saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia
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goris universiteti<br />

el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvili<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>diplomatia</strong><br />

I<br />

(XV-XVI ss.)<br />

vuZRvni<br />

profesor givi Jor<strong>da</strong>nias<br />

naTel xsnovnas<br />

gamomcemloba `meridiani~<br />

Tbilisi 2009

UDC(uak) 327(479.22)+94(479.22)<br />

m _ 243<br />

XV-XVI saukuneebis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> politikuri urTierTobebis<br />

Seswavla nakarnaxevia samecniero <strong>da</strong> praqtikuli miznebiT. XX s. ukanasknel mexu-<br />

Tedsa <strong>da</strong> XXI s. pirvel aTwledSi radikalurad Seicvala Cveni qveynis saerTa-<br />

Soriso mdgomareoba, gaizar<strong>da</strong> misi geopolitikuri mniSvneloba. saqarTvelo kvlav,<br />

iseve rogorc antikursa <strong>da</strong> Sua saukuneebSi, Tavisi gansakuTrebuli<br />

geografiuli <strong>da</strong> strategiuli mdebareobis gamo, wamyvani saxelmwifoebis interesebis<br />

sferoSia. dRes saxezea <strong>da</strong> momavalSi kidev ufro gaizrdeba Cveni qveynis<br />

mniSneloba. jer kidev mimdinareobs brZola msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs<br />

Soris masze gavlenis mopovebisaTvis. warsulis gamocdilebis Seswavlasa <strong>da</strong><br />

praqtikul saqmianobaSi gaTvaliswinebas mniSvnelovani pozitiuri Sedegis motana<br />

SeuZlia dRevandeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> politikis sworad warmarTvisaTvis.<br />

saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebSi miznebi TiTqmis igive, gar<strong>da</strong>suli epoqebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa, Seicvala maTi ganxorcielebis meTodebi <strong>da</strong> saSualebebi.<br />

wignSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi saswavlo disciplinis saxiT mravali welia iswavleba<br />

goris universitetis istoriis specialobaze. igi gamoqveynebuli monografiis<br />

saxiT mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>mxmare saxelmZRvanelo iqneba studentebisaTvis, isargebleben<br />

istorikosebi <strong>da</strong> Cveni qveynis warsuliT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi.<br />

The study of the foreign political relationship of Georgia in the XV-XVI centuries has<br />

a scientifi c and practical aim. In the last quarter of the XX century and in the fi rst ten-year<br />

of the XXI century the international status of our country radically changed and also its<br />

geopolitical importance grew. Due to its special geographical and strategic location Georgia<br />

is again interesting for the leading countries, as it was in the ancient epoch and in the Middle<br />

Ages. To<strong>da</strong>y it is already a fact and in the future the importance of our country will grow.<br />

The struggle for having Georgia under the infl uence still exists between the leading countries<br />

of the world. The study of the past experience and its usage in practical activities<br />

nowa<strong>da</strong>ys can be positive for the right direction of the foreign policy of Georgia. The aims<br />

of the relationships between the countries remain the same, but the methods and means of<br />

their realization are changed.<br />

The problems examined in the book have been lectured as an educational discipline at<br />

Gori University within the speciality of history over a long period of time. Its publication as<br />

a monograph will be of great use for the students as well as for historians and all people<br />

interested in the past of our country.<br />

© gamomcemloba `meridiani~, 2009<br />

© el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvili<br />

ISBN 978-9941-0-1421-5 G<br />

Sinaarsi<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciebi (XV-XVI)<br />

Sesavali ......................................................................................................................5<br />

1. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobani XV s. pirvel<br />

naxevarSi ......................................................................................................... 22<br />

2. evropuli antiosmaluri <strong>diplomatia</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

(XV s. 50-60-iani wlebis mijna) .....................................................39<br />

3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobani antiosmaluri koaliciis<br />

Sesaqmnelad XV s. 70-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo ................64<br />

4. qarTuli <strong>diplomatia</strong> evropaSi mokavSiris ZiebaSi<br />

(XV s. 90 wlebi). ................................................................................... 94<br />

5. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobani<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>diplomatia</strong> XVI s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n _ 70-ian wlebamde..102<br />

6. iran_osmaleTis omi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo (1578-1590 ww.) .......... 185<br />

7. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong>urTierTobani<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>diplomatia</strong> XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi ........................................ 265<br />

8. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobani<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>diplomatia</strong> XVI s. 90-ian wlebSi ....................................... 291<br />

samcxe-saaTabagos <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XV s. II naxevari _ XVII s. I meoTxedi)<br />

1. samcxelebi sefianTa saxelmwifoSi mimdinare<br />

dinastiur brZolaSi ............................................................................333<br />

2. aTabagi qaixosro II <strong>da</strong> dedisimed II .............................................383<br />

3. saaTabagos urTierToba iran-osmaleTTan XVI s. bolo<br />

meoTxedsa <strong>da</strong> XVII s. I meoTxedSi .............................................. 398<br />

3

odiSis samTavros <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

urTierTobebis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

1. odiSis samTavros genuis respublikasTan urTierTobis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n ..................................................................................................444<br />

2. odiSis samTavros osmaleTTan urTierTobis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n(XVI s. 50-iani wlebi) ............................................... 468<br />

wyaroebi <strong>da</strong> literatura ......................................................476<br />

MAMISTVALISHVILI ELDAR _ FOREIGN POLICY AND<br />

DIPLOMACY OF GEORGIA IN 15TH - 16TH CENTURIES ..........497<br />

МАМИСТВАЛИШВИЛИ Э.М. _ ВНЕШНЯЯ ПОЛИТИКА И<br />

ДИПЛОМАТИЯ ГРУЗИНСКИХ ЦАРСТВ И КНЯЖЕСТВ<br />

В XV-XVI ВЕКАХ .............................................................................510<br />

saZieblebi ................................................................................................... 524<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciebi (XV-XVI ss.) 1<br />

Sesavali<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis qveynebis urTierTobas<br />

xangrZlivi istoria aqvs <strong>da</strong> igi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d vaWrobas gulisxmobs.<br />

aRmosavleTTan vaWrobam didi roli Seasrula<br />

evropaSi iseTi <strong>da</strong>rgebis ganviTarebaSi, romelTa produqcia<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> bazarze orientirebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. yvelaze adre ase-<br />

Ti warmoeba gaCn<strong>da</strong> italiaSi, romelic Tavisi moxerxebuli<br />

geografiuli mdebareobis gamo aRmosavleTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTs<br />

Soris urTierTobaSi bunebriv Suamavlad iqca. italiis<br />

savaWro-samrewvelo centrebis (jer amalfi, Semdeg piza,<br />

genua, venecia, ufro gvian florencia) ekonomikuri mniSvneloba<br />

gansakuTrebiT jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dros <strong>da</strong><br />

mis Semdgom gaizar<strong>da</strong>.<br />

XIII s. Sua xanebi<strong>da</strong>n jvarosnuli laSqrobebi anaqronizmad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. palestinis plac<strong>da</strong>rmebi, romelTa SenarCuneba<br />

uaRresad Zviri jdebo<strong>da</strong>, sasurvel sargebels ar aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

arc italiis savaWro qalaqebs <strong>da</strong> arc <strong>da</strong>savleTi evropis<br />

did saxelmwifoebs. pirveli oTxi laSqrobis mniSvneloba<br />

imaSi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, rom maTi wyalobiT evropelebma gaicnes<br />

<strong>da</strong> aiTvises aRmosavleTis savaWro-saqaravno gzebi. meoTxe<br />

jvarosnuli laSqroba SemTxveviT ar <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> konstantinopolis<br />

aRebiT. es qalaqi umniSvnelovanesi sazRvao <strong>da</strong><br />

saxmeleTo gzebis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTaze mdebareob<strong>da</strong>. am gzebze gaba-<br />

1 `saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri koaliciebi (XV-XVI ss.)~ warmoadgens<br />

avtoris mier 1981 wels gamoqveynebuli monografiis _ `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

politikluri urTierTobani XV saukunis meore naxevarsa <strong>da</strong> XVI saukuneSi<br />

(evropuli wyaroebis mixed viT)~ ga<strong>da</strong>muSavebul <strong>da</strong> Sevsebul variants.<br />

bolo wlebSi gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> saintereso do kumentebi <strong>da</strong> gamokvlevebi, ris gamoc<br />

aucilebeli gax<strong>da</strong> adre gamoTqmuli zogierTi mo sazrebis ga<strong>da</strong>xedva, an axali<br />

faqtebiT ganmtkiceba.<br />

4 5

tonebiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo italiis qalaqebi. 1204 wels<br />

Seqmnili laTinTa im peria maSinve venecielebis aRmosavleT-<br />

Tan vaWrobis <strong>da</strong>sayrdenad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />

italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebi _ venecia, genua, piza,<br />

florencia, milani, siena, luka _ XII-XIII saukuneebSi<br />

swrafad viTardebodnen. maT moimkes jvarosnuli laSqrobebis<br />

pirveli nayofi. evropis bazris gafarToveba, aRmosavleTTan<br />

vaWrobis zr<strong>da</strong>, siriis, palestinis, mcire aziis,<br />

balkaneTis mdi<strong>da</strong>r olqebze yaCaRuri Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi _ yvelaferi<br />

es xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> italiis qalaqebis ayvavebas. XIII<br />

saukuneSi isini ga<strong>da</strong>iqcnen xelosnuri warmoebis umsxviles<br />

centrebad. florenciulma maudma, lukas abreSumma, genuis<br />

xaverdma, milanis iaraRebma, veneciurma SuSam saxeli gaiTqva<br />

ara mxolod italiaSi, aramed mis sazRvrebs ga reTac.<br />

amuSavebdnen ra upiratesad ucxoeTi<strong>da</strong>n Semozidul nedleuls<br />

(inglisuri <strong>da</strong> espanuri matyli, liToni _ CexeTis, saqsoniis,<br />

SvedeTis, inglisisa <strong>da</strong> avstriis maRaroebi<strong>da</strong>n),<br />

florencielebi, genuelebi, venecielebi, lombardielebi<br />

afarToebdnen TavianT saqmianobas sa fangeTSi, inglisSi, aragonSi,<br />

kastiliaSi, portugaliaSi, germaniaSi. sul ufro<br />

izrdebo<strong>da</strong> italieli vaWrebisa <strong>da</strong> bankirebis gavlena.<br />

jvarosnuli laSqrobebis umniSvnelvanesi Sedegi is iyo,<br />

rom aR mosavleTTan vaWrobaSi Suamavlis roli, romelic<br />

winaT aRmosavlel vaWrebs _ berZnebs, arabebs, sirielebs <strong>da</strong><br />

ebraelebs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T, axla italielebis monopoliad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />

es ukanasknelni TviTon iZendnen saqonels aRmosavleTSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> evropis qveynebSi mihqon<strong>da</strong>T. aRmosavleTTan<br />

vaWrobaSi gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>winaur<strong>da</strong> genua, piza <strong>da</strong> venecia.<br />

maTma flotma araerTxel gauwia <strong>da</strong>xmareba jvarosan raindebs.<br />

samagierod am qalaqebma didi privilegiebi moipoves<br />

jvarosnebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil teritoriebze. yvela mniSvnelovan<br />

navsadgurSi maT TavianTi faqto riebi <strong>da</strong>arses.<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobil adgilebSi Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan fexi moikides xmel TaSua<br />

zRvis sanapiroze mdebare sxva qveynebis qalaqebmac: marselma<br />

1 , nar bonam, monpeliem, barselonam. amave dros aRmosavleTSi<br />

saqmianobas iwyeben florencieli vaWrebic.<br />

jvarosnuli omebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>saxelebulma qalaqebma<br />

aRmosav leTis vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n bizantielebi gandevnes. italielebma<br />

aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis sa<strong>da</strong>veebi imdenad igdes<br />

xelT, rom isini bizantiel vaWrebs konkurencias uwevdnen<br />

TviT bizantiaSic ki.<br />

yvelas mainc Crdilo italiis orma qalaqma-respublikam<br />

_ ve neciam <strong>da</strong> genuam ajoba. maTi simdidrisa <strong>da</strong> Zlierebis<br />

mTavari wyaro evropasa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTs Soris satranzito<br />

vaWroba iyo. amave dros veneciis <strong>da</strong> genuis Sinagani wyobileba<br />

SesaniSnavad Seexamebo<strong>da</strong> farTo savaWro saqmianobas.<br />

mTeli Zala-ufleba vaWar-patriciebs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T, maTi iyo<br />

agreTve vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli mogebis udidesi nawili.<br />

genuasa <strong>da</strong> venecias Soris mudmivi konkurencia <strong>da</strong> mtroba<br />

sufev<strong>da</strong>. winaaRmdegoba gansakuTrebiT gamZafr<strong>da</strong> XIII s.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n, romelmac sisxlismRvreli koloniuri omis<br />

saxe miiRo. omma siria <strong>da</strong> mTeli xmelTaSua zRva moicva <strong>da</strong><br />

arc maSin Sewy<strong>da</strong>, roca saerTo mteri _ muslimebi antioqiasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> tripols <strong>da</strong>euflnen <strong>da</strong> 1291 w. axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />

jvarosnebis ukanaskneli <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni akrac <strong>da</strong>eca. isini urTierT<br />

SuRls ganagrZobdnen Semdeg saukuneebSic. brZola<br />

mwvave xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong>, konstantinopolis <strong>da</strong>cemac, garkveuli<br />

gagebiT, maT Soris gauTavebeli brZolis Sedegi iyo,<br />

magram erTmaneTis saboloo gandevna maT verasodes moaxerxes.<br />

zogirT adgilebSi upiratesoba Tu venecielebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

sxvagan genuelebi pirvelobdnen. saerTod ki, savaWro<br />

1 safrangeTis monawileoba aRmosavleTis (levantis) vaWrobaSi sistemur<br />

xasiaTs iZens <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebiT viTardeba XV s. Sua xanebi<strong>da</strong>n, Sarl<br />

VII-is mrCevlisa <strong>da</strong> xazinadris Jak keris uSualo moRvaweobis Sedegad. Плешкова<br />

А., Левантская торговля Франции в середине XV века (торгогопредпринимательская<br />

деятельность Жака Кера). «Вестник Московского<br />

университета», серия IX, история, М., 1970 , с. 55.<br />

6 7

kavSirs orive mainc yvelgan inarCuneb<strong>da</strong> manamde, vidre isini<br />

sabolood osmalebma ar gandevnes.<br />

mokled ga<strong>da</strong>vxedoT evropis qveynebis, maT Soris italiis<br />

qalaq-saxelmwifoebis _ veneciis <strong>da</strong> genuis, urTierTobas<br />

aRmosavleTTan.<br />

* * *<br />

genua aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong> pirvel jvarosnul<br />

laSqrobaSi <strong>da</strong> didi sargebelic naxa. igi Zlier sazRvao<br />

saxelmwifod ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. jvarosnebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil teritoriebze<br />

genuam <strong>da</strong>aarsa savaWro ko lo niebi, romlebic<br />

Semdeg evropasa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris saSuamavlo<br />

vaWrobis centrebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. imave droi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba genuis<br />

brZola misi <strong>sagareo</strong> politikis mniSvnelovani problemis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>WrisaT vis _ Tavi<strong>da</strong>n moicilos Crdilo italiis sxva<br />

savaWro qalaqebis _ pizisa <strong>da</strong> veneciis kionkurencia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli qalaqebi imave dros urTierT konkurentebic<br />

iyvnen. gzi<strong>da</strong>n maT CamoSorebas genuisaTvis gan sakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>, radgan genueli vaWrebi aRmosavleTSi<br />

TavianTi kapi talis <strong>da</strong>bandebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n iRebdnen yve laze met mogebas 1 .<br />

jvarosnebis mier bizantiis imperiis mospobas <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amis<br />

Sedegad veneciis gaZlierebas genua ver urigdebo<strong>da</strong>. 1261<br />

wlis 13 marts mixeil paleologma <strong>da</strong> genuis warmomadgenlebma<br />

nimfeaSi gaaformes xelSek ruleba, romlis ratificireba<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> genuaSi imave wlis 10 ivniss. xel Sekruleba<br />

mimarTuli iyo venecielebisa <strong>da</strong> laTinTa imperiis wi naaRmdeg.<br />

genuelebs yovelgvari <strong>da</strong>xmareba un<strong>da</strong> gaewiaT bizantiis imperiis<br />

aRdgenisaTvis mebrZoli paleologebisaTvis, samagi-<br />

1 Della Crimea, del suo commercio e dei suoi dominatori <strong>da</strong>lla origini fi no al di<br />

nostri. Commentari storici, dell avvocato Michele Giusaeppe Canale, v. II, Genova,<br />

1855.<br />

erod isini yvela im privilegias miiRebdnen, romlebsac<br />

venecielebi flobdnen 1 .<br />

papis Txovnam <strong>da</strong> eklesii<strong>da</strong>n gankveTis muqaram mizans<br />

ver miaR wia. genuelebi flotsa <strong>da</strong> jars mainc gulmodgined<br />

amzadebdnen laTinebis bizantii<strong>da</strong>n gansadevnad. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom mixeil paleologi 1261 wlis 25 ivliss konstantinopols<br />

genuelebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gareSe <strong>da</strong>eufla 2 , nimfeis<br />

xelSek ruleba mainc ZalaSi <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

xelSekrulebaSi xazgasmuli iyo Savi zRvis Ses axeb,<br />

romlis napirebis `aTvisebas~ genuelebma <strong>da</strong> venecielebma<br />

yuradReba miaqcies jer kidev XII saukuneSi 3 , magram maSin<br />

bizantiis impe rias jer kidev Seswev<strong>da</strong> italielebisaTvis<br />

winaaRmdegobis gawevis Zala. igi italielebs Savsa <strong>da</strong> azovis<br />

zRvebSi naosnobas ukrZalav<strong>da</strong>. magram XIII s. Sua xaneb-<br />

Si, roca monRolebis laSqrobebma mTel axlo aRmosavleTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mcire aziaSi politikuri garTulebebi gamoiwvia, iq gamavalma<br />

savaWro gzebma mniSvneloba <strong>da</strong>karga. amas mohyva<br />

savaWro-saqaravno gzebis CrdiloeTiT ga<strong>da</strong>nacvleba 4 . Secvlil<br />

viTarebaSi Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleTma sanapi rom gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvneloba SeiZina, rac genuelebs mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ar gamorCaT.<br />

nimfeis xelSekrulebiT, genuelebs ufleba miecaT baJebis<br />

gareSe ecuraT Sav zRvaSi. iqve aRniSnuli iyo, rom<br />

yvela sxva `laTinebs~, gan sa kuTrebiT venecielebs, ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>T<br />

Sav zRvaSi Sesvla. gamonaklisi <strong>da</strong>S vebuli iyo pi-<br />

1 Heyd W. Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart,<br />

1879 , S. 471-472.<br />

2 genuelebma, imperatoris nebarTviT konstantinopolSi venecielebis<br />

cixe <strong>da</strong>an gries <strong>da</strong> qvebi genuaSi waiRes Zvirfasi trofeis saxiT. genuelebma<br />

amgvarad iZies Suri imisaTvis rac venecielebma genuelTa kolonia akonis aRebis<br />

Semdeg Caidines. Ibidem, S. 272.<br />

3 Miklosich et Müller, Acta et diplomata graeca medii aevi, III, Vien, 1865,<br />

p. 35.<br />

4 Скржинская Е. Р., Генуэзцы в Константинополе в XIV в., «Византииский<br />

временник», I, М., 1947 , с. 222.<br />

8 9

zelebis mimarT, romlebsac imperatorTan megobruli urTierToba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T 1 .<br />

1266 w. genuelebma oqros urdos yaenTan SeTanxmebiT<br />

yirimSi miiRes q. feodosia, romelsac kafa ewo<strong>da</strong>. SemdegSi<br />

es qalaqi genuelebis Sav zRvaSi mTavar <strong>da</strong>sayrdenad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />

XIV s. pirvel aTwleulSi genuelebs Savi zRvispireTSi<br />

ramdenime aTeuli kolonia h qon<strong>da</strong>T. genuis droSa frialeb<strong>da</strong><br />

azovis zRvis umniSvnelovanes navsadgurze _ tanazec (q .<br />

azovi). tana<strong>da</strong>n sevastopoli samde (cxumi/soxumi) genuis 39<br />

kolonia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxleba arsebob<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

Savi zRvis auzSi gabatonebis dros genuelebis umTavres<br />

mizans aRmosavleTis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT indoeTTan<br />

vaWrobaSi mo nopoliis mopoveba warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

amgvarad, genuis saxiT Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> uzarmazari koloniuri<br />

sax elm wifo, romlis samflobeloebi kafa<strong>da</strong>n seutamde<br />

(maroko) iyo ga<strong>da</strong>Wimuli. misi siZliere samxedro warmatebebSic<br />

gamoixata. man jer piza <strong>da</strong>amarcxa 1284 wels, xolo<br />

1298 wels venecia.<br />

kafa aRmosavleTTan vaWrobis umsxviles centrad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />

iq mihqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n gahqon<strong>da</strong>T im drois yvela mniSvnelovani<br />

saqoneli. mis maxloblad mcxovrebi xalxebisagan<br />

nayidi produqtebiT (xorbali, tyavi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) genuelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT evropas amaragebdnen. iqve iyo marilis sabadoebi,<br />

1 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 473.<br />

2 Зевакин Е. С. и Пенчко Н. А. Очерки по истории генуэзских колоний<br />

на Западном Кавказе. «Исторические записки», 13, Л., 1936, с. 79<br />

3 indoeTTan vaWrobis gafarToebis mizniT, genuelebma Seadgines im<br />

droisaTvis metad gabeduli proeqti, romelic gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> Semdegs: genuelebma<br />

arRun-yaens (1284-1291) SesTavazes sparseTis yureSi erToblivad SeeqmnaT<br />

gansakuTrebuli navsadguri, romelsac <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> indoeTTan mTeli<br />

vaWroba. am proeqtis ganxorcieleba veRar moxerx<strong>da</strong> genuaSi gvelfebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

gibelinebs Soris <strong>da</strong>wyebuli brZolis gamo. ix. Манандян Я. А., О торговле<br />

и городах Армении в связи мировой торговлей древных времен (V в. до<br />

н. эры _ XV в. н. эры), Ереван, 1954 , с. 297-298.<br />

romlis produqcia sxva saeqsporto saqonels Soris pirvel<br />

adgilze idga. kavkasiis mTieli mosaxleoba monebiT vaWrobis<br />

mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, raSic genuelebi udides<br />

mogebas nax ulobdnen. kafeli vaWrebi evropul nawarms tanaSi<br />

rusul, Cinur <strong>da</strong> in dur saqonelze cvlidnen 1 .<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom kafas metropoliisagan finansiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> politi kuri sakiTxebis ga<strong>da</strong>WraSi didi uflebebi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

miniWebuli, mainc genuis uzenaisi xelisuflebis cnoba<br />

savaldebulo iyo. kafas konsuls, iseve rogorc sxva koloniebis<br />

konsulebs, genua niSnav<strong>da</strong>. igi kafasa <strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis<br />

sxva koloniebSi saerTo, respublikisaTvis sa sargeblo<br />

<strong>politika</strong>s atareb<strong>da</strong>. gacxovelebuli vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli<br />

mogebis <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis didi nawili metropoliis gankargulebaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>.<br />

genuas savaWro koloniebis mmarTveloba <strong>da</strong>yofili hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

samad: <strong>da</strong>savleT xmelTaSua zRvispireTSi ganlagebul<br />

koloniebs ganageb<strong>da</strong> uSu alod TviTon; pera ganageb<strong>da</strong> morea-<br />

Si, arqipelagze, makedoniaSi, bulgareTsa <strong>da</strong> anatoliaSi<br />

arsebul koloniebs; kafa _ yirimis, tamanis, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

(sevastopolisi/cxumi <strong>da</strong> quTaisi), azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong> sparse-<br />

Tis sakonsuloebs 2 .<br />

romis papebma aRmosavleTSi kaTolikobis gavrcelebis<br />

centrad kafa airCies. 1318 wels gaixsna kafas eparqia, 1333<br />

wels ki _ misionerTa monas teri, sa<strong>da</strong>c berebi aRmosavlur<br />

enebs swavlobdnen <strong>da</strong> Semdeg ka Tolicizmis saqa<strong>da</strong>geblad<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebSi igzavnebodnen.<br />

genuelebs warmatebebiT tkbobis saSualebas venecielebi<br />

ar aZlevd nen. isini ver eguebodnen Sav zRvaSi TavianTi<br />

poziciebis Sesustebas. am or qalaq-respublikas Soris ar<br />

wydebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>va, romelic araerTxel sisxlismRvrel brZo-<br />

1 Мурзакевич Н., История генуэзских колоний в Крыму, Одесса,<br />

1837 , с. 35-38.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 40.<br />

10 11

laSi ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. am brZolis kulmi nacias warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> kiojas<br />

omi (1380 w.), romelis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>debuli turinis zavi<br />

(1381 w.) venecielebis xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT nawilSi<br />

sruli ba tonobis sawyisad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />

TavianTi moxerxebulobisa <strong>da</strong> gambe<strong>da</strong>obis wyalobiT, genuelebma<br />

di<strong>da</strong>d Selax uli poziciebi konstanti nopolSi 1453<br />

wlamde, xolo Savi zRvis Crdilo-aRmosavleT sanapiroze<br />

1475 wlamde SeinarCunes.<br />

* * *<br />

veneciis rogorc msxvili savaWro centris ganviTareba<br />

IX-X sau kuneebSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo. misi savaWro operaciebi am droisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis qveynebis bizntiaSi, siriasa <strong>da</strong><br />

egvipteSi SeZenili saqonliT mo maragebiT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

veneciis ayvaveba iwyeba jvarosanTa laSqrobebis dros,<br />

XI-XII sau kuneebSi, rodesac evropel raindebs am qalaqis<br />

gemebze, sabrZolo iaraRebze <strong>da</strong> sxva saxis saqonelze didi<br />

moTxovna hqon<strong>da</strong>T. venecia, Tavisi gemebiT jvarosnebis aRmosavleTSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>yvanis sanacvlod, <strong>da</strong>pyrobil terito riebze<br />

farTo savaWro privilegiebs iReb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, italiis qalaqebis <strong>da</strong>, maT Soris<br />

veneciis, le vantSi vaWrobas bizantiis imperia aferxeb<strong>da</strong>. iq<br />

mis privilegiebs gansakuTrebiT XII saukuni<strong>da</strong>n Seekveca moqmedebis<br />

sfero. bizantiis im peratorma manuil I-ma (1143-1180),<br />

venecieli vaWrebis gavlenis Sesuste bis mizniT, kavSiri <strong>da</strong>amyara<br />

genuelebTan (1169 w.) <strong>da</strong> pizelebTan (1170 w.) <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

mniSvnelovani savaWro privilegiebi mianiWa. venecielebi ubr-<br />

Zolvelad ar Tmobdnen TavianT poziciebs. bizantiis problemis<br />

Ta vianT sasarge blod ga<strong>da</strong>Wris kargi pirobebi venecielebs<br />

SeeqmnaT meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis dros. veneciis<br />

doJma enriko <strong>da</strong>ndolom `ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita jvarosnuli sisuleli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

savaWro operacia gaekeTebina~ <strong>da</strong> maT iseTi pi robebi<br />

Seuqmna, rom isini iZulebulni gaxdnen konstantino polze<br />

gavliT mcire aziaSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen. javrosnebma bizantiis<br />

im peria gaanadgures <strong>da</strong> mis nacvlad laTinTa imperia Seqmnes.<br />

axlad Seqmnili imperiis teritoriebis 3/8 venecielebis<br />

xelSi aR moCn<strong>da</strong>. es ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d is adgilebi iyo, romlebsac<br />

savaWro saqmiano bisaT vis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare qveynebTan vaWrobis<br />

centrebad venecielebma tana <strong>da</strong> su<strong>da</strong>ki ga<strong>da</strong>aqcies, xolo<br />

Savi zRvis samxreTi navsadgurebiT isini amier kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong><br />

somxeTs ukavSirdebodnen 1 .<br />

amgvarad, laTinTa imperiis SeqmnasTan erTad Seiqmna<br />

kidev erTi imperia _ veneciis koloniuri imperia 2 , romelmac<br />

didxans ver iarseba. igi <strong>da</strong>eca 1261 wels.<br />

XV s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi bizantia osmalebTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>,<br />

os maleTis mzardi saxelmwifo ki Temurlengma gaanadgura.<br />

amiT isarge bla veneciis respublikam <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sustebuli<br />

metoqeebis xarjze Tavisi samflobeloebi kidev ufro<br />

gazar<strong>da</strong>. imave saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ve neciis aristokratiuli<br />

respublika yvelaze Zlieri sazRvao saxelm wifo iyo<br />

evropaSi <strong>da</strong> igi Tavisi ayvavebis umaRles mwvervalze avi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

veneciel vaWrebs urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong>T maSindeli msoflios<br />

TiTqmis yvela qveyanasTan.<br />

veneciis respublikas di<strong>da</strong>d ganviTarebuli mrewvelobac<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. misi mrewvelobis produqtebi _ oqros, vercxlis<br />

<strong>da</strong> spilos Zvlis sam kaulebi, SuSis nawarmi <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

iaraRebi ganTqmuli iyo mTel msoflioSi. didi yuradReba<br />

eTmobo<strong>da</strong> gemTmSeneblobas. veneciis mrewvelobis am ganviTarebul<br />

<strong>da</strong>rgebSi isaxebo<strong>da</strong> kapitalisturi warmoebis<br />

elementebi. gan sakuTrebiT un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos veneciuri oqroqsovilis<br />

Sesaxeb, romliTac igi aRmosavleTis qveynebsac ki<br />

1 Бер А., История всемирной торговли, ч. I , М., 1876 , с. 176.<br />

2 Соколов Н. П., Образование Венецианской колониальной империи,<br />

Саратов, 1963 , с. 87.<br />

12 13

konkurencias uwev<strong>da</strong>. oqroqsovilis war moeba aRWurvili<br />

iyo SesaniS navi teqnikiT. saerTod, abreSumis warmoebam veneciaSi<br />

Tavisi ayvavebis umaRles dones XV saukuneSi miaRwia<br />

1 . magram ve neciis ekonomikuri Zliereba, rogorc iTqva,<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebuli iyo <strong>sagareo</strong> vaWrobaze. sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebs<br />

Soris saSuamavlo vaWrobam venecia Zlier <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>r savaWroaristokratiul<br />

respublikad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia.<br />

* * *<br />

imisaTvis, raTa ukeT iqnes gagebuli venecia _ ay-yoiunlus<br />

(TeTr batknianTa) saxelmwifos politikuri urTier-<br />

Toba XV s. 50-70-ian wlebSi, (masSi Cabmuli iyo saqarTveloc),<br />

aqve mokled un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas maT Soris vaW robazec, rac<br />

upirvelesyovlisa ganapirobeb<strong>da</strong> samxedro-politikur kav-<br />

Siris arsebobasac.<br />

XV s. meore naxevarSi ay-yoiunlus teritoriaze gadio<strong>da</strong><br />

mniSvnelovani savaWro-saqaravno gzebi, romlebic evropasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRmo sav leTis qveynebs erTmaneTTan akavSireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi Tavrizi mdebareob<strong>da</strong><br />

im saqaravno gzebis ga<strong>da</strong>kveTaze, rom le bic moimarTebo<strong>da</strong><br />

CineTi<strong>da</strong>n, avRaneTi<strong>da</strong>n, xvarazmi<strong>da</strong>n, saqarT velo<strong>da</strong>n, erayi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> luristani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> amitom igi vaWrobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes<br />

centrad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. iq Tavs iyri<strong>da</strong> abreSumis<br />

nawarmi <strong>da</strong> yaWi Sirvani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> gilani<strong>da</strong>n, saneleblebi <strong>da</strong><br />

saRebavebi indoeTi <strong>da</strong>n, CineTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> Sua aziis qveynebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

aRmosavleTis es saqoneli midio<strong>da</strong> trapizonis, halebis,<br />

beiruTis, <strong>da</strong>maskos, tripolis, bursas <strong>da</strong> koniis bazrebisaken<br />

2 , sai<strong>da</strong>nac Semdeg evropaSi gahqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

1 Zwiedinek-Südenhorst H. v., Venedig als Weltmacht und Weltstadt. Biefeld<br />

und Leipzig, 1839 , S. 66.<br />

2 Махмудов Я. М., Взаимоотношения государство Ак-коюнлу с Венецией<br />

(60-70 гг. XV века). Автореферат диссертации, Баку, 1966, с. 7-8.<br />

Tavrizis aseTi kargi mdebareobis gamo ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwifos satranzito vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n mniSvnelovani<br />

Semosavali hqon<strong>da</strong>. amave dros igi TviTonac aqtiurad<br />

monawileob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebTan, gansa kuTrbiT ki veneciasTan<br />

vaWrobaSi. ay-yoiunlus eqsportis sagans ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

azerbai januli yaWi warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romelzec didi moTxovnileba<br />

veneciis abreSu mis warmoebas hqon<strong>da</strong>. samagierod,<br />

Semodio<strong>da</strong> ve neciis mrewvelobis sagnebi _ atlasi, yumaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli Semosavali ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwi fos Semosavlis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />

veneciasTan vaWrobis dros farTod iyeneb<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis teritoriaze<br />

arsebul savaWro centrebsac, romelTa Soris gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong><br />

q . bursa. Tavrizi am qalaqs saqaravno gziT ukav-<br />

Sirdebo<strong>da</strong>. mravalnairi aRmosavluri saqoneli, ro melic<br />

Tavs iyri<strong>da</strong> TavrizSi, Semdeg miedinebo<strong>da</strong> togatSi, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

Sirvani<strong>da</strong>n, ganji<strong>da</strong>n, saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> somxeTi<strong>da</strong>n mosul<br />

qaravnebTan erTad miemarTebo<strong>da</strong> bursaSi 1 .<br />

rogorc iTqva, ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo<strong>da</strong>n veneciaSi<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d yaWi gahqon<strong>da</strong>T, magram masze moTxovna izrdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTis qalaqeb Sic, sa<strong>da</strong>c viTardebo<strong>da</strong> abreSumis warmoeba.<br />

mza produqciis evropaSi gataniT <strong>da</strong>interesebulni<br />

iyvnen osmaleTis vaWrebi. amitom azerbai janisa <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

yaWis evropaSi gatana osmaleTis interesebs ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amitom, sulTnis brZanebiT izrdebo<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi rogorc<br />

ay-yoiunlus vaWrebis mier bursaSi Setanil abreSumze, aseve<br />

venecielebis mier iqi<strong>da</strong>n gatanilze 2 . amgvari sabaJo <strong>politika</strong><br />

di<strong>da</strong>d af erxeb<strong>da</strong> veneciasa <strong>da</strong> ay-yoi unlus Soris normalur<br />

savaWro urTier Tobas. ufro metic, sulTani yovelnairad<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> yvela im gzebis xelSi Cagdebas, romlebi-<br />

Tac abreSumi evropaSi gahqon<strong>da</strong>T. am gegmis ganxorcielebas<br />

1 Тамже.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 9.<br />

14 15

emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> mis mier trapizonis imperiis <strong>da</strong> yara maniis<br />

saamiros <strong>da</strong>pyroba.<br />

aRniSnul mizezTa gamo ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos upirveles<br />

sa gareo politikur amocanad osmaleTis mier<br />

savaWro gzebze Seqmnili <strong>da</strong>brkole bebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />

mas evropasTan kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myareba uSualod sur<strong>da</strong>.<br />

levantis vaWrobis jer Seferxeba, Semdeg misi <strong>da</strong>qveiTeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavSire buli iyo osmalebis eqspansiasa <strong>da</strong> savaWro<br />

<strong>politika</strong>sTan. maTi batonobis qveS aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> is vrceli<br />

teritoriebi, romlebiTac winaT evropa <strong>da</strong> aRmo savleTi<br />

erTmaneTs ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong>. ayvavebuli savaWro centrebis<br />

awiokeba-ganadgureba ise<strong>da</strong>c axden<strong>da</strong> gavlenas savaWro saqmianobaze.<br />

imasac Tu ga viTvaliswinebT, `rom osmaleTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>interese buli iyo ara warmoebiT, aramed sabaJo Semosavlis<br />

gazrdiT~ 1 , maSin gasagebi gaxdeba, rogori zRude aRi marTa<br />

evropa-aRmosavleTis urTierTobis gzaze.<br />

* * *<br />

osmaleTis eqspansia safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod levantis<br />

vaW robis Semdgom arsebobas. igi jer kidev konstantinopolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cemamde <strong>da</strong>e muqra aRmosavleT evropis mTeli<br />

rigi saxelmwifoebebs. amitom evropaSi adreve miaqcies yuradReba<br />

osmaleTisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> misi ganadgurebis sakiTxs.<br />

imave dros naTeli iyo, rom martodmarto verc erTi evropuli<br />

saxelmwifo osmaleTs ver gaumklavdebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />

konstantinopolis <strong>da</strong> cemamde didi xniT adre SemuSav<strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri<br />

jvarosnuli omis idea, magram misi warmatebiT<br />

ganxorcieleba ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1396 wels osmaleTis winaaRmdeg moewyo jvarosnuli<br />

1 gabaSvili v., XVI-XVIII ss. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> qalaqebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis<br />

savaWro urTierTobaTa Suqze. krebulSi: narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n, Tb., 1966 , gv. 168.<br />

laSqroba. imave wlis 25 seqtembers nikopolTan brZolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis raindTa gaerTianebulma laSqarma sastiki marcxi<br />

ganica<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdeg osmalebi SeiWrnen atikasa <strong>da</strong> peloponesSi,<br />

iwyeba maTi Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi un greTze, ramac SemdegSi<br />

sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo.<br />

1400 wels sulTanma baiazid II-m (1389-1402) alya<br />

Semoartya kon stanti nopols <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>nebeba mosTxova. bizantiis<br />

imperatorma manuil II paleologma (1391-1425) evropis<br />

saxelmwifoebs <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova <strong>da</strong> pi ra<strong>da</strong><strong>da</strong>c ewvia maT,<br />

magram carieli <strong>da</strong>pirebebis meti veraferi miiRo.<br />

vidre imperatori <strong>da</strong>mxmare Zalas evropaSi eZeb<strong>da</strong>, uneblie<br />

mxsne lad bizantias Temurlengi moevlina. man adreve<br />

miipyro evropelTa yuradReba. Temuris mier Seqmnili<br />

uzarmazari imperia, evropelTa varaudiT im sau keTeso Zalas<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>, romlis osamleTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa sayovelTaod cnobili iyo Te muris<br />

didi interesi sxva qveynebTan savaWro kavSirebis <strong>da</strong>myarebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> savaWro-saqaravno gze bis <strong>da</strong>uflebisadmi. am mizans<br />

emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> misi laSqrobebi oqros urdos, amierkavkasiisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva qveynebis winaaRmdeg. imisaTvis raTa savaWro urTierToba<br />

mxolod misi imperiis teritoriaze gamavali gzebiT<br />

ganxor cielebuliyo <strong>da</strong> konkurentebi Camoecilebina,<br />

Temuri mTlianad spob<strong>da</strong> im mniSvnelovan savaWro centrebs,<br />

romleb ze<strong>da</strong>c xeli miuwvdebo<strong>da</strong>. misi aseTi moqmedebis<br />

TavalsaCino magaliTia oqros urdos umniSvnelovanesi<br />

qalaqis sarai berqes miwasTan gas woreba 1 . Temuris mier 1400<br />

wels baR <strong>da</strong>dis savaWro gzis <strong>da</strong>ngreviT gansa kuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>winaur<strong>da</strong><br />

samxreT somxeTis gza, ramac gaaZliera Tavrizis<br />

roli saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi 2 .<br />

imisaTvis raTa sabolood moespo CrdiloeTis savaWro<br />

1 Якубовский А. Ю., Феодализм на Востоке. Столица Золотой Орды,<br />

Сарай Берке, Л., 1932, с. 3.<br />

2 Манандян Я. А., Ук. Труд., с. 308.<br />

16 17

gza <strong>da</strong> amiT oqros urdo <strong>da</strong>esustebina, rogorc josafat<br />

barbaro <strong>da</strong> ambrojo kon tarini gadmogvcemen, Temurma ise<br />

gaanadgura aRniSnul gzaze arsebuli qalaqi astraxani, rom<br />

mas XV s. 70-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaT vis adrindeli brwyinvalebis<br />

niSanic ki aRar hqon<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

rogorc iTqva, CrdiloeTis gzam Tavis droze didi<br />

rolo iTamaSa evropasa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis qveynebs Soris<br />

vaWrobis saqmeSi. magram Te muris laSqrobebis Semdeg man<br />

mniSvneloba imdenad <strong>da</strong>karga, rom evropelTaTvis ufro xelsayreli<br />

iyo sparseTis gzebiT esargeblaT. CrdiloeTis gzis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ketvam, TavisTavad gazar<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis samxreTiT<br />

gamavali savaWro-satranzito gzis mniSvneloba 2 .<br />

amgvarad, Temurlengis mizani aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />

Tis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli gzebis <strong>da</strong>ufleba iyo. amis ganxorcieleba<br />

ki osmaleT Tan Setakebisa <strong>da</strong> mis ganadgurebis gareSe<br />

miuwvdomeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. es ori mta cebeli XV s.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis erTmaneTis mezoblobaSi aRmoCnd nen. Temuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTisaken, baiazidi ki aRmosavleTisken miiwev<strong>da</strong>. osmalebi<br />

TurqmanTa interesebs Sav zRvaze gamavali gzebze<br />

gabatonebiTac laxavdnen.<br />

Temurlengis brZola evropisa <strong>da</strong> aziis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli<br />

gzebis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n ar gamorCaT evropis<br />

politikur mesveurebs, ufro metic, im qveynebma, romelTa<br />

teritoriebsac osmalTa safrTxe emu qrebo<strong>da</strong>, maSinve Seafases<br />

Temuris Zala, rogorc osmaleTis ganadgurebis saSualeba.<br />

rodesac cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> Te muris<br />

saxelmwifos Soris Sejaxeba gar<strong>da</strong>uvali iyo, genuelebma<br />

kavSiri <strong>da</strong>amyares Turqmaneb Tan. osmalebisagan ganadgurebis<br />

winaSe mdgomma bi zantielebmac genuelebs mibaZes. berZnebma<br />

1 Ramusio G. B., Secon<strong>da</strong> volume della Navigationi et Viaggi…, Venezia, 1559,<br />

p. 98 r, 121r.<br />

2 kacitaZe d., saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze (sparsuli <strong>da</strong><br />

sparsuleno vani wyaroebis mixedviT) Tb., 1968 , gv. 116.<br />

<strong>da</strong> genuelebma Temurs acnobes, rom osmalebTan omis SemTxvevaSi<br />

mas <strong>da</strong>exmarebodnen. saxel dobr, isini hpirdebodnen,<br />

rom mokle xanSi SeaiaraRebdnen ramdenime galeras <strong>da</strong> balkaneTSi<br />

myof osmalebs sulTnis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad mcire aziaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svlis saSualebas ar miscemdnen.<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo omi. Temurlengis laSqarma 1402 wlis 20 ivliss<br />

angoras Tan osmalebis laSqari gaanadgura <strong>da</strong> sulTani<br />

baiazid II-c <strong>da</strong>atyveva. am brZolis mowmeni gaxdnen kastiliis<br />

mefis elCebi 1 . rui gonsales de klavixos 2 mixedviT, bizantielebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> genuelebma <strong>da</strong>pireba ar Seas rules <strong>da</strong> aramcTu<br />

bosfori <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>r<strong>da</strong>neli ar ga<strong>da</strong>ketes, aramed<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxebulsa <strong>da</strong> devnil osmalebs miemxrnen <strong>da</strong> isini saberZneTSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iyvanes. Semdeg, rogorc klavixo <strong>da</strong>sZens, maTi<br />

aseTi moqmedebisaT vis Temuris risxva mis samflobeloebSi<br />

mcxovreb qristianebs <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong>T 3 .<br />

angorasTan gamarjvebis Semdeg Temurlengma evropis<br />

qveynebTan savaWro urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba sca<strong>da</strong>. man sul-<br />

Taniis episkoposi ioane galifanteli evropaSi gagzavna,<br />

romelmac yvela Zlieri mmarTveli moinaxula <strong>da</strong> Temuris<br />

saxelmwifosTan vaWrobis sargeblianobaSi maTi <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba<br />

1 Clavijo – Historia del gran Tamorlan e Itinerario y enarracion del viage e<br />

relation de la Embaja<strong>da</strong> que Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo le hizo, per Man<strong>da</strong>do del Rey<br />

Don Henriquez terceiro de Castilla, Sevilla, 1582 , p. 4.<br />

2 klavixo (<strong>da</strong>badebis weli ucnobia, gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1412 wels), kastilieli<br />

dide buli, Tavisi droisaTvis kargad ganaTlebuli iyo. kastiliis mefe<br />

enrike III-m (1390-1407) elCad gaagzavna Temur-lengTan samaryandSi. es mogzauroba<br />

gagrZel<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis sami weli. igi mTeli mogzaurobis dros wer<strong>da</strong><br />

dRiurebs. misi Canawerebi Seicavs Zvirfas cnobebs, romlebic moklebula Sua<br />

saukuneebis mogzaurTa TxzulebebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiTebel fan tastikurobas,<br />

rac maT met <strong>da</strong>ma jereblobas matebs. klavixosa <strong>da</strong> misi `dRiurebis~ Ses axeb<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. rui gonsales de klavixos cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. espanuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma,<br />

Tb., 1992, gv. 34.<br />

3 Clavijo, p. 94<br />

18 19

sca<strong>da</strong>. am molaparakebebis Sesaxeb mcire ramaa cnobili 1 .<br />

mola parakebebma <strong>da</strong> urTierTobis gagrZelebam azri <strong>da</strong>karga<br />

Temurlengis gar <strong>da</strong>cvalebisTanave. misi imperia <strong>da</strong>iSala.<br />

Termurisagan ganad gurebuli os maleTi male welSi gaimarTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evropis saxelmwifoebs kvlav problemebi Seuqmna. 1429<br />

wels q . luckSi, litvis didi samTavros teritoriaze, Sedga<br />

evropis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebis yriloba. mas eswrebodnen:<br />

lit vis mTavari vitovti, poloneTis mefe iagailo,<br />

germaniis imperatori sigizmundi, romelic imave dros ungreTis<br />

mefec iyo, <strong>da</strong>niis mefe erik VII, prusiisa <strong>da</strong> livoniis<br />

magistrebi, yirimis xani, papis legati <strong>da</strong> bizantiis imperatoris<br />

ioane VIII paleologis warmomadgenelebi.<br />

yrilobam seriozul Sedegs ver miaRwia, radgan<br />

monawileebs So ris interesTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba iyo.<br />

didi xnis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli ar iyo luckis yriloba, rom<br />

mTeli ev ropa SeaZrwuna osmalebis axalma warmatebebma dunaispireTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> egeosis zRvaSi. gansakuTrebiT didi STabe-<br />

Wdileba moaxdina osmalebis mier salo nikis aRebam, rodesac<br />

salonikis berZnulma mosaxleobam ka Tolike laTi nebis<br />

(venecielebis) xelSi yofnas osmalebi arCia 2 . venecielebi<br />

iZulebuli gaxdnen salonikis <strong>da</strong>kargva sulTanTan <strong>da</strong>debuli<br />

samSvidobo xelSekru lebiT ecnoT 3 .<br />

aRmosavleTis marTlmadideblursa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis romis<br />

kaToli kur eklesiebs Soris ganxeTqilebam imdenad mwvave<br />

xasiaTi miiRo, rom igi ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet <strong>da</strong>brkolebad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg Zalebis gaerTianebis gzaze. imdroindeli<br />

evropis meTaurebs ori eklesiis gar Ti anebis gareSe,<br />

arsebuli saSiSroebis aRmofxvra SeuZleblad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

1 Хенниг Р., Неведомые земли. Перевод с немецкого А. В. Лисовской,<br />

предисловие и редак ция И. П. Магидовича, т. III, М., 1962 , с. 403-404.<br />

2 Zinkeisen J. W., GeSchichte des osmanischen Reichs in Europa, I, Hamburg,<br />

1840, S. 568-569.<br />

3 Krumbacher K., Geschichte der byzantinische Literatur von Justinian bis<br />

zum Ende des ostro mische Reiches (527-1453), München, 1897, S. 301.<br />

saqmes verc florenciis uniam (1439 w.) uSvela, radgan igi<br />

ori eklesiis Tanasworuflebian garTianebas ki ar gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aramed mTeli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis papisadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebas. amis winaaRmdeg ga modiodnen marTlmadidebluri<br />

qveynebis mosaxleobis farTo fenebi, rom lebic kaTolikur<br />

eklesiisadmi <strong>da</strong>morCilebaSi erovnuli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargvas xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen. uniam or eklesias Soris<br />

arsebuli wi naaRmdegoba kidev ufro gaamwvava. krebis <strong>da</strong>saruls,<br />

rodesac papma <strong>da</strong> imperatorma ganizraxes krebis<br />

monawile ebisaTvis TavianT sasurvel dokumentze ZaliT<br />

moewerinebinaT xeli, delegatTa erTi jgufi gaipara. maT<br />

Soris iyvnen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> warmomadgenlebic. 1<br />

1442 wels papma evgeni IV-m (1431-1447) yvela saxelmwifos<br />

meTaurs enciklika gaugzvna <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

jvarosnul laSqrobaSi monawileobisaken mouwo<strong>da</strong>. papis mowodebas<br />

siamovnebiT gamoexmaurnen burgundieli, germaneli,<br />

Cexi, ungreli <strong>da</strong> poloneli raindebi. bizantiis imperatorma<br />

uari sTqva jvarosnebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze. monawileoba ar miiRes,<br />

agreTve, frangma <strong>da</strong> ingliselma raindebma, romlebic<br />

Cabmulni iyvnen ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet fazaSi Sesul aswlian omSi.<br />

jvarosnuli laSqroba moewyo, magram masac igive bedi<br />

ewia, rac mis winamorbedebs.<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebisagan, gansakuTrebiT ki romi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

venecii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis imediT, 1444 w. gazafxulze<br />

poloneTisa <strong>da</strong> ungreTis laSqarma poloneT-ungreTis mefis<br />

vladislav III <strong>da</strong> ungreTis voevo<strong>da</strong> ianoS huniadis meTaurobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo omi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. ga<strong>da</strong>mwy veti brZola<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> 1444 w. 10 noembers bulgareTSi varnasTan.<br />

1 kasraZe t., romis propagan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kaTolikuri misiebi saqarTveloSi<br />

(sadisertacio naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>tis xarisxis mosapoveblad),<br />

Tb., 1947, gv. 79; JuJunaZe o. XV saukunis pirveli naxevris <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> politikis istoriisaTvis. `qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

politikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n~, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 21.<br />

20 21

polonel-un grelTa laSqarma sastiki marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>. es<br />

iyo marcxi ara mxolod brZolis velze <strong>da</strong>marcxebulTa,<br />

aramed mTeli evropisac. am droi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba osmaleTis Zlevamosili<br />

winsvla, rac bizantiis imperiis mospobiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

evropisa <strong>da</strong> mcire aziis xalxebis <strong>da</strong>monebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobani<br />

XV s. pirvel naxevarSi<br />

XIV s. 80-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gansakuTrebiT<br />

tragi kuli periodi. Temurlengma mravali qveyana<br />

gaanadgura. ubedurebam <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ac uwia. 1386-1403 wleb-<br />

Si Temuris urdoebma mravalgzis <strong>da</strong>laSqres saqarTvelo,<br />

rasac Tan axl<strong>da</strong> arnaxuli sisastike <strong>da</strong> aoxreba.<br />

Temurlengis Semosevebma waruSleli kvali <strong>da</strong>aCnia<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Semdgom politikursa <strong>da</strong> socialur-ekonomikur<br />

ganviTarebas: ekonomika moiSala, mosaxleoba Semcir<strong>da</strong>,<br />

qveyana politikurad <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>. magram Temurma mainc ver<br />

SesZlo qarTveli xalxis <strong>da</strong>morCileba. isini mrisxane <strong>da</strong>mpyroblisadmi<br />

qedis moxras ki ar fiqrobdnen, aramed yovel<br />

xelsayrel viTarebas iyenebdnen, raTa aRedginaT sakmaod Selaxuli<br />

saerTaSoriso poziciebi <strong>da</strong> am mizniT aqtiur <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

<strong>politika</strong>sac ki atarebdnen. qarT velTa aseT moqmedebaze<br />

metyvelebs Tun<strong>da</strong>c Cvens istoriografiaSi kargad<br />

cnobili alinjis magaliTi, romlis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>matebiTi<br />

oride sayuradRebo cnoba <strong>da</strong>gvitova germanelma hans Siltbergerma<br />

1 .<br />

1 hans Siltbergeri <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 1380 wels bavariaSi, fraizingis maxloblad.<br />

1394 wli<strong>da</strong>n iyo raind raixartingenis saWurvelTmtvirTveli. 1396 nikopol-<br />

Tan brZolaSi ty ved Cauvar<strong>da</strong> osmalebs. is sulTnis monad aqcies. Temuris<br />

tyveobaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mis mier angorasTan osmalebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis (1402 w. 20<br />

ivlisi) Semdeg. Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg Temuridebis samsaxurSi iyo. samegreloSi<br />

yofnis dros igi sxva oTx qristianTan erTad gaiqca <strong>da</strong> baTumis mi-<br />

Siltbergeri mogviTxrobs Temurlengis mier babilonis<br />

(baR<strong>da</strong>di) aRebas <strong>da</strong> misi mosaxleobisadmi Cveuli simkacriT<br />

mopyrobis ambavs <strong>da</strong> gangrZobs: Temuri `Semdeg wavi<strong>da</strong> erTi<br />

cixis [<strong>da</strong>sapyrobad], romelic wyalSi idga. <strong>da</strong>aSro wyali <strong>da</strong><br />

[fskerze] ipova tyviis sami skivri, romlebic savse iyo<br />

oqroTi. is skivrebi mefem <strong>da</strong>amalvina, raTa Tu cixe iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

aRebuli, oqro ga<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo 1 . amoiRo Temurma skivrebi,<br />

Semdeg aiRo cixe, [sa<strong>da</strong>c] 15 <strong>da</strong>mcveli iyo <strong>da</strong> brZana maTi<br />

CamoxrCoba. cixeSic ipova kidev ori skivri, romlebic savse<br />

iyo vercxliTa <strong>da</strong> oqroTi. isinic Tan waiRo~ 2 .<br />

Siltbergerma alinjis <strong>da</strong>saxasiaTeblad yvelaze mniSvnelovnad<br />

(maSin, roca iranis sxva adgilebs klimatis, nayofierebis,<br />

xelosnobisa <strong>da</strong> sxva niSnebis mixedviT axasiaTebs)<br />

miiCnia is didi winaaRmdegoba, rac mas Temur lengisaTvis<br />

gauwevia 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi 3 .<br />

alinjis Sesaxeb cnobebi, gansakuTrebiT Tu isini XIV s.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sa rulsa <strong>da</strong> XV s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisis ambebs exeba, sainteresoa<br />

imdenad, ramdenac am cixesTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia aRniSnuli<br />

periodSi qarTvelTa mamacobis erT-erTi sayuradRebo momenti.<br />

Temurlengis mier alinjis cixis aReba <strong>da</strong> auracxeli<br />

<strong>da</strong>moebi<strong>da</strong>n frangebis gems gahyva. sabolood, 1427 wels, didi Tav ga<strong>da</strong>savlebis<br />

Semdeg, is samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Siltbergerma Tavisi Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali aRwera `mogzaurobis wignSi~. <strong>da</strong>wvr.<br />

ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo hans Siltbergeri `mogzaurobis wignSi~.<br />

`macne~ is to riis seria, #2, Tb., 1980, gv. 103-119.<br />

1 alinja rom saimedo TavSesafari <strong>da</strong> ganZis Sesanaxi adgili iyo, amis<br />

Sesaxeb Siltbergeris mier gadmocemuli ambavi Zalian ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos. am cixeSi auracxeli simdidre sxva drosac yofila <strong>da</strong>culi. Сборник<br />

материалов относящихся к ис то рии Золотой Орды. Извлечения из персидских<br />

сщчинений собранные В. Г. Тизенгаузеном и обра ботан ное А. А. Ромаскевичем<br />

и С. А. Волиным, II, М.-Л., 1941, с. 94.<br />

2 Siltbergeri, gv. 106-107.<br />

3 Langmantel V., Hans Schiltbergers Reisubuch nach der nürberger Handschrift,<br />

Tübingen, 1885, s. 69.<br />

22 23

ganZis xelSi Cagdeba, 1401 wlis ambavs un<strong>da</strong> asaxavdes, romlis<br />

mxilveli Siltbergeri ar yofila, magram mas Semdeg<br />

rac igi 1402 wels, Temuris tyveobaSi mox v<strong>da</strong>, saSualeba<br />

eqnebo<strong>da</strong>, aRniSnuli cnobebi uSualod cixis <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelebisagan<br />

moepovebina.<br />

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is cnoba, sa<strong>da</strong>c alinjis<br />

cixis <strong>da</strong>m cvelebis mier mtrisaTvis 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

gaweul winaaRmdego bazea gadmocemuli. rodesac komentars<br />

ukeTeb<strong>da</strong> Siltbergeris am cno bas f. bruni mas saeWvod miiCnev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

f. bruns eWvis gamoTqmis safuZvels aZlev<strong>da</strong> pirvel<br />

rigSi is, rom araviTari sabuTi ar moipovebo<strong>da</strong>, romelSic<br />

raime iqnebo<strong>da</strong> naTqvami alyis aseTi xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb.<br />

<strong>da</strong> meorec, igi eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> sxva avtorebis <strong>da</strong> maT Soris m.<br />

broses wignSi arsebul cno bebsac. m. broses naSromSi naTqvamia,<br />

rom 1393 wels qarTvelebma taxiri gaaTavisufles<br />

alinjis cixi<strong>da</strong>n. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare f. brunma ivarau<strong>da</strong>:<br />

SeiZleba imaT, visganac Siltbergerma es ambavi gaigo, dro<br />

gaaorkeces <strong>da</strong> Teqvsmet weliwads imitom ambobso 1 .<br />

aseTi mosazreba swori ar aris, radgan m. broses naTqvami<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

sxva azris gamotana ufro SeiZleba. ai ras ambobs<br />

m. brose: `taxirma, baR<strong>da</strong>dis mflobelis ahmedis Svilma,<br />

hulaRu-yaenis STamomavalma, ro melic gandev nes Tavisi<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi<strong>da</strong>m 1393 w., Tavi Seafara alinjayis cixeSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

is didxans ver Seipyra Temurma. iverielebma amiT<br />

isargebles <strong>da</strong> wavidnen taxiris Sesawevnelad, <strong>da</strong>amarcxes<br />

TaTrebi <strong>da</strong> aiZules isini cixes Semo clodnen, xolo taxiri<br />

Tan wamoiyvanes~ 2 .<br />

amonaridi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom Temuri alinjas arc 1393 wels<br />

flob<strong>da</strong>. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi taxirisaTvis TavSesa-<br />

1 Путешествие Ивана Шильтбергера по Европе, Aзии и Африке с 1394<br />

года по 1427 года. Перевод с немецкого и снабдил примечаниями Ф. Брун.<br />

«Записки Императорского Новороссииского университета», год первый, т. 1,<br />

Одесса, 1867, с. 50.<br />

2 brose m., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1895, gv. 222.<br />

frad ar gamodgebo<strong>da</strong>, ga modis, rom is taxirs adreve ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces im adgil sac, sa<strong>da</strong>c m. brose<br />

ambobs: taxirma `1393 w. Tavi Seafara alinjayis cixeSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c is didxans ver Seipyra Temurma~. amgvarad, gamodis,<br />

rom arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar rCeba welTa is raodenoba,<br />

romlis gaorkeceba 16 wels mogvcem<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT Temuris mier alinjis alyis Semortymisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> me cixov neTagan gaweuli winaaRmdegobis ambavs.<br />

alinja Temurs didi xnis ganmavlobaSi winaaRmdegobas<br />

uwev<strong>da</strong>. man <strong>da</strong>ipyro azerbaijanis didi nawili <strong>da</strong> miadga<br />

alinjas. roca pir<strong>da</strong>piri ieriSiT ver aiRo, alyaSemortymuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>tova 1 . klavixo ase gadmogvcems am epizods: `roca<br />

Tamurbekma sparseTis sulTanze, romelsac amads uwodebdnen,<br />

gaimarjva <strong>da</strong> misi miwebi <strong>da</strong>ipyro, is (ahmed jalairi – e.<br />

m.) am cixe alinjaSi <strong>da</strong>imala. Tamurbeks igi <strong>da</strong> misi xalxi<br />

sam wels hyav<strong>da</strong> al yaSi, Semdeg is babilonis sulTanTan<br />

gaiqca, sa<strong>da</strong>c dResac imyofeba~ 2 .<br />

klavixos cnobas, Temurma cixe rom ver aiRo, a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />

sparseli istorikosi Saraf ad-din ali iezdi 3 . m.<br />

minorskis TqmiT: sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ur icxv cixeebs Soris, romlebic<br />

Temurma aiRo, arc erTs ar gauwevia iseTi winaaRmdegoba,<br />

rogorc alinjam. igi zogierTi Suale diT winaaRmdegobas<br />

uwev<strong>da</strong> 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi~ 4 .<br />

i. hameri Saraf-ad-dinis cnobebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom alinjis ganTqmuli cixe Temuramde (1386 w.) verc<br />

erTma <strong>da</strong>mpyrobelma ver aiRo. Temurma mxolod meoce dRes<br />

1 История Азербайджана, I. С древнейщих времен до присоединения<br />

Азербайджана к России, Баку, 1953, с. 199.<br />

2 Clavijo, p. 103.<br />

3 Saraf ad-dinis mixedviT, Temuris laSqars pirveli Setevisas alinjis<br />

cixis gareT arsebuli simagreebi auRia, <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi ki citadelSi gamagrebulan.<br />

ix. Minorsky M. V., Transcaucasica. Livre de lecture sur l’histoire de la Gèorgie<br />

et du proche-orient, Thbilissi, p. 1963, p. 41.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

24 25

SeZlo Seupovari <strong>da</strong>mcvelebis winaaRmdegobis gatexa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcvelni<br />

xelSekrulni cixis kedlebi<strong>da</strong>n xramSi ga<strong>da</strong>yares 1 .<br />

amasve ambobs mari brosec oRond masTan alinjis aRe bis welia<br />

1387 2 .<br />

Tu zemoT moxmobil cnobebs gaviziarebT, maSin gasagebia,<br />

rom Te murma azerbaijanSi pirvelad SeWrisas 1386 wels<br />

naxWevanis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi jelaierebis uZlieresi cixe-simagre<br />

alinja aiRo. savaraudoa, Te murma, jerjerobiT ucnob vi-<br />

TarebaSi, es cixe isev <strong>da</strong>karga <strong>da</strong> Zveli mflobeli jelaierebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>epatronenen. imisaTvis, raTa gairkves rodis <strong>da</strong> karga<br />

Temurma alinja, jer m. broses movusminoT: `1712 w. ber-<br />

Znuli, xolo 1400 w. qristes <strong>da</strong>badebi<strong>da</strong>n, Temuri mivi<strong>da</strong><br />

TavrizSi <strong>da</strong> baR<strong>da</strong>dis sulTnis, ahmedis Svilis, sulTan<br />

Taheris cixe-simagre, alinja <strong>da</strong>ipyro, romelic (Taheri –<br />

e.m.) Zalian mamaci iyo <strong>da</strong> romelsac naTesaobis mizeziT<br />

qarTvelebi uWerdnen mxars. igi 15 weliwads <strong>da</strong>rCa am cixesi<br />

magreSi. bolos iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> gamosuliyo iqi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

iberebTan gaiqca~ 3 . yuradRe bas iqcevs isic, rom Taheri<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan matrimoni alurad <strong>da</strong> kavSirebuli yofila 4 ,<br />

Tumca cnobili ar aris, es kavSiri rodis, ra vi TarebaSi <strong>da</strong><br />

romeli qarTveli didebulis ojaxTan <strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong>. magram,<br />

rogorc Cans, qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> jalairebs Soris sak maod<br />

mWidro urTierToba arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva avtorebi alinjis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebis mier TemurisaTvis<br />

gaweul winaaRmdegobas sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva xangrZlivobiT (18,<br />

15, 14 weli) gansazRvraven, magram amjerad amas ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti<br />

1 Hammer J., Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, I, 1300-1520, Pest, 1834,<br />

S. 219.<br />

2 aRmosavleli avtorebis gavleniT, m. brose 1387 wels miiCnevs Temuris<br />

mier azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis drod, rac sinamdvileSi 1386 wels mox<strong>da</strong>. Brosset<br />

M., Histoire de la Gèorgie, de pius l’antiquité jusqu’ au XIX e siècle. I parte, II<br />

livrasion, St.-Peterbourg, 1850, p. 666, Sen. 3.<br />

3 Brosset M., Op. cit., p. 667-668, Sen. 3.<br />

4 Minorsky, Op. cit., p. 43.<br />

mniSvneloba ara aqvs. mTavaria, rom Te murma didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

ver SeZlo cixis aReba <strong>da</strong> mis am warumatebloba-<br />

Si qarTvelebis xelic eria.<br />

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im politikur viTarebasac, rac<br />

oqros ur dos yaenis, ToxTamiSis iranis azerbaijanSi SeWris<br />

Sedegad Seiqmna 1 , ma Sin savse biT <strong>da</strong>saSvebad mimaCnia, vivaraudo,<br />

rom alinjis mflobelTan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe Bbagrat<br />

V-is (1360-1493) urTierToba ufro intensiuri iyo Temuris<br />

mier jalairebis pirvelad (1385 w.) <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg.<br />

xolo rodesac Temuris azerbaijanSi meored SeWris Semdeg<br />

misi agresiis saSiS roeba qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> jalaierebisaTvis<br />

cxadi Seiqmna, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom isini SeTanxmdnen<br />

erTiani ZaliT moexdi naT am mniSvnelovani strategiuli<br />

punqtis (igi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aken momaval saqaravno gzaze mdebareob<strong>da</strong>)<br />

_ alinjis <strong>da</strong>cva.<br />

Temurlengs alinja pir<strong>da</strong>piri ieriSiT rom ver auRia,<br />

laSqris nawili mis moalyed <strong>da</strong>utovia, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni<br />

somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> saqarT velosken <strong>da</strong>uZravs 2 . rogorc cnobilia,<br />

Temuri saqarTveloSi pirvelad 1386 wels SemoiWra. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

alinjis alyaSi moqcevac amave wels un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo,<br />

rasac m. broses mier miTiTebuli 15 weli marTlac emTxveva<br />

(1401-1386=15).<br />

sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT, Temurlengma alinjis<br />

cixes mraval ricxovani moalyeebi <strong>da</strong>uyena. alya mravali<br />

weli gagrZel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vfiqrob, cxadia, rom qarTvelebi alinjasTan ufro didi<br />

xnis wi naT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni iyvnen, vidre dReisaTvis cnobilia.<br />

rodesac batoniSvilma miranSahma alinjis cixes maRali<br />

kedeli Semoavlo <strong>da</strong> cixeSi veRarc veravin Sedio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

verc gamodio<strong>da</strong>, giorgi mefem ganizraxa batoniSvili Taheri<br />

1 ix. iv javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, III, Tb., 1966, gv. 281,<br />

409.<br />

2 История Азербаджана, I, с. 284, 287-289.<br />

26 27

cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamoeyvana <strong>da</strong> mecixovneebi sursaT-sanovagiT moemaragebina<br />

1 . am sakmaod rTuli amocanis ga<strong>da</strong>sawyve tad mefe<br />

giorgim mTeli saqarT velos samxedro Zalis mobilizeba<br />

moaxdina <strong>da</strong> Crdilo kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n mTielebic gadmoiyvana 2 . mefe<br />

giorgis jarma imarjva <strong>da</strong> alinjis cixi<strong>da</strong>n Ta heri gamoiyvana,<br />

mecixovneebs sur saTi <strong>da</strong> iaraRi <strong>da</strong>utova, garnizoni<br />

gaaZliera <strong>da</strong> misi meTauroba sam qarTvel aznaurs Caabara,<br />

arezispireTi moarbia <strong>da</strong> didi na<strong>da</strong>vliTa <strong>da</strong> TaheriT <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sarwmunod meCveneba d. niniZis mosazreba, rom<br />

qarTvelebis es gamarjveba 1396 wels mox<strong>da</strong>, ris aRsaniSnavad<br />

amave wels moiWra giorgi mefisa <strong>da</strong> ahmad jalaieris<br />

sax elze moneta 3 . `jalaierebTan mokavSireobas, erTi SexedviT,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aT vis TiTqos didi mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram giorgi mefe SorsmWvreteli politikosi iyo <strong>da</strong> momavalze<br />

fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. momavalSi ki Ta heri saukeTeso kandi<strong>da</strong>ti<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> jalairTa samefo taztze, romlis mo kavSireoba<br />

fas<strong>da</strong>udebel samsaxurs gauwev<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Temuris memkvidreebTan<br />

omSi~ 4 . sxvaTaSoris alinjis Zlier SeWirvebulma<br />

<strong>da</strong>mcvelebma kidev sTxoves giorgi mefes <strong>da</strong>xmareba.<br />

mas Txovnis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba ganuz raxavs kidec, magram Temuris<br />

jari <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> moadga <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ganzraxvaze<br />

xeli aiRo. alinja <strong>da</strong>eca 1401 wels.<br />

Temuris sicocxleSi <strong>da</strong> misi gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis Sesaxeb ramdenime cnoba<br />

rui gonsales de klavixom <strong>da</strong>gvitova. igi Tavis dRiurebSi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mis mefes pirvelad maSin axsenebs, rodesac<br />

mogviTxrobs md. araqsze mdebare didi qalaqis kalmarinis<br />

Sesaxeb. rogorc varaudoben, es un<strong>da</strong> iyos qalaqi surmari 5 .<br />

1 tabataZe k., qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa winaaRmdeg<br />

XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze, Tb., 1974, gv. 99.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba IV, gv. 270.<br />

3 qarTuli <strong>diplomatia</strong>, II, Tb., 1998, gv. 531.<br />

4 tabataZe k., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 101.<br />

5 Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо. Дневник путешествия ко двору Тимура в Са-<br />

am qalaqis mi<strong>da</strong>moebis aRweris Semdeg klavixo mogviTxrobs,<br />

rom es qalaqi mis misvlamde rva wliT adre oqros urdos<br />

yaens ToxTamiSs auRia. klavixos adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisagan<br />

gaugia, rom ToxTamiSma brZoliT qalaqs ver sZlia,<br />

magram mosaxleo bam mas mainc SesTvaza wli uri xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ToxTamiSi am wi na<strong>da</strong>debiT TiTqos kmayofili <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiT qalaqis <strong>da</strong>mcveli jaris naxevari moiTxova, raTa<br />

saqarTveloSi mefe sorsos (Reysorso) winaaRmdeg gaelaSqra<br />

1 .<br />

ToxTamiSs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>laSqvra, SeiZleba, marTlac<br />

ganzrax uli hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram Tu amis ganxorcielebaSi mas<br />

raimem xeli SeuSala, es Temurlengis mis winaaRmdeg wamosvla<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>devneba un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. rogorc cnobilia, Tox-<br />

TamiSi TemurlengTan Sejaxebis SiSiT ukan, ulusSi gabrun<strong>da</strong><br />

2 . magram, sinamdvileSi, saqme gvaqvs sul sxva viTa rebas Tan.<br />

exebo<strong>da</strong> ra ToxTamiSis iranis azerbaijanSi 1385 wlis<br />

laSqrobas, iv. javaxiSvilis azriT, oqros urdos mbrZanebeli<br />

kavkasionis gadmo sasvlelebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobasTan<br />

SeTanxmebis gareSe ver gadmo laxav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, saqarTvelo<br />

<strong>da</strong> oqros urdo mokavSireebi iqnebodnen. Temurlengis<br />

kavkasiaSi SemoWris umTavresi mizezi gadmo sasvlelebis Caketva<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo 3 . savsebiT sworia iv. javaxiSvilis<br />

марканд в 1403-1406 гг. Подлинный текст с переводом и примечанями, составленный<br />

под редакцией И. И. Срезневского, СПб., 1881, с. 399; Путешествие<br />

Ивана Шильтбергера, с. 48.<br />

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 34. vfiqrob, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli<br />

saxelebis <strong>da</strong>maxinjeba gamomcemlis mier xelnaweris mc<strong>da</strong>rad amokiTxvis<br />

Sedegia. amitom vxe<strong>da</strong>vT qarTvelTa mefis, saqarT velos <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis saxel-<br />

Ta Semdeg formebs: giorgi VII _ sorso-soroso-sordo-gorgo, saqarTvelo _<br />

jurgania-gurgania, qarTveelebi _ grieganos.<br />

2 Греков Б., Якубовский А., Золотая Орда и ее падение, М.-Л., 1950, с.<br />

333.<br />

3 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 409-410. i. sreznevskis samarTliani<br />

SeniSvniT kllavixos mier gadmocemuli ambavi rva wlis winaT ki ara, 18<br />

wlis winaT, e.i. 1386 wels mox<strong>da</strong> (Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо, c. 413). am wels<br />

28 29

naTqvami, Cemi mxriv mxolod imas <strong>da</strong>vamateb, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong> oqros urdos kavSiri Temurlengis mTeli sicocxlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi grZelde bo<strong>da</strong>, razec qvemoT iTqmeva.<br />

rodesac klavixo, yarabRis velze <strong>da</strong>banakebuli omar<br />

mirzas laSqarSi momx<strong>da</strong>r areulobaze mogviTxrobs, rac<br />

erT-erTi didebulis omar mirzaze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis mcdelobas<br />

gamouwvevia, ambobs: `... urdoSi xma gavar<strong>da</strong>, ambobdnen, edigei<br />

(hedigui) <strong>da</strong> TaTreTis imperatori (emperador de tartalia)<br />

<strong>da</strong> mefe giorgi (Rey Soroso) Tavs <strong>da</strong>gvesxneno~ 1 . es ki<br />

imaze metyvelebs, rom TurqmanebSi, giorgi VII cnobili iyo,<br />

rogorc edigeis 2 mo kavSire.<br />

Tu saqarTvelo-oqros urdos mokavSireobas gaviziarebT,<br />

maSin Tox TamiSis muqara <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mimarT qalaqis <strong>da</strong>mcvelTa<br />

mosatyue bel fan <strong>da</strong>d un<strong>da</strong> miviCnioT.<br />

ToxTamiSis mier kalmarunis alya, rogorc klavixo gadmogvcems,<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan gagonili hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

amitom Znelia <strong>da</strong>dgena, ras gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> igi, roca ambob<strong>da</strong><br />

_ es ambavi rva wlis wi naT mox<strong>da</strong>o. klavixo kalmarins 1404<br />

wlis 29 maiss miadga. mis mier moTxrobili ambavi Tu 8<br />

wlis winaT mox<strong>da</strong>, maSin 1396 weli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. Sesa-<br />

Zlebelia, mas ToxTamiSis 1394 wels azerbaijanSi meore<br />

laSqroba hqon<strong>da</strong> mxedvelobaSi. marTalia, arc es weli emTxveva<br />

zustad mis navaraudev wels, magram Se <strong>da</strong>rebiT axlos<br />

ki aris. es meore laSqroba rom hqon<strong>da</strong> mxedvelobaSi, klavixo<br />

amitom un<strong>da</strong> asaxelebdes <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefed giorgi<br />

VII-s (1393-1407).<br />

rodesac klavixo sxva adgilas Txrobas iwyebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

me fis mier mowyobili laSqrobis Sesaxeb, zedmeta<strong>da</strong>c<br />

ToxTamiSi pirvelad SeiWra azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi.<br />

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 35.<br />

2 edigei, TeTrbatknianTa amira, pirvel xanebSi Temurs ToxTamiSis winaaRmdeg<br />

exmarebo<strong>da</strong>. ToxTamiSis ganadgurebis Semdeg (1391 w.) Temurs uRalata.<br />

1397 wli<strong>da</strong>n oqros urdos mbrZanebeli gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Temuris <strong>da</strong>uZinebel mtrad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. Греков Б., Якубовский А., Золотая Орда и ее падение, с. 333.<br />

ki miiCnia mefis saxelis (Sorso) xseneba, radgan igi mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />

ukve nacnobad miiCnia <strong>da</strong> aR niSna: `am dros wamovi<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> (Rey de gurgania)) is mefe, romlis Sesaxeb<br />

ukve moismineT~ 1 . rogorc is Semdeg ambobs,<br />

muslimanebSi didi SiSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bneuloba gansakuTrebiT imas<br />

gamouwvevia, rom qristianebs mahmadianebze gaumarjviaT. klavixo<br />

iqve iZleva imis ganmartebas, Tu rad uwodeben muslimanebi<br />

qristianebs urjuloebs (cafars) <strong>da</strong> ra igulisxmeba am<br />

saxelwodebaSi. im droisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, arc amierkavkasiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc mis mezoblad sxva qristiani mefe,<br />

romelsac Sorso anu giorgi erqva <strong>da</strong> Tanac qristiani iyo,<br />

sxva aravin iyo, Tu ara mefe giorgi VII.<br />

klavixom Tavis mogzauroba dRiurebis saxiT aRwera.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniS nos, rom dRiurebi Zalian mdi<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> mravalferovania<br />

espaneTi<strong>da</strong>n samaryan disaken mogzaurobis periodSi,<br />

xolo ukan, samaryandi<strong>da</strong>n espaneTSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisas, maTSi gadmocemulia<br />

mxolod is mniSvnelovani ambebi, rac im droisaTvis<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

klavixosa <strong>da</strong> mis Tanamgzavrebs Temurlengis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

am bavma azerbaijanSi miuswro. am cnobam didi<br />

mRelvareba gamoiwvia, ris gamo kas tilielebs, TavianTi survilis<br />

sawinaaRmdegod, 6 Tve <strong>da</strong> 3 kvira (1405 wlis 1<br />

Tebervli<strong>da</strong>n 22 agvistomde) TavrizSi <strong>da</strong>rCena moux<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

klavixos Tavrizul CanawerebSi aris <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe<br />

giorgi VII-is Sesaxeb erTi sayuradRebo cnoba, romelic<br />

naTels hfens am <strong>da</strong>uRalavi <strong>da</strong> Seupovari mefis moRvaweobis<br />

erT epizods<br />

klavixo mogviTxrobs, rom `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe (Rey de<br />

gurgania), rom lis Sesaxeb ukve moismineT, SeiWra yarsisa<br />

(avenique) <strong>da</strong> arzrumis (aze ron) miwebze, romlebic did<br />

somxeTSia (armenia la mayor), mivi<strong>da</strong> Tavrizamde, gaZarcva<br />

<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wva mravali sofeli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli pun qti. iseTi<br />

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 36.<br />

30 31

didi SiSi gamoiwvia, rom Tavrizeli muslimanebi (moros)<br />

fiqrobdnen, rom ba toni [omar mirza] movido<strong>da</strong>, magram man es<br />

ar gaakeTa. samagierod Tavis cnobil Zvel rainds, romelsac<br />

omar Tobani (homar toban) erqva, ubrZana xuTi aTasi mxedriT<br />

wasuliyo <strong>da</strong> saqarT velos mefe am mxaris sazRvre bi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ganedevna. masTan SeerTeba ubrZana Tavrizisa <strong>da</strong> sxva mxareebis<br />

erT gul jarebs. sul Seikriba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT, TxuTmeti<br />

aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri. maT didi siswrafiT gaiares es qalaqi Tavrizi<br />

<strong>da</strong> gaCerdnen ala-TaRis (alacao) velTan, romelic did<br />

somxeTSia. mefe giorgim (soroso), gaigo ra amis Ses axeb,<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> xuTi aTasi mxedriT, erT Rames Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa maT, <strong>da</strong>amarcxa,<br />

mravali maTgani amowyvita <strong>da</strong> imaT, vinc ga<strong>da</strong>rCnen,<br />

Tavi Seafares Tavrizs~ 1 .<br />

klavixos dRiurebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom<br />

qarTveli mefis mier Tavrizis mi<strong>da</strong>moebis <strong>da</strong>laSqvra mox<strong>da</strong><br />

1405 wlis 19 maisi<strong>da</strong>n 11 ivli samde periodSi 2 . <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mxedrobis mier msgavsi samxedro op eraciis Sesaxeb arc<br />

erTi qarTuli cnoba ar gagvaCnia, magram klavixos monaTxrobs<br />

erTgvarad exmaureba XV saukunis sparsulenovani istorikosi<br />

mirxondi (1433-1498), romelic gvamcnobs: `movi<strong>da</strong><br />

cnoba, rom qarTvelebma simamacis fexi sazRvars gadmoabijes,<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen ganjasa <strong>da</strong> naxWevans <strong>da</strong> xalxis qoneba <strong>da</strong><br />

sisxli xelyves. basTan jagirma, ardebilis gamoCenilma mbr-<br />

Zanebelma <strong>da</strong> moxeleebma ajanyebis gamo saswrafod Sea fares<br />

Tavi Sirvanis Seix ibrahim valisTan... omar mirzam brZana,<br />

rom omar Tobani, barlas Tuqali <strong>da</strong> sxva mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavrebi<br />

maRzulangurjad wode buli adgilis <strong>da</strong>sacavad wasuliyvnen... 3<br />

1 rui gonsales de klavixo, gv. 36-37.<br />

2 19 maiss omar mirzam kastilielebs werili gaugzavna, romelSic bodiSs<br />

ixdi<strong>da</strong> misive brZanebiT Tavrizis xelisufalTa mier elCobisaTvis qonebis<br />

CamorT mevis gamo. Clavijo, p. 234; xolo 11 ivliss omar mirzam Tavisi Zmis,<br />

abubeqris cixi<strong>da</strong>n gaqcevis ambavi gaigo.<br />

3 mirxondi, Tarixe roubaT as-safa, VI, Teirani, 1923, gv. 511. ix. agreTve,<br />

r. kiknaZe, qarTveli <strong>da</strong> azerbaijaneli xalxebis sabrZolo Tanamegobrobis<br />

qarTvelebis laSqarma omar To bani <strong>da</strong> misi amirebi <strong>da</strong>amarcxa<br />

<strong>da</strong> maran<strong>da</strong>mde sdia~ 1 .<br />

r. kiknaZis azriT, mirxondis mier aRwerili ambavi 1405<br />

wlis zafx ulSi mox<strong>da</strong> 2 . amgvarad klavixos <strong>da</strong> mirxondis<br />

cnoba drois mixedviT erT maneTs emTxveva (klavixosTan 1405<br />

w. 19 maisi<strong>da</strong>n 11 ivli samde, mirxondTan 1405 w. zafxuli),<br />

magram mgonia, mirxondis cnobis kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>zusteba Sei-<br />

Zleba. Tu am ori avtoris monaTxrobs CavukvirdebiT, na-<br />

Teli gaxdeba, rom laparakia or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva laSqro baze,<br />

romlebic giorgi VII-m Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg moawyo.<br />

amis Tqmis sa fuZvels pirvel rigSi gvaZlevs aRwerili<br />

laSqrobebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mi marTuleba; rac Seexeba omar Tobans,<br />

romelsac orive avtori mTavar sardlad asaxelebs,<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: omar Tobani Temuris momxreTa im<br />

mcirericxovan jgufSi iyo, romelmac xeli Seuwyo mis aRzevebas.<br />

igi Temurs emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi TanamebrZolic iyo. igi uSualod monawileob<strong>da</strong><br />

Te muris sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva laSqrobaSi, misi gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

Semdeg ki mis STamomavalTa samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong>rCa. amitom gasakviri<br />

ar aris, rom giorgi VII-is wi naaRmdeg gagzavnili<br />

laSqris meTaurad, Tun<strong>da</strong>c orjer, omar Tobani yofiliyo.<br />

arc is aris gasakviri <strong>da</strong> sruliad <strong>da</strong>saSvebia, rom orive<br />

wyaroSi naTqvamia mis <strong>da</strong>marcxebaze.<br />

yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces kidev erT, Tumca naklebmniSvnelovan<br />

ga remoebas, magram mainc: klavixo jaris sardlad<br />

mxolod omar Tobans as axelebs, mirxondi ki ambobs: omar<br />

mirzam `omar Tobani, barlas Tuqali <strong>da</strong> sxva mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavrebi~<br />

gagzavnao. <strong>da</strong>saxelebul meTaurebs, rom klavixos mier<br />

aRweril laSqrobaSi monawileoba erTad mieRoT, maSin isic<br />

orives <strong>da</strong>asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi mirxondze naklebad ki ara,<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n. Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964, gv. 378-379.<br />

1 mirxondi, VI, gv. 513.<br />

2 kiknaZe r., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 378.<br />

32 33

SeiZleba ukeTac ic nob<strong>da</strong> maSindeli iranis politikur <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro mdgomareobas, Tun<strong>da</strong>c imitom, rom klavixo uSualo<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli iyo, mirxondi ki winamorbedTa cnobebs<br />

emyarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Cemi azriT, xsenebul or cnobaSi or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros<br />

mowyobil laSqrobas Tu vigulisxmebT, maSin pirvel momx<strong>da</strong>r<br />

faqtad klavixos monaTxrobi un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos. cnoba<br />

qarTvelebis laSqrobis Sesaxeb klavixos CarTuli aqvs omar<br />

mirzas mamisa <strong>da</strong> Zmis winaaRmdeg brZolisa <strong>da</strong> intrigebis<br />

Sesaxeb sakmaod detalur moTxrobaSi.<br />

upiratesoba klavixos cnobas imitom un<strong>da</strong> mieniWos, rom<br />

igi Ta vis dRiurebSi ar axsenebs ahmad jalairsa <strong>da</strong> yaraiusufs,<br />

romlebic erTad moqmedebdnen. klavixo, romelic<br />

misi drois iranSi, azerbaijansa <strong>da</strong> somxeTSi mimdinare<br />

politikuri ambebisa <strong>da</strong> maTSi moqmedi mTavari moqmedi pirebis<br />

Sesaxeb SesaSur codnas amJRavnebs, ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamorCeno<strong>da</strong> ahmad jelairisa <strong>da</strong> yara-iusufis<br />

saqmianoba. amitom safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom kastilielis<br />

TavrizSi yofnisas isini as parezze jer ar Candnen.<br />

somexi istorikosi Toma mewobeli aRniSnavs, rom yara-iusufi<br />

somxeTsa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanSi 1395 wli<strong>da</strong>n 1406 wlamde ar<br />

gamoCe nilao 1 .<br />

am saintereso sakiTxis garkvevaSi <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba mirxondi,<br />

ro melic qarTvelTa laSqrobas, ahmed jelairis egvipti<strong>da</strong>n<br />

wamosvlas <strong>da</strong> mis mier baR<strong>da</strong>dis aRebas erTdroulad<br />

gadmogvcems. igi wers: `cnoba movi<strong>da</strong>, rom sulTani ahmedi<br />

misreTi<strong>da</strong>n (egvipte – e.m.) <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> baR<strong>da</strong>di <strong>da</strong>ipyro...<br />

omar mirzam brZana, rom omar Tobani, barkas Tuqali <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavrebi maRzulangurjad wodebuli adgilis <strong>da</strong>sa-<br />

1 Фомa Мецопский, История Тимура-Ленга и его преемников, Баку, 1957,<br />

с. 64. l. meliqseT-begs Toma mewofelis Txzulebis qarTul TargmanSi es<br />

adgili gamotovebuli aqvs. Toma mewofeli. Targmani, Sesavali werili <strong>da</strong><br />

komentarebi prof. l. meliqseT-begisa, Tb., 1937.<br />

cavad wasuliyvnen. amir sunjaki ki uricxvi jaris erTi<br />

nawiliT baR<strong>da</strong>dSi gag zavna, raTa is vilaieTi sulTnisaTvis<br />

waerTmia~ 1 .<br />

zemoTqmuls Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, gamodis, rom mirxondis<br />

mier aRwerili epizodi _ qarTvelebis laSqroba <strong>da</strong><br />

yara-iusufisa <strong>da</strong> ahmed jelairis mier baR<strong>da</strong>dis aReba _<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> 1406 wlis ivnisSi, klavixo, ro melic 1406 wlis<br />

martSi ukve kastiliaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Ta vis<br />

dRiurebSi veRar Seitan<strong>da</strong> iseT rames, romelic azerbaijansa<br />

<strong>da</strong> somxeTSi misi kastiliaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vfiqrob, axla ukve <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

klavixo <strong>da</strong> mirxondi mefe giorgi VII-is mier Turqmanebis<br />

winaaRmdeg mowyobil or sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva laSqrobaze gadmogvcemen<br />

an mirxondma erTmaneTSi auria sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

ambebi.<br />

radgan klavixos gadmocema sxva werilobiTi wyaroebiT<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>s turdeba, amitom i. sreznevski giorgi VII-is meTaurobiT<br />

mowyobil laSqrobas saeWvod miiCnev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> varauds<br />

gamosTqvam<strong>da</strong>, klavixom giorgis xom ar miawera Turqmen<br />

yara-iusufis namoqme<strong>da</strong>rio 2 . rogorc <strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, i. sreznevskis<br />

mier gamoTqmuli eWvi naCqarevi iyo. ras eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong><br />

igi, roca ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom aseT laSqroba yara-iusufma moawyoo?<br />

yara-iusufi cnobilia, rogorc Temurlengis erT-erTi<br />

Seupovari mowinaaRmdege. igi iyo SavbatknianTa (yara-yoinlu)<br />

gaerTianebuli tomebis amira, warmoSobiT baharlus<br />

tomi<strong>da</strong>n. man, ahmed jelaiarTan erTad, Te murisagan devnilma,<br />

jer osmaleTis sulTan baiazid I-s Seafara Tavi 3 , xolo<br />

1 mirxondi, gv. 511.<br />

2 Рюи Гонзалес де Клавихо, c. 411.<br />

3 sayuradReboa, rom farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe Tavis `istoriaSi~ Temursa <strong>da</strong><br />

bai azids Soris omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis erT-erT mizezad am ukanasknelis mier ahmedis<br />

Sefarebasa <strong>da</strong> misi TemurisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>ucemlobas asaxelebs. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis<br />

istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, `saistorio moambe~, nakv. II, 1925, gv.<br />

34 35

Temuris mier baiazidis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg, egvipteSi gaiqca.<br />

Te muris moTxovniT, egviptis sulTanma farajma igi Seipyro,<br />

ramdenime xans tyveobaSi hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TemurisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas<br />

apireb<strong>da</strong> kidec, magram Te muris sikvdilma ixsna. sulTanma<br />

yara-iusufi gaaTavisufla <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflad moqmedebis saSualeba<br />

misca. yara-iusufma Seagrova aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanisaken<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

Temurlengi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1405 wlis 18 Tebervals q .<br />

otraraSi, xolo zemoaRniSnuli laSqroba un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

1405 wlis 19 maissa <strong>da</strong> 11 ivliss Soris. am droisaTvis ki<br />

yara-iusufi klavixos mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebul adgilamde ver<br />

mivido<strong>da</strong>, jer erTi, imitom rom cnoba Temurlengis sikvdilis<br />

Sesaxeb Sua azii<strong>da</strong>n egviptemde <strong>da</strong>igvianeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, meorec,<br />

yara-iusufisaTvis saWiro iqnebo<strong>da</strong> garkveuli dro<br />

jaris Sesakre bad. maSin yovelive amis gakeTeba drois mcire<br />

monakveTSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo 2 .<br />

i. petruSevkis mixedviT, sirii<strong>da</strong>n wamosulma `ahmedma <strong>da</strong><br />

yara-iusufma 1406 wlis ivnisSi aiRes baR<strong>da</strong>di <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv <strong>da</strong>iZrnen samxreT azerbaijanisaken. 1406<br />

wlis ivlisis <strong>da</strong>sasruls orive mokavSire Tavrizs<br />

miuaxlov<strong>da</strong>~ 3 .<br />

amgvarad qarTvelTa laSqroba Sedga 1405 wlis zafxulSi,<br />

xolo ahmed jalairisa <strong>da</strong> yara-iusufisa ki 1406<br />

wlis zafxulSi.@<br />

cnobilia, rogor Seupovar brZolas awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> qarTveli<br />

xalxi giorgi VII-is meTaurobiT <strong>da</strong>mpyrobTa winaaRmdeg<br />

jer kidev Temurlengis sicocxleSi.<br />

1403 wels mefe giorgisa <strong>da</strong> Temurlengs Soris <strong>da</strong>debuli<br />

zaviT, saqarTvelo Turqmanebis vasalur mdgomareobaSi<br />

303-304.<br />

1 Enzyklopaedie des Islam, II, Leipzig, 1927, S. 793.<br />

2 Петрушевский И. П., Государство Aзербайджана в XV веке. «Сборник<br />

статей по истории Азербайджана», вып. I, Баку, 1949, с. 156.<br />

3 Тамже, с. 157.<br />

rCebo<strong>da</strong>. zavis <strong>da</strong>debis Semdeg Temurs saqarTvelo aRar<br />

<strong>da</strong>ulaSqravs, igi CineTis <strong>da</strong>s apyrobad wavi<strong>da</strong>. giorgi mefes<br />

saSualeba mieca qveyanaSi mSvidoba <strong>da</strong>emyarebina, Zalebi<br />

moekriba <strong>da</strong> Tvalyuri edevnebina amierkavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> axlo<br />

aRmosavleTSi mimdinare movlenebisaTvis. rogorc Cans mefe<br />

giorgim vi Tareba xelsayrelad CaTvala <strong>da</strong> qveynis mtrisagn<br />

gawmen<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> erTianobis aRdgenas Seudga.<br />

Temuris sikvdilis Semdeg imperiaSi <strong>da</strong>wyebul gamaTavisuflebel<br />

moZraobas mis memkvidreebs Soris pirvelobisaTvis<br />

brZola <strong>da</strong>erTo, ramac giorgi mefes aqtiuri <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

politikis gatarebis saSualeba misca. man<br />

gaiTvaliswina azerbaijanSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli saxalxo moZraobis<br />

mniSvneloba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis <strong>da</strong> maSinve, 1405 <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi,<br />

moZraobis meTaurs SirvanSah ibrahims 1 <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelma<br />

mefem ibrahimTan kavSiri imiTic ga namtkica, rom mas<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sca cota xnis win <strong>da</strong>pyrobili ganja <strong>da</strong> naxWevani 2 .<br />

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom<br />

giorgi me fes sworad Seufasebia omar Tobanis morCilebaSi<br />

arsebul teritori aze Seqm nili viTareba. omar mirzam<br />

yarabaRSi gaigo Tavisi papis sikvdili. man ganizraxa <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

areulobiT esargebla <strong>da</strong> Tavisi mamis _ miran-Sahis <strong>da</strong><br />

ufrosi Zmis _ abubeqris devna <strong>da</strong>iwyo. man Zma <strong>da</strong>atyveva <strong>da</strong><br />

sulTaniis sapyrobileSi Caagdo, mama ki ver moixelTa 3 .<br />

miran-Sahis Tavisufleba om aris mdgomareobas aryev<strong>da</strong>. amiT<br />

iyo gamowveuli, rom man monawileoba ar miiRo mis samflobeloebSi<br />

SeWrili qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. imis<br />

fiqric SeiZleba, rom igi qarTvelTa Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT<br />

nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>, vidre sakuTari mamis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebas.<br />

1 Петрушевский И. П., Ук. труд, с. 154; Али – заде, Социально-экономическая<br />

и политическая ис тория Азербайджана XIII-XIV вв., Баку, 1965, с.<br />

394.<br />

2 kiknaZe r., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 379.<br />

3 Clavijo, p. 232-233.<br />

36 37

aRwerili viTareba saSualebas aZlev<strong>da</strong> mefe giorgis<br />

mcire jariT SeWriliyo gandgomili ivane aTabagis samflobeloSi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>emorCilebina igi <strong>da</strong> laSqroba gaegrZelebina mezobel<br />

teritoriebze, miT umetes, rom am droisaTvis<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> arc samxreTiT mosazRvre olqebSi <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

Tvrizis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi Turqmanebs seriozuli samxedro Zala<br />

ar hyav<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

mainc, laSqrobis mTavari mizani saaTabagos Semomtkiceba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yo filiyo <strong>da</strong> ai ratom: mesxeTis mflobeli ivane aTabagi<br />

mefe giorgis ga<strong>da</strong>udga 1402 wels <strong>da</strong> konstantine batoniSvilTan,<br />

mefis ZmasTan, erTad Temurlengs miemxro 1 .<br />

Temuris saqarTveloSi bolo laSqrobis dros is ini mtris<br />

mxares iyvnen 2 . <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samxreTi sazRvrisa <strong>da</strong> qveynis<br />

guli saken mimavali gzis <strong>da</strong>cvas didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

mefis Semdgomi moqmedebisaTvis. giorgis Semdgom moqmedebad<br />

SeiZleba CaiTvalos yarsisa <strong>da</strong> naxWevanis aReba, rasac mirxondi<br />

gadmogvcems.<br />

giorgi VII-is <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikuri gaZlierebisaTvis<br />

brZolis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, Temuris laSqrobebma qveyanas ise-<br />

Ti <strong>da</strong>Ri <strong>da</strong>asva, rom misi gamosworeba SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwi fos samflobe loebi teritoriulad<br />

Semcir<strong>da</strong>. odesRac megobruli Tu ymadnafici me zoblebis<br />

adgilas <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>admi mtrulad ganwyobili Temuridebi<br />

gabatondnen.<br />

Temuridebis gandevni<strong>da</strong>n didi xani ar iyo gasuli, rom<br />

saqarT velos axali mteri gamouCn<strong>da</strong> yara-yoiunlus (SavbatkninTa)<br />

Turqmanebis saxiT. maTTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupnen mefeebi<br />

_ giorgi VII (1407 w.) <strong>da</strong> kon stantine (1412 w.).<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sav. naSr., gv. 419.<br />

2 kacitaZe d., `iskanderis anonimis~ cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. Tsu<br />

Sromebi, 116, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, Tb., 1966, gv. 383; niniZe d., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

saxelmwifos sa gareo <strong>politika</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>diplomatia</strong> XIV saukunis bolos<br />

<strong>da</strong> XV saukunis <strong>da</strong>mdegs. qar Tuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, I, Tb.,<br />

1998, gv. 538-541.<br />

2. evropuli antiosmaluri <strong>diplomatia</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarTvelo (XV s. 50-60-iani wlebis mijna)<br />

osmaleTis mier konstantinopolis <strong>da</strong>pyrobam <strong>da</strong> bizantiis<br />

im periis mospobam mTeli qristianuli samyaro sagonebelSi<br />

Caagdo. qristianulma saxelmwifoebma TvalnaTliv<br />

<strong>da</strong>inaxes, rogori didi saSiSroeba emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> maT arsebobasac.<br />

amitom iyo, rom konstantino poli<strong>da</strong>n adri anopolSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebul mehmed II-s mezobeli qveynebis el Cebi Zvirfasi<br />

saCu qrebiT eaxlnen <strong>da</strong> morCileba gamoucxades. es iyo<br />

saSineli Zalis winaSe nebayoflobiT qedis moxra. magram<br />

osmaleTis am mezoblebis warmo madgenlebs Soris ar imyofebodnen<br />

trapizonisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> wargzavnilebi.<br />

konstantinopolis <strong>da</strong>cemam gansakuTrebuli sazrunavi<br />

evropis qveyne bis ganviTarebis gzaze <strong>da</strong>mdgar mrewvelobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> vaWrobas gauCina. amitom iyo, rom mcire aziasa <strong>da</strong> balkaneTSi<br />

osmalebis gabatonebiT yvelaze metad is saxelmwifoebi<br />

Sewux<strong>da</strong>, romelTa ekonomikuri interesebic ilaxebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili teritoriebi<strong>da</strong>n osmalebis gandevna<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>udebel amocanad iqca, magram am sakiTxis ga<strong>da</strong>Wra<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblad, sxvebis <strong>da</strong>xma rebis gareSe, maSin arc erT<br />

qveyanas ar SeeZlo. saWiro iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saxelmwifoebis<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> maTi <strong>da</strong>pirispireba<br />

sul ufro mzardi osmaleTisaTvis.<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis idea,<br />

iseve rogorc winaT, axlac romis paps ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. sienas<br />

episkoposi eneas silvius piko lomini (SemdegSi papi pius II,<br />

1458-1464), 1454 wels Tavis erT-erT werilSi, romlis<br />

adresati cnobili ungreli humanisti, episkoposi jovani<br />

(ianoS) vitezi iyo, imeds gamosTqvam<strong>da</strong>, rom Camoyalibdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

antiosmaluri koalicia, romelSic ungreTTan, germaniasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan erTad Sevi dodnen papi, veneciis respub-<br />

38 39

lika, trapizonis imperatori <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa mefe 1 . papma<br />

nikoloz V-m evropis mefe-mTavrebs mouwo<strong>da</strong>, gaerTianebuli<br />

ZaliT ebrZolaT mehmed II-is (1444-1446, 1451-1481)<br />

winaaRmdeg. magram am mo wodebas araviTari Sedegi ar mohyva.<br />

evropis TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo cdilob<strong>da</strong>, calke,<br />

sxvebisa gan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad, moegvarebina osmaleTTan Tavisi<br />

urTierToba. ase moiqca, magaliTad, veneciis respublika,<br />

romelic gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo aRmosavleTTan<br />

vaWrobiT.<br />

evropis Zalebis gaTiSvis mizniT, mehmed II, cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

evropis zogierT saxelmwifosTan mainc hqono<strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani<br />

urTierToba. marT lac, SesTavazes Tu ara venecielebma mas<br />

xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>deba, maSinve <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 1455 wlis 18<br />

aprils SeTanxmeba gaform<strong>da</strong>, romlis ZaliT, venecielebs<br />

osmalebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil teritoriebze vaWrobis ufleba<br />

eZleo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

venecielebs esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom mehmed II dros mogebas cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> xelSekrulebas pirvelsave xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>arRvev<strong>da</strong>. amitom is ini arc osmalebis mowinaaRmdegeebTan<br />

wyvetdnen kavSirs. momdevno wels venecias ukve vxe<strong>da</strong>vT<br />

italiis saxelmwifoebis ligaSi. ligis Seqmnis ini ciatori<br />

iyo papi nikoloz V. magram liga papis gar <strong>da</strong>cvalebisTanave<br />

<strong>da</strong>iSala. axlad arCeulma papma kaliqstus III-m mTeli yuradReba<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis sakiTxs miapyro 2 <strong>da</strong><br />

maSinve cota xnis wi naT <strong>da</strong>Slili antiosmaluri ligis aRdgenas<br />

Seudga. igi amiTic ar <strong>da</strong>k mayofil<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

mowinaaRmdege araqristianul qveynebSic elCebi <strong>da</strong>agzavna.<br />

1456 w. kaliqstus III-m cnobili diplomati, franciskanelTa<br />

or denis wevri, ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTSi<br />

1 Der Briefwechsel des Eneas Silvius Piccolomini, Hrsg. R. Wolkan, III. Abteil,<br />

Bd. I, Wien, 1918 , S. 551.<br />

2 Hergenröther J., Abriss der Papstgeschichte, Würtzburg, 1879, S. 61; Julien<br />

F. Papes et Sultan, Paris,1879 ,p. 104.<br />

gagzavna 1 . ludovikos <strong>da</strong>evala trapizonis, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>,<br />

somxeTisa <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus saxelmwi fos mes veurTa azris<br />

Seswavla. paps aintereseb<strong>da</strong>, rogor pozicias <strong>da</strong>i kavebdnen<br />

isini <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebuli ZalebiT<br />

osmaleTTan omis SemTxvevaSi.<br />

evropaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki papis kuriaSi, cnobili iyo,<br />

rom aRmo savleTSi jer kidev arsebobdnen iseTi qristianuli<br />

saxelmwifoebi, rom lebic osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad<br />

xelSi iaraRs aiRebdnen 2 .<br />

ludoviko bolonieli maSinve Seudga mcire aziisa <strong>da</strong><br />

amier kavkasiis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis survilis<br />

mqone, magram erTian sabrZolo gegmas moklebuli, samefosamTavroebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>razmvas. imave 1456 wels igi saqarTveloSi<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> osmalTa winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis Sesaxeb<br />

iqa<strong>da</strong>ga 3 . ludovikos saqarTveloSi antiosmaluri ganwyoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 ludovikos winaprebi bolonii<strong>da</strong>n iyvnen, warCinebuli severis gvari<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

1438 wels ludovikos ojaxi fera raSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxl<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg isini warmoSobis<br />

adgilis (bolonia) mixedviT, bolonielebad iwodebodnen. Tumca ludoviko,<br />

manamdec (1431 wli<strong>da</strong>n) cnobili iyo. ludoviko bolonielis (lodovico<br />

<strong>da</strong> Bologna. wesiT, qar Tula<strong>da</strong>c ase un<strong>da</strong> movixseniebdeT – lodoviko <strong>da</strong> bolonia,<br />

magram qarTulSi m, TamaraSvilis mier <strong>da</strong>mkvidr<strong>da</strong> `ludoviko bolonieli~)<br />

saxeliT. 1431 wli<strong>da</strong>n ludoviko franciskanelTa ordenis kapitulis<br />

beria. 1437 wels papma evgeni IV-m ludoviko sxva or berTan erTad gaagzavna<br />

aRmosavleTSi. cnobilia, rom am mogzaurobis dros lu doviko imyofebo<strong>da</strong><br />

kafasa <strong>da</strong> ierusalimSi. 1454 wels papma nikoloz V-m ierusalimSi mcxovrebi<br />

ludoviko kaTo likuri rwmenis propagandisaTvis gaagzavna eTiopiasa <strong>da</strong> indoeTSi,<br />

sai<strong>da</strong>nac erTi wlis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. Severi Bargellesi Angolo, Nuovi<br />

documenti su fr. Lodovico <strong>da</strong> Bologna, al secolo Lodovico Severi, Nuncio Apos tolico in<br />

oriente (1455-1457). Archivio franciscanum historicum, 69, 1976 , p. 3-14. ludoviko<br />

bolonielis biografi aze vrclad ix. paiWaZe d., evropis qveynebis antiosmaluri<br />

koalicia <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo, Tb., 1989, gv. 76-80.<br />

2 Breve relazione delle milizia terestre e marittima che ha in essere Amu rat II<br />

con le entrate e uscite e ordini del suo imperio nell’ anno 1575. In: Al beri E. Relazioni<br />

degli AmbaSciatori Veneti al Senato. Serie III, v. II, Firenze, 1844, p. 408.<br />

3 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме (из истории<br />

Восточного вопроса XV столетия),Прага, 1925, с. 243.<br />

40 41

ludoviko boloniels aseTive viTareba <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong> axlo<br />

aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSic <strong>da</strong> igi romSi di<strong>da</strong>d kmayofili<br />

<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

vidre aRmosavleTis ambebs Seityob<strong>da</strong>, papma sakuTari<br />

xarjiT ram denime galera SeaiaraRa <strong>da</strong> maTi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

saomrad gagzavna sur<strong>da</strong>, magram mdgomareoba sul<br />

sxvagvari iyo, vidre papi va raudob<strong>da</strong>. ve necielebma mis mowodebas<br />

uariT upasuxes im mizeziT, rom osmaleTTan urTierTobis<br />

gauareseba ar sur<strong>da</strong>T. maTi aRmosavleTTan vaWroba<br />

osmalebis mier jerjerobiT ar izRudebo<strong>da</strong>. genuelebi<br />

TavianTi uSualo mezoblebisagan mosalodneli safrTxis<br />

ac ilebaze ufro zrunavdnen 1 .<br />

papi grZnob<strong>da</strong>, rom evropis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaer-<br />

Tianebas ver SeZleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> imedis Tvali mTlianad aRmosavle-<br />

Tze ga<strong>da</strong>itana. man 1457 w. sca<strong>da</strong> uSualod <strong>da</strong>emyarebina<br />

kavSiri ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebel uzun has anTan 2 , romlis<br />

saxeli evropaSi ukve sakmaod cnobili iyo.<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, ludoviko bolonieli aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

kmayo fili <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> paps <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxebac<br />

mravali saintereso cnoba miutana. moxiblulma papma ludovikos<br />

ukan, aRmosavleTSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba ubr Zana <strong>da</strong> Tan werilic<br />

gaatana, romeliTac papi sparseTsa <strong>da</strong> saqarT veloSi<br />

mcxovreb yvela qristian morwmunes mimarTavs. werili <strong>da</strong>-<br />

TariRebulia 1457 wlis 19 dekembriT 3 .<br />

werili<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom ludovikos papisaTvis mouxsenebia:<br />

saqarT velo, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom igi `barbarosTa <strong>da</strong><br />

urwmunoTa sim ravliT ga remoculia, mravlad arian iq kaTo-<br />

1 Silberschmidt M., Das orientalische Problem zur Zeit der Entstehuing des<br />

Türkische Reiches nach venezianische Quelen, Leipzig-Berlin, 1923, S. 113.<br />

2 Muratori L. A. Geschichte von Italien von Anfange der christliche Zeit-Rechnung<br />

bis auf des Jahre 1500. Aus dem italienischen übersetzt, Theil IX, Leipzig,<br />

1750 , S. 377.<br />

3 TamaraSvili m., istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902, gv.<br />

51.<br />

likeni 1 <strong>da</strong> misdeven WeSmaritebisa <strong>da</strong> sau kuno cxovrebis<br />

gzas~ 2 .<br />

romSi friad kmayofili <strong>da</strong>rCenilan qarTvelebis im surviliTac,<br />

rom, paps maTTvis sakuTari patriarqis arCevis<br />

ufleba miucia. man lu dovikos ga<strong>da</strong>sca werili, romliTac<br />

igi qarTvelebs uwoneb<strong>da</strong> survils <strong>da</strong> uflebas aZlev<strong>da</strong>, patriarqad<br />

aerCiaT is pirovneba, visac TviTon inebebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

wardgenili kandi<strong>da</strong>turis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebasac hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>. amas-<br />

Tanave papi qarTvelebs sTxov<strong>da</strong> ludovikosaTvis aRmoeCinaT<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba, raTa mas papis yvela <strong>da</strong>valeba advilad Seesrulebina<br />

3 .<br />

paps calke werili gaugzavna samcxis aTabagma yvaryvare<br />

II-m. imave wlis 22 dekembers papma sapasuxo werilic ludovikos<br />

gamoatana. werili sainteresoa imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

masSi ga mok veTilad Cans pirvelobis pretenziebiT Sepyrobili<br />

aTabagis namdvili saxe. aqve isic Cans, rom papi mza<strong>da</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong>akmayofilos aTabagis zogierTi moTxovna, magram is osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad er Tad un<strong>da</strong> iyos `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefesTan <strong>da</strong> im adgilebis sxva mmarT velebsa <strong>da</strong> qristian<br />

erebTan mSvidobis Sesaxeb. am mSvidobis saSuale biT<br />

Tqven advilad SeZlebT SeudgeT urwmuno barbarosTa gawyvetas,<br />

romlebic TqvenTan ax los cxovroben. imave nuncios<br />

(ludoviko bolonieli – e.m.) monaTxro bi<strong>da</strong>n SevityveT Seni<br />

piroba gagrZeldes omi yvela qristianis mtris _ Turqis<br />

winaaRmdeg, romelsac, rogorc ambob, brZolis velze yovelTvis<br />

amarcxebdi xolme... xolo rac Seexeba SenTvis admiralobis<br />

(sic!) anu mTa varsardlobis boZebas mTel samxedro<br />

Zalebze, rasac Tqveni qveynebis qristianebi barbarosebze<br />

salaSqrod moagroveben, Cven Sen amisaTvis sruliad Rirseulad<br />

gTvliT <strong>da</strong> Sen SegiZlia mamaSenis msgavsad mTavar-<br />

1 am cnobas papisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

2 TamaraSvili m,. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 50-51<br />

3 .iqve, gv. 51.<br />

42 43

sar<strong>da</strong>li iyo. ase rom, Cven Sen am wodebas giwyalobebT 1 .<br />

oRon<strong>da</strong>c Tqvens Soris, iqauri qveynebis qristi anebs Soris<br />

mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> Tanxmoba iyos~ 2 . wer ilSi isicaa naTqvami, rom<br />

papma <strong>da</strong>savleTis qristianebsac mouwo<strong>da</strong> TurqebTan sabr-<br />

Zolvelad <strong>da</strong> saTanado weriliTac mimarTa, romlis asls,<br />

<strong>da</strong>majereblobisaTvis, aTabags ugzavni<strong>da</strong>. `ase rom, mTeli<br />

Seni zraxvebi, survilebi <strong>da</strong> gegmebi urwmunoTa ganadgurebas<br />

miapyari, ise, rogorc ukve <strong>da</strong>wyebuli gaqvs, im rwmeniT, rom<br />

gamarjveba Sen <strong>da</strong> sxva qristianebs <strong>da</strong>grCebaT, amis Sesaxeb<br />

bevris Tqmaa saWiro, rasac sityvierad gadmogcems Cveni nuncio,<br />

romelsac savsebiT SegiZlia endo~ _ ase amTavrebs<br />

Tavis werils papi kaliqstus III 3 .<br />

papma saTanado werilebiT aRWurvili ludoviko <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />

aRmosavleTSi gagzavna 4 , romelmac, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />

rogorc saqarT veloSi pirvelad yofnisas, axlac<br />

1 yvaryvare aTabagis moTxovna mTavarsardlobaze, ganpirobebuli iyo qar-<br />

Tuli samarTliT (ix. `Ãelmwifis karis garigeba~. wignSi: qarTuli samarTlis<br />

Zeglebi: 1. Ãelmwifis karis garigeba, 2. <strong>da</strong>sturlamali. teqstebi gamosacemad<br />

moamza<strong>da</strong>, gamokvlevebi, leqsikoni <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo i. surgulaZem, Tb.,<br />

1970, gv. 24-25). yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemoeba, rom yvaryvare Tavis pretenzias<br />

am saxelos memkvidreobiTobiT (mami<strong>da</strong>n Svilze) ga<strong>da</strong>svliT amarTlebs.<br />

vfiqrob, papi im laSqris mTavarsardlobaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>, romelsac <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

samefo-samTavroebi (`Tqveni qveynebi~) Sekrebdnen. vaxuSti batoniSvilis <strong>da</strong>xasiTebiT,<br />

`iyo ese yuaryuare qedmaRali, didebismoyuare, mCurCneli <strong>da</strong> meSfo-<br />

Te~ (qarTlis cxovreba, batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a.<br />

teqsti <strong>da</strong>dgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier,<br />

Tb., 1973 , gv. IV. 704). man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula erTiani qarTuli<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>luri monarqiis <strong>da</strong>SlaSi.<br />

2 paiWaZe d., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 84.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 85.<br />

4 m. TamaraSvils miaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi gavleniT mec ase megona, rom ludovikos<br />

aRmo savleTSi gamgzavrebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miRebul iqna kaliqstus<br />

III-is sicocxleSi, ro melic ludovikos gamgzavrebamde ramdenime dRiT adre<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. amitom is axali pa pis arCevamde romSi <strong>da</strong>yovn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semdeg Sesdga<br />

misi gamgzavreba (TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 56; mamisTvaliSvili e.,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>. sgareo politikuri urTierTo bani XV sau kunis meore naxevarsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> XVI saukuneSi, Tb., 1981 , gv. 41), rasac, moyvanili werili uary ofs.<br />

pira<strong>da</strong>d, papis <strong>da</strong>valebiT (amis Ses axeb werilSic aRniSnuli<br />

iyo), moinaxula yvaryvare aTabagi <strong>da</strong> pira<strong>da</strong>d ga<strong>da</strong>sca werili.<br />

werilis Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> papis <strong>da</strong>pirebebi un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

mTavari mizezi aTabagis aqtiurobisa antiosmaluri koaliciis<br />

Sesaqmne lad.<br />

ludovikos romi<strong>da</strong>n gamgzavrebis Semdeg, ar gauvlia did<br />

xans, rom 1458 wlis 6 agvistos papi kaliqstus III gar<strong>da</strong>icvala.<br />

19 agvistos ar Ceuli iqna pius II (enea silvius<br />

pikolomini), romelmac antios maluri jvarosnuli omis<br />

ideis ganxorcielebas kidev ufro energiu lad mohki<strong>da</strong> xeli.<br />

amis Semdeg romSi male <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> ludoviko, ma gram ar Cans<br />

zustad rodis. yovel SemTxvevaSi is oqtombris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

romSia. 4 oqtombers pius II ajamebs <strong>da</strong> afasebs aRmosavleTSi<br />

misi mog zaurobis Sedegebs. papi ludovikos mimar-<br />

Tavs: `Tqven wargzavneT CrdiloeTisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis<br />

qveynebSi qristianebrivis sarwmunoebisa <strong>da</strong> samociqulo saydris<br />

pativis saqmeTa gamo; mRvdelT mTavrebi, mefeni <strong>da</strong><br />

egreTve qristiane eri, romlebic scxovroben urwmunoTa<br />

Soris, mravlad naxeT iqa, ganamtkiceT <strong>da</strong> ganaZliereT sarwmunoebaSi,<br />

raodna Tac ki SegeZloT... maT Soris arian...<br />

egreTve qarTvelT kaTalikosi, mefe sparseTis (giorgi),<br />

mefe qarTvelebisa (samcxis aTabagi), mefe same grelosi (bendia),<br />

imperatori trapezuntisa <strong>da</strong> egreTve sparseTis eri<br />

(qarTlis eri), romlebic ekklesiis wessa <strong>da</strong> dog matebze<br />

SeerTebulni arian <strong>da</strong> romlebic did pativscemen wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

franCeskes monazonebs~ 1 .<br />

dReisaTvis cnobili qarTuli <strong>da</strong> evropuli wyaroebi ar<br />

gvaZlevs saSualebas <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT vTqvaT, SeZlo Tu ara ludoviko<br />

bolonielma pa pis epistole samcxis aTabagisaTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eca. zogad xazebSi mxolod is viciT, rom ludoviko<br />

boloniels saqarTveloSi feo<strong>da</strong>luri aSliloba <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>. erTmaneTs<br />

ebrZodnen mefe giorgi VIII, imereTis mefe bagrati <strong>da</strong><br />

1 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 51-52.<br />

44 45

samcxis aTabagi yvaryvare II. ludovikom maTi Serigeba SesZlo<br />

<strong>da</strong> fici <strong>da</strong>adebina, rom urTierTmtrobaze xels aiRebdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

mTel Zalas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolas moaxmardnen.<br />

saqarTveloSi saqmis mogvarebis Semdeg, ludoviko somxeTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos estumra. iqac osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolis Tanxmoba miiRo <strong>da</strong> rodesac ukan gamobrun<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maTi elCebic Tan wamoiyvana. 1459 w. igi isev saqarTveloSi<br />

movi<strong>da</strong>. aq mefe giorgim <strong>da</strong> yvaryvare aTa bagma ludoviko<br />

boloniels burgonis hercog filipe keTilisaTvis 1<br />

1 filipe III keTili (1419-1467), burgundiis hercogi iyo 1419 wli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis saxel Tanaa <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sahercogos gaZliereba <strong>da</strong> teritoriuli<br />

gavrcoba. aswliani omis dros is jer ingliselebs emxrobo<strong>da</strong> (monawileob<strong>da</strong><br />

q. kompienis alyaSi 1430 wels, roca <strong>da</strong>atyveves Jana d’arki), Semdeg frangebis<br />

mxares ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> (1435 w.) <strong>da</strong> pi kardiis olqis sanacvlod safrangeTis kanonier<br />

mefed aRiara Sarl VII. filipe III-m qorwinebis, fulis, <strong>da</strong>xvewili diplomatiis<br />

wyalobiT Tavis samflobeloebs SeuerTa namiuris, enos, ze landiis <strong>da</strong><br />

holandiis sagrafoebi, brabantis, limburgisa <strong>da</strong> lu qsemburgis sahercogoebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxv. amgvarad, filipe III ga<strong>da</strong>iqca evropaSi erT-erT uZliers mbrZaneblad.<br />

am siZlieris simbolos warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> mis mier 1429 wels <strong>da</strong>arsebuli `oqros<br />

sawmisis ordeni~.<br />

aswliani omi <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuli ar iyo, rodesac filipe seriozul interess<br />

amJRav neb<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis sakiTxebisadmi. man 1421 wels, rodesac ingliselebis<br />

mxares iyo, os maleTis Sesaxeb cnobebis mopovebis mizniT, inglisis mcirewlovani<br />

mefis henri VI-is re gentTan, hercog bedfordTan erTad jilber <strong>da</strong><br />

lanua gaagzavna. 1431 wels imave mizniT gagzavnili iqna bedfordis mrCeveli<br />

bertradon de la brokieri. 1443 wels man polone Tis mefe vladislav II-is<br />

<strong>da</strong> ungreTis voevo<strong>da</strong> ianoS huniadis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad sazRvao eqspedicia gaagzavna<br />

valeran de vavrinis meTaurobiT, magram 1444 w. 10 noem bers mo kavSireebma<br />

osmalebTan brZolaSi marcxi ganicades. burgundiis eqspediciis xomaldebi<br />

gaifantnen <strong>da</strong> mZarcvelobas miyves xeli. erT-erTma razmma saqarTvelomdec ki<br />

moaRwia Jofrua de tuzis meTaurobiT <strong>da</strong> Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa baTums, magram guriis<br />

mTavarma <strong>da</strong>atyveva. tuzis ganTavisufleba mox<strong>da</strong> mxolod trapizonis keisris<br />

SuamdgomlobiT (Карпов С. П., Трапезунтская империя и западноевропейские<br />

государства в XIII-XV вв., М., 1981, c. 156-157).<br />

filipe III jer kidev osmalebis mier konstantinopolis aRebamde 1452<br />

wels os malebis winaaRmdeg erToblivi omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis iniciativiT gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

am wina<strong>da</strong>debiT Tavisi episkoposi safrangeTis mefis karze gagzavna (Карпов<br />

С. П., Ук. соч., с. 116).<br />

(igi ev ropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis ini ciatorad<br />

gamodio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mzadyofnasac gamosTqvam<strong>da</strong> Tavisi SeiaraRebuli<br />

ZalebiT aqtiuri monawileba mieRo osmalebis winaaRmdeg<br />

omSi) gankuTvnili werilebi ga<strong>da</strong>sces <strong>da</strong> papis elCs<br />

gamgzavrebisas Ta vianTi elCebic gaayoles 1 .<br />

hercog filipesaTvis gankuTvnili werilebiT vigebT,<br />

rom lu doviko bolonielis moRvaweobis Sedegad osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mTeli saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>razmula.<br />

brZolis survili ganucxadebiaT: mefe giorgis, aTabag yvaryvares,<br />

samegrelos mTavar <strong>da</strong> dians <strong>da</strong> guriis mTavars. gar<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisa, koaliciaSi un<strong>da</strong> Sesuliyvnen:<br />

trapizonis imperatori, mcire somxeTis mTavari, yaramaniis<br />

amira <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebeli. <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli saxelmwifoebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gansakuTrebiT arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaSi trapizonis<br />

imperia imyofebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc cnobilia, trapizonis imperia, XIII saukunis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawy isSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebis uSualo monawileobiT<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misT vis, am erTmorwmune <strong>da</strong> qarTuli<br />

samefo karis monaTesave qveyanas, didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

es patara saxelmwifo, Tavisi xelsayreli geografiuli<br />

mdebareobis wyalobiT, gansakuTrebul rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> evropisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis qveynebis _ iranis, indoeTis, Cine-<br />

Tis _ savaWro urTierTobaSi. satranzito vaWroba mas did<br />

Semosavals aZlev<strong>da</strong>. es ki sxva garemoebebTan erTad, sxvisi<br />

teritoriebis ZarcviT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli osmaleTisaTvis,<br />

trapizonis imperiis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTi omis <strong>da</strong>sawye bad<br />

sakmao mizezs warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, osmalebisagan<br />

ganadgurebis safrTxis winaSe mdgom trapizonis imperiaSi<br />

Sinagani Zalebis mobilizacia ki ara, piriqiT, decentralizacia<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>. misi mmarTveli wreebi osmaleTis Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis<br />

mogeriebas mxolod evropisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis Zalebis gaer-<br />

1 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 57-59. elCebi foTi<strong>da</strong>n gemiT gaemgzavrnen,<br />

md. dunais ahyvnen <strong>da</strong> un greTSi mividnen. Карпов С. П., УК. труд, с, 199.<br />

46 47

TianebaSi <strong>da</strong> maTze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, osmaleTis ganadgurebaSi<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen. aseTi Sexeduleba im perator ioane IV-is dros<br />

(1446-1458) Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>. am mizniT <strong>da</strong>amyara io anem urTir-<br />

Toba uzun has anTan, rac bolos ioanes qaliSvilis Teodoras<br />

masze gaTxovebiT kidev ufro ganmtkic<strong>da</strong>. rogorc Tanamedrove<br />

anonimi avtori gadmogvcems, uzun hasanma ioanes<br />

osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi yovelgvari <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRuTqva<br />

1 .<br />

ioanes <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe-mTavrebisagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis<br />

imedic hqon<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo karTan naTesaur<br />

kavSirSi iyo. mas colad hyav<strong>da</strong> mefe aleqsandre I-is asuli<br />

2 .<br />

ioanes gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, misma Zmam, <strong>da</strong>viTma ioanes<br />

<strong>politika</strong> gaagrZela <strong>da</strong> yvelafers akeTeb<strong>da</strong> imisaTvis, raTa<br />

osmalebis Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas trapizoni momzadebuli <strong>da</strong>xvedro<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sakuTari Zalebi rom ar hyofni<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>viTma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n mravali mebrZoli <strong>da</strong>iqirava 3 . iaraRi<br />

veneciisa <strong>da</strong> genuis gemebiT mozides <strong>da</strong> qalaqis kedlebze<br />

qvemexebi <strong>da</strong>ayenes. marTalia, uzun hasani trapizonis saxelmwifos<br />

exmare bo<strong>da</strong>, ma gram imdenad mcired, rom komnenosebi<br />

iZulebulni gaxdnen kilikiis, sino pisa <strong>da</strong> yaramaniis mTavrebisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba eTxovaT, ma gram im dros isini imdenad<br />

<strong>da</strong>sustebulni iyvnen, rom maTgan se riozuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

miReba saeWvo Can<strong>da</strong>. imave dros <strong>da</strong>viT komnenosi molaparakebas<br />

awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe giorgi VIII-sTan, <strong>da</strong>dian-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong> yvaryvaresTan. man arc kavkasiis mTielebi <strong>da</strong>tova<br />

Txovnis gareSe <strong>da</strong> maT mefe giorgis droSis qveS gaerTianebisaken<br />

mouwo<strong>da</strong>. giorgi VIII-is antiosmaluri ganwyobileba<br />

maSin, albaT, cnobili iyo.<br />

1 Ramusio G. B. Secon<strong>da</strong> volume della Navigationi et Viaggi…, Venezia, 1559 ,<br />

p. 84r.<br />

2 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, München,<br />

1827, S. 260.<br />

3 Ibidem, S. 262.<br />

qarTvelebs osmaleTis ganadgurebis sakuTari gegma hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

iv. javaxiSvili wer<strong>da</strong>: `qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs undo<strong>da</strong>T<br />

saqme ise moewyoT, rom osmalTa sruli <strong>da</strong>marcxeba,<br />

saboloo ganadgureba <strong>da</strong> TviT saxseneblis mospobac ki SesaZlebeli<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo. amisaTvis qarTvelebs osmalTa winaaRmdeg<br />

erTmaneTTan Tanxmobrivi moqmedeba miaCn<strong>da</strong>T saWirod<br />

ise, rom osmaleTisaTvis orTave mxriT SeetiaT <strong>da</strong><br />

samxedro mo qmedeba ewarmoebinaT~ 1 . yvaryvare aTabagi burgonis<br />

hercogs acno beb<strong>da</strong>: `ama sac gpirdebiT, rom erTi zafxulis<br />

ganmavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>vipyroT mTlad anatolia <strong>da</strong> yvela<br />

qveynebi, romelic konstantinepolel osmalos am mxares<br />

uWiravs, xolo imis meore kerZo adgilebi, romlebic saber-<br />

ZneTia <strong>da</strong> romelsac Savi zRva hyofs, Tqven <strong>da</strong>gitoveT<br />

<strong>da</strong>sapyro bad; misi aReba advili iqneba, radgan, rodesac sul-<br />

Tani ase or jars Sua moeqceva, veRar gauZaldeba, male<br />

<strong>da</strong>iZleva <strong>da</strong>, amnairad, mis saxels qveyanaze movspobT~ 2 .<br />

gagzavnili werilebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, qarTveli<br />

mefe-mTavrebi im droisaTvis sakmaod didi SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zalis gamoyvanas kis rulobdnen. burgonis hercogisadmi<br />

gagzavnili werili<strong>da</strong>n Cans, maT rogori wvlilis Setana<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>T osmalebis saboloo ganadgurebis saqmeSi. mefe giorgi<br />

wer<strong>da</strong>: `me TviTon pira<strong>da</strong>d 40.000 kaciT un<strong>da</strong> wavide...<br />

samegrelos mefe bediani mzad aris mTeli Tavisi jariT;<br />

yvaryvare, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelmwife TviT modis 20.000 cxenosniT;<br />

ana kosiis xelmwife raba (fabia) Semogvpir<strong>da</strong> wamosvlas<br />

Tavisi ZmebiT, Ta vadebiT <strong>da</strong> mTeli Tavisi samxedro<br />

ZaliT~ 3 .<br />

werilSi ar aris aRniSnuli ramdeni mebrZoli un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaeyvana same grelos mTavars. iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT,<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb., 1967 , gv. 68.<br />

2 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 58-59. m. TamaraSvilis mier Targmnili<br />

do kumenti rodesac originals Seva<strong>da</strong>re aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom maT Soris mcire sxvaoba<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> Sevecade saintereso adgilebi <strong>da</strong>mezustebina.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 59-60, 596-597.<br />

48 49

samegrelo-afxazeTis mTavrebs 10.000-mde mebrZoli un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaeyvanaT <strong>da</strong> amrigad, mTlianad saqarT velos laSqari 70.000mde<br />

kacs Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

qarTvelTa laSqris sul sxva raodenobaa trapizonis<br />

imperatoris <strong>da</strong>viT komnenosis 1459 w. 22 aprils imave filipe<br />

burgonelisaTvis gag zav nil werilSi. masSi naTqvamia,<br />

rom giorgi gaiyvan<strong>da</strong> 60.000 mebrZols, yvary vare _ 20.000,<br />

samegrelos mTavari Tavis SvilTan erTad _ 60.000, afxaze-<br />

Tis mTavari Tavisi ZmebiTa <strong>da</strong> TavadebiT _ 30.000 2 .<br />

gamodis, rom qarTvelTa laSqris raodenoba 170.000<br />

kacs miaR wev<strong>da</strong>. amas <strong>da</strong>ematebo<strong>da</strong> jiqebisa <strong>da</strong> alanebis razmebic,<br />

romlebic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> laSqars SeuerTdebodnen <strong>da</strong><br />

mefe giorgis droSis qveS iomebdnen.<br />

albaT, sinamdvilesTan axlos un<strong>da</strong> iyos jaris is raodenoba,<br />

ro melic <strong>da</strong>saxelebulia mefe giorgis werilSi. trapizonis<br />

imperatori, savaraudoa, Segnebulad azviadeb<strong>da</strong> laSqris<br />

raodenobas, raTa STa beWdileba moexdina burgonis hercogze<br />

<strong>da</strong> isic mTeli Tavisi SesaZle blobiT <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> koalicias.<br />

sainteresoa, vin iyvnen mefe giorgis werilSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

mo kavSireni.<br />

mefe giorgi, romelic Tavis Tavs `persTa (e.i. sparsTa)<br />

mefes~ uwodeb<strong>da</strong>, iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, werilis de<strong>da</strong>nSi,<br />

`afxazTa mefe~ ew ere bo<strong>da</strong>, magram ga<strong>da</strong>mwerma <strong>da</strong>amaxinja<br />

3 . marTlac, aq rom aleqsandre didis Zeze, mefe giorgizea<br />

laparaki, amaze miuTiTebs m. TamaraSvilis amonaweri<br />

vadingos analebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelsac Semdeg gavecnobiT.<br />

samegrelos mTavari bediani (an bendiani), yvaryvares<br />

werilSi me fis tituliT gandidebuli, am periodisaTvis<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erT-erTi Zlieri mTavarTagani iyo.<br />

samcxe-saaTabago XV s. meore naxevarSi <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris istoria, IV, gv. 69.<br />

2 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Op. cit., S. 267.<br />

3 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., , gv. 67.<br />

politikur erTeuls warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. aTabag yvaryvare II didis<br />

dros samcxe-saaTa bagom Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals miaRwia.<br />

aTabagi mefisagan <strong>da</strong>mou kidebel sa gareo <strong>politika</strong>s<br />

atareb<strong>da</strong>. yvaryvares Zlierebaze miuTiTebs Tun<strong>da</strong>c is faqti,<br />

rom igi evropaSi mefed iyo cnobili.<br />

yvaryvare Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebas cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

sxva politikur erTeulebzec. XV s. meore naxevar-<br />

Si, rogorc Cans, aTa bagis xelisufleba <strong>da</strong>savleTiT Savi<br />

zRvispireTis garkveul nawilzec vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. m. broses<br />

mixedviT, baTumi 1459 w. ukve yvaryvares mflobelobaSi yofila,<br />

magram im wyaroTi, romelsac igi eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong>, amgvari<br />

<strong>da</strong>skvnis gakeTeba ver xerxdeba 1 . ambrojo kontarinim 1474<br />

wlis zafxulSi saqarTveloSi imogzaura <strong>da</strong> baTumSic iyo.<br />

misi TqmiT, yvaryvares Savi zRvis piras ori qalaqi: baTumi<br />

<strong>da</strong> kaltixea ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

TiTqos<strong>da</strong> kontarinis cnobis sawinaaRmdegos gadmogvcems<br />

barbaro, roca igi aRniSnavs, rom samegrelos mTavari bediani<br />

Savi zRvis piras flobs baTumsa <strong>da</strong> sevastopoliss 3 . ar<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvaviwydes, rom am SemTxvevaSi barbaros sxva periodi<br />

aqvs mxedvelobaSi. savaWro saqmiano basTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

barbaro saqarTveloSi, kerZod, mis Savi zRvis sanapiroebze,<br />

ramdenjerme iyo. aseT saqmianobas ki igi 1436-1451 wlebSi<br />

eweo<strong>da</strong>. Tavis `mogzaurobaSi~ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb cnobebs,<br />

1 m. broses varaudiT, yvaryvares werili burgonis hercogisaTvis gaigzavna<br />

baTumi<strong>da</strong>n, rac imis sabuTad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom baTumi yvaryvares mflobelobaSi<br />

iyo. m. brose amis gamo wer<strong>da</strong>: `Sa lettre est <strong>da</strong>tè <strong>da</strong> Bata, en Carceche, que je crois<br />

etre Batou, <strong>da</strong>ns la prin cipautè d’Akhal-Tzikhe~ (Brosset M. Additions et éclaircissements<br />

jusqu’en 1469 de J.C., St.-Petersbbourg, 1851 , p. 409). un<strong>da</strong> SevniSno,<br />

rom aRniSnuli werili broses Tavis TxzulebaSi srulad ar aqvs moyvanili.<br />

m. Tama raSvilis wignSi ki laTinur enaze mocemul imave werilSi baTumi saer-<br />

Tod naxsenebi ar aris. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom m. brosem laTinuri wyaros<br />

`Vata in Carceche~ gad moiRo rogorc `Bata en Carceche~ (ix. TamaraSvili m.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 394-3 96.).<br />

2 Ramusio, 114 v.<br />

3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 55.<br />

50 51

gar<strong>da</strong> erTisa, romelic uzun hasanis 1477 wlis Semosevas<br />

asaxavs, Setanilia Txzulebis pirvel nawilSi, romelsac<br />

ewodeba `mogzauroba tanaSi~.<br />

26 wlis Semdeg (1477 w.) barbaros kidev moux<strong>da</strong> yofna<br />

saqarT veloSi, magram maSin mas aRar hqon<strong>da</strong> saSualeba<br />

amjerad saintereso adgilebis Sesaxeb cnobebi Seegrovebina.<br />

amas gar<strong>da</strong> saWiroa isic gavixsenoT, rom barbarom Tavisi<br />

`mogzauroba~ sicocxlis bolo periodSi aRwera, maSin,<br />

rodesac kontarini `dRiurebs~ adgilzeve adgen<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />

kontarinis dRiurebi, am SemTxvevaSi, ufro sandoa.<br />

kontarini baTumis Sesaxeb saxvaganac gvawvdis cnobas,<br />

romelic kidev ufro gvarwmunebs, rom es Savi zRvispira<br />

qalaqi aTabags ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> 1 . yvaryvare, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavari,<br />

samcxe-saaTabagos mflobeli, an tiosmaluri koaliciis SeqmniT<br />

gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>interesebuli Cans.<br />

qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs Soris <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli rabia, m.<br />

TamaraSvils afxazeTis mTavari egona, iv. javaxiSvilma ki<br />

igi anakofiis erisTavad iva rau<strong>da</strong> 2 . orive mecnieris mosazreba<br />

sworia. mxolod <strong>da</strong>zustebis mizniT un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom<br />

rabia afxazebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli mTeli teritoriis erisTavi<br />

ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod im nawilisa, romelic sabedianoSi<br />

ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>, mas afxazeTis saerisTavo ewodebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

XV s. meore naxevarSi <strong>da</strong>moukideblo bas inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. afxaze-<br />

Tis saerisTavo ga<strong>da</strong>Wimuli iyo anakofii<strong>da</strong>n nikof siamde 3 .<br />

Anocacia, Anocasia <strong>da</strong> Angosia rom namdvilad anakofias niSnavs,<br />

amaze miuTiTebs jorjo interianos Agaxia-c, romelic,<br />

misive TqmiT, CerqezeTs esazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kolxeTis nawils<br />

Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 4 . venecieli diplomati ambrojo kontarinic<br />

68.<br />

1 Ramusio, p. 119 r-119 v.<br />

2 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 58; javaxiSvili iv. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.<br />

3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Сухуми,<br />

1959 , c. 177.<br />

4 Interiano Giorgio. La vita et sito de Zichi, chiamati Circassi, historia nobile,<br />

saqarTvelo-CerqezeTis gzaze asaxelebs erT geografiul<br />

punqts, romelsac Avogasia erqva 1 . u<strong>da</strong>voa yvela zemoCamoTvlili<br />

saxelis msgavseba sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva peri odis italiur rukebze<br />

anakofiis aRniSvnasTan (Avogaxia, Anagsia, Avogia), rac<br />

cxadyofs iv. javaxiSvilis varaudis safuZvlianobas.<br />

1460 w. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> elCebi romSi mividnen <strong>da</strong> paps warudgines<br />

mo kavSireTa gansxvavebuli sia, vidre es burgonis<br />

hercogisTvis gagzavnil werilebSia mocemuli. maT paps<br />

moaxsenes, rom `CvenTan mokavSireebad ar ian: ben<strong>da</strong>s _ samegrelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis mefe; bagrati _ iberTa, romlebic<br />

exla giorgianebad iwodebian <strong>da</strong> mania _ guriis erisTavi;<br />

is maili _ sino pis batoni; kastimene, romlis mama spediari<br />

iyo; fabia _ angoziis mTavari; kilikiis mTavari yaramani~ 2 .<br />

rogorc werilebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> elCebis papTan gancxadebi<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

Cans, `qarT veli politikosebi marto qristian mezoblebTan<br />

TanamSromlobiT ar <strong>da</strong>k mayofilebulan <strong>da</strong> TavianTi gegma<br />

sarwmuneobrivi zRudeebiT ki ar Semou farglavT, aramed am<br />

saqmis ganxorcielebis dros safuZvlad politikuri TvalsazrisiT<br />

uxelmZRvaneliaT~ 3 . werilebSi, marTalia zoga<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

mocemulia osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis gegmac <strong>da</strong> Ti-<br />

Toeuli mokavSiris movaleoba.<br />

yvaryvare II aTabagis werilis mixedviT, 1459 w. uzun<br />

hasanic an tios malur koaliciaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. `radgan hasanbeg<br />

aqeT mxares, konstantino poleli osmalebis sazRvarzed<br />

aris, _ wer<strong>da</strong> yvaryvare, _ <strong>da</strong>gvpir<strong>da</strong>, rom gzas mogvcems,<br />

raTa anatolia <strong>da</strong>vipyraT <strong>da</strong> TviTonac pira<strong>da</strong>d un<strong>da</strong> movides<br />

Venezia, Aldus, 1502 , p. 6.<br />

1 Ramusio, p. 119 v.<br />

2 vadingos `mcire analebi<strong>da</strong>n~ amoRebul sabuTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c CamoTvlilia mokavSireebi,<br />

m. TamaraSvils Tavis `istoria kaTolikobisasa~-Si, gamotovebuli<br />

aqvs adgilebi. misi aRdgena m. TamaraSvilis fondSi <strong>da</strong>culi masalebiT xerxdeba.<br />

ix. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa<br />

instituti: m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053.<br />

3 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 70.<br />

52 53

CvenTan yoveli Tavisi jariT asaRebad bursis qalaqisa, raTa<br />

igi TavisTvis <strong>da</strong>ikavos. eseTi kavSiri masTan im pirobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>vdeT, rom mu<strong>da</strong>m iqnes qristianobis didi megobari; egreTve<br />

ukeT Tqven laTinis mbrZane blebi <strong>da</strong> erni wamoxvalT wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

adgili ieru salimis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad, is valdebulia yovelnairad<br />

SegewiosT Tqven, raodnaTac ki SeuZlia~ 1 .<br />

koaliciis aRmosavleli wevrebis jaris saerTo raodenobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sadgenad saWiroa <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT mefe giorgis mier burgonis<br />

hercog filipesaTvis gagzavnil werils. masSi naTqvamia,<br />

rom trapizonis imperators 30 xomaldi <strong>da</strong> 20 aTasi<br />

mebrZoli un<strong>da</strong> gaeyvana, mcire somxeTis mflobels berdebeks<br />

_ 20 aTasi mebrZoli 2 , xolo uzun hasans ki _ 50 aTasi 3 .<br />

amgvarad, aRmosavlel mokavSireTa laSqarSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 160 aTasi meomari, rac, rogorc Cans, maT sakmarisad<br />

ar miaCn<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> 1459 wels evropaSi elCoba gagzavnes,<br />

romelSic koaliciis TiTqmis yvela wevris warmomadgeneli<br />

Sevi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

elCobas miuZRvo<strong>da</strong> ludoviko bolonieli, romelsac,<br />

rogorc papi pius II burgonis hercogs acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, aRmosavleTis<br />

mefe-mTavrebis antios malur koaliciaSi CabmasTan<br />

erTad maTi warmomadgenlebis evropaSi Cayva nac evalebo<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />

evropaSi `<strong>da</strong>viT trapizonis imperatori gzavnis mixeil<br />

aldi giers; giorgi persTa, didi armeniis <strong>da</strong> mcire iberiis<br />

mefe, romlis mama aleqsandre iyo, nikoloz Tbilels; aseve<br />

imperatoris siZe (uzun hasani – e.m.), mesopotamiis mefe,<br />

Tumca araqristiani, magram qristianebis megobari, romlis<br />

1 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 58, 595.<br />

2 Ibidem, S. 267<br />

3 T. uspenski asaxelebs 20 galeras <strong>da</strong> 20 aTas mebrZols (Успенский Ф.<br />

Р., Очерки из истории Трапезунтской империи, Л., 1929, с. 135). iv. javaxiSvili<br />

imave werilze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT wers, TiTqos imperators 30 xomaldi <strong>da</strong> 30 aTasi<br />

meomari un<strong>da</strong> gamoeyvana (javaxiS vili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 70). sinamdvileSi ki<br />

isea, rogorc aRvniSne (ix. TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 59, 596).<br />

4 Ibidem, S. 268.<br />

mama Turqmani karailuki iyo _ Turqman mahumuts; yvaryvare,<br />

ro melic did iberias flobs, romlis mama gacabeki iyo,<br />

qasqa<strong>da</strong>n axalcix els; somxeTis batoni _ malus ar meniels~<br />

1 .<br />

elCebi jer saqarTveloSi Seikribnen, Semdeg Crdilo<br />

kavkasiaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen, gaiares samxreT ruseTis velebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mividnen tanaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>laxes md. doni, ayvnen md. dunais <strong>da</strong><br />

ungreTamde miaRwies 2 .<br />

savaraudoa, elCebi gzaSi molaparakebas awarmoebdnen sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

qveynebis politikur mesveurebTan, magram amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli<br />

raime sabuTi cnobili ar aris. Tvals Tu ga<strong>da</strong>vavlebT<br />

XV s. 50-ian wlebSi im qveynebis mdgomareobas,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c elCebs yofna moux<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> molaparakebe bic un<strong>da</strong> ewarmoebinaT,<br />

maSin gasagebi gaxdeba rogori mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />

mieRoT.<br />

ungreTi di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

saomari moqmedebis gaSliT. mefe matiaS korvinma elCebi<br />

guliTa<strong>da</strong>d miiRo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pir<strong>da</strong>, mxars <strong>da</strong>uWer<strong>da</strong> saerTo saqmes 3 ,<br />

magram maSin igi ga<strong>da</strong>udebeli problemebiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli iyo.<br />

kerZod, imperatori fridrix III habsburgi mas taxts ecilebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

elCebi germaniSi eaxlnen fridrix III (1452-1493) habsburgs.<br />

mis mier elCebis miReba <strong>da</strong> maTTan ganxiluli sakiTxebis<br />

Sesaxeb gadmoce mulia im peratoris mier giorgi VIII-sa<br />

1 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa<br />

in stituti: m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 30. Sdr. falmeraieris naSromSi<br />

(Fallmer eyer Jac. PH., Op. cit., S. 268) mocemuli papis werili burgonis hercogisadmi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c arc yvela elCia <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli <strong>da</strong> saxelebic <strong>da</strong>maxinjebulia.<br />

2 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 31. gansxvavebuli marSruti warmoadgina<br />

l. tardim: elCebi foTi<strong>da</strong>n gemiT gaemgzavrnen, md. dunais ahyvnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> ungreTSi mividnen. tardi l., veneciis roli ungreTTan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />

sparseTis urTierTobaSi. kre bulSi: evropis qveynebis istoriis problemebi,<br />

II, Tb., 1978, gv. 199.<br />

3 Breyer A., Ludovico <strong>da</strong> Bologna and the Georgian Embassy of 1460-61. In<br />

`Bedi Kartlisa, Revue de Kartvélologiè~, XIX-XX (1965), Paris, 1965, p. 181.<br />

54 55

<strong>da</strong> yvaryvare II aTabagisaTvis gagzavnil werilebSi, romlebic<br />

<strong>da</strong>TariRebulia 1460 wlis 17 oqtombriT. fridrixi<br />

iwonebs im enTuziazms rac qarTvelebs osmalebis winaaRmdeg<br />

sabrZolve lad gamoumJRavnebiaT. misi azriT es xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis qristi anebis <strong>da</strong>razmvasac 1 . aseTi zogadi<br />

frazebia imperatoris werilebSi, maTSi arc erTi konkretuli<br />

wi na<strong>da</strong>deba an <strong>da</strong>pireba ar aris.<br />

elCebi Semdeg italiisaken gaeSurnen. veneciis senatma<br />

maT Rir seuli miReba mouwyo, razec mniSvnelovani gavlena<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moexdina yvaryvare aTa bagis mier veneciis doJisaTvis<br />

gagzavnil werils. aTabags pirvel rigSi aintereseb<strong>da</strong> Sedegebi<br />

mantuis saeklesio krebisa, romelic miznad is axav<strong>da</strong><br />

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas. `amisaTvis gTxovT, _ wers<br />

yvary vare, _ keTili ineboT <strong>da</strong> SematyobinoT, Tu ra Rones<br />

xmarobT konstanti nopolis <strong>da</strong>sabruneblad, raTa me Cemis<br />

mxriv, Cemi valis mox<strong>da</strong> SevZlo~. imave dros yvaryvare doJs<br />

acnobebs, rom ludoviko bolonielis CagonebiT Seurig<strong>da</strong><br />

mefe giorgis, mefe bagrats, bedians <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg `aqaurma<br />

yvela qristianma~ gaaforma xelSek ruleba mTeli TavianTi<br />

SeiaraRebuli Zalebis urwmunoTa winaaRmdeg gamosayvanad,<br />

`rodesac Tqveni brwyinvaleba <strong>da</strong> papi Segvatyobinebs dros,<br />

dResa <strong>da</strong> saaTs galaSqrebisaTvis~.<br />

amave werilSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> yvaryvareseuli <strong>da</strong>yofa ufros-umcrosobis<br />

mixedviT. yvaryvares Tavis Tavi saaTabagos sruluflebian<br />

baton-patronad miaCnia, maSin rodesac, misi azriT, guria <strong>da</strong><br />

afxazeTi `samarTlianad~ iTvleba mefe giorgis qveSevrdomad,<br />

bediani, samegrelos batoni ki imereTis mefe bagratis<br />

morCilia. aqve isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom yvaryvares am<br />

werilis toni, adrindelTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, iseTia TiTqos samcxis<br />

aTabagi aris aRmosav leTis koaliciis SeiraRebuli<br />

Zalebis sar<strong>da</strong>lic <strong>da</strong> politikuri lideric: `imperatori<br />

1 paiWaZe d., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 91-92.<br />

trapezundisa, misi siZe uzun hasani <strong>da</strong> berdebek armenieli<br />

<strong>da</strong>moyvrdnen <strong>da</strong> Segvpirdnen mogvcen gza xmeleTsa <strong>da</strong> zRvaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> mTeli TavianTi ZalebiT CvenTan erTad maTi mtrebis _<br />

otomani Turqebis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen. ase rom, RmerTis<br />

wyalobiT vimedovnebT <strong>da</strong>vipyroT anatolia, Tqvens brwyinvalebas<br />

ki vTxovT keTili ineboT <strong>da</strong> mTeli Zalebi konstantino<br />

polis aRebas moaxmaroT~ 1 .<br />

veneciis respublika am dros jer kidev mSvidobiani<br />

gziT cdilob<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan savaWro <strong>da</strong> politikuri sakiTxebis<br />

mogvarebas. am mizans emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> 1460 wels veneciaosmaleTis<br />

1454 wlis xelSek rulebis ga naxleba. venecielebma<br />

aRmosavlel elCebTan respublikisaT vis yvelaze saintereso<br />

sakiTxze, vaWrobaze, <strong>da</strong>iwyes saubari 2 , magram raze SeTanxmdnen<br />

ucnobia. cxadia venecia omSi ar Caebmeo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc amgvar<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirebas mis cem<strong>da</strong> elCebs.<br />

1460 wlis dekemberSi elCebi florenciaSi yofilan.<br />

floren cielebs, aRmosavleTTan vaWrobiT venecielebze<br />

aranakleb <strong>da</strong>interese bulebs, trapizonis elCTan 14-15 dekembers<br />

savaWro xelSekruleba gau formebiaT 3 . elCebma, rodesac<br />

TavinT mTavrebTan wasaRebi <strong>da</strong> papTan sarekomen<strong>da</strong>cio<br />

werilebi miiRes, isini romis gzas <strong>da</strong>adgnen. 1460 wlis 20<br />

dekembers maT roms miaRwies, sa<strong>da</strong>c `maT miegeben sasuliero<br />

<strong>da</strong>sni <strong>da</strong> episkoposebi <strong>da</strong> didis pativiT miiRes, rogorc mefeTa<br />

elCni, <strong>da</strong>ayenes samTavro saxlebSi <strong>da</strong> mTavrobis xarjiTve<br />

Seinaxes~ 4 .<br />

audienciis dros <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> warmomadgenlebma pap pius<br />

II-s ganucxades, rom qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi mxars uWerdnen<br />

1 iqve, gv. 94-95.<br />

2 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053, gv. 31.<br />

3 xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, florencielebs trapizonSi saqonlis sawyobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sakonsulos qonebis ufleba eZleo<strong>da</strong>T. maT Semotanil saqonelze Rirebulebis<br />

20% un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>T, gatanilze ki ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi ar vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. Heyd<br />

W. Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart, 1879 , S.362-363.<br />

4 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 61.<br />

56 57

1459 wlis man tuis saeklesio krebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas,<br />

romelic osmaleTis winaaRmdeg koaliciis Seqmnasa <strong>da</strong><br />

jvarosnuli omis <strong>da</strong>wyebas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. `es am bavi Zlier<br />

esiamovnaT Cvens mTavrebs, _ uTxres paps qarTvelebma, _<br />

radgan maT sZulT osmalebi <strong>da</strong> Tqven ki uyvarxarT <strong>da</strong> pativs<br />

gcemen ise, rogorc qristes nacvalsa: mzad arian<br />

Tqveni brZanebis aRs rulebisaTvis. Cvens mTavrebs erTmaneTSi<br />

mZulvareba <strong>da</strong> omi hqon<strong>da</strong>T, magram Tqvenma nunciom ra ubr-<br />

Zana, maSinve Serigdnen <strong>da</strong> aw mzad arian <strong>da</strong>uwyon omi osmalebs,<br />

rodesac ki Tqven ubrZanebT~ 1 . maT paps isic moaxsenens,<br />

rom aRmosavleTSi mehmed II-is winaaRmdeg saomrad 120<br />

aTasi meomari gamzadebuli iyo. amave dros qarTvelebs TavianTi<br />

moTxovnac wauyenebiaT: maT osmaleTTan omSi mxolod<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis saxelmwi foebis monawileoba ar<br />

akmayofileb <strong>da</strong>T. isini moiTxovdnen, rom omSi papsac mieRo<br />

monawileoba. isini paps eubnebodnen, Cven oms maSin <strong>da</strong>viwyebT,<br />

`rodesac Tqven inebebT <strong>da</strong> Tqvenc <strong>da</strong>savleTelebTan<br />

erTad eomebiT osmalebs~ 2 . papi friad kmayofili <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />

qarTvelebis gul modginebiT <strong>da</strong> maT ar <strong>da</strong>umala, evropis<br />

saxelmwifoebis meTaurebma rogori uyuradReboba ga moiCines<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis ideisadmi. man<br />

elCebs urCia, safrangeTis mefe <strong>da</strong> burgonis hercogi pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />

moenaxulebinaT <strong>da</strong> molaparakebodnen. aseT SemTxvevaSi<br />

isini, rogorc papma uTxra, mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras aucileblad moipovebdnen.<br />

el Cebis moTxovna, rom paps gzis xarjebi aenaz-<br />

Raurebina, <strong>da</strong>akmayofiles. maT sxva aRaraferi <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong>T<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom safrangeTisaken gzas <strong>da</strong>sdgomodnen 3 . safrangeTisaken<br />

mimavali elCebi, papisagan sarekomen<strong>da</strong>cio<br />

wer ile biT aRWurvilni ewvivnen florerncias (1461 w.<br />

Tebervali) <strong>da</strong> milans (marti).<br />

1 iqve, gv. 61-62.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 62.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 63.<br />

1461 wlis maisSi 1 elCebi safrangeTis mefe Sarl VII<br />

valuas wi naSe wardgnen <strong>da</strong> TavianTi misvlis mizezi moaxsenes.<br />

am viziti<strong>da</strong>n SemogvrCa aRmosavleli elCebis saintereso<br />

<strong>da</strong>xasiaTebebi. mematiane swers: `mivyveT elCTa saxelebs:<br />

pirveli iyo antioqiis patriarqi, ewodebo<strong>da</strong> Zma lui<br />

de bolonia, iyo kordilieri 2 , hgav<strong>da</strong> keTilSobil prelats,<br />

atareb<strong>da</strong> kor dilierebis samoss <strong>da</strong> sruliad ar ico<strong>da</strong> laTinuri,<br />

magram laparakob<strong>da</strong> berZnulad <strong>da</strong> cota italiurad,<br />

iyo do qtori <strong>da</strong> elCobis Tavi.<br />

agreTve iyo raindi, saxelad miqaeli, romelic iyo<br />

trapizonis imperatoris wargzavnili, iyo mSvenieri raindi,<br />

didi <strong>da</strong> sapativcemlo, Wkviani <strong>da</strong> kargi Sinaarsis a<strong>da</strong>miani.<br />

agreTve iyo sxva raindic, saxelad metr 3 nikoli, warmogzavnili<br />

elCad sparsTa mefis mier. igi iyo lamazi kaci,<br />

axovani, Zveleburi <strong>da</strong> mSvenieri manerebiT.<br />

agreTve iyo kidev erTi elCi, saxelad metr kastodinesi,<br />

saqarT velosa <strong>da</strong> mesopotamiis mefis elCi. iyo Cinebuli<br />

kaci, Cinebuli manerebiT, didi <strong>da</strong> msxvili, kefis tonzuraze 4<br />

ori gvirgvini hqon<strong>da</strong>, ori sayure yurebSi, iyo qosa, rogorc<br />

ymawvili an qondriskaci; magram miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, Sesaxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

mSvidi <strong>da</strong> saTno.<br />

agreTve iyo kidev erTi elCi, saxelad mahoni, romelic<br />

iyo mcire TurqTa (ay-yoiunlus _ e.m.) elCi didi Turqebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. mcire Turqebs sur<strong>da</strong>T qristianebTan erTad<br />

gaelaSqraT didi Turqebis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> isini amisaTvis<br />

50.000 kacs gamoiyvandnen.<br />

agreTve iyo erTi raindi, saxelad mamarti; igi somexTa<br />

1 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 363.<br />

2 franciskanelebis samonazvno ordenis ganStoeba.<br />

3 metri (frang.) maswavlebeli, <strong>da</strong>mrigebeli; pativiscemiT mimarTva a<strong>da</strong>mianisadmi,<br />

romelic gansakuTrebuli niWiTaa <strong>da</strong>jildoebuli mecnierebis, xelovnebis<br />

an literaturis <strong>da</strong>rgSi.<br />

4 tonzura (laT. varcxniloba) amoparsuli adgili Txemze, romelic miu-<br />

TiTebs kaTolikuri samRvdeloebisaTvis mikuTvnebulobaze.<br />

58 59

mefis elCi iyo, mxiaruli, Wkviani <strong>da</strong> keTilSobili kaci,<br />

gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva in strumentze <strong>da</strong>kvris ostatobiT.<br />

agreTve iyo sxva raindic, saxelad mesir hansi, romelic<br />

iyo ioane presviteris elCi, gasaocrad didi swavluli <strong>da</strong><br />

Cinebuli astrologi~ 1 .<br />

safrangeTis mefem osmaleTTan omze uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong>. amisaTvis<br />

mas seriozuli mizezi hqon<strong>da</strong>: safarangeTs aswliani<br />

omis Wrilobebi jer kidev ar moeSuSebina <strong>da</strong> arc misi<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi ar moiTxov<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis sawinaaRmdego<br />

omSi Cabmas.<br />

elCebma imave TveSi burgonis hercogi filipe sent-omerSi<br />

inax ules. hercogma kargad miiRo isini, magram Sarl<br />

VII-is msgavsad manac ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, koaliciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb<br />

me araferi vicio 2 .<br />

elCebi flandriaSic iyvnen. maT gentSi 4-8 ivlisi gatares.<br />

elCebis safrangeTSi yofnis dros gar<strong>da</strong>icvala Sarl<br />

VII <strong>da</strong> taxti <strong>da</strong>ikava lui XI, romlis mefed kurTxevis<br />

ceremonials reimsSi isinic <strong>da</strong>eswrnen 3 .<br />

rodesac papma lui XI-s osmaleTis winaaRmdeg jvarosnul<br />

laSqro baSi monawileoba SesTavaza, man maSinve Tanxmoba<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 70 aTasi meomris gamoyvanasac <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong>,<br />

samagierod iseTi moTxov nebi wamoayena, romlis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba<br />

papis Zalebs aRematebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

lui XI-sac mxolod Tavisi samefos interesebi amoZraveb<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> mas sruliad ar awuxeb<strong>da</strong> `meore romis~ (konstantinopoli)<br />

<strong>da</strong> arc `qristes saflavis~ (ierusalimis)<br />

bedi. elCebma inaxules axlad nakurTxi mefe, mis gan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

piroba ver miiRes <strong>da</strong> `esreT sul carielni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>R-<br />

1 paiWaZe d., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 106.<br />

2 Heyd W., Op. cit., S. 363-364.<br />

3 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sx. naSr., gv. 63.<br />

onebulni ukan gamobrundnen~ 1 . isini 1461 wlis 27 oqtombers<br />

milanSi miv idnen, xolo 20 noembers ukve romSi iyvnen.<br />

papma elCebi civad miiRo, risT visac mas, rogorc Cans, safuZvliani<br />

argumentebi hqon<strong>da</strong>. yvelaferi lu doviko bolonielis<br />

avantiurasTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. fiqrobdnen, rom<br />

aR mosavlur problemebsa <strong>da</strong> elCebs ludoviko piradi miznebisaTTvis,<br />

ker Zod, patriarqis taxtis mosapoveblad iyeneb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amaze <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT sxva dros iTqmeva.<br />

elCebi evropi<strong>da</strong>n samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis imed<strong>da</strong>kargulni<br />

<strong>da</strong>brundnen. rac dro gadio<strong>da</strong> osmaleTi miT<br />

ufro Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misT vis seriozuli mowinaaRmdege<br />

arc <strong>da</strong>savleTSi <strong>da</strong> arc aRmosav leTSi jer jerobiT aravin<br />

Can<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo mxolod maSin iwyeb<strong>da</strong> gaZlierbas<br />

<strong>da</strong> os maleTTan arsebuli winaaRmdegobis ga<strong>da</strong>laxvas mis-<br />

Tvis didi mniSvnelona hqon<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom sul ufro<br />

mzardi osmaleTisagan mis samflobe loebsac saSiSroeba<br />

emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>, TviTon ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoc, osmalebis<br />

sax elmwifos zogierTi teritoriis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas fiqrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc yvaryvares werilSia naTqvami, uzun hasans im droisaTvis<br />

udidesi savaWri centris, q . bur sis <strong>da</strong>pyroba sur<strong>da</strong>.<br />

igi aseve yovel Rones xmarob<strong>da</strong>, raTa mehmed II ar <strong>da</strong>patronebo<strong>da</strong><br />

trapizons, romlis saSu alebiTac ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwifo evropasTan vaWrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sulTani saqmis kursSi iyo Tavisi mtrebis saqmianobis<br />

Sesaxeb. man maTi cal-calke ganadgureba ganizraxa <strong>da</strong>, pirvel<br />

rigSi, maxvili trapi zonisken mimarTa. trapizonis <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT<br />

mehmed II erTdroulad or did saqmes gaakeTeb<strong>da</strong>: jer<br />

erTi, igi mospob<strong>da</strong> trapizonis imperias, rogorc mters <strong>da</strong>,<br />

meorec, amave RonisZiebiT <strong>da</strong>asusteb<strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos.<br />

trapizonis <strong>da</strong>cema imperatorma <strong>da</strong>viTma Tavisi utaqto<br />

1 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sx. naSr., gv. 63.<br />

60 61

moqmedebi Tac <strong>da</strong>aCqara. mokavSireebisagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis <strong>da</strong>pirebiT<br />

gadidgulebulma <strong>da</strong>viTma uzun hasanis elCebis piriT<br />

sulTans yovelwliuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis gauqmeba mosTxova 1 .<br />

uzun hasanis Suamdgomlobam <strong>da</strong> imperatoris pretenziebma<br />

sulT nis ganrisxeba gamoiwvia. man didi jaris Sekreba<br />

brZana, magram mizani aravis gaumxila 2 , radgan mezoblebis<br />

mier trapizonisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas gamoricx ulad ar Tvli<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amitom sulTanma gegma Secvala <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad trapizonis<br />

mokavSireebis Semusvra ganizraxa.<br />

mehmed II-m jer sinopis saamiros Seutia, romelic trapizonis<br />

uax loesi mezobeli <strong>da</strong> mokavSire iyo. osmalebma sinopi<br />

aiRes 1461 wels <strong>da</strong> uzun hasanis samflobeloebisaken<br />

gaemarTnen.<br />

uzun hasanma konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvareeba arCia<br />

<strong>da</strong> mehmed II-sTan mosalaparakeblad Tavisi de<strong>da</strong> sara-xaTuni<br />

gaagzavna. XV s. bi zan tieli istorikosis laonike xalkokondiles<br />

gadmocemiT, mehmeds sara-xaTunisaTvis ganucxadebia:<br />

igi im SemTxvevaSi gabrundebo<strong>da</strong> ukan. `Tu uzun hasanic,<br />

Tavis mxriv, pirobas <strong>da</strong>deb<strong>da</strong>, rom mis teritoriebs ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>esxmo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebas ar gauwev<strong>da</strong> trapizonis<br />

mefes~ 3 . rogorc Cans mSvidobiani SeTanxmeba ar moxerx<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mehmed II-m erz injanTan <strong>da</strong>amarcxa uzun hasani <strong>da</strong> ukan<br />

gabrun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

meore bizntieli istorikosis dukas cnobiT, sparseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

wamo suli sulTani Tavis laSqriT saqarTveloSi Semosula.<br />

es istorikosi wers, rom mehmedma `ganvlo armenia,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>laxa md. fazisi, zogierTi qvey ana brZoliT aiRo, xolo<br />

1 georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, VIII.<br />

berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca <strong>da</strong> ganmartebebi <strong>da</strong>urTo s.<br />

yayxCiSvilma, Tb., 1970 , gv. 111.<br />

2 Chalcocondilae Laonici. De rebus turcicis, Bonae, 1838 , p. 492. `georgikis~<br />

me-8 tomSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c laonike xalkokondiles Txzulebis qarTuli Targmania, es<br />

adgili gamotovebulia.<br />

3 georgika, VIII. gv. 32.<br />

romlis iaraRiT <strong>da</strong>morCileba SeuZlebeli iyo gverdi auara<br />

<strong>da</strong> sursaTis naklebobiT Sevi<strong>da</strong> kolxeTSi~ 1 .<br />

amgvarad, zemomoyvanili cnoba Tu simarTles Seefereba,<br />

maSin gasagebi xdeba, rom mehmed II-m mizans miaRwia. man<br />

trapizonis samefos me zobeli mokavSireebisagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

miRebis saSualeba mouspo. marT lac, osmalebis pirispir<br />

martod-marto <strong>da</strong>rCenili trapizoni iZ ulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> 1461<br />

w. 26 oqtombers mters ubrZolvelad <strong>da</strong>nebebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

trapizonis imperiis <strong>da</strong>cema didi <strong>da</strong>rtyma iyo misi<br />

mokavSiree bisTvis. es faqtobrivad osmaleTis aRmosavleli<br />

mowinaaRmdegeebis marcxs niSnav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ri faqti gansakuTrebiT mZime iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis,<br />

ro mel mac trapizonis saxiT ara mxolod erTmorwmune,<br />

aramed, amave dros, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo karTan naTesaur<br />

kavSirSi myofi saxelmwifo <strong>da</strong>karga.<br />

trapizonis imperiis <strong>da</strong>cema didi <strong>da</strong>nakargi iyo uzun<br />

hasanisaT visac. man moyvaresa <strong>da</strong> mokavSiresTan erTad zRvaze<br />

gasasvlelic <strong>da</strong>karga. amis gamo iyo, rom igi osmalebTan<br />

Semdgomi brZolis dros upirveles miznad trapizonis imperiis<br />

aRdgenas isaxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rodesac osmaleTis winaaRmdeg aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis<br />

Zalebis gaerTianebis pirvel c<strong>da</strong>ze saubari ukve <strong>da</strong>vamTavre,<br />

ar SeiZleba ar gavixseno erTi mosazreba, romelic<br />

wamoayena germanelma mecnierma valter hincma. igi amtkiceb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom aRmosavleTSi trapizon-saqarTvelo-mesopotamiis<br />

(e.i. ay-yoiunlus) samTa kavSiri arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am kavSirSi<br />

wa myvani mdgomareoba ay-yoiunles saxelmwifos ekava 2 . magram,<br />

amgvari mosaz rebis mtkicebis safuZvels ar gvaZlevs XV<br />

saukunis 50-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sas rulisa <strong>da</strong> 60-iani wlebis<br />

1 s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT, `kolxeTi~ sinonimia `trapizonis samefosi~,<br />

iqve, Sen. 2, gv. 27- 28.<br />

2 Hinz W. Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert, Berlin<br />

und Leipzig, 1936 , S. 43.<br />

62 63

<strong>da</strong>sawyisis is dokumenturi <strong>da</strong> naratiuli wyaroebi, romlebsac<br />

ukve gavecaniT. piriqiT, wamyvani adgili saqarT velosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> trapizons ufro ekava. isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom uzun<br />

hasani garkveul gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> saqarT velos mefe-mTavrebze<br />

maT Soris mSvi dobis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis, radgan mis miznebs<br />

Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa Zalis ga moyeneba osmaleTis winaaRmdeg.<br />

amave dros isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom ay-yoiunlus<br />

muslimanuri saxelmwifo samxedro TvalsazrisiT<br />

jer imde nad Zlieri ar iyo, rom evropis saxelmwifoTa<br />

karze, amasTan erTad sxva momentebic ar gaeTval iswinebinaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> aqcenti ga<strong>da</strong>etanaT mis SeiaraRebul Zalebze. mas jer<br />

kidev ar <strong>da</strong>esrulebina yara-yoiunlus TurqmanebTan brZola<br />

qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis. Semdeg, 60-iani wlebis Suaxani<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

mdgo mareoba sruliad Seicvala <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca osmaleTis mTa var metoqed aRmosavleTSi. Secvlili<br />

viTareba uzun hasanis diplomatiur <strong>da</strong> samxedro saqmianobaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> misadmi evropelTa <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaSic aisaxa,<br />

rac qvemoT <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli.<br />

3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobani<br />

antiosmaluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad<br />

XV s. 70-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

1463 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo venecia-osmaleTis omi. rogorc ukve<br />

iTqva, am omisaTvis sakmaod Rrma ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> politikuri<br />

mizezebi arsebob<strong>da</strong>. omis pirveli weli cvalebadi warmatebebiT<br />

mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. imave dros respublika Crdilo<br />

italiis qalaq-saxelmwifoebTan konfliqtsac ar eridebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

riTac igi sagrZnoblad <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>.<br />

venecielebi male <strong>da</strong>rwmundnen, rom mxolod sakuTari<br />

ZalebiT osmaleTs ver <strong>da</strong>sZlevdnen <strong>da</strong> ganizraxes am omisaTvis<br />

jvarosnuli xasiaTi miecaT, romlis ganxorcielebas<br />

erT dros TviTonve uSlidnen xels. magram rodesac vi-<br />

Tareba maTTvis araxelsayreli Seiqmna, jvarosnuli omis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyeba, ukve sasurveli iyo.<br />

veneciis respublikam iseve, rogorc erT dros romis<br />

papma, osmaleTis mezoblebis antiosmalur ligaSi Cabmas<br />

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia. man kargad ico<strong>da</strong>, Tu ra<br />

didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> im pozicias, rasac omis dros <strong>da</strong>ikavebdnen<br />

osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebi, isini, romlebic<br />

cota xnis winaT TviTonve sTxovdnen venecielebs <strong>da</strong><br />

evropis saxelmwifoebs antiosmaluri ligis Seqmnas.<br />

1463 wlis 2 dekembers veneciis senatma miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebo<strong>da</strong> uzun hasans <strong>da</strong> yaramaniis mTavar<br />

fir axmeds, romelTanac 1453 wli<strong>da</strong>n savaWro xelSekruleba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debuli. senatma veneciel didebuls andrea<br />

kornaros <strong>da</strong>avala <strong>da</strong>saxelebul mbrZaneblebTan gamgzavrebuliyo.<br />

im SemTxvevaSi Tu kornaro uzun hasanis karze misvlas<br />

ver SeZleb<strong>da</strong>, maSin iq lazaro kvirino un<strong>da</strong> gaegzavna 1 .<br />

senatis imave sxdomaze ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, gaegzavnaT elCebi burgonis<br />

hercogTan, safrangeTis, siciliisa <strong>da</strong> portugaliis mefeebTan.<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgines gaegzavnaT werilebi ungreTisa <strong>da</strong> CexeTis<br />

mefeebTan osmaleTis winaaRmdeg `omSi mosapatiJeblad~.<br />

andrea kornarom Tavisi misia yaramaniaSi warmatebiT<br />

Seasrula 2 , xolo, veneciis senatis <strong>da</strong>valebis Tanaxmad, lazaro<br />

kvirino uzun hasanTan gagzavna. lazaro kvirino<br />

pirveli oficialuri warmomadgeneli iyo veneciis respublikisa<br />

uzun hasanis karze 3 .<br />

vidre kvirino <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgils miaRwev<strong>da</strong>, manamde<br />

1 Berchet G. La Republica di Venezia e la Persia, Torino, 1865, p. 103-104.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 104<br />

3 Marin. Storia civile e politica del comercio de’Veneziani di Carlo Anto nio<br />

Marin Patrizio Veneto, v. IV, in Vinegia, 1800 , p. 186. z. avaliSvili, rumineli<br />

is torikosis iorgas naSromze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom venecia_ay-yoiunlus<br />

urTierToba <strong>da</strong>iwyo 1471 wels. lazaro kvirinos Sesaxeb ix. Berchet G., Op. cit.,<br />

p. 104; Foscarini M. Della Letteratura veneziana, libro otto, v. I, Padova, 1752, p. 409.<br />

64 65

uzun hasanma, Seityo Tu ara venecia-osmaleTis omis <strong>da</strong>wyeba,<br />

saWirod CaTvala veneciasTan kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myareba <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />

elCi mametanacabi (Mametanazab) gaagzavna. elCi aleposa <strong>da</strong><br />

rodosze gavliT 1464 wlis 13 marts veneciaSi Cavi<strong>da</strong> 1 . molaparakeba<br />

warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. ga<strong>da</strong>wy<strong>da</strong>, orive saxelmwifos<br />

erTdroulad, <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n, <strong>da</strong>ewyo<br />

saomari moqmedeba. uzun hasanis laSqars 1465 wlis martSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>r<strong>da</strong>nelamde un<strong>da</strong> mieRwia <strong>da</strong> amgvarad xeli Seewyo veneciis<br />

flotis konstantinopolze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmisaTvis. is teritoriebi,<br />

romlebsac uzun hasani <strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong>, mis samflobeloebs<br />

SeuerTdebo<strong>da</strong>, xolo veneciis flotis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebi veneciis respublikis<br />

sakuTrebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vido<strong>da</strong>. raTa omi saboloo gamarjvebamde<br />

mieyvanaT, mokavSireebs ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>T osmaleTTan separatiuli<br />

zavis <strong>da</strong>deba.<br />

mehmed II pasiuri <strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli ar iyo. igi jerovnad<br />

afaseb<strong>da</strong> veneciis Zalas <strong>da</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong> moeZebna mokavSireebi<br />

mis winaaRmdeg. 1464 wels milanSi mivi<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis elCi,<br />

romelic Rirseulad miiRes, ma gram veneciis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze<br />

uari moaxsenes 2 .<br />

venecia-osmaleTis omis <strong>da</strong>wyeba papma pius II-m xelsayrel<br />

momentad CaTvala <strong>da</strong> TviTonac <strong>da</strong>iwyo jvarosnuli<br />

omis ideis ganxor cielebisaTvis moqmedeba. misi moRvaweoba<br />

mimarTuli iyo iseTi antios maluri ligis Seqm nisaken,<br />

romelSic gaerTianebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mTeli qristianuli samyaro<br />

3 , magram papma verafers miaRwia.<br />

1465 wels veneciaSi mivi<strong>da</strong> uzun hasanis meore elCi. mas<br />

evalebo<strong>da</strong> 1464 wlis xelSekrulebis ganmtkiceba 4 . ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwifos im dros jer kidev ar SeeZlo omSi Cabma.<br />

1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 104.<br />

2 Leo H. Geschichte von Italien, Hamburg, 1829 , S. 163.<br />

3 Julien F., Papes et Sultan, Paris, 1879, p. 104-106<br />

4 Mахмудов Я. Взаимоотношения государства Ак-коюнлу с Венецией (60-<br />

70 гг. XV века). Автореферат, Баку, 1966, с. 11.<br />

igi yara-yoinlus (Savbatknianebi) ebrZo<strong>da</strong>. veneciisa <strong>da</strong> ayyoiunlus<br />

kavSirs respublikisaTvis mainc garkveuli mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. mehmed II iZulebuli iyo yuradReba aRmosavleTis<br />

sazRvrebisTvisac mieqcia.<br />

amrigad, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom osmalebTan omis pirvel periodSi<br />

(1463-1471) venecia verc aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> verc<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n realur <strong>da</strong>xmarebas ver miiReb<strong>da</strong>, mas omis<br />

warmoeba mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT mouxdebo<strong>da</strong>. os maleTTan<br />

omi didZali fuladi saxsrebis mobilizebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. veneciis<br />

xazina ki Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan carieldebo<strong>da</strong>, rasac aRmosavleTTan<br />

vaWrobis Sekvecam kidev ufro Seuwyo xeli. veneciis<br />

xelisu flebam sca<strong>da</strong> sxva sax elmwifoebisagan fuladi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba mainc mieRo, magram amis miRweva maSin del evropa-<br />

Si ioli saqme ar iyo.<br />

1468 wels italiaSi Seiqmna liga, romlis wevrebsac<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva valdebulebebTan erTad antiosmaluri omis<br />

sawarmoeblad yovelwli urad 100 aTasi dukati un<strong>da</strong> SeegrovebinaT.<br />

ligis Seqmnis iniciatori iyo papi pavle II<br />

(pietro barbo, 1464-1471), romelmac debulebaSi muxli fuladi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis Sesaxeb venecielebis waqezebiT Seitana <strong>da</strong><br />

xelSekrulebasac pirvelebma maT moaweres xeli. magram neapolitaniis<br />

mefe ferdinandma, milanis hercogma <strong>da</strong> florenciis<br />

respublikam gancvifreba gamoxates papis am RonisZiebis<br />

gamo. paps veneciisadmi mikerZoeba <strong>da</strong>abrales <strong>da</strong><br />

ganacxades, rom igi rogorc veneciis yofili moqalaqe, respublikisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. amave dros isini paps<br />

italiaSi mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>mrRvevsa <strong>da</strong> yaCaRs uwodebdnen. am<br />

azrs sxva sax elmwifoTa meTaurebic iziarebdnen 1 . veneciisaTvis<br />

misi mezoblebis amgvari ganwyobileba uaRresad<br />

arasasurveli iyo. ufro metic: misi me toqeebi _ florencia<br />

1 Muratori L. A ., Geschichte von Italien von Anfange der christliche Zeit-<br />

Rechnung bis auf des Jahre 1500. Aus dem italienischen übersetzt, Theil IX, Leipzig,<br />

1750, S. 417.<br />

66 67

<strong>da</strong> genua, sulTanTan SeTanxmebiT venecielebs Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan<br />

devnidnen aRmosavleTis vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> maT privilegiebs epatronebodnen.<br />

isini yovel Rones xmarobdnen, raTa osmaleTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> venecias Soris SeTanxmeba ar momx<strong>da</strong>riyo <strong>da</strong> sulTans mis<br />

winaaRmdeg aqezebdnen. florenciisa <strong>da</strong> genuis jaSuSebi<br />

xelT igdebdnen Tu ara venecielebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva qveynebTan<br />

gaformebul antiosmaluri xasiaTis dokumentebs, maSinve<br />

sulTans ga<strong>da</strong>scemdnen 1 . isini sulTans sxva qveynebTan Suamavlobdnen<br />

veneciis winaaRmdeg. maTive <strong>da</strong>x marebiT iqmnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTis saomari gegmebi.<br />

rogorc iTqva, venecia-osmaleTis omis pirveli periodi<br />

cvale badi warmatebebiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>. venecielebi Tu zRvaze<br />

gasaqans ar aZlevdnen osmalebis flots, samagierod<br />

osmalebi xmeleTze mZlav robdnen. magram, rac dro gadio<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ZalTa Tanafardoba osmalebis sa sargeblod icvlebo<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTis<br />

floti imdenad gaZlier<strong>da</strong>, rom ve necia marcxs<br />

marcxze ganicdi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1470 w. 12 ivniss osmalebis<br />

mier k. ne gropontes (evbea) <strong>da</strong>pyroba. respublikisaTvis es<br />

imdenad didi <strong>da</strong>tyma iyo, rom igi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> zavi<br />

eTxova im pirobiT, rom kunZuls ukan <strong>da</strong>u brunebdnen. sul-<br />

Tanma amis gagonebac ki ar isurva.<br />

negropontes <strong>da</strong>cemam didi STabeWdileba moaxdina mTel<br />

italiaze. TiTqos iseTi viTareba Seiqmna, roca italiis<br />

saxelmwifoebis erT maneTTan SekavSireba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. mar-<br />

Tlac 1471 wlis ianvarSi Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> axali liga, romel-<br />

Sic Sevidnen: florenciis respublika, aragonis samefo,<br />

fer arisa <strong>da</strong> modenis sahercogoebi, mantuisa <strong>da</strong> monferatis<br />

samarkizoebi, sa vois sahercogo <strong>da</strong> sienisa <strong>da</strong> lukas respublikebi<br />

2 .<br />

1 Zinkeisen I., W. Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches in Europa, II, Gotha,<br />

1854, S. 435.<br />

2 Galibert L., Histore de la Rèpublique de Venise, Paris, 1847, p. 156<br />

ligaSi ganxeTqilebis Setanis mizniT, osmalebma venecielebs<br />

sazavo molaparakebis <strong>da</strong>wyeba SesTavazes 1 . venecielebisaTvis<br />

gasagebi iyo sulT nis manevri <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites dro ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>ekargaT <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi brZolisaTvis momzadebuliyvnen.<br />

viTareba icvleba aRmosavleTSic. iqauri mefe-mTavrebi<br />

xelaxla iwyeben mokavSireebis Zebnas <strong>da</strong>savleTSi.<br />

XV s. 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifom<br />

Tavisi Zlierebis mwvervals miaRwia. misi samflobeloebi,<br />

katerino Zenos mixed viT, `SemosazRvruli iyo aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mdinare indiT <strong>da</strong> sa TaTreTiT 2 , <strong>da</strong>savleTiT _<br />

samcxiT, trapizoniT, yaramaniiT, siriiT, mcire somxeTiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mdinare evfratiT. samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n arabeTiTa <strong>da</strong> indoeTis<br />

zRviT, CrdiloeTi<strong>da</strong>n kaspiis zRviT 3 .<br />

evropaSi uzun hasansa <strong>da</strong> mis laSqarze did imeds amyarebdnen.<br />

uzun hasans imedis TvaliT Sehyurebdnen rogorc<br />

cota xnis winaT trapizoni<strong>da</strong>n gandevnili komnenosebi, aseve<br />

osmalebis mier <strong>da</strong>marcxe buli yaramanielebi. venecia cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>karguli samflobeloebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas <strong>da</strong> veneciis<br />

savaWro kapitalis mniSvnelobis aRdgenas aRmosavleTSi. ka-<br />

Tolikuri ev ropis meTaurs, paps, uzun hasanis xeliT sur<strong>da</strong><br />

qristianTa keTildReobis mogvareba.<br />

amave periodSi, koaliciis Seqmnis mizniT, myardeba kav-<br />

Siri saqarT velos samefo-samTavroebsa <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwifos Soris. dokumentebSi aisaxa is intensiuri<br />

diplomatiuri urTierToba, rasac isini erToblivad awarmoebdnen<br />

evropis saxelmwifoebTan antiosmaluri Zalebis<br />

gaerTianebis mizniT. uzun hasanisaTvis osmaleTTan omis pi-<br />

1 Leo H., Op. cit., S. 173.<br />

2 XV saukunis mogzaurebi saTaTreTSi gulisxmobdnen oqros urdos,<br />

yivCaReTs.<br />

3 Zeno, Dei commentarii del viaggio in Persia e del guerra persiane, Venezia,<br />

1558, p. 8. XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb.<br />

italiuri <strong>da</strong>n Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma,<br />

Tb., 1981, gv. 20.<br />

68 69

obebSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

jer erTi, samxedro TvalsazrisiT, uzun hasanisaTvis<br />

mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> qarTveli mefe-mTavrebisagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

miRebas im saxiT, rogoriTac isini 60-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

savaraudo mokavSireebs hpirdebodnen. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan<br />

kavSirs politikuri mniSvnelobac hqon<strong>da</strong>. maSin aRmosavleTSi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gar<strong>da</strong> sxva qristianuli saxelmwifo<br />

aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. evropasTan urTierTobis dros ki, rodesac<br />

religiuri mo tivebi did rols asruleb<strong>da</strong>, am garemoebas<br />

iseTi moqnili politikosi saTvis, rogoric uzun hasani iyo,<br />

garkveuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> aRniSnulisa, saqarTvelo<br />

uzun hasanisaTvis osmaleTTan mosalodneli omis<br />

dros ara marto mokavSire SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, aramed<br />

Sua mavalic evropis saxelmwifoebTan mola parakebisas.<br />

uzun hasans kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>, rogori mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

evropaSi iseTi azris Seqmnas, TiTqos ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebeli<br />

qristianebis me go bari iyo <strong>da</strong> amis <strong>da</strong>sturad qarTvelebTan<br />

moCvenebiTi megobrobis de mon strirebac sakmarisi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

marTlac, erT-erTi laTinuri qronikis mixedviT, XV s. 70iani<br />

wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi uzun hasani evropaSi cnobili iyo,<br />

rogorc `qristianebis erTguli megobari~ <strong>da</strong>, TiTqos igi<br />

jvarsac ki atareb<strong>da</strong> marjvena mxareze 1 . es legen<strong>da</strong> osmalebisagan<br />

SeSinebuli evrope lebis fantaziis nayofi iyo. maT<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>T uzun hasani iseTive uneblie mxsnelad warmoedginaT,<br />

rogoric Temurlengi iyo imave saukunis <strong>da</strong>sawy isSi. man xom<br />

osmaleTze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiT, marTalia droebiT, magram mainc,<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>uvali xifaTi aacila ara mxolod bizantias, aramed<br />

aRmosavleT ev ropis mTel rig saxelmwifoebsac.<br />

evropaSi uzun hasanis popularizaciis saqmeSi qarTvelebsac<br />

gark veuli Rvawli miuZRvo<strong>da</strong>T. gavixsenoT maTi werilebi<br />

gagzavnili evropaSi, romlebSic uzun hasani qristianobis<br />

saqmis <strong>da</strong>mcvelad aris warmodgenili. magram, Tu<br />

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 122.<br />

ras niSnav<strong>da</strong> misi `siyvaruli~ <strong>da</strong> `megobroba~ saqristianosadmi,<br />

amis TvalsaCino magaliTi isev saqarTvelo iyo,<br />

ro melic man 1458, 1463, 1466, 1472, 1477 wlebSi ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

gaZarcvis mizniT <strong>da</strong>laSqra 1 . uzun hasanisagan gamudmebuli<br />

muqarisa <strong>da</strong> evropasTan urTierTobis didi sur vilis gamo<br />

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebi iZulebuli iyo uzun hasanTan<br />

TanamSromloba gaegrZelebina.<br />

ungreTis elCis mier 1471 wlis 12 aprils venecii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gagzvnil wer ilSi, laparakia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe konstantines<br />

2 elCebis veneciaSi Casvlaze. maT ganucxadebiaT, rom<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe konstantine uzun hasanis naTesavi <strong>da</strong><br />

mokavSire iyo. konstantine apireb<strong>da</strong> imave wlis gazafxulze<br />

30 aTasi mxedriT osmalebis winaaRmdeg gamosvlas. elCebs<br />

uTqvamT agreTve, rom maTTan erTad gamovido<strong>da</strong> uzun hasani<br />

uzarmazari jariT 3 .<br />

safiqrebelia, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> warmomadgenlebs nia<strong>da</strong>gi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> Seemzade binaT Semdgomi molaparakebis <strong>da</strong>sawyebad.<br />

veneciis mTavrobas maSinve ganucxadebia Tanxmoba osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis Sesaxeb 4 . wyaroebi ar a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />

z. avaliSvilis mosazrebas, TiTqos qarTveli el Cis<br />

veneciaSi Casvla gax<strong>da</strong> mizezi senatis mier uzun hasanTan<br />

gasagzavn elCad katerino Zenos arCevisa 5 . imave wlis april-<br />

Si veneciaSi imyofeba ax ali elCoba, romelSic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus warmomadgenlebi Sediodnen. am elCobis vene-<br />

1 Ibidem, S. 137-139.<br />

2 es aris qarTlis mefe konstantine II, romelic, marTalia 1478-1505<br />

wlebSi mefob<strong>da</strong>, magram manamde, 1466 wli<strong>da</strong>n bagrat VI-sTan taxtisaTvis<br />

brolis periodSi Tavis Tavs me fes uwodeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> garkveul teritoriaze<br />

Zalauflebac hqon<strong>da</strong>. sagulisxmoa, rom kon stantine taxtisaTvis brZolisas<br />

uzun hasanis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris mopovebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

3 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490. `Monumenta<br />

Hungaria Historia~, t. I, Bu<strong>da</strong>pest, 1877 , p. 212.<br />

4 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме (из истории<br />

Восточного вопроса XV столетия), Прага, 1925, c. 245.<br />

5 Тамже, с. 246.<br />

70 71

ciaSi yofnis <strong>da</strong> maTi veneciis xelisuflebas Tan molaparakeba<br />

aisaxa Cvenamd moRweul ramdenime werilSi. marTalia,<br />

isini ar gamoirCeva informaciis siuxviT, magram imdenad,<br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c Cveni istoriografiisaTvis garkveul siaxles<br />

Seicaven, moviyvan maT mTlianad.<br />

1471 w. 22 aprilis werili<strong>da</strong>n, romelic gagzavnilia<br />

siciliis me fis karze veneciis warmomadgenlis vetore sorancosTvis<br />

1 , vigebT, rom elCebs saidumlod umogzauriaT jer<br />

trapizoni<strong>da</strong>n monkastromde, Semdeg poloneTis mefe kazimeJ<br />

IV-sTan misulan. veneciisken mimaval TaTvis kazimeJs, albaT,<br />

garkveuli molaparakebis Semdeg, Tavisi elCic gauyolebia 2 .<br />

veneciaSi elCebs ganucxadebiaT, rom maTi mefeebi mzad ar ian<br />

gailaSqron sulTnis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> Tu evropeli qristianebic<br />

ase imo qmedeben, maSin warmateba miRweuli iqneba.<br />

`1471 wlis 22 aprili.<br />

Cveni mrCeveli elCi sir viqtori siciliis ubrwyinvales<br />

mefesTan.<br />

Cveni Tan<strong>da</strong>swrebiT am dRes iyo ubrwyinvalesi polone-<br />

Tis mefis elCi. man zemoaRniSnuli mefis saxeliT, raze<strong>da</strong>c<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d vilaparakeT romSi, sulTnis ganzraxvis irgvliv<br />

Zalian farTed ilaparaka, migvi patiJa <strong>da</strong> didi pativi gvca.<br />

gavixseneT am sakiTxis irgvliv rac SeiZleba Tqmu liyo <strong>da</strong><br />

TiToeulma saqebari qristianuli sityvebiT gaigo <strong>da</strong> amgvarad<br />

erTmaneTs SevepasuxeT. masTan erTad movi<strong>da</strong> ori elCi,<br />

erTi uzun hasanisagan (Osson Cassan) <strong>da</strong> meore <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefisa gan (del re de Zorzania). am mxri<strong>da</strong>n wamovidnen, rogorc<br />

pirveli ise meorec. uzun hasanis elCma gaiara Savi zRva<br />

trapizoni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> monkastro<strong>da</strong>n. in kognitod Cavi<strong>da</strong> polo-<br />

1 Cornet E., Le guerre dei Veneti nell’Asia 1470-1474. Documenti cavati <strong>da</strong>l<br />

Archivio al Frari in Venezia e publicati per Enrico Cornet, Vienna, 1856, p. 25.<br />

2 n. iorgas mixedviT, veneciaSi mxolod uzun hasanisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> poloneTis<br />

elCebi misulan. igi imave wyaros imowmebs, romelic zemoT <strong>da</strong>vasaxele. Jorga<br />

N., Geschichte des os manischen Reiches. Nach den Quelen <strong>da</strong>rgestelt. II, Gotha,<br />

1910, S. 163.<br />

neTSi <strong>da</strong> mas Tan axl<strong>da</strong>, rogorc zemoT aRvwereT, [<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>]<br />

me fis elCi, Camovidnen aq [veneciaSi] <strong>da</strong> TiToeulma<br />

sTqva: maTi mefeebi mzad arian sulTnis winaaRmdeg gailaSqron<br />

<strong>da</strong> sasimovno is aris, rom aseve imoqmedeben [evropeli]<br />

qristianebico. Cvenc droulad vupasuxeT siamovnebaze siamovnebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> wi na<strong>da</strong>debaze-wina<strong>da</strong>debiT.<br />

yvela es cnoba Cven mivawodeT anjol <strong>da</strong>tris (Anzol<br />

Datri), mefis elCs. man, Cven eWvi ar gvepareba, usaTuod<br />

acnoba zemoxsenebul mis umaRleso bas mefes, romelsac Cveni<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>nac SevatyobinebT, roca mivwerT samego bro samsaxurisa,<br />

movaleobisa <strong>da</strong> Cveni kavSiris Sesaxeb~ 1 .<br />

uzun hasani venecias adrindeli gegmis ganxorcielebas<br />

sTa vazob<strong>da</strong>: Tu veneciiis samxedro floti xmelTaSua zRvi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong> osmalebis Seviwroebas, TviTon ki Tavisi cxenosani<br />

jariT Seutev<strong>da</strong>, aseTi SeTanxmebuli moqmedebiT<br />

sulTans advilad waarTmevdnen evropasa <strong>da</strong> azi aSi <strong>da</strong>pyrobil<br />

teritoriebs. cnobebi am elCobis Sesaxeb mocemulia<br />

katerino Zenos `mogzaurobis komentarebSi~, magram misi<br />

wevrebi warmodgenelni arian rogorc uzun hasanis elCebi.<br />

Zenos mixedviT, elCoba oTxi wevrisagan Sesdgebo<strong>da</strong>. eseni<br />

iyvnen: `azimameti 2 , Mmorati 3 , Nnikolo <strong>da</strong> kefarsa 4 _<br />

1 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 25.<br />

2 l. tardis mixedviT es aris xaji-mohamedi. tardi l., uzun hasanis<br />

(1453-1478) elCi katerino zeno <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gavliT ungreTis mefe matiaSTan<br />

(1458-1490). `qarTuli <strong>diplomatia</strong>~, weliwdeuli, 11, Tb., 2004, gv. 95.<br />

3 es, albaT is somexi elCi morakia, romelic uzun hasanis <strong>da</strong>valebiT<br />

romSi diplo matiuri misiiT imyofebo<strong>da</strong> 1469-1470 wlebSi. is ambrojo kontarinis<br />

yirimSi Sexv<strong>da</strong> (Ramusio, II, Op. cit., p. 114r). rogorc varaudoben<br />

morati (igive mirati an mu rati) cnobili julfeli vaWari xoja miraki un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyo, romelic 1477 wels mokles (Тер-Аветисян С. И., Город Джуга,<br />

матерялы по истории торговых отношении джульфинских купцов XV-XVII<br />

вв., Тб., 1937, с. 20, 22).<br />

4 kefarsa, igive `bei isaki~, `uzun hasanis elCi, erovnebiT espaneli <strong>da</strong><br />

sarwmunoe biT ebraeli~, `uzun hasanis mTavari eqimi~ yofila. Cornet E., Op.<br />

cit., p. 39.<br />

72 73

seriozuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, rom leb sac didi avtoriteti hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

maT <strong>da</strong>avala mefem misi saxeliT Seek raT kavSiri [Turqe-<br />

Tis] sulTnis <strong>da</strong> [egviptis] sulTnis winaaRmdeg, oRond<br />

venecielebis sazRvao flots mosveneba ar un<strong>da</strong> mieca arc<br />

erTisa <strong>da</strong> arc meorisaTvis~ 1 . am elCobis Semdeg airCia<br />

veneciis senatma katerino Zeno el Cad uzun hasanis karze 2 .<br />

Znelia garkveva <strong>da</strong>saxelebul elCebs Soris romeli iyo<br />

(an iyvnen) <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> warmomadgeneli. CemTvis mxolod<br />

isaa cnobili, rom pirveli, e. i. azimameti veneciaSi <strong>da</strong>rCa,<br />

<strong>da</strong>narCeni sami ki papTan <strong>da</strong> neapolis mefesTan mosalaparakeblad<br />

gaemgzavrnen 3 , raTa isini antios malur ligaSi CaebaT 4 .<br />

azimametis veneciaSi <strong>da</strong>rCena z. avaliSvilma imis sabuTad<br />

miiCnia, rom elCobis sxva sami wevri qarTvelebad<br />

gamoecxadebina. viTomc azimameti, rogorc mahmadiani, religiuri<br />

mosazrebiT <strong>da</strong>toves veneciaSi, rom mahmadianTan saqmis<br />

<strong>da</strong>WeriT papi uxerxul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCniliyo 5 . magram<br />

<strong>da</strong>sadgenia, mahmadiani iyo Tu ara azimameti.<br />

cnobilia, rom uzun hasani evropaSi gasagzavn diplomatebs<br />

Soris upiratesobas qristian vaWrebs aniWeb<strong>da</strong> 6 , radgan<br />

maT qristian xelm wifeeb Tan urTierTobis meti saSualeba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T. isic cnobilia, rom 1460 w. aR mosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

1 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 21<br />

2 cnobilia Zenos poloneTi<strong>da</strong>n Tavrizamde mogzaurobis marSruti: poloneTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mefis mier gatanebuli mcvelTa razmiT, Zeno kafamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, kafi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

sebasto li samde (soxumi) gemiT imgzavra. aqe<strong>da</strong>n Zeno <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis mier<br />

gamoyofili ga myolebis TanxlebiT gaivlis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, somxeTs, azerbaijans<br />

<strong>da</strong> uzun hasanis karamde miaRwevs. tardi l., ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba,<br />

gv. 23-24.<br />

3 l. tardi, Zenosave cnobaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT ambobs, rom `ebraeli eqimi<br />

isaaki paps ew via, Semdeg – ungrel <strong>da</strong> neapolitanel mefeebs~, rac simarTles<br />

ar Seefereba. Zenos mixedviT azimameti veneciaSi <strong>da</strong>rCa, xolo sami elCi ki<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebul qveynebs ewvia.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

5 Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической теме, c. 246-247.<br />

6 Петрушевский И.П., Aзербайджан в XVI-XVII веках. «Сборник статей по<br />

истории Азербайджана», вып. I, Баку, 1949, с. 173.<br />

gagzavnil im elCebs Soris, romlebic paps eaxlnen, uzun<br />

hasanis elCi `Turqmeni mahumutic~ imyofebo<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>bolos, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli oTxi<br />

elCi <strong>da</strong>n erTi, nikolo, is nikoloz Tbileli xom ar iyo iyo,<br />

romelmac 1460-1461 wlebSi evropa moiara, rogorc giorgi<br />

VIII-is elCma? aseTi varaudis <strong>da</strong>Sveba sruliad samarTliania,<br />

radgan uzun hasans evropaSi qristian qarTvelebTan<br />

kargi urTierTobis demonstrireba sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1471 wlis aprilSi Casuli elCebi, rogorc imave wlis<br />

25 oqtombris werili<strong>da</strong>n Cans (igi neapolitaniis mefis<br />

karze veneciis re spublikis el CisTvisaa gagzvnili), seqtembris<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisamde iq <strong>da</strong>rCe nilan 2 . werili<strong>da</strong>n yuradRebas<br />

gansakuTrebiT iqcevs erTi garemoeba: paps Tavisi kaci gaugzavnia<br />

ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> saqarT veloSi. saer-<br />

Tod, papi, rogorc sxva werilebi<strong>da</strong>nac Cans, kargad iyo<br />

informirebuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. isic Cans, rogor did<br />

mniSvnelo bas aniWebdnen evropelebi antiosmalur koalicia-<br />

Si <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> monawileobis sakiTxs.<br />

1471 w. 10 seqtembers pap siqstus IV-isaTvis gagzavnili<br />

anonimuri weriliT (misi avtori venecieli un<strong>da</strong> iyos)<br />

<strong>da</strong>sturdeba, rom saqarT velos mefe aleqsandre 3 <strong>da</strong> uzun<br />

hasani osmaleTs ebrZodnen. maTi brZola imde nad mniSvnelovani<br />

iyo, rom, rogorc werilSia naTqvami, qristianebisaTvis<br />

xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna osmalebis winaaRmdeg saerTo<br />

laSqrobis <strong>da</strong>sawyebad. paps <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwifoSi Tavisi elCic gaugzavnia erToblivi moqmedebis<br />

SesaTanx meblad .<br />

`1471 wlis 10 seqtemberi.<br />

pap sisto IV-s.<br />

di<strong>da</strong>d saxelovani <strong>da</strong> ubrwyinvalesi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis<br />

1 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, # 1053, gv. 30<br />

2 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 31<br />

3 un<strong>da</strong> iyos konstantine II, aleqsandre I didis SviliSvili.<br />

74 75

aleqsan dres (Alexsandri regis) uzun hasanTan molaparakebis<br />

Sesaxeb, Cven gavigeT Tqveni uwmindesobis mowerilobi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

cnoba mogvawo<strong>da</strong> sapatio keTilSo bilma Cvenma morCilma Zmam,<br />

ufrosma betruCio kontarinim (Betrucius Con tarenum pri orem)<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxv. yvelaferi es Cven Zalian gvesiamovna. aseTi cnobis<br />

gamo sau kuno madlobas mogiZRvniT Tqvens unetaresobas,<br />

Tqven, romelmac elCi gaagzavneT wina<strong>da</strong>debiT maT mefeebTan.<br />

Cven gvgonia, rom es Zalian Wkvi anuri <strong>da</strong> metad sasargeblo<br />

sakiTxia qristianebisaTvis. did saqmes ga akeTebdiT mefeebisadmi<br />

mowodebiT, imedisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pirebebis gazrdiT <strong>da</strong> urjulo<br />

sulTnis winaaRmdeg Zalian gamamxnevebeli sityvebiT.<br />

Tumca isini Zlierni arian <strong>da</strong> xalxic iaraRasxmulia, Zalian<br />

mamaci cxenosnebi arian, ibrZvian Turquli cbierebiT, magram<br />

did saqmes gaakeTebs ymebis Sinagani siZulvili Turqebis<br />

imperatoris cbieri niWis mimarT. eWvi araa, rom im mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

maT arToben <strong>da</strong> Tavs arideben, rogorc es SeuZlia barbarosebis<br />

Zalian mrisxane xalxs, ise, rom di <strong>da</strong>d Semwynarebeli<br />

qristianebisaTvis gaadvilebulia saerTo laSqroba mterze<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>samor Cileblad. uzun hasanis mier CvenTan<br />

war mogzavnili kaci 1 , romelic Cven Tan movi<strong>da</strong>, am [seqtembris]<br />

Tves gavistumreT <strong>da</strong> mas mis xelmwife [uzun hasanTan] gavayoleT<br />

erTi Cveni keTilSobili elCi sruli <strong>da</strong>valebiT, rom<br />

man am sakiTxze urCios <strong>da</strong> gaamxnevos igi <strong>da</strong> sxv. rac Tqvens<br />

uwmindesobis wargzavnils advilad SeeZleba mis Sesaferisad<br />

imoqmedos <strong>da</strong> saerTo saqmezec izrunos Tqveni uwmindesobis<br />

umaRlesi avtoritetis saxeliT, romelic im me feebSi metad<br />

Rirseul pativiscemas iwvevs...~ 2<br />

moyvanili werilis zogierTi bundovani adgilis gaxsnasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> gan martebaSi gvexmareba imave wlis 25 oqtombriT<br />

<strong>da</strong>TariRebuli werili, romelic gagzavnilia neapolis mefe<br />

ferdinandis karze veneciis elCisaTvis. masSi gadmocemulia<br />

1 igulisxmeba uzun hasanis elCi bei isaki.<br />

2 Cornet E., Op. cit., p. 30.<br />

ay-yoiunlus, poloneTis, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> el Cebis veneciaSi<br />

yofnisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saxelebul qveynebSi veneciis elCis _ katerino<br />

Ze nos <strong>da</strong> papis elCis gagzavnis Sesaxeb.<br />

`1471 wlis 25 oqtomberi.<br />

Cvens elCs mefe ferdinandTan.<br />

Tqveni meoxebiT, batono viqtor, meored vacnobeT mis mefur<br />

umaRle sobas, rom CvenTan movi<strong>da</strong> xelmwife uzun hasanis<br />

elCi sir laZaro kviri nosTan erTad. es ukanaskneli Cveni<br />

jaris mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lia <strong>da</strong> igi zemoxsenebul uzun hasanTan<br />

gavagzvneT. mere monkastros gziT poloneTze <strong>da</strong> germaniaze<br />

gavliT modian orni: erTi zemoxsenebuli xelmwife [uzun<br />

hasanis] saxeliT <strong>da</strong> meore <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis saxeliT <strong>da</strong><br />

es oric romSi midian. romis umaRlesma mRvdelmTavarma<br />

maT Caacva, Zalian kargad miiRo, aqe<strong>da</strong>n xelaxla gaagzavna<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavisi elCi morCili Zma san franCesko, Zalian Wkviani<br />

kaci, zemoaRniSnuli siniorebs gaayola. aseve Cven avirCieT<br />

elCad zemoxsenebul sinior uzun hasanTan gasagzavnaT sir<br />

katerino Zeno. aRniSnuli elCebi wavidnen Cveni katarRebiT<br />

aleqsandrii <strong>da</strong>n kviprosis gavliT <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n yaramaniis qveyanaze,<br />

romlis gasavlelad droze gaveciT brZaneba. iq gagzavnili<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>debis formaSi farTe<strong>da</strong>a ganxiluli sakiTxi,<br />

romlis mizania <strong>da</strong>arwmunon, gaamxnevon <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iTanxmon zemoxsenebuli<br />

siniorebi sulTnis sawinaaRmdegod. es ase moxdeba<br />

kidec, rogorc amas gaigebT Tqven <strong>da</strong> Cvenc. dro<strong>da</strong>dro<br />

SeatyobineT xolme mis samefo umaRlesobas <strong>da</strong> sxv~ 1 .<br />

1471 w. 10 seqtembrisa <strong>da</strong> 25 oqtombris werilebSi xsenebuli<br />

elCi, romelic paps <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> iranSi gaugzavnia<br />

<strong>da</strong>, romelic 25 oqtombris werilSi moxseniebulia<br />

`Zalian Wkvian~ franciskanel berad, vfiqrob, ludoviko<br />

bolonieli iyo. igi <strong>da</strong>uRalavad mimodio<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis<br />

mefe-mTavrebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mesveurTa antiosmalur<br />

koaliciaSi gaerTianebisaTvis.<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 31.<br />

76 77

10 seqtembris werili<strong>da</strong>n isic Cans, rom uzun hasansa <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvel mefes Soris molaparakeba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>, romelic<br />

osmaleTis wi naaRmdeg mebrZoli italielebisaTvis sasurveli<br />

SedegiT <strong>da</strong>mTavrebula. samwuxarod, cnobili ar aris<br />

konkretulad raze moilaparakes. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg erTobliv moqmedebaze SeTanxmdnen. isini,<br />

rogorc werilSia naTqvami, manamdec ebrZodnen os malebs.<br />

maTi brZola imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom evropelebis<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris SemTxvevaSi, rogorc imave evropaSi fiqrobdnen,<br />

warmatebis mopoveba gaad vildebo<strong>da</strong>. magram veneciis diplomatebi<br />

cdilobdnen rac SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> maqsimalurad gamoeyenebinaT<br />

aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri Zalebi <strong>da</strong> maTi saSualebiT<br />

ganexorcielebinaT TavianTi saxelmwifos interesebi. venecia<br />

aseT taqtikas iyeneb<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan mTeli omis (1463-1479)<br />

dros, am omis ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet momentebSic ki.<br />

veneciis respublikis amgvari politikis ganxorcielebas<br />

emsaxure bo<strong>da</strong> katerino Zenos diplomatiuri saqmianobac 1 .<br />

mas evalebo<strong>da</strong> yoveli Rone exmara, raTa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

ay-yoiunlus meTaurebs male <strong>da</strong>ewyoT SeiaraRebuli brZola<br />

osmalebis winaaRmdeg. Zenos saSualebiT veneciis respublika<br />

uzun hasans acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom `sinioria mas saCuqrad ugzavni<strong>da</strong><br />

100 galeras <strong>da</strong> sxva mraval did <strong>da</strong> mcire xomalds, romli-<br />

Tac zRvi<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> ewarmoebina brZola sulTnis saxelmwifos<br />

wi naaRmdeg, xolo uzun hasani mTeli Tavisi ZalebiT aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Seutev<strong>da</strong> mas~ 2 . uzun hasans saomari moqmedeba<br />

kidev ufro gauadvilde bo<strong>da</strong>, Tu saqarTveloc <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

veneciis senatis 1471 w. 10 seqtembris instruqciaSi<br />

1 katerino Zeno veneciis savaWro aristokratiis cnobili ojaxi<strong>da</strong>n iyo.<br />

mas co lad hyav<strong>da</strong> arqipelagis hercogis nikolo krespos qaliSvili violante,<br />

romelic trapi zonis imperatoris <strong>da</strong>viTis SviliSvili iyo. <strong>da</strong>viTis meore<br />

qaliSvili, kira katerina, colad hyav<strong>da</strong> uzun hasans. amgvarad katerino Zeno<br />

<strong>da</strong> uzun hasani moyvrebi iyvnen. katerino Zenos Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. XV saukunis<br />

italielTa cnobebi saqarT velos Sesaxeb, gv. 17-19.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 22.<br />

doJi qriste fore moro pir<strong>da</strong>pir miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong> Zenos, rom<br />

igi valdebuli iyo pira<strong>da</strong>d xle bo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefes,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eca misTvis werilebi <strong>da</strong> saerTo mtris, os maleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

saomrad waeqezebina 1 .<br />

Zenos rom namdvilad Tan hqon<strong>da</strong> sinioriis mier <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

me fisaTvis gagzavnili werilebi, amaze naTqvamia mis<br />

mier 1472 w. 9 oqtombers kviprosis bailo andrea korerisadmi<br />

gagzavnil werilSi. masSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ambebTan erTad<br />

aRniSnulia, rom Zenom uzun hasanis meuRles Teodoras<br />

(kira katerina) <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefisaTvis gankuTvnili werili<br />

aCvena 2 .<br />

ucnobia, gar<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mowodebisa,<br />

veneciis xelisufleba qarTvelebisagan kidev ras<br />

iTxov<strong>da</strong> an ras pirdebo<strong>da</strong> sanacvlod maT. arc is aris cnobili<br />

werilma adresatamde mi aRwia Tu ara.<br />

Zenom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacemi werili kira<br />

katerinas uCvena garkveuli mosazrebiT: mas sur<strong>da</strong> meuRlis<br />

CagonebiT uzun hasans gavlena moexdina saqarTveloze <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Caeba. sxvaTaSoris, pirveli<br />

SexvedrisTanave `[dedofalma] gansakuTre buli yuradRebiT<br />

moismina misi misvlis mizezis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong> yovelgvar<br />

Sewevnasa <strong>da</strong> keTilganwyobas... dedofali mSvenieri saSualeba<br />

iyo, romli Tac batonma katerinom SeZlo aemxedrebina<br />

uzun hasani sulTnis wi naaRmdeg saomrad~ 3 . aseve kira katerinas<br />

CagonebiT, uzun hasanma sakuTari xeliT miswera<br />

werili yvaryvare aTabags, `raTa mas im mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>ewyo omi<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg~ 4 .<br />

1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 114.<br />

2 Archivio storico Italiano, p. 82-83.<br />

3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 23. Sdr. A<br />

narrative of italian travels in Persia in the fi fteend and sixteend centuries. Translated<br />

and edited by Charles Grey, London, 1873, p. 14.<br />

4 iqve. Zenos Canawerebis mixedviT, l. tardi <strong>da</strong>askvni<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTis<br />

wi naaRmdeg `omi sparselebma ki ar <strong>da</strong>iwyes, aramed yvaryvare aTabagma gaaCaRa~<br />

78 79

XV s. 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi samcxe-saaTabago ori<br />

didi <strong>da</strong>mpy roblis _ osamleTisa <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoebs<br />

Soris moeqca, ro melTa <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTi interesebi erTnairad<br />

saSiSi iyo samcxe-saaTa bagosaTvis <strong>da</strong> misgan frTxili<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> politikis warmoebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />

safiqrebelia, gaerTianebuli ZalebiT osmalebis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolis ideisadmi yvaryvare aTabagis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

Seicvala. 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifo<br />

is aRar iyo, rasac igi 50-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />

warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. igi erT-erT Zlier saxelmwifod ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. is<br />

metoqeobas uwev<strong>da</strong> osmaleTs <strong>da</strong> savaWro-saqaravno gzebis<br />

xelSi CagdebisaTvis ebrZo<strong>da</strong>. aseTi gzebi gadio<strong>da</strong> aTabagis<br />

samflobe loebzec, romlebzec kontrolis <strong>da</strong>weseba, an misi<br />

mflobelis sakuTari interesebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>morCileba di<strong>da</strong>d<br />

macdunebeli iyo rogorc mehmed II-is, ise uzun hasanisaTvis.<br />

osmaleTze gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi uzun hasani, romlis<br />

mtace bluri ma<strong>da</strong> cnobili iyo yvela qarTvelisaTvis, ufro<br />

mkacri <strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli iqne bo<strong>da</strong>, vidre sulTani. osmalebs am<br />

droisaTvis mTeli Tavisi yuradReba evropis kontinentze<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>tanili <strong>da</strong> aRmosav leTSi, jerjerobiT, yoveli<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>vo sakiTxis mogvarebas mSvidobiani gziT cdilob<strong>da</strong>. es<br />

gasagebic aris: mas sur<strong>da</strong> erTdroulad or frontze _ aRmosavleTiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTiT _ saomari moqmedeba ar hqono<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo, aTabagis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

uzun hasanisadmi icvlebo<strong>da</strong>. magram, vidre osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZola se riozul saxes miiReb<strong>da</strong>, aTabagi, rogorc<br />

Cans, uzun hasans <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Taobaze <strong>da</strong>pirebas ar akleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

roca 1472 wels brZolis sakiTxi mTeli simwvaviT <strong>da</strong>isva,<br />

uzun hasanis mier `sakuTari xeliT~ miwerilma werilebmac<br />

ki veRar aRuZra aTabags misadmi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis survili, risT-<br />

(tardi l., ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba, g. 24). aseTi ram Zenos komentarebSi<br />

arsad weria <strong>da</strong>, rogorc vnaxavT aTabagi yvaryvare am dros uzun hasans<br />

mxars aRar uWer<strong>da</strong>.<br />

visac igi `SemdegSi <strong>da</strong>sjili iqna hasanis mier~ 1 .<br />

katerino Zenom SemTxveviT ar gaamaxvila yuradReba uzun<br />

hasanis mier yvaryvaresaTvis werilebis gagzavnaze. savaraudoa,<br />

rom TviTon Ze noc did mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong> am `meryevi~<br />

mTavris osmaleTis winaaRmdeg gad abirebas. uzun hasans<br />

samcxis <strong>da</strong>rbeva <strong>da</strong> misi aTabagisaT vis Wkuis swav leba adreve<br />

ganuzraxavs, magram sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Si<strong>da</strong>politi kurma garTulebebma<br />

xeli SeuSala. mas am ganzraxvis ganxorcielebis Sesa-<br />

Zlebloba mxolod 1472 wels mieca 2 .<br />

osmalo istorikosis munejim-baSis mixedviT, uzun hasanis<br />

laSqari <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmia 1472 wlis gazafxulze<br />

(?) 3 . savaraudoa, `saqarTveloSi~ saaTabago igulisxmebodes,<br />

romlisTvisac ay-yoiunlus mbrZanebels xarki Seuweria 4 .<br />

uzun hasanis samcxe-saaTabagoSi SeWrisa <strong>da</strong> moqmedebis Sesaxeb<br />

moTxrobilia axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSi.<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ri ambavi 1476 wliT aris <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli. masSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`qoronikonsa rd (164): kualad Seikriba eri uricxB<br />

<strong>da</strong> warmoemarTa uzun-asan ZaliTa didiTa samcxesa ze<strong>da</strong>. esma<br />

ese yuaryuares <strong>da</strong> orTa ZeTa misTa, rameTu pirispir ganwyoba<br />

ver Zal-edvaT simravlisagan uricxvobisa spaTa maT Tasa, <strong>da</strong><br />

hqmnes ganzraxva, raTa samTagan erTi warsul iyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecxro<br />

guliswy roma mZlavrisa mis, raTa arRara mosrul iyvnes queyanasa<br />

samcxisasa. movi<strong>da</strong> samcxes <strong>da</strong> merme moiwivnes awyuers<br />

<strong>da</strong> mosrnes mravalni qristeaneni, mRdelni <strong>da</strong> monazonni <strong>da</strong><br />

eriskacni, <strong>da</strong> war tyuevnnes sruliad samcxe.<br />

1 Fallmereyer Jac. PH., Geschichte des Kaiserthums von Trapezunt, München,<br />

1827, S. 247.<br />

2 Minorsky V. Tifl is, Uzun Hassan. `Enziklopedie des Islam~, IV, 1934 , S. 280.<br />

3 Ibidem, S. 1159<br />

4 kiknaZe r., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 122. munejim-baSis mixedviT, uzun hasani<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samjer Semoesia _ 1466, 1472 <strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan <strong>da</strong>marcxebis, e.i.<br />

1473 wlis Semdeg. sxva is torikosis jahan-aras gadmocemiT, uzun hasanis ukanaskneli<br />

laSqroba saqarTveloSi moewyo 1476-1477 wels (Minorsky V. Tifl is,<br />

Uzun Hassan, S. 1159).<br />

80 81

aiyara yaeni <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> sayaenosa TBssa <strong>da</strong> tyue hyves<br />

xati awyuerisa RmrTismSobeli, <strong>da</strong> wariyvanes queyanasa maTsa.<br />

<strong>da</strong> iqmna didi glova <strong>da</strong> mwuxareba miuTxrobeli sruliad<br />

mesxTa ze<strong>da</strong>. aRdges yoveli <strong>da</strong> STavides qarTls vidremdis<br />

mwirobden mun SBd wel~ 1 . m. brose savsebiT sworad<br />

fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTuli wyaros cnoba 1472 wlis Semosevas<br />

asaxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amonaridi, rom 1477 wlis ambebs ar un<strong>da</strong> gadmogvcemdes,<br />

amaze, pirvel rigSi, laSqrobis gavrcelebis are miu-<br />

TiTebs. rogorc mematiane gadmogvcems, uzun hasani samcxes<br />

ar gascilebia <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>rbevis Semdeg ukan gabrunebula.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva adgilebsac, kerZod qarTls rom Sexebo<strong>da</strong><br />

igi (qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> imereTSi Turqmanebis SeWris Sesaxeb sakmaod<br />

sando cnobebi <strong>da</strong>gvitoves josafat barbarom <strong>da</strong> jovani<br />

maria an jolelom), ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvel mematianes<br />

mxed velobi<strong>da</strong>n gamorCeno<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> oriode sityviT mainc ar<br />

moexsenebina, rom samcxeSi SeWris an iqi<strong>da</strong>n uzun hasanis<br />

wasvlis Semdeg <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> romel nawils ewia ubedureba.<br />

<strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, uzun hasani samcxi<strong>da</strong>n qarTlSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo, an<br />

piriqiT, qar Tli<strong>da</strong>n samcxeSi SeWriliyo, maSin xom uazroba<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mesxebs qarTlSi eZebnaT TavSesafari, rasac<br />

istorikosi gvamcnobs. igi garkveviT gveubneba, uzun hasani<br />

Tavisi samflobeloe bi<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>pir samcxeSi movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>nve<br />

`warvi<strong>da</strong> sayaenosa TBssa~.<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osmaleTTan ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti brZolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebis win (1472 w.), uzun hasanma aTabagis <strong>da</strong>sja ganizraxa.<br />

magram misi RonisZiebani saqmes ver Svelo<strong>da</strong>. rogorc<br />

Cans, saaTabagosa <strong>da</strong> os maleTs Soris urTierToba jerjerobiT<br />

mogvarebuli iyo. kontarinis mixedviT, aTabagi sul-<br />

Tans xarks uxdi<strong>da</strong> 2 . vfiqrob, kontarinis es cnoba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

mxedvelo baSi n. berZeniSvils, rodesac igi samcxis Sesaxeb<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 478-479.<br />

2 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119r-119v.<br />

aR niSnav<strong>da</strong>: `am qveynis aTabagi ukve Turq-osmalebis suverinetets<br />

cnob<strong>da</strong>~-o 1 . magram ucnobia ra viTarebaSi <strong>da</strong> rogor<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> samcxis moxvedra os maleTis gavlenis qveS.<br />

samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri koaliciis sazianod<br />

imdenad Secvlila mdgomareoba, rom 1474 wels mis teritoriaze<br />

gavla ay-yoiunluSi mimaval veneciis elCs, kontarins,<br />

saxifaTo<strong>da</strong>c ki miuCnevia 2 .<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XV s. 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

antios malur koaliciaSi monawileobis survils, sityvierad<br />

mainc, ga moxatav<strong>da</strong> qarTlis, kaxeTis <strong>da</strong> imereTis samefoebi.<br />

yovel SemTxvevaSi, imdroindel evropul wyaroebSi,<br />

romlebsac ukve gavecaniT, qarTuli samefoebis me feebi osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZoliT <strong>da</strong>interesebulni Canan.<br />

amgvarad, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> is nawili, romelsac, evropeli<br />

diplo matebis mixedviT Zorzania, Iberia an Giorgiania erqva<br />

<strong>da</strong> romelSic isini imereTs <strong>da</strong> mTel aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

moiazrebdnen, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ibr Zo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amis<br />

gamo veneciasTan <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus saxelmwi fosTan urTierTobac<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. magram Rrma kvlevas moiTxovs imis <strong>da</strong>dgena, am<br />

droisaTvis qarTuli samefoebisaTvis osmaleTi ukve seriozul<br />

problemas war moadgen<strong>da</strong> Tu isini iZulebulni iyvnen<br />

sxvisi (am SemTxvevaSi ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos) interesebis<br />

Sesabamisad os maleTi TavianT <strong>da</strong>uZinebel mtrad gamoecxadebinaT,<br />

maSin, rodesac ufro saSiSi mteri ufro axlos<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong>T. movlenebis Semdgomi ganvi Tareba sarwmunos xdis,<br />

rom uzun hasani <strong>da</strong> misi saxelmwifo am droisaTvis ufro<br />

saSiSi iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis vidre os maleTi. uzun hasani<br />

qarTvelebs aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> misi `TanamebrZolebi~ yo filiyvnen.<br />

1472 w. gazafxulze koaliciis aRmosavlelma wevrebma<br />

osmalTis winaaRmdeg omi <strong>da</strong>iwyes. maisSi sabrZolo moqmedeba<br />

1 berZeniSvili n., ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n XVI-XVII<br />

sau kuneTa mijnaze. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi~, IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 90.<br />

2 Ramusio., Op. cit., p. 119v.<br />

82 83

<strong>da</strong>iwyo trapizonis im peratoris <strong>da</strong>viTis Zmiswulma, romelic<br />

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi uzun hasanis karze afareb<strong>da</strong> Tavs. is<br />

qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT SeiWra komnenosebis yofil samflobeloebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> trapizonisaken wavi<strong>da</strong>. os malebs qalaqi sakmaod<br />

gaumagrebiaT. <strong>da</strong>mcvelebi zRvi<strong>da</strong>nac iRebdnen <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong><br />

imperatoris Zmiswuli <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad qarTvelTa razmebi<br />

iZulebuli Seiqmna ukan <strong>da</strong>exia 1 . male omSi Caeba ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwifo. imave wlis agvistoSi uzun hasanma aiRo TuyaTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ikava yaramaniac, romlis sanapiroze ve necielebs<br />

iaraRi un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT, magram venecielebma <strong>da</strong>pireba ar Sesrules.<br />

os malebma isargebles Seqmnili viTarebiT, <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />

kontrSeteva <strong>da</strong> yaramania <strong>da</strong>ibrunes.<br />

uzun hasanisaTvis, iseve, rogorc misi aRmosavleli<br />

mokavSiree bisaT vis iaraRs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sxvanairad is ver gaumklavdebo<strong>da</strong> artileriiT aRWurvil<br />

sulTnis jars. bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos, veneciaSi myofma elCebma,<br />

romlebic aq 1472 w. agvistoSi movidnen, xangrZlivi molaparakebis<br />

Semdeg, miaRwies imas, rom 1473 wlis 11 ianvars<br />

veneciis senatma miiRo <strong>da</strong>dgenoleba, <strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewiaT uzun<br />

hasanisaTvis 21 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenilebis mixedviT uzun hasanis karze veneciis elCad<br />

<strong>da</strong>iniSna josafat barbaro, romelsac iaraRi un<strong>da</strong> mietana<br />

veneciis ge mebiT yara maniis sanapiroze <strong>da</strong> uzun hasanisaTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eca. barbaro uzun hasans un<strong>da</strong> SeTanxmebo<strong>da</strong>, agreTve,<br />

rom gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi osmaleTis aRmosavleTi provinciebi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>r<strong>da</strong>nelis CaTvliT, ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos<br />

SeuerTdebo<strong>da</strong>, samagierod venecias aRniSnul teri toriebze<br />

Tavisufali moqmedebis ufleba eqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1473 wlis 29 marts barbaro kviprosze mivi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Seityo, rom yaramania ukve osmalebis xelSi iyo. man werili<br />

1 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490. `Monumenta<br />

Hungaria Historia~, t. II, Bu<strong>da</strong>pest, 1877 , p. 239.<br />

2 Berchet G. Op. cit., p. 9.<br />

gaugzavna uzun hasans <strong>da</strong> acnoba, rom igi veneciis flotiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> iaraRiT yaramaniis sanapiro sTan idga <strong>da</strong> saWiro iyo misi<br />

misvla iaraRis Casabareblad. barbarom ico<strong>da</strong>, rom uzun<br />

hasani yaramaniis sanapirosTan osmalebTan Sejaxebis gareSe<br />

ver mivido<strong>da</strong>, xolo maT Soris omis <strong>da</strong>wyebiT gansakuTrebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebuli venecia iyo.<br />

uzun hasans barbaros werilis miRebamde venecii<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

imedi ukve <strong>da</strong>karguli hqon<strong>da</strong>. Zenos gadmocemiT,<br />

barbaros SenaTvalma igi gaamxiarula <strong>da</strong> imedi misca 1 . igi<br />

maSinve jariT <strong>da</strong>iZra yara maniisaken, `ro melic parTelebis,<br />

sparselebis, qarTvelebis, qurTebisa <strong>da</strong> TaTrebisagan<br />

Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>~ 2 .<br />

uzun hasanisa <strong>da</strong> mehmed II-is jarebi erTmaneTis pirispir<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgnen md. evfratis napiras malaTiasTan. brZola mox<strong>da</strong> 1<br />

agvistos. ay-yoi unlus laSqarma Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, imdenad seriozul<br />

warmatebas miaRwia, rom sulTani iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong><br />

zavi eTxova. magram uzun hasanma brZolis gagrZeleba arCia,<br />

raTa warmateba saboloo gamarjvebamde miey vana. man ga<strong>da</strong>laxa<br />

evfrati <strong>da</strong> didi siswrafiT <strong>da</strong>edevna ukan<strong>da</strong>xeul mters,<br />

`Tavisi ufrosi vaJi kaluli yvela qarTveliT, TaTriTa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva mravali mebrZoliT aRalis <strong>da</strong>sacavad <strong>da</strong>tova mdinaris<br />

meore napirze~ 3 .<br />

Zenos mixedviT, ganmeorebiTi brZola mox<strong>da</strong> 10 agvistos<br />

md. Ter janasTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c ay-yoiunlus laSqarma sruli marcxi<br />

ganica<strong>da</strong>.<br />

uzun hasani evropi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis <strong>da</strong> osmalebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>jabnis imeds mainc ar kargav<strong>da</strong>. rogorc igi veneciis xelisuflebas<br />

acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, maSinve sur<strong>da</strong> xelaxali brZolisaTvis<br />

mzadebas Sesdgomo<strong>da</strong> 4 . man <strong>da</strong>xmarebis TxovniT mimarTa<br />

1 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 27-28; Berchet<br />

G., Op. cit., p. 132.<br />

2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 29.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 31; Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 137.<br />

4 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 33.<br />

84 85

evropis saxelmwifoebs <strong>da</strong> katerino Zeno gag zavna evropaSi,<br />

rogorc Tavisi ndobiT aRWurvili piri.<br />

1474 wlis gazafxulze Zenom <strong>da</strong>tova Tavrizi. amjerad<br />

mas saqarT veloze moux<strong>da</strong> gavla. mas Tan axldnen poloneTisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ungreTis elCebi. man jer samcxeSi gaiara <strong>da</strong>, savaraudoa,<br />

uzun hasanis `xeliT <strong>da</strong>werili~ werili ga<strong>da</strong>sca. Zenos<br />

aucileblad eqnebo<strong>da</strong> aTabagTan mo laparakeba ay-yoiunlus<br />

mbrZaneblisadmi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Taobaze. katerinos iqve <strong>da</strong>utovia<br />

ungreTisa <strong>da</strong> poloneTis elCebi, rac man, albaT, garkveuli<br />

politikuri mosazrebiT gaakeTa, TviTon ki sevastopolisisaken<br />

aiRo gezi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zenos bedianTanac<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> molaparakeba. am mosazrebis <strong>da</strong>ma <strong>da</strong>stureblad is faqti<br />

gamodgeba, rom poloneTSi Casulma Zenom uzun hasanis<br />

karze Tavis Semcvlel elCs, paolo onibenes yvaryvaresa <strong>da</strong><br />

bedi anTan werilebi gaatana 1 . safiqrebe lia, werilebi veneciasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvel mTavrebs Soris mimdinare mola parakebis<br />

gagrZelebas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. magram cnobili ar aris, SeZlo<br />

Tu ara onibenem werilebis mitana <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilamde<br />

an ra gavlena moaxdina am werilebma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrebze<br />

2 .<br />

aRiniSna, rom 1474 w. yvaryvare xarks aZlev<strong>da</strong> osmalebs.<br />

magram es, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, srulebiTac ar niSnav<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos<br />

samcxe-saaTabagos sabolood Sewyvita <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis<br />

brZola.<br />

TerjanasTan <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

warmate buli brZolis safuZveli aRar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. magram<br />

uzun hasani <strong>da</strong> bagrat VI mainc ar kargavdnen evropis<br />

qveynebis antiosmalur ligaSi Cabmis imeds. 1474 wels maT<br />

axali elCoba gagzavnes evropaSi. elCebi kafaze gavliT,<br />

1 iqve, gv. 34-35.<br />

2 onibene sxva drosac, kerZod 1480 wels, yofila saqarTveloSi (tardi<br />

l., <strong>da</strong>sax.naSr., gv. 25), magram misi am mogzaurobis Sesaxeb araferia cnobili.<br />

imave wlis 19 ivliss veneciaSi mividnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c isini didi<br />

zeimiT miiRes 1 . ve naciaSi molaparakebis Sinaarsi cnobili ar<br />

aris.<br />

1474 w. agvistoSi veneciaSi mivi<strong>da</strong> katerino Zenoc,<br />

romelsac mSobliur qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>brunebamde molaparakeba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> poloneTis mefe kazimeJ IV-sTan <strong>da</strong> ungreTis mbr-<br />

Zanebel matiaS korvinTan 2 .<br />

qarTveli <strong>da</strong> Turqmeni elCebi ZenosTan erTad romsa <strong>da</strong><br />

neapols estumrnen 3 . elCebis arc am qalaqebSi molaparakebebze<br />

aris raime cnoba. maTi mogzaurobis saerTo Sedegi<br />

is iyo, rom evropaSi raime realuri <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miReba ver<br />

moxerx<strong>da</strong>. Zenom miatova Tu ara Tavrizi, veneciis respublikam<br />

maSinve gag zavna misi Semcvleli paolo onibene, romlis<br />

moRvaweobam is Sedegi ga moiRo, rom saqarTvelom <strong>da</strong><br />

ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifom xelaxla scades bedi <strong>da</strong> evropaSi<br />

TavianTi elCebi gaagzavnes, romelTa Sesaxeb ukve iTqva.<br />

1474 wels TavrizSi mivi<strong>da</strong> respublikis kidev erTi<br />

elCi josafat barbaro, romelic Seqmnili situaciis Seswavlas<br />

<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad uzun hasanis<br />

aCqarebas fiqrob<strong>da</strong> 4 . paolo onibenem Tavisi misia <strong>da</strong>asrula<br />

SeTanxmebiT, romlis ZaliTac uzun hasani osmaleTTan oms<br />

1475 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong>. onibene ve neciaSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 1475 w. 17<br />

Tebervals 5 .<br />

imave wlis ivnisSi uzun hasanis karze imyofebo<strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciis Seqmnis erT-erTi Tavgamodebuli<br />

1 Jorga N., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Nach den Quelen <strong>da</strong>rgestelt.<br />

II, Gotha, 1909, S. 168; Авалов З. Забитая вариация об одной исторической<br />

теме, с. 248.<br />

2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 34-35.<br />

3 Jorga N., Op. cit., S. 168; Авалов З., Забитая вариация об одной исторической<br />

теме, с. 248.<br />

4 Lettre al senato di Giosafat Barbaro ambasciatore ad Ussuncassan di Persia.<br />

Tratte <strong>da</strong> un codice original del J.R. Bibliotheka di vienna. É anottate per En rico<br />

Cornet, Vienna, 1852 , 81.<br />

5 Махмудов Я., Ук. труд, с. 22.<br />

86 87

mqa<strong>da</strong>gebeli, <strong>da</strong>uRalavi lu doviko bolonieli. kontarinis<br />

gadmocemiT, igi, amjerad, mola parakebas burgonis hercogis<br />

saxeliT awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> 1 . is TavrizSi didxans ar <strong>da</strong>rCenila.<br />

gamoTxovebisas uzun hasans <strong>da</strong>ubarebia, rom mas Tavisi batonisaTvis<br />

moexsenebina ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos osmale-<br />

Tis winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb. saubars<br />

kontarini eswrebo<strong>da</strong>. evropaSi gabrunebul ludovikos, kontarinis<br />

mixedviT, saqarT veloSi gauvlia. mas Tan mihyav<strong>da</strong><br />

uzun hasanis elCi. imave dros saqarTveloSi gavliT imyofebo<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis elCi marko rosi. isic uzun hasanisagan<br />

brundebo<strong>da</strong> samSobloSi <strong>da</strong> Tan mihyav<strong>da</strong> sapasuxo elCic 2 .<br />

rogorc Cans, ay-yoiunlus <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba<br />

evropis qveynebTan, gansakuTrebiT veneciasTan, Terjanas<br />

marcxis Semdegac in ten siuri iyo. isini dRiTidRe rwmundebodnen,<br />

rom osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>Zlevas <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gareSe<br />

ver SeZlebdnen. afaseb<strong>da</strong> ra Seqmnil vi Tarebas, veneciis<br />

senatic TvalnaTliv xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis aSkara upiratesobas.<br />

amitom igi <strong>da</strong>JinebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi interesebisaTvis<br />

ga moeyenebina ay-yoiunlus samxedro potenciali. 1474 wlis<br />

11 Tebervals ve neciis senati Tavisi instruqciiT josafat<br />

barbaros pir<strong>da</strong>pir avaleb<strong>da</strong>: `Cveni erTaderTi survilia brwyinvale<br />

uzun hasanma an am weliwads, an rac SeiZleba male,<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyos omi osmaleTis sulTnis wi naaRmdeg, es aris Seni,<br />

sxva elCebis <strong>da</strong> werilebis gagzavnis mizezi~ 3 .<br />

ambrojo kontarini veneciis respublikis saxeliT yovelgvar<br />

<strong>da</strong>x marebas aRuTqvam<strong>da</strong> uzun hasans zRvasa <strong>da</strong> xmele-<br />

Tze 4 . magram uzun hasanma kargad ico<strong>da</strong> veneciis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

fasi, rac umTavresad <strong>da</strong>pirebebSi ga moixatebo<strong>da</strong>. is axla<br />

frTxilob<strong>da</strong>. man kontarinis ganucxa<strong>da</strong>, rom im SemTxvevaSi<br />

1 Ramusio, p. 118r<br />

2 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 141.<br />

3 Ibidem.<br />

4 Mахмудов Я. Взаимоотношения государства Ак-коюнлу с Венецией, c. 23.<br />

Tu <strong>da</strong>xmareba realuri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, oms <strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong> 1475 wlis<br />

gazafxulze. uzun hasanma Semdgomi molaparakebis dros es<br />

va<strong>da</strong> 1476 wlis gazfxulamde ga<strong>da</strong>swia 1 .<br />

uzun hasanis am <strong>da</strong>pirebas asruleba aRar ewera. misi<br />

sicocxlis bolo periodSi qveynis SigniT <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>luri aSliloba <strong>da</strong>, rac mTavaria, osmalebis mier miyenebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>rtymis Sedegad ay-yoi unlus sax elmwifos omis<br />

ganaxlebis unari aRar Seswev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

axla <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT uzun hasanis Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas saqarTveloze<br />

1477 wels, rodesac man ise<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>sustebul <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

kidev ufro meti ziani miay ena. uzun hasanis amgvari moqmedeba<br />

yofili `mokavSiris~ mimarT, dResac gamocanad rCeba.<br />

erTxel mec vcade, italielTa cnobebis analiziT gamerk via<br />

uzun hasanis saqarTveloSi Semosevis mizezi <strong>da</strong> laSqrobis<br />

gavrcelebis are 2 .<br />

sainteresoa, rogor aisaxa qarTul wyaroebSi uzun<br />

hasanis 1477 wlis Semoseva. winaswar SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

rom qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi uzun hasanis laSqris<br />

saqarTveloSi moqmedebis Sesaxeb metad Zunwia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>TariRebac<br />

mc<strong>da</strong>ria.<br />

`Zilispiri ikorTisa~ gvamcnobs: `qoronikonsa rBd: aqa<br />

uzun hasan saqarTvelo amoswyB<strong>da</strong>~ 3 . vaxuStis `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

qronikaSi~ vkiTxu lobT: `1478. rÁv. uzunasan yeeni movi<strong>da</strong>,<br />

qarTli <strong>da</strong> erwo-TianeTi moswyvita~ 4 . saqmis mTeli viTarebis<br />

warmodgenis saSualebas arc es qronika gvaZlevs, q ronologia<br />

aqac mc<strong>da</strong>ria.<br />

`axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirveli teqsti mogviTxrobs<br />

1 ix. XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 83-84,<br />

Sen. 6.<br />

2 iqve.<br />

3 qronikebi <strong>da</strong> sxva masala <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriisa <strong>da</strong> mwerlobisa,<br />

Sekrebili, qronologiurad <strong>da</strong>wyobili <strong>da</strong> axsnili T. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias mier, II, tf.,<br />

1897 , gv. 365.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 897.<br />

88 89

uzun hasanis, saqarTveloSi Semosevis Sesaxeb, magram TariRis<br />

gareSe: `Seiyara yaeni uzun asan movi<strong>da</strong> somxiTs, <strong>da</strong> mefe<br />

lixT iqiT iyo, qarTvelni Tan iaxlnen. moadges baraTianTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> orbeTis Zirsa. di<strong>da</strong>d kargad <strong>da</strong>xudes baraTianni. <strong>da</strong>madgrden<br />

<strong>da</strong> vera uyves ra. movides tfilissa aRiRes. <strong>da</strong> TBT<br />

yaeni muxrans <strong>da</strong>dga. aRivso qarTli laSqriTa, moaoPres<br />

sruliad qarTlis adgili. iPmna yaenman baraTianni, miindvna,<br />

naxna <strong>da</strong> Seiwyalna, moscna mravalni <strong>da</strong> aRavsna pirTamdin.<br />

amas ze<strong>da</strong>n RmerTman ipriana, iwyina amowyueta saqristianosa,<br />

Seedva yaensa seni sasikudene, aiyara <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong>~. Semdeg<br />

moTxrobilia konstantines wasvla uzun hasanis karze,<br />

baraTaS vilebis Tan xleba <strong>da</strong> uzun hasanis sikvdili 1 . igive<br />

ambavi `axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ mesame teqstSi <strong>da</strong>TariRebulia<br />

1456 wliT, magram masSi rom 1477 wlis Semosevazea<br />

gadmocemuli, amaze Semdeg iTqmeva.<br />

uzun hasanis 1477 wlis saqarTveloSi SemoWraze mniSvnelovani<br />

cno bebi <strong>da</strong>gvitoves barbarom <strong>da</strong> anjolelom,<br />

Tumca arc eseni iZlevian laSqrobis <strong>da</strong>wvrilmanebiT gagebis<br />

saSualebas. im SemTxvevaSi Tu maTs monaTxrobs vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvilis cnobebs mivaSvelebT, suraTi TiTqmis<br />

naTeli gaxdeba. laSqrobis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win, rogorc barbaro<br />

gadmogvcems, uzun hasans xmis gavrceleba ubrZanebia, vi-<br />

Tom is osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad wasvlas apireb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

roca barbaro laSqris samzadiss <strong>da</strong>akvir<strong>da</strong>, gavrcelebuli<br />

xma saeWvod CaTvala. laSqari 20-24 aTasi mxedrisa, 4-5<br />

aTasi (anjolelos mixedviT 11 aTasi) qveiTi jariskacisagan<br />

Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> mebrZolebisa, kidev iyo 6 aTasi <strong>da</strong>mxmare<br />

(molaSqreTa colebi, bavSvebi, msaxurebi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) 2 . anjolelos<br />

TqmiT, uzun hasans cbiereba uxmaria <strong>da</strong> laSqari<br />

jer <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken wauyvania, viTom<strong>da</strong> marTla osmaleTze<br />

midio<strong>da</strong>, Semdeg ki <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aken Semobrunebula. Tavisi<br />

1 iqve, gv. 478.<br />

2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 60-61, 77-78.<br />

laSqrobis saidumloeba rom ar gaemxila, mas arc axla<br />

wauyvania laSqari wesieri gziT _ mTebze <strong>da</strong> ty eebSi utarebia,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c gansakuTrebiT gamoyofili 5 aTasi kaci laSqars<br />

cecxliT ukafav<strong>da</strong> gzas.<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, Turqmenebi jer somxeTs<br />

Sesevian, Semdeg `qarTlis somxiTSi~ gadmosulan, orbeTTan<br />

maT mefe konstantine <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> didi winaaRmdegoba<br />

gauwia. roca uzun hasanma konstantines swrafad <strong>da</strong>marcxeba<br />

ver SeZlo, Tavi mianeba <strong>da</strong> Tbilisisaken wavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc laSqrobis mTeli msvlelobi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, uzun<br />

hasanis mizani iyo moulodnelad <strong>da</strong>sxmo<strong>da</strong> Tbiliss. konstantinesTan<br />

brZolis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi moulodnelad<br />

wamowyebuli omis yvela savaraudo Sedegs <strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

qarTvelebi Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> misi misadgome bis gamagrebas moaswrebdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> hasanis mcirericxovan laSqars Tbilisis aReba<br />

gauZneldebo<strong>da</strong>. uzun hasanis taqtika swori aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>: mtris<br />

moulodneli gamoCe nis gamo, qarTvelebs isRa <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

qalaqi mietovebinaT <strong>da</strong>, rogorc bar baro <strong>da</strong> anjolelo gadmogvcemen,<br />

uzun hasani Tbiliss ubrZolve lad <strong>da</strong>eufla 1 .<br />

mefe konstantine mosvenebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> `marbielTa<br />

yeenisaTa~. ami tom uzun hasans ar SeeZlo zurgSi misi yofna<br />

<strong>da</strong>eSva <strong>da</strong> masTan isev morigeba arCia. imave dros man ganizraxa<br />

mefe konstantine <strong>da</strong> mefe ba grati erTmaneTisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>epirispirebina: `maSin yeeni ezraxa konstantine mefesa, _<br />

wers vaxuSti, _ raTa mivides masTan <strong>da</strong> mianiWos yoveli<br />

qveyana misi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>icvas uvneblad~. konstantinem miiRo es<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>deba. igi yaenTan gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. yaenma is didi pativiT<br />

miiRo 2 <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi Caabara, riTac mefe bagrats iq <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />

saSualeba mouspo 3 . rogorc mosalodneli iyo, uzun<br />

1 iqve, gv. 61, 78.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 385; Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 139.<br />

3 Minorsky V. Tifl is, Uzun Hassan. `Enziklopedie des Islam~, IV, 1934 , S.<br />

802.<br />

90 91

hasani bolomde arc konstantines miendo <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis cixeSi<br />

Tavisi garnizoni Caayena, TviTon ki muxranSi <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iqi<strong>da</strong>n agzav ni<strong>da</strong> Tavis razmebs qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis <strong>da</strong>sarbevad.<br />

mefe bagrats wi naaRmdegobis Zala ar Seswev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> raWas<br />

Seafara Tavi 1 .<br />

qarTlis <strong>da</strong>kavebis Semdeg uzun hasans mefe bagratTan,<br />

samcxis aTa bagTan 2 <strong>da</strong> sxva Svid didebulTan 3 molaparakeba<br />

gaumarTavs <strong>da</strong>zave bis Tao baze <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis gamoklebiT qar-<br />

Tlis <strong>da</strong>cla aRuTqvams, Tu isini xarkis saxiT 16 aTas dukats<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ixdidnen 4 .<br />

sparsulenovani wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom qarTvelebi<br />

uzun hasans yovelwliurad xarks uxdidnen <strong>da</strong> xarkis <strong>da</strong>gvianeba<br />

gamx<strong>da</strong>ra ay-yoiunlus mbrZaneblis saqarTveloSi ramdenjerme<br />

laSqrobis mizezi 5 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiTi cnobebi uzun hasanis saqarTveloSi Semdgomi<br />

moqmede bis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>gvitova barbarom. es cnobebi saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom roca qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs 16<br />

aTasi dukati ga<strong>da</strong>uxdiaT <strong>da</strong> Turqmenebs 4-5 aTasamde tyvec<br />

xelT ugdiaT, amis Semdeg imereTi <strong>da</strong>urbeviaT 6 . barbaro,<br />

rogorc TviTmxilveli gadmogvcems, rom quTaisis aklebis<br />

Semdeg isini ukan gabrundnen, mividnen skan<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> Semdeg<br />

gorSi ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen. gori<strong>da</strong>n Turqmenebi Tbilisisken ki ar<br />

wavidnen (maT misi sa kiTxi ukve mogvarebulad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T),<br />

aramed mTebze ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen <strong>da</strong> sami dRis Semdeg loreSi, e.i.<br />

uzun hasanis samflobeloSi mividnen.<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 385.<br />

2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 61.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 78.<br />

4 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, gv. 118-122; kiknaZe r.<br />

saqarTvelo-iranis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n XV saukunis meore naxevarSi.<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis sax elo bis istoriis institutis Sromebi, VI, Tb., 1964, gv.<br />

119-120, 122.<br />

5 kiknaZe r., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 122.<br />

6 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 61.<br />

amgvarad, barbaros cnobebis mixedviT, uzun hasanma aRmosavleTi<br />

saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> imereTi aiklo. samcxe-saaTabagos<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabedianos igi ar Sexebia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is amis<br />

Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnobs. magram imis gamo, rom aTabagi<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>diani sazavo molaparakebaSi monawileobdnen, es mafiqrebinebs,<br />

rom isini konfliqtis seriozuli monawileni<br />

iyvnen. isini uars ambobdnen uzun hasanTan erTad osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaze. imave barbaros cnobebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT,<br />

iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: `imitom, rom qarTvelebma uzun<br />

hasanis es moTxovna (16 aTasi dukatis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis Sesaxeb<br />

_ e.m.) ver aasrules Tu sxva raime mizezis gamo mxolod<br />

ios. bar baros sityviT amis Semdgom sparseTis batonis jari<br />

swrafad <strong>da</strong>Zrula <strong>da</strong> mxarmarcxniv wasula yuaryuare aTabagis<br />

qveynis winaaRmdeg. rogor mimdi nareob<strong>da</strong> aq samxedro<br />

moqmedeba, amaze italiel mogzaurs araferi aqvs naTqvami~ 1 .<br />

magram, rogorc vnaxeT, barbaro sul sxva rames gveubneba.<br />

uzun hasani samcxeSi ar SeWrila.<br />

uzun hasanis jaris moZraobis mimarTuleba aseve aqvs<br />

gagebuli s. filipos. igi j. barbaros biografiaSi aRniSnavs:<br />

`Sahs saqarT veloSi SeWris dros, rodesac sparselebma<br />

saSinlad aaoxres igi, (bar baro – e.m.) mu<strong>da</strong>m Tan axl<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iyo TbilisSi, gorSi, quTaisSi, skan<strong>da</strong>Si <strong>da</strong> sxva qalaqebSi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefisa, romelmac bolos mSvidoba 16 aTasi<br />

dukatis ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT moipova~ 2 . s. filiposTan uzustoba mxolod<br />

imaSia, rom uzun hasanma imereTi xarkis aRebamde ki<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>arbia, aramed mis Semdeg 3 .<br />

ase tragikulad <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> monawileoba<br />

antios maluri koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis moZraobaSi XV s. 50-<br />

70-ian wlebSi.<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 110<br />

2 Filippo S., Biographia dei viaggiatori italiani, v. I, Roma, 1882, p. 43<br />

3 ix. agreTve, mamisTvaliSvili e., goris istoria, I (1801 wlamde), Tb.,<br />

1994, gv. 40<br />

92 93

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmna ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>, igi ideis<br />

doneze <strong>da</strong>rCa. kaTolikuri qveynebis didi umravlesobis<br />

mier osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolisaken mowodebebi, rogorc<br />

Cans, ufro am popula ruli Temis winaSe sityvieri xarkis<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> iyo. evropis liderebs wina planze TavianTi saxelmwifoebis<br />

interesebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>yenebuli, mezobel qveynebTan<br />

urTierTobis mogvareba maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo.<br />

rogorc maTi werilebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans isini aRmosavleTis qveynebTan,<br />

gansa kuTrebiT, qarTul saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobis<br />

dros, qarTvelebis mier kaTolikobis aRiarebiT ufro iyvnen<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebulni. maTi es in teresi wiTel xazad gasdevs<br />

saqarTvelo-<strong>da</strong>savleT evropis urTierTo bas XV-XVIII saukuneebSi.<br />

4. qarTuli <strong>diplomatia</strong> evropaSi<br />

mokavSiris ZiebaSi (XV s. 90 wlebi).<br />

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis iseTma c<strong>da</strong>m, romelSic<br />

gaer Tiande bodnen, rogorc <strong>da</strong>savleTis ise aRmosavleTis<br />

saxelmwifoebi, axlo aRmo savleTisa <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiis qveynebi,<br />

marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>. antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis sakiTxs<br />

gansakuTrebiT gulgrilad evropaSi moekidnen. mizezi<br />

mdgomareob<strong>da</strong> maSindeli evropis qveynebis ekonomikur <strong>da</strong><br />

politikur ganviTarebaSi. im qveynebma, romlebic uSualod<br />

ar ganicdidnen osmaleTisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis saSiSroebas, an<br />

romelTa ekonomikuri interesebi aRmosavleTTan vaWroba-<br />

Si ar ilaxe bo<strong>da</strong> (safrangeTi, epaneTi, germania), osmalebis<br />

winaaRmdeg jvarosnuli omis <strong>da</strong>wyebas mxari ar <strong>da</strong>u Wires.<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> erTi sayuradRebo momen tic: XV saukunis evropaSi<br />

jer kidev ar <strong>da</strong>srulebuliyo erovnuli saxelmwifoebis<br />

Camoyalibebis procesi. amitom maTi <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, sakuTari saxelmwi foebrivi interesebis ganxorcielebas<br />

emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aRmosavleTis im qveynebma, romlebic sisxlxorceulad<br />

iyvnen <strong>da</strong>interesebulni osmaleTis winaaRmdeg saerTo omiT,<br />

evropi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis molodinSi is moimkes, rom<br />

zogi maTgani (bizantiis <strong>da</strong> trapizonis imperiebi, yaramaniis<br />

saamiro) osmalebma mospes, xolo zogi ki (mag.: ay-yoiunlus<br />

saxelmwifo) imdenad <strong>da</strong>sust<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolis gagrZeleba veRar SeZlo.<br />

rogorc vnaxeT, uSedegod arc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tvis <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong><br />

an tios maluri koaliciis Seqmnis RonisZiebebSi misi<br />

monawileoba. ise<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>qucmacebuli saqarTvelo amis Semdeg<br />

kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>qveiT<strong>da</strong>. misi op ti misturad ganwyobili<br />

mbrZaneblebi ar kargavdnen qristianuli saxelmwi foebisgan<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis miRebis imeds. am mizniT isini mimarTavd nen xan<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT evropas <strong>da</strong> xan moskovis saxelmwifos, magram realuri<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera versad hpoves.<br />

uzun hasanis sikvdilis Semdeg, qarTvelebma Tbilisi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibrunes, magram qveyanas arc amis Semdeg ewera mosvenebiT<br />

cxovreba. TiTqmis gau Taveblad mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> SinabrZolebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> gareSe mtrebis Tav<strong>da</strong>sx mebi. marTalia, Zleuli iqna gareSe<br />

mteri, uzun hasanis memkvidrem ia yub-yaenma marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebis saqmeSi, magram qveynis <strong>da</strong>Slis<br />

procesi kidev ufro gaRrmav<strong>da</strong>. 1489 wels qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />

kaxeTis samefoebis gverdiT Seiqmna kidev erTi _ imereTis<br />

samefo.<br />

qarTlis mefe konstantine ar kargav<strong>da</strong> qveynis erTianobis<br />

aRdgenis imeds. 1490 w. man <strong>da</strong>rbazi moiwvia, mgram feo<strong>da</strong>lebma<br />

mxari ar <strong>da</strong>uWires <strong>da</strong> iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> arsebul<br />

mdgomareobasA Seguebo<strong>da</strong><br />

qveynis <strong>da</strong>Slis Sedegad bolo moeRo erTiani <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

politikis gatarebasac, rac gamokveTilad gamoCn<strong>da</strong> XV s.<br />

90-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawy isSi: kaxeTis samefo Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />

saSualebas moskovis saxelmwi foSi xe<strong>da</strong>vs, qarTli ki _<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi.<br />

94 95

1483 <strong>da</strong> 1491 wlebSi kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre I-ma (1476-<br />

1511) elCebi gagzavna moskovis mTavar ivane III-is (1462-<br />

1505) karze <strong>da</strong> amiT safuZveli Cauyara kaxeTis samefosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> moskovis saxelmwifos Soris politikur urTierTobas,<br />

romelmac xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> tradiciuli xasiaTi SeiZina.<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, kaxeTSi mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n ar<br />

gamorCeniaT moskovis samTavros warmatebebi. 1491 wels<br />

kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-m moskovSi gaagzavna elCi murati,<br />

romelic 1492 wels mivi<strong>da</strong> moskovSi 1 <strong>da</strong> ivane III-s<br />

kaxeTis samefosTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba<br />

Ses Tavaza. samwuxarod, ucnobia molaparakebis msvleloba<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi Sedegic.<br />

qarTlis mefe konstantinem politikuri orientacia aiRo<br />

im qvey nebze, romlebic gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>interesebulni iyvnen<br />

osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>sustebiT. igi upirveles yovlisa <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong><br />

egviptis mamluq mbrZanebel al-aSraf said ad-din kaitbeis<br />

(1468-1496). rogorc Cans konstantine iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> im<br />

garemoebas, rom mamluqebs TavianT um Tavres mtrad osmale-<br />

Tis saxelmwifo miaC<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> maTTan antiosmaluri kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebis mizniT 1493-1494 wlebSi Tavisi karis eklesiis<br />

moZRvari kir-nilosi miavlina 2 . kairoSi warmoebuli molaparakebis<br />

Ses axe bac araviTari cnoba ar gagavaCnia. magram<br />

kir-nilosis misia rogori SedegiTac ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mTavrebuliyo,<br />

mas mainc didi mniSvneloba aqvs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

urTierTobis istoriis Sesaswavlad. SeiZleba vivaraudoT,<br />

rom qarTlis samefosa <strong>da</strong> mamluqTa egviptes Soris<br />

diplomati uri urTierToba, aRniSnuli droi<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli,<br />

orive saxelmwifos interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

Sewyvetiliyo osmalebis mier egvip tis <strong>da</strong>pyrobamde.<br />

1 Тивадзе Т. Г., Об использовании армянских купцов на дипломатической<br />

службе грузин скими царями. amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tb., 1991,<br />

gv. 239.<br />

2 am sakiTxze <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ix. cincaZe i. masalebi poloneTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1965 .<br />

kairo<strong>da</strong>n wamosulma kir-nilom ierusalimSi gaiara, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

espa neTis elCebs Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> man isini saqarTveloSi<br />

wamoiyvana. espaneTis elCebis amgvari gabeduli moqmedeba<br />

(isini TavianTi mefis <strong>da</strong>ukiTxavad saqarT veloSi wamovidnen)<br />

miuTiTebs espaneTis samefo karis aRmosav leTSi arse buli<br />

politikuri viTarebisadmi did interesze. roca maT qarTvelma<br />

dip lomatma antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnis perspeqtiva<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>uSala, rogorc Cans, isini iolad <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen<br />

saqarTveloSi mipatiJebaze.<br />

espaneTis elCebi saqarTveloSi didxans ar <strong>da</strong>rCenilan.<br />

konstan tine mefem maT kir-niloc gaayola Tavisi weriliT<br />

espaneTis mefesTan. kir-nilos sxva sagangebo <strong>da</strong>valebac mieca:<br />

espaneTi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli moZRvari romis paps un<strong>da</strong> xlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

konstantines werili <strong>da</strong> sityvi erad <strong>da</strong>nabarebi un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eca.<br />

masve gaatanes papisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacemi saCuqrebi. elCebma ga<strong>da</strong>cures<br />

Savi zRva, ahyvnen md. dneprs <strong>da</strong> litva-poloneTis<br />

sam flobeloebze gavliT espaneTisaken gaeSurnen.<br />

litva-poloneTSi qarTvelma elCma mTavrobas os maleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolis qarTuli gegma gaacno. am sakiTxze poloneTSi<br />

TaT biri rom yofila, amis <strong>da</strong>mamtkiceblad i. cincaZes,<br />

savsebiT samarTlianad, miaCn<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefe konstantines<br />

mier espaneTis mefisaTvis gagzavnili werilis<br />

Targmanis Setana `litvis metrikaSi~ 1 .<br />

konstantine mefis werili espaneTis mefisadmi muslimanTa<br />

gaZliere biT axlo aRmosavleTSi Sqmnili mdgomareobis<br />

Wkvianurad mofiqrebuli analizia. qarTlis mefe iseT<br />

STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos mas umTavresad saerTo saqristianos<br />

saqmeebi awuxebs <strong>da</strong> mouwodebs <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis<br />

gaerTianebuli ZalebiT aRadginon bizantiisa <strong>da</strong> trapizonis<br />

saxelmwi foebi. konstantinem <strong>da</strong> misma kariskacebma kargad<br />

icodnen, rom <strong>da</strong>saxele buli saxelmwifoebis aRdgena osmaleTis<br />

mospobis gareSe ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. Tuki es moxde-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 39.<br />

96 97

o<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ac Ta visTavad eSvelebo<strong>da</strong>. werilSi gakvriT<br />

naTqvamia maSindeli saqarT velos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT ki elCi sityvierad ga<strong>da</strong>s cem<strong>da</strong> espaneTis xelisufalT.<br />

`werilebs gar<strong>da</strong> sxva sityvier Cven gulis nadebsac<br />

gaigonebT misgan, radganac gzaze mra vali mteria,<br />

rogorc Tqvenma meufebamac icis. uRvTo sparsTagan marad<br />

Jams wame bulni varT <strong>da</strong> mravali boroteba mogvages Cven.<br />

sam rames iTxoven isini Cvengan: an uzomo didi xarki<br />

gvaZlieTo, an Cven gvebrZoleTo, an<strong>da</strong> Cven sarwmuneobaze<br />

moeqeciTo. isini mravali arian. konstantinopolisa, trapizonisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva qristianul qveyanaTagan xom marto <strong>da</strong>vrCiT,<br />

Zalian mcireni varT. amJamad mTeli simravle agarianTa,<br />

TurqTa <strong>da</strong> arabTa SeZrwunebuli <strong>da</strong> SeSinebulia 1 . axla dro<br />

<strong>da</strong>gvidga RvTis meoxebiT <strong>da</strong> gTxovT Sen konstantinopolze<br />

gaemarTo, ar <strong>da</strong>izaro...<br />

xolo me, Cemi vaJiSviliT <strong>da</strong> Cemi laSqriT, ramdenic<br />

SemeZleba, rogorc ki Tqveni meufebis mier gamogzavnili<br />

despani Cemamde moaRwevs, <strong>da</strong>uzarelad am saqmeze Tqven mowyalebas<br />

Tan gamogyvebiT~ 2 .<br />

konstantines werili<strong>da</strong>n, Tavisi paTosiTa <strong>da</strong> sakiTxebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>yenebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamovyoT ori mniSvnelovani<br />

momenti: 1. qarTveli mefe adresats acnobs Tavis <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />

osmaleTis mier, saerTod, saqristianosTvis Seqmnil<br />

problemebze, romlis mogvarebaSi Tavisi wvlilis<br />

Setanas patara saqarTvelo mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobebis<br />

mo bilizebiT pirdeba <strong>da</strong> sxvebTan erTad sabrZolvelad<br />

mzadyofnas ga moxatavs. 2. qarTveli mefe espaneTis kars<br />

Tavisi qveynisa <strong>da</strong> xalxis sat kivarzec acnobebs: Tqven erTi<br />

mteri gyavT osmaleTis saxiT, maSin, rode sac CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT<br />

saSiSi <strong>da</strong> Semaviwroebeli mteri iraniao. kon-<br />

1 igulisxmeba 1492 wels espaneTis jarebis mier grenadis ganTavisufleba<br />

arabTa batonobisagan, riTac sabolood <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> espaneTis gaerTianeba.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 83.<br />

stantinem kargad icis, rom irani <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi moiazreba<br />

rogorc potenciuri mokavSire osmalebis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolaSi, amitom is pir <strong>da</strong>pir ver iTxovs iranis winaaRmdeg<br />

SeiaraRe bul <strong>da</strong>xmarebas. adresats agebinebs ra Tavisi<br />

qveynis ubedurebas, iqve gaismis misi mu<strong>da</strong>ra, Cveni mdgomareobac<br />

gaiTvaliswineT <strong>da</strong> iqneb raimeTi <strong>da</strong>gvexmaroTo.<br />

konstantines mimarTvas espaneTis samefo karisadmi sasurveli<br />

Sedegi ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>. maSindeli espaneTis interesebi<br />

axlo aRmosavleTSi mcire iyo. mxolod saqristianos siyvarulis<br />

gamo ki aseT sapasuxismge blo nabijs imdroindeli<br />

arc erTi qristianuli saxelmwifo ar ga<strong>da</strong>dgam<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ferdinandma <strong>da</strong> izabelam, rogorc mosalodneli iyo,<br />

qarTvel elCs mxolod gaurkveveli <strong>da</strong>pirebebi mices: espanelebi<br />

mzad arian af rikaSi ebrZolon kaTolikuri sarwmunoebis<br />

mtrebs <strong>da</strong> rom isini maRal Sefasebas aZleven<br />

mefe konstantines wina<strong>da</strong>debas <strong>da</strong>myardes urTierToba espaneT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

Soris <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefes materialur<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmare basac <strong>da</strong>pirdnen 1 .<br />

espaneTi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli nilo romis paps aleqsandre VI-s<br />

(1492-1503) ewvia <strong>da</strong> masac Tavisi mefis werili <strong>da</strong> sityvierad<br />

<strong>da</strong>nabarebic ga<strong>da</strong>sca. konstantines werilma Cvenamde ar<br />

moaRwia, magram misi Sinaarsi nawilobriv mainc cnobilia papis<br />

sapasuxo werilis wyalobiT. paps mos wons qarTveli mefis<br />

gulmodgineba qristes sarwmunoebis mterTa winaaRmdeg<br />

gasalaSqreblad. magram papi ver malavs, rom evropis saxelmwifoebisgan<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis miReba amJamad SeuZlebelia, radgan<br />

maT So ris ganxeTqilebaa. roca isini erTmaneTs Seurigdebian<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>irazme bian saerTo mterTan sabrZolvelad, gamarjveba<br />

Cven <strong>da</strong>gvrCeba. `Tumca Cven yov elTvis viRwodiT aseTi sur-<br />

1 espaneTis mefe-dedoflis sapasuxo werils miakvlia l. tardim burgosas<br />

xelnaw erTsacavSi, magram, samwuxarod, man Tavis wignSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

istoriisaTvis am friadmniSvnelovani dokumentis mxolod mokle Sinaarsi<br />

gadmosca. tardi l., un greT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, Tb., gv.<br />

33-34<br />

98 99

viliT, magram axla Seni mzadyofna <strong>da</strong> qristes didebisaken<br />

Seni keTilsindisieri miswrafebiT <strong>da</strong>rwmuneba Cven gvaiZulebs,<br />

es saqme <strong>da</strong>vaCqaroT~. amasobaSi Tqveni qveSevrdomni<br />

<strong>da</strong>razmeT <strong>da</strong> mzad iyaviTo.<br />

papis werili<strong>da</strong>n erTi garemoeba gansakuTrebul yuradRebas<br />

ipy robs. rogorc Cans, mefe konstantinem qarTuli mar-<br />

Tlmadidebluri ek lesiis kaTolikuri eklesiisaTvis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ferara-floren ciis krebis (1437-1439) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa<br />

aRiareba SesTavaza, ris gamoc papma upasuxa:<br />

`Cven uaRresad moxaruli varT, rom Seni udidebulesoba miiswrafis<br />

namdvil marTlmadideblur sarwmunoebas Caswvdes<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cveni saxiT sTxovs Cvens uwmindes samociqulo taxts,<br />

mTeli qristianobis meTaurs, Camoayalibos yvelaferi rac<br />

ki Seexeba am sarwmunoebis swor <strong>da</strong>cvas~. amitom konstantines<br />

papisaTvis uTxovia nilos xeliT gaegzvna florenciis<br />

saeklesio krebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba. papma mefes es Txovna <strong>da</strong>ukmayofila:<br />

`amitom Cven axla gigzavniT krebis <strong>da</strong>dgenilebas,<br />

werilSi Cadebuls <strong>da</strong> Cveni beWdiT <strong>da</strong>luquls, <strong>da</strong> vTavazobT<br />

Sens Tav<strong>da</strong>debulobas, ubrZanoT: gaavrcelon <strong>da</strong> miiRon igi<br />

Seni qveynis yvela provinciaSi, rogorc qristeze, uflis<br />

WeSmarit Svilze, miTiTe bebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebi... maSin Cven<br />

yvelani viqnebiT erTianni <strong>da</strong> axlobelni... maSin verc erTi<br />

mtruli iaraRi veraviTar zians ver mogvayenebs, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mjera, rom maTze gaimarjvebs meufeba~.<br />

papi qarTvel mefes did madlobas uxdis saCuqrebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong> ima sac acnobebs, rom man mis elCs, Tavisi mefis saxeliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>smul yvela kiTxvaze amomwuravi pasuxi zepirad gasca 1 .<br />

ferara-florenciis saeklesio kreba iTvleba romis ka-<br />

Tolikuri <strong>da</strong> berZnul-marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis gamaerTianeblad.<br />

am krebis muSao baSi sxva marTlmadidebeli<br />

1 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa <strong>da</strong> wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI<br />

ss.), Tb., 1984, gv. 217-219. ix. agreTve, TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.64-66;<br />

cincaZe i., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 83.<br />

saxelmwifoebis warmomadgenlebTan erTad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ori<br />

warmomadgeneli monawileob<strong>da</strong>. uniis aqts xeli moawera yvelam,<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebisa 1 . qarTvelebis amgvari <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

aR niSnuli saeklesio krebisadmi mSvenivrad moexsenebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc paps aleqsandre VI-s, ise mefe konstantines.<br />

qarTveli mefis es nabiji (qarTuli marTlmadidebluri<br />

eklesiis romis kaToli kuri eklesiisadmi <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba <strong>da</strong><br />

ferara-florenciis saeklesio krebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaTa aRiareba)<br />

politikuri mosazrebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. misma elCma<br />

nilom rom Sive miiRo kaTolikoba <strong>da</strong> samSob loSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc wmin<strong>da</strong> basilis wesis monazoni. amiT qarTvel politikosebs<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>T mieqciaT kaTolikuri evropis yuradReba.<br />

magram xom cnobilia, rom imave ferara-florenciis krebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas aRmosavleTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis eklesiebis<br />

gaerTianebis Sesaxeb bizan tiis keisarma ioane VIII paleologma<br />

imitom moawera xeli, rom os maleTisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>sacavad<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTisgan <strong>da</strong>xmareba mieRo. sinamdvileSi man am mizans<br />

ver miaRwia. es ki sagulisxmo magaliTi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />

konstantinesaTvis, magram sxvagvarad rogor moqceuliyo? 2<br />

konstantine II-m <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n mxolod florenciis krebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wy vetileba miiRo papis tyviiT <strong>da</strong>beWdil werilTan<br />

erTad.<br />

1 <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. JuJunaZe o., XV saukunis pirveli naxevris <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> politikis istoriisaTvis. `qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

politikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n~, I, Tb., 1970, gv. 5-28.<br />

2 erTi ram aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas: qarTvel politikur moRvaweebs<br />

mamapapuri rwmenis Secvla seriozulad arasodes ar ufiqriaT. kaTolikobaze<br />

qveynis moqcevis <strong>da</strong>pireba mxolod politikuri xasiaTis fandi iyo. qarTvel<br />

politikosTa amgvar mo qmede baze specialurad <strong>da</strong> vrclad ix. mamisTvaliSvili<br />

e., saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebis cdebi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa <strong>diplomatia</strong>.<br />

`qarTuli <strong>diplomatia</strong>~, weliwdeuli, #8, Tb., 2001, gv. 33-64.<br />

100 101

5. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

urTierTobani <strong>da</strong> <strong>diplomatia</strong> XVI s.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisi<strong>da</strong>n _ 70-ian wlebamde<br />

XV s. 90-ian wlebSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri saxelmwufo<br />

sabolood <strong>da</strong>iSala. misi mdgomareoba kidev ufro<br />

<strong>da</strong>mZim<strong>da</strong> ori Zlieri saxelmwifos _ osmaleTisa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSuri<br />

iranis mezoblobiT.<br />

osmalebma ukve XV saukeneSi mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong> Zlevamosili<br />

ome bis wyalobiT Seqmnes samxedro feo<strong>da</strong>luri<br />

saxelmwifo, romlis arsebobisa <strong>da</strong> Zlierebis mTavar wyaros<br />

mezobeli qveynebis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong> maTi Zarcva Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. ise<br />

Can<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTis mtacebluri madis am lagmveli Zala ar<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi yvela mezobeli <strong>da</strong>saRupavad gan wiruli<br />

iyo. osmalebis mier ganxorcielebul <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT omebs aRmosav<br />

leTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis qveynebisaTvis mxolod politikuri<br />

xasiaTis gar Tulebebi ar axl<strong>da</strong>, gauares<strong>da</strong> maTi ekonomikuri<br />

mdgomareobac. aR mosav leTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebel<br />

gzebze osmalebis gaba tonebam, ev ropis saxelmwifoebi ai-<br />

Zula <strong>da</strong>ewyoT axali <strong>da</strong> uxifaTo gzebis Zieba, rasac Sedegad<br />

mohyva e. w. didi geografiuli aRmoCenebi. am procesma<br />

Zirfesvianad Secvala msoflio kavSir-urTierTobis mTeli<br />

sistema. axalma saerTaSoriso savaWro gzebma <strong>da</strong> kavSirurTierTobam<br />

didi gavlena moaxdina mravali qveynis, maT<br />

Soris, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ekonomikur ganviTare baze 1 .<br />

aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erT dros misadmi vasalur<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokide bule baSi myofi, axla ukve gamuslimanebuli ori<br />

saxelmwifo _ Saqi <strong>da</strong> Sirvani emezoblebo<strong>da</strong>. oriveSi ganviTarebuli<br />

iyo abreSumis war moeba, romlis produqtebic<br />

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sagans war moadgen<strong>da</strong>. XV s. <strong>da</strong>sasrulsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> XVI s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aRmosavleT saqarT velos same-<br />

1 Jor<strong>da</strong>nia g., ucxoel mogzaurTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb XVII<br />

saukuneSi, `mnaTobi~, #2, 1962 , gv. 174.<br />

foebs _ qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs, keTilmezobluri urTierToba<br />

aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>saxelebul saxelmwifoebTan.<br />

mokled aseTi iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mdgomareoba, rodesac<br />

samxreT azer baijanSi, ardebilSi, asparezze pirvelobis<br />

pretenziiT gamovi<strong>da</strong> sefianebis dinastia, romelmac safuZveli<br />

Cauyara sefianebis, anu yizilbaSebis Zlier saxelmwifos.<br />

am dinastiis pirveli warmomadgeneli iyo Sah ismail<br />

I. man gaiTvaliswina iranisa <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanis mosaxleo bis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva fenebis interesebi <strong>da</strong> male moipova maTi mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera.<br />

igi cdilob<strong>da</strong> Seeqmna iseTi Zlieri centralizebuli<br />

saxelmwifo, romelic win aRudgebo<strong>da</strong> osmalTa agresias. mezobelTa<br />

miwebis <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT <strong>da</strong>interesebulma samxreT azerbaijanis<br />

didkacobam, ismails maSinve mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

ZiriTadi <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni gax<strong>da</strong>. xalxis farTo masebis gulis<br />

mogebis miznT ismailma Siitoba saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am RonisZiebiT man Tavis q veSevrdomebi <strong>da</strong>arwmuna,<br />

rom suni turi osmaleTis mteri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. ismails mxari<br />

<strong>da</strong>uWires, agreTve, vaWar-xelos nebma. maTi savaWro saqmianoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> gasaRebis bazari feo<strong>da</strong> luri aSlilobis <strong>da</strong> osmalebis<br />

mier savaWro-saqaravno gzebis ga<strong>da</strong>ket viT uaRresad Seikveca.<br />

amitom isinic gamosavals mxolod Zlieri xelisuflebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen.<br />

ismailma, vidre osmaleTTan oms <strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong>, iaraRi jer<br />

Tavisi uax loesi mezoblebis winaaRmdeg mimarTa. 1499 wels<br />

Zlieri <strong>da</strong> mdi<strong>da</strong>ri Sir vanis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>wyebuli omi, 1501<br />

wels gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>asrula. is mailis Sirvanis sataxto SamaxiaSi<br />

yofnis droi<strong>da</strong>n Cndeba italielTa pirveli cnobebi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs Soris urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebis<br />

Sesaxeb.<br />

garkveul warmatebas miaRwia Tu ara, Sah ismailma, paolo<br />

jovios gadmocemiT, maSinve `<strong>da</strong>iwyo omi albanebis 1 , ibere-<br />

1 jovio albanebSi kaxelebs un<strong>da</strong> gulisxmobdes. amis maCvenebelia is, rom<br />

igi Tavisi Txzulebis meore nawilSi erTgan ambobs: `iberebi <strong>da</strong> albanebi dRes<br />

102 103

isa <strong>da</strong> SiTebis 1 wi naaRmdeg, romlebic baqos zRvis 2 napiras<br />

cxovroben. isini winaT sparseTis mefis moxakeni iyvnen...<br />

ukve oTxi weli gavi<strong>da</strong>, rac xarki ar ga<strong>da</strong>uxdiaT, elCobac<br />

ki ar gaugzavniaT gamarjvebaTa misalocad~ 3 .<br />

jovios cnobis mixedviT, ismaili saqarTveloze laSqrobisas<br />

miznad isaxav<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> (qarTlis, kaxeTis <strong>da</strong><br />

samcxe-saaTabagos) iranisadmi vasalur mdgomareobaSi Cayenebas,<br />

kerZod: maT mier ismailis xelisu flebis cnobas,<br />

yovelwliuri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> jaris garkveuli<br />

kontigentis miwodebas misi farTo <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTi gegmebis gansaxor<br />

cieleblad.<br />

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, ismailis pirveli kontaqti <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan<br />

mniSvnelovani politikuri, ekonomikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro interesebiT<br />

ganpirobebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> ara stiqiuri, mxolod na<strong>da</strong>vlis<br />

xelSi CagdebiT na karnaxevi. hasan rumlu gadmogvcems:<br />

`aleqsandres sa<strong>da</strong>rma xayanma (is mail I – e. m.) zogier-<br />

Ti didebuli moixmo <strong>da</strong> ubrZana, erTmaneTSi moeTaTbiraT,<br />

romel mxares ufro Sesaferisi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom gavemarToT.<br />

zogma Tqva, saWiroa erzinjanSi gavataroT zamTari... zogma<br />

ki moaxsena, yvaryvares <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urwmunoebze gavilaSqroTo.<br />

sxva jgufma kidev Coxur-saadi (erevnis olqi –<br />

e.m.) scno Sesaferisad... <strong>da</strong>dgenil iqna, rom droSebis Sirvanisaken<br />

mimarTva swori iqnebao. roca basians miaRwies,<br />

mizanSewonili moqmedebisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna, rom xolefabegi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ken gaegzavnaT. brZanebis Tanaxmad, xolefabegma<br />

mamacebis razmiT saqarT veloze gailaSqra, uzomo nad-<br />

iberebad wodebulni~. Giovio P ., La secon<strong>da</strong> parte dell’Historie del suo tempo,<br />

Firenze, 1553, p. 478.<br />

1 albaT, Sirvanelebi.<br />

2 kaspiis zRva.<br />

3 Giovio P ., La prima parte dell’Historie del suo tempo, Firenze, 1551, p. 483;<br />

Spandugino T., La vita di Sach Ismael et de Tamas re di Persia chiamati Sofi . `Historia<br />

universale del origine et imperio de Turchi, raccolta <strong>da</strong> M. Francesco Sansovino~,<br />

Venezia, 1568, p. 374r.<br />

avli aiRo <strong>da</strong> uavgustoes urdoSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>~ 1 .<br />

saqarTveloSi SemoWrilma xolefa-begma, ismailis mi-<br />

TiTebis Tanax mad, garkveuli moTxovnebi wauyena qarTlis,<br />

kaxeTisa <strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTbagos mbrZaneblebs. rogorc qvemoT<br />

gamoCndeba, ismailis moTxovne bi<strong>da</strong>n gansakuTrebuli<br />

yuradReba eTmobo<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis mier jaris gayvanas mis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad 2 . yovel moTxovnaze <strong>da</strong>saxelebul qarTul<br />

politikur erTeulebs 3-3 aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri gahyav<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

anonimi venecielisa <strong>da</strong> katerino `Zenos mogzaurobis<br />

komentare bis~ gadmocemis Tanaxmad, 1501 wels ismailma Samaxii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

elCi gaugzavna qarT vel mefe-mTavrebs <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus<br />

sulTnis alvendis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova. radgan<br />

`sakuTari ZalebiT omSi warmateba eeWvebo<strong>da</strong>, amitom [ismailma]<br />

elCi gagzavna iberiaSi, romelic Samaxii<strong>da</strong>n sami, an<br />

ufro zustad, oTxi dRis savalzea. es iberia didi provinciaa,<br />

mTeli mosaxleoba marTlmorwmune qristiania <strong>da</strong><br />

mbrZaneblobs Svidi siniori. maT Soris ar ian orni, an ufro<br />

zustad samni, romlebic sparseTis, e.i. Tavrizis qvey anas esazRvrebian.<br />

erTs hqvia aleqsandros beki, meores gurgurambeki,<br />

mesa mes mirza beki~ 3 .<br />

TiTqmis igives gveubneba Zenoc, magram mokled, `siniorebis~<br />

sax elebic mcired Secvlilia (aleqsandro beki, gurgurambeki,<br />

mirabeti), Tanac maT `jorjanebs~ uwodebs 4 .<br />

rogorc Cans, orive avtorisaTvis cnobili iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samefo-samTavroebad <strong>da</strong>nawileba, magram mas<br />

1 hasan-rumlus cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. sparsuli teqsti qarTuli<br />

TargmaniTa <strong>da</strong> SesavliT gamosca v. fuTuriZem. SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong>urTo r. kiknaZem,<br />

Tb., 1965, gv. 19.<br />

2 sainteresoa, rom arc Turquli <strong>da</strong> arc sparsuli wyaroebi ar aRniSnaven<br />

sefi anTa saxelmwifos an osmaleTis mier qarTuli samefoebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>mxmare<br />

jaris gayvanas.<br />

3 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 87 r.<br />

4 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa, gv. 37. evropaSi gagzavnil werilebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> italiur dokumentur Tu naratiul wyaroebSi yvaryvare II yovelTvis<br />

`gurguras~, `gorgoras~ saxeliT moixsenieba.<br />

104 105

mainc erTi saerTo saxeliT `iberiad~ <strong>da</strong> `jorjaniad~ moixseniebdnen.<br />

zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli qarTveli `siniorebis~ vinaobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgena, gar<strong>da</strong> pirvelisa (aleqsandros beki), advilad ver<br />

xerxdeba. eWvi ar aris rom pirveli kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre<br />

pirvelia (1476-1511). `gurgu rambeki~ sam cxis aTbag yvaryvare<br />

meoreze (1451-1498) migvaniSnebs 1 . magram, cnobilia, rom<br />

1500-1515 wlebSi aTabagob<strong>da</strong> yvaryvare II-is Svili mzeWabuki.<br />

maS anonimi venecieli <strong>da</strong> Zenos mogzaurobis komentatori<br />

ratom un<strong>da</strong> asax elebdnen yvaryvares. savaraudoa,<br />

rom yvaryvare II-is didxans aTabagobam <strong>da</strong> popularobam misi<br />

saxeli yvaryvare (gurgura, gorgora) samcxis mmarT veli<br />

aTabagis zogad saxelad aqcia. amitom SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT,<br />

rom `gurgura~-Si <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli avtorebi aTabag mzeWabuks<br />

gulisxmoben.<br />

vin aris `mirabeti~? am SemTxvevaSic mxolod varaudis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sveba SeiZleba. radgan `mirza~ ufliswuls niSnavs, Sei-<br />

Zleba masSi qarTlis mefe konstantine II-is romelime vaJi<br />

an Zma vivaraudoT. katerino Zenos `mogzaurobis komentareb-<br />

Si~ naTqvamia, rom zemoaRniSnul `siniorebs~ `Zveli mtroba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T alamurTan <strong>da</strong> sur<strong>da</strong>T misi Zlierebis <strong>da</strong>mxoba,<br />

isargebles ismailis mier micemuli SemTxveviT <strong>da</strong> gadwyvites<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmare bod nen mas alamuris winaaRmdeg~ 2 .<br />

ismaili qarTvelebs hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>, `Tu isini <strong>da</strong>exmarebodnen<br />

[alven dis winaaRmdeg], <strong>da</strong>rCebodnen kmayofili <strong>da</strong><br />

mdidrebi~. ismaili mo kavSireebs acnobeb<strong>da</strong> Tavis ganzraxvis<br />

Sesaxebac: alvendis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg Tavrizs sataxto<br />

qalaqad ga<strong>da</strong>aqcev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, rodesac Zlieri, cen tralizebuli<br />

saxelmwifos erTpirovnuli mmarTveli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin<br />

1 evropaSi gagzavnil werilebsa <strong>da</strong> italiur dokumentur Tu naratiul<br />

wyaroebSi yvaryvare II yovelTvis `gurguras~, `gorgoras~ saxeliT moixsenieba.<br />

2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 37-38.<br />

qarTvelebi ganTavisufldebodnen im xarkisagan, romelsac<br />

isini `sparseTis mefes~, e.i. alvendis uxdidnen 1 .<br />

mocemul etapze ismailisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba qarTvelebs<br />

politiku rad <strong>da</strong> ekonomikura<strong>da</strong>c xelsayrelad miuCneviaT.<br />

marTlac, maT, TiToeulma sam-sami aTasi (sul 9 aTasi)<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>ri gagzavnes 2 . anonimi ve necieli iqve <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom `es<br />

iberebi umamacesi mxedrebi <strong>da</strong> brZolaSi mrisxaneni ar ian~ 3 .<br />

qarTvelebi imiTac saxelganTqmulni yofilan, rom trapizonis<br />

saz RvrebTan mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen osmalebs 4 .<br />

ismails qarTveli mxedrebi didi sixaruliTa <strong>da</strong> pativiT<br />

miuRia. ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo ismailisaTvis qarTvelebis<br />

mier gaweuli <strong>da</strong>x mareba, iqi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom maT misvlamde<br />

ismails mxolod 7 aTasi mebrZoli hyav<strong>da</strong>, amis Semdeg<br />

ki, misi laSqari 16 aTas kacamde gaizar<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelebis<br />

misvliT nasiamovnebma ismailma <strong>da</strong>pireba Seasrula <strong>da</strong> is ini<br />

SamaxiaSi mox veWili didZali ganZiT <strong>da</strong>asaCuqra 5 .<br />

1501 wels naxWevanis maxloblad, sof. SarurTan, gamar-<br />

Tul brZolaSi ismailis laSqarma sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa alvendis<br />

30 aTasiani kavaleria. rogorc anonimi venecielis cnobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

irkveva, brZolis dros ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti roli qarTvelTa<br />

razmebs SeusrulebiaT. isini alvendis banakSi SeWrilan <strong>da</strong><br />

mouspiaT. sulTanma gaqceviT uSvela Tavs. gamarjvebulebi<br />

didi zeimiT Sevidnen TavrizSi. marTalia alvendma SeZlo<br />

Zalebis mok reba <strong>da</strong> mcire xniT Tavrizic <strong>da</strong>ibruna, magram<br />

1502 w. igi sabolood gan devnes. ismaili iranis Sahin-Sahad<br />

1 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 87 r.<br />

2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 38; Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 87r.<br />

3 `Et questi Hiberi sono huomini valentissimi a cavallo, et terribili in bataglia~.<br />

Ramusio, p., Op. cit., 87r.<br />

4 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 38.<br />

5 Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 87r-v. sruliad sawinaaRmdego cnoba aqvs sefianTa<br />

xanis (XVI s.) istorikoss hasan-beg rumlus. Sirvanze galaSqrebamde ismails<br />

qarT velebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>x mareba ki ar uTxovia, aramed saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>ulaSqria.<br />

sparseli <strong>da</strong> italieli avtorebi erTmaneTs erTSi eTanxmebian: Sirvanze<br />

laSqrobis win ismails 7 aTasi mebrZoli hyav<strong>da</strong>. hasan-beg rumlu, gv. 19.<br />

106 107

(mefeT-mefe, 1502-1524) gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. 1502 weli yizilbaSTa<br />

saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>arsebis welad iTvleba 1 .<br />

ismail I-is <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT omebs iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ukve 1502 wels is samxedro moqmedebas iwyebs ayyoiunlus<br />

ukanaskneli sulTnis, uzun hasanis SviliSvilis<br />

muradis winaaRmdeg. murads azerbaijanSi ay-yoiunlus Zalauflebis<br />

aRdgena sur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSTa <strong>da</strong>uZinebeli mteri iyo.<br />

anonimi venecielis gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ismail I TavrizSi<br />

imyofe bo<strong>da</strong>, roca muradis 30 aTasiani jariT Tavrizze<br />

wamosvlis am bavi acnobes. ismailma didebulebi TavianTi<br />

jarebiT Sekriba <strong>da</strong> muradis Sesaxvedrad Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gavi<strong>da</strong>. muradi swrafad midio<strong>da</strong> raTa moulodneli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />

ganexorcielebina. ismailis mdgomareoba kritikuli<br />

iyo. amitom man `yvela Tavis didebulsa <strong>da</strong> meomars mimarTa,<br />

rom TiToeulma maTganma ibrZolos vaJkacurad. iberTa siniorebsac<br />

sTxova, rom waaqezon TavianTi meomrebi, gaaxsenon,<br />

rogor moiqcnen im SemTxvevaSi, roca alumutis (alvendi)<br />

mTeli banaki gaanadgures. amgvarad Sepir<strong>da</strong> TiToeuli iberieli<br />

mas <strong>da</strong> maT erTi saaTi as welad moeCvenaT, sanam xel-<br />

CarTul brZolaSi Caebmebodnen~ 2 .<br />

muradi Tavisi jariT mivi<strong>da</strong> Tavrizis <strong>da</strong>blobze <strong>da</strong> ismailis<br />

ba naki<strong>da</strong>n mcire manZilze, erT patara mdinaresTan<br />

gaCer<strong>da</strong>. ismailis jaric, romlis did nawils qarTvelebi<br />

Seadgendnen, mdinaris meore napirTan mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqve <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>.<br />

pirispir mdgomi mowinaRmdegeebi brZolaSi iw vevdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> uxeSi sityvebiT umaspinZldebodnen erTmaneTs. SuadRisas<br />

(1503 w. 19 ivnisi) ismaili <strong>da</strong> muradi jarebis gamxnevebas<br />

Seudgnen. saRamos ki muradma Tavisi jari sam nawilad gahyo.<br />

misi mibaZviT, ismailmac jari or nawilad gahyo: erTSi 9<br />

aTasi qarTveli iyo, meoreSi _ yizilbaSebi. 20 iv niss gaimarTa<br />

brZola, romelic Sah ismailis gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 Петрушевский И.П., Ук. труд, с. 233.<br />

2 Ramusio, Op. cit., p. 88r.<br />

sulTan muradi brZolis veli<strong>da</strong>n gaiqca 1 . man Sirazs Seafara<br />

Tavi, magram ismaili <strong>da</strong>edevna <strong>da</strong> Sirazsac <strong>da</strong>eufla.<br />

azerbaijanSi ganmtkicebis Semdeg sefianebma ay-yoiunlu<br />

gaanad gures <strong>da</strong> iranis mniSvnelovani nawili <strong>da</strong>imorCiles.<br />

1507-1508 wlebSi yizil baSebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres erayis didi nawili<br />

baR<strong>da</strong>diTurT. amis Semdeg maTi sax elmwifo aRmosavleTiT<br />

gaumezobl<strong>da</strong> uzbekebis saxelmwifos, <strong>da</strong>savleTiT ki – osmalebisas.<br />

iwyeba brZola xorasnisaTvis ismail I-sa <strong>da</strong> uzbekebis<br />

mbrZanebel Seiban-xans Soris. xorasanze gadio<strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani<br />

savaWro gzebi. Sei ban-xanma idrova Sah ismailis mcire<br />

aziaSi saomari moqmedebiT <strong>da</strong> xo rasani <strong>da</strong>ipyro. ismaili didi<br />

jariT <strong>da</strong>iZra xorasnisaken. brZola mox<strong>da</strong> q . mervis maxloblad,<br />

sof. mahmudTan 1510 wlis 1 dekembers. araviTari cnoba<br />

gvaqvs am brZolaSi qarTvelebis monawileobis Sesaxeb, magram<br />

is ki viciT, rom ismailma qarTuli faqtori SesaniSnavad gamoiyena<br />

brZolis warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>sasruleblad. ai ras gvamcnobs<br />

Teodoro spandujino: `mervi<strong>da</strong>n erTi dRis savalze aris md.<br />

sakijani, romelzec gadebulia merqiopes xidi. aqe<strong>da</strong>n sur<strong>da</strong><br />

[Seiban-xans] ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo mdinareze. Sahma mdinareze ga<strong>da</strong>sasvlelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ikava. brZola gagrZel<strong>da</strong> SuadRemde. maSin Sahma<br />

[is mailma] xma gaavrcela, viTom erTimeoreze mi yolebiT eqvsi<br />

Sikriki mou vi<strong>da</strong>, romlebmac acnobes, rom qarTvelebi erTmaneTTan<br />

SeTanxmebiT Tavrizis <strong>da</strong>salaSqrad wamovidnen~ 2 . amis<br />

Sem deg Sah ismailma xidis <strong>da</strong>cva miatova <strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>ixia. samagierod<br />

Sei ban-xanma mTeli Tavisi jariT, ro melic 30 aTasi<br />

meomrisagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>, xidze ga<strong>da</strong>svla <strong>da</strong>iwyo. Sah is maili ki,<br />

naxevari dRis savalze gaCer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xelsayrel moments elo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

roca mosaRamov<strong>da</strong>, igi moulodnelad Tavs<strong>da</strong>esxa mters <strong>da</strong><br />

1 Ibidem. ismail I-isa <strong>da</strong> murads Soris brZolis sruliad gansxvavebuli,<br />

isto riul sinamdviles <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli versia ix. giorgaZe b., venecieli avtoris<br />

marino sa nutos cnobebi saqarTveloze (XV-XVI ss. mijna). krebulSi: evropis<br />

istoriis problemebi, II, Tb., 1978, gv. 188-189.<br />

2 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 106v.<br />

108 109

sastikad gaanad gura. Seiban-xani brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa 1 .<br />

amgvarad, Tu SevajamebT Cvens xelT arsebuli wyaroebis<br />

monace mebs, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT iTqvas, rom qarTvelebma<br />

mniSvnelovani roli Seas rules sefianebis yizilbaSuri<br />

saxelmwifos Camoyalibebisa <strong>da</strong> ganmtkicebis saqmeSi. magram<br />

qarTvelebis wvlili Sah ismailis <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>Si amiT<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>srulebula. isini kvlavac aqtiurad monawileobdnen<br />

Sahis mTel rig samxedro RonisZiebebSi.<br />

safiqrebelia, rom qarTvelebis ismailisadmi <strong>da</strong>xmareba,<br />

pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, imiT, rom<br />

qarTveli politikosebi sefianTa saxelmwifos gaZlierebaSi<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen osmaleTis sapirispiro Zalas. yizilbaSTa Zlieri<br />

saxelmwifo ZalTa wonasworo bas Seqmni<strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTSi.<br />

qarTveli politikosebisaTvis, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Zneli<br />

misaxvedri ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom Zlieri mezobeli maTi qveynis<br />

arsebobas xi faTs Seuqmni<strong>da</strong>. magram istoriuli gamocdileba<br />

imasac ukarnaxeb<strong>da</strong>T, rom erT Zlier mezobelTan pirispir<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCena ufro saxifaTo iyo vidre, or Tan, romlebic mudmivad<br />

<strong>da</strong>pirispirebulni iqnebodnen Tun<strong>da</strong>c saqarT veloze<br />

batonobisaTvis. maT Soris winaaRmde gobis gamoyeneba ga<strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Cenis mniSvnelovani saSualeba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

* * *<br />

Sah ismail I-is karze kargad icodnen, evropelebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>intereseba aRmosavleTSi osmaleTis sapirispiro Zalis<br />

moZebnis Sesaxeb. amitom man veneciis respublikas maSinve<br />

SesTavaza uzun hasanis droindeli kavSiris ganaxleba <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad artile ria <strong>da</strong> artileristebi<br />

sTxova 2 . venecielebma ar <strong>da</strong>ayovnes <strong>da</strong> ukve 1502<br />

1 Ibidem.<br />

2 Epistolarum Turcicarum variarum et diversarum authorum, Francfurt am<br />

Main, 1598 , S. 59.<br />

wels scades Sah ismailTan kontaqtis <strong>da</strong>myareba. iranSi<br />

elCad gaig zavna konstantine laskarisi. 1502 wlis 15 oqtombers<br />

laskarisi yaramanii<strong>da</strong>n veneciaSi gag zavnil moxsenebaSi<br />

aRniSnavs Sah ismailis osmaleTTan momaval brZolaSi,<br />

kerZod, trapizonis imperiis gan Tavisuflebis saqmeSi,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> did mniSvnelobaze 1 .<br />

sefianTa saxelmwifom, jer kidev Camoyalibebis proces-<br />

Si, Tavise buri urTierToba <strong>da</strong>amyara samcxe-saaTabagosTan.<br />

ismail I saaTabagos sam flobeloebs, aTabagisave nebarTviT,<br />

plac<strong>da</strong>rmad iyeneb<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis teritoriaze SesaWrelad.<br />

xSirad, roca wyaroebSi laparakia saqarT veloze, miTiTebulicaa,<br />

rom igi esazRvreba trapizons. amiT surT xazi<br />

gausvan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> strategiul mniSvnelobas osmaleTTan<br />

omis SemTxvevaSi. spandujinos erTi <strong>da</strong>uTariRebeli cnobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

vigebT, rom is mailma `gagzavna satofbei 14 aTasi kaciT<br />

trapizonis mxares. saqarT velos mTavarma guagura beim,<br />

romelic Sah-iakubis bebiis Zmis (Sah-ia kubis biZis) simamri<br />

iyo, gza misca. igi SeiWra trapizonis samefoSi, mravali adgili<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wva, gaZarcva <strong>da</strong> misianebi, na<strong>da</strong>vliT <strong>da</strong>tvirTulni,<br />

ukan <strong>da</strong>brundnen~ 2 .<br />

Znelia imis <strong>da</strong>dgena, rodis mox<strong>da</strong> spandujinos mier gadmocemuli<br />

ambavi, magram, radgan masSi naTqvamia, rom ismailis<br />

samxedro eqspedicia baiazid II-is (1481-1512) winaaRmdeg<br />

iyo gagzavnili, amitom miaxloebiT SeiZleba Tqma, rom es<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> 1512 wlamde, selim pirvelis gamefebamde. selim I-is<br />

gamefebis Semdeg aTabagis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba Sah ismailisadmi<br />

Seicvala.<br />

yvaryvare II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg samcxe-saaTabagoSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo brZola taxtis pretendentebs Soris, sabolood<br />

gaimarjva mzeWabukma (1500-1515). am dros iwyeba osmalebis<br />

Seteva samxreeT-<strong>da</strong>savleT saqarT veloze. aTabagma Seqmnili<br />

1 Sanuto M. I diarri, t. IV, Venezia, 1880, p. 357.<br />

2 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 110.<br />

110 111

mdgomareobiT isargebla, jer qarTlis mefe konstantine IIsTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>amyara mSvidoba <strong>da</strong> misadmi morCileba ikisra, Sem deg<br />

Tavisi samflobeloebis gafarToebis mizniT, osmaleTTan<br />

kavSiri gaaba. roca gurieli osmalebs ebrZo<strong>da</strong>, mzeWabuki<br />

mtris mxares <strong>da</strong>dga <strong>da</strong> aWara <strong>da</strong> WaneTi <strong>da</strong>ipyro 1 . osmaluri<br />

wyaroebis Tanaxmad, mzeWabukma <strong>da</strong>ikava artaani, kola (patara<br />

artaani), olTisi, TorTumi <strong>da</strong> ispiri 2<br />

osmaleTis mmarTveli wreebi jerovnad afasebdnen<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> strategiul mniSvnelobas aRmosavleTze SetevisaTvis,<br />

magram vidre mSvi dobiani baizid II qveyanas mar-<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>, saqme omamde ar mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

baiazid II-is mSvidobiani aRmosavluri politikis<br />

winaaRmdeg ga movi<strong>da</strong> ufliswuli selimi. igi trapizonis<br />

valad yofnisas TviTnebu rad, sulTnis survilis winaaRmdeg<br />

ebrZo<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs. selimma garkveul warmatebasac<br />

miaRwia: 1510 w. man xelT igdo yizilbaSebis mier <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />

erzinjani <strong>da</strong> baiburTi, riTac sefianTa saxelmwi fosTan<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis saSiSroeba Seqmna. Svilis aseTi moqmedebis<br />

gamo baiazidi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> ismailTan elCi <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebi<br />

gaegzavna <strong>da</strong> bodiSic moexa<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

selimis moqmedeba yizilbaSebis <strong>da</strong>savleTisaken winsvlis<br />

SeCere bas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. paolo jovios gadmocemiT,<br />

selimma aiZula baiazidi, rom iberebTan <strong>da</strong> megrelebTan<br />

saqmis mogvareba misTvis miendo 4 , radgan samxreTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi<br />

saqarTvelo selims osmaleTis gavlenis sferod miaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

XVII saukunis Turqi istorikosis solaq-zades TqmiT:<br />

`cnobilia <strong>da</strong> gulebSi xsovna<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>rCenili, rom, rodesac<br />

misi udidebulesoba Sah-zade selim-xani trapizonis<br />

vilaieTSi mivi<strong>da</strong>, did dros andomeb<strong>da</strong> im mxareSi saqarTve-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv, 710-711.<br />

2 Jan-lui bake gramoni, osmalebi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo XVI saukunis pirvel<br />

meoTxedSi. `macne~, istoriis seria, #3,, 1978, gv. 99.<br />

3 Fisher S., The foreign relaTions of Turkey 1481-1512, Urbana, 1948.<br />

4 Giovio P ., Op. cit., I, p. 509.<br />

los mtrebTan brZolasa <strong>da</strong> saRvTo oms~ 1 . imave periodis<br />

sxva Turqi istorikosis munejim-baSis gad mocemiT, trapizonis<br />

valad yof nis periodSi `selimi drois did nawils<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> rbeva-aoxrebasa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebTan omebs<br />

andomeb<strong>da</strong>. erzinjani <strong>da</strong> baiburTi man (yizilbaSebs) xeli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamostaca... (samefo karis) morCilebi<strong>da</strong>n selimis gamosvlis,<br />

<strong>da</strong>v isa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopovebis mizniT Cadenil <strong>da</strong>na-<br />

Saulad <strong>da</strong> preten ziad imowmebdnen (mamis) neba<strong>da</strong>urTvelad<br />

saqarTveloze Catarebul laSqrobebs 2 <strong>da</strong> maRal saxelmwifosTan<br />

mSvidobian urTierTobaSi myof yizilbaSebTan gamar-<br />

Tul omebs~ 3 . es mox<strong>da</strong> 1510 wels 4 .<br />

1512 wels ufliswulma selimma, osmaleTis feo<strong>da</strong>lTa<br />

yvelaze agre siuli wreebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, baiazid II taxti<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camoagdo <strong>da</strong> TviTon <strong>da</strong>i kava selim I-is saxeliT (1512-1520).<br />

is maSinve Seudga Tavisi ZiriTadi geg mis ganxorcielebas<br />

_ sefianebis mospobas <strong>da</strong> samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebas.<br />

mezoblebis _ yizilbaSebis <strong>da</strong> osmalebis _ mier <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mi marT agresiuli politikis gatarebas xels uwyob<strong>da</strong><br />

samcxe-saaTa bagoSi Seqmnili viTareba. jer yvaryvare II-m,<br />

Semdeg misma memkvidreebma, viwro feo<strong>da</strong>luri interesebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, meryevi, uprincipo politikis ga tarebiT, mrav-<br />

1 Sengelia n. solaq-zade <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~,<br />

IV, Tb., 1873, gv. 58.<br />

2 amave periodis sxva Turqi istorikosis koja huseinis TqmiT, 1509 w.<br />

selimma jer somxeTSi erzinjani <strong>da</strong>ipyro, Semdeg saqarTvelo aiklo, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

didZali na<strong>da</strong>v liTa <strong>da</strong> tyveebiT <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. Новосельцев А., П. Освободительная<br />

борьба народов Закавказья в XVI-XVII веках. «Вопросы истории», М., 1969,<br />

№9, с. 115; Sengelia n. XV-XIX sau kuneebis saqarT velos istoriis osmaluri<br />

wyaroebi, Tb., 1974 , gv. 31.<br />

3 CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVI-<br />

XVII sau kuneebSi (iran-osmaleTis sazavo xelSekrulebebis mixedviT). (sadoqtoro<br />

disertacia), Tb., 1972, gv. 54-55.<br />

4 m. svaniZem Turqul wyaroebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gamoikvlia, rom selimis<br />

saqarT veloze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma 1510 wels un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. svaniZe m., saqarTveloosmaleTis<br />

urTier Tobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, XVI-XVII ss., Tb., 1971, gv. 44.<br />

112 113

aljer misces sababi <strong>da</strong>saxelebul mezoblebs maT saSinao<br />

saqmeebSi Careuliyvnen, zogjer ki, maTi mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT <strong>da</strong>nar-<br />

Cen saqarT velos iklebdnen an <strong>da</strong>pyrobas lamobdnen.<br />

ismail II-is <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTma omebma, misma warmatebebma didi<br />

saer TaSo riso gamoxmaureba hpova. osmalebisagan Seviwroebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeSi nebuli ev ropelebi yizilbaSTa saxelmwifoSi<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen Zalas, romlis <strong>da</strong>pirispireba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> osmalebis<br />

imperiisaTvis. Sah ismailis pirovnebis, rogorc saqristianos<br />

megobris gandideba xdebo<strong>da</strong> iseve, rogorc erT dros<br />

Temurlengisa <strong>da</strong> uzun hasanis.<br />

selim I-s farTo <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTi gegmebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram maTi<br />

ganxor cieleba yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos ganadgurebis gareSe<br />

SeuZlebeli iyo. Sahsa <strong>da</strong> sulTans Soris urTierToba sul<br />

ufro iZabebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> orive mxare ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti brZolisaTvis<br />

emzadebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1514 wlis gazafxulze selim I-ma q . edirneSi moiwvia<br />

divani, romel zec gamocxad<strong>da</strong>, rom Siiti yizilbaSebis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZola yvela mus limis wmin<strong>da</strong> movaleoba iyo.<br />

amis Semdeg selimma samxedro moqmedebac <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

samflobeloebSi SeiWra. Sahis brZanebiT yizilbaSTa razmebma<br />

ukan <strong>da</strong>ixies qveynis siRrmeSi, Tanac spobdnen xidebs,<br />

gzebs, sur saT-sanovagis marags. es RonisZieba mtrisaTvis<br />

swrafi winsvlis saSualebis mospobas isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad. osmalTa<br />

laSqari, marTlac did ga saWirSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. jaris<br />

momarageba gaZnel<strong>da</strong>. osmalebs qaravnebiT uxde bo<strong>da</strong>T sursa-<br />

Tisa <strong>da</strong> iaraRis ga<strong>da</strong>zi<strong>da</strong>va. gzis siSoris gar<strong>da</strong>, momaragebas<br />

isic arTuleb<strong>da</strong>, rom qaravnebs Tavs esxmodnen Sah ismail-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong>kavSire buli qarTvelTa razmebi <strong>da</strong> TurqTa tomebi 1 .<br />

rac dro gadio<strong>da</strong> osmalTa mdgomareoba miT ufro<br />

rTuldebo<strong>da</strong>, magram, rogorc donado <strong>da</strong> leZes 1514 wlis<br />

14 seqtembris werili<strong>da</strong>n vigebT (donado <strong>da</strong> leZes, cnobebi<br />

1 Эфендиев О. А., Образование Азербайджанского государства Сефевидов<br />

в начале XVI века, Баку, 1961 , с. 114.<br />

miawo<strong>da</strong> jovani maria anjolelom) gaWirvebaSi Cavardnil<br />

osmalebs seriozulad <strong>da</strong>exmarnen qarTvelebi. selimis banakSi<br />

14 aTasi qarTveli mxe<strong>da</strong>ri misula <strong>da</strong> sursaTic miutania<br />

1 . sxva cnobiT, romelic konstantinopolis veneciel<br />

bailos ni kolo justinians ekuTvnis, sulTnis laSqarSi 13<br />

aTasi qarTveli mxe<strong>da</strong>ri yo fila 2 .<br />

sainteresoa, vin iyvnen italiur wyaroebSi <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

qarT velebi, romlebic selim I-s Sah ismailis winaaRmdeg<br />

exmarebodnen? vfiqrob, isini samcxe-saaTabago<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyvnen.<br />

m. svaniZe ar iziarebs Cems mier moxmobil italiuri<br />

wyaroebis cnobebs <strong>da</strong> aRniSnavs, rom `am dros samcxis aTabags,<br />

rogorc os maleTis moxarkes, ar evalebo<strong>da</strong> laSqris<br />

gamoyvana~ 3 . vfiqrob, moyva nili cnobebi aTabagis osmalebTan<br />

mokavSireobaze <strong>da</strong> ara moxarkeobaze miuTiTebs. amgvari varauds<br />

safuZvels umagrebs i. hameris wignSi moyvanili erTi<br />

Turquli cnobac, romlis mixedviTac, yizilbaSebze mi mavali<br />

selimi sog menSi gaCer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> elCi gaugzavna aTabag mzeWabuks<br />

(qarTveli princi janiki). aTabagma ar <strong>da</strong>ayovna <strong>da</strong> Tavisi elCis<br />

xeliT sulTans sursaT-sa novage <strong>da</strong> Sah ismailis Zmis, hadir<br />

oRlus, ori vaJic mihgvara. isini Sahs gaeqcnen <strong>da</strong> mzeWabukis<br />

(janiki) karze Seafares Tavi. di<strong>da</strong>d nasiamovnebma sulTanma<br />

aTabags meore elCi gaugzavna, romelmac sulTnis madloba<br />

<strong>da</strong> sapatio xalaTi ga<strong>da</strong>sca 4 . sogmenSi mzeWabukis elCis mier<br />

sursaT-sanovagis mitana, momx<strong>da</strong>ra 1514 w. 10 agvistos 5 .<br />

imis Tqma, romeli cnoba _ italiuri Tu Turquli _<br />

ufro zus tad asaxavs sinamdviles, Znelia. is ki naTlad<br />

Cans, rom aTabagi mzeWabuki os malebs umniSvnelo <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />

1 Berchet G., Op. cit., p. 269; Sanuto M. I diarri, t. XIX, Venezia, 1887 , p. 57.<br />

2 Sanuto M., I diarri, t. XIX, p. 24.<br />

3 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 159.<br />

4 Hammer J., Geschichte des osmaniSchen Reiches, II B. , Pest, 1834, S. 715;<br />

svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 48-49.<br />

5 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 48.<br />

114 115

ar uwev<strong>da</strong>. selimma <strong>da</strong>xmareba ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti brZolis win ramdenime<br />

dRiT adre miiRo. 1514 wlis 23 agvistos Caldiranis<br />

velze osmalebma Sah ismailis laSqari <strong>da</strong>amarcxes. Sahma<br />

gaqceviT uSvela Tavs.<br />

mzeWabukisa <strong>da</strong> selimis urTierTobaze saubrisas yuradReba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> mieqces erT mniSvnelovan moments. rogorc Cans, aTabagi<br />

osmalebs sa ku Tari iniciativiT ki ar <strong>da</strong>exmara, aramad<br />

sulTnisagan `SexsenebiT~, ufro sworad, Zal<strong>da</strong>tanebiT. sxvaTa<br />

Soris un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom zemoT<strong>da</strong>saxele bul bailo<br />

nikolo justiniansac ar gamohparvia mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n is garemoebam<br />

rom qarTvelebi, Tu ki SesaZlebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, sulTanTan<br />

araviTar SeTanxmebaze ar wavidodne 1 . vimeoreb aTabagi<br />

mzeWabuki, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rogori fsiqologiuri zewolis<br />

qveS imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, misi <strong>da</strong>xmareba osmalebisadmi SinaarsiT<br />

mokavSireobis elfers atareb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yizilbaSebTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win, rogorc jakomo julianis<br />

mier raguza<strong>da</strong>n gagzavnili erTi werili<strong>da</strong>n Cans,<br />

sulTan selims qarT velebisagan (albaT saaTabagoelebi<br />

igulisxmebian) <strong>da</strong>mxmare jarisa <strong>da</strong> sursaT-sanovavagis miRebis<br />

imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram maT <strong>da</strong>pireba ar SeusrulebiaT 2 .<br />

mgonia es cnoba asaxavs osmalebisa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebis brZolis<br />

meore etaps, razec qvemoT iTqmeva.<br />

1514 w. 6 seqtembers gamarjvebuli selim I yizilbaS-<br />

Ta sataxto TavrizSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 15 seqtembramde <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

Tavrizis swrafad <strong>da</strong>tovebis mizezi jaris SimSilobisagan<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>rCena iyo. osmalebs, yizilbaSebis mier ga<strong>da</strong>bugul<br />

adgilebze un<strong>da</strong> gaevloT <strong>da</strong> zamTris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi sursaTis<br />

Sovnis araviTari perspeqtiva ar arsebob<strong>da</strong>. sulTnis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas<br />

Tavrizis swrafad <strong>da</strong>tovebis Sesaxeb, ismailis<br />

Semdgomi brZolisaTvis mzadebac aCqareb<strong>da</strong>. ismailis jars<br />

1 Sanuto M. I diarri, t. XIX, p. 24.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 386.<br />

qarTvel mxe<strong>da</strong>rTa didi razmic SeuerT<strong>da</strong> 1 . osmalebi amasiisaken<br />

gaeSurnen. maTi varaudi, rom sursaTis naklebobas<br />

Tavi<strong>da</strong>n ver aicilebdnen, gamarTl<strong>da</strong>. mdgomareobas kidev<br />

ufro arTuleb<strong>da</strong> isic, rom Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n gasul os malebs<br />

mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen qarTvelTa razmebi. qarTvelebis<br />

amgvari moqmedeba vrclad aris aRwerili katerino Zenos<br />

`mogzaurobis komentarebSi~ 2 .<br />

1515 w. 25 marts hanibal malipieros mier niqozii<strong>da</strong>n veneciaSi<br />

gag zavnil werilSi moTxrobilia osmalTa mier Tavrizis<br />

aRebisa <strong>da</strong> gaZarc vis Sesaxeb. Semdeg vigebT, rom sulTanma Tavrizi<br />

<strong>da</strong>tova, amasiisaken wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> md. evfrats miadga. misi<br />

jaris ori mesamedi mdinaris meore napirze ga<strong>da</strong>suli iyo,<br />

roca zurgi<strong>da</strong>n Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen qarTvelebi, romlebmac amowyvites<br />

15 aTasamde kaci <strong>da</strong> xelT igdes 11 qvemexi 3 .<br />

Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n wasuli osmalebis qarTvelebisagan (iberebi)<br />

Sevi wroe basa <strong>da</strong> didi zaralis miyenebas aRniSnavs anjoleloc<br />

4 .<br />

suraTis ufro naTlad warmodgenis mizniT, zemoaRniSnuls<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vumatoT, spandujinos oriode cnobac: miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

mTeli im siswraf isa, rac selimma gamoiCina, qarTveli<br />

cxenosnebis mosvlam md. evfrat Tan iseTi SiSi <strong>da</strong> areuloba<br />

gamoiwvia, rom 2 aTasi Turqi, romlebic mdinareze gadsvlas<br />

lamob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>ixrCo. qarTvelma myvinTavebma <strong>da</strong>axroves<br />

talaxSi Cafluli saWurveli <strong>da</strong> mdinaris mier waRebuli<br />

avla-dideba. na<strong>da</strong>vliT kmayofilma qarTvelebma Sors aRar<br />

gasdies Turqebs. ismaili gansakuTre biT imiT <strong>da</strong>rCa kmayofili,<br />

rom xelT igdo mtris artileria, romlis nakleboba<br />

misi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis erT-erTi mizezi iyo.<br />

1 Spandugino T., Op. cit., p. 400r.<br />

2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 42; Spandugino T., Op.<br />

cit., p. 400r-v.<br />

3 Sanuto M., I diarri, t. XX, Venezia, 1887, p. 244; Jovii P., Warhaftige Beschreibunge<br />

chronik-wirdi ger Historien, Frankfurt, 1570 , S. 303<br />

4 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 81.<br />

116 117

isev dgeba kiTxva: vin iyvnen is qarTvelebi, romeli<br />

samefo-sam Tavros warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac amgvar saSinel<br />

mdgomareobaSi Caayenes os malebi? dReisaTvis cnobili<br />

naratiuli <strong>da</strong> dokumenturi wyaroebi am kiTx vaze amomwurav<br />

pasuxs ar iZleva. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTlisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebi am dros Sah ismailis siuzerenobas<br />

aRiarebdnen <strong>da</strong> mzad iyvnen SeiaraRebuli ZaliT <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

saSualebebi Tac <strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen mas. amgvari mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT ismaili<br />

jer-jerobiT kmay ofili iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. mas sabolood ar<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong> CamoSorebuli taxtis pretendentebi <strong>da</strong> osmalebis<br />

saxiT gareSe mteric emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rac Seexeba samcxe-saaTabagos, misi selimis winaaRmdeg<br />

gamosvla gamoricxulia. rogorc iTqva, Caldiranis velze<br />

osmalebisa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebis Serkinebamde samcxis aTabagi<br />

sulTanTan kavSirSi iyo (vimeoreb, SeiZleba Tavisi survilis<br />

winaaRmdegac) <strong>da</strong> garkveuli movaleobac Seasrula<br />

mis winaSe. rogorc iTqva, aTabag mzeWabukis os malebisadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba selim I-is gamefebis Semdeg mkveTrad Seicvala.<br />

selimi maSinve yizilbaSebTan brZolis samzadiss Seudga<br />

<strong>da</strong> mTeli rigi RonisZiebebic gaatara, romlebic, albaT,<br />

saaTabagosac Se exo. mzeWabukis orientaciis Secvla mxolod<br />

osmalebis winaSe SiSiT ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo gamowveuli. am<br />

saqmeSi didi roli iTamaSa saqarT veloSi Seqm nilma politikurma<br />

viTarebam. zeWabuks osmalebze <strong>da</strong>yrd nobiT samcxis<br />

sruli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis mopoveba (mis saeklesio <strong>politika</strong>ze<br />

calke iTqmeva) <strong>da</strong> mezobeli qarTuli teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>morCileba<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>, rac nawilobriv SeZlo kidec 11 .<br />

Turquli <strong>da</strong> italiuri cnobebis Tanaxmad, rogorc iTqva,<br />

mzeWabukis elCma sulTans sogmenSi sursaTi miarTva,<br />

ismailis Zmi swulebi mihgvara <strong>da</strong> 14 aTasi mebrZolic <strong>da</strong>axmara.<br />

amgvarad, naTlad Cans aTabagis pozicia: igi <strong>da</strong>ufaravad<br />

gamodio<strong>da</strong> ismailis winaaRmdeg, rac iranSi manamdec cnobi-<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sx. naSr., gv. 167.<br />

li iyo (Tu ara ismailis mier Serisxuli Zmiswulebi ra tom<br />

gaiqceodnen aTabagTan?) <strong>da</strong> sulTans erTgulebas uimtkiceb<strong>da</strong><br />

(Sahis mowinaaRmdegeni, Sahis Zmiswulebi, Sahis mters,<br />

sulTans mihgvara, riTac selimi di<strong>da</strong>d kmayofili <strong>da</strong>rCa).<br />

Tu yvelaferi ise mox<strong>da</strong>, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ma-<br />

Sin riT avxsnaT Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli selim I-is moqmedeba<br />

saaTabagos winaaRmdeg 1514 wlis seqtembris bolos. osmalebi<br />

Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n gamovidnen 15 seqtembers. roca sulTani<br />

yarsSi movi<strong>da</strong>, gaurkveveli mizezebis gamo, Tavis jars<br />

mzeWabukis (janiki) <strong>da</strong>sasjelad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, e.i. samcxis<br />

sazRvrebisken wasvla ubrZana. aTabagi sulTans <strong>da</strong>pir<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

mis banakSi mivido<strong>da</strong>, ma gram SeeSin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>pireba aRar Seasrula.<br />

am ambavTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT saintereso cnobebia <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

leunklaviusis `muslim TurqTa is toriaSi~. masSi kerZod<br />

naTqvamia, rom gamZvinvarebul sulTans mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

akleba sur<strong>da</strong>, magram xangrZlivi <strong>da</strong> rTuli laSqrobiT gawamebulma<br />

jarma uari sTqva brZanebis Sesrulebaze. rogorc<br />

meomrebi acxadebdnen, qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> mkacri zamTris SiSi<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T. sulTani jiutad moiTxov<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong>sjas,<br />

magram iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> SurisZieba Sem dgomi wlis martisaTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>edo. is Tavis jars sursa TiT, iaraRiTa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

mravali sikeTiT avsebas <strong>da</strong>pir<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

Semdeg wels selim I-ma muqara Seasrula 2 . man, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad,<br />

win gagzavna yafijebi <strong>da</strong> ianiCrebis ufrosebi sami<br />

aTasi meomriT, romleb sac gzis gakafva <strong>da</strong>evalaT. maT ukan<br />

mihyvebo<strong>da</strong> jaris ZiriTadi nawilebi. os malebi sastikad iklebdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> anadgurebdnen <strong>da</strong>saxlebul adgilebs, mosaxleo-<br />

1 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 702.<br />

2 zogierTi qarTveli <strong>da</strong> Turqi mkvlevari varaudobs, rom osma lebs saqarT<br />

veloze laSqroba aRar ganuxorcielebiaT, `rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>laSqvraze<br />

brZanebis gacema mxolod diplomatiuri nabiji iyo sulTnisa~ (Turquli<br />

wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi<br />

qarTuli TargmaniT, gamokvleviTa <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem,<br />

Tb., 1983 , gv. 8).<br />

118 119

as Jletdnen. mtris TareSs sazRvari <strong>da</strong>udo qarTveli didebulebis<br />

laSqarma 1 . maT mtris winsvla SeaCeres. amis Sem deg<br />

selimi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> molaparakeba <strong>da</strong>ewyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mTavarTan, romlis elCebma sulTans moaxsenes: `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mTavars araviTari brali ar miuZRvo<strong>da</strong> am omSi <strong>da</strong> amis<br />

Setyobineba ineba sulTnisaTvis. amisaTvis gag zavna masTan<br />

Tavisi elCebi, romelTac SeeZloT misi saxeliT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

miReba. rasakvirvelia, elCebma sulTans ga<strong>da</strong>sces<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavris <strong>da</strong>nabarebi: TurqTa xelmwifes, umaRles<br />

sulTans osmaleTis same fosi! mTavari mza<strong>da</strong>a aRiaros, rom<br />

ar axsovs, Tu odesme masa <strong>da</strong> selims Soris raime mtroba<br />

an winaaRmdegoba yofiliyos. Cemi kacebisagan gamovikvlie <strong>da</strong><br />

sworad <strong>da</strong>vadgine, rom momx<strong>da</strong>ri brZola Cvenebs ar wamouwyiaT.<br />

sulTan selimis gamarjvebul jars Cemi Zalian mcire<br />

jari gzaze mimavals xom ar SeebrZolebo<strong>da</strong> 2 . aravisTvis<br />

saeWvo ar aris, rom didi, uZlieresi <strong>da</strong> bednieri imperatori<br />

brZandebi, selimo! srulia<strong>da</strong>c advili ar aris gind<br />

qarTvelisaT vis <strong>da</strong> gind sxvisTvis, rom saomari provokacia<br />

gamoiwvios. amitom SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad Segetyobinebina<br />

CvenTvis, ra gsurs, rom ga vakeToT, ras gvibrZaneb,<br />

ras moiTxov. umciresi momavali samsaxuris movaleobis Semsrulebelma<br />

qarTvelma mTavarma sulTan selimis survili<br />

axlaxan gavige, Sens moTxovnas yvelaferSi vemor Cilebi~ 3 .<br />

rogorc werilis <strong>da</strong>sasruli<strong>da</strong>n Cans, sulTani ufro<br />

mets moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. mas aTabagis zomieri morCileba ar akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

arc imis imedi gau marTl<strong>da</strong>, rom aTabagi pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />

eaxlebo<strong>da</strong>. magram selimi iZ ulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> imiT <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuliyo,<br />

rasac qarTvelebi TviTon sTavazobdnen: aTabagis<br />

kacebma sulTnis banakSi 800 Zroxa <strong>da</strong> 4 aTasi cxvari<br />

mirekes, fqvili <strong>da</strong> qeri miitanes. am dros osmalebi sursa-<br />

1 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 703.<br />

2 igulisxmeba qarTvelTa Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma osmaleTis laSqarze md, evfratTan.<br />

3 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 703<br />

Tis iseT naklebobas ganicdidnen, rom xorblis fqvili 1500<br />

asperad fasob<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

aTabagis mier gagzavnili pirutyviTa <strong>da</strong> sanovagiT kmayofil<br />

sul Tans ubrZanebia: `sakuTrebis uflebiT isargeblos<br />

qarTvelebis mTavarma, misma ojaxma, misma megobrebis megobrebma<br />

<strong>da</strong> mtris mtrebma~. es man weri lobiTac <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura,<br />

ris Semdeg saaTabagos gaecala <strong>da</strong> amasiisaken wavi<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

amgvarad, sulTnis c<strong>da</strong>m, Tavisi politikuri gavlena<br />

gaevrcele bina samcxe-saaTabagoSi, jerjerobiT, Sedegi ar<br />

gamoiRo. aTabagisaTvis mice muli sigeliT sulTanma aTabagis<br />

ganuyofeli ufleba aRiara samcxeSi.<br />

120 121<br />

* * *<br />

<strong>da</strong>toves Tu ara osmalebma yizilbaSTa samflobeloebi,<br />

ismaili TavrizSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Semdgomi brZolisaTvis samzadiss<br />

Seudga. magram osmalebis <strong>da</strong>saZlevad aucilebeli<br />

iyo koliciis Seqmna. ismail I-ma <strong>da</strong>x marebis TxovniT mimarTa<br />

osmaleTis aRmosavlel mezoblebs. man 1514 wlis oqtomber-<br />

Si 3 Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n egviptis sulTanTan <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi 4 Tavisi<br />

el Cebi gagzavna.<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilze misul elCebs, rogorc naTqvamia<br />

`Zenos mogzaurobis komentarebSi~, mouxsenebiaT im saSiSroebaze,<br />

romelic qarT velebsa <strong>da</strong> egviptelebs emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

Tu isini selimis winaaRmdeg saom rad iaraRs xels ar<br />

mohkidebdnen. osmalebis mier sparseTis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg,<br />

Tqvenc igive bedi geliTo 5 .<br />

1 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 721-722.<br />

2 Leunclavius I., Op. cit., p. 704.<br />

3 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi, gv. 81.<br />

4 `Zenos mogzaurobis komentarebis~ mixedviT `mefe gorgorasTan~ anu<br />

samcxis aTabagTan. anjolelos TqmiT ki _ iberebTan. iqve, gv. 42, 81<br />

5 iqve, gv. 42.

osmaleTis gaZlierebiT Seqmnili saSiSroeba naTili iyo<br />

misi yvela mezoblisaTvis. amitom ismailis elCebs <strong>da</strong>saxelebul<br />

qveynebTan samokavSireo xelSekrulebebis gasaformeblad<br />

didi siZneleebis ga<strong>da</strong>laxva ar <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T. mokavSireebi pirobas<br />

sdebdnen, rom erTad ibr Zolebdnen osmaleTis winaaRmdeg.<br />

xelSekrulebaSi, Sahis surviliT, xazgasmuli iyo, rom<br />

mokavSireebi ar Seecdebodnen sulTanTan raime kon taqtis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebas, arc sajarod <strong>da</strong> arc saidumlod ar miiRerbdnen<br />

mis elCebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xelSekruleba Zalas<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mo kavSireebs Soris urTierToba gawydebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mxareebma piroba <strong>da</strong>des, rom Sa his am moTxovnas gansakuTrebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>icavdnen. anjolelos mixed viT, `iberebma <strong>da</strong>matebiT ikisres<br />

imdeni jaris micema, ramdenic SesaZle beli iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, yovelTvis,<br />

roca ki Sahi moisurveb<strong>da</strong> [sulTan] selimis wanaaRmdeg<br />

galaSqrebas~ 1 . rogorc Cans, qarTvelebi osmalebis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolis surviliT aRvsilni iyvnen <strong>da</strong> Zal-Rones<br />

ar zogavd nen am mniSvnelovani saqmis warmatebiT <strong>da</strong>sasruleblad.<br />

maT mier <strong>da</strong>matebiT nakisri valdebuleba samagaliTo<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo <strong>da</strong> koaliciis sxva wevrebsac mTeli TavianTi<br />

SesaZleblobebiT un<strong>da</strong> ebrZolaT saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierToba<br />

grZelde bo<strong>da</strong>, manamde vidre osmaleTi bolos ar mouReb<strong>da</strong><br />

am ukanasknelis <strong>da</strong> mou kideblobas. saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierToba,<br />

CemTvis cnobili wyaroebis mixedviT, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

ierusalimis qarTuli monastrebis sa kiTxis <strong>da</strong>regulirebiT<br />

Semoifarglebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

warmoSobiT Cerqezma sulTanma al-adil saif ad-din<br />

tuman-baim (1500-1501) 1501 wlis 19 dekembers ierusalimis<br />

jvris monastris berebis <strong>da</strong>sa cavad gamosca brZanebuleba.<br />

sulTani ubrZanebs nacvlebs, mo samarTleebs <strong>da</strong> gamgeblebs:<br />

`Cvens samefo karavSi, RvTisagan <strong>da</strong>cul RazaSi, Semovi<strong>da</strong> peticia<br />

wmin<strong>da</strong> ierusalimis jvris monastris berebis jgufis<br />

1 iqve, gv. 82.<br />

saxeliT, romelSic ityobinebian: wmin<strong>da</strong> ierusalimis jvris<br />

monasterSi mcxovreb [berebis] jgufs akisria yoveldRiurad<br />

gamokveba xuTi Raribi muslimisa <strong>da</strong> sxvebisa, romlebic modian<br />

maTTan. maTi we sia, Zveli droi<strong>da</strong>n bolo xanebamde, [miarTvan]<br />

ZRveni aRdgomas <strong>da</strong> xuT SabaTis dResaswaulze wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

ierusalimis nacvals, ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvels, mo samarTles <strong>da</strong> wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

ierusalimis sxva mcxovrebT~ 1 . sulTani krZalavs jvris<br />

monastris berebis Seviwroebas ZRvenis <strong>da</strong>gvianebis gamo<br />

<strong>da</strong> monasterSi misuli qarTveli piligrimebisaTvis wesiT<br />

gauTvaliswine beli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis moTxovnas <strong>da</strong> sxv. 2<br />

rac ufro Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> egviptis mimarT<br />

os malebis gamo saSiSroeba, miT ufro intensiuri xdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

maTi urTier Toba. 1504 wlis <strong>da</strong>sasruls Seiqmna osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli samTa kavSiri: qarTlis samefo – sefianTa<br />

irani – mamluqTa egvipte 3 . ev ropis saxelmwifoebis<br />

mniSvnelovani nawili mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> an uTana grZnob<strong>da</strong> koalicias.<br />

safrangeTi Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri politikis gatarebaze.<br />

osmaleTi evropis am umsxviles saxelmwifos Ta vis<br />

mokavSired varaudob<strong>da</strong>. marTlac, imave saukunis 20-ian wleb-<br />

Si maT Soris mokavSir eoba oficialurad gaform<strong>da</strong> 4 . aseT vi-<br />

TarebaSi, egviptel mamluqTa mor CilebaSi myof ierusalimSi<br />

antifranguli ganwyobilebis gaRviveba <strong>da</strong> am ganwyobilebis<br />

garkveuli mizniT gamoyeneba Zneli ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />

vfiqrob, qarTlis samefo – egviptis urTierTobis<br />

fonze un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT beena ColoyaSvilis mier golgoTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

franciskan elebis gaZeveba XVI s. 10-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

(zustad <strong>da</strong>TariReba Wirs).<br />

1 jafariZe g., buaCiZe g., mamluqi sulTnebis ori brZanebuleba ierusalimis<br />

berZnuli marTlmadidebluri saatriarqos koleqcii<strong>da</strong>n. `qarTuli<br />

<strong>diplomatia</strong>~, weliwdeuli, 8 , Tb., 2001, gv. 235.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 235-236.<br />

3 mamisTvaliSvili e., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> politikuri urTierTobani<br />

XV saukunis meore naxevarsa <strong>da</strong> XVI saukuneSi, gv. 121-122.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 135, 304.<br />

122 123

qarTuli cnobebiT beena ierusalims mivi<strong>da</strong> 1511 1 an 1512 2<br />

wels. jvris monastris erT-erT xelnawerSi beena gvamcnobs:<br />

`nebiTa RmrTi saTa aqa frangTa golgoTa <strong>da</strong>vagdebine <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

yuela gareT gamouyare – kandeli <strong>da</strong> raca maTi iyo me codvilma<br />

been. amin~ 3 .<br />

franciskanelebis winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa, kerZod, beena<br />

ColoyaSvilis moqmedeba, rom maSin egviptesa <strong>da</strong> palestinaSi<br />

Seqmnil an tifranguli ganwyobilebis konteqstSi jdeba, amas<br />

frangebic aRniSnavdnen: `1510 wels qarTvelebma isargebles<br />

ra im garemoebiT, rom Cveni morwmuneni (franciskanelebi-e.<br />

m.) kairos cixeebSi iyvnen ga momwyvdeulni, Cven wag varTves<br />

jvarcmis eklesia (kapela), <strong>da</strong>amsxvries sakurTxeveli <strong>da</strong><br />

lampebi <strong>da</strong> ierusalimSi <strong>da</strong>rCenil im mcire (franciskanel<br />

_ e.m.) morwmu neTac ar akarebdnen axlos. ma gram 4 wlis Semdeg,<br />

1514 wels (eklesia) ga moisyi<strong>da</strong> sionis mTis <strong>da</strong>mcvelma<br />

francisko surianom, rogorc TviTon laparakobs amaze~ 4 .<br />

axladCamoyalibebuli antiosmaluri liga sicocxlisunari<br />

ani ver aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. ganxeTqilebis mizezi egviptis sulTnis<br />

win<strong>da</strong>uxe<strong>da</strong>vi mo qmedeba gamx<strong>da</strong>ra. mas xelSekrulebis<br />

umTavresi piroba, rom mo kavSireebs saqmiani urTierToba<br />

ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emyarebinaT sulTanTan, <strong>da</strong>urRvevia <strong>da</strong> misi el-<br />

Cebi miuRia. amis sapasuxod Sah ismailma kavSiri gawyvita<br />

egviptis sulTanTan <strong>da</strong> roca am ukanasknels, 1516 wels,<br />

osmalebi Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen, <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRar gauwia 5 .<br />

1 metreveli e., masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis<br />

(XI-XVII ss.), Tb., 1962, gv. 37.<br />

2 Цагарели А. А., Сведения о памятниках грузинской письменности, I,<br />

3 , СПб., 1894, с. 40; mari n., ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqo wignsacavis<br />

qarTuli xelnawerebis mokle aR weriloba. <strong>da</strong>sabeW<strong>da</strong>d moamza<strong>da</strong> e. metrevelma ,<br />

Tb., 1955, gv. 86; qronikebi, I, gv. 362; me nabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis<br />

kerebi II, gv, 113; SaraSiZe q., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> isto riis ma salebi, XV_XVIII ss.,<br />

mski, nakv, 30, Tb., 1954, 24.<br />

3 Цагарели А. А., Ук. труд, c. 49.<br />

4 Suriano Franc, Il tratato di Terra Sancta, Milano, 1900, 34, nota 1216.<br />

5 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 43.<br />

di<strong>da</strong>d saeWvoa, rom aTabags mxari <strong>da</strong>eWira antiosmaluri<br />

ZalebisaT vis. qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianebuli samefo<br />

ki, rogorc Tanamedrove do kumenturi wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans,<br />

SeTanxmebis erTguli iyo. albaT, es un<strong>da</strong> igulisxmebodes<br />

1517 wlis erT dokumentSi, romelSic naTqvamia: `qarTvelebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sinior Sahs Soris SeTanxmeba arsebobso~ 1 .<br />

124 125<br />

* * *<br />

osmaleTi sul ufro Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong>. misi gavlenis qveS<br />

moeqca qur Tistani, rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> se fianTa saxelmwifosaTvis. qurTebi selims<br />

exmarebodnen Caldiranis brZolaSi. maTive mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />

1516 wels osmalebma meored <strong>da</strong>amarcxes is mail I qoChisar-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebi TiTqmis mTeli qurTistani<strong>da</strong>n gandevnes.<br />

osmalebma qurTistani sanjayebad <strong>da</strong>anawiles <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lebs Caabares 2 .<br />

ismail I cdilob<strong>da</strong> osmalebis SeWris SeCerebas siriaSi,<br />

raSic mxars uWerdnen qarTvelebi. magram, amjerad, mowinaaRmdegeebs<br />

Soris seriozuli Sejaxeba ar momx<strong>da</strong>ra.<br />

siriaSi moqmed osmaleTis jaris si axloves Sahis jaris<br />

manevrebi ufro politikuri <strong>da</strong> fsiqologiuri zegavlenisa-<br />

Tvis xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1518 wlis ianvarSi tripoli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>masko<strong>da</strong>n veneciaSi<br />

gagzav nili werilebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom Sahma didi jari<br />

Seiyvana siriaSi <strong>da</strong> alepo<strong>da</strong>n ori dRis savalze <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Sahis jarSi iyvnen qarTvelTa razmebic 3 . kon stantinopolis<br />

bailo leonardo bembo imave wlis 24 Te bervlis weriliT<br />

veneciaSi acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Sah ismaili `40 aTasi mxedriT <strong>da</strong><br />

1 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, Venezia, 1892 , p. 13.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси., Шараф-наме, II. Перевод, предисловие,<br />

примечания и приложе ния У. И. Васильевой, М., 1976 , с. 53.<br />

3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, p. 272.

15 aTasi qarT veliT~ alepos misadgomebTan idga 1 . Sahis winsvlis<br />

SeCerebis mizezad ve neciis kviproseli elCi bartolo<br />

kontarini did Tovls asaxelebs. amave werili<strong>da</strong>n imasac<br />

vigebT, rom sulTanmac didi jari Sehyara <strong>da</strong> misi mzadyofna<br />

brZana gazafxulze Sahis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wye bisaTvis. SahTan <strong>da</strong>kavSire bulni yofilan mwvanedolbandianebi,<br />

e.i. avRanelebi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebi 2 . Sa his laSqarSi<br />

qarTvelebis yofnaze miuTiTebs 1518 wels konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

veneciaSi gagzavnili cnobebi, romlebSic naTqvamia:<br />

`amJamad konstantinopolSi ukve saxalxod laparakoben, rom<br />

Sahma Tavis laSqari gazar<strong>da</strong> 15 aTasi umamacesi qarTveliT~ 3 .<br />

aseve sayuradReboa franCesko zaqarias niqozii<strong>da</strong>n gagzavnili<br />

werilic, romelic <strong>da</strong>wrilia sirii<strong>da</strong>n miRebul cnobebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT. masSi ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTaa moTxrobili Sah<br />

ismailis jaris Sesaxeb: `[franCesko zaqarias mier] sirii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamogzavnil 18 maisis wer ilSi, naTqvamia, rogor moamzades<br />

TurqeTis mTeli jari, romelic amanze Tav<strong>da</strong>sasxmelad<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong>. rac Se exeba Sahis jars, isic uZlieresia, Sedgeba 50<br />

aTasi saukeTesod gawvrTnili mxedrisagan, 2 aTasi Tofosanisa,<br />

uremze <strong>da</strong>dgmuli 100 qve mexisagan... xsenebul sinior<br />

Sahs baR<strong>da</strong>dis mxares hyavs sxva uZlieresi jaric <strong>da</strong> zavi<br />

aqvs <strong>da</strong>debuli mwvane dolbandianebTan, romlebmac 15 aTasi<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong>axmares. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, mas exmareba qarTvelebis 10<br />

aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri~ 4 .<br />

Sah ismail I axlo aRmosavleTSi osmalebis winsvlas<br />

realur winaaRmdegobas ar uwev<strong>da</strong>, arc maSin, rodesc isini<br />

mamluqebs ebrZodnen. irani, faqtobrivad, neitralitets<br />

1 Ibidem.<br />

2 f. babingeris TqmiT, sanutos `dRiurebSi~ Savdolabandianebad iwodebian<br />

qarT velebi. Babinger Fr. Die Früh osmanische Jahrbücher der Urudsch nach des<br />

Hand schriften zu Oqsford und Cambridge. Erstmal herausgegeben und eingeleitet<br />

von Franz Babinger, Hannover, 1925 , S. 46<br />

3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, p. 365.<br />

4 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXV, p. 385.<br />

icav<strong>da</strong>. magram radikalurad gansxvave buli iyo Sahis pozicia<br />

kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>, kerZod, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mimarT. Sah ismaili<br />

arc erT xelsayrel SemTxvevas gauSveb<strong>da</strong> am regionSi iranis<br />

poziciis ganmtkicebisaTvis.<br />

gansakuTrebiT rTuli politikuri situacia Seiqmna<br />

samcxe-saaTa bagoSi gaCaRebuli dinastiuri brZolis gamo.<br />

TavianTi interesebi<strong>da</strong>n ga momdinare, konfliqtSi met-naklebad<br />

CarTuli aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> irani <strong>da</strong> os maleTi. samcxeSi erTmaneTs<br />

ebrZodnen axlad gaaTabagebuli yvaryvare III (mzeWabukis<br />

Zmiswuli) <strong>da</strong> yvaryvare II didis vaJi manuCari (yvaryvare<br />

III-is biZa). metoqeebma, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad, sxvebis Carevis gareSe<br />

scades urTierTo bis garkveva. pirvelive brZolaSi<br />

yvaryvare III <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>saSvebia, am dros osmaleTis xelisuflebas<br />

ganzraxuli hqon<strong>da</strong> samcxis saqmeebSi SeiaraRebuli<br />

Careva, razec un<strong>da</strong> miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>es selim I-is 1515 wlis<br />

21-30 agvistos brZaneba, romelic gaegzavna zul-yadries<br />

begs Sehsuvar-ojlis. sulTanma mas ubrZana Tavis sagamgebloSi<br />

jari Seekriba <strong>da</strong> didvazir si nan-faSasTan gaegzavna,<br />

romelsac <strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma 1 . magram<br />

es brZaneba ar Sesrul<strong>da</strong>. un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom sulTnis<br />

mier ganzraxvaze xelis aReba gamowveuli iyo siriaSi far-<br />

To masStabiani sabrZolo operaciebis <strong>da</strong>wyebiT. imis varaudic<br />

SeiZleba, rom sulTans Ta vi<strong>da</strong>nve ar hqon<strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli<br />

Tavi sive brZanebis ganxorcieleba <strong>da</strong> igi (brZaneba) mxolod<br />

imitom gamoica, rom manuCaris mowinaaRmdegeebs mu qarad<br />

aReqvaT. manuCarma yvaryvares sZlia. 1515 wlis 18 dekembers<br />

stambolSi acnobes, rom `serasqeri manuCari gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli fadiSahi~ 2 .<br />

1516 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi yvaryvare iranSi gaiqca, Sah ismails<br />

eaxla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova. Sahma yvaryvaresaTvis <strong>da</strong>x-<br />

1 Jan-lui bake gramoni, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 103.<br />

2 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisa-<br />

Tvis, gv. 11.<br />

126 127

mareba xelsayrelad CaTvala, div-sulTan rumlusa <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

sardlebs ubrZana, saswrafod samcxeSi wasuliyvnen <strong>da</strong> yvaryvares<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen. yizilbaSTa jari samcxeSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

manuCarisa <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebis mamulebis akleba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. manu-<br />

Carma jer div-sulTanTan morigeba sca<strong>da</strong>, kacebic miugzavna,<br />

magram yizilbaSebma isini amoxoces <strong>da</strong> manuCaris Sepyrobac<br />

scades. manuCari iZ ulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> osmaleTSi gaqceuliyo 1 .<br />

yvaryvarem aTa bagoba aRidgina. manu Cari jer baiburTSi mivi<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> adgilobriv begs yizil-ahmed oRli mirzas sulTanTan<br />

Suamdgomloba sTxova. misi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT 1516 wlis 16 marts<br />

manuCaris Txovna stambolSi miiRes. ma gram osmaleTis maSindeli<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> mdgomareoba sulTans saSualebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv Careuliyo samcxe-saaTabagos saqmeebSi. selim<br />

I mamluqebis winaaRmdeg saomrad midio<strong>da</strong>. mas arc iranTan<br />

mdgomareo bis garTuleba sur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc jaris mniSvnelovani<br />

kontigentis gamoyofa SeeZlo.<br />

manuCars sxva araferi <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom sul-<br />

Tanis jars gahyolo<strong>da</strong> mamluqebis winaaRmdeg omSi 2 . siriis<br />

mamluqTa ganadgurebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi sataxto <strong>da</strong>maskos aRebis<br />

Semdeg, selim I-ma yuradReba miaqcia samcxe-saaTabagoSi<br />

mimdinare ambebs. man axlad<strong>da</strong>pyrobil <strong>da</strong>maskoSi, 1516 wlis<br />

23 noembers, `miiRo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> begi manuCari <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

sxva warCinebulebi~. manuCarma sruli morCileba<br />

aRuTqva, sulTans Tu igi samcxis <strong>da</strong>pyrobaSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

osmaleTis mTavrobam manuCari ka nonier aTabagad scno.<br />

Turquli `anonimuri qronikis~ mixedviT, imave wlis 10 dekembers<br />

osmaleTis divanma manuCar begs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> begoba<br />

uboZa 3 .<br />

sulTani jer isev mamluqebTan brZoliT iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli.<br />

1 hasan-rumlu, gv. 20.<br />

2 CoCievi v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 75.<br />

3 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis.<br />

gv. 12; Jan-lui bake gramoni, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 101<br />

man manu CarisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba <strong>da</strong>avala samcxe-saaTabagos mezobeli<br />

baiburTis gam gebels yizil-ahmed oRlis (= mehmed mirza<br />

begi 1 ). raTa <strong>da</strong>valebis Ses ruleba gaadvilebo<strong>da</strong>, sulTanma<br />

mas beglarbegoba uboZa, masve <strong>da</strong>u qvemde bara Terjanisa <strong>da</strong><br />

erzinjanis mxareebi. yizil-ahmed oRlis adgilobriv jarze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT un<strong>da</strong> ebrZola yvaryvare III-is wi naaRmdeg.<br />

yizil-ahmed oRlis Tavisi gafarToebuli sagamgeblos<br />

saqmeebis mogvarebisaTvis, albaT, garkveuli dro <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>.<br />

man manuCarisaTvis mxolod 1518 wels moicala. manamde ki,<br />

mowinaaRmdegeni saomrad emzadebodnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mxmareebs saqarTveloSive<br />

poulobdnen. erT-erT uTariRo Turqul moxseneba-<br />

Si, romelic am periodSi un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>werili, naTqvamia:<br />

`Tu yvaryvares ambavs ikiTxaven, manuCarTan brZolaSia.<br />

saqarTveloSi zogierTi, magaliTad mefe <strong>da</strong>viTi manuCaris<br />

mxarezea, zogierTi ki _ imerTis mefiTurT yvaryvares mxarezea.<br />

erTmaneTTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong> erTimeoris xocva-JletaSi<br />

arian gamudmebiT. amgvarad erTsac mtkiced SekavSirebuli<br />

jamaaTi hyavs <strong>da</strong> meoresac. Ti Toeli Ta<strong>da</strong>rigs iWers uaxloesi<br />

brZolisaTvis~ 2 .<br />

ori <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli Zalis gaCenisTanave, rogorc Cveulebriv<br />

feo <strong>da</strong>lur qveyanaSi (<strong>da</strong> ara mxolod feo<strong>da</strong>lurSi)<br />

xdeba, Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT <strong>da</strong>bali rangis miwaTmflobelebi xan erTis<br />

xan meoris mxares dgebian, imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT visgan ra sargebels<br />

moelian. amgvari suraTi Cans sam cxeSi, ro melic <strong>da</strong>nawilebuli<br />

iyo 25 didi feo<strong>da</strong>luri saxlis mravalricxovan<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lebs Soris, romlebic zogjer <strong>da</strong>moukideblad cdilobdnen<br />

osamaleTTan an iranTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas.<br />

aseTi `moRvaweni~ sam cxeSi iSviTobas ar warmoadgendnen am<br />

samTavros arsebobis arc erT pe riodSi.<br />

Sahi <strong>da</strong> sulTani Tvalyurs adevnebdnen samcxeSi <strong>da</strong>-<br />

1 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis.<br />

gv. 12<br />

2 iqve, gv. 48.<br />

128 129

pirispirebuli Zalebis samzadiss <strong>da</strong> imasac, rogor viTardebo<strong>da</strong><br />

iq movlenebi. is zam Tari Sahma naxWevanSi gaatara.<br />

saaTabagoSi Sesul manuCarsa <strong>da</strong> os malebs yvaryvare momzadebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>. brZola mox<strong>da</strong> yaraja-ar<strong>da</strong>hanSi. manuCari <strong>da</strong><br />

osmalebi <strong>da</strong>marcxdnen. yizil-ahmed oRlu <strong>da</strong>iRupa 1 .<br />

yuradRebas ipyrobs hasan-rumlus erTi cnoba, romelic<br />

zemoT gad mocemul ambavs mosdevs. masSi naTqvamia, rom `divsulTanma,<br />

romelic Coxur-saadis 2 mmarTveli iyo, <strong>da</strong>d-eli<br />

<strong>da</strong>arbia <strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>~ 3 . aqe<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom yvaryvares yizilbaSebi<br />

exmarebodnen <strong>da</strong> mis mxar<strong>da</strong>sWerad jaric SemouyvaniaT<br />

saqarTveloSi. un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom `<strong>da</strong>d-elis~ anu<br />

taos 4 mflobeli yvaryvares winaaRmdeg gamodio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> divsulTnis<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>d-elis <strong>da</strong>laSqvris mizezi es un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />

hasan-rumlus TqmiT, imave 1518 wels yvaryvare III isev<br />

Sahs eaxla <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova. Sahma mas kvlav <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

saqmeebSi kargad garkveuli div-sulTan rumlu gamoayola,<br />

romelmac qarTlis umTavresi strategiuli cixeqalaqebi<br />

_ gori <strong>da</strong> surami <strong>da</strong>ipyro 5 . Znelia am cnobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

raime konk retlis garkveva. gaugebaria riT iyo gamowveuli<br />

yvaryvares kvlav SahTan misvla <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebis ZaliT qar-<br />

Tlis akleba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom gaZlierebuli qar-<br />

Tlis mefe <strong>da</strong>viT X cdilob<strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTabagoze Tavisi<br />

gavlenis gavrcelebas <strong>da</strong> amis gamo dinastiur brZolaSi Caeria.<br />

is manu Cars uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars <strong>da</strong> erTi piroba, rogorc<br />

hasan-rumlus sityvebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, yvaryvare gaudevniaT. yvaryvare,<br />

ukve iTqva, Sahs eaxla <strong>da</strong> xelisufleba misi jariT<br />

aRidgina. mefe <strong>da</strong>viTma roca yizilbaSebis qarTlSi SemoWris<br />

1 hasan-rumlu, gv. 20-21.<br />

2 erevnis olqi.<br />

3 hasan-rumlu, gv. 21.<br />

4 <strong>da</strong>d-elis axsna-ganmarteba ix. Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis<br />

samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis, gv. 34-40.<br />

5 hasan-rumlu, gv. 21.<br />

ambavi gaigo, winaaRmdegobis gaweva uazrobad CaTvala, Tavisi<br />

vaJi ramazi didi ZRvniT Sahs gaugzavna <strong>da</strong> morCileba<br />

aRuTqva 1 . manuCari ki, garkveuli drois ganmav lobaSi kidev<br />

agrZeleb<strong>da</strong> brZolas aTabagis taxtisaTvis, magram, rodesac<br />

brZolis uperspeqtivobaSi <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, berad Sedga 2 .<br />

yvaryvare III-is mier yizilbaSebis qarTlSi Semoyvanas is<br />

gansa kuTrebuli Sedegi mohyva, rom gaerTianebuli qarTlkaxeTis<br />

samefo kvlav gaiTiSa. kaxelma Tavadebma isargebles<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT mefis gaWirvebuli mdgomareobiT <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi levan<br />

avgiorgis Ze gaamefes. <strong>da</strong>viT X-isaTvis es didi <strong>da</strong>rtyma iyo,<br />

magram is Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi samxedro moqmedebaze, vidre<br />

ramazi ar <strong>da</strong>brundebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> SahTan misi urTierToba ar<br />

gairkveo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Sah ismailma ramazi kargad miiRo <strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>asaCuqra.<br />

Sahi <strong>da</strong>vi Tis morCilebiT <strong>da</strong>kmayofil<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> zavic <strong>da</strong>sdo mas-<br />

Tan. sefianTa irani am dros osmaleTTan saomar mdgomareobaSi<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> `ase hyo yeen man, rameTu brZolad mivido<strong>da</strong><br />

xonTqarisa, raTa ara qarTvelni mierTunen mas~ 3 .<br />

iranTan urTierToba mtkiced mogvarebuli rom yofiliyo,<br />

qarTlis mefe <strong>da</strong>viT X-s, kaxeTis mefe levans <strong>da</strong> yvaryvare<br />

III-s umjobe sad CauTvliaT SahTan wasuliyvnen. <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

mefeebis <strong>da</strong> aTabagis SaxTan yofnis Sesaxeb XVI<br />

saukunis sami sparseli istorikosis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli<br />

cnobebi <strong>da</strong> wlebi gvaqvs: 1518 (xondemiri), 1519<br />

(Saraf-xan biTlisi) <strong>da</strong> 1520/1521 (bu<strong>da</strong>y yazvini). gansa-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 395.<br />

2 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisaTvis,<br />

gv. 14, 56. bake-gramonis gamokvleviT manuCaris berad Sedgoma un<strong>da</strong><br />

momx<strong>da</strong>riyo 1515-1517 wlebSi, rac manuCarTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli zemoT gadmocemuli<br />

ambebis Semdeg naklebad <strong>da</strong>sajerebelia. imave mkvlevris mier moxmobili<br />

erTi sparsuli qronikis mixedviT, manu Cars Siituri islami miuRia 1521 wels.<br />

am wyaros sisworeSi eWvi TviT bake-gramons epareba. Jan-lui bake-gramon, osmalebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo, gv. 102, Sen. 22.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

130 131

kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is gansxvaveba rac gamoixateba<br />

qarTvelebis mier nakisri movaleobis saxeo baSi. Saraf-xan<br />

biTlisiT SahTan misul qarTvelebs didi saCuqrebi <strong>da</strong> misarTmevi<br />

miutaniaT <strong>da</strong> miwaze <strong>da</strong>wesebuli ga<strong>da</strong>s axadis (xaraja)<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara muslimanebze gawerili ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis (jizia) ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong><br />

ukisriaT 1 . xondemiriT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe mTavrebma<br />

iranis samefo karis winaSe `baj o xaraji~ ikisres. k. tabataZe<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyo, rom maSin qarTvelebs ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong><br />

xarajis <strong>da</strong> jizias ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ekisraT, radgan isini upirobo<br />

politikur <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas gulisx mob<strong>da</strong>. `aseTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba ki iransa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Soris XVI s.<br />

<strong>da</strong>mdegs ar yofila <strong>da</strong> arc SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo~ 2 . `baj o<br />

xaraja~ (rogorc vaWroba-xelosnobaze, ise soflis meurneobaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>wesebuli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi) ki, iranis karTan vasaluri<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis maCvenebeli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, rac realobas<br />

asaxav<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

yizilbaSTa jariT saaTabagoSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuli yvaryvare<br />

III-s arc osmalebTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>regulirebis aucilebloba<br />

aviwydeba. igi maTi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT aTabagis urCi Tava<strong>da</strong>znaurebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebas cdilobs. yvary vares mociqulma<br />

(rogorc Cans, mociquls kargi urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> osmalebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> aTabagma mas <strong>da</strong>avala sulTanTan misi Serigeba),<br />

sulTnis kars acnoba: `yvaryvare sruliad Semobrun<strong>da</strong> Cvensken.<br />

SecodebisaTvis patiebas gvevedreba <strong>da</strong> xonTqars Txovs,<br />

rom igi Tavis gulwrfel monad miiCnios <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>naSaulis<br />

Sendoba surs. mTeli arsebiT SeiZula yizilbaSebi... amas-<br />

Tanave misi survili is aris, rom iyos igi Sewynarebuli <strong>da</strong><br />

Sendobili, xolo mowinaaRmdege aznaurebi <strong>da</strong>morCilebuli<br />

1 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 168.<br />

2 tabataZe k. Seref-xan biTlisis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. `kavkasiuraxloaR<br />

mosavluri krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962 , gv. 164.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 163-166. yizilbaSebis am laSqrobis amsaxveli sparsuli wyaroebis<br />

anal izi ix. gelaSvili n. iran-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

T., 1995 , gv. 66-71.<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebuli. aznaurebis kuTvnili cixeebi <strong>da</strong> mamulebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ipyron (osmalebma – e.m.), raTa yvelaferi xonTqris<br />

sagamgeblo gaxdes. Tu cixeebis gar<strong>da</strong>, maTi sagamgebloebic<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ecema, <strong>da</strong>e ase iyos, isic xonTqarma <strong>da</strong>icvas <strong>da</strong> mar Tos!<br />

yvaryvares erTaderTi survilia, rom misi mtrebi iyvnen<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxe buli...~ werilSi naTqvamia, agreTve, rom gamoricxuli<br />

ar iyo yvaryvare sulTansac xlebo<strong>da</strong>. yvaryvares sulTnisadmi<br />

gaerTgulebiT mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebis<br />

perspeqtiva Cndebo<strong>da</strong>. `SesaZloa TviTon yvary varec eaxlos<br />

samefo kars. erTi sityviT, roca yvaryvares <strong>da</strong>iqvemdebarebT,<br />

mTeli saqarTvelo iqneba <strong>da</strong>pyrobili, radgan misi begebis<br />

STamo mavalia. roca <strong>da</strong>morCildeba, winaaRmdegobis gawevas<br />

veravin gabe<strong>da</strong>vs. qveynis Semam kobeli naTeli azri is aris,<br />

rom mxolod misi <strong>da</strong>qvemde bareba ufro mets niSnavs vidre<br />

100 aznauris <strong>da</strong>morCileba~ _ ase ambob<strong>da</strong> mociquli (savaraudoa,<br />

yvaryvaresTan SeTanxmebiT) <strong>da</strong> iqve erT rCevasac<br />

aZlev<strong>da</strong> moxsenebis adresats: `Tu xsenebuli yvaryvares<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebis survili gaCndeba, mis mosamxrobad un<strong>da</strong> gaigzavnos<br />

uav gustoesi brZaneba. brZaneba, rasac ar un<strong>da</strong> exebodes,<br />

yvela SemTxvevaSi gamoc<strong>da</strong> iqneba <strong>da</strong> [Semdeg] imis<br />

mixedviT imoqmedebT mis erTgulebaSi <strong>da</strong>rwmundebiT Tu<br />

orpirobaSi~ 1 .<br />

XVI saukunis 20-ian wlebSi osmaleTs amasiis zaviT<br />

mikuTvnebul Tavis `saqarTveloebTan~ urTierToba `rbilad~<br />

mowesrigebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>. os maleTi maT Sinaur saqmeebSi ar<br />

ereo<strong>da</strong>, Tavis wil samcxi<strong>da</strong>n saur-xarajas iReb<strong>da</strong>. gurii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong> odiSi<strong>da</strong>n ki, osmaleTi xarajas miRebiT kmayofilde bo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rac imas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom isini <strong>da</strong>moukidebel <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>s<br />

atarebdnen <strong>da</strong> aRar iTvlebodnen imereTis mefis vasalebad.<br />

rac Seexeba imereTis samefos, igi jer kidev 1510 wlis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis Sem deg `ojaqliq hu qumeTad~ e. i. iseT politi-<br />

1 Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos istoriisa-<br />

Tvis, gv. 52-53.<br />

132 133

kur erTeulad scno, romelsac imereTis mefeni ganagebdnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> xaraja ar moeTxovebo<strong>da</strong>T 1 .<br />

ismailTan <strong>da</strong>zavebis Semdeg, <strong>da</strong>viT X kaxeTis SemoerTebas<br />

kvlav Seeca<strong>da</strong>. man alya Semoartya maRranis cixeSi Caketil<br />

levans. gamarjveba TiTqmis miRweuli iyo, magram<br />

osmalebis qarTlSi SemoWrisa <strong>da</strong> amilaxorisa <strong>da</strong> mTavarepiskoposis<br />

gamcemlobis Sedegad mefe iZule buli gax<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo <strong>da</strong> Semoseuli mteri ganedevna. <strong>da</strong>viTi<br />

kvlav kaxeTSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, magram pirvelsave brZolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ukan gabrun<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT mefis marcxiT isargebla <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> decentralizaciis<br />

mosurne yvela Zalam. levanis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad wamovi<strong>da</strong><br />

guriis mTavari `mweobiTa aTabagisaTa... raTa Semwe<br />

eyos levans <strong>da</strong>viTsa ze<strong>da</strong> anu brZoliTa~ 3 . rogorc Cans, <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

mefes levanisa <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebis wi naaRmdeg brZolaSi<br />

mxari ar <strong>da</strong>uWires arc qarTlis kaTalikosma, episkoposebma,<br />

saero feo<strong>da</strong>lebma <strong>da</strong> igi aiZules zavi <strong>da</strong>edo saqarT velos<br />

erTianobis mowinaaRmdegeebTan. vaxuStis TqmiT, `amisaTvis<br />

saTno iyo mefe manca <strong>da</strong> hyves zavi <strong>da</strong> ganaCines sazRvari~ 4 .<br />

amgvarad saqarT velos gaerTi anebis kidev erTi c<strong>da</strong> marcxiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>.<br />

yizilbaSebis poziciebis ganmtkicebas kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>, ker-<br />

Zod, saqarT veloSi, xeli Seuwyo axlad gamefebuli sulTan<br />

suleiman I-is (1520-1565) mier osmaleTis agresiis mimarTulebis<br />

Secvlam. roca yizilbaSma did kacobam <strong>da</strong>inaxa,<br />

rom `soleimanma gamefebis pirvel xanebSi rusisa <strong>da</strong> frangis<br />

qveynebisaken gailaSqra <strong>da</strong> am omiT iyo <strong>da</strong> kavebuli... amitom<br />

im solomonis sa<strong>da</strong>rma xayanma (Sah ismail I _ e.m.)<br />

Zlevamosili meomrebi saqarTveloze saRvTo laSqrobisaTvis<br />

1 iqve, gv. 15, 50.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 352, 490-491; IV, gv. 395-396.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba , IV, gv. 396.<br />

4 iqve, gv, 397.<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSna...~ 1 es laSqroba ismail I-s 1520 wlis seqtemberSi<br />

mouwyia 2 .<br />

Sah ismailis es ukanaskneli Semoseva sakmaod <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiTaa<br />

Ses wavlili. mis Sedegebs didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

mTeli aRmosavleTi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis. qarTlis <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

samefoebma <strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTabagom Sahis siuzerenoba scnes.<br />

marTalia, Tanamedrove wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n ar Cans, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

politikuri erTeulebsa <strong>da</strong> sefianTa saxelmwifos<br />

Soris SeTanxmeba os maleTis winaaRmdeg mox<strong>da</strong>, magram igi<br />

osmaleTSi Sefasebuli iqna swored amgvarad. sulTnis karze<br />

Seqmnili ganwyobilebis Sesaxeb italieli dip lomati romSi<br />

acnobeb<strong>da</strong>. igi 1520 w. 24 marts wer<strong>da</strong>: `sulTani apirebs<br />

gailaSqros Sahis winaaRmdeg, radgan qarTvelebi Sahs<br />

emxrobian~ 3 .<br />

rogorc Cans, osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>sustebis mosurne <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

evropis saxelmwifoebi aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri Zalebis<br />

SekavSirebas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. am ambiT aRfrTovanebuli<br />

bartolomio <strong>da</strong> mo sto kviprosi<strong>da</strong>n 1520 wlis 20<br />

seqtembers wer<strong>da</strong>: `rogorc amboben, Sahi kavSir Sia qarTvelebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> SavizRvispiras mosaxle sxva xalxebTan~ 4 . 1521 wlis<br />

26 marts ki, alvize filareto alepo<strong>da</strong>n kviprosze gagzavnil<br />

werilSi wer<strong>da</strong>, rom Tavrizis maxloblad Carata – Si<br />

1 isqander munSis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. sparsuli teqsti qar-<br />

Tuli Targ maniTa <strong>da</strong> SesavliTurT gamosca v. fuTuriZem, Tb., 1969 , gv. 11.<br />

2 A Cronicle of The carmelites in Persia and the Papal Mission of the XVII the<br />

and XVIII the centu ries, I , London, 1939. yizilbaSTa saqarTveloSi am Semosevis<br />

TariRi sabolood <strong>da</strong>dgenili ar aris. d. kacitaZis gamokvleviT es mox<strong>da</strong><br />

1520-1521 wlebSi (kacitaZe d., iran-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n .<br />

Tsu Sromebi, 108, 1964, gv. 108), 1521 weli miaCnia r. kiknaZes (hasan-rumlu,<br />

gv. 55), v. CoCievis varaudiT, es laSqroba 1521 wlis gazafxulze an ufro<br />

gvian un<strong>da</strong> Catarebuliyo (CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso<br />

urTierToba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, gv. 83-84), v. guCuas mixedviT ki 1518 wels<br />

(<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis narkvevebi, IV, gv. 98).<br />

3 Sanuto M. I diarii, t. XXVIII, Venezia, 1889 , p. 481.<br />

4 Ibidem, t. XXIX, Venezia, 1890, p. 368.<br />

134 135

Tavisi laSqriT idga Sahi, ro melTanac `movi<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis,<br />

anu iberebis mravalricxovani <strong>da</strong>mxmare jari~ 1 .<br />

1521 wlis 16 marts konstantinopolis bailo sier toma<br />

kontarini, qarTvelebis mier osmalebisaTvis miyenebuli<br />

didi zaralis Sesaxeb ac no beb<strong>da</strong> 2 . xolo ucnobi avtoris<br />

1521 wlis 26 martis werilSi, romelic aseve konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

aris gagzavnili, laparakia qarTvelebis mier<br />

os malebisaTvis miyenebul zianze <strong>da</strong> iqve <strong>da</strong>matebulia cnoba,<br />

rom osmaleTis sataxtoSi qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg<br />

jaris gagzavna ga<strong>da</strong>uwyve tiaT 3 . igive avtori 9 aprils wer<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom `Sahma qarTvelebTan erTad aiklo osmaleTis saz-<br />

Rvrebi siriaSi~ 4 . imave wlis maisSi konstantino polSi xma<br />

gavrcelebula sulTnis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebaze saqarTveloSi<br />

laSqrobis mowyobis Sesaxeb 5 .<br />

rogorc evropuli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, qarTlis samefo<br />

sefianTa iranis mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar ebrZvis osmalebs, rac, sulTnis<br />

risxvas iwvev<strong>da</strong>. bune brivia, <strong>da</strong>viT X-is <strong>sagareo</strong> politikis<br />

mniSvnelovan problemas os maleTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>regulirebac<br />

Seadgen<strong>da</strong>. mas diplomatiuri saSualebebiT sulTnisTvis<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aexsna, rom qarTlelebis monawileoba yizilbaSTa<br />

antiosmalur samxedro aqciebSi Sahisagan zewoliT<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTlis mefem, imisaTvis raTa osmaleTis <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

saxelm wifos mimarT Tavisi loialoba <strong>da</strong>emtkicebina, maT<strong>da</strong>mi<br />

Tavisi amgvari <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis gamoxatulebad man<br />

qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli osmaleTis jaSuSis sakiTxi ga<strong>da</strong>aqcia.<br />

savaraudoa, rom osmaleTis mTavrobam <strong>da</strong>viT mefes SirvanSi<br />

mi mavali Tavisi jaSuSis, vinme ahmedis saqarT velos<br />

teritoriaze uxifaTod gatareba sTxova, rac 1520 wels<br />

un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo. jaSuSi jer isev Tbi lisSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

1 Ibidem, t. XXX, Venezia, 1891, p. 286<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 281.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 397.<br />

4 Ibidem, t. XXX, Venezia, 1893, p. 220.<br />

5 Ibidem, p. 446..<br />

roca amis Sesaxeb Seityo aTabagma yvaryvare III-m <strong>da</strong> maSinve<br />

Sah ismails acnoba. Sahi <strong>da</strong>viT mefes qarTlis ganadgurebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>emu qra Tu jaSuSs ar ga<strong>da</strong>scem<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelma mefem aseTi<br />

gamosavali monaxa: man saqarTvelo–iranis sazRvarze ahmedis<br />

msgavsi yizilbaSi Seapyrobina, Tavi moakveTina <strong>da</strong> igi tansacmelTan<br />

erTad Sahs gaugzavna, xolo ahmedi osmaleTSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>abruna. qarTlis samefo karis moqmedeba osmalo jaSuSis<br />

sa kiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, gadmocemulia <strong>da</strong>viT mefis mier osmaleTis<br />

xelisu flebisaTvis gagzavnil werilSi 1 .<br />

Tu gavaanalizebT XVI saukunis pirveli meoTxedis<br />

qarTuli <strong>da</strong> ucxouri wyaroebis monacemebs <strong>da</strong>vinaxavT Semdeg<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan momentebs: 1. qarTveli<br />

mTavrebi <strong>da</strong> didkacoba (aTabagi, gu rieli, kaxeTis Tavadebi<br />

garsevan ColoyaSvilis meTaurobiT, qarTlis kaTalikosi <strong>da</strong><br />

amiraxori) ver iTmen<strong>da</strong> qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaer-<br />

Tianebas, radgan igi mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gaerTianebis perspeqtivas<br />

qmni<strong>da</strong>; 2. sefianTa saxelmwifosTvis miuRebeli<br />

iyo qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba <strong>da</strong> yvelafers akeTeb<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kvlav <strong>da</strong>sanawileblad; 3. osmaleTTan<br />

BbrZolis dros Sahs mokavSired gaerTianebuli<br />

saqarTvelo ki ar undo<strong>da</strong>, aramed <strong>da</strong>qucmacebuli, romlis<br />

mefe-mTavrebi mxolod Sahis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT SeZlebdnen Zalauflebis<br />

SenarCunebas.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> didkacobisa <strong>da</strong> Sahis CareviT, mefe <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

X iZule buli gax<strong>da</strong> zavi <strong>da</strong>edo kaxeTSi gamefebul levanTan.<br />

Sahma maSinve scno igi kaxeTis mefed <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viTisa <strong>da</strong> aTabagis<br />

Tanabrad misgan morCilebis piroba miiRo.<br />

n. berZeniSvilis SefasebiT, <strong>da</strong>viTsa <strong>da</strong> levans Soris<br />

<strong>da</strong>debuli zavis pirobebi moaswaveb<strong>da</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

ganviTarebis axal etaps: saqarTvelo gaiyo sam Tanasworuflebian<br />

samefod, romlebic gare samyarosaTvis erT<br />

kulturul mTlianobas warmoadgendnen. gansakuTre buli<br />

1 Jan-lui bake gramoni, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 105.<br />

136 137

politikuri arseboba warmoSob<strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSinao <strong>da</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

politikur interesebs 1 . <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>Si azrTa<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaoba ukve naT lad gamoC<strong>da</strong> XVI saukuneSi iranTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan <strong>da</strong>mokide bulebis sa kiTxSi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT X qeds ar uxri<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs. 1522 wels ismail<br />

I didi jariT wamovi<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloze. rogorc qarTuli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans, Sahs qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong>morCileba sur<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Semosul mters <strong>da</strong>viTma mSvidoba SesTavaza. ismaili zavze im<br />

pirobiT <strong>da</strong>Tanaxmdebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu <strong>da</strong>viTi pira<strong>da</strong>d mivido<strong>da</strong> masTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> islams miiReb<strong>da</strong>. samagierod `mogce niWi didi, qveyana <strong>da</strong><br />

gagiteo mSBdobiT~, _ uTvli<strong>da</strong> ismaili <strong>da</strong>viTs 2 . qarTlis<br />

mefe ar <strong>da</strong>mor Cil<strong>da</strong> Sahis moTxovnas <strong>da</strong> omisaTvis mzadebas<br />

Seudga. man <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova aTabagsa <strong>da</strong> levan kaxTa mefes.<br />

amaT gar<strong>da</strong> `kualad gamoiyvana kavkasni <strong>da</strong> mTiulni, ganamtkica<br />

Tfilisi <strong>da</strong> yovelni cixeni <strong>da</strong> simagreni qarTlisani~ 3 .<br />

pirveli brZola mox<strong>da</strong> TeleTTan, sa<strong>da</strong>c qarTvelebma<br />

gaimarjves. isini <strong>da</strong>edevnen gaqceul mters, magram iaRlujis<br />

mTis erT ReleSi Casa frebul ismails <strong>da</strong> mis jars waawydnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>marcxdnen. yizil baSebma moRalate cixisTavis meSveobiT<br />

Tbilisi aiRes <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wves. Sahma Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n marbieli<br />

Seusia samcxes <strong>da</strong> aiklo. amis Semdeg yizilbaSebi aiyarnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> wavidnen, Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> qvemo qarTlis sima greebSi mecixovne<br />

jari <strong>da</strong>toves 4 . erT-erTi sparsuli wyaros mixedviT,<br />

ismail I-s, gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebamde mcire xnis win, kaxeTi <strong>da</strong>ulaSqravs,<br />

rac levan mefis iranisadmi <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobiT yofila<br />

gamowveuli 5 .<br />

1 Бердзенишвили Н. Очерк из истории развития феодальных отношений в<br />

Грузии (XIII-XVI вв.). <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, II, Tb., 1965 , gv. 101.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 397.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 398; II, gv. 355-356, 494-496.<br />

4 iqve, IV, gv. 398. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom ismaili arasodes yofila<br />

saqarT veloSi. am sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ix. kacitaZe d., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSrimi,<br />

gv. 389-391; hasan-rumlu, gv. 54-55.<br />

5 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 73.<br />

1524 wels gar<strong>da</strong>icvala ismail I <strong>da</strong> taxtze avi<strong>da</strong> misi<br />

10 wlis vaJi Sah Tamaz I (1524-1576). Sahis mcirewlovanebiT<br />

isargebles yizil baSma amirebma <strong>da</strong> Sinafeo<strong>da</strong>luri omi gaaCaRes.<br />

yizilbaSTa Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi saqarTveloze 40-iani wlebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyisamde Sewy<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

iranSi Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebla <strong>da</strong>viT mefem, Tbilisi<br />

<strong>da</strong>i bruna <strong>da</strong> Sahis vasalobi<strong>da</strong>nac ganTavisufl<strong>da</strong>. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

karga xans arc os maleTi awuxeb<strong>da</strong>, radgan 20-an<br />

wlebSi sulTan suleiman II kanunis (1520-1566) agresia evropisaken,<br />

kerZod, ungreTisaken iyo mimarTuli. 1521 wels<br />

osmalebma ungreTs waarTves belgradi, 1529 wels maT alya<br />

Semoartyes avstriis de<strong>da</strong>qalaq venas, 1536 wels ki aiRes<br />

un greTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi bu<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saRvTo romis imperiis amgvari SeWirvebis Jams karl V-m<br />

(1519-1556) sefianTa saxelmwifoSi gagzavna Tavisi elCi Jan<br />

de balbi <strong>da</strong> Sah ismailTan werilic gaatana 2 . werils <strong>da</strong>rTuli<br />

aqvs `instruqciebi~, rom leb Sic naTqvamia, rom imperators<br />

sxva araviTari cnoba ar gaaCn<strong>da</strong> Sah is mailisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

1 zemoT ganxiluli wyaroebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli literatura ar iZleva<br />

saSualebas imis Tqmisa, rom `1520-ian wlebSi un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo sparseTis<br />

mier ierusalimis <strong>da</strong>pyroba~ (RvaberiZe c., 1527 wels ierusalimSi qarTvelTa<br />

laSqrobis Sesaxeb. istoriisa <strong>da</strong> eT nologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, Tb.,<br />

2008, gv. 122) <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> eTxova sulTans qarTveli mefeebisaTvis<br />

osmalebTan erTad gaelaSqraT ierusalimis gasanTavisuflebad, razec gadmogvcems<br />

timoTe gabaSvili Tavis `mimoslvaSi~. es laSqroba c. RvaberiZis<br />

az riT, un<strong>da</strong> ganxorcielebuliyo 1527 wels (iqve). is `wyaroebi~, romelsac<br />

mkvlevari eyrd noba, ar iZleva amgvari <strong>da</strong>skvnis gamotanis safuZvels. mis mier<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli wyaroebi (gv. 122-123), gamoxataven mxolod qarTveli mefeebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>msaxurebas ierusalimis monastrebis mSvidobianad aRdgena-ga naxlebis saqme-<br />

Si. aRniSnul periodSi ierusalimeli qarTvelebis adgilobriv Turqul administraciasTan<br />

urTierTobaze ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTvelo-ierusalimis<br />

urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 16-17.<br />

2 Lanz K. Correspodenz des Kaisers Karl V, Bd. I, Leipzig, 1844, S. 292-293.<br />

werilis gagzavnis TariRTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ix. Чочиев В. Г., Относительно<br />

письма иранского шаха Ис маила I импера тору Карлу V. aRmosavluri filologia,<br />

V, Tb., gv. 187-188.<br />

138 139

moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, gar<strong>da</strong> misgan 1525 wels miRe buli werilisa.<br />

aRniSnul wels imperatorma toledoSi miiRo Sah<br />

is mailis elCi beri petre maroniti, romelmac mas Sahiis<br />

werili ga<strong>da</strong>sca. ismaili imper ators antiosmaluri ligis<br />

Seqmnas sTavazob<strong>da</strong>. elCma aseTive Sinaarsis werili ga<strong>da</strong>sca<br />

imperatoris umcros Zmas, ungreTis mefe ferdinands I-s 1<br />

(SemdegSi saRvTo romis imperiis imperatori 1526-1564).<br />

elCma <strong>da</strong> werilebma adresatebamde <strong>da</strong>gvianebiT miaRwia. ismaili<br />

1524 w. gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. irkveva, rom, rodesac imperatori<br />

<strong>da</strong> ungreTis mefe ismails werilebs ugzavnian, 1529<br />

wels, maT ismaili isev cocxali hgo niaT.<br />

imperatori Sahs acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom 1525 wels <strong>da</strong>amarcxa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>atyveva safrangeTis mefe fransua I (1515-1547), magram<br />

roca is tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisufl<strong>da</strong> (1526 w.), venecielebTan<br />

erTad kavSiri <strong>da</strong>amyara os maleTTan, amitom imperatori<br />

iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>, mTeli Tavisi jari italiaSi Seeyvana,<br />

raTa Tavisi samflobeloebi<strong>da</strong>n osmalebi ganedevna. axla mas<br />

SesaZlebloba aqvs ungreTis mefesTan erTad <strong>da</strong>iwyos Seteva<br />

os maleTze, rac sefianebs saSualebas miscems Seutios saer-<br />

To mters 2 .<br />

karl V-is werili<strong>da</strong>n isic Cans, rom misi mizani iyo<br />

Sahs os maleTis winaaRmdeg saomari moqmedeba <strong>da</strong>ewyo <strong>da</strong> amiT<br />

habsburgebis im perias mdgo mareoba Semsubuqebo<strong>da</strong>. sulTani<br />

iZulebuli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> im periisa <strong>da</strong> un greTis sazRvrebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

jaris nawili mainc aRmosavleTSi ga<strong>da</strong>eyvana.<br />

radgan imperatoris c<strong>da</strong>m Sedegi ar gamoiRo, ungreTis<br />

mefe fer dinandma imave wels sefianTa saxelmwifoSi gagzavna<br />

Tavisi elCebi _ petro de negro <strong>da</strong> svimon de lili.<br />

maT <strong>da</strong>evalaT molaparakeba ewarmoebinaT Sah TamazTan <strong>da</strong><br />

`<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe~ levanTan.<br />

Sah Tamazs maSin osmaleTTan omis ganzraxva ar hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />

1 Lanz K., Op. cit., S. 52, 168.<br />

2 Charrière E., Op. cit., t. I, Paris, 1848 , p. 173-174.<br />

radgan osmalebi evropaSi ibrZodnen <strong>da</strong> is araviTar SemTxvevaSi<br />

ar ganaax leb<strong>da</strong> brZolas osmaleTTan. Sahis mizani iyo<br />

xelis Sewyoba osmaleTis agresiisaTvis evropaSi. Sahi ungreTis<br />

mefis elCebs mainc <strong>da</strong>pir<strong>da</strong>, rom Tavisi mamis, Sah<br />

ismailis msgavsad, mzad iyo saqmiani <strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewia osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg mebrZoli ungreTisaTvis 1 .<br />

ferdinand I-is elCebi kaxeTis mefe levansac ewvivnen.<br />

mefem kar gad miiRo isini <strong>da</strong> roca Seityo ungrelebis osmaleTTan<br />

omisaTvis mzadyofnis Sesaxeb, imanac `Tavis mxriv aRuTqva<br />

mTeli trapizonis fexze <strong>da</strong>yeneba~ 2 . savaraudoa levan<br />

mefe `trapizonSi~ <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. amas<br />

mafiqrebinebs is faqti, rom dokumentSi levani `geor giis<br />

mefed~, e. i. qarTl-kaxeTis mefed iwodeba. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, levan<br />

mefis naTqvami ungreTis mefis elCebs un<strong>da</strong> gaegoT ase: ara<br />

mxolod qarTli <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi, aramed osmaleTis gavlenis qveS<br />

myofi <strong>da</strong>savleTi saqarTveloc mis winaaRmdeg ibrZolebso.<br />

imave periodSi evropaSi kvlav, Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT, SemuSav<strong>da</strong><br />

azri aR mosavlaTis ori qristianuli qveynis _ moskovis<br />

saxelmwifosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis _ antiosmalur<br />

koaliciaSi Cabmis Ses axeb, radgan maT interesebsac<br />

Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong> aseTi koaliciis Sqmna. magram is, rac<br />

osmaleTis agresiis sferoSi myof saxelmwifoebs TavianT-<br />

Tvis sasurvelad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, sxvebi (inglisi, espaneTi,<br />

portuga lia) amis gamo Tavs ar iwuxebdnen. avstriis imperiasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> safrangeTs Soris imdenad seriozuli winaaRmdegobebi<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong>, rom isini garkveul gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

agresiis mimarTulebis gansaz Rvraze.<br />

1 Neck R., Diplomatische Beziehungen zum Vordern Orients unter Karl V.<br />

`Mit teilungen des Ős terreichischen Staatsarchivs~, 1952, S. 83-86; Tardy L., Beyond<br />

the Ot toman Empire 14 th -16 th centuri. Hun garian diplomacy in the East. `Studia<br />

Uralo-Al taica~, 13, Szeged, 1978 , p. 135-136; tardi l., ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

urTierToba XVI sau kuneSi, gv. 45.<br />

2 Neck R., Op. cit., S. 86; tardi l., ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI<br />

sau kuneSi, gv. 45-46.<br />

140 141

XVI saukunis 20-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n safrangeTi osmaleTTan<br />

TanamSrom lob<strong>da</strong>. igi osmaleTTan politikur urTierTobas<br />

levantSi Tavisi vaW robis gasafarToeblad iyeneb<strong>da</strong>. safrange-<br />

Tis samefo kari cdilob<strong>da</strong> aR mosavleT evropaSi SenarCunebuli<br />

yofiliyo patar-patara politikuri erTeulebi, romlebic<br />

safrangeTis monarqiis gavlenis qveS iqnebodnen,<br />

habsburgebis imperia ki maT <strong>da</strong>pyrobas lamob<strong>da</strong>. 1526 wlis<br />

maisSi Seiqmna koniakis liga, romelSic Sevi<strong>da</strong> safrangeTi,<br />

romis papi <strong>da</strong> venecia. liga mimarTuli iyo habsburgebis winaaRmdeg.<br />

osmalebisaT vis cnobili iyo, rom habsburgebs ar<br />

SeeZloT Tavisi mokavSire ungreTis samefos <strong>da</strong>cva. ungre Tis<br />

mefe laioS II-m <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova inglisis mefes, paps,<br />

veneciis re spublikas, magram amaod. 1526 wlis 29 agvistos<br />

osmalebma sastikad gaanadgures ungreTis jari moxaCTan br-<br />

ZolaSi. amis Semdeg iwyeba ungre Tis saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>cema,<br />

rac safrangeT-habsburgTa Soris winaaRmdegobis Sedegi iyo.<br />

XVI s. 20-iani wlebi<strong>da</strong>n sefianTa irani iaraRiT aRar<br />

ebrZo<strong>da</strong> os maleTs <strong>da</strong> amiT xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis agresiis<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTisaken war marTvas. aRmosavleTis saqmeebisgan osmaleTis<br />

yuradRebis Camo Soreba irans awyob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1532 wels osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> avstrias Soris <strong>da</strong>ido zavi.<br />

osmaleTis winsvla evropaSi SeCer<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axla misi mTeli<br />

yuradReba aRmosavleTi sken gadmovi<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTi iranis winaaRmdeg<br />

saomrad emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. 1534 wlis zafxulSi osmalebma<br />

<strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mezobeli vani, avniki, ahlaTi, arzrumi,<br />

yarsi, mTeli azerbaijani <strong>da</strong> baR<strong>da</strong>di.<br />

rodesac Tvals ga<strong>da</strong>vavlebT ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />

osmalebis warmatebas, naTelia, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mTel samxreT sazRvarze gamezoblebuli osmaleTis saxelmwifo,<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT patara <strong>da</strong> susti <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyrobasac<br />

Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom savsebiT logikuri iqnebo<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

qvynis mTeli Zalebis konsoli<strong>da</strong>cia. mox<strong>da</strong> ki piriqiT. 1535<br />

wels imereTis mefe bagrat III-m <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefe luarsab<br />

I-ma, <strong>da</strong>dianisa <strong>da</strong> gurielis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, saaTabagos teritoriebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ipyres. roca yvaryvare III imereTSi tyveobaSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala,<br />

bagratma aWara <strong>da</strong> WaneTi guriels ga<strong>da</strong>sca, riTac<br />

levan <strong>da</strong>dianis guliwyroma gamoiwvia. amiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo odiSis<br />

mTavris imereTis mefisadmi mtroba. saaTabagos umsxvilesma<br />

feo<strong>da</strong>lma oTar SalikaSvilma yvaryvares mcirewlovani memkvidre<br />

qaixosro sulTan suleiman II-sTan waiyvana <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

gaaTabageba sTxova 1 . SemTxveviT isargebla osmaleTma <strong>da</strong> arzrumis<br />

beglarbegma mehmed-xanma 1536 wels taosa <strong>da</strong> klarje-<br />

Tis teritoriebi <strong>da</strong>ipyro. osmalebma aq oTxi sanjayi <strong>da</strong>aarses.<br />

amiT <strong>da</strong>iwyo osmaleTis mier samcxis <strong>da</strong>pyroba <strong>da</strong><br />

os maluri mmarTvelobisa <strong>da</strong> wesebis <strong>da</strong>nergva.<br />

amis Semdeg irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen<br />

vin ufro mets wahglej<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>. iranma miiRo Tu<br />

ara mcireodeni Sesveneba osmaleTTan omSi, maSinve <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

samxedro aqciebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> winaaRmdeg. 1540 wels Sah<br />

Tamazi qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong>morCilebisaTvis mzadebas Seudga<br />

(kaxeTis mefe levanma Sahs morCileba gamoucxa<strong>da</strong>). qarTlis<br />

mefe luarsab I (1534-1556) fxizlad adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvals Sahis<br />

saqmianobas <strong>da</strong> saWiroebis SemTxvevisaTvis cdilob<strong>da</strong> sapirispiro<br />

Zalis gamonaxvas. maSin aseTi seriozuli Zala<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTi yofiliyo. albaT qarTlis mefe luarsabi<br />

igulisxmeba ungreTis mefe ferdinandis elCis ieronim<br />

laskis 1540 wlis 5 dekembris werilSi, ro melSic naTqvamia:<br />

konstantinopolSi `Camovi<strong>da</strong> sarwmunoebiT qristiani<br />

qarTveli mefe, raTa <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxovos TurqeTs iranis Sahis<br />

wi naaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. magram misi erTgulebisa aq<br />

ar sjeraT~ 2 .<br />

1 samcxi<strong>da</strong>n konstantinopolSi Casul aTabagobis kandi<strong>da</strong>ts <strong>da</strong> SalikaSvilebs<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gulisxmobdes m. sanuto, rodesac ambobs, TurqebTan kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>samyareblad qarT veli didebulebi Camovidneno. Sanuto M., I diarii, v. 57, p.<br />

633.<br />

2 venis arqivSi moZiebuli sabuTis fragmenti gamoaqveyna l. tardim. ix.<br />

misi ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 51.<br />

142 143

qarTulma istoriografiam icis luarsab I-is mefobis<br />

ZiriTadi momentebi, magram arsad miTiTebuli ar aris, rom<br />

igi rodesme wasuli yos sulTnis karze. savaraudoa, sul-<br />

Tans qarTlis mefe ki ar eaxla, aramed misi romelime didebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavisi mefis saxeliT yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

iTxova. sulTanma uari sTqva qarTlis samefos<br />

<strong>da</strong>x marebaze, rac motivirebuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo iranTan xelaxla<br />

Sejaxebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebiT.<br />

qarTlis samefos imave elCobaze un<strong>da</strong> iyos saubari safrangeTis<br />

venecieli elCis monpelies mier mefe fransua<br />

pirvelisaTvis gagzavnil 1541 wlis 31 martiT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul<br />

werilSi. masSi naTqvamia, rom Sahs ganuzraxavs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

erT-erTi mbrZaneblis samflobeloze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma. amitom<br />

qarTvelma mbrZanebelma Tavisi elCi gagzavna sulTanTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis saTxovnelad 1 . ar gasula didi dro <strong>da</strong> aprilis<br />

werili ukve qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSTa Soris momx<strong>da</strong>r omsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sahis mier gancdil did zaralze gvamcnobs 2 . Znelia Tqma<br />

imisa, qrTvel-sparselTa Setakebis es epizodi Sah Tamazis<br />

saqarTveloSi pirvel laSqrobas asaxavs Tu am laSqrobis<br />

romelime epizodia qarTvelebis yizilbaSebTan gamarTuli<br />

brZolisa.<br />

imave wlis 4 ivlisis werilSi monpelie safrangeTis<br />

mefes acno beb<strong>da</strong>, rom didvaziri suleiman faSa iranis winaaRmdeg<br />

sabrZolvelad wavi<strong>da</strong>. monpelies ise gamohyavs,<br />

TiTqos osmalebi Sahisagan awiokebuli qarTvelebis Suris<br />

saZieblad wavidnen 3 .<br />

31 martisa <strong>da</strong> 4 ivlisis werilebi saSualebas gvaZlevs<br />

<strong>da</strong>vadgi noT, rom Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqro-<br />

1 Charrière E., Op. cit., I, p. 473. am cnobis analizi ix. CoCievi v., maxlobeli<br />

aRmosav leTis saerTaSoriso urTierTobani XVI saukunis pirveli<br />

naxevris franguli diplomatiuri korespondeciis mixedviT. Tsu Sromebi, t.<br />

186, aRmosavleTmcodneoba, Tb., 1978, gv. 122.<br />

2 Charrière E., Op. cit., I, p. 473.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 499.<br />

ba mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sax elebul ricxvebs Soris. 31 martis werilSi<br />

jer mxolod Sahis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mi marT muqarazea saubari,<br />

maSin rodesac 4 ivliss masSi laparakia, rogorc aprilSi<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ri faqtze. amdenad, sxva qarTul wyaroebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis Sesaxeb<br />

rom gadmogvcems, yvelaze zust TariRs (1541 w.) gvaZlevs<br />

`ikorTis Jamngulani~ <strong>da</strong> `erisTavianT <strong>da</strong>ujdomeli~ 1 . yizilbaSebisaTvis<br />

didi zarali ki Seupovar luarsab I-s un<strong>da</strong><br />

mieyenebina.<br />

qarTvelTa brZolam <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>sacavad,<br />

sakmaod seriozulad miipyro evropis meTaurTa yuradReba.<br />

zogs (mag. sa frangeTis samefo kars) iranis winaaRmdeg mebr-<br />

Zoli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mdgomareoba aintereseb<strong>da</strong>, radgan masTan<br />

brZolaSi Cabmuli irani os maleTs seriozulad veRar uSli<strong>da</strong><br />

xels Tavisi agresia samxreT-aRmosavleTi ev ropisken<br />

<strong>da</strong> safrangeTis metoqe habsburgebis imperiisken waremarTa.<br />

habs burgebis saxelmwifo, ungreTi <strong>da</strong> osmalebisagan jer<br />

kidev <strong>da</strong>upyrobel balkaneTis xalxebi <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />

iyvnenen im saqarTveloTi, romelic iranTan erTad ebrZo<strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTs <strong>da</strong> gark veuli gagebiT mdgomareobas um sumuqeb<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebul qveynebsa <strong>da</strong> xalxebs.<br />

amgvari <strong>da</strong>interesebis gamoxatuleba iyo romis pap pavle<br />

III-is mier 1545 wlis 17 ivliss qarTlis mefe luarsabisaTvis<br />

naxWevanSi moR vawe wm. dominikes wesis mRvdlebis _<br />

dominikesa <strong>da</strong> batistis xeliT ga mogzavnili epistole. batisti<br />

qarTlis mefesTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli yofila. mefe icnob<strong>da</strong><br />

wm. dominikes ordenis im wevrebsac, romlebic qarTlis<br />

samefoSi imyofebodnen.<br />

epistoles adresati, marTalia qarTlis mefea, magram<br />

masSi ga mosW vivis kaTolikuri eklesiis meTauris <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganwyo bileba mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mimarT. papis<br />

umTavresi mizani <strong>da</strong> mowodeba aris ka Tolicizmis gavrcele-<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 243.<br />

144 145

a <strong>da</strong> papis uzenaesobis aRiareba saqarT veloSi. romis agentebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTveli politikosebis mier miwodebul<br />

informaci aze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, papi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli iyo, rom luarsab<br />

I `RvTismosaobis erTgulebiTa <strong>da</strong> aRfrTovanebiT~<br />

Tayvans scem<strong>da</strong> romis wmin<strong>da</strong> eklesias <strong>da</strong> yvela eklesiis<br />

meTaurad mas aRiareb<strong>da</strong>. Turme luarsabis kaTolikobis admi<br />

ganwyobilebas iziarebdnen <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> (kokatis/<br />

quTaisis) patriarqi, kaxeTis (zagesis/zagemis) mefe levani,<br />

samcxis (kelse kis/axalcixis) mTavari yvaryvare 1 <strong>da</strong> `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

qalaqebisa <strong>da</strong> samefoebis warCinebuli mefeebi. paps,<br />

savaraudoa, TiToeuli maTganisT visac analogiuri Sinaarsis<br />

werilebi gamougzavnia.<br />

papi qarTvel mbrZaneblebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis survils ayalibebs<br />

Sem degnairad: `qristes am erTaderT samwysoSi gvsurs<br />

Seni <strong>da</strong> sxva qarTveli mefeebis Semosvla, yvela maTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> mTeli xalxis sulis sacxoneblad. ami tom, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Cven es SegviZlia, uflis mier mogi wodebT, raTa, rogorc<br />

erTia RmerTi <strong>da</strong> erTia naTlisReba, aseve yvela CvenTvis<br />

erTi iyos sarwmunoeba qristes samwysosi <strong>da</strong> viyoT wm. de<strong>da</strong><br />

kaTolike eklesiis er TobaSi, raTa Tqvenc, CvenTan erTad <strong>da</strong><br />

Cveni Sem weobiT, advilad ewioT am bednierebas~ 2 .<br />

papi luarsab mefes sTxovs romSi gagzavnos Tavisi<br />

despanebi, raTa maTi saSualebiT mefis qveSevrdomni romis<br />

eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> misi meTauris romis papis Svilebad gamocxaddnen.<br />

papi luarsabs mouwodebs: `aseve Sea guliane zemoxsenebuli<br />

Seni mezobeli sami qarTveli mefec 3 , raTa Sens<br />

de spanebTan erTad gamogzavnon TavianTi despanebic <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

saSualebiT morCileba aRuTqvan romis wm. msoflio eklesias<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cven, romelic mas ganvagebT. Tu Sen saWirod <strong>da</strong>in-<br />

II.<br />

1 igulisxmeba yvaryvare III (1516-1535), magram am dros aTabagia qaixosro<br />

2 tabaRua, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., I, gv. 232.<br />

3 papi aTabagsac mefes uwodebs.<br />

axav, sxva mefeebsac gaugzavne am werilebis TiTo piri~ 1 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli var, qarTvel politikosebi iTvaliswinebdnen<br />

romis <strong>da</strong>interesebas saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis<br />

gavrcelebis Sesaxeb. amitom maT mier romSi gagzavnil werilebSi<br />

(ar gamovricxav kaTolike patrebi samefo karis karnaxiTac<br />

werdnen) iyo Txovna, mezobeli muslimi mezoblebisagan<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>cvaSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> iqve aRniSnuli iyo<br />

qarTvelTa simpaTiebze kaTolikuri eklesiisa <strong>da</strong> papis mimarT.<br />

magram pa pebi, TavianTi SesaZleblobebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> interesi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, qarTvelebs exmianebodnen mxolod<br />

TavianTvis saintereso erT sakiTxze _ kaTolicizmis gavrcelebaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebaze.<br />

1547 wels osmaleTma zavi <strong>da</strong>sdo habsburgebis saxelmwifosTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> ungreTTan <strong>da</strong> maSinve ganaaxla omi iranTan.<br />

1548 wlis 27 ivliss osmalebi TavrizSi Sevidnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

mxolod xuTi dRe <strong>da</strong>hyves, radgan qalaqi mTlianad <strong>da</strong>clili<br />

iyo. jari sursaT-sanovagis naklebobas ganicdi<strong>da</strong>. kontrSetevaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sulma Sahis laSqarma imave wlis seqtemberSi<br />

marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong> somxeTSi.<br />

1549 wlis gazafxulze osmalebma iaraRi samcxisaken<br />

warmarTes, romlis aTabag qaixosros iranis mxare eWira.<br />

ibrahim feCevis gadmoce miT am dros samcxeSi saxalxo<br />

ajanyeba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> 2 . osmalebma am ajanyebis CaxSobasTan<br />

erTad saaTabagos mniSvnelovani nawilic <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

imperias SeuerTes 3 .<br />

1551 wels SaqSi Sah TamazTan mividnen aTabag qaixosros<br />

elCebi <strong>da</strong> moaxsenes, rom qarTlis mefe luarsabi <strong>da</strong> Tavadebi<br />

samcxeSi SemoiWrnen <strong>da</strong> maviwroebeno, `Cemi vilaieTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobas lamoben, zogi olqic wamarTves. isqander faSac<br />

1 tabaRua, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., I, gv. 233.<br />

2 ibrahim feCevis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis Sesaxeb. teqsti qar-<br />

Tuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong>urTo s. jiqiam, Tb.,<br />

1964 , gv. 27-28.<br />

3 svaniZe m. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 63-67.<br />

146 147

arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n movi<strong>da</strong> am mxareSi <strong>da</strong> artanujis cixe <strong>da</strong>ikavao~ 1 .<br />

Sah Tamazi didi jariT Sevi<strong>da</strong> samcxeSi <strong>da</strong> saSinlad aiklo<br />

qaixos ros mowinaaRmdegeTa samflobeloebi. sparselTa<br />

jaris mier sam cxeSi Ca denil saSinelebaTa Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>wvri lebiT<br />

mogviTxroben hasan rumlu <strong>da</strong> isqander munSi. maTive<br />

gadmocemiT, yizilbaSebi samcxi<strong>da</strong>n qarTlSi (hasan rumlus mixedviT,<br />

mxolod sabaraTianoSi) SeiWrnen, aikles <strong>da</strong> gamosazam-<br />

Treblad yarabaRisaken gaeSurnen. aTabagi axla sparselTa<br />

jariT cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi samflobeloebis aRdgenas 2 .<br />

saqarTveloSi Sahis warmatebam osmaleTi SeaSfoTa. sul-<br />

Tani ver urigdebo<strong>da</strong> saaTabagos iranis gavlenis qveS moqcevas.<br />

1553 wels sulTani kvlav wavi<strong>da</strong> Sahis winaaRmdeg saomrad.<br />

vidre igi iranis sam flobeloebSi SeiWrebo<strong>da</strong>, manamde<br />

Seeca<strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani zurgis uzrun velyofis mizniT saaTabagosTan<br />

urTierToba gaerkvia. rogorc Taname drove anonimi<br />

venecielis cnobebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, sulTanma ganizraxa aTa bagis<br />

iZuleba, raTa am omis dros neitraliteti <strong>da</strong>ecva, ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>ebrkole bina osmaleTis jaris mosamarageblad anatolii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

wamosuli aRali. anonimi wers: `[sulTans] sur<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

banakSi gagzavnil sursaT-sanovages <strong>da</strong>brkoleba ar Sexvedro<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> qurTebis mxriv, romleb sac, roca<br />

jari arz rumi<strong>da</strong>n iranisken wavido<strong>da</strong>, yovelTvis advilad<br />

SeeZloT <strong>da</strong>ebrkolebinaT sursaT-sanovagis ga<strong>da</strong>zidva, riTac<br />

Seiqmne bo<strong>da</strong> jaris <strong>da</strong>marcxebis didi xifaTi, an [jari]<br />

swrafad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo ukan. amitom [sulTans] er-<br />

TaderT saSualebad miaCn<strong>da</strong> im mxareSi jaris nawilis <strong>da</strong>toveba.<br />

iq un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebinaT ramdenime sanjay-begi didi<br />

eskadroniT. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, misi az riT, ukeTesi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, mSvidoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>emyarebina qurTebTan. [qurTebTan] gag zavnilma misianebma<br />

erTguleba <strong>da</strong> fici miiRes. aseTive mizniT gaagzavnes<br />

qarTvelebTan erTi cnobili pirovneba sakmaod mravalricx-<br />

1 isqander munSi gv. 18; hasan-rumlu, gv. 29.<br />

2 hasan-rumlu, gv. 32.<br />

ovani mxedrobiT, raTa STabeWdileba moexdina [qarTvelebze]~<br />

1 .<br />

imave wyaro<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom sulTans qurTebTan sakiTxi<br />

sasurve lad mougvarebia <strong>da</strong> imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom aseve moxdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvelebTanac. is `cnobili pirovnebis~ <strong>da</strong>brunebas<br />

arc ki <strong>da</strong>elo<strong>da</strong>, ise gaagrZela gza iranis sazRvrebisaken.<br />

Sah Tamazma axlac osmalebTan brZolis Zveli nacadi<br />

meTodi ga moiyena. iranis saazRvrebSi SeWril osmalebs `ga<strong>da</strong>buguli<br />

miwebis~ gavla uxdebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> ramdenime dRis Semdeg<br />

sagrZnobi gax<strong>da</strong> sursaTis nakleboba. cxenis erTi jeri<br />

sakvebi 20 aspri, xolo erTi patara puri erTi marketi<br />

Rir<strong>da</strong>. fasebis sul ufro zrdis gamo meomrebi Relavd nen.<br />

zogs imis imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom male movido<strong>da</strong> sursaTi anatolii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad brZanebisa, sursaTis momWirneobiT<br />

xarjvis Sesaxeb, marags ar ufrTx ildebodnen. urCni, SemdegSi,<br />

sulTnis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes 2 .<br />

rac Seexeba sulTnis mier saqarTveloSi gagzavnil `cnobil<br />

pi rovnebas~, mis Sesaxeb imave wyaro<strong>da</strong>n vigebT Semdegs:<br />

`kacma, romelic qarTvelebTan gagzavnili iyo, raTa isini<br />

erTguli gaexa<strong>da</strong>, sulTnis sax eliT, rogorc zemoT iTqva,<br />

miaRwia kidec amas. magram ukan <strong>da</strong>brune bisas sazRvarTan<br />

misuls, tyeSi Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa ormoci ucnobi <strong>da</strong> mokles. misi<br />

TanamgzavrebisaTvis sxva ziani ar miuyenebiaT, mxolod is<br />

werilebi waarTves, romlebic qarTvelma mTavarma sulTans<br />

miswera~ 3 .<br />

savaraudoa, sulTnis warmomadgenels isini moklavdnen,<br />

vinc <strong>da</strong>interesebulni iyvnen aTabagsa <strong>da</strong> sulTans Soris<br />

urTierTobis gauare sebiT. antiosmaluri ganwyobilebis<br />

mqone mniSvnelovani Zala rom arse bob<strong>da</strong> saaTabagoSi, es kar-<br />

1 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 256.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 257.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 259.<br />

148 149

gad gamomJRavn<strong>da</strong> Tun<strong>da</strong>c 1549 wlis ajanyebis dros. imis<br />

Tqmac SeiZleba, rom Tav<strong>da</strong>msxmelebis zurgs ukan qarTlisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> imereTis mefeebic idgnen. aTabagis avtoritetis SelaxviT<br />

(is xom osmaleTis jarze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT soxoistas brZolis<br />

Semdeg, 1545 wels, gaaTabag<strong>da</strong>) isinic <strong>da</strong>interesebulni<br />

iyvnen. amgvar mosazrebas, Cemi azriT, a<strong>da</strong>sturebs, sulTnis<br />

Semdgomi moqmedeba samcxis mimarT. albaT, sulTnisTvisac<br />

gasagebi iyo Tav<strong>da</strong>msxmelTa mizani <strong>da</strong> amis gamo Tavi Sei kava<br />

samcxeSi mtruli aqciebisagan. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, arc imis gamoricxva<br />

SeiZleba, rom iranTan gaWianurebuli omis dros sul-<br />

Tani saaTabagosTan urTierTobis kidev ufro garTulebas<br />

moeri<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxolod Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi RonisZieba gaatara: `roca<br />

sulTanma es axali am bavi gaigo, eWvi <strong>da</strong>eba<strong>da</strong>, rom kapadokii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

momaval aRals qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong>brkolebas Seuqmnidnen,<br />

amitom man sxva beglarbegi gagzavna qarT velebis qveyanaSi<br />

ramdenime san jay-begiTa <strong>da</strong> mravalricxovani mxedro biT <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>avala, rom raime ziani ki ar miayenon qarTvelebs, aramed<br />

is ini mxolod SeaCeron TavianT sazRvrebSi. qarTvelebi imis<br />

SiSiT, rom is jari gaanadgurebs maT qveyanas ver gabe<strong>da</strong>ven<br />

raime axali aqciis mowyobas~ 1 .<br />

sursaTis nakleboba katastrofas uqad<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

jars. amitom sulTanma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, xeli aeRo Sahis jarebis<br />

devnaze, raTa SemdegSi is ini generalur brZolaSi gaenadgurebina<br />

<strong>da</strong> anatoliaSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba ga<strong>da</strong>wy vita, magram mas kvlav<br />

axali samwuxaro anbavi acnobes: `Sahis vaJi ismaili qarTvelTa<br />

mravalricxovani jariT Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa kapadokii<strong>da</strong>n momaval<br />

sursaTiT <strong>da</strong>tvirTul sam aTas aqlems. waiRes yvelaferi,<br />

mcvelni <strong>da</strong>aty vevs. es axali cnoba yvelaze mware<br />

iyo TurqebisaTvis, romlebic am sur saTiT fiqrobdnen sulis<br />

moTqmas. sulTani am siaxlis gamo ganrisx<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

winaaRmdeg Sebruneba brZana, radgan zaralis mimyen-<br />

1 Ibidem. svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 74.<br />

ebeli is mailis 1 jari mTlianad an umetes wilad qarT ve -<br />

lebi sagan Sedgebo<strong>da</strong>. ma gram man am ganzraxvaze xeli aiRo,<br />

radgan male zamTari <strong>da</strong>dgebo<strong>da</strong>, ro melic am mxareSi Zalian<br />

civia. man ukeTesad miiCnia gamosazamTreblad ka padokiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo, xolo qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong>sja gazafxulamde,<br />

omis ganaxlebis dromde, ga<strong>da</strong>do~ 2 .<br />

qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> sparselebi rom erToblivad ebrZodnen<br />

sparselebs, Cans sxva werilobiTi cnobebi<strong>da</strong>nac 3 .<br />

xangrZlivma omma irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi moqanca. orive mxares<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>mTavreba sur<strong>da</strong>. zavis <strong>da</strong>debis iniciativa Sah Tamazma<br />

gamoiCina. ma gram, vidre sazavo molaparakeba <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong>, manamde<br />

Sahma saqarT veloSi Tavisi poziciebis ganmtkiceba ganizraxa<br />

<strong>da</strong> am mizniT 1554 wlis zafxulSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> meoTxed<br />

Semoesia. rogori seriozuli ziani moutana qveyanas sparsel-<br />

Ta am laSqrobam, Tun<strong>da</strong>c iqi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom way vanili iqna 30<br />

aTasi tyve, sxva ubedureba, rom aRar gavixsenoT.<br />

yizilbaSTa es ukanaskneli Semoseva asaxuli un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

sparsul dokumentSi, romelic warmoadgens ori sparseli<br />

didebulis sevinduq be gisa <strong>da</strong> ustajlu Sah yulu bin<br />

hamza mirzas mier arzrumis gamgeblis aias faSasadmi gagzavnil<br />

werils 4 . igi <strong>da</strong>werili un<strong>da</strong> iyos 1554 wlis ag-<br />

1 ismail-mirza cnobili iyo osmalebisadmi Seurigebeli mtrobiT. igi<br />

SemdegSi <strong>da</strong>debul amasiis zavsac ar scnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi<br />

Tavs esxmo<strong>da</strong> os maleTis samflobeloebs, rac zavis <strong>da</strong>rRvevis saSiSroebas<br />

qmni<strong>da</strong>. amis gamo ise gamwvav<strong>da</strong> urTierToba Sah Tamazsa <strong>da</strong> ismail-mirzas Soris,<br />

rom Sahis brZanebiT is alamuTis cixeSi Casves, sa<strong>da</strong>c TiTqmis oci weli<br />

gaatara. amis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT iTqmeva sxvagan.<br />

2 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 262-263; svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 72-73.<br />

3 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi. Targmani ungruli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

v. imerliS vilisa, `kldekari~, goris saliteraturo Jurnali, `lomisi~,<br />

Tb., 1997, gv. 137-138. ix. aqve, `odiSis samTavros <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n~.<br />

4 Fekete L., Zur Geschixte der Grusiner des 16 Jahrhunderts. `Acta Orient.<br />

Hung~., t. I, fasc. I, 1950, S. 93-137; kacitaZe d., XVI-XVII saukuneTa sparsuli<br />

dokumenturi wyaroebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriisaTvis. `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri<br />

krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962, gv. 214-213.<br />

150 151

vistos 1 an 30 oqtombris Semdeg 2 . werili<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom<br />

yizilbaSeb Tan omSi <strong>da</strong>mar cxebuli luarsabi imereTSi ga<strong>da</strong>sula.<br />

imereTis mefe ba grat III-s ara mxolod Seufarebia<br />

devnili qarTlis mefe, aramed misTvis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad osmaleTSic<br />

ki wasula. sparseli didebulebis mizans (safiqrebelia,<br />

is ini Sah Tamazis miTiTebiT moqmedebdnen) warmoadgens,<br />

<strong>da</strong>umtkicon osmaleTis sulTans, rom misi Careva<br />

qarTlis saqmeebSi kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>Za bavs iran-osmaleTis urTierTobas.<br />

es rom ar moxdes, osmaleTma Tavisi gavlena un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamoiyenos imereTis mefeze, raTa man yizilbaSebs ga<strong>da</strong>sces<br />

luarsab mefe. imave werili<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom luarsabis mier<br />

imereTSi TavSefareba pirveli SemTxveva ar yofila. igi yovelTvis<br />

ase iqceo<strong>da</strong>, roca yizilbaSebi <strong>da</strong>jabnidnen xolme.<br />

yizilbaSebi imereTis mimarT samxe dro aqciebi<strong>da</strong>n Tavs<br />

ikavebdnen, radgan imereTis mefe sulTnis qveSevrdomi iyo.<br />

amiT sparseli didebulebi osmalebs agrZnobinebdnen, rom<br />

maTac Tavi un<strong>da</strong> SeekavebinaT yizilbaSebis xeldebuli qar-<br />

Tlis samefos saqmeebSi Carevaze.<br />

werilis avtorebi yuradRebas gansakuTrebiT amaxvileben<br />

im gar moebaze, rom imereTisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefeebi sargebloben<br />

iran-os maleTis metoqeobiTa <strong>da</strong> omiT <strong>da</strong> cdiloben kidev<br />

ufro gaaRvivon maT Soris wi naaRmdegoba, raTa erTmaneTi<br />

amowyviton. werilis avtorebis azriT, imi saTvis raTa gadwydes<br />

`gurjistanis sakiTxi~, aucilebelia or musliman<br />

saxelmwifos Soris omi Sewydes.<br />

werili naTels xdis, rogor <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo irani<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>m TavrebiT <strong>da</strong> zavis <strong>da</strong>debiT. amave dros Sahis kari<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> gaerkvia os maleTis pozicia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mimarT.<br />

imave wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo sazavo mo la parakeba, romlis drosac<br />

Sahis warmomadgeneli gansakuTrebiT gamohyof<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

sakiTxs. anonimi venecielis TqmiT, `Se Tanxmdnen im<br />

1 kacitaZe d., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv.132<br />

2 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 77.<br />

pirobiT, rom erTis yvela qveSevrdomi <strong>da</strong> moxarke pativcemuli<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> meores mier. sulTanma suleimanma sityva<br />

misca Sah Tamazs, rom arc exla <strong>da</strong> arc zavis <strong>da</strong>debis Semdeg<br />

araviTar zians ar miayeneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>~ 1 . maSasa <strong>da</strong>me,<br />

Sahs saqarTvelo Tavis qveSevrdom <strong>da</strong> moxarke qveynad miaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> sulTnisganac moiTxov<strong>da</strong> am Tavisi uflebis aRiarebas.<br />

Uungrel diplomats anTal veranCiCs mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n ar<br />

gamorCa qarTveli politikosebis saqmianoba iran-osmaleTs<br />

Soris sazavo molaparakebis CasaSlelad. 1554 wlis 19 dekembris<br />

angariSSi igi wer<strong>da</strong>: `qarTveli mmarTvelni sparsel-<br />

Ta mxareze ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen <strong>da</strong> yovelmxriv iRwvian rom CaSalon<br />

zavis <strong>da</strong>debis saqme. amitomac sulTanma miiRo ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyos omi qarTvelT winaaRmdeg, Tuki qarTvelebi xels<br />

ar aiReben TavianT Tavxedur ganzraxvaze <strong>da</strong> maT mxares ar<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vlen~ 2 .<br />

1555 w. 29 maiss amasiaSi <strong>da</strong>ido sazavo xelSekruleba,<br />

romliTac <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> iran-osmaleTis xangrZlivi omi. magram<br />

zavma bolo ar mouRo `Serigebul~ saxelmwifoebs Soris<br />

winaaRmdegobas <strong>da</strong> maT agresias kavkasias qveynebSi. amasiis<br />

zavi ga<strong>da</strong>iqca am ori agresoris <strong>da</strong>pyrobiTi politikis axali<br />

etapis amosaval punqtad 3 . iran-osmaleTis agresiis morigi<br />

etapi gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />

cdebSi. `osmalebi <strong>da</strong> iranis jarebi dro<strong>da</strong>dro Tavs esxmodnen<br />

qarTul miwebs, raTa `SeexsenebinaT~ 1555 wlis<br />

xelSekrulebis pirobebi~ 4 . irani amis ganxorcielebas cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

amasiis zavis pirobebis <strong>da</strong>cviT, osmaleTi _ misi<br />

gauqmebis gziT.<br />

1 Alberi E., Op. cit., I, p. 265.<br />

2 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi, gv. 139.<br />

3 CoCievi v., kaxeTis samefos <strong>sagareo</strong> politikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n XVI s. 60ian<br />

wlebSi. Tsu Sromebi, t. 118, 1967, gv. 243.<br />

4 Новосельцев А. П., Ук. труд, c. 118.<br />

152 153

amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebam karga xniT gansazRvra<br />

saqarT velos bedi. amasiis zavis Semdeg amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>,<br />

kerZod, saqarT veloSi Seqm nili viTarebis amsaxveli werilobiTi<br />

wyaroebi sakmaod mravla<strong>da</strong>a moR weuli. magram maTi<br />

avtorebisaTvis yovelTvis gasagebi ar aris saqarTveloSi<br />

mimdinare movlenebi. wyaroebSi umetesad `saqarT veloa~ naxsenebi,<br />

rac aZnelebs imis garkvevas, masSi romeli samefo an<br />

samTavroa na gulisxmevi. aqve isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli<br />

xalxis brZola <strong>da</strong> moukideblobis SenarCunebis an aRdgenis<br />

mizniT ucxoel <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebs xSirad sworad ar<br />

esmiT: Tu qarTvelebi Sahs ebrZvian, maSin maT miiCneven osmaleTis<br />

sulTnis qveSevrdomebad an mo kavSireebad, xolo<br />

Tu piriqiT xdeba, maSin Sahis momxreebi hgoniaT. wyaroebis<br />

amgvari tendencia arTulebs sinamdvilis <strong>da</strong>dgenas.<br />

aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefoebisa <strong>da</strong> saTavadoebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokide buleba amasiis zavisadmi erTnairi ar iyo. saTavadoebis<br />

didi nawili, savaraudoa, zavis momxreni iyvnen, radgan<br />

zavis Sedegad qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefo xelisuflebis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi iran-osmaleTis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris imedi<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T. rac Seexeba qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebs, maTTvis<br />

amasiis zavi miuRebeli iyo, radgan amieri<strong>da</strong>n maT naklebad<br />

SeeZloT iran-osmaleTis winaaRmdegobebis gamoyeneba TavianTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>mou kide blobis SesanarCuneblad. roca iran-osmaleTi<br />

erTmaneTTan brZolas Sewyvetdnen, maSin qarTvelebis saSinao<br />

saqmeebSi ufro energiulad Cae reodnen.<br />

qarTveli politikosebisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili, rom<br />

sparseTi <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi erTmaneTs saqarTveloSi gabatonebisTvisac<br />

ebrZodnen. amitom isini yvelafers akeTebdnen, raTa<br />

ori <strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli erTmaneTs ar morigebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

xarjze, SenarCunebuli yofiliyo maT So ris <strong>da</strong>pirispireba.<br />

osmaleTTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sustebuli<br />

sparseTi myarad ver grZnob<strong>da</strong> Tavis poziciebs aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi, amitom misi <strong>sagareo</strong> politikis mTavar ubnad<br />

aq arsebuli ori qarTuli saxelmwifo rCebo<strong>da</strong>. radgan sasurvel<br />

Sedegs ver miaRwia, Sahs xSirad uxdebo<strong>da</strong> Seiara-<br />

Rebuli Zalis gamoyeneba yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg amxe drebul<br />

qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad. aRmosavleT saqarTveloze<br />

iranis Setevis saqmeSi gansakuTrerbiT aqtiurob<strong>da</strong><br />

yarabaxis gamgebeli Sahverdi-sulTani.<br />

osmaleTi fxizlad adevneb<strong>da</strong> Tvals movlenebis ganvi-<br />

Tarebas aR mosavleT saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> yovel xelsayrel vi-<br />

TarebaSi iseT STabeWdilebas qmni<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos am regionze<br />

droebiT ambob<strong>da</strong> uars <strong>da</strong> misTvis sul erTi ar iyo, Tu ra<br />

xdebo<strong>da</strong> iq.<br />

1556 w. 18 seqtembers sulTan suleiman II kanunis acnobes,<br />

rom Sah Tamazma TavrizSi gaamza<strong>da</strong> 70 aTasi meomari <strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma 1 . amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

`romis saRmrTo imperiis~ im perators ferdinands, misi<br />

agenti konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n wer<strong>da</strong>, rom Sahis saqarTveloze<br />

galaSqrebis mizezi qarTvelebis mier sulTnisaTvis mxar<strong>da</strong>Weraao.<br />

iqve naTqvamia, roca qarTvelebma Sahis samzadisis<br />

Sesaxeb Seity ves, maSinve sulTans <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxoves. isini<br />

moiTxovdnen, rom sulTans <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mezobeli sanjayebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmare bina mTTvis.<br />

imave wlis 21 seqtembers suleiman II-m werilebi gaugzavna<br />

iranis mosazRvre yvela sanjays <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv <strong>da</strong>xmareba ubrZana. sulTnis am gankargulebam<br />

miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. yvelas egona, rom kvlav omi <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong><br />

2 .<br />

italiur wyaroSi aRniSnul saparseT-osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>Zabuli<br />

viTare bis <strong>da</strong> sulTnis mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebis<br />

Sesaxeb un<strong>da</strong> iyos iabrahim fe Cevis cnobaSic: `fadiSahs moxsen<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom gza<strong>da</strong>bneuli Sahi saqarTveloSi ramdenime fadi-<br />

1 Tardy L., Rapports diplomatiques sur la Gèorgie entres les annèe 1550 et<br />

1570. `Bedi Kartlisa~, v. 34, Paris, 1976 , p.102.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

154 155

Sahiseul cixes Seesia. oTxi aTasi ianiCris <strong>da</strong> sruliad<br />

rumeliis, anatoliisa <strong>da</strong> yaramaniis laSqrisa <strong>da</strong> yvela boluqis<br />

jaris sar<strong>da</strong>l-spasalarad <strong>da</strong>iniSna saxelovani didi<br />

veziri <strong>da</strong> gaigzavna [saqarTveloSi]... rodesac yizilbaSebma<br />

[Seityves], rom didi veziri islamis laSqriT movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Zlevamosili jariT [<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>] mfarvelobas uwevso, ori<br />

dRis savali erT dRes gairbines <strong>da</strong> Sin mo kurcxles _ didi<br />

veziri ki mis<strong>da</strong>mi rwmunebuli laSqriT uavgustoes jars<br />

SeuerT<strong>da</strong>~ 1 .<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, kerZod, samcxis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT<br />

iran-os maleTs Soris <strong>da</strong>Zabuloba, savaraudoa, aisaxa vaxuStis<br />

TxzulebaSi iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c naTqvamia sulTan suleimanis <strong>da</strong><br />

Sah Tamazis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samxreT sazRvarTan misvlaze <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>TariRebulia 1556 wliT. `Semdgomad movi<strong>da</strong> sulTani<br />

suleiman, aRaSena kari, mosrna urCni, ukuniqca <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga<br />

basians q ~ sa C ~ fnv qar. s ~ md. mas moudga SahTamaz <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dga<br />

artans. xolo sulTani suleiman warvi<strong>da</strong> stambols~ 2 .<br />

1556 wlis 25 noembers stambolSi Cavi<strong>da</strong> ori qarTveli<br />

didebuli, romlebsac <strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T, sulTnisTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT saCivari Sahis mo qmedebis gamo. maT ganacxades, rom<br />

yoveldRiurad Sahisagan Seviwroe bas ganicdian <strong>da</strong> mas mzad<br />

hyavs didi armia saqarTveloze Tav<strong>da</strong>sasxme lad.<br />

savaraudoa, zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli despanebi svimon I-is<br />

mier iyvnen gagzavnilni.<br />

svimon I <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erT-erTi gamorCeul mefeTagania.<br />

mis sax elTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi<br />

qarTveli xalxis <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebis winaaRmdeg gmiruli brZolis<br />

araerTi saintereso epi zodi. igi uaRresad popularuli<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi <strong>da</strong> mis Sesaxeb bevric <strong>da</strong>iwera.<br />

svimon I, qarTlis gmiri mefe luarsab I-is (1534-1556)<br />

vaJi iyo. qarT veli istorikosis mixedviT, `luarsab mefe<br />

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 31.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 717.<br />

mamacobazed naqebia yovels <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefeTa <strong>da</strong> TavadTa<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>n ZveliT axlebamdisin. TavaT kargi sar<strong>da</strong>ri iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

merme gulovani, uxvi <strong>da</strong> uSurveli, msmevel-mWmeveli, samar-<br />

Tliani, yma-morCili. omSi koxta <strong>da</strong> uSiSari, Tanac magari<br />

qristiani~. aseTi mama zrdi<strong>da</strong> ufliswul svimons 1 .<br />

svimon I -ma mZime memkvidreoba miiRo. yizilbaSebTan br-<br />

ZolaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa mamamisi luarsab I. Sah Tamazma ganizraxa,<br />

Seupovari luarsabis sikvdilis Semdeg mainc, <strong>da</strong>emorCilebina<br />

qarTlis samefo, romelic kavkasiaSi yizilbaSebis yvela<br />

mowinaaRmdegis <strong>da</strong>sayrdens warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

mefem, rogorc Cans, sworad Seafasa arsebuli mdgomareoba<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavisi samefos ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis mizniT osmalebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSireba sca<strong>da</strong> 2 . qarTvel elCebs stambolSi pasuxi ver<br />

gasces 3 <strong>da</strong>, albaT, iqve urCies aseT serizul sakiTxze<br />

mosalaparakeblad adrianopolSi wasuliyvnen.<br />

qarTvel politikosebs gacnobierebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T, rom<br />

rodesac osmaleTi yuradRebas <strong>da</strong>savleTisken ga<strong>da</strong>itan<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maSinve iwyebo<strong>da</strong> iranis gaaqtiureba amierkavkasiaSi. osmale-<br />

Tis zraxvebis codna maT saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong> sworad <strong>da</strong><br />

moxerxebulad waremarTaT TavianTi urTierToba iranTan.<br />

1556 wlis 6 dekembers erTi qarTveli elCi didvazirs<br />

rosTem faSas Sexv<strong>da</strong>. rogorc molaparakebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, el-<br />

Cma ico<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis jaris marcxi ungreTSi imave wlis<br />

1 mefis <strong>da</strong>badebis ori gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs: 1531/1532 (1531/1532<br />

weli gamoangariSebulia is elCis ter-iakobis mier veneciis saxelmwifo sab-<br />

WoSi 1597 wels naTqvami<strong>da</strong>n, rom mefe 65 wlisa ariso. <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. qvemoT) <strong>da</strong><br />

1537 weli (javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 256). radgan gamefebisas (1556 w.)<br />

svimoni 19 wlisa <strong>da</strong> jerac ucolSvilo iyo, upiratesoba un<strong>da</strong> mivaniWoT 1537<br />

wels, radgan saqarTveloSi vaJis qorwinebis asa kad, rogorc wesi, 18 weli<br />

iyo miCneuli <strong>da</strong> ufliswuls ucolod didxans ar <strong>da</strong>stovebdnen. amitom misi<br />

<strong>da</strong>badebis welad un<strong>da</strong> CaiTvalos 1537. svimoni 1559 wels <strong>da</strong>qorwin<strong>da</strong> kaxTa<br />

mefe levanis asulze, nestan <strong>da</strong>rejanze.<br />

2 Documents privitoare la istoria Romanilor, v. II , par. II, Bucuresti, 1891 ,<br />

p. 353<br />

3 Ibidem.<br />

156 157

gazfxulze. amitom didvazirTan Sexvedrisas man kategoriulad<br />

moiTxova ecnobebinaT misTvis, apireb<strong>da</strong> Tu ara sul-<br />

Tani momaval wels ungreTSi wasvlas. gakvirvebulma vazirma<br />

ikiTxa: ratom aintereseb<strong>da</strong> qarTvel elCs es sakiTxi?<br />

elCma upasuxa: osmaleTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul yvela qarTvels<br />

afiqrebs sulTnis mosalodneli gamgzavreba ungreTSi <strong>da</strong> iq<br />

omis gaCaReba. amiT isargeblebs Sahi <strong>da</strong> brZolas <strong>da</strong>uwyebs<br />

qarTvelebs 1 .<br />

didvazirma sca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erwmunebina qarTveli elCi, rom osmaleTis<br />

mTavroba cdilob<strong>da</strong> mSvidobianad moegvarebina urTierToba<br />

ungreTTan, magram mefe ferdinandi Tu mainc samxedro<br />

moqmedebas <strong>da</strong>iwyebs <strong>da</strong> sulTani ungreTSi wava, aseT<br />

SemTxvevaSi is yovel Rones ixmar<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvelebma <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTis sxva mokavSireebma zarali ar ganicadon 2 .<br />

1557 wlis <strong>da</strong>sasruls iranis elCi sulTnis kars ewvia<br />

<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis umaRles moxeleebTan molaparakeba gamarTa.<br />

iranSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis win elCi sulTanma <strong>da</strong> didvazirma miiRes.<br />

maT, sxva sakiTxebTan erTad ganixiles <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxic.<br />

elCma ukmayofileba gamosTqva imis gamo, rom sulTani<br />

keTilganwyobilebas iCens im qarTvelebis mimarT, romlebic<br />

irans esazRvrebian, e. i. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> im nawilebis (qarTli,<br />

kaxeTi, aRmosavleTi saaTabago) mimarT, romlebic amasiis<br />

sazavo xelSekrulebiT iranis xeldebulad gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. man<br />

moiTxova, rom maT Sahs Zveleburad xarki ga<strong>da</strong>uxadon. elCis<br />

amgvar moTxovnaze sulTanma upasuxa: radgan qarTvelebi<br />

sulTnis moxarkeni gaxdnen, amitom sulTani valdebulia,<br />

<strong>da</strong>icvas isini. amasTanave sulTanma elCs imis garantia misca,<br />

rom `ar <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong> Sahis samflobeloebze qarTvelebis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebs~ 3 .<br />

sulTanma <strong>da</strong>ufaravad <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura Tavisi miznebi aR-<br />

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p.103.<br />

2 Ibidem, p.104.<br />

3 Ibidem.<br />

mosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mimarT. amgvarad, molaparakeba uSedegod<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sahma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita Tavisi interesebi iara-<br />

RiT <strong>da</strong>ecva. ukve 1557 wlis dekemberSi sparselebi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> winaaRmdeg moqmedeben. italiur wyaroSi, ar<br />

Cans, konkretulad, sad SeiWrnen yizilbaSebi. amis garkveva-<br />

Si <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba hasan rumlus erTi cnoba, sai<strong>da</strong>nac vigebT,<br />

rom Sahverdi sulTan ziad oRli <strong>da</strong> suleiman-beg baiaTi<br />

qarTlSi SeiWrnen. mtris simravlisa Tu moulodneli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis<br />

gamo mefem mTebs Seafara Tavi. `Raziebma goris,<br />

suramisa <strong>da</strong> sabaraTianos velaieTi <strong>da</strong>arbies, soflebi <strong>da</strong><br />

mxareebi aaoxres. yanebi <strong>da</strong> xeebi mwife xiliT Zirianad amoglijes<br />

[miwi<strong>da</strong>n] <strong>da</strong> gamarjvebulni uamravi na<strong>da</strong>vliT ganjaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>brundnen~ 1 .<br />

qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mesveurebs kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom<br />

sakuTari ZaliT yizilbaSebis mogeriebas ver SesZlebdnen.<br />

osmaleTi mxolod bundovan <strong>da</strong>pirebas iZleo<strong>da</strong>. realuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba arsai<strong>da</strong>n Can<strong>da</strong>. amitom maT ganizraxes, iranis sapirispirod<br />

iseTi Zala gamoeZebnaT, romelic Sahs aiZuleb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

SeeCerebina an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Seesustebina agresia<br />

qarTuli samefoebis mimarT. qarTvelma diplomatebma aseT<br />

Zalad ruseTi miiCnies <strong>da</strong> kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTis<br />

<strong>politika</strong>Si misi Cabma scades.<br />

XVI s. 50-ian wlebSi ruseTis mefe ivane IV-m did warmatebas<br />

miaRwia. man <strong>da</strong>ipyro jer yazanis (1552 w.), Semdeg<br />

astraxanis (1556 w.) saxanoebi. faqtobrivad, mTeli volgispireTi<br />

kaspiis zRvamde moskovis samefos xelSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

man Crdilo kavkasiaSic moiki<strong>da</strong> fexi. qarTvelebi cdilobdnen<br />

kontaqti <strong>da</strong>emyarebinaT gaZlierebul moskovis saxelmwifosTan.<br />

1557 wels moskovSi Cavi<strong>da</strong> yabardos gavleniani mTavrebis<br />

elCoba <strong>da</strong> ivane IV-s yirimis saxanosa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTisagan<br />

<strong>da</strong>sacavad mfarveloba sTxoves. Cans, qarTvelebi Tvals ad-<br />

1 hasan rumlu, gv. 35.<br />

158 159

evnebdnen Crdilo kavkasieli mTavrebis moskovTan urTier-<br />

Tobis <strong>da</strong>wyebas <strong>da</strong> am saqmeSi xelsac uwyobdnen. kavkasiaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mesame Zalis, Tanac marTlmadidebeli<br />

qristianulis, gamoCena, maTi varaudiT, gaadvileb<strong>da</strong><br />

yizilbaSebTan <strong>da</strong> osmalebTan brZolas. albaT, qarTlis<br />

mefisagan uflebamosilni iyvnen yabardos mTavarTa elCebi,<br />

rodesac ivane IV-s ganucxades, rom CvenTan erTad aris<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavari <strong>da</strong> mTeli saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> moskovis<br />

mTavarma mis mimarTac mowyaleba gamoiCinoso 1 .<br />

ruseTis poziciebis kavkasiaSi gantkicebisaTvis farTe<br />

asparezi iSlebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo, rom, rogorc wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans, yabardos mTavrebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mbrZaneblebTan, TavianT<br />

samxreT mezoblebTan erTad wyvetdnen aseT sapasuxismgeblo<br />

sakiTxs. `yabardoelTa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa es moqmedeba, _ aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />

T. bocvaZe, _ rasakvirvelia, saSamxlo-<strong>da</strong>Restnis yuradRebas<br />

ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamoparvo<strong>da</strong>, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c igi mis winaaRmdeg<br />

reseT-yabardo-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> bloks gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rac rasakvirvelia, misTvis ar iyo xelsayreli. jer erTi,<br />

aRniSnuli bloki barierad imarTebo<strong>da</strong> amxanad <strong>da</strong>axloebul<br />

Turq-yirimxansa <strong>da</strong> saSamxlo-<strong>da</strong>Restans Soris, meore, aSkarad<br />

aZliereb<strong>da</strong> mis metoqeebs <strong>da</strong> mezoblebs saqarTvelo-yabardosa<br />

<strong>da</strong>, mesame, am bloks ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> ar emoqme<strong>da</strong><br />

saSamxlos ekonomikur interesebze, mis vaWrobaze volgaastraxanis<br />

did magistralze~ 2 . sainteresoa, ratom cdilobdnen<br />

qarTveli politikosebi Ta vianTi survili moskovis<br />

mefisaTvis sxvaTa piriT ecnobebinaT <strong>da</strong> ratom ar<br />

agzavnidnen sakuTar warmomadgenlebs?<br />

1 Сношения России с Кавказом. Материалы, извлеченные из Московского<br />

Главного Архива Министерства иностранных дел Сергеем А. Белокуровым,<br />

вып. I (1578-1613), М., 1889, с. 4; Полное со б рание русских летописей, т.<br />

XIII, I-я половина, СПб., 1904, с. 284.<br />

2 bocvaZe T., Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobaSi<br />

(XVI-XVII ss.). `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri xanis istoriis sakiTxebi~, II,<br />

Tb., 1972, gv. 32-33.<br />

qarTveli politikosebi frTxilobdnen. isini <strong>da</strong>rwmunebuli<br />

ar iyvnen Seswev<strong>da</strong> Tu ara ruseTs Zala, aqtiurad<br />

Careuliyo kavkasiis saqmeebSi. vai Tu moskovTan urTier-<br />

Toba unayofo aRmoCeniliyo, <strong>da</strong>xmareba ver SesZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

yizilbaSebi kidev ufro gaRizianebuli yvnen. am sa kiTxis<br />

awon<strong>da</strong>wonisas mxedvelobaSi imasac miiRebdnen, rom qarTlkaxeTis<br />

aseTi moqmedebiT ukmayofilo <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTic<br />

(os maleTi xom mtru lad Sexv<strong>da</strong> moskovis saxelmwifos warmatebebs<br />

volgispireTSi), romelic, rogorc zemoT iTqva,<br />

qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs Tavs mfarvelad aCveneb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebis<br />

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad aqezeb<strong>da</strong>. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis<br />

gamo iyo, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefeebi jerjerobiT nia<strong>da</strong>gis<br />

mosinjviT kmayofildebodnen.<br />

Sah Tamazi I <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTi saqarTveloSi<br />

iranis in tere sebs ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong>, magram sulTani zavis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rRvevas ar fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. os maleTis amgvari orWofuli mdgomareobiT<br />

isargebla Sah Tamazma <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyo brZola saqarTveloze<br />

ucilobeli batonobisaTvis.<br />

TanamedroveTa mixedviT, 1558 wlis martSi qarTvelebi<br />

uTanasworo brZolas awarmoebdnen yizilbaSebTan.. amis gamo<br />

maT TavianTi elCebi gaugzavnes sulTans <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxoves.<br />

Sah Tamazis varaudi gamarTl<strong>da</strong>: sulTanma qarTvelebs<br />

uari uTxra jariT <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze 1 , ramac qarTlis samefosa <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTs Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba gamoiwvia.<br />

1559 w. osmaleTSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo dinastiuri brZola: sulTani<br />

suleimani <strong>da</strong> ufliswuli selimi (SemdegSi selim II, 1566-<br />

1574) ufliswul baiazids ebrZodnen. am brZolaSi aqtiurobdnen<br />

qarTvelebic, savarudoa, qarTlis samefo<strong>da</strong>n, radgan<br />

mefe svimoni suleimanis politikiT ukmayofilo iyo. man,<br />

mra valgzis Txovnis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg br-<br />

ZolaSi sulTnisgan <strong>da</strong>xmareba ver miiRo. ufliswuli bai-<br />

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 104-105.<br />

160 161

azidi ki cnobili iyo Tavisi <strong>da</strong>udegari xasiTiT <strong>da</strong>, savaraudo<br />

iyo, rom gamefebis Semdeg igi amasiis zavs<br />

<strong>da</strong>arRvev<strong>da</strong>. mefem, maSindeli mravali <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblis msgavsad,<br />

baiazidis SesaZleblobebi sworad ver Seafasa <strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong>u-<br />

Wira mxari. erTi wyaros mixedviT, baiazids qarTvelebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>. iqi<strong>da</strong>nve vigebT, rom sul-<br />

Tanma baiazidis <strong>da</strong>saSineblad <strong>da</strong> misTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis gawevis<br />

mosaspobad, jari mzadyofnaSi moiyvana <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloze<br />

galaSqreba brZana 1 .<br />

1559 w. 1 marts konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n venaSi gagzavnil<br />

moxsenebaSi naTqvamia baiazidsa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs Soris urTierTobaze.<br />

sulTans ufliswul baiazidze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma gaunazraxavs,<br />

magram xma gauvrcele biaT, rom qarTvelebze salaSqrod<br />

midiso 2 . amgvari xmebis gavrceleba usafuZvlo ar iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ijerebdnen kidec, radgan yvelam ico<strong>da</strong>, rom bai azidis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad midiodnen qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> qurTebis razmebi,<br />

rom lebic sursaT-sanovagiTac amaragebdnen taxtis pretendentis<br />

jars 3 .<br />

vidre baiazidi Zalebs moikreb<strong>da</strong>, mas ufliswuli selimi<br />

uzarma zari jariT Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>amarcxa. baiazidma<br />

aRmosavleTisaken, yizil baSTa saxelmwifos sazRvrebisaken<br />

<strong>da</strong>ixia 4 . igi basianSi mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sahs mo ciquli gaugzavna,<br />

romelmac ganacxa<strong>da</strong>: `sulTan-baiazidi basians movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gamomgzavna<br />

imis gasagebad, SahTan rom mivide Seminaxavs Tu<br />

arao~ 5 . Sahma es momenti sulTanze politikuri zewolis<br />

karg saSuale bad CaT vala. Sah Tamazis amgvari ganzraxvis<br />

Sesaxeb sulTnis kars ac noba `erTma qarTvelma batonma,<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 105.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 105.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 106.<br />

4 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 204.<br />

5 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan. sparsuli teqsti gamosacemad<br />

moamza<strong>da</strong>, Targmna, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> winasityvaoba <strong>da</strong>urTo k. tabataZem, Tb., 1976 ,<br />

gv.54.<br />

sulTnis megobarma~, romelsac miu weria, rom Sahma bai azidi<br />

mxolod mzakvruli mizniT Seifarao 1 .<br />

Sah Tamazma baiazids yazvinSi misvlis neba misca. igi<br />

didi zeimiTa <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebiT miiRes. male devnili ufliswuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi mxleblebi mixvdnen, rom Sahs mxolod Tavisi<br />

interesebi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xelsayrel mo mentSi `stumrebs~ sul-<br />

Tan suleimans ga<strong>da</strong>scem<strong>da</strong>. maT ganizraxes Sahze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />

moewyoT <strong>da</strong> baR<strong>da</strong>dSi, SirvanSi an saqarT veloSi gaqceuliyvnen<br />

2 . magram SeTqmuleba gamJRavn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yvela, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT<br />

10 aTasi kaci Seipyres, maTi nawili gawyvites, nawili Seiwyales<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sahis samsaxurSi Seiyvanes, xolo baiazidi <strong>da</strong><br />

misi oTxi vaJi <strong>da</strong>atusaRes.<br />

1560 w. Sah Tamazs sulTnis mociqulebi exlnen, romlebmac<br />

didZali saCuqrebis sanacvlod baiazidi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

Svilebi moiTxoves. Sahi amaze ar <strong>da</strong>sTanxm<strong>da</strong>. man ufliswuli<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>risaTvis sagamgeblod baR<strong>da</strong>dis ga<strong>da</strong> cema moiTxova.<br />

sulTani am moTxovnas ar <strong>da</strong>sTanxm<strong>da</strong>. Sahs ar sur<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan<br />

urTierToba gaerTulebina <strong>da</strong> 30 aTasi era yuli<br />

Tumnis Rirebulebis saCuqrebis sanacvlod osmaleTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Camosul jalaTebs ufliswuli baiazidi <strong>da</strong> misi vaJebi ga<strong>da</strong>sca<br />

3 . 1562 wlis 21 seqtembers isini yazvinSi sikvdiliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>sajes.<br />

moRweuli cnobebi uflebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom<br />

qarTvelebi baiazidTan iyvnen Sahis sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebaSi.<br />

Saraf-xan bidlisis mixedviT, baiazidi xom saqarTveloSi<br />

apireb<strong>da</strong> gaqcevas. kidev ufro say uradReboa 1561<br />

wlis 4 noembris moxseneba, romelic vani<strong>da</strong>n miRebul informaciaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiTaa <strong>da</strong>werili, sai<strong>da</strong>nac vigebT, rom<br />

Sahma did jars mouyara Tavi <strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli hqon<strong>da</strong> saqarT-<br />

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 106.<br />

2 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTan, gv. 205.<br />

3 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, с. 206-208.<br />

162 163

veloSi (al baT, qarTlSi) Se Wra, radgan qarTvelebma baiazids<br />

mxari <strong>da</strong>uWires 1 .<br />

svimon I <strong>da</strong> misi TanamebrZolebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen<br />

yizil baSebs arc qarTlSi <strong>da</strong> arc mis gareT. rogorc Tanamedrove<br />

evropuli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, qarTlis samefos brZolas<br />

garkveuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> maSindeli axlo aRmosavleTis<br />

did <strong>politika</strong>Si.<br />

svimon mefis mTavari amocana iyo ganTavisufleba Tbilisisa,<br />

sa <strong>da</strong>c yizilbaSTa garnizoni idga. magram am miznis<br />

ganxorcieleba sxva qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba gaumjobes<strong>da</strong><br />

1559 wels, roca svimon I kaxTa mefe levanis asulze<br />

<strong>da</strong>qorwin<strong>da</strong>. es faqti mianiSneb<strong>da</strong> aRmosav leT saqarTveloSi<br />

ori qarTuli samefos antiiranuli koaliciis Seqm naze.<br />

svimon I iaraRiT xelSi ebrZo<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs, mefe levani<br />

ki, ofi cialurad Sahis vasalad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. albaT kaxeTis<br />

mefe levans gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> romis papisa <strong>da</strong> veneciis<br />

respublikis elCi Sah Tamazis karze, vinCenco deli alesandri,<br />

roca ambob<strong>da</strong>, rom Sahze `<strong>da</strong>mokide bu lia erTi qristiani<br />

mefe, qarTvelebis batoni, mas yovelwliurad uxdis<br />

ociaTas dukats. misi saxelmwifo kaspiis zRvis maxlobla<strong>da</strong>a.<br />

es mefe os maleTTan omis SemTxvevavSi Sahs un<strong>da</strong><br />

emsaxuros aTi aTasi ax algazr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mamaci cxenosniT~ 2 .<br />

rogor mZime tvirTad awva kaxeTis same fos sefianTa saxelmwifosadmi<br />

morCileba, kargad Cans isqander munSis Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

3 . marTalia, isqanderi XVI s. 80-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisisaTvis<br />

arsebul mdgo mareobaze laparakobs, magram<br />

maSin kaxeTis yizilbaSebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokide bulebaSi imave saukunis<br />

50-iani wle bi<strong>da</strong>n bevri araferi Seicvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 Charrière, II, Op. cit., p. 679.<br />

2 Alberi, II, Op. cit., p. 126.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv. 37.<br />

mefe levans Sahisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> zemoaRnisnuli mZime ga<strong>da</strong>saxadisa <strong>da</strong> valdebulebisa,<br />

rac qveynis ekonomikur mdgomareobas aqveiTeb<strong>da</strong>, Sah Tamazi<br />

Tavisi politikuri zegavleniTac aSfoTeb<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefo<br />

kars. ai, rogoraa Camoyalibe buli sulTnis mier levan IsaTvis<br />

gagzavnil sapasuxo werilSi (1564 w.) kaxeTis mefis<br />

Sahisadmi wayenebuli braldebebi: `SevityveT, rom Seni<br />

Svilebi<strong>da</strong>n erT-erTi RviZli Svili, mouklavs u<strong>da</strong>naSaulod<br />

1 , xolo meore vaJi, saxe lad iese, romelmac islami<br />

miiRo, <strong>da</strong>patimrebulia 2 <strong>da</strong> Zveli droi<strong>da</strong>n mom dinare Cveulebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> azris sawinaaRmdegod SemoRe buli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis ga<strong>da</strong>xdis<br />

Rone <strong>da</strong>hkargeT, xolo tanjvis moTmena autaneli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. ambob, rom maTi ganzraxvaa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mospoba, Semdeg<br />

ki islamis qveynebSi Se Wra <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma, ris gamoc<br />

samyaros Rirsebamosili Cveni zRurblisagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebas <strong>da</strong><br />

Semweobas iTxovT~ 3 .<br />

sulTnis werilSi gadmocemuls isic un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vumatoT,<br />

rom kaxeTis samefom XVI s. 60-ian wlebSi Sahis `wyalobiT~<br />

teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>naklisic ganica<strong>da</strong>. yizilbaSebma kxeTis<br />

samefos Camoaciles md. samuris zemo welze waxuris qristianuli<br />

qveyana, romlis mflobeli Sahis mfarvelobis qveS<br />

gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. Sah Tamazma kargad ico<strong>da</strong> Tu ra didi mniS-<br />

1 1554 w. osmalebis azerbaijanSi SeWrisas levan mefis erTi vaJi, romelic<br />

Sahs ax l<strong>da</strong>, gaurkvevel viTarebaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa (Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis<br />

elCebTan, gv. 50). kaxTa mefes, albaT safuZveli hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom Tavisi Svili Sah<br />

Tamazis mier `u<strong>da</strong>naSaulod moklulad~ CaeTvala.<br />

2 levan mefem, qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros (1556<br />

w.) Sahs <strong>da</strong>xmareba ar gauwia <strong>da</strong> SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom Sahi amis gamo Surs iZieb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

SurisZiebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad man, 1558 wels, Tavisi vaJi iese didi saCuqrebiT<br />

yazvins gagzavna (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 575). igi Sahma gaamahmadiana<br />

1559 wels <strong>da</strong> levan mefis tax tis mociled amzadeb<strong>da</strong>. magram iesem Sahs imedi<br />

ver gaumarTla. man 1562 wels islami uaryo <strong>da</strong> gaqceva sca<strong>da</strong>, magram Seipyres<br />

<strong>da</strong> imave wlis 23 dekembers alamutis cixeSi Casves (hasan rumlu, gv. 35).<br />

3 CoCievi v., kaxeTis samefos <strong>sagareo</strong> politikis istorii<strong>da</strong>n XVI s. 60ian<br />

wlebSi, gv. 257-258.<br />

164 165

vneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> kaxeTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>saxelebul olqs. albaT, amitom<br />

afrTxileb<strong>da</strong> Sahi 1562 wels kaxeTis mefes, rom waxuris<br />

batoni aravin Seawuxoso 1 .<br />

amgvarad, zemoaRniSnul mizezTa gamo, kaxeTis samefoc<br />

iseve uk mayofilo iyo iranisa, rogorc qarTlis samefo. am<br />

ori qarTuli samefos erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba ganpirobebuli<br />

iyo garTulebuli sa gareo vi TarebiT.<br />

iv. javaxiSvilma levan I-sa <strong>da</strong> svimon I-is <strong>da</strong>moyvreba<br />

<strong>da</strong>debiTad Seafasa: `kaxT batonis leon mefis siZobam svimon<br />

mefes saSualeba misca, aramc Tu mtris Semosevisagan kaxe-<br />

Tis mxriT uzrunvelyo filiyo, aramed Tavisi ganzraxvis<br />

(Tbilisis ganTvisufleba – e. m.) gansaxorcieleblad meSveli<br />

jaric mieRo~ 2 .<br />

svimon mefe didi omisaTvis emzadebo<strong>da</strong>. isqander munSisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> hasan rumlus gadmocemiT, mefes mravali <strong>da</strong>mxmare razmi<br />

miuvi<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

kaxTa mefem, misTvis Cveuli sifrTxiliT, pira<strong>da</strong>d ki ar<br />

miiRo monawileoba yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg qarTlis omSi,<br />

aramed Tavisi ufrosi vaJi giorgi gagzavna kaxelTa razmiT.<br />

amiT mas saSualeba eqnebo<strong>da</strong>, saWi roebis SemTxvevaSi, SahTan<br />

Tavi emarTlebina. niSndo blivia, rom isqander munSis ver<br />

gaurkvevia giorgi `mamis nebarTviT Tu TviTneburad~ mivi<strong>da</strong><br />

mefis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad 4 .<br />

rogorc isqander munSi wer<strong>da</strong> svimoni „mamis^wesisamebr,<br />

urCobisa <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobis gzas <strong>da</strong>adga <strong>da</strong> cxraas samoc<strong>da</strong><br />

rva (1560/1561) wels Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad Tavisi samyofeli<br />

adgili<strong>da</strong>n (gori<strong>da</strong>n) <strong>da</strong>iZra 5 . magram qarTvelTa brZola<br />

Tbilisis ganTavisuflebisaTvis marcxiT <strong>da</strong>m Tavr<strong>da</strong>. 1561<br />

1 dumbaZe m., aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilo) istorii<strong>da</strong>n, Tb., 1953 , gv. 8.<br />

2 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 257.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv. 23; hasan rumlu, gv. 36.<br />

4 isqander munSi, gv. 23.<br />

5 iqve<br />

w. 6 aprils muxaTgverdTan mraval qarTvelTan er Tad <strong>da</strong>iRupa<br />

giorgi ufliswulic. gancdil marcxs isic <strong>da</strong>emata, rom<br />

svimon mefes Tavisi Zma <strong>da</strong>viTi (SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>uT-xani) ganudga<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlis taxtis <strong>da</strong>pyroba isurva. igi 1562 wels<br />

yazvinSi Cavi<strong>da</strong>, gamahmadian<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis `Svilis~ wodebuleba<br />

miiRo. isqander munSis mixedviT, `samoTxeSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebulma<br />

Sahma (Sah Tamazi _ e.m.) mas (<strong>da</strong>uT-xans _ e. m.)<br />

miualersa, wvrTna, Svilobis wodebis pa tiviT gamoarCia <strong>da</strong><br />

Tbilisis velaieTi <strong>da</strong> is adgilebi, romlebic maRali divanis<br />

mflobelobaSi iyo, mas uwyalobes. <strong>da</strong> Tumca erTxans<br />

sasaxlis erTi amiri Tbilisis cixis quTvali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis<br />

lala <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo saqmeebis gamge iyo~ 1 .<br />

Zvelma qarTvelma istorikosebma mkacri Sefaseba misces<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xanis Ralats: „<strong>da</strong> ra ixila Zmaman mefis svimonisaman<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT saqme ese (marcxi mefisa _ e.m.) ... <strong>da</strong> aman gansca Zma<br />

<strong>da</strong> queyana TÕsi <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> yaenTan, <strong>da</strong> mivi<strong>da</strong> Sah-TamasTan<br />

yazmins, <strong>da</strong> gahyvnes ramdenime Tavadni, aznaurni <strong>da</strong> msaxurni,<br />

gaTaTr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uwodes <strong>da</strong>uTxan. <strong>da</strong> mun di<strong>da</strong>d pativsca Sah<br />

Tamaz <strong>da</strong> uwo<strong>da</strong> Zmad TÕsad <strong>da</strong> aswavla rjuli mahmadisa, <strong>da</strong><br />

gagzavna Tfilissa <strong>da</strong> raodeni adgili epyra <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ani,<br />

<strong>da</strong> moumcno sulTansa ganZisasa Semweoba misi, <strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>uTxan tfilissa, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyra tfilisi“ 2 . <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis moqmedeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi Sedegebi, ufro vrclad <strong>da</strong> isqander munSis<br />

naTqvamTan ufro miaxloebuli, mocemulia axali qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis mesame teqstSi: „xolo iyo urwmesi Zma mefisa<br />

svimonisi, saxeliT <strong>da</strong>viT, <strong>da</strong> Semoswyra Zmasa TÕssa svimons,<br />

<strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamaz yaenis karsa, yaeni yazmins iyo... di<strong>da</strong>d<br />

pativ-ces <strong>da</strong> Svilobis rayami uboZes... <strong>da</strong> cota xans ukan<br />

hgmo RmerTi <strong>da</strong> gaTaTr<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong> uwodes saxelad <strong>da</strong>uTxan... <strong>da</strong><br />

qalaqisa <strong>da</strong> somxiT-sabaraTianos mefoba misces, <strong>da</strong> rayamSi<br />

SvilobiT Caweres, <strong>da</strong> mestumre Tan gaatanes, <strong>da</strong> didis pa-<br />

1 iqve<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 367.<br />

166 167

tiviTa <strong>da</strong> morWmiT gaistumres. <strong>da</strong> weliwadSi TÕTos napiris<br />

xans mefis <strong>da</strong>viTis mcvelad Tavisis laSqriT mouyenebdnen<br />

qalaqis cixeSi“ 1 .<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe ramdenime <strong>da</strong>matebiT cnobas gvawvdis,<br />

rogorc <strong>da</strong>viTis ise misi Tanmxlebebisadmi Sahis karze mopyrobis<br />

Sesaxeb: yaeni yazvins iyo roca batoniSvili <strong>da</strong>viTis<br />

mosvla moaxsenes. am ambavma yaeni di<strong>da</strong>d gaaxara <strong>da</strong> karis<br />

didebulebi miageba. <strong>da</strong>viTis amalaSi baraTaSvilebi Warbobdnen.<br />

„viTamz [<strong>da</strong>viTi] mefis svimonisagan Semamwyrali iyo,<br />

amisTvis ufro didi pativni <strong>da</strong>sdves <strong>da</strong> Svilobis rayami<br />

uboZes. mejlisSigan yaenman axlos moisva <strong>da</strong> viTac âemwifes<br />

qveS moufines <strong>da</strong> sasTauli <strong>da</strong>udves <strong>da</strong> misi Tavadni mejlis-<br />

Sig msxdomT alag alag Sva <strong>da</strong> Sva Causxes. cotas xans ukan<br />

<strong>da</strong>aTaTres <strong>da</strong> saâemwifo iaraRi yovlia risimeTgan uboZes<br />

samefos <strong>da</strong> miss TavadebTa <strong>da</strong> aznaurTa cxeni, iaraRi, xalaTi<br />

<strong>da</strong> saâarjo uboZes, batonymianaT rac miecaT cxra<br />

aTasis Tumnisa yofiliyo. qalaqi [Tbilisi] <strong>da</strong> somxiT sabaraTianos<br />

mefobac misces <strong>da</strong> rayamSi Sviloba Cauweres <strong>da</strong><br />

mestumre gaatanes <strong>da</strong> didis morWmiTa <strong>da</strong> pativiT<br />

gaistumres“ 2 .<br />

sainteresoa, rom isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahma <strong>da</strong>viTi<br />

`Svilobis wodebis pativiT gamoarCia~. `Svilis~ wodebis<br />

miniWeba niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>viTi Sahis moxele gax<strong>da</strong> `xanis~<br />

(<strong>da</strong>uT-xani) saxelwodebiT, e.i. <strong>da</strong>viTi Sahis moxele <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

qarT lis mefe gax<strong>da</strong>. qarTul wyaroebSi, kerZod, qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis pirvel teqstSi sweria, rom Sah Tamazma <strong>da</strong>viTs<br />

Tavisi Zma uwo<strong>da</strong>. amasve aRniSnavs isqander munSi 3 , romlis<br />

1 iqve, gv. 512. ix, agreTve, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 407.<br />

2 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis istoria. s. kakabaZis gamocema. `saistorio moambe~,<br />

nakv. II, 1925, gv 218. hasan rumlus cnobnebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong>dgenilia,<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>viTi yazvinSi mivi<strong>da</strong> 1561 wlis 25 dekembers, TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 1562<br />

wlis 30 agvistomde. hasan rumlu, gv. 64, Sen. 92.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv. 28.<br />

cnobasac un<strong>da</strong> emyarebodes beri egnataSvili. Tavisi SinaaresiT<br />

`Zmoba~ `Svilobisagan~ mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba samoxeleo<br />

aparatis ierarqiaSi. `Zmoba~ `Svilobaze~ maRla idga.<br />

Cvens istoriografiaSi kargad Seswavlilia svimon I-sa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis erTmaneTTan brZola. svimoni ar scnob<strong>da</strong> Sahis<br />

marionetis uflebas qvemo qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> Tbilisze <strong>da</strong><br />

yizilbaSebs ebrZo<strong>da</strong> yvelgan. <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis yizilbaSebTan<br />

mimxroba arc sulTnis karisaTvis iyo misaRebi. <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis<br />

gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi Sahis poziciebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi<br />

ganmtkicdebo<strong>da</strong>. sulTani Sahis `kuTvnili~ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

saqmeebSi aqtiurad ar ereo<strong>da</strong>, magram, rogorc wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ikveTeba, sulTnis agentura yvelafers akeTeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

raTa qarTlis mefes yizilbaSebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi momxre Tavadebis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZola ar Seenelebina. 1562 wlis 5 noembers<br />

konstantinopolSi mivi<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis elCi, romelic sul-<br />

Tanma 9 noembers miiRo. elCis vizitis oficialuri mizani<br />

yazvinSi <strong>da</strong>sjili ufliswul baiazidis piradi nivTebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

iaraRis sulTnisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cema iyo. imave dros, elCs samduravi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> eTqva, radgan misi waqezebiT qarTvelebi Tavs<br />

<strong>da</strong>esxnen Sahis qveSevrdomebs <strong>da</strong> brZolis dros didi zarali<br />

miayenes 1 .<br />

aseTive ukmayofileba gamosTqva yizilbaSTa axalma el-<br />

Cobam qarTvelebis moqmedebis gamo 1563 wlis aprilSic.<br />

werilis mixedviT, `babilonis [baR<strong>da</strong>dis] sanjayma iCivla<br />

qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> Turqmanebis mier sparselebisadmi Cadenili<br />

usamarTlobis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> im zaralis anazRaureba moiTxova,<br />

romelic maT sparseTis samefos miayenes~ 2 .<br />

amave periodSi qarTveli politikosebi kvlav Seecadnen<br />

urTierToba <strong>da</strong>emyarebinaT moskovis saxelmwifosTan <strong>da</strong> am<br />

saqmeSi, savaraudoa aqtiurad Caeba svimon mefec. maT mosk-<br />

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 106.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

168 169

ovTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba moindomes inglisis `moskovis kompaniis~<br />

agentis entoni jenkinsonis saSualebiT. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan<br />

urTierTobis dmyarebis iniciativa jenkinsonisgan wamovi<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rasac biZgi misca Semdgomma garemoebam. jenkinsonis yazvinSi<br />

yofnis dros Sahis karze imyofebo<strong>da</strong> qarTveli ufliswuli,<br />

romlis saxels ingliseli negocianti ar gvamcnobs. masTan<br />

gacnobis Semdeg jenkinsoni <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myarebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong>. igi arc imas aRniSnavs, qarTveli<br />

ufliswuli romeli samefo<strong>da</strong>n iyo. mkvlevarTa erT nawils<br />

igi svimon I-is Zma <strong>da</strong>viTi hgonia, me ki ueWvelad mimaCnia,<br />

rom igi aleqsandere II kaxTa mefis vaJi iese iyo. am istoriul<br />

pirovnebaze SeiZleba ufro vrclad iTqvas.<br />

* * *<br />

iv. javaxiSvilma 1548 wlis mcxeTis sigelze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgina, rom, kaxTa mefes <strong>da</strong> mamia gurilis asuls<br />

TinaTins yoliaT (CamoTvlilia ufros-umcrosobis mixedviT):<br />

giorgi, iese, aleqsandre, elimirza 1 . giorgis cixedid-<br />

Tan brZolaSi (1561 w.) <strong>da</strong>Rupvis Semdeg, iese, levanis Svilebs<br />

Soris „uxucesad“ Seiqmna.<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, iese Sahs pirvelad mamasTan<br />

er Tad SirvanSi ewvia. Sahma levan mefe male ukan<br />

gaistumra, iese ki samcxes waiy vana. samcxis <strong>da</strong>laSqvris<br />

Semdeg, Sahma „warmouvlina ie sec levans niWiTa“ 2 . levan mefis<br />

<strong>da</strong> ieses SahTan stumroba un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo 1554<br />

wels 3 .<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 231. levan mefis saxlobis Sesaxeb<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. iqve, gv. 226-235. vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocemiT, levanis<br />

pirveli vaJi iyo aleqsandre (SemdegSi kaxTa mefe aleqsandre II ). mefisa <strong>da</strong><br />

dedofal TinaTinis gayris Semdeg Zmebi de<strong>da</strong>sTan izrdebodnen. qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

IV, gv, 570, 572.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 575.<br />

3 tabataZe k., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 172.<br />

qarTlSi yizilbaSebis ukanaskneli Semosevis dros (1556<br />

w.) le van kaxTa mefe Sahs ar <strong>da</strong>exmara <strong>da</strong> SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom Sahi<br />

amis gamo Surs iZieb<strong>da</strong>. konfliqtis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad<br />

levan mefem „waravlina Ze TÕsi iese winaSe yeenisa ZRuniTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> tyÕTa qal-yrmiTa <strong>da</strong> auwya TÕsi ara risa Se codeba“. levan<br />

mefem iese yazvins gagzavna 1558 wels 1 . sparseli istorikosis<br />

hasan rumlus mixedviT, Sah Tamazma iese gaamahmadiana<br />

1559 wels: „amave wels isa-xani, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mmarTvelis<br />

levanis Svili, islamis miRebiT gabednier<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> qveynis<br />

safarvelma Sahma mas wyalobis TvaliT <strong>da</strong>uwyo cqera“ 2 . yazi<br />

ahmed Rafaris <strong>da</strong> bu<strong>da</strong>’yazvinis cnobiT, ieses islami miuRia<br />

1560 wels. 3 Saraf-xan bidlisi ufro konkretulia <strong>da</strong> ambobs,<br />

rom gamuslimanebis Semdeg Sahis divanma sagamgeblod<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sca Saqis vilaieTi <strong>da</strong> mas ewo<strong>da</strong> isa-xani 4 .<br />

XVI s. sxva sparseli istorikosis bu<strong>da</strong>’yazvinis cnobiT,<br />

iese mamas ga<strong>da</strong>udga, Sahis karze mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> islami miiRo,<br />

rac aseve 1560 wels momx<strong>da</strong>ra 5 .<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, 1561 wels mosalodneli iyo,<br />

rom levan mefes cixedidis brZolisa <strong>da</strong> giorgi ufliswulis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvis Semdeg, iese yazvinSi gaegzavna. levanis mier<br />

gagzavnil mZevalsa <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebs Sahis guliswyroma un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ecxro. iv. javaxiSvils saeWvod miaCn<strong>da</strong> ieses gamus limaneba<br />

Sah Tamazis dros 6 .<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv, 575.<br />

2 hasan rumlu, gv. 35.<br />

3 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 102-103.<br />

4 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 205.<br />

5 hasan rumlu, gv. 64, Sen. 88.<br />

6 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., 233. cixedidis brZolaSi yizilbaSebis<br />

tyveobaSi Cavar<strong>da</strong> msxvili Tavadi zaza-begi („<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erTi pativcemul<br />

amiraTagani“), ram denime aznaurTan erTad <strong>da</strong> Sahis karze gagzavnes (hasan<br />

rumlu, gv. 36). brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebul qarTvel didebuls isqander munSi<br />

jajana-begad moixseniebs (isqander munSi, gv 23 ). eWvs ga reSea, rom jajana-begi<br />

igive zaza-begia. v. fuTuriZis varaudiT, es un<strong>da</strong> iyos saxlTuxucesi zaza<br />

fanaskertel-ciciSvili (iqve, gv. 151, Sen. 34.)<br />

170 171

Sahi cdilob<strong>da</strong> levan mefisaTvis taxtis mocile<br />

Seemzadebina <strong>da</strong> ieses did pativSi amyofeb<strong>da</strong>. don xuan de<br />

persias mixedviT, Sah Tamazma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita aleqsandres nacvlad<br />

kaxeTis taxtze aeyvana aleqsandres Zma, gamuslimanebuli<br />

iese, `magram es aqti sparseTis mefis mxri<strong>da</strong>n Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />

ganwiruli gamodga~ 1 . hasan rumlus mixedviT, iese saxelmwifos<br />

yvela amirasa <strong>da</strong> didebulTa Soris uwarCinebulesi<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. yovelwliur saxar jod 6 aTasi Tumani, samar-<br />

Tavad olqi <strong>da</strong> sxva mravali wyaloba <strong>da</strong>umtkices. Saraf-xan<br />

bidlisi ufro vrclad gadmogvcems ieses aRzevebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

Sahis mimarT gamoCenil mis `umadure baze~. misi TqmiT, eSmakisagan<br />

cdunebulma, qarTveli aznaurebis STagonebiT, iesem<br />

ganizraxa yazvini<strong>da</strong>n saqarTveloSi gaqceuliyo, ma Sin, roca<br />

is gandid<strong>da</strong> yizilbaS amirebsa <strong>da</strong> didebulebze metad mejlissa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sakrebuloebSi, roca xelm wife mas SvilobiT<br />

moix senieb<strong>da</strong>, roca is Caricxes did SaxzadeebSi, yovelwliurad<br />

Saqis olqi<strong>da</strong>n, sxva adgilebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo<br />

xazini<strong>da</strong>n fulisa <strong>da</strong> naturis saxiT iReb<strong>da</strong> 7 aTas Tumans.<br />

magram iesem Sahs ver gau marTla. misi ganzraxvis Sesaxeb<br />

Sahis kars acnoba misma axlo mego barma alah-Tay Cerqezma 2 .<br />

hasan rumlus TqmiTac, `zogierTi matyuara <strong>da</strong> urwmuno<br />

SfoTis amtexis mier motyuebulma <strong>da</strong> SecdomaSi Seyvanilma,<br />

man moulodnelad uaryo islamis rjuli <strong>da</strong> gaqceva <strong>da</strong>apira~ 3 .<br />

1 Relaciones Don Juan de Persia. Dirigi<strong>da</strong>s a la Magestad Catholica de Don<br />

Philippe III. Rey de las Espaňas, y seňor nuestro. Dividi<strong>da</strong>s en tres libros, donde se<br />

tratan las cosas notables de persia, la genealogia de sus Reys, guerras de persianos,<br />

Turcas, y Tartaros, y las que vido en el viaje qve hizo àEspaňy su conuersion, y la<br />

otros dos Cavalleros Per sianos. Aňo 1604. Con privilegio. En Valladolid por Juan<br />

de Bestillo: en la calle de Samano, p. 68 r. uluR beg baiaTi, sparseli didebuli,<br />

Sah abasma 1599 wels <strong>da</strong>niSna espaneTSi gagzavnili elCobis mdivnad. man<br />

qris tianoba miiRo, <strong>da</strong>irqva don xuan de persia (misi naTlia iyo dedofali<br />

margarita avstrieli) <strong>da</strong> espaneTSi <strong>da</strong>rCa. don xuanis dRiurebis safuZvelze<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwera misi `relacioni~, romelSic say uradRebo cnobebia saqarTvelozec.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 208-209.<br />

3 hasan rumlu, gv. 37.<br />

iese ufliswulis aseTi moqmedeba uaryofs bu<strong>da</strong>y’ yazvinis<br />

naTqvams, TiTqos iese nebayoflobiT mivi<strong>da</strong> Sahis karze <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisi surviliT gamusli man<strong>da</strong>. imave dros istorikoss imis<br />

Cvenebac un<strong>da</strong>, rom iese Sahsac atyueb<strong>da</strong>: marTalia islams<br />

eziara, magram guliT mainc qristiani <strong>da</strong>rCa. amis gamo igi<br />

<strong>da</strong>asmines. Sahma misi gaCxreka brZana. ieses ubeSi jvari <strong>da</strong><br />

xati upov nes, risTvisac Sahis brZanebiT is Seipyres <strong>da</strong><br />

alamuTis cixeSi Casves 1 . is alamuTis cixeSi CausvamT 1562<br />

wlis 26 dekembers 2 .<br />

1562 wlis 20 noembers jenkinsoni Sah TamazTan audienciis<br />

dros gaecno qarTvel ufliswuls, „romelis vinaobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgena _ rogorc v. gabaSvili fiqrob<strong>da</strong> _ Zneli araa. esaa<br />

iese ufliswuli, levan kaxTa me fis Ze“ 3 . sawinaaRmdego<br />

mosazreba gamosTqva j. stefnaZem. misi azriT, ufliswuli<br />

iese Sah TamazTan jenkinsonis audiencias 1562 wlis 20<br />

noem bers ver <strong>da</strong>eswrebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan iese 1562 wels alamuTis<br />

cixeSi <strong>da</strong>amwy vdies 4 . am mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, j. stefnaZe<br />

cdilobs <strong>da</strong>amtkicos, rom Sahisa <strong>da</strong> jenkinsonis Sexvedras<br />

svimon I -is Zma <strong>da</strong>viTi (SemdgomSi qarTlis gamgebeli <strong>da</strong>uTxani)<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>swrebo<strong>da</strong> 5 . ase fiqrobs i. tabaRuac.<br />

sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>viT XI-is sasargeblod ga<strong>da</strong>sawyvetad es argumenti,<br />

iese rom maSin alamuTis cixeSi iyo gamomwyvdeuli,<br />

ver gamodgeba. sa kiTxavia, iese 20 noembramde (Sah Tamazisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> jenkinsonis Sexvedris dRe) <strong>da</strong>apatimres Tu mis Semdeg?<br />

Cemi azriT, gaTvaliswinebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes hasan rumlus<br />

1 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCTan, gv 85.<br />

2 hasan rumlu, gv. 37.<br />

3 gabaSvili v., qarTuli diplomatiis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciebi XV-XVII ss.). „masalebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis<br />

istoriisaTRvis“, nakv. 31, Tb. 1964 , gv. 71.<br />

4 stefnaZe j., anton jenkinsonis mier moxseniebuli qarTveli ufliswulis<br />

vinaobisaTvis. „<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, kavkasiis <strong>da</strong> maxlobeli aRmosavleTis<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi“, Tb., 1968 , gv. 207.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 211.<br />

172 173

erTi cnoba, romeli<strong>da</strong>nac vigebT: „am wels (1561/62), rabi<br />

os-sanis Tvis Cvidmets <strong>da</strong>viT-begi (qarTlis mefe – e.m.)<br />

luarsabis Svili, ramdenime aznauriT saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n yazvins<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> [<strong>da</strong>] muslimani gax<strong>da</strong>. rjulis safarvelma Sahma<br />

Tbilisis gamgebloba mas uwyaloba“ 1 . hasan rumlus am cnobaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrd nobiT r. kiknaZem gamoikvlia, rom <strong>da</strong>viTi 1561 wlis<br />

25 dekembers mivi<strong>da</strong> yazvins <strong>da</strong> TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 1562<br />

wlis 30 agvistos 2 . amgvarad <strong>da</strong>viTi, romelic 30 agvistos<br />

TbilisSi iyo, 20 noembers Sahis sasaxleSi ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iese ki <strong>da</strong>patimrebmde (26 dekemberi) sasaxleSi iyo <strong>da</strong> qarTvel<br />

ufliswulTagan mxolod mas SeeZlo jenkinsons<br />

Sexvedro<strong>da</strong>. swored ieses un<strong>da</strong> ecnobebina saqarTveloSi<br />

jenkisonis <strong>da</strong> misi kompaniis interesebisa <strong>da</strong> misi mogzaurobis<br />

mimarTulebis Sesaxeb 3 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT ieses <strong>da</strong>patimrebis sakiTxs. sainteresoa<br />

Sahis karze aRzevebuli iese ratom cdilob<strong>da</strong> samSobloSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebas <strong>da</strong> is kvlav, marTalia farulad, mainc qristianad<br />

rCebo<strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, aseT rames Tu marTla hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

adgili? ieses amgvari moqmedebis axsna sca<strong>da</strong> zogierTma<br />

mkvlevarma.<br />

k. tabataZis azriT, iesem samSobloSi gaqceva mas Semdeg<br />

ganizraxa, roca Seityo, rom yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa<br />

misi Zma giorgi. mas Sahis SurisZiebisa SeeSin<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

yazvini<strong>da</strong>n gaqceva sca<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />

n. gelaSvili iziarebs k. tabataZis mosazrebas <strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />

1 hasan rumlu, gv. 37.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 64-65, Sen. 92-93.<br />

3 am bolo dros gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> l. uruSaZis statia, romelSic `qarTvel<br />

ufliswulSi~ kvlav <strong>da</strong>viT luarsabis Zea <strong>da</strong>naxuli. un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom mkvlevari<br />

ar gascnobia zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebul arc erT wyaros <strong>da</strong> gamokvlevas <strong>da</strong><br />

iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos is pirveli <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> jenkinsonis cnobiT.<br />

ix. uruSaZe l., entoni jenkinsonis `sparseTSi mogzaurobis~ cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~, XI, Tb., 2006 , gv. 155-157.<br />

4 tabataZe k., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 171.<br />

mxriv <strong>da</strong>matebiT varaudobs, rom SeiZleba mas sur<strong>da</strong> „saqarTveloSi<br />

Tavis moZ meTa mxar<strong>da</strong>mxar ebrZola yizilbaSebis<br />

winaaRmdeg“ 1 .<br />

me ki mgonia, rom ieses saqarTveloSi gaqcevis survili<br />

ganpirobe buli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ufrosi Zmis _ giorgis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvis ambis gagagebiT. amis Semdeg taxtis memkvidre,<br />

wesiT, is un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. magram, savarau doa, Sahi sul<br />

sxvagvarad fiqrob<strong>da</strong>: iese manamde hyolo<strong>da</strong> iranSi, vidre<br />

ufro xelsayreli dro ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> misi kaxeTSi gasamefeblad.<br />

isic savaraudoa, rom iranSi, Sahis karTan axlos<br />

myofi ieseTi yovelTvis SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefo karze<br />

zemoqmedeba.<br />

iesem TiTqmis 15 weli tyveobaSi gaatara. is 1576 wels<br />

svimon I -Tan er Tad gaaTavisufla Sah ismail II -m <strong>da</strong> didi<br />

pativic miago, rac kargad ga moCn<strong>da</strong> ismailis xel<strong>da</strong>sxmis<br />

zeimze maTTvis miCenili sapatio adgilebis mixedviT 2 .<br />

isqander munSis cnobiT, „samoTxeSi <strong>da</strong>mkvidre buli Sahis<br />

Zmis saam-mirzas asuli sulTan-mohamed-xu<strong>da</strong>bendem isa-xans<br />

(iese batoniSvili – e. m.) misca <strong>da</strong> Saqis mmarTvelad<br />

ganawesa“ 3 . amgvarad, xu<strong>da</strong>bende aleqsan dres sawinaaRmdego<br />

tradiciul <strong>politika</strong>s atarebs. SaqSi, kaxeTis sazRvarTan<br />

myof ieses yovelTvis SeeZlo aleqsandre II-is sawinaaRmdego<br />

saqmianobis gaCaReba.<br />

Tomazo minadoi iransa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefos Soris urTierTobis<br />

gafuWebis umTavres mizezad, Sahis mier aleqsan-<br />

1 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 104-105.<br />

2 Morley W. H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscripts… preserved<br />

in the librari of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1854, #136 , p. 335; Alves<br />

P . Fr. M., Catalogo des Manuscritos de Simancas re speitantes a Histori Portuguesa.<br />

In: O Insti tuto, v. 82, serie 4, Coimbra, 1931 . Fr. M., Catalogo des Manuscritos de<br />

Simancas respeitantes a Histori Portuguesa. In: O Instituto, v. 82, serie 4, Coimbra,<br />

1931~ , p. 479; Hinz W ., Schah Esmail II . Ein Beitrage zur Gescichte der Safaviden,<br />

Berlin, 1933, S. 62.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv. 28.<br />

174 175

dre mefis winaaRmdeg ieses gamoyenebis mcdelobas miiCnev<strong>da</strong>:<br />

aleqsandre „odesRac sparseTis gvirgvinis Zalian Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli<br />

msaxuri iyo, magram im droi<strong>da</strong>n, rodesac Tamazi<br />

araswori gzebiT Seeca<strong>da</strong> misi samflobeloebis CamorTmevas<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis adgilas misi Zmis ieses <strong>da</strong>yenebas, romelic SeuerT<strong>da</strong><br />

ra sparselebs, Tamazsa <strong>da</strong> satanas, gaZlierebuli usindisobiT<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> amis miRwevas. [aleqsandrem] sparseTis imedze<br />

yofnas Tavi mianeba, gax<strong>da</strong> orpiri <strong>da</strong> nei traluri, gamarjvebuli<br />

iaraRisadmi <strong>da</strong>Tmoba <strong>da</strong> Zlieri sulis winaSe modreka<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo“ 1 .<br />

iran-osmaleTis meore omis <strong>da</strong>wyebisTanave aleqsandre<br />

II -m saerTo ena gamonaxa osmaleTis jarebis sar<strong>da</strong>l lala<br />

mustafa faSasTan <strong>da</strong> mas cxenosanTa razmi sTxova Tavisi<br />

mtris, Saqis gamgeblisaTvis angariSis gasasworeblad. osmalo<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavarma <strong>da</strong>akmayofila aleqsandres Txovna <strong>da</strong><br />

1200 mxe<strong>da</strong>ri misca. iesem gaqceviT uSvela Tavs 2 .<br />

1582 wels, mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebis<br />

Sedegad, rodesac qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebma Sahis yvela<br />

moTxovna <strong>da</strong>akmayo files, ,,TviTonac moiTxoves Sahis mfarvelobis<br />

qveS myofi TavianTi Zmebis (aleqsandrem ieses, svi-<br />

1 Minadoi T., Historia della guerra fra Turchi et Persiani. Descritto in qvatro<br />

libro <strong>da</strong> Gio. Tomaso Minadoi: Caminciando <strong>da</strong>ll’anno MDLXXVII, nel qvale furo<br />

li primi muomenti di lei, freqvendo per tutto l’anno MDLXXXV. Alla San tita di N.<br />

S. Sisto V. Pontifi ce Ottimo Massimo. Con privilegio. In Roma. Nella Stamperia di<br />

Jacomo Tornerio, et Bernardino Donangeli. MDLXXXVII, p. 53. jovani tomazo<br />

minadoi, veneciis saelCos eqimi konstantinopolSi XVI s. meore naxevarSi.<br />

man <strong>da</strong>gvitova uZvirfas esi cnobebi 1578-1590 wlebSi sparseT-osmaleTs Soris<br />

mimdinare omisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb.<br />

omis msvlelobis dros is alepoSi cxov rob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas Tavisi profesia saSualebas<br />

aZlev<strong>da</strong>, gascnobo<strong>da</strong> mraval iseT pirovnebas, maT Soris qarTvelebsac<br />

(erTgan is aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri erT-erTi ambis siswore<br />

`ara erTma, aramed CemTan axlos myofma <strong>da</strong> samkurnalod mo sulma ramdenime<br />

qarTvelma <strong>da</strong>mimowma~. p. 100), romlebic kargad erkveodnen mimdinare omis<br />

am bebSi. t. minadois naSromSi didi adgili <strong>da</strong>eTmo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> politikur<br />

mdgomareobas, qarT veli xalxis yizilbaSebis winaaRmdeg brZolas.<br />

2 Alberi E., Op. cit.,. p. 444.<br />

monma ki _ <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis) saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> toveba <strong>da</strong> piroba<br />

<strong>da</strong>des, rom „Zmebs Cinebulad moepyrobodnen, veragobas ar<br />

Caidendnen <strong>da</strong> orive TavianTi samflobeloebi<strong>da</strong>n TavianT<br />

Zmebs gark veul adgils miuCen<strong>da</strong>, raTa mosvenebiT ecxovraT<br />

<strong>da</strong> arseboba ar gaZnelebo <strong>da</strong>T“ 1 . SemdegSi isqander munSi<br />

aRniSnavs, rom Zmebis Taobaze nakisri val debuleba arc svimon<br />

I -ma <strong>da</strong> arc aleqsandre II -m ar Seas rules „orive maTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvis saqmes Seudga <strong>da</strong> Cqara maTi sikvdilis am bavi mTel<br />

qveyanas gaagebines. raki Sesaferisi dro ar iyo, amitom<br />

aseTi moqmedebisaTvis is ini aravin gakicxa“ 2 .<br />

ieses (isa-xani) Sesaxeb amis Semdeg araferia cnobili. is,<br />

sava rau doa, mokluli iqna, magram osmaleTTan omis pirobeb-<br />

Si, rodesac iranisaTvis mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> Tu vis mxares<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefo, Sahis karma aleqsandre mefis moqmedebis<br />

Sefasebisagan Tavi Seikava. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom<br />

viTarebiT isargebla aleqsandre II -m <strong>da</strong> Tavi <strong>da</strong>n moiSora<br />

Sahis karis „mudmivi“ kandi<strong>da</strong>ti kaxeTis taxtze _ iese,<br />

romlsac moralurad <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebiTac ufleba hqon<strong>da</strong> pretenzia<br />

ga moeTqva kaxeTis taxtze. is xom ufrosi Zmis giorgis<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupvis Semdeg ufrosi gax<strong>da</strong> Tavis Zmebs Soris. iese,<br />

rom Ddidi xnis ganmavlobaSi ty veobaSi ar yofiliyo taxti<br />

masze ga<strong>da</strong>vido<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandreze zemoqmede bis am mniSvnelovan<br />

saSu alebas Sahis kari moxerxebulad iyeneb<strong>da</strong>. ase rom,<br />

SeiZleba marTali iyos aleqsandres mier ieses mokvdineba.<br />

1 isqander munSi, gv. 37.<br />

2 iqve. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, iese kaxeTSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 1580 wels.<br />

is qristianad gamouSvia mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes, magram mcire xnis Semdeg gar<strong>da</strong>cvlila.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 579.<br />

176 177

* * *<br />

<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT entoni jenkisonis cnobebis ganxilvas.<br />

1563 wlis 10-16 aprils jenkinsoni SamaxiaSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

roca masTan mivi<strong>da</strong> `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis~ warmomadgeneli.<br />

`SamaxiaSi mewvia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis warmomadgeneli<br />

erTi somexi, romelmac aRmiwera [qarTveli] mefis saSineli<br />

mdgomareoba, rom igi moqceulia or mrisxane tiransa <strong>da</strong><br />

Zlier xelmwifes Soris, sulTansa <strong>da</strong> Sahs Soris, romlebsac<br />

ganuwyvetliv ebrZ vis~ 1 .<br />

sainteresoa, romeli samefo<strong>da</strong>n iyo somexi vaWari. am<br />

sakiTxiT Ta vis droze <strong>da</strong>interesdnen i. cincaZe <strong>da</strong> v. gabaSvili<br />

<strong>da</strong> ivaraudes, rom jenkin sonis mier <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

`<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe~ kaxeTis mefe levani iyo 2 .<br />

jenkinsonis cnobebs rodesac vukvirdebi, vrwmundebi,<br />

rom `saqarT velos mefe~ un<strong>da</strong> iyos svimon I 3 . im dros mxolod<br />

svimoni awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> ganuwyvetel brZolebs yizilbaSebis<br />

winaaRmdeg, rac ar iTqmis levanze, romelic TanamedroveebSi<br />

cnobili iyo rogorc mSvidobismoyvare (Znelia<br />

mis mier ga<strong>da</strong>xdili brZolis <strong>da</strong>saxeleba 50-60-ian wlebSi)<br />

<strong>da</strong> frTxili diplomati. am sakiTxze saubrisas un<strong>da</strong> gavixsenoT<br />

i. cincaZis mosazreba: `ar SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom<br />

qarTlis politikosebs ruseTTan kaxeTis urTierToba gamoeparaT,<br />

isini, u<strong>da</strong>vod, saqmis kursSi iyvnen, magram ufro<br />

lodinis taqtikas adgnen. SesaZlebe lia, ruseTis Zlierebas,<br />

rogorc TurqeT-iranis <strong>da</strong>mTrgunav Zalas, skeptikurad uc-<br />

1 Hacluyt R., Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II. Introduction by John Masefeld,<br />

New York, 1962 , p. 24-25; Английские путешественники в Мoсковском государстве.<br />

Перевод с анг лийского Ю. В. Готье, Л., 1937, с. 211.<br />

2 gabaSvili v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 71-72; cincaZe i., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 278-<br />

282;<br />

3 jenkinsonis `mogzaurobis~ rusul enaze mTargmnels i. v. goties miaCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom jenkinsoni `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe solomons~ gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>. Tu gotie<br />

qarTlis mefe svimon varau dobs, maSin misi mosazreba misaRebia.<br />

qerodnen im periodSi. aseT Zalaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobas arsebuli<br />

mdgomareobis gauareseba rom mohyvebo<strong>da</strong>, maTTvis aSkara<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yo filiyo~ 1 .<br />

moyvanil mosazrebas ver gaviziareb. qarTlis politikosebs,<br />

rogorc ukve gacnobili wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n kargad Cans, amasiis<br />

zavis Semdeg arc dro <strong>da</strong> arc saSualeba hqon<strong>da</strong>T `lodinis<br />

taqtikas~ <strong>da</strong>sdgomodnen. amgvari <strong>politika</strong> kaxeTis samefosagan<br />

ufro mosalodneli iyo. kaxeTis mefes, rom iranisadmi<br />

ukmayofilebis mizezi hqon<strong>da</strong>, amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva, magram<br />

mtrobas jer axdilad ver amJRavneb<strong>da</strong>. ase rom, kaxeTis politikosebs<br />

ufro un<strong>da</strong> ezrunaT, rom moufiqrebeli nabijis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>dgmiT mdgomareoba ar gaerTulebinaT, risi Sedegi levan<br />

kaxTa mefes SeeZlo iolad warmoedgina. magram ar gamovricxav,<br />

rom kaxeTis mefe ar monawileob<strong>da</strong> amgvar diplomatiur<br />

<strong>da</strong>zvervaSi. Cemi az riT, svimoni <strong>da</strong> levani SeTanxmebulad moqmedebdnen,<br />

gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac isini <strong>da</strong>moyvrdnen.<br />

isini erTmaneTs uziarebdnen mopovebul informacias (am<br />

SemTxvevaSi iese batoniSvilis mier gamogzavnils jen kinsonisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi interesebis Sesaxeb). sad hqon<strong>da</strong> levan mefes imis garantia,<br />

rom Sahi ver gaigeb<strong>da</strong> qarTveli mefis mociqulis<br />

jenkinsonTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis Sesaxeb? am ingliselis cnobebi<strong>da</strong>nve<br />

viciT, rogori eWviT ucqerodnen Sahi <strong>da</strong> aRmo savleT<br />

amierkavkasiis saxanoebis mbrZaneblebi evropeli qristianebis<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan urTierTobas. es garemoeba, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />

ico<strong>da</strong> `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefemac~, romelic bodiSs uxdi<strong>da</strong> jenkinsons<br />

imis gamo, rom werilobiT <strong>da</strong> specialuri warmomadgenlis<br />

xeliT ar acnoba Tavisi sur vilis Sesaxeb, radgan<br />

saeWvo iyo, rom mis mier gagzavnili kaci mSvidobianad miaRwev<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilamde. sifrTxilis mizniT <strong>da</strong><br />

garTulebebis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n acilebisaTvis, jenkin sonmac Tavisi<br />

mosazrebebi `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefes~ zepirad SeuTvala 2 .<br />

1 cincaZe i., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 325.<br />

2 Hacluyt R., Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II, p. 25.<br />

178 179

qarTvelebi usafuZvlod rom ar frTxilobdnen, amaSi<br />

jenkinsoni TviTonac male <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, roca `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefisaTvis~ saWiro rCe vis misacemad saqarTveloSi eduard<br />

klarki gaagzavna. magram saqarT velos sazRvarTan misuli<br />

klarkis qristianoba roca gairkva, igi iZ ulebuli gax<strong>da</strong><br />

ukan gabrunebuliyo 1 .<br />

savaraudoa, rom saqarTveloSi kaxeTis ufliswulis<br />

ieses meSveo biT <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT informirebulni iyvnen entoni<br />

jenkinsonis Sesaxeb, romelic kargad erkveo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis<br />

mdgomareobasa <strong>da</strong> iteresebSi. ase rom, qarTvelebma mas<br />

SemTxveviT ar mimarTes.<br />

qarTvel mefes, upirveles yovl isa, aintereseb<strong>da</strong> jenkinsonis<br />

azri: SeeZlo Tu ara ruseTis mefes <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewia gareSe mtrebTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong> arsebob<strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

ara amgvari mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris imedi. Tu <strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedi arsebob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maSin romeli gziT SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> elCis gagzavna moskovSi.<br />

jenkinsonma mociquli <strong>da</strong>arwmuna, rom moskovis xelmwife<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> aucileblad <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> elCi<br />

Cerqezebis qveyanaze gavliT gaegzavnaT, radgan ivane IV maTi<br />

mefis asulze <strong>da</strong>qorwin<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

jenkinsonis naTqvamSi uzustobaa. 1561 wels ivane IV-m<br />

colad SeirTo yabardos mbrZaneblis (jenkinsonis TqmiT,<br />

CerqezeTis mefis) temriuk i<strong>da</strong>roviCis asuli kuCena, romelsac<br />

moskovSi maria <strong>da</strong>arqves 3 . es qorwineba didi politikuri mniSvmelobis<br />

aqti iyo. yabardos mniSvneloba ruseTis kavkasiur<br />

<strong>politika</strong>Si gaizar<strong>da</strong>. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, yabardos mbrZanebeli<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ruseTTan <strong>da</strong> kavSirebiT.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba `moskovis kompaniis~<br />

intere sebSic Sedio<strong>da</strong>. kompania kaxuri nedli abreSumis bazris<br />

<strong>da</strong>uflebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. aRniSnuli kompaniis agentis<br />

1 Ibidem.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

3 Смирнов Н. А., Политика России на Кавказе в XVI-XIX, М., 1958, с 13.<br />

artur eduardsis mier 1566 wlis 26 aprils Semaxii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gagzavnil moxsenebaSi naTqvamia, rom gazafxulze SemaxiaSi<br />

nedli abrereSumis Sovna mxolod mcire raodenobiT SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

`misi Sovna SeiZleba saqarTveloSi, magram mis<br />

Sesasyi<strong>da</strong>d xalxis gagzavna ver SevZeliT, _ swers eduardsi,<br />

_ radgan Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve <strong>da</strong>vkargeT dro. roca Cven gveyoleba<br />

warmomadgenlebi, romlebic SeZleben mTeli gazafxulis<br />

ganmavlobaSi aq <strong>da</strong>rCenas, maSin SesaZlebloba gveqneba<br />

Sevisy idoT pirveli xeli<strong>da</strong>n, uSualod soflelebisgan,<br />

romlebsac moaqvT gasayidi aqac <strong>da</strong> sxva adgilebSic~ 1 .<br />

jenkinsons, Tavisi kompaniis interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

miznad hqon<strong>da</strong> uSualod <strong>da</strong>emyarebina kavSiri <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

abreSumiT mdi<strong>da</strong>r raionebTan. mas amis ganxorcieleba ganzraxuli<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> maSin, roca eduard klarki gagzavna `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad~. jenkinsonma mas pir<strong>da</strong>pir <strong>da</strong>avala,<br />

rom mefesTan molaparakebisas mieRwia, rom mis samflobeloebSi<br />

inglisel vaWrebs Tavisufali saqmianobis<br />

ufleba hqonebo<strong>da</strong>T 2 . magram, rogorc iTqva, klarkma, misgan<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli mizeze bis gamo, saqarTveloSi ver SeaRwia.<br />

qarTuli nedli abreSumis <strong>da</strong>uflebis erT yvelaze saimedo<br />

saSualebad Can<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla.<br />

Tu es ase moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin `moskovis kompaniis~ agentebs,<br />

romlebic moskovis saxelmwifoSi vaWrobis monopoliuri<br />

ufle biT sargeblobdnen, win veraferi <strong>da</strong>udge bo<strong>da</strong>T. am mosazrebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare, savaraudoa, jenkinsonma saqarT velos<br />

mefis warmomadgenels ruseTisagan seriozuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

imedi misca <strong>da</strong> iqve ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>kvriT mainc ar eTqva<br />

`moskovis kompaniis~ interesebzec. imis varaudic SeiZleba,<br />

rom jenkinsonma moskovSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg `moskovis kompaniis~<br />

mesveurebma zegavlena moaxdines rusTa mefeze <strong>da</strong><br />

saqarT velosTan kavSiris saWiroebaSi <strong>da</strong>arwmunes.<br />

1 Hacluyt R. Voiages. In eigth volumes, v, II, p. 38.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 25.<br />

180 181

jenkinsonTan gagzavnili mociquli mefesTan <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

moaxsena ingliselebis qarTuli abreSumiT <strong>da</strong>interesebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi az ris mniSvnelobaze ivane IV-is kavkasiur <strong>politika</strong>Si.<br />

isic cxadi gax<strong>da</strong>, rom ingliselebi mzad iyvnen<br />

qarTvelebisaTvis garkveuli mxardWera gaewiaT moskovis<br />

karze. amis Semdeg svimon <strong>da</strong> levan mefeebi un<strong>da</strong><br />

SeTanxmdebuliyvnen, moskovSi kaxeTis mefis elCi wasuliyo.<br />

kaxeTi xom abreSumiT yvelaze mdi<strong>da</strong>ri samefo iyo saqarTveloSi.<br />

1563 wels moskovSi gaigzavna kaxeTis samefos elCoba,<br />

romlis SemadgenlobaSi iyvnen iakobi, dionise <strong>da</strong> viRac<br />

somexi. elCoba moskovSi <strong>da</strong>rCa 1564 wlis noemberamde 1 . el-<br />

Cebs moskovSi kmayofilebiT Sexvdnen <strong>da</strong> kaxeTs mfarveloba<br />

aRuTqves. mfarvelobis gamoxatulebis niSnad kaxeTSi gamogzvnes<br />

<strong>da</strong>mxmare razmi, romlis nawilebi kaxeTis cixeebSi<br />

idga 1565-1572 wlebSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>RestnelTa Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebisagan<br />

icav<strong>da</strong>. amaze metis gakeTeba maSin moskovis mTavrobas ar<br />

SeeZlo, radgan TviT ruseTs uaRresad gar Tulebuli saSinao<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> mdgomareoba hqon<strong>da</strong>. amiT isargebles iranma <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTma <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Seuties. osmalebma rusebis garnizoni<br />

CerqezeTi<strong>da</strong>n gandevnes, xolo iranisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis muqaram<br />

aiZula le van mefe rusTa razmi kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>eTxova.<br />

svimon mefe ebrZo<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi iranis <strong>da</strong>sayrdens <strong>da</strong>uTxans.<br />

man 1567-1568 wlebSi diRomTan <strong>da</strong> samadlosTan brZolebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xani <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, magram Tbilisis ganTavisufleba<br />

mainc ver SesZlo, ra<strong>da</strong>gan <strong>da</strong>uT-xans mezobeli yizilbaSuri<br />

saxanoebi exmarebodnen.<br />

qarTlis samefos brZola svimonis meTaurobiT mosvenebas<br />

ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> iranis Sahs. man am problemis erTxel <strong>da</strong><br />

samu<strong>da</strong>mod ga<strong>da</strong>wy veta ganizraxa. 1569 wels Sahma Saqisa <strong>da</strong><br />

yarabaRis laSqars Tavi mouyara ganjaSi, saSamxlos razmebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iqirava <strong>da</strong> qarTls Seusia. qarTlis mefes uRalata aznau-<br />

1 Тивадзе Т. Г., Ук. труд, с. 243.<br />

rma kaxaber yorRanaSvilma <strong>da</strong> mters meg zuroba gauwia. algeTis<br />

xeobaSi farcxisTan qarTvelTa laSqarma Seu tia aTjer<br />

met mters <strong>da</strong> gaaqcia. mefe <strong>da</strong>edevna gaqceulT, mcire razmiT<br />

sakmaod gaSor<strong>da</strong> ZiriTad laSqars <strong>da</strong> mtris garemocvaSi<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. moRalate yorRanaSvilma, ro melic pira<strong>da</strong>d icnob<strong>da</strong><br />

mefes, yizilbaSebs masze miuTiTa. am dros erT-erTma<br />

moRalatem mefes Subi hkra <strong>da</strong> cxeni<strong>da</strong>n Camoagdo. mteri<br />

miesia Tav ganwirulTa mcire gunds <strong>da</strong> svimonis TanamebrZolebi<br />

amowyvita, mefe ki <strong>da</strong>aty veva. mefe yazvinSi gagzavnes. 10<br />

wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTlis gamgebeli <strong>da</strong>uT-xani iyo.<br />

osmaleTi iranis winaaRmdeg ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti brZolisaTvis<br />

emzadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mTeli amierkavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTs<br />

amis miRweva xel sayreli komunikaciebis gareSe ar<br />

SeeZlo. mas sakmao gamocdileba hqon<strong>da</strong> imisa, iranTan omis<br />

dros, rogor gasaWirSi aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong> xolme osmalTa jari.<br />

Zneldebo<strong>da</strong> misi ga<strong>da</strong>yvana <strong>da</strong> sursaT-sanovagiTa <strong>da</strong> iaraRiT<br />

mo marageba.<br />

amgvari mdgomareobis mowesrigebas sulTani selim II<br />

iranTan meore omis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde karga xniT adre, 1567 wlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sasruli<strong>da</strong>n Seudga. sul Tanma TavisTan mosalaparakeblad<br />

miiwvia <strong>da</strong>dianis vaJi, raTa mas SeTanxmebo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

jaris samegrelos teritoriaze gatarebis Sesaxeb iranTan<br />

omis dros. am gegmis ganxorcieleba sulTans esaxebo<strong>da</strong><br />

Semdegnairad: jars osmaleTi<strong>da</strong>n samegrelos Savi zRvis sanapiromde<br />

xomaldebiT ga<strong>da</strong>i yvandnen, Semdeg odiSis samTavros<br />

teritoriaze gavliT Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>artyam<strong>da</strong><br />

yizilbaSebs 1 . sinamdvileSi, aR niSnuli gegmis ganxorcielebisas<br />

pirvel <strong>da</strong>rtyma odiSis samTavrosa <strong>da</strong> imereTis samefos<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ganeca<strong>da</strong>. amitom <strong>da</strong>dianma, albaT, yvelaferi iRona,<br />

raTa Tavi <strong>da</strong>eR wia am saxifaTo wamowyebi<strong>da</strong>n. Cans osmaleTma<br />

garkveul dromde moTmineba arCia <strong>da</strong> am gegmis ganxorcieleba<br />

Semdegi saTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sdo.<br />

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 110.<br />

182 183

amgvarad, amasiis zavis Semdeg irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi yovel<br />

Rones xmarobdnen, raTa poziciebi ganemtkicebinaT TavianT<br />

wilxvedril saqarTveloSi. magram iranis mdgomareoba<br />

sruliad sxvagvari iyo, vidre osmaleTisa. irans Seupovar<br />

winaaRmdegobas uwev<strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefo. irans arc kaxeTis<br />

samefo uerTguleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

osmaleTs <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi raime seriozuli <strong>da</strong>brkolebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>laxva ar uxdebo<strong>da</strong>. iranTan zavs osmaleTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis saqmeebis mo sagvareblad iyeneb<strong>da</strong>. igi xeldebuli<br />

qarTuli samefo-samTavroebisa gan xarkisa <strong>da</strong> jaris garkveuli<br />

kontigentebis miRebiT kmayofilde bo<strong>da</strong>. zavis periodSi<br />

iranTan diplomatiuri urTierTobisas, osmaleTi yovelTvis<br />

xazs usvam<strong>da</strong> im garemoebas, rom misTvis axlobeli iyo aRmosavleT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxi <strong>da</strong> zogjer iq Tavisi gavlenis<br />

gavr celebis mizniT mis <strong>da</strong>mcvel<strong>da</strong>c ki gamodio<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qarTl-kaxeTis politikosebi kargad xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen, rogori<br />

wi naaRmde gobebi <strong>da</strong>rCa iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Sori <strong>da</strong>zavebis<br />

Semdegac imave <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, iTvaliswinebdnen<br />

saerTaSoriso vi Tarebas (samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />

evropaSi osmaleTi avstriasa <strong>da</strong> ungreTs ebrZo<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong><br />

Crdilo kavkasiaSi (ruseTis gasvla kaspiis zRvaze <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

kavkasiisaken waweva) <strong>da</strong> sakuTari politikuri kursi<br />

SeimuSaves. am etapze orive <strong>da</strong>mpyrobeli (iran-osmaleTi)<br />

erTnairad miuRebeli iyo. Tumca isic naTelia, rom iranosmaleTis<br />

meore omis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde qarTveli politikosebi<br />

osmaleTisaken ufro ixrebodnen, osmaleTis iranTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebas<br />

lamobdnen.<br />

6. iran_osmaleTis omi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

(1578-1590 ww.)<br />

Sah Tamazis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg (1576 w.) sefianTa<br />

saxelmwifoSi <strong>da</strong>iwyo brZola sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva feo<strong>da</strong>lur <strong>da</strong>jgufebebs<br />

Soris xelisu flebis xelSi CagdebisaTvis. TiToeuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufeba Tavisi miznis miRwevis saSu alebas sasurveli kandi<strong>da</strong>tis<br />

(ufliswulis) gamefebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> 1 . iranis saS inao<br />

garTulebani xelsayrelad CaTvala osmaleTis karma.<br />

1577 wlis bolos sulTanma murad III-m ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita <strong>da</strong>ewyo<br />

omi iranis winaaRmdeg. 1578 wlis 2 ianvars man jaris<br />

sardloba miando lala mustafa faSas <strong>da</strong> arzrumis gziT<br />

galaSqreba ubrZana. anonimi ve necielis TqmiT, sar<strong>da</strong>ls <strong>da</strong>evala<br />

`Sirvanis samefo <strong>da</strong> sparseTis megobari qarTvelebis<br />

provinciebi <strong>da</strong>epyro~ 2 . osmaleTis laSqris Semadgenlobasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> raodenobaze gansxvavebuli cnobebia. sinamdvilesTan axlos<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyves zemoxsenebuli anonimi venecielis cnobebi.<br />

igi, marTalia, pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar as axelebs osmalTa jaris raodenobas,<br />

magram imdenad <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT CamoTvlis jaris nawilebs,<br />

rom ad vilad xerxdeba miaxloebiTi raodenobis (110<br />

aTasi) <strong>da</strong>dgena 3 .<br />

italiuri wyaro<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom lala mustafa faSis<br />

umTavres amocanas amierkavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyroba Seadgen<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> igi<br />

ar moeridebo<strong>da</strong> 1555 wlis amasiis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas. osmalTa jari<br />

jer isev arzrumSi idga, roca iranis elCebi osmalo sar<strong>da</strong>l-<br />

Tan mividnen <strong>da</strong> molaparakeba gamarTes zavis pirobebis <strong>da</strong>cvisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mSvidobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb. magram ama siis zavis<br />

pirobebi osmalebs aRar akmayofileb<strong>da</strong>, radgan am zaviT orad<br />

gayo fili <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT nawilze irani formalurad<br />

1 ix. Sesabamisi Tavi.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581. italiuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma,<br />

Tb. 1987, gv. 18.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

184 185

scnob<strong>da</strong> os maleTis uflebas, osmaleTi ki iranis uflebas<br />

aRmosavleT saqarTveloze. maT samcxe-saaTabago gavlenis sferoebad<br />

gainawiles. axla osmaleTs mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>pyroba sur<strong>da</strong>. Tavisi moqmedebis gasamarTleblad sulTnis<br />

kari sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizezs asaxeleb<strong>da</strong>. ibrahim feCavis TqmiT,<br />

`jer kidev <strong>da</strong>zavebasa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobaze iyo laparaki, ma gram _<br />

ambobdnen isini (osmalebi), _ <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> begTagan zogierTebi<br />

urCoben; amitom Cven maT <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad mivdivar-<br />

To~. rogorc Cans, osmalebis saqarTveloSi Se moWra aRniSnuli<br />

mizeziT yizilbaSebs zavis <strong>da</strong>rRvevad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

osmalebma maSinve kontrbraldeba wauyenes: yizilbaSebi TurqmenTa<br />

tome bis cxvarsa <strong>da</strong> aqlemebs itacebeno 1 .<br />

imave ibrahim feCeviT, roca sazavo molaparakebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

araferi ga movi<strong>da</strong>, yizilbaSebma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites iaraRiT <strong>da</strong>ecvaT<br />

TavianTi gavlenis sferoSi arsebuli qarTuli olqebi. osmalebma<br />

es miiCnies `zavisa <strong>da</strong> mSvidobis~ <strong>da</strong>rRvevad. frangi<br />

diplomati Juie Tavis mefe anri III-saTvis gagzavnil moxsenebaSi<br />

SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa riT <strong>da</strong>s ruldeba es<br />

molaparakeba, `mustafa faSa mainc wava qarTvelebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>samoneblad~ 2 . anonimi venecielis TqmiT ki, Tu irani ar<br />

miiRebs osmalebis mier wayenebul pirobebs, maSin saqarTvelo<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili iqneba 3 .<br />

Oomis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win sulTnis karma werilebi <strong>da</strong>ugzavna<br />

yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos yvela, didsa Tu patara mbrZaneblebs,<br />

osmaleTisadmi mor Cileba gamoecxadebinaT. maT Soris<br />

visac werilebi <strong>da</strong>egzavnaT, iyvnen qarTveli mefe-mTavrebic:<br />

imereTis mefe giorgi II, samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

gamgebeli _ gurieli, samegrelos mTavari _ <strong>da</strong>diani, kaxe-<br />

Tis mefe _ aleqsandre II <strong>da</strong> lipartiani 4 .<br />

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 38.<br />

2 Charrière, III, p. 740.<br />

3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 22.<br />

4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Труды Мустафи Али-Эфенди как источник по<br />

истории Азербайджана конца XVI века. Диссертация на сойсканиу ученной<br />

saomari moqmedebis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win, lala faSas mier qarTveli<br />

mefe-mTavrebisaTvis gagzavnili werilebi<strong>da</strong>n gansakuTrebiT<br />

yuradRebas ipy robs imereTis mefisaTvis gagzavnili<br />

werili. lala faSa imereTis mefes mouwodebs<br />

Seasrulos patronymuri valdebuleba <strong>da</strong> sulT nisadmi erTguleba<br />

Sirvanis, azerbaijanisa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

winaaRmdeg mowyobil laSqrobaSi monawileobiT <strong>da</strong>amtkicos 1 .<br />

lala mustafa-faSa aleqsandre kaxTa mefes swer<strong>da</strong>: `... Cvenma<br />

fadiSahma umaRlesi brZanebiT <strong>da</strong>amtkica laSqroba Sirvanze,<br />

gurjistansa 2 <strong>da</strong> azerbaijanze <strong>da</strong> me, ara raobas,<br />

uZleveli armiiT magzavnis am qveynebSi. ramdena<strong>da</strong>c Tqven<br />

xarT Cveni fadiSahis morCili msaxuri, saWiroa xeli SeuwyoT<br />

gurjistanis be gebs, varazas Svilebs 3 (varaza ogullari),<br />

levans, gan sakuTrebiT qaixos ros Ze yvaryvares<br />

<strong>da</strong>mjereblobas <strong>da</strong> morCilebas... roca maTgan miviRebT mor-<br />

Cilebis werilebs, Cvenc Cvenis mxriv vTxovT fadiSahs maTs<br />

Sewyalebasa <strong>da</strong> mfarvelobas... sar<strong>da</strong>lma aseTive werili<br />

gaugzavna aleqsandres siZes, arzrumis vilaieTis SavSeTis<br />

sanjaybegs aTabag ahmed-begs~ _ naTqvamia ali-efendis `nusreT-nameSi~<br />

4 .<br />

Llala mustafa-faSa rom seriozulad iyo <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />

saqarT veloTi <strong>da</strong> aq seriozuli samxedro operaciebis<br />

warmoebas apireb<strong>da</strong>, Cans pasinis (?) begis, mirza ali-beis<br />

vaJisaTvis gagzavnili werili<strong>da</strong>n. os maleTis jarebis mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li<br />

adresats sTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom Tu is osmalTa jarTan<br />

степени кандидата ист. наук, Тб., 1985, с. 51-52. am sadisertacio naSromze mimiTiTa<br />

cnobilma Turqologma, qalbatonma cisana abulaZem, risTvisac did<br />

madlobas movaxseneb.<br />

1 iqve, gv, 176.<br />

2 rogorc werilis Sinaarsi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, gurjistanSi samcxe-saaTabago igulisxmeba.<br />

3 Uun<strong>da</strong> igulisxmebodes varaza SalikaSvilis vaJi kokola, romelic<br />

aTabagis winaaRmdeg gamodis, radgan misi mama varaza dedisimedma moakvlevina.<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. aqve, gv. 390-392.<br />

4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 52-53.<br />

186 187

SesaerTeblad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gziT wavido<strong>da</strong>, ma Sin mas <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT<br />

aewera yvela punqti sa<strong>da</strong>c mas gavla mouxdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

werilobiT ecnobebina mTavarsardlisaTvis 1 .<br />

osmalebma ganizraxes kavkasiaSi omis warmoebis plac<strong>da</strong>rmad<br />

yarsi ga<strong>da</strong>eqciaT. magram es strategiuli mniSvnelobis<br />

qalaqi wina omis dros nangrevebad iqca. amasiis zavis mixedviT,<br />

misi aRdgena orive mxares ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>. axla ki osmalebma<br />

didi siswrafiT <strong>da</strong>iwyes yarsis aRdgena. rogorc<br />

savaraudoa, osmaleTis sardlis mowodebebs zogierTi qarTveli<br />

mmarTveli maSinve gamoexmaura <strong>da</strong> kars momdgar mters<br />

garkveuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebac aRmouCina. Aamas aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> 1578 wlis<br />

20 maisis werilSi sa frangeTis mefe anri III-saTvis gagzavnil<br />

werilSi Juie. lala faSas qarT veli elCebi ewvivnen <strong>da</strong><br />

Tan miiyvanes 5 aTasi kaci yarsis simagris aRdgenisas osmalebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad 2 . savaraudoa, is ini SavSeTis <strong>da</strong> basianis<br />

gamahmadianebuli qarTveli feo<strong>da</strong>lebis 3 an imereTis<br />

mefis mier gagzavnili xalxi iyo. don xuan de persias TqmiT,<br />

guriis mTavari <strong>da</strong> misi vaJi osmalebis jarSi imyofebodnen 4 .<br />

Mmustafa-faSam sivasSi miiRo <strong>da</strong>dianisa <strong>da</strong> gurielis<br />

morCilebis sigelebi <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>nve upasuxa maT 5 . 1578 wlis 2<br />

ivliss ki, roca mustafa-faSa Cermikis sadgoms (arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

17 km-ze) uaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong>, miiRo Tormeti morCilebis sigeli,<br />

maT Soris iyo sigelebi <strong>da</strong>Restni<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>n 6 .<br />

imave dReebSi sar<strong>da</strong>lma miiRo kidev erTi sasiamovno Setyobineba<br />

yar sis sanjay-begis qurTi iusuf-begisagan. iusufbegi<br />

Tavis razmiT Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa sofel janbaz Cukuris 7 , <strong>da</strong>a-<br />

1 Тамже, с. 54.<br />

2 Charrière, III, p. 753.<br />

3 CoCievi v. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVI-<br />

XVII sau kuneebSi, gv. 174.<br />

4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 67.<br />

5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 58.<br />

6 Тамже, с. 60.<br />

7 Migive Cildir Cukuru, mdebareobs Cildiris tbis CrdiloeTiT .<br />

marcxa am mxaris brZanebeli mahmud-xani varazas Ze,<br />

gaanadgura misi jaris didi nawili, aTasze meti ki <strong>da</strong>atyveva.<br />

man qarTveli tyveebi gaagzavna CermikSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c im dros<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong> lala Mmustafa-faSa 1 . Aarzrumis beglarbegi<br />

bexrem-faSam, erevnisa <strong>da</strong> naxWevnis gamgeblis Toqmak-xanis<br />

braldebaze, rom osmalebma janbaz Cukurze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiT <strong>da</strong>ar-<br />

Rvies amasiis sazavo xelSekruleba, aseTi ganmarteba misca:<br />

janbaz Cukurze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma mox<strong>da</strong> mas Semdeg rac qarTvelebma<br />

ulus-TurqmenTa cxvris fara gaitaces. amas gar<strong>da</strong> sxva msgavsi<br />

incidentebic xdebo<strong>da</strong> am mxri<strong>da</strong>n, amitom sar <strong>da</strong>li<br />

mustafa-faSa gurjistanis vilaieTis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad movi<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

baxram-faSa im qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong>sjas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, romleb mac<br />

mehmed-aRa <strong>da</strong> misi amxanagebi aiZules eWamaT Roris xorci.<br />

<strong>da</strong>m naSaveebis <strong>da</strong>sjisa <strong>da</strong> gatacebuli cxvris faris <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi faSa Tanaxma iyo Sua mavloba ekisra samSvidobo<br />

molaparakebis <strong>da</strong>sawye bad 3 . rogorc Cans, os malebi mzad<br />

iyvnen lokaluri xasiaTis incidenti mo laparakebiT moegvarebinaT,<br />

maSin rodesac saqarTveloze Tv<strong>da</strong>sxma sruliad<br />

kanonierad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, radgan `isini (qarTvelebi) urwmunoni<br />

arian <strong>da</strong> uari sTqves sulTnis mfarvelobaze. Tavi<strong>da</strong>n isini<br />

fadiSahs emorCile bodnen, Semdeg ki, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva areulobis<br />

Semdeg, sawinaaRmdego (se fevide bis) mxares ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen. Aamitom<br />

isini ganekuTvnebian imaT ricxvs vinc un<strong>da</strong> moaqcion <strong>da</strong><br />

maTi ganadgureba <strong>da</strong> gaZarcva <strong>da</strong>Svebulia SariatiT~ 4<br />

31 ivliss lala faSam arzrumSi samxedro aRlumi gamarTa,<br />

ro mel sac erTi yizilbaSi tyve <strong>da</strong>aswro, raTa mas sakuTari<br />

TvaliT exila os maleTis jaris siZliere. anonimi<br />

1 Oosmalo sardlis sixaruli gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom mahmud–beg<br />

varazas Zes bralad edebo<strong>da</strong> gasul zamTars osmaleTis sofelze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma,<br />

romlis drosac ram den ime muslimani <strong>da</strong>atyveva <strong>da</strong> aiZula isini eWamaT Roris<br />

xorci. Тамже.<br />

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 62-63.<br />

3 Тамже, с. 63<br />

4 Тамже, с. 64.<br />

188 189

venecielis Tanaxmad, aRlumis <strong>da</strong>m Tavre bis Semdeg lala<br />

faSam tyve di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>asaCuqra, gaaTavisufla <strong>da</strong> Tan gaatana<br />

is werili, romelSic saqarTveloze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis aucileblobaze<br />

iyo naTqvami 1 .<br />

meore dRes (1 agvisto) osmaleTis jarma arzrumi <strong>da</strong>tova<br />

2 <strong>da</strong> saqarT velosken gaemarTa. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvari<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>laxes oriode dRis Semdeg. 2 an 3 agvistos isini mniSvnelovan<br />

simagresTan mividnen, romelic iranisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

sazRvarze mdebareob<strong>da</strong> 3 . Aaqve miiRo sar<strong>da</strong>lma imere-<br />

Tis (baSiaCuki) mefis giorgi II-is elCi saCuqrebiTa <strong>da</strong><br />

morCilebis weriliT. manAaqe<strong>da</strong>nve gaugzavna qarTvel mefes<br />

sapasuxo werili, romelSic naTqvami iyo: `yovel dRe vuaxlovdebiT<br />

artaans. amitom miiReb Tu ara Cems werils maSinve<br />

gamoeSure Cvens mxares Seni kargad aRWurvili qveSevrdomebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> TanamzraxvelebiT... Tu dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ud-xani,<br />

ro melTa miwebi Cvens Soris mdebareoben, Cvens winaaRmdeg<br />

imoqmedeben, maSin Cvenc Cveni mxri<strong>da</strong>n SevutevT <strong>da</strong> maT miwebs<br />

u<strong>da</strong>bnod ga<strong>da</strong>vaqcevT...~ 4<br />

osmalTa jari <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> teritoriaze SeiWra. qarTuli<br />

wyaroe bi<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia, rom pirveli cixe, romelic osmalebs<br />

samcxis teritoriaze Sexv<strong>da</strong>T, iyo mgelcixe. igi<br />

osmalebma ori dRis brZolis Semdeg 1578 w. 7 agvistos<br />

aiRes. 8 agvistos <strong>da</strong>ipyres kokola SalikaS vilis 5 mamulebi,<br />

romlebic `osmaleTis armiis gzaze mdebareob<strong>da</strong>~ 6 . sinamdvileSi,<br />

osmalebis mier kokolas <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, SalikaSvilebis<br />

ma mulebisadmi interesi, ganpirobebuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />

Sahis karTan maTi siaxloviT, razec SemdgomSi<br />

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 22.<br />

2 sxva cnobiT, osmalebma arzrumi <strong>da</strong>toves 23 agvistos ix. svaniZe m.,<br />

<strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 103.<br />

3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 22.<br />

4 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 62.<br />

5 Turquli wyaros mixedviT, varaza oRlu kaikud-xani.<br />

6 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 68<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT iTqmeva. imave dRes maT <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> gaZarcves<br />

vale. meore dRes (9 agvisto) osmalebmis xelSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong><br />

ax Cis qvabis, Tmogvis, xerTvisis, Cildiris, axalqalaqis 1 <strong>da</strong><br />

eni-kales(?) cixeebi 2 . samcxis aTabagis <strong>da</strong> yvela didebulis<br />

mier osmalebisadmi mor Cilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg, lala<br />

mustafa faSa qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong>samorCileblad wavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

manmade man werili gaugzavna <strong>da</strong>ud-xans <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> morCileba<br />

mosTxova, magramM qarTlis gamgebelma osmalo sar<strong>da</strong>ls ar<br />

upasuxa 3 . Tbilisisaken mimaval osmaleTis jars didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

gauwia aTabagis Zmam manu Carma, romelmac Tavis Tavze<br />

aiRo megzuroba 4 . osmalebi mosaxleo bas ik lebdnen, riTac<br />

did ukmayofilebas iwvevdnen. qarTveli xalxi maSinve aRsdga<br />

SemoWrili mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mtris sim ravle<br />

pir <strong>da</strong>pir Sebmis saSualebas ar iZleo<strong>da</strong>, amitom partizanuli<br />

brZola gaC aR<strong>da</strong>. osmalTa jars fex<strong>da</strong>fex misdev<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa<br />

razmebi <strong>da</strong> did zians ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. minadois <strong>da</strong> don xuan sparselis<br />

mixedviT, partizanul brZolis meTaurebi iyvnen iusufi<br />

5 , <strong>da</strong>uT-xani <strong>da</strong> aleqsan dre 6 . maT TavianT mamulebSi Sekribes<br />

jari <strong>da</strong> sa <strong>da</strong>c moixelTebdnen mters musrs avlebdnen.<br />

1578 wels ki, iranTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Semdeg, roca na-<br />

Teli Seiqmna amierkavkasiaSi samxedro operaciebis sirTule,<br />

sulTanma angariSi aRar gauwia Tu rogor Sexe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

osmalebis <strong>da</strong>ufarav agresias. arqan jelo lambertis mixedviT,<br />

sulTanma foTi <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>da</strong> mdinare rionis zRvasTan<br />

SesarTavTan kunZulze cixe aaSena. sainteresoa, rom lamber-<br />

1 manuCarma, qarTuli wyaros cnobiT, lala faSas Tmogvis cixe <strong>da</strong> kokola SalikaSvilisaTvis<br />

CamorTmeuli axalqalaqi ga<strong>da</strong>sca 17 agvistos. „mesxuri matiane“, gv. 49.<br />

2 Тамже.<br />

3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 74<br />

4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 68v.<br />

5 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT, iusufi imereTis mefe giorgis (1564-1585) vaJi<br />

iyo. svniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv, 141-142.<br />

6 Mminadois TqmiT, es iyo kaxeTis mefe aleqsandere II, xolo don xuan<br />

sparselis mixedviT ki – manuCaris Zma yvaryvare IV, romelic evropul<br />

wyaroebSi aleqsandred moix senieba.<br />

190 191

tis mSvenivrad esmo<strong>da</strong> osmalebis moqmedebis mizani: `amis<br />

mizezi is iyo _ am bobs lamberti _ rom im xanebSi Turqebis<br />

sulTani amurati omob<strong>da</strong> iranelebTan. man aiRo Tbilisi <strong>da</strong><br />

apireb<strong>da</strong> mTeli iranis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas. am saqmis Sesasruleblad<br />

mas undo<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gza gaex sna TavisTvis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eWira<br />

am gzis gasaRebi _ qalaqi quTaisi, raTa jer zRviT <strong>da</strong> mere<br />

fazisiT Cqara <strong>da</strong> naklebi zaraliT gaegzavna Tavisi ja rebi<br />

iranisaken~. osmalebi TavianTi galerebiT ahyvnen md. rions<br />

<strong>da</strong> qu Taisisken wavidnen. magram qalaqis maxloblad, mdinaris<br />

Seviwrovebis adgilas TofebiT SeiaraRebulma<br />

qarTvelebma iseTi cecxli gauxsnes momxvdurT, rom isini<br />

iZulebuli gaxdnen ukan gabrunebuliyvnen <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg<br />

foTSi is cixe aaSenes romelzec lamberti aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

iranis morCili <strong>da</strong>uT-xani xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, rom Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>cvas<br />

ver SeZleb<strong>da</strong>, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom is kargad gamagrebuli<br />

iyo 2 . Semdgomi brZolis gagrZelebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi jaris ga<strong>da</strong>rCenis<br />

mizniT man mTeli SeiaraReba waiRo <strong>da</strong> qalaqi <strong>da</strong>tova<br />

3 . lala faSas ki imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>viTsa <strong>da</strong> mis jars<br />

1 osmalebis mier aSenebuli foTis cixe SemdegSi odiSis mTavar levan<br />

II <strong>da</strong>dians <strong>da</strong>ungrevia <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n 25 zarbazani wauRia. arqanjelo lamberti,<br />

samegrelos aRwera, Targmani italiuri<strong>da</strong>n al. Wyoniasi. meore gamocema l.<br />

asaTianis winasityvaobiT, re <strong>da</strong>qciiT <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1938, gv, 172.<br />

2 evlia Celebis aRweriT, TbilisSi `cicabo kldeze erTmaneTis pir<strong>da</strong>pir<br />

ori cixea... maT Soris mdinare mtkvari miedineba. radganac erTi kldi<strong>da</strong>n meore<br />

kldeze didi xidia [gadebuli], erTi cixi<strong>da</strong>n meoremde advilad ga<strong>da</strong>isvleba.<br />

didi cixe mdi nare mtkvris samxreTiTaa <strong>da</strong> patara cixe _ CrdiloeTiT... didi<br />

cixis garSemoweri loba eqvsi aTasi nabijia, magram Zveli naSenia. kedlis<br />

simaRle samoci wyrTaa. samoc<strong>da</strong>aTi burji <strong>da</strong> sami aTasi qonguri aqvs. erTi<br />

xidiani kari aqvs. Txrili ara aqvs. mdinare mtkvars erTi wylisTvis gankuTvnili,<br />

xvreliani koSki ga<strong>da</strong>hyurebs; alyis dros iqi<strong>da</strong>n iklaven wyur vils...<br />

patara cixe... erT cicabo gorakze dgas. oTxkuTxa, patara cixea. xidis TavSi<br />

patara karia... patara cixe did zRudeze mtkicea. cixis koSkebs sami aTasi<br />

mecixovne icavs~. (evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turquli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna,<br />

komentarebi <strong>da</strong> ga mokvleva <strong>da</strong>urTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I, qarTuli Targmani,<br />

Tb., 1971 , gv. 295).<br />

3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 69r.<br />

TbilisSi moimwyvdev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mospob<strong>da</strong>. amitom, mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />

Tbilisis alyaSi moqcevis mizniT, win gauSva osman faSa 5<br />

aTasi mxedriT. osman faSas Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>carielebuli <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram didZali qoneba <strong>da</strong> sursaT-sanovage moipova. 24 agvistos<br />

TviT sar <strong>da</strong>lic mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n 3 milis <strong>da</strong>SorebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>, raTa jars qalaqi ar <strong>da</strong>ezianebina. radgan<br />

Tbilisis moqalaqeebs mtkvarze xidi <strong>da</strong>engriaT, os malebma<br />

qalaqTan uzarmazari xeebi <strong>da</strong>Wres <strong>da</strong> xidi aRadgines. lala<br />

faSam SirvanSi wasvlis win Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli qarTlis<br />

(`manuCaris samflobeloebamde~) gamgeblad <strong>da</strong>niSna vinme mehmed<br />

bei, romelic faSas rangSi aiyvana. mas Caabares 10 aTasi<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> qveiTi jariskaci, samasi ianiCari, 36 qvemexi, sabrZolo<br />

masala <strong>da</strong> erTi wlis samyofi sursaT-sano vage 1 .<br />

29 agvistos, paraskevs, sulTnis brZanebiT, TbilisSi<br />

or adgilas safuZveli Caeyara or meCeTs, xolo sardlis<br />

brZanebiTa <strong>da</strong> surviliT, md. mtkvris meore napirze safuZveli<br />

Caeyara kidev erT meCeTs 2 .<br />

Sahis karze gasagebi iyo, rom <strong>da</strong>uT-xans osmalebisadmi<br />

winaaRmde gobis gawevis unari ar Seswev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sah muhamed<br />

xu<strong>da</strong>bendem qarTlis tax tze svimon mefis <strong>da</strong>bruneba ganizraxa.<br />

igi Sah Tamazs alamuTis cixeSi ga momwyvdeuli hyav<strong>da</strong><br />

1569-1576 wlebSi.<br />

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 24-25. alis gadmocemiT<br />

Tbilisis beglarbegad <strong>da</strong>niSnuli mehmed begi iyo kastomanis sanjaybegi,<br />

romelsac 20 aTasi mebrZoli <strong>da</strong>utoves <strong>da</strong> 150 aTasi axCa. Фарзалиев А. М.<br />

оглы, Ук. труд, с. 74-75.<br />

2 i. hameri `nusreT-nameze~ miTiTebiT ambobs, rom osmalebma TbilisSi 2<br />

eklesia meCeTad ga<strong>da</strong>akeTeso, rac simarTles ar Seefereba. Фарзалиев А. М.<br />

оглы, Ук. труд, с. 75.<br />

192 193

* * *<br />

XVI saukunis, gansakuTrebiT svimon I -is mefobis droindel<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> pira<strong>da</strong>d mefeze, sakmaod bevri iwerebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT vropaSi. tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebuli mefe, ga<strong>da</strong>uWarbeblad<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, ga<strong>da</strong>iqca osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolis meTaurad. amitom didi iyo mis mimarT interesi<br />

osmaleTis imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolis mosurne evropaSi.<br />

im masalebi<strong>da</strong>n, romelSic aisaxa svimon I-is pirovneba <strong>da</strong><br />

misi saqmianoba, gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva jovani Tomazo<br />

minadois TxzulebaSi Semonaxuli cnobebi, romlebSic sakmaod<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT, Tumca qarTuli <strong>da</strong> sparsuli wyaroebisagan<br />

gansxvavebulad <strong>da</strong> sruliad axali cnobebis <strong>da</strong>matebiT,<br />

gadmocemuli aqvs svimon mefis cxovrebis saintreso momentebi,<br />

romelTa gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia.<br />

ai rogor agviwers minadoi svimonsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>viTs Soris<br />

Camovardnil uTanxmoebas, <strong>da</strong>viTis gamahmadianebas, yizilbaSebis<br />

mier svimonis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebas, mis urTierTobas ismailmirzasTan...<br />

minadoi, rodesac laparakobs yarsisa <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis<br />

<strong>da</strong>makavSirebeli gzis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs: „aqe<strong>da</strong>n Tu<br />

gavyvebiT aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT, movxvdebiT ufro<br />

somxeTSi, vidre iveriaSi, gansvenebuli luarsabis miwebze,<br />

axla rom ekuTvniT or Zmas _ <strong>da</strong>viTsa <strong>da</strong> svimons, fizikurad<br />

<strong>da</strong> sulierad Rirseul memkvidreebs mamis saxelis <strong>da</strong><br />

samflobeloebisa, Tumca Semdeg maT uxeSi laqa miicxes sarwmunoebis<br />

gamocvliT <strong>da</strong> SeibRales qebis Rirsi saxeli.<br />

gansakuTrebiT es exeba svimons, romelmac samxedro saqmis<br />

codniT, poeziaSi gacnobilma 1 <strong>da</strong> Tavisi filosofiuri<br />

1 Mminadois naTqvami, rom svimoni poezias icnob<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>sturdeba osmalo<br />

is torikosis mustafa na’ima-s (1655-1715) erTi cnobiT. ufro metic,<br />

na’imas mixedviT, svimoni sakmaod kargi poeti yofila (jiqia s., epizodi XVI<br />

saukunis erTi cnobis ganmarteba (na’ima-s erTi cno bis ganmarteba). masalebi<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis is toriisaTvis, nakv. 31, Tb., 1954 , gv. 56, 58). is<br />

<strong>da</strong>xelovnebula robaiebis TxzvaSi. ro bai sparsul klasikur saleqso for maTa<br />

ganaTlebiT Tamazis Svilis [ismailis] wyaloba <strong>da</strong> masTan<br />

siaxlove <strong>da</strong>imsaxura iranSi tyved yofnis dros, romlis<br />

Sesaxebac vilaparakebT. magram rogori gmiri un<strong>da</strong> iyos a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />

rom SesZlos SeinarCunos brwyinvaleba <strong>da</strong> ar Caqres<br />

im codvebiT <strong>da</strong>cemis Semdeg, orivem rom Caidines, rac gax<strong>da</strong><br />

mizezi imisa, rom TiToeuli maTgani <strong>da</strong>rCa qonebas, samflobelos<br />

<strong>da</strong> pativs moklebuli. maT <strong>da</strong>karges qristes uwmindes<br />

saxelTan urTierTobis ufleba.<br />

luarsabma, anderZiT, samefoSi Tavis memkvidred svimoni<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSna mxolod imitom ki ara, rom is wlovanebiT ufrosi<br />

iyo, aramed imis gamoc, rom ufro Rirseuli iyo Tavis am<br />

Zma <strong>da</strong>viTze. es ukanaskneli ver urigdebo<strong>da</strong> aseT ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebas,<br />

swyuro<strong>da</strong> dideba <strong>da</strong> batonoba, ar miaCn<strong>da</strong> svimoni<br />

memkvidred <strong>da</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong> igi qveyni<strong>da</strong>n ganedevna, iara-<br />

RiT mieRwia imisTvis, rac mamis survilma ar arguna... roca<br />

svimoni <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong> Zmis borot ganzraxvaSi, raki ver xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong><br />

winaaRmdegobis <strong>da</strong>Zlevis sxva saSualebas, [Sah] Tamazs<br />

mouTxro saqmis viTareba <strong>da</strong> Sewevna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>cva sTxova. Tamazma<br />

uyuradRebod ar <strong>da</strong>stova [is Txovna] <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita svimonisaTvis<br />

esiamovnebina. man 4 aTasi cxenosani gagzavna <strong>da</strong><br />

maTs meTaurs ubrZana, <strong>da</strong>viTi cocxali Seepyro <strong>da</strong> iranSi<br />

moeyvana. Tu is sarwmuneobis Secvlaze ar <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>, maSin<br />

Soris erT-erTi uZvelesi <strong>da</strong> saintereso saxeobaa. es aris oTxstriqoniani<br />

miniatu ruli leqsi, mtkiced gansazRvruli saleqso sazomiTa <strong>da</strong> gariTmvis<br />

normebiT (kotetiSvili v., robais struqtura. Tsu Sromebi, t. 250, aRmosavleTmcodneoba,<br />

Tb., 1985, gv. 5). na’ima-s moyvanili aqvs mefis mier iedikuleSi<br />

patimrobisas gamoTqmuli erTi ro bai, romelSic mefe Tavis uiRblo gan vlil<br />

cxovrebaze mosTqvams:<br />

`gamanadgura bedma, romelsac vemduri;<br />

amisaTvis <strong>da</strong>mcireba ganmvicade xalxis TvalSi,<br />

Tumca [saqme] wamivi<strong>da</strong> Zlier cu<strong>da</strong>d (mZimed),<br />

madloba gamCens, [rom axla mdgomareoba] Semimsubuq<strong>da</strong>~<br />

mefis am robaize mis Tanamedrove heqim Celebis aseTnairad upasuxia:<br />

`erTi goris cixis aRebisaTvis Sen,<br />

axla, uyure, mecixovne gaxdi ÁedikuleSi~. jiqia s., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 56, 58.<br />

194 195

mas scnoben Tavisi samflobeloebis uflebebSi, rogorc<br />

aRiarebul qveSevrdoms <strong>da</strong> ara rogorc Tavisufal moxarkes.<br />

Tu igi amaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>, maSin svimoni ga<strong>da</strong>ayeneT, sarwmunoebis<br />

gamocvlas nu <strong>da</strong>aZalebT <strong>da</strong> mis adgilas <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>sviTo.<br />

xolo Tu ki svimonic mzadyofnas gamosTqvams Tavis ZmasaviT,<br />

maSin is Tavis uflebaSi <strong>da</strong>toveT, <strong>da</strong>viTi ki yazvins wamoiyvaneTo.<br />

meTauri saqarTveloSi wavi<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>viTi swrafad Seipyro,<br />

iaraRic ki ar gamouyenebia, moTxovna wauyena Tamazis<br />

saxeliT. is maSinve <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>: sarwmunoeba gamoicvala, wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

naTloba win<strong>da</strong>cveTiT Secvala, Tavisi Tavi cru winaswarmetyvel<br />

muhameds usindisod miarTva nebayoflobiT<br />

saCuqrad <strong>da</strong> uaryo (saTqmela<strong>da</strong>c ki SemaZrwunebelia) qveynis<br />

mxsneli. Semdeg sparseli meTauri svimonTan mivi<strong>da</strong>, uTxra,<br />

rom mis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>patimrebuli hyavs misi<br />

mteri, magram svimons qveynis mfarveli Tamazis imedi nu<br />

eqneba, Tu sarwmuneobas ar gamoicvlis. ase rom igi un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaxdes imave winaswarmetyvelisa <strong>da</strong> kanonis msaxuri, romelsac<br />

emsaxureba <strong>da</strong> emorCileba Sah Tamazi. Tu igi ase ar<br />

moiqceva, maSin mis adgils misi Zma <strong>da</strong>ikavebs, romelmac maSinve<br />

miiRo es wina<strong>da</strong>deba. svimoni mwared atir<strong>da</strong> Zmis <strong>da</strong>cemaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> Zveleburi didi simtkiciT qristes uwmindesi<br />

saxelisadmi erTguli <strong>da</strong>rCa. man <strong>da</strong>Tmo amqveyniuri samefo,<br />

rom ar <strong>da</strong>ekarga ciuri samefo <strong>da</strong> gax<strong>da</strong> Sahis patimari...<br />

sabralo svimoni waiyvanes TamazTan, romelic didxans<br />

uCiCineb<strong>da</strong> mas, mieRo sparsuli wesebi. man ar uaryo mSobliuri<br />

sarwmunoeba <strong>da</strong> gagzavnes kahkahes cixeSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c ga<strong>da</strong>saxlebaSi<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong> Tamazis Svili ismaili, romelic,<br />

rogorc iTqva, [SemdegSi] Sahi gax<strong>da</strong>. [svimonma] irCia droebiT<br />

cixeSi cxovreba, vidre gamoecvala Tavisi odindeli<br />

qristes sarwmunoeba (Tumca cxovrob<strong>da</strong> masSi rogorc sqizmatikosi<br />

1 ) <strong>da</strong> TavisTvis moemzadebina maradiuli borkilebi,<br />

1 sqizmatikosi – berZn. ganxeTqilebis Semomtani kaTolicizmsa <strong>da</strong> marTlmadideblobas<br />

Soris. am SemTxvevaSi berZnuli marTlmadideblobis mimdevari.<br />

usasrulod <strong>da</strong> Savbnelad Caketiliyo cecxlovan jojoxeTSi.<br />

svimonis es Tavga<strong>da</strong>savali Wkuis saswavlebeli un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos imisaTvis, Tu ra saxifaToa <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad an <strong>da</strong>sacavad<br />

mosuli ucxoelis Careva sakuTar saqmeSi“ 1 .<br />

„kahkahaSi tusaRad yofnis dros svimons axlo urTier-<br />

Toba hqon<strong>da</strong> Tamazis Svil ismailTan, romelic misma xsenebulma<br />

mamam iq ga<strong>da</strong>asaxla <strong>da</strong> maTi [svimonisa <strong>da</strong> ismailis]<br />

megobroba nel-nela mtkice savaldebulo siyvarulSi ganmtkic<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ase rom ramdena<strong>da</strong>c ismails uyvar<strong>da</strong> svimonis cxovrebis<br />

wesebi, imdenad svimoni ismailis sulis sidiadis aRtacebuli<br />

pativismcemeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am araCveulebrivma<br />

urTierT siyvarulma [svimoni] bolos miiyvana iqamde, rom<br />

svimoni (ar vici romeliRac sofizmiT motyuebuli Tu ra-<br />

Rac alersiT moxibluli) Tavis sarwmunoebaSi ver gamagr<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavisi megobris barbarosul crurwmenaSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

romelma mizezebma warmoSves svimonis sulSi es mosabruni,<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 54-57. saintresoa, rom MMminadois Txzuleba gax<strong>da</strong> mTavari<br />

wyaro saqarTveloTi <strong>da</strong>intresebuli mravali evropeli avtorisaTvis. mag.<br />

Mminadois monaTxrobs sityva-sityviT imeorebs petro biZaro Tavis 1601 wels<br />

gamoqveynebul wignSi (Rerum Persi carum Historia, initia, Gentis, Mores, Instituta,<br />

resque gestas ad hoc usque tempora complectens. Auctore Petro Bizaro Santinate,<br />

Francofurti, 1601 , p. 534). Mminadois Txzulebis im adgils, sa<strong>da</strong>c svimonisa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>vi Tis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis, Sah Tamzis mier maTi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis ambavia moTxrobili,<br />

don xuan de persia, minadois Txzulebaze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, mokled gadmogvcems<br />

Semdegnairad: `mTavarma luarsabma Tavisi [samTavro] ufros Svils svimons<br />

<strong>da</strong>utova, xolo umcrosi Zma <strong>da</strong>viTi Sah Tamazis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, romelmac 4 aTasi<br />

kaci miaSvela, samTavros <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv <strong>da</strong>eufla. man sparseTis xelmwifis<br />

ymadnaficad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> Tavi, qristianoba uaryo, gamahmadian<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>irqva<br />

<strong>da</strong>udxani. Sah Tamazma igi maSinve Tbilisis batonad <strong>da</strong>niSna, misi ufrosi<br />

Zma svimoni ki, romelmac im periodSi qristianoba ar miatova, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>atyveva <strong>da</strong> kahkahahis cixeSi Caamwyvdia~ (Don Juan de Persia, p.<br />

67v). minadois Txzulebis seriozuli gavlena emCneva Jan Sardenis Txzulebis<br />

Sesabamis pasaJsac. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis sxva<br />

qveynebSi (cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb). franguli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna, gamokvleva <strong>da</strong><br />

komentarebi <strong>da</strong>urTo m. mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1975 , gv. 301.<br />

2 gamuslimanebul svimons sulTan-mahmud-xani <strong>da</strong>arqves (isqander munSi,<br />

gv. 28).<br />

196 197

eligiurad Zalian ganaTlebulis <strong>da</strong> Zalian mtkicesi,<br />

romelsac ukve Sewiruli hqon<strong>da</strong> qoneba <strong>da</strong> Tavisufleba,<br />

raTa SeenarCunebina berZnuli rjuli, es Zneli asaxsnelia.<br />

magram samma mZlavrma biZgma gansazRvra es gar<strong>da</strong>texa: gamudmebulma<br />

patimrobam, romli<strong>da</strong>nac Tavis <strong>da</strong>Rweva albaT ar<br />

SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> Tu qristianad <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>; megobroba ismailTan,<br />

megobroba, vityvi, romelsac SeuZlia Secvalos a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

bunebac, aramcTu mokv<strong>da</strong>vis rwmena; umaRlesi pativi, romelsac<br />

mas yoveldRe hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> ismaili misi taxtze asvlisas.<br />

aseTnair ganwyobilebaSi iyvnen, roca Sah Tamazi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

<strong>da</strong> ismaili didi zeimiT miiyvanes yazvinSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c aseve<br />

sazeimod gamoacxades Tavisi mamis mTeli samflobeloebis<br />

mefed. imaT Soris vinc Zvirfasni <strong>da</strong>rCnen xsenebuli mefis<br />

mexsierebaSi, Tavisi RirsebebiT <strong>da</strong>rCa svimoni, romelic misi<br />

xaTriT ukve win<strong>da</strong>cveTili <strong>da</strong> mahmadiani gax<strong>da</strong>. ase CarCa<br />

[ismails] svimoni mexsierebaSi, rom sur<strong>da</strong> misi avseba pativiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saCuqrebiT, bevrad ga<strong>da</strong>metebuli imaze, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

[svimons] SeeZlo evarau<strong>da</strong>. xolo ismailis naadrevma <strong>da</strong><br />

moulodnelma sikvdilma is moitana, rom svimoni <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />

yovelgvari warCinebis gareSe <strong>da</strong> mxolod imiTi iyo kmayofili,<br />

rom di<strong>da</strong>d sasixarulo Tavisufleba moipova.<br />

ismailis sikvdiliT svimoni sagonebelSi Cavar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> TavisTvis<br />

fiqrob<strong>da</strong>: ra iqnebo<strong>da</strong> misTvis ukeTesi, yazvinSi <strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Ceniliyo <strong>da</strong> moeca<strong>da</strong> axali mefis taxtze asvlisaTvis, Tu<br />

gamgzavrebuliyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brunebo<strong>da</strong> mitovebul sarwmunoebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> qveyanas. bolos, bevri fiqris Semdeg man ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita <strong>da</strong><br />

umjobesad miiCnia, xelsayreli <strong>da</strong> ukeTesi uSiSroebisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>lodebo<strong>da</strong> axal xelmwifes <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>cvisa <strong>da</strong> mfarvelobis<br />

qveS gamoenaxa saSualeba Tavisi warTmeuli Rirsebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sabruneblad, vidre gaqceuliyo yovelgvari mxar<strong>da</strong>Weris<br />

gareSe, Sejaxebo<strong>da</strong> mtrulad ganwyobili Zmis winaaRmdegobas<br />

<strong>da</strong> naadrevad <strong>da</strong>Rupuliyo. amgvarad, man arCia <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo<br />

yazvinSi, imeds amyareb<strong>da</strong> imaze, rom sarwmunoebis<br />

gamocvla, sworad rom vTqvaT, [mahmadianuri] rwmenis aRiareba,<br />

gamovlili patimroba <strong>da</strong> Tavisuflebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba, mamaci<br />

[kacis] saxeli, Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, axali mefis<br />

winaSe erTgulebisa <strong>da</strong> morCilebis gamoCeniT is pativsa <strong>da</strong><br />

Rirsebas <strong>da</strong>imsaxureb<strong>da</strong>, Tu ki mudmivi <strong>da</strong> mtkice mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />

saqarTveloSi [osmalebis winaaRmdeg] omis gaZRolas<br />

mas miandobdnen.<br />

amgvarad, rodesac mahmadi 1 gamef<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong> Tbilisis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargvaSi, [svimonma] sTxova neba mieca Sahis mfarvelobis<br />

qveS <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo Tavis cu<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>cul qveyanaSi. hpirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

yovelgvari riskisa <strong>da</strong> gansacdelis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ar<br />

SeSindebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ar iTakileb<strong>da</strong> wvrilman [saqmeebs], Tu ki<br />

amiT sargebels moutan<strong>da</strong> mahmads. axali xelmwife udidesi<br />

siamovnebiT <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> svimonis Txovnaze <strong>da</strong> igi <strong>da</strong>niSna xanad<br />

mTeli im samefosi, romelsac qristianad yofnisas flob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

[svimoni] saswrafod gaigzavna saqarTveloSi, aliyuli-xanTan<br />

erTad, Turqebis jaris winaaRmdeg sabrZol velad...“ 2<br />

svimon mefis <strong>da</strong>uT-xanTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis, sparselTagan<br />

misi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis ambavs don xuan<br />

de persia mokled, magram ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d iseve gadmogvcems,<br />

rogorc Tomazo minadoi. misi TqmiT, sparselebSi didi SeSfoTeba<br />

gamoiwvia osmaleTis mier wamowyebulma omma. „aseTi<br />

mdgomareoba rom iyo, kidev erTi ram mox<strong>da</strong>, ramac yvela<br />

sparsels imedi gaucrua. <strong>da</strong>uT-xani, mas Semdeg rac gamahmadian<strong>da</strong><br />

sparseTis momxre iyo, exla mas ga<strong>da</strong>udga <strong>da</strong> SemTxveva<br />

mieca Tuara maSinve [sulTan] muradTan gaiqca. meorec: <strong>da</strong>vi-<br />

Tis Zma svimonic, romelic <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> didi xnis<br />

ganmavlobaSi qristianad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, cudi sazogadoebis<br />

zemoqmedebiT <strong>da</strong> sxva borotmoqmed tusaRTa gavleniT, iseT<br />

garemoebaSi Caayenes, rom iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> uareyo <strong>da</strong> eRalata<br />

qristianobisaTvis, <strong>da</strong> uRalata kidec. Sahma mas Tav-<br />

1 Sahi mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 128-130.<br />

198 199

isufleba uboZa <strong>da</strong> xanis tituliT Tavis samflobelos<br />

<strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong>. svimons Tavisi samsaxuriT sparselebisaTvis erTguleba<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>emtkicebina, aliyuli-xans SeuerT<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Turqebis<br />

mier waRebuli ramdenime qvemexi ukan <strong>da</strong>ibruna. [svimoni]<br />

3 aTasi mxedriT mTel saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>na vardob<strong>da</strong>“ 1<br />

gansxvavebuli cnobebi gagvaCnia svimon mefis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ganTavisuflebisa <strong>da</strong> samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Sesaxeb. doro-<br />

Teoz kaTalikosis itriis eklesiisadmi Sewirulobis sigelSi<br />

svimon mefis <strong>da</strong>matyvevebelic <strong>da</strong> gamanTavisuflebelic<br />

Sah Tamazia. amis Semdeg „moxe<strong>da</strong> mowyalebaman RmrTisaman <strong>da</strong><br />

movi<strong>da</strong> mefeT-mefe batoni suimion tyuebi<strong>da</strong>Rman“ 2 . farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZe sruliad garkveviT ambobs, rom „si<strong>da</strong>mdisin Sah<br />

Tamaz yaeni cocxal iyo, mefe [svimoni] alamudis cixeSi iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> ra yaeni micvala <strong>da</strong> misi Svili Sah ismeil gaâemwif<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maSin mefe alamudiT yazmins moayvanina <strong>da</strong> kargis pativiT<br />

inaxev<strong>da</strong>... Sah xu<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong>m... mefe gaaTaTra <strong>da</strong> rac masTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>Wirulni Tavadni <strong>da</strong> aznaurni iyvnen, mousxmevina <strong>da</strong> yvelas<br />

cxeni iaraRi gaukeTes <strong>da</strong> xalaTi <strong>da</strong> saâarjo misces <strong>da</strong><br />

mefes svimons... <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefoba misces <strong>da</strong> rayami ZmobiT<br />

misweres <strong>da</strong> mehman<strong>da</strong>ri gaatanes...“ 3 beri egnataSvilis mixedviT,<br />

„ismailma gamoiyvana mefe sÕmon alamuTis cixi<strong>da</strong>me <strong>da</strong><br />

miiyvana misTana“. „parizis qronikis“ mixedviTac, „<strong>da</strong>sves<br />

yaenaT Sah ismail <strong>da</strong> mefe sviumon alamutis cixiTgan gamoiyvana,<br />

yazmins miayvanina <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> batonoba misca“ 4 .<br />

ismail II -is mier svimon mefisa <strong>da</strong> ufliswul ieses alamu-<br />

Tis cixi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebas aRniSnavs mahmud naTanzi 5 .<br />

1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 75 r-v.<br />

2 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III . saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi<br />

(XI-XIX ss.) teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo i. doliZem,<br />

Tb., 1970 . saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI-XIX ss.) teqstebi gamosca,<br />

SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv 354.<br />

3 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe , gv. 219<br />

4 parizis qronika , gv. 45.<br />

5 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv 139.<br />

isqander munSis mixedviT, „isa-xan qarTveli, levan-xanis<br />

Svili <strong>da</strong> svimon-xani, luarsabis Ze, oriveni alamuTis cixeSi<br />

rom iyvnen <strong>da</strong>patimrebulebi, ismail-mirzam gamouSva“.<br />

xolo sulTan-mohamed-xu<strong>da</strong>bandem svimons „Zmis“ bednieri<br />

wodebuleba mianiWa <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>abruna 1 .<br />

Sah ismail II -is mefobis istoriis mkvlevaris v. hincis<br />

mixedviT, ismailma 1578 wlis Semodgomaze svimoni saqarTveloSi<br />

gamoistumra 2 . germaneli istorikosi amjerad m. broses<br />

eyrdnoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvilis zemoTmoyvanil cnobas 3 , romelic simarTles<br />

ar asaxavs. ufro sandoa beri egnataSvilis Txzulebis is<br />

adgili, sa<strong>da</strong>c naTqvamia, rom mefe svimon Sah-mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendem<br />

<strong>da</strong>abruna saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> osmalebis winaaRmdeg br-<br />

Zola <strong>da</strong>avala 4 . j. T. minadois mixedviTac, svimon mefe isev<br />

iranSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, rodesac ismail II mokv<strong>da</strong>. minadois sakmaod<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT aqvs aRwerili ismailis sikvdiliT<br />

gamowveuli svimonis ganc<strong>da</strong>, beri egnataSvilis Txzulebis<br />

cnobas kidev ufro amagrebs „karmelitebis arqivis“ is werili<br />

osmaleTis jarebis sar<strong>da</strong>lma lala mustafa faSam Sah<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes rom gaugzavna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>TariRebulia 1578<br />

wlis ivlisiT. am werilis mixedviT, 1578 wlis ivlisSi<br />

ismail II cocxali aRar iyo. gamodis, rom man imefa 1576<br />

wlis maisi<strong>da</strong>n 1578 wlis ivlisamde. maSin ra vuyoT Sarafxan<br />

biTlisis cnobas, romlis mixedviT ismaili gar<strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

seqtemberSi 5 , xolo islamis enciklopedias Tu <strong>da</strong>vujerebT,<br />

_ noemberSi 6 .<br />

1 isqander munSi, gv, 28.<br />

2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 61<br />

3 Brosset M., Collections d’Historiens, v. I , St. Petersbourg, 1874 , St. Pewtersborg,<br />

1874 , p. 555.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 372.<br />

5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 233.<br />

6 Enziklpädie des Islam, II , Leiden-Leipzig, 1927 , Leiden-Leipzig, 1927, S.<br />

582-583.<br />

200 201

Saraf-xan bidlisi mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>ben<strong>da</strong>s miawers svimonis<br />

tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebas, misTvis Tbilisis olqis <strong>da</strong><br />

misi mimdebare mxareebis mmarTvelobis boZebas <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi<br />

gagzavnas 1 . aseTive cnoba <strong>da</strong>culia „mesxur matiane-<br />

Si“: osmalTa sar<strong>da</strong>li lala mustafa faSa qarTlSia (1578<br />

w.), rodesac sparseTi<strong>da</strong>n brundeba svimon I . „qarTlis mefe<br />

patroni suimon tyuŠ iyo; yaenma [mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendem]<br />

gamouSua“ 2 . Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT vrcelia vax uSti batoniSvilis naTqvami<br />

svimon me fis samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis Ses axeb. isic aRniSnavs<br />

SalikaSvilebis qalis <strong>da</strong> svimonis Sexvedras <strong>da</strong> Sem deg<br />

amatebs: is yvelaferi xom misces, rac <strong>da</strong>udxanisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemuli<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T, „mis ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>urTes cxra aTasi Tumani <strong>da</strong><br />

tyueni yovelni saqarT velosani, mun <strong>da</strong>tyveve bulni“ 3 minadoi,<br />

rogorc iTqva, svimon mefis patim robi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebas<br />

ismails, samSobloSi gamoSvebas ki mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

miaw er<strong>da</strong>. don xuan de persiasTan sruliad gaurkvevelia,<br />

ro meli Sahi rogor moepyro mefes. Jan Sardeni gvamcnobs,<br />

rom svimoni mo hamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendem gaanTavisufla cixi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong><br />

samSobloSic man <strong>da</strong>abruna, magram TariRs (1582 w.) arasworad<br />

gadmogvcems 4 .<br />

ganxilul wyaroTa cnobebis <strong>da</strong> zogierTi dokumentis 5<br />

monaceme bis Sejereba sarwmunos xdis, rom svimon mefis patimrobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gan Tavisufleba ismail II -is, xolo samSobloSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>bruneba Sah-mohamed xu<strong>da</strong> bendes wyaloba iyo.<br />

zogierTi wyaros mixedviT svimon mefe iranis tyveobaSi<br />

narkotiks mieCvia. mas aseTi midrekileba ismail-mirzasTan<br />

urTierTo bisas un<strong>da</strong> gasCeno<strong>da</strong>, rasac sacnaurs xdis Tomazo<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 236.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 50.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv 411.<br />

4 Sardenis mgzauroba, gv. 302.<br />

5 Morley W.H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscropts… # 136,<br />

p. 335; Francesco Manuel Alves, Catalogo des Manuscritos… p. 479; Hinz W,Op.<br />

cit., S. 62.<br />

minadois mier sakmaod maRalfardovnad gadmocemuli alamu-<br />

Tis ori tusaRis urTier Toba.<br />

svimon I rom narkotikis momxmarebeli iyo, amas aRniSnavdnen,<br />

qar Tuli <strong>da</strong> rusuli wyaroebi. beri egnataSvilis<br />

TqmiT, „raJams <strong>da</strong>etyueve bina yaensa sÕmon mefe cixesa alamutisasa,<br />

maSin gaswyobo<strong>da</strong> Triaqis Wa masa <strong>da</strong> Rvinis smasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mieriTgan ewyobo<strong>da</strong> Triaqsa. <strong>da</strong> maSinca, gorisjuars rom<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>, Wama Triaqi <strong>da</strong> gamxiarul<strong>da</strong>. gaixe<strong>da</strong> gorisaken <strong>da</strong><br />

naxa, rome axali mwuanili amosuliyo <strong>da</strong> gazafxulis piric<br />

iyo. odes gamxiarul<strong>da</strong>, moun<strong>da</strong> afioni, viTarca wesia afionisd<br />

mWamelTagan mohndomeba saWmlisa risame“ 1 .Õ vaxuSti batoniSvilis<br />

gadmocemiTac svimon mefe Triaqs „<strong>da</strong>Cueul iyo<br />

patimrobasa Sina“ 2 .<br />

kaxTa mefe aleqsandres, imisaTvis raTa xeli SeeSala<br />

ruseTis mier qarTlis samefosTan kavSiris <strong>da</strong>myarebisaTvis,<br />

yovelTvis cdilob<strong>da</strong> svimon mefe ruseTis elCebis TvalSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>emcirebina, mas me fis tituliT arasodes moixsenieb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esabuTebina, rom svimoni beci politikosia,<br />

osmalebTan gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad qveyana <strong>da</strong>Rupvamde<br />

miiyvana <strong>da</strong>, amasTan erTad, afionsac eweva <strong>da</strong> aseT kacTan<br />

urTierTobas azri ara aqvso 3 .<br />

kahkahes Tu alamuTis cixeSi xangrZlivma patimrobam<br />

svimon me fisaTvis ukvalod arc sxva mxriv Caiara.<br />

isqander munSis mixedviT, rodesac svimon mefe saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />

yazvinSi miiyvanes, „ramdenime xans uavgustoes<br />

sasaxleSi hyav<strong>da</strong>T, rom iqneb islamis didebiT Seimososo“.<br />

magram svimonma Sahis imedi ver gaamarTla, qristianobas ar<br />

Tmob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amis gamo alamuTis cixeSi ga moketes, sa<strong>da</strong>c im-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 378. afioni <strong>da</strong> Triaqi _ orive opiumia. ber-<br />

Znulad opiumi niSnavs yayaCos wvens.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, IV , gv. 417.<br />

3 Cношения России с Кавказом. Матерялы, извлеченные из Московского<br />

Главного Архива Министерства иностранных дел Сергеем Белокуровым,<br />

вып. I , M., 1889 , c. 221-222.<br />

202 203

yofebo<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis sikvdilamde. ismail-mirzam is cixi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamoiyvana. mxolod mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes dros „islamis bedniereba<br />

moipova... survilebSesrulebuli saqarTveloSi<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong>“ 1 . farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe TiTqmis sityvasityviT imeorebs<br />

isqander munSis naTqvams <strong>da</strong> svimonis ga muslimanebas<br />

mohamed-xu<strong>da</strong>bendes <strong>da</strong>msaxurebad Tvlis 2 .<br />

Tomazo minadoi svimon mefis gamuslimanebas, rogorc iTqva,<br />

kahka hes cixeSi ismailTan siaxloviT xsnis 3 . es rom mar-<br />

Tla ase yofiliyo, maSin Sah Tamazi mas cixeSi ratom <strong>da</strong>toveb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Sahi xom misgan mxolod sarwmunoebis Secvlas<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. amdenad marTali un<strong>da</strong> iyos isqander munSi, romelic<br />

svimon mefis gamuslimaneba Sah-mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes miaw ers,<br />

romelmac mxolod amis Semdeg gamouSