Sesacvlelad<br />
Sesacvlelad<br />
Sesacvlelad<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. saangariSo saangariSo saangariSo saangariSo ganakveTis ganakveTis ganakveTis ganakveTis gazr<strong>da</strong>, gazr<strong>da</strong>, gazr<strong>da</strong>, gazr<strong>da</strong>, rac rac rac rac amcirebs amcirebs amcirebs amcirebs multiplikatoris multiplikatoris multiplikatoris multiplikatoris rols;;;; rols rols rols<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. saangariSo saangariSo saangariSo saangariSo ganakveTis ganakveTis ganakveTis ganakveTis gazr<strong>da</strong>, gazr<strong>da</strong>, gazr<strong>da</strong>, gazr<strong>da</strong>, rac rac rac rac amcirebs amcirebs amcirebs amcirebs komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli komerciuli bankebis bankebis bankebis bankebis interess, interess, interess, interess,<br />
gazardos gazardos gazardos gazardos Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi Tavisi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi federaluri federaluri federaluri federaluri sarezervo sarezervo sarezervo sarezervo bankebisagan bankebisagan bankebisagan bankebisagan sesxebis sesxebis sesxebis sesxebis mmmmeSveobiT. eSveobiT. eSveobiT. eSveobiT.<br />
aseTma midgomam Zviri fulis politikis saxelwodeba miiRo. misi mizania fulis<br />
miwodebis SezRudva imarTos raTa Semcirdes <strong>da</strong>naxarjebi <strong>da</strong> Semcirdes sainflacio<br />
<strong>da</strong>wola.<br />
70
Semosavali Semosavali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis cxovrebis done done<br />
done<br />
Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi wyaroebi wyaroebi wyaroebi wyaroebi<br />
fulis, fulis, fulis, fulis, saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis saqonlis an an an an momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis momsaxurebis im im im im raodenobas, raodenobas, raodenobas, raodenobas, romelsac ro ro romelsac<br />
melsac melsac drois drois drois drois garkveul garkveul garkveul garkveul<br />
periodSi periodSi periodSi periodSi pirovneba, pirovneba, pirovneba, pirovneba, ojaxi ojaxi ojaxi ojaxi koleqtivi koleqtivi koleqtivi koleqtivi Tu Tu Tu Tu saxelmiwifo saxelmiwifo saxelmiwifo saxelmiwifo Sesrulebuli Sesrulebuli Sesrulebuli Sesrulebuli samuSaos samuSaos samuSaos samuSaos<br />
sazraurad sazraurad sazraurad sazraurad iRebs, iRebs, iRebs, iRebs, Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba. ewodeba.<br />
marTalia, yvelas surs _ rac SeiZleba meti iyos misi Semosavali, magram<br />
Semosavlis miRebisaTvis survili sakmarisi araa. Semosavlis sidide, saboloo jamSi,<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, Tu risi patroni xarT, ra SegiZliaT SesTavazoT sxvebs. rac<br />
ufro meti <strong>da</strong> maRali xarisxisaa is ekonomikuri resursebi <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba,<br />
romlebsac Tqven flobT, miT meti iqneba Tqveni Semosavalic. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, gamodis,<br />
rom dRevandeli Semosavlebis ganawileba <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia imaze, Tu rogoraa<br />
ganawilebuli ekonomikuri resursebi.<br />
Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis wyaroebi.Aa<strong>da</strong>mianebi wyaroebi wyaroebi wyaroebi<br />
Semosavals Rebuloben ufro metad warmoebis<br />
faqtorebis mwarmoebluri amoqmedebis Sedegad, rac imas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, rom Semosavali<br />
uSualo kavSirSia sakuTrebasTan <strong>da</strong> mis ganStoebebTan. warmoebis saSualebebis<br />
mesakuTre Semosavals iRebs mogebis, miwis mflobeli-rentis, bankiri-sargeblis,<br />
samuSao Zalis mflobeli-xelfasis saxiT. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, calkeuli pirovnebis an<br />
ojaxisaTvis Semosavlis wyarod SeiZleba iqces memkvidreobiT miRebuli sakuTrebis<br />
uflebac. amasTan, Tanamedrove pirobebSi, fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganviTarebis<br />
kvalobaze, garkveul Semosavals iReben aqciebisa <strong>da</strong> obligaciebis mflobelnic<br />
Sesabamisad dividendisa <strong>da</strong> mogebis saxiT.<br />
Semosavlad iTvleba martoxela <strong>da</strong> mravalSviliani ojaxebis, bavSvebis,<br />
Raribebisa <strong>da</strong> RatakebisaTvis, sxva saxis socialurad <strong>da</strong>ucveli fenebisaTvis<br />
<strong>da</strong>wesebuli SeRavaTebic.<br />
xelfasis xelfasis xelfasis xelfasis arsi, arsi, arsi, arsi, saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> formebi formebi formebi formebi<br />
Semosavlis erT-erTi saxesxvaobaa xelfasi, rogorc cnobilia, yvela qveyanaSi<br />
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis umravlesoba <strong>da</strong>saqmebulia materialur-nivTobriv<br />
warmoebasa Tu momsaxurebis sferoSi. maTi Semosavali fiqsirdeba xelfasis saxiT.<br />
Tanamedrove ekonomistebi erTxmad iziareben miTiseul gansazRvras, rom xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi<br />
aris Sromis fasi.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva faqtoris zemoqmedebis gamo, iseve rogorc yvela sxva Semosavali,<br />
xelfasic ori saxisaa: nominaluri <strong>da</strong> realuri. fulSi gamosaxul muSakis Sromis<br />
anazRaurebas ewodeba nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri xelfasi. xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi rac ufro maRalia muSakis nominaluri<br />
xelfasi, miT ufro maRalia misi cxovrebis done. magram nominaluri xelfasi<br />
TavisTavad ar iZleva swor warmodgenas muSakis Sromis anazRaurebis faqtobriv<br />
mdgomareobaze. mTavaria nominaluri xelfasis yidviTunarianoba, yidviTunarianoba<br />
yidviTunarianoba<br />
yidviTunarianoba misi realuri<br />
Sinaarsi. ukanaskneli gviCvenebs, Tu muSakis niminaluri xelfasiT ra raodenobis<br />
produqtis SeZena SeiZleba. es ki, Tavis mxriv, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia sabazro<br />
fasebsa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis moculobaze.<br />
realuria realuria realuria realuria xelfasi, xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi aris im produqtTa erToblioba, romlis SeZena SeuZlia<br />
muSaks Tavisi nominaluri xelfasiT.re re realuri re aluri xelfasi, rogorc wesi, <strong>da</strong>mokidebulia<br />
nominaluri nominaluri xelfasis xelfasis raodenobasa raodenobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo samomxmareblo fasebis fasebis doneze doneze. doneze<br />
rac Seexeba Sromis anazRaurebis formebs, xelfass aqvs ori ZiriTadi forma:<br />
droiTi <strong>da</strong> sanardo. droiT droiT droiT droiT formas formas formas formas safuZvlad udevs samuSao dro (saaTi, kvira, Tve).<br />
sanardo sanardo sanardo sanardo formaSi formaSi formaSi formaSi ki warmoebuli produqciis raodenoba <strong>da</strong>xarjuli Sromis gazomvis<br />
safuZvelia. xelfasis droiTi forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba, roca mocemul<br />
warmoebaSi gaZnelebuli an SeuZlebelia calkeuli muSakis <strong>da</strong>xarjuli Sromis<br />
aRricxva (magaliTad, warmoebaSi konveieruli sistemis an avtomatizebuli sistemis<br />
gamoyenebis dros). droiT xelfass iReben agreTve warmoebis xelmZRvanelebi <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
muSakebi Sromis anazRaurebisas. xelfasis sanardo forma gamoiyeneba warmoebis im<br />
sferoebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sroma normirebulia <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebelia TiToeuli muSakis Sromis<br />
aRricxva.<br />
yovel qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, saarsebo saarsebo saarsebo saarsebo minimumisa minimumisa minimumisa minimumisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> minimaluri<br />
minimaluri<br />
minimaluri<br />
minimaluri<br />
xelfasis xelfasis xelfasis xelfasis Tanafardobis sakiTxi metad aqtualuria. es imiTac aixsneba, rom TiToeul<br />
qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia inflaciuri procesebi, rac met-naklebad zrdis fulSi<br />
71
gamosaxuli saarsebo minimumis Rirebulebas. es ki moiTxovs minimaluri xelfasis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sinjvis aucileblobas.<br />
fulad Semosavals, romelic uzrunvelyofs individisaTvis fiziologiuri<br />
normebiT gansazRvruli sursaTis SeZenas, agreTve tansacmliT, sacxovrebliT,<br />
transportis momsaxurebiT, sanitariisa <strong>da</strong> higienis sagnebiT aucilebeli<br />
moTxovnilebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas, ewodeba saarsebo saarsebo saarsebo saarsebo minimumi. minimumi. minimumi. minimumi.<br />
<strong>da</strong>mqiraveblebsa <strong>da</strong> profkavSirebs Soris gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi arsebobs<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra produqcia un<strong>da</strong> Seitanon saarsebo minimumSi (e.w. `samomxmareblo<br />
kalaTaSi~) <strong>da</strong> ra SeiZleba miviCnioT moxmarebis minimalur doned.<br />
saarsebo minimumis gaangariSebisas moxmarebis naturaluri normebi mravldeba<br />
maT mimdinare fasebze. es fasebi ki gansxvavebulia qveynis teritoriul WrilSi.<br />
yvela qveyanaSi Sromis Tanamedrove bazarze xelfasis minimaluri ganakveTis<br />
gansazRvris safuZvelia saarsebo minimumi.<br />
Sromis bazarze moTxovnasa <strong>da</strong> miwodebas Soris garigeba <strong>da</strong>ideba SromiTi<br />
kontraqtebisa <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebis formebSi. SromiTi SromiTi SromiTi SromiTi kontraqti kontraqti<br />
kontraqti<br />
kontraqti aris SeTanxmeba Sromis<br />
pirobebisa <strong>da</strong> Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. igi moicavs agreTve Sromis anazRaurebis sididesa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Sromis bazris or monawiles Soris urTierTvaldebulebebs. SromiTi kontraqti<br />
SeiZleba iyos rogorc individualuri, individualuri<br />
individualuri<br />
individualuri aseve koleqtiuri, koleqtiuri<br />
koleqtiuri<br />
koleqtiuri romelic SeiZleba<br />
vrceldebodes rogorc erT sawarmoze, aseve mTlian sferoze. aseTi SeTanxmebis<br />
umaRlesi formaa generaluri generaluri generaluri generaluri SeTanxmeba, SeTanxmeba<br />
SeTanxmeba<br />
SeTanxmeba romelSic monawileobs sami mxare:<br />
saxelmwifo, mewarmeTa gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> profkavSirebi.<br />
Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis Semosavlis uTanabrobaze uTanabrobaze uTanabrobaze uTanabrobaze moqmedi moqmedi moqmedi moqmedi faqtorebi<br />
faqtorebi<br />
faqtorebi<br />
faqtorebi<br />
mosaxleobis Semosavali, raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT, sakmaod uTanabroa. aman<br />
ganapiroba simdidris araTanabari <strong>da</strong>groveba <strong>da</strong> mosaxleobis qonebrivi<br />
diferencireba. Semosavlis uTanabrobaze moqmed faqtorebs miekuTvneba:<br />
memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba;<br />
mewarmeobis unari;<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgis saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba;<br />
ganaTleba, SromiTi Cvevebi <strong>da</strong> sxva faqtorebi.<br />
memkvidreobiTi memkvidreobiTi memkvidreobiTi memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba.<br />
sakuTreba<br />
sakuTreba<br />
sakuTreba . Semosavlis uTanabrobaze moqmed faqtorTagan<br />
Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT myaria memkvidreobiTi sakuTreba. saukuneebis manZilze mosaxleobis erT<br />
nawilSi simdidre <strong>da</strong>grov<strong>da</strong> moZravi <strong>da</strong> uZravi qonebis saxiT, romelic mravali<br />
aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi Taobi<strong>da</strong>n Taobas ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mravldebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />
magaliTad, amJamad aSS-Si mosaxleobis 1% flobs erovnuli simdidris TiTqmis 1/5<br />
nawils.<br />
mewarmeobis mewarmeobis mewarmeobis mewarmeobis unari. unari unari unari . Semosavlis uTanabrobaze moqmed faqtorTagan gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania mewarmeobis unari. Kmewarme ara mxolod intuiciiT erkveva metad<br />
rTul situaciebSi <strong>da</strong> Seqmnili mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n gamosavals poulobs, aramed<br />
SeuZlia arsebuli viTarebis zedmiwevniT siRrmiseul doneze gaanalizebis gziT<br />
Sesabamisi <strong>da</strong>skvnebic gamoitanos. swored amitom mewarmeobis unari aRiarebulia<br />
warmoebis erT-erT faqtorad, Tumca yvela mewarme Tanabari xarjebis gaRebisas<br />
Sesabamisi odenobis mogebas ver Rebulobs. am SemTxvevaSi did rols asrulebs<br />
TiToeuli mewarmis individualuri monacemebi, romelic warmoebis procesSi<br />
vlindeba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgis <strong>da</strong>rgis <strong>da</strong>rgis <strong>da</strong>rgis saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba.<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba<br />
<strong>da</strong>niSnuleba . Semosavlebis uTanabrobaze garkveul<br />
zemoqmedebas axdens <strong>da</strong>rgis saxelmwifoebrivi <strong>da</strong>niSnuleba, romlis mixedviTac<br />
mewarmisa <strong>da</strong> muSis Semosavlebi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, samxedro <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis<br />
axali produqciis warmoebis uflebis mosapoveblad mravali mewarme Cabmulia<br />
konkurenciul brZolaSi, vinai<strong>da</strong>n aseTi saxis produqciis mwarmoebeli iuridiuli<br />
pirebi saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>valebiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kveTiT muSaoben <strong>da</strong> maT konkurenciuli brZola<br />
Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri SedegebiT TiTqmis ar exebaT.<br />
ganaTleba, ganaTleba, ganaTleba, ganaTleba, SromiTi SromiTi SromiTi SromiTi Cvevebi Cvevebi Cvevebi Cvevebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva sxva sxva sxva faqtorebi.<br />
faqtorebi<br />
faqtorebi<br />
faqtorebi . Semosavlis odenobaze udides<br />
gavlenas axdens ganaTlebis done <strong>da</strong> xarisxi, profesiuli gamocdileba, specialoba,<br />
SromiTi Cvevebi, staJi. maRal Semosavals Rebuloben is pirebi, romelTa profesiebze<br />
sabazro moTxovna yovelwliurad izrdeba. magaliTad, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT maRalia moTxovna<br />
eqimebsa <strong>da</strong> advokatebze, amitom maTi Sromis anazRaurebac maRalia. Sromis<br />
konkurenciul miwodebaSi imarjvebs is, visi ganaTlebis cenzic ufro metad<br />
72
Seesabameba sabazro moTxovnas Tumca aq gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom specialobis<br />
miReba garkveul xarjebTan aris <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli, romlis gaRebac yvelas ar SeuZlia.<br />
lorencis lorencis lorencis lorencis mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi<br />
Semosavlebis personaluri ganawileba uTanabroa nebismier qveyanaSi. magaliTad,<br />
aSS-Si mosaxleobis 14% cxovrobs absolutur siRaribeSi, mosaxleobis ze<strong>da</strong> fenis<br />
5% Rebulobs erToblivi Semosavlebis 16%-s, maSin rodesac yvelaze Raribebis 20%<br />
kmayofildeba Semosavlebis mxolod 5%-iT.<br />
un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom konkurenciul sabazro ekonomikaSi Semosavlebs aravin ar<br />
anawilebs. aseT ekonomikaSi Semosavlebi warmoiqmneba konkurenciuli meqanizmis<br />
moqmedebis Sedegad, xarjebisa <strong>da</strong> fasebis sabazro ryevebis Sedegad. ganawilebas, am<br />
sityvis pir<strong>da</strong>piri gagebiT, adgili aqvs centralizebulad marTul administraciulmbrZaneblur<br />
ekonomikaSi. pir<strong>da</strong>pir un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas isic, rom dRevandel sazogadoebaSi<br />
Semosavlebi metismetad uTanabro<strong>da</strong>a ganawilebuli.<br />
mosaxleobis Semosavlebis uTanabrobis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba lorencis<br />
mrudi (ix. nax. 26.1).<br />
nax. nax. 26.1 26.1 lorencis mrudi<br />
horizontalur RerZze aRniSnulia mosaxleoba procentul gamoxatulebaSi<br />
uRaribesi<strong>da</strong>n umdidres fenamde, xolo vertikalur RerZze – maT mier miRebuli<br />
Semosavlis procentuli raodenoba. lorencis lorencis lorencis lorencis mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi gviCvenebs, Tu erTobliv<br />
SemosavlebSi ra wili ekuTvnis mosaxleobis Titoeul jgufs, <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />
uRaribesi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli umdidresiT. rac ufro Sorsaa diagonalis xazisagan<br />
mrudi, miT ufro naklebid Tanabaria Semosavlebis pesonaluri ganawileba.<br />
Teoriulad rom <strong>da</strong>gveSva Semosavlebis absoluturad Tanabari ganawileba, maSin misi<br />
maCvenebeli mrudi <strong>da</strong>emTxveo<strong>da</strong> biseqtrisas.<br />
cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis done done done done <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi<br />
cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis done done done done gamoxatavs mosaxleobis keTildReobis raodenobriv mxares <strong>da</strong><br />
asaxavs sazogadoebis ganviTarebis gansazRvrul etapze mocemul qveyanaSi<br />
mosaxleobis erT sulze materialuri <strong>da</strong>sulieri dovlaTis moxmarebis done <strong>da</strong><br />
xarisxs.<br />
cxovrebis donis raodenobriv <strong>da</strong> xarisxobriv maCvenebelTa sistemaSi<br />
gamokveTili adgili uWiravs mTliani mTliani mTliani mTliani erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli erovnuli produqtisa produqtisa<br />
produqtisa<br />
produqtisa (mep) <strong>da</strong> mTliani Si<strong>da</strong><br />
produqtis (mSp) maCveneblebs. cxovrebis donis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan<br />
gansxvavdebian ara marto kontinentebi <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifoebi, aramed mosaxleobis<br />
fenebic. magaliTad, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi sakuTrebis mTavari <strong>da</strong><br />
mamoZravebeli formaa kerZo sakuTreba, romelmac sruliad axlebulad <strong>da</strong>sva<br />
cxovrebis donis Sefasebis sakiTxi. swored am ukanasknelze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT vambobT,<br />
rom amJamad sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris SromiTi saqmianobis Sedegebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
fuliT fasdeba. e. i. fuli cxovrebis donis gansazRvris erTiani kriteriumia. igi<br />
Semosavlebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva raodenobas warmoadgens im SesabamisobaSi, romelic<br />
sazogadoebis yovel wevris pirad materialur SesaZleblobaSia.<br />
ekonomikur literaturaSi ganasxvaveben cxovrebis doneTa ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d sam<br />
saxeobas:<br />
minimaluri minimaluri minimaluri minimaluri cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis done;<br />
done; done; done;<br />
73
saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis done; done; done; done;<br />
ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri keTildReobis keTildReobis keTildReobis keTildReobis done. done. done. done.<br />
cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis cxovrebis minimalur minimalur minimalur minimalur doned doned doned doned iTvleba mosaxleobis garkveuli fenis is qonebrivi<br />
SesaZlebloba <strong>da</strong> Semosavali, romelic uzrunvelyofs misi TiToeuli<br />
warmomadgenlis fizikuri sicocxlisunarianobisa <strong>da</strong> Sromisunarianobis<br />
SenarCunebas. Ees done pir<strong>da</strong>pir kavSirSia Semosavlis raodenobasTan, romlis<br />
moxmarebac sabazro fasebis pirobebSi uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis TiToeuli<br />
wevris mier aucilebeli kaloriebis miRebas.<br />
sazogadoebaSi mosaxleobis socialuri ierarqiis mixedviT cxovrebis<br />
minimalur dones cvlis cxovrebis cxovrebis<br />
cxovrebis<br />
cxovrebis saSualo saSualo saSualo saSualo done, done, done, done, romelic praqtikulad<br />
mosaxleobis garkveul fenas uzrunvelyofs cxovrebisunarianobiT. rogorc wesi,<br />
cxovrebis saSualo donis arseboba ganpirobebulia saSualo wliuri SemosavlebiT.<br />
G<br />
gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, yvela qveyanaSi aris mosaxleobis fena, romelic Tavisi<br />
individualuri SemosavliTa.Ppraqtikulad aseTi fena gansazRvravs ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
kkkkeTildReobis eTildReobis eTildReobis eTildReobis dones, dones dones dones es aris gar<strong>da</strong>mavali rgoli cxovrebis iseTi donisaken,<br />
rogoricaa simdidre.<br />
samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo kalaTa. kalaTa kalaTa kalaTa . cxovrebis donis maCveneblad miRebulia samomxmareblo<br />
samomxmareblo<br />
samomxmareblo<br />
samomxmareblo<br />
kalaTa, kalaTa kalaTa kalaTa , romelSic igulisxmeba a<strong>da</strong>mianis ZiriTadi fiziologiuri <strong>da</strong> socialurkulturuli<br />
moTxovnilebebis <strong>da</strong>sakmayofileblad aucilebeli samomxmareblo<br />
saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis nakrebi. igi warmoadgens bazas minimaluri samomxmareblo<br />
biujetis, minimaluri xelfasis, pensiis, <strong>da</strong>xmarebis, stipendiisa <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
gansazRvrisaTvis.<br />
ganasxvaveben samomxmareblo kalaTis or variants:<br />
minimaluri samomxmareblo kalaTa;<br />
racionalur samomxmareblo kalaTas.<br />
minimalur minimalur minimalur minimalur samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo kalaTaSi kalaTaSi kalaTaSi kalaTaSi igulisxmeba saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis is<br />
raodenoba, romlis Semcirebac momxmarebels ukve siRaribisa <strong>da</strong> siRatakis zRvarze<br />
<strong>da</strong>ayenebs.<br />
racionalur raci raci racionalur<br />
onalur onalur samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo samomxmareblo kalaTad kalaTad kalaTad kalaTad ki iTvleba materialuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri<br />
dovlaTi <strong>da</strong> momsaxureba, romelic mocemul periodSi uzrunvelyofs a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />
moTxovnilebaTa normaluri doniT <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas. imis gamo, rom samomxmareblo<br />
kalaTis Sefaseba praqtikulad sapreiskuranto fasebiTa <strong>da</strong> tarifebiT xdeba, masSi<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli moxmarebis sagnebisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis asortimenti imave fasebiTa<br />
<strong>da</strong> tarifebiT garkveul warmodgenas qmnis mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze.<br />
simdidre simdidre simdidre simdidre <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> siRaribe. siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe ekonomikur literaturaSi mwvaved dgas siRaribesa <strong>da</strong><br />
simdidris gansazRvris sakiTxi. siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc absolutur<br />
sidideebSi, ise sazogadoebis sxva jgufebis SemosavalTan SefardebiT.<br />
absoluturi absoluturi absoluturi absoluturi siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe aris Semosavlis is done, romelic ver akmayofilebs<br />
ojaxis minimalur moTxovnilebas sakvebsa <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis pirveladi moxmarebis<br />
sagnebze.<br />
SefardebiTi SefardebiTi SefardebiTi SefardebiTi siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe aris Semosavlis is done, romlis mixedviTac<br />
sazogadoebis Sesabamis jgufebs SimSili ar emuqrebaT, magram isini “Raribebi arian<br />
mdi<strong>da</strong>rTa Soris”.<br />
simdidred simdidred<br />
simdidred<br />
simdidred miCneulia mocemul periodSi ojaxis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli<br />
finansuri saxsrebis wmin<strong>da</strong> realuri maragi, romelic SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos<br />
fuliT, materialur <strong>da</strong> sulier faseulobiT <strong>da</strong> sxva moZravi <strong>da</strong> uZravi qonebiT.<br />
Raribis sakuTrebaa mxolod misi umweo mdgomareoba, romelic gamowveulia<br />
socialuri yofiT an imiT, rom misi rogorc pirovnebis samuSao Zala mas ver aZlevs<br />
mocemul periodSi saWiro moxmarebisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis saSualebebs.<br />
siRaribesTan siRaribesTan siRaribesTan siRaribesTan brZolis brZolis brZolis brZolis gzebi gzebi gzebi gzebi<br />
Tanabari Tanabari Tanabari Tanabari SesaZleblobebis SesaZleblobebis SesaZleblobebis SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
uzrunvelyofa siRaribis donis Semcirebis efeqtiani<br />
saSualebaa, romelic gulisxmobs ekonomikuri zr<strong>da</strong>s, RaribTa ganaTlebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
profesiuli donis amaRlebas, saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis gaiafebas <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
transfertuli transfertuli transfertuli transfertuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebic ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebic<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebic<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdelebic siRaribesTan brZolis erT-erTi gzaa. es aris<br />
pir<strong>da</strong>piri <strong>da</strong>xmareba gaWirvebulTaTvis maTi mimdinare saarsebo moTxovnilebis<br />
<strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis mizniT. igi biujetis xarjze xorcieldeba.<br />
74
saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong>xmareba arafuladi arafuladi arafuladi arafuladi formiTac formiTac<br />
formiTac<br />
formiTac xorcieldeba. magaliTad,<br />
mcireSemosavliani ojaxebisaTvis kvebis produqtebis SesaZenad <strong>da</strong>bal fasebSi<br />
talonebis talonebis talonebis talonebis an an an an kuponebis kuponebis kuponebis kuponebis micema. micema micema micema aSS-is yovel StatSi miRebulia socialuri<br />
uzrunvelyofis gaTvaliswineba, romelic gaWirvebulebs naturalur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />
(kvebis produqtebs, tansacmelsa <strong>da</strong> sacxovrebel binebs) sTavazobs.<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis kidev erTi formaa bavSviani bavSviani bavSviani bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis ojaxebisaTvis ojaxebisaTvis ojaxebisaTvis Semweobis Semweobis Semweobis Semweobis programa, programa programa programa<br />
romelic CvilbavSvian mSoblebs moicavs. <strong>da</strong>xmarebis swrafad ganviTarebadi<br />
programaa `medikeidi~, romelic <strong>da</strong>balSemosavliani ojaxebis samedicino<br />
momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
siRaribesTan brZolis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gzaa maRali Semosavlebis<br />
mqone pirebisagan <strong>da</strong>bali Semosavlebis mqone pirebis sasargeblod Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis<br />
Semosavlebis<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis ga<strong>da</strong>nawilebis programebi. programebi.<br />
programebi.<br />
programebi. <strong>da</strong>balSemosavliani moqalaqeebi, rogorc wesi,<br />
saSemosavlo ga<strong>da</strong>saxads ar ixdian. isini ki, visi Semosavalic maRalia, Cveulebriv,<br />
progresul ga<strong>da</strong>saxads ixdian (e.i. ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ganakveTi izrdeba Semosavlebis<br />
zrdis Sesabamisad).<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>manawilebeli programebis praqtikuli ganxorcieleba ganapirobebs ara<br />
marto <strong>da</strong>debiTi movlenebis ganviTarebas, aramed iseTi viTarebis Seqmnasac, romelic<br />
uaryofiTad moqmedebs saerTo mdgomareobaze. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, aRniSnuli<br />
programebis ganxorcieleba iwvevs iseT socialur movlenebs, romlebic uaryofiTad<br />
moqmedeben saerTo mdgomareobasa <strong>da</strong> kerZod calkeul pirovnebebze. vinai<strong>da</strong>n es<br />
RonisZiebebi anelebs Sromisadmi interess, mosaxleoba inertulad ekideba<br />
investiciebsa <strong>da</strong> saxsrebis <strong>da</strong>zogvas. Jer kidev ar arsebobs is optimaluri sazomi,<br />
romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeba am naklovanebaTa Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acileba.<br />
75
valuta valuta valuta <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> savaluto savaluto meqanizmi<br />
meqanizmi<br />
valutis valutis valutis valutis arsi arsi arsi arsi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi saxeebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto kursebi kursebi kursebi kursebi<br />
valuta valuta valuta valuta aris qveynis fuladi erTeuli, romelic safuZvlad udevs am qveynis<br />
fulad sistemas <strong>da</strong> gamoiyeneba sxva saxelmwifoebTan saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebis uzrunvelsayofad. valuta aris ama Tu im fuladi erTeuliT<br />
gamoxatuli nebismieri saga<strong>da</strong>saxado dokumenti, romelic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso<br />
angariSsworebaSi. esenia: banknoti, saxazino bileTi, sabanko angariSze arsebuli<br />
fuladi saxsrebi, agreTve Ceki, Tamasuqi <strong>da</strong> sxva saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saSualebebi.<br />
valuta gansazRvravs mocemuli qveynis fuladi sistemis tips. ucxouri ucxouri ucxouri ucxouri valuta valuta valuta valuta<br />
aris sazRvargareTis qveynis fuladi niSani, agreTve ucxouri fuladi erTeuliT<br />
gamoxatuli sakredito <strong>da</strong> saga<strong>da</strong>saxado dokumentebi (Tamasuqi, Ceki, fasiani<br />
qaRaldebi <strong>da</strong> sxva), romlebic gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso angariSsworebaSi. igi yidvagayidvis<br />
<strong>sagani</strong>a. ucxouri ucxouri ucxouri ucxouri valutis valutis valutis valutis operaciebs, operaciebs, operaciebs, operaciebs, rogorc rogorc rogorc rogorc wesi, wesi, wesi, wesi, awarmoebs awarmoebs awarmoebs awarmoebs ban bankebi ban bankebi<br />
kebi kebi an an an an<br />
specialuri specialuri specialuri specialuri savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto biuroebi. biuroebi biuroebi biuroebi isini TavianT angariSebze Tavs uyrian sazRvargareT<br />
garigebaTa <strong>da</strong>sadgenad gamiznul saga<strong>da</strong>saxado dokumentebs <strong>da</strong> iZlevian ucxouri<br />
valutis miRebis uflebas. banki miTiTebas Zalevs sazRvargareTel bank-kompaniebs,<br />
inkasoze miiRon dokumentebi, romlebic operaciis Sesrulebis Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>iqceva<br />
sazRvargareTis bankSi, am bankis angariSze arsebul ucxour valutaSi gamoxatul<br />
aqtivad. amis Semdeg banks eZleva SesaZlebloba, Tavis klientebs misces ucxouri<br />
valuta im raodenobiTa <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>xdis vadiT, romelsac myidveli moiTxovs. magram<br />
yvela valutaze moTxovna Tanabari rodia. zogierTs gansakuTrebuli upiratesobebi<br />
aqvs, rac maT mier specipikuri momsaxurebis gawevaSi aisaxeba. es valutebi<br />
akmayofilebs xazinis moTxovnebs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n farTod gamoiyenebasaerTaSoriso<br />
angariSsworebaSi. msyidvelobiTi unaris stabilurobis gamo isini inaxeba sarezervo<br />
naRdi fulis saxiT.<br />
saerTaSoriso angariSsworebaSi mtkice valutis gamoyeneba aiolebs savaluto<br />
gacvlas. misi meSveobiT ganisazRvreba Tanafardoba, romelTac kreditoris valuta<br />
icvleba movalis valutaze. am Tanafardobas ewodeba valutis valutis valutis valutis anu anu anu anu ga<strong>da</strong>sacvleli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sacvleli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sacvleli<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>sacvleli<br />
kursi. kursi kursi kursi igi gamoxatavs ucxouri valutis erTeulis im meryev sidides, romlis miRebac<br />
SeiZleba erovnuli valutis erTi erTeuliT.<br />
amrigad, valuta valuta valuta valuta aris aris aris aris erTi qveynis fuladi erTeuli fasi, gamoxatuli meore<br />
qveynis fulad erTeulSi. amasTan erTad moqmedi sakanonmdeblo normebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
Camoyalibebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad erovnuli fuladi erTeulis kursis<br />
fiqsirebas ucxour valutaSi kotireba kotireba kotireba kotireba ewodeba.<br />
praqtikaSi valutis kursi iyofa myidvelisa <strong>da</strong> gamyidvelis kursebad. myidvelis<br />
myidvelis<br />
myidvelis<br />
myidvelis<br />
kursiT kursiT kursiT kursiT banki-rezidenti yidulobs ucxour valutas erovnuli valutiT, xolo<br />
gamyidvelis gamyidvelis gamyidvelis gamyidvelis kursiT kursiT kursiT kursiT igi yidis ucxour valutas erovnulze. gamyidvelis kursi<br />
gacilebiT maRalia vidre myidvelisa. maT Soris sxvaobas marJa marJa marJa marJa ewodeba. igi faravs<br />
bankis savaluto operaciebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul xarjebs <strong>da</strong> warmoqmnis mogebas.<br />
arsebobs aseTi cneba - kros-kursi, romelic ori ucxouri valutis kotirebas<br />
niSnavs. magaliTad kros-kursia dolaris kursi evrosTan mimarTebaSi, <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier.<br />
valutis kursebi diferencirdeba savaluto garigebebis mixedviT. ganasxvaveben<br />
naRdi grZelvadiani garigebis kurss, romelsac forvardi forvardi<br />
forvardi<br />
forvardi ewodeba, <strong>da</strong> kombinirebuli<br />
garigebebis kurss, romelTaganac pirvels ewodeba sporti sporti, sporti<br />
meores ki - svopi. svopi svopi svopi pirvel<br />
SemTxvevaSi angariSsworeba xdeba xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n ori samuSao dRis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, meore SemTxvevaSi xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debi<strong>da</strong>n 1-3 Tvisa <strong>da</strong> meti xnis<br />
Semdeg, xolo mesame SemTxvevaSi - gansazRvrul va<strong>da</strong>Si ukugacvlis valdebulebiT.<br />
sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis fulad erTeulebs Soris Tanafardobas maTi myidvelobiTi<br />
unaris mixedviT savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto pariteti pariteti pariteti pariteti ewodeba. valutis kursis regulirebisaTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba fiqsirebuli <strong>da</strong> mcuravi valutis (ga<strong>da</strong>sacvleli) kursebi.<br />
fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli valutis valutis valutis valutis kursi kursi kursi kursi saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis iseTi sistemaa,<br />
romlis drosac erovnuli valutis Tanafardoba ucxourTan oficialurad<br />
<strong>da</strong>dgenili <strong>da</strong> Seucvlelia.<br />
mcuravi mcuravi mcuravi mcuravi valutis valutis valutis valutis kursi kursi kursi kursi aris saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis iseTi sistema,<br />
romlis drosac qveynebs aqvT ufleba Sinagani bazris gawonasworebis mizniT<br />
Secvalon ga<strong>da</strong>sacvleli kursi sabazro koniunqturis Sesabamisad.<br />
76
savaluto garigebebis subieqtebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis erToblioba<br />
qmnis valutis valutis valutis valutis bazars. bazars bazars bazars igi iseTi meqanizmia, romelic uzrunvelyofs valutebisa <strong>da</strong><br />
ucxour valutebSi gamoxatuli saga<strong>da</strong>saxado dokumentebis yidva-gayidvas. es procesi<br />
xorcieldeba moTxovna-miwodebis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>dgenili kursis Sesabamisad. valutis<br />
bazris <strong>da</strong>niSnulebaa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva valutis saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis praqtikuli<br />
realizacia, savaluto rezervebis diversifikaciaa, savaluto riskis <strong>da</strong>zRvevasTan<br />
<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli operaciebis Sesruleba <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
valutis valutis valutis valutis birJaze birJaze birJaze birJaze xdeba ucxouri valutis kursis <strong>da</strong>dgena anu kotireba. rac<br />
Seexeba ucxouti valutiT vaWrobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul operaciebs, birJaze maTi<br />
mxolod nawili sruldeba. valutis birJis funqcionirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols<br />
asrulebs centraluri banki. Tu romelime valutis kursis amaRlebis saSiSroeba<br />
warmoiqmna, igi zrdis am valutis miwodebas, magram Tu piriqiT, kursis <strong>da</strong>cemis<br />
tendencia SeimCneva centraluri banki yidulobs valutas paritetis<br />
SesanarCuneblad.<br />
birJaze savaluto vaWroba neba<strong>da</strong>rTulia mxolod devizebiT <strong>da</strong> ara monetebiT<br />
an saxazino bileTebiT. vaWrobis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebisas birJaze cxaddeba myidvelis,<br />
gamyidvelisa <strong>da</strong> saSualo kursebi, rac klientebTan angariSsworebs safuZvelia. Tu<br />
myidveli valutas yidulobs, maSin banki Tanxas gaiangariSebs gamyidvelis kursiT,<br />
xolo Tu klients surs valuta banks mihyidos, maSin Tanxa gamoiTvleba ufro<br />
<strong>da</strong>bali myidvelis kursiT.<br />
erovnuli valutis unari, Tavisuflad ga<strong>da</strong>icvalos ucxour valutaze<br />
nebismieri formiT valutis valutis valutis valutis konvertirebadobaa. konvertirebadobaa<br />
konvertirebadobaa<br />
konvertirebadobaa misi xarisxi uSualod<br />
<strong>da</strong>mokidebulia qveynis ekonomikur potencialze, Si<strong>da</strong> fuladi mimoqcevis<br />
mdgomareobaze, erovnuli bazris ganviTarebis doneze <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
valuta SeiZleba iyos Tavisuflad konvertirebadi (Seqcevadi), nawilobriv<br />
konvertirebadi (nawilobriv Seqcevadi) <strong>da</strong> ara konvertirebadi (Seuqcevadi)<br />
Tavisuflad Tavisuflad Tavisuflad Tavisuflad konvertirebadi konvertirebadi<br />
konvertirebadi<br />
konvertirebadi anu Seuqcevadia valuta, romelic mTlianad<br />
Tavisufalia savaluto SezRudvisagan <strong>da</strong> nebismier ucxour valutaze icvleba<br />
Tavisuflad.<br />
nawilobriv nawilobriv nawilobriv nawilobriv konvertirebadi konvertirebadi<br />
konvertirebadi<br />
konvertirebadi anu nawilobriv Seuqcevadia valuta, romelsac<br />
SenarCunebuli aqvs savaluto SezRudvebi, savaluto operaciebis gansazRvruli wris<br />
mimarT <strong>da</strong> icvleba mxolod zogierT ucxour valutaze.<br />
arakonvertirebadi arakonvertirebadi<br />
arakonvertirebadi<br />
arakonvertirebadi anu Seuqcevadia valuta, romelsac mTlianad SenarCunebuli<br />
aqvs SezRudvebi, ar icvleba sxva qveynis valutaze <strong>da</strong> funqcionirebs mxolod<br />
mocemul qveyanaSi. msoflioSi mravali ganviTarebadi qveynis valutis analogiurad,<br />
laric arakonvertirebadi valutaa.<br />
27.2 27.2 27.2 27.2 msoflio msoflio msoflio msoflio savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto sistema sistema sistema sistema <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi misi misi misi ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis etapebi etapebi etapebi etapebi<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobebis formirebas safuZveli Caeyara im<br />
droi<strong>da</strong>n, roca saerTaSoriso saga<strong>da</strong>xdelo brunvaSi fulis gamoyeneba <strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />
saerTaSoriso gacvlis mowesrigebisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebisTvis Seiqmna savaluto sistema.<br />
msofilio msofilio msofilio msofilio savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto sistema sistema sistema sistema aris saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobebis<br />
organizaciis formaTa erToblioba, romelic moicavs fulad-sakredito mimoqcevas<br />
qveynis SigniT <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis sferos. Tavisi ganviTarebis gzaze<br />
man oTxi etapi ganvlo. TiToeuli etapi xasiaTdeba saerTaSoriso savaluto<br />
urTierTobebis organizaciis specipikuri niSnebiT.<br />
msoflio savaluto sistemis ganviTarebi pirveli pirveli pirveli pirveli etapi etapi etapi etapi iwyeba XIX saukunis 70ian<br />
wlebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> grZeldeba pirvel msoflio omamde. igi cnobilia oqros stan<strong>da</strong>rtis<br />
Tav<strong>da</strong>pirveli formis - oqromoneturi oqromoneturi oqromoneturi oqromoneturi stan<strong>da</strong>rtis stan<strong>da</strong>rtis stan<strong>da</strong>rtis stan<strong>da</strong>rtis saxiT. saxiT saxiT saxiT es ukanaskneli<br />
gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>:<br />
1) 1) 1) 1) oqros monetis Tavisufal moWras;<br />
2) 2) 2) 2) Rirebulebis niSnebis Tavisufal ga<strong>da</strong>xur<strong>da</strong>vebas oqros monetaze;<br />
3) 3) 3) 3) oqros Tavisufal eqsport-imports.<br />
valutis Seqcevadobis srulyofili xasiaTi, rac gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> erTi qveynis<br />
valutis fiqsirebuli paritetis mixedviT gacvlaSi ara mxolod sxva valutaze,<br />
aramed oqrozec.<br />
pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg ekonomikis swrafma amaRlebam bevr qveyanaSi<br />
(inglisi, safrangeTi, germania <strong>da</strong> sxv) aRadgina valutis srulyofili Seqcevadoba<br />
77
ara oqros monetebSi, aramed oqros zodebSi. Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> oqros oqros oqros oqros stan<strong>da</strong>rtis stan<strong>da</strong>rtis stan<strong>da</strong>rtis stan<strong>da</strong>rtis meore meore meore meore<br />
forma forma forma forma oqrozoduri oqrozoduri oqrozoduri oqrozoduri stan<strong>da</strong>rti, stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rti<br />
stan<strong>da</strong>rti romelic moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde. es<br />
periodi msoflio savaluto sistemis ganviTarebis meore meore meore meore etapia, etapia etapia etapia romlisaTvisac<br />
<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia Rirebulebis niSnebis ga<strong>da</strong>xur<strong>da</strong>veba oqros zodebze. msoflio<br />
savaluto sistemis organizaciis es axali etapi iuridiulad gaform<strong>da</strong> 1922 wels<br />
genuis saerTaSoriso konferenciaze mis safuZvels oqros zodebi <strong>da</strong> devizebi<br />
Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />
msoflio savaluto sistemis ganviTarebis mesame mesame mesame mesame etapi etapi etapi etapi ukavSirdeba breton---- breton breton breton<br />
vudisis vudisis vudisis vudisis savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis Seqmnas. igi iuridiulad gaform<strong>da</strong> 1944 wels bretonvudsis<br />
(aSS) cnobil komferenciaze, romelmac gansazRvra axali msoflio<br />
savaluto sistemis Semdegi ZiriTadi funqciebi:<br />
1)))) oqro savaluto stan<strong>da</strong>rtis SemoReba;<br />
2) 2) 2) 2) fiqsirebuli savaluto kursebis <strong>da</strong>weseba;<br />
3) 3) 3) 3) saerTaSoriso savaluto sakredito sistemis Seqmna.<br />
breton-vudsis savaluto sistemis SeqmniT safuZveli Caeyara sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis<br />
savaluto kavSirebis saxelmwifoTaSoris regulirebas. Seiqmna erovnuli valutis<br />
urTierTgacvlis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi. savaluto rezervs oqrosTan erTad<br />
wamyvani valutebic Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. saerTaSoriso savaluto meqanizmis ganmsazRvreli<br />
ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d amerikuli dolari gax<strong>da</strong>. mas <strong>da</strong>ekisra mTavari sarezervo valutis roli.<br />
breton-vudsis komferenciis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT Seiqmna saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto fondi fondi fondi fondi<br />
(monetaluri fondi) <strong>da</strong> rekonstruqciisa rekonstruqciisa rekonstruqciisa rekonstruqciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso banki ba ba banki<br />
nki nki<br />
(msoflio banki)<br />
1976 wli<strong>da</strong>n msoflio savaluto sistemis ganviTarebaSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo meoTxe meoTxe meoTxe meoTxe etapi, etapi etapi etapi<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri qveynebis warmomadgenelTa SeTanxmebiT,<br />
iamaikis qalaq kingstonSi ganisazRvra axali msoflio savaluto sistemis konturebi,<br />
romelic cnobilia iamaikis iamaikis iamaikis iamaikis savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis saxeliT. saxeliT saxeliT saxeliT ssf-is ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT,<br />
1978 wels gauqm<strong>da</strong> oqros pariteti.<br />
oqro, romelic savaluto sistemaSi XX saukunis 70-ian wlebamde mniSvnelovan<br />
rols asruleb<strong>da</strong>, gamoidevna saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis sfero<strong>da</strong>n. miiRes<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba saboloo demonetizaciis Sesaxeb. mTavari valutis statusi mieniWa<br />
amerikul dolars, xolo ganmsazRvreli roli saerTaSoriso savaluto fondsa <strong>da</strong><br />
msoflio banks. dolari faqtobrivad <strong>da</strong>rCa saerTaSoriso saga<strong>da</strong>saxdelo sarezervo<br />
saSualebad.<br />
1979 wels ,,saerTo bazris” wevrma-qveynebma Seqmnes evropuli evropuli evropuli evropuli savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto sistema sistema sistema sistema<br />
<strong>da</strong> evropuli savaluto erTeuli ekiu. ekiu ekiu ekiu<br />
iamaikis savaluto sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, evropuli savaluto sistema oqros<br />
iyenebs realur sarezervo aqtivad. am mizniT misma bevrma qveynebma erToblivi oqros<br />
fondi Seqmnes. mimdinareobs evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis evropul kavSirad<br />
gar<strong>da</strong>qmnis procesi, romelSic TiToeuli qveyana SeinarCunebs TviTmyofadobas.<br />
amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT misi cevri qveynebis mier ratificirebulia erTiani aqti<br />
(egreTwodebuli TeTri cigni), romelic ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 1987 wlis 7 ivlisi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
27.3 27.3 27.3 27.3 saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso savaluto_safinanso savaluto_safinanso savaluto_safinanso savaluto_safinanso organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
organizaciebi<br />
Tanamedrove winaagmdegobrivi msoflio meurneobis stabilizaciis uzrunvelyofaSi<br />
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben saerTaSoriso savaluto-safinanso organizaciebi.<br />
didia maTi wvlili agreTve qveynebs Soris TanamSromlobis ganviTarebaSi.<br />
msoflioSi mravali aseTi organizaciaa. gamovyofT mxolod ramdenimes, romlebsac<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs.<br />
saerTasoriso saerTasoriso saerTasoriso saerTasoriso savaluto savaluto savaluto savaluto fondi fondi fondi fondi (ssf). (ssf) (ssf) (ssf) Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto fonds gansakuTrebuli roli akisria. igi udides gavlenas<br />
axdens msoflio meurneobaSi savaluto-safinanso urTierTobebis mTel sistemaze <strong>da</strong><br />
xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso koordinaciis gaZlierebas am sferoSi.<br />
breton-vudsis cnobili konferenciis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, ssf-is Seqmnis Sesaxeb<br />
SeTanxmebas xeli moaceres 1944 wlis 22 ivliss. igi ZalaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> 1945 wlis 29<br />
dekembri<strong>da</strong>n. misi misi misi misi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi ZiriTadi amocanaa amocanaa amocanaa amocanaa zemoqmedeba saerTaSoriso vaWrobis<br />
ganviTarebasa <strong>da</strong> savaluto TanamSromlobaze, valutebis kursebis regulirebasa <strong>da</strong><br />
paritetis simyaris SenarCunebis gziT. ssf ssf ssf ssf mowodebulia: mowodebulia<br />
mowodebulia<br />
mowodebulia xeli Seuwyos<br />
78
saerTaSoriso savaluto TanamSromlobasa <strong>da</strong> vaCrobis gafarTovebas, <strong>da</strong>saqmebis<br />
donis amaglebasa <strong>da</strong> warmoebrivi resursebis efeqtian gamoyenebas, wevri qveynebis<br />
ekonomikur politikaze ,,mkacri ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis” uzrunvelkofas <strong>da</strong> a.S. amJamad ssf<br />
Tavis SemadgenlobaSi aerTianebs 160-ze met qveyanas, maT Soris saqarTvelosac.<br />
saqarTvelos Sesvla ssf-Si didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad<br />
fondis miznobrivi krediti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba did rols asrulebs qveynis ekonomikis<br />
aRorZinebaSi.<br />
rekonstruqciisa rekonstruqciisa rekonstruqciisa rekonstruqciisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso banki banki banki banki (rgsb). ssf-Tan erTad<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto safinanso urTierTobebis regulirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols<br />
asrulebs rekonstruqciisa <strong>da</strong> ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki, romelic 1945 wels<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cnobilia msoflio bankis saxelwodebiT. am umsxvilesi samTavroboTa-<br />
Soriso organizaciis adgilsamyofelic vaSingtonia. amJamad msoflio bankis<br />
sistemaSi rgsb-Tan erTad Sedis ganviTarebis saeTaSoriso asociacia (gsa). am<br />
organizaciebs aerTianebs Semdegi ZiriTadi Zala: zemoqmedeba moaxdinon sustad<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikur <strong>da</strong> socialur ganviTarebaze, maTTvis<br />
grZelvadiani kreditis gziT. msoflio banki sesxebis mniSvnelovan nawilsam qveynebs<br />
aZlevs ekonomikis struqturuli gar<strong>da</strong>qmnebis, infrastruqturis, energetikuli bazis,<br />
mrewvelobisa <strong>da</strong> soflis meurneobis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
rgsb msoflios 178 qveynis mTavrobaTa sakuTrebaa. misi wevrobis ufleba<br />
mxolod im qveynebs aqvT, romlebic saerTaSoriso savaluto fondSi Sedian. rgsb<br />
afinansebs mxolod iseT perspeqtiul proeqtebs, romlebmac maRali mogebis norma<br />
un<strong>da</strong> misces qveyanas. amitomacaa, rom igi mkacrad moiTxovs <strong>da</strong>valianebis <strong>da</strong>farvis<br />
vadebis <strong>da</strong>cvas <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis wmin<strong>da</strong> mogebas iTebs.<br />
ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso asciacia ascia ascia asciacia<br />
cia cia Seiqmna 1960 wels. igi <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwevs<br />
yvelaze sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs, romelTa mTliani erovnuli produqti<br />
mosaxleobis erT sulze ar aRemateba 690 aSS dolars. aRniSnuli kriteriumis<br />
mixedviT amJamad am jgufSi Sedis msiflios 60 qveyana. gsa-Si gaerTianebulia 158<br />
qveyana. misi sakredito resursebi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d formirdeba mdi<strong>da</strong>ri wevri-qveynebis<br />
SenatanebiT, Tumca zogierT ganviTarebad Seaqvs wvlili am saqmeSi. gsa-is sakredito<br />
resursebs avsebs agreTve rgsb-is wmin<strong>da</strong> mogebi<strong>da</strong>n anaricxebi, rasac igi<br />
regularulad iZleva. gsa-is kreditebi eZleva mxolod mTavrobas maTi <strong>da</strong>farvis<br />
va<strong>da</strong>a 30-40 weli. asT kreditebze gsa procents ar axdevinebs, magram gacemuli<br />
momsaxurebisaTvis ki <strong>da</strong>wesebuli aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi mocemuli kreditis 0,5 %-is<br />
odenobiT.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso finansuri finansuri finansuri finansuri korporacia<br />
korpo korpo korporacia....<br />
racia racia igi 1956 wels Seiqmna. misi ZiriTadi<br />
amocanaa zemoqmedeba moaxdinos ganviTarebadi qveynis kerZo seqtoris stimulirebaze.<br />
am mizniT igi afinansebs maT proeqtebs samTavrobo garantiis gareSe.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis angariSsworebis angariSsworebis angariSsworebis banks banks banks banks (sab). saerTaSoriso savaluto-safinanso<br />
sferoSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis banks. igi<br />
yvelaze Zveli saerTaSoriso organizaciaa, romelic Seiqmna 1930 wels. bankis<br />
Stabbina bazelSia (Sveicaria) moTavsebuli. sab-is angariSze 70-ze meti centarluri<br />
bankis savaluto rezervebi inaxeba.<br />
sab-i mis mTavari funqcias, moaxdinos centraluri bankebis koordinacia, dRemde<br />
inarCunebs. is aerTianebs 30 qveynis centralur bankebs <strong>da</strong> umTavresad es evropis<br />
qveynebia. sab depozitis saxiT iRebs centraluri bankis likviduri aqtivebis nawils,<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi aZlevs maT kredits <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />
sab asrulebs sadepozito-sasesxo, savaluto, safondo operaciebs, oqros yidvagayidvisa<br />
<strong>da</strong> Senaxvis operaciebs, gamodis rogorc centraluri bankebis agenti,<br />
rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTevropuli saerTaSoriso banki. sab anxorcielebs savalutosakredito<br />
operaciebis saxelmwifoTaSoriso regulirebas.<br />
evropul evropul evropul evropul sainvesticio sainvesticio sainvesticio sainvesticio bankiiii bank bank bank (esg). (esg) (esg) (esg) msoflio umsxviles safinanso organizaciebs<br />
Soris mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs evropul sainvesticio banks (esg). igi Seiqmna<br />
1958 wels, romis xelSekrulebis mesame muxlis Tanaxmad. esb aerTianebs evrokavSiris<br />
yvela qveyanas xolo misi Stab-bina luqsenburgSia. am bankis amocanaa iseTi<br />
proeqtebis <strong>da</strong>finanseba, romlebic upasuxeben regional, <strong>da</strong>rgobriv an<br />
saerToevropul interesebs. esb did <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwevs <strong>da</strong>balganviTarebul qveynebs.<br />
igi maT gamouyofs Tavisi kreditebis <strong>da</strong>axloebiT sam meoTxeds.<br />
79
esb-is reitingi msoflio bazarze Zalze maRalia. igi flobs umsxviles<br />
kapitals, rac misi simtkicis utyuari variantia, gascems xangrZlivvadian sesxebs,<br />
xolo sesxis sargeblis wliuri norma 1-4.5%-s Seadgens.<br />
80
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi<br />
urTierTobebi<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebis urTierTobebis urTierTobebis urTierTobebis warmoSoba warmoSoba warmoSoba warmoSoba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ganviTareba<br />
ganviTareba<br />
ganviTareba<br />
ganviTareba<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi urTierTobebi<br />
urTierTobebi<br />
urTierTobebi - es aris calkeul ekonomikur<br />
subieqtebs (saxelmwifoebs, firmebs, bankebs, fizikur <strong>da</strong> iuridiul pirebs) Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebuli savaWro, sawarmoo, safinanso, fulad-sakredito, savaluto <strong>da</strong><br />
samecniero-teqnikur urTierTobaTa erToblioba, romelic emyareba Sromis<br />
saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebas <strong>da</strong> moqmedebs sabazro ekonomikis principebis safuZvelze.<br />
dRes msoflioSi albaT ar moiZebneba iseTi qveyana, romelsac garesamyarosTan,<br />
sxva saxelmwifoebTan ar hqondes savaWro-ekonomikuri, savaluto-sakredito <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />
urTierTobebi. qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromloba TiToeul maTgans<br />
saSualebas aZlevs ufro efeqtianad gamoiyenos SezRuduli warmoebrivi resursebi <strong>da</strong><br />
naklebi <strong>da</strong>naxarjebiT maqsimaluri Sedegi miiRos.<br />
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebaze<br />
<strong>da</strong>fuZnebul mravalricxovan sameurneo kavSirTa rTuli sistemaa. igi msoflios<br />
cakleul saxelmwifoTa, maT <strong>da</strong>jgufebaTa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso organizaciebs Soris<br />
<strong>da</strong>myarebul saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa erT-erTi umTavresi Semadgeneli nawilia,<br />
romelic gansazRvravs msoflio meurneobis ganviTarebas. e. i. sagareo ekonomikuri<br />
kavSirebi aris erovnul <strong>da</strong> ucxour ekonomikur subieqtebs Soris savaWroekonomikuri<br />
TanamSromlobis procesi.<br />
erTi qveynis vaWrobas sxva qveynebTan, romelic Sedgeba saqonlis eqsportimportisagan<br />
sagareo sagareo sagareo sagareo vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba ewodeba, xolo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebs Soris gamarTul<br />
vaWrobas Tavis erTobliobaSi _ saerTaSoriso saerT saerT saerTaSoriso<br />
aSoriso aSoriso vaWroba. vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba<br />
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi istoriulad pirvelad Caisaxa maSin,<br />
rodesac a<strong>da</strong>mianTa calkeulma jgufebma, tomebma awarmoes im raodenobaze meti<br />
produqcia, ramdensac TviTon moixmardnen <strong>da</strong> Seiqmna am Warbi produqciis<br />
urTierTgacvlis aucilebloba amaTuim saqonelze arsebuli moTxovnis ufro<br />
mravalferovnad <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebis mizniT.<br />
qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis materialuri safuZvelia Sromis Sromis Sromis Sromis<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawileba, <strong>da</strong>nawileba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawileba,<br />
<strong>da</strong>nawileba, romelic qmnis saerTo ekonomikuri kanonebis bevrad<br />
ufro srulyofilad ganviTarebis winapirobebs. Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebis<br />
mTavar maxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens masSi msoflios yvela qveynis<br />
monawileoba, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, maTi socialur-ekonomikuri wyobisa.<br />
Sromis saerTaSoriso <strong>da</strong>nawilebis progresuli formaa warmoebis<br />
warmoebis<br />
warmoebis<br />
warmoebis<br />
specializacia<br />
special special specializacia.<br />
izacia izacia arsebobs warmoebis saerTaSoriso specializacis ramdenime saxeoba.<br />
sagnobrivi specializaciis specializaciis<br />
specializaciis<br />
specializaciis dros qveynebi TavianT saxsrebs iyeneben erT romelime<br />
<strong>da</strong>rgisa an erTi saxeobis produqciis gamoSvebisaTvis. teqnologiururi<br />
teqnologiururi<br />
teqnologiururi<br />
teqnologiururi<br />
specializaciis specializaciis<br />
specializaciis<br />
specializaciis dros erTi <strong>da</strong> imave saboloo produqtis warmoebis calkeuli<br />
stadiebi Tavmoyrilia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi. boloo wleebSi swrafad maRldeba<br />
specializacia detalebisa <strong>da</strong> kvanZebis mixedviT, romlis drosac calkeuli qveynebi<br />
inawileben ama Tu im rTuli manqnebis detalebis, kvanZebis, agregatebis gamoSvebas<br />
<strong>da</strong> Semdeg kooperaciis safuZvelze awyoben am manqnis warmoebas erT qveyanaSi an<strong>da</strong><br />
erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave dros ramdenime qveyanaSi.<br />
absolituri absolituri absolituri absolituri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SefardebiTi SefardebiTi SefardebiTi SefardebiTi upiratesobis upiratesobis upiratesobis upiratesobis Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi Teoriebi<br />
cnobilia saerTaSoriso vaWrobis absolituri <strong>da</strong> SefardebiTi upiratesobis<br />
Teoriebi.<br />
absolituri absolituri absolituri absolituri upiratesobis upiratesobis upiratesobis upiratesobis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria ekuTvnis a. a. a. a. smiTs. smiTs smiTs smiTs man Tavisi naSromSi<br />
‚,gamokleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa <strong>da</strong> mizezebis Sesaxeb’’ ganaviTara azri imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom sagareo vaWroba iZleva SesaZleblobas TiTeuli qveyana <strong>da</strong>specialdes im<br />
saqonlis warmoebaSi, romlisTvisac mas aqvs konkretuli upiratesoba. xelsayreli<br />
bunebrivi pirobebi, mowinave teqnologia, kvalificiuri samuSao Zala <strong>da</strong> a.S., anu<br />
rogorc bunebrivi ise SeZenili upiratesobebi.<br />
erT qveyanas absolituri upiratesoba aqvs meoresTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, Tu igi,<br />
gamomdinare Tavisi bunebrivi Tu SeZenili upiratesobebi<strong>da</strong>n, ufro efeqtianad<br />
awarmoebs ama Tu im saqonels. magaliTad, saqarTvelos, bunebrivi upiratesobebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />
81
gamomdinare, bevrad ufro efeqtianad SeuZlia awarmovos Cai, vidre belgias,<br />
holandias <strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva qveyanas, uzbekeTs ufro efeqtianad SeuZlia awarmovos<br />
bamba, vidre ruseTs, ukrainas <strong>da</strong> zogierT sxva qveyanas.<br />
bevr qveyanas ara aqvs aseTi absolituri upiratesoba, magram isini mainc iReben<br />
monawileobas saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, radgan aqvT e.w. SefardebiTi upiratesoba.<br />
saerTaSoriso vawrobaSi sxvaoba absolituri <strong>da</strong>naxarjebs Soris ar asrulebs mTavar<br />
rols, aq arsebiT saqonelTa warmoebis alternatiur Rirebulebas ganasxvaveben.<br />
mocemul qveynis SefardebiTi SefardebiTi SefardebiTi SefardebiTi upiratesobaze upiratesobaze<br />
upiratesobaze<br />
upiratesobaze laparakoben maSin, roca saqonlis<br />
warmoebis alternatiuri Rirebuleba am qveyanaSi ufro <strong>da</strong>blaa, vidre sxva qveyanaSi.<br />
SefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoria ekuTvnis <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>viT rikardos. rikardos rikardos rikardos man ganaviTara<br />
absolituri upiratesobis Teoria <strong>da</strong> mis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>amuSava SefardebiTi<br />
upiratesobis Teoria, romelic miiRo SefardebiTi upratesobis saxe.<br />
amrigad, sagareo vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>matebiT sargeblis miiRebs is qveyana, romelsac<br />
aqvs absolituri upiratesoba garkveuli produqtis warmoSobaSi <strong>da</strong> uars ambobs<br />
naklebad efeqtiani produqciis gamoSvebaze. rodesac esa Tu is qveyana uSvebs im<br />
produqcias, romlis warmoebac sxvebze ukeT SeuZlia maSin mogebulia rogorc<br />
TviTon qveyana ise mTeli sazogadoeba, radganac erTi <strong>da</strong> igive radenobis resursebis<br />
xarjviT meti saqonlis warmoebis SesaZlebloba iqneba.<br />
saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri ekonomikuri TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba ZiriTadi ZiriTa ZiriTa ZiriTadi<br />
di di formebi formebi formebi formebi<br />
saerTasoriso ekonomikuri kavSirebis ZiriTadi formebia:<br />
sagare vaWroba;<br />
kapitaluis ga<strong>da</strong>tana;<br />
mecnierul_teqnikuri TanamSromloba;<br />
samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia;<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto <strong>da</strong> sakredito urTierTobebi.<br />
1. 1. 1. 1. sagareo sagareo sagareo sagareo vaWroba. vaWroba. vaWroba. vaWroba. saerTasoriso ekonomikur urTierTobaTa sistemaSi<br />
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sagareo vaWrobas. igi moicavs saqonlis eqspots <strong>da</strong><br />
imprts. wlis ganmavlobaSi gatanili <strong>da</strong> Semotanili saqonlis fasebis jamTa Soris<br />
Tanafardoba Seadgens qveynis savaWro savaWro savaWro savaWro balanss. balanss balanss balanss . Tu gatana aRemateba Semotanas,<br />
savaWro balansi aqtiuria (<strong>da</strong>debiTia), winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi savaWro balansi<br />
pasiuria (uaryofiTia).<br />
savaWro balansi ver avlens qveynebs Soris arsebul ekonomikur urTierTobaTa<br />
yvela formas. es urTierTobebi yvelaze srul gamoxatulebas saga<strong>da</strong>saxado balansSi<br />
poulobs. saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado saga<strong>da</strong>saxado balansi balansi balansi balansi aris oficialuri dokumenti, romelic asaxavs<br />
Tanafardobas ama Tu im qveynis mier miRebuli Semosavlebis jamsa <strong>da</strong> yvela im<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>saxdeli jams Soris, romelsac esaa Tu is qveyana ga<strong>da</strong>uxdis sxva qveyanebs.<br />
sagareo savaWro politikaSi ganasxvaveben or ZiriTad mimarTulebas:<br />
a) Tavisufali vaWrobis politika (fritrideroba);<br />
b) samamulo mfarvelobis politika (protrqcionizmi).<br />
Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali vaWrobis vaWrobis vaWrobis vaWrobis politika politika politika politika iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> sabaJo SezRudeebis mospobas <strong>da</strong><br />
Tavisufali vaWrobaze ga<strong>da</strong>svlas. Tavisufali vaWrobis politikas moiTxovdnen is<br />
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa mwarmoeblobac ganviTarebuli iyos <strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis<br />
metoqeobis ar eSino<strong>da</strong>T.<br />
proteqcccconizmi<br />
proteq proteq proteq onizmi onizmi onizmi iTvaliswinebs erovnuli ekonomiki ganviTarebis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras,<br />
ucxour saqonelze baJebis <strong>da</strong>wesebas, ucxour saqonelis Semotanis SezRudvas <strong>da</strong> a. S.<br />
2. 2. 2. 2. kapitalis kapitali kapitali kapitalis<br />
s s gatana ga ga gatana.<br />
tana tana.<br />
. . qveynebs Soris saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi<br />
gansakuTrebuli adgili kapitalis gatanas uWiravs. kapitalis gatana ori ZiriTadi<br />
formiT xdeba: samewarmoo kapitalisa <strong>da</strong> sasesxo kapitalis saxiT.<br />
samewarmeo sa sa samewarmeo<br />
mewarmeo mewarmeo formiT formiT formiT formiT kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis gatana gatana gatana gatana niSnavs imas, rom misi misakuTreba<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebSi qmnis samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo, santrasporto,<br />
savaWro, sabanko sawarmoebs an <strong>da</strong>bal fasSi yidulobs aRniSnul sawarmoebs sustad<br />
ganviTarebul qveynebSi.<br />
sasesxo sasesxo sasesxo sasesxo formiT ff<br />
formiT<br />
ormiT ormiT kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis kapitalis gatanisas gatanisas gatanisas gatanisas sesxi eZlevaT sxva qveynebis mTavrobebis<br />
bankebs, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipisa <strong>da</strong> organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo<strong>da</strong>wesebulebebs.<br />
kapitalis gamtani SeiZleba iyos sawarmo, gaerTianeba<br />
transnacionaluri korporacia an saxelmwifo.<br />
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kapitalis <strong>da</strong>bendeba sazRvargareT xdeba mogebis miRebis mizniT. esaa ZiriTadi<br />
,,Warbi kapitali, romelic saTanado gamoyenebas ver poulobs qveynebis SigniT <strong>da</strong><br />
maRali mogebis miRebis mizniT ga<strong>da</strong>dis sazRvargareT. Tu adre kapitali ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
gahqon<strong>da</strong>T ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c iafi samuSao Zala <strong>da</strong> nedleuli iyo,<br />
Tanamedrove pirobebSi kapitalis gatanam ganviTarebul qveynebSi sagrZnoblad<br />
ga<strong>da</strong>aWarba adrindel tendencias. ganviTarebad qveynebSi kapitalis gatanis meSveobiT<br />
warmoiqmneba samuSao adgilebi, bunebrivi simdidris gamoyeneba, qveynis ekonomikis<br />
aRorZineba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> cxovrebis donis amaRleba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, kapitalis gatana<br />
un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT <strong>da</strong>xmarebad ganviTarebadi qveynebisadmi. kapitalis gatana <strong>da</strong>debiT<br />
movlenaa eqsportiori-mogebiT, importiori ekonomikis ganviTarebiT.<br />
3. 3. 3. 3. mecnierul_teqnikuri mecnierul_teqnikuri mecnierul_teqnikuri mecnierul_teqnikuri TanamSromloba<br />
TanamSrom<br />
TanamSrom<br />
TanamSromloba<br />
loba. loba . Tanamedrove etapze qveynebs Soris<br />
TanamSromlobaSi sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZen mecnierul_teqnikuri<br />
TanamSromloba. igi xorcieldeba axali gamogonebebisa <strong>da</strong> teqnikis srulyofaze<br />
patentebis, licenziebisas <strong>da</strong> teqnikuri dokumentebis gacvlis, sawarmoo<br />
gamocdilebis urTierTgaziarebis, samecniero <strong>da</strong> kvleviTi samuSaoTa SesrulebaSi<br />
<strong>da</strong>xmarebis gaweviT <strong>da</strong> sxva saxiT. saerTaSoriso masStabiT sul ufro farTod<br />
gamoiyeneba marketingi, romelic bazris SeswavliTa <strong>da</strong> samomxmareblo moTxovnaze<br />
aqtiuri zemoqmedebiT ganapirobebs warmoebuli saqonlisa <strong>da</strong> momsaxurebis<br />
Seuferxebel gasaRebas.<br />
warmoebis specializacia <strong>da</strong> kooperireba sul ufro mWidrod ukavSirdeba<br />
mecnierul-teqnik-ur TanamSromlobas. es pirvel yovlisa, aisaxeba TviT mecnierulteqnikuri<br />
TanamSromlobis Sinarsis cvlilebebiT. ekonomikuri integraciis<br />
ganviTarebasTan erTad TanamSromloba mimarTulia sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynis mier mecnierulteqnikuri<br />
progresis axal problemaTa saerTo ZalebiT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetisaken.<br />
4. 4. 4. 4. samuSao samuSao samuSao samuSao Zalis Zalis Zalis Zalis saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso saerTaSoriso migracia. migracia migracia migracia samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia<br />
niSnavs erTi qveyni<strong>da</strong>n meoreSi Sromisunariani mosaxleobis moZraobas. igi moicavs,<br />
rogorc emigracias ise migracias. pirveli gulisxmobs Sromisunariani mosaxleobis<br />
gasvlas sazRvargareT, xolo meore - maT modinebas sazRvargareTi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />
samuSao Zalis migracia gamowveulia rogorc ekonomikuri, ise araekonomikuri<br />
faqtorebiT. ekonomikur faqtorebs miekuTvneba: cxovrebis <strong>da</strong>bali done, <strong>da</strong>bali<br />
xelfasi, umuSevroba <strong>da</strong> sx.. araekonomikuri faqtorebia: politikuri, erovnuli,<br />
religiuri, ojaxuri <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />
samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />
araekonomikuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli, xolo mcire wiliT - ekonomikuriT.<br />
ganviTarebuli qbeynebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia ,,Wkuis gadineba“, magaliTad, evropis<br />
qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n aSS-Si.<br />
samuSao Zalis migraciasTan mWidro kavSirSia ltolvilebisa <strong>da</strong> iZulebiTi<br />
adgilnacvali pirTa problemebi. sazRvargareT qveynebSi emigranti Sromisunariani<br />
mosaxleoba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d gamoiyeneba mZime, mavne <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bali anazRaurebis <strong>da</strong>rgebSi.<br />
samuSao Zalis eqsporti mocemuli qveynebisaTvis aqvs, rogorc <strong>da</strong>debiTi, ise<br />
uaryofiTi mxarebiic. <strong>da</strong>debiTi is, rom samuSao Zalis eqsporti sustad<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis ucxouri valutis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. samuSao Zalis<br />
eqsporti mocemul qveynisaTvis is sikeTec moaqvs, rom mcirdeba umuSevroba, xdeba<br />
sazRvargareT kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadeba axali profesis mixedviT <strong>da</strong> Sromis<br />
mecnieruli organizacis siaxlebis aTviseba. uaryofiTi is, rom samuSao Zalis<br />
eqsportis Sedegad ua-resdeba qveynis SromiT resursebis balansi. es uaryofiT<br />
gavlenas axdens agreTve mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebaze.<br />
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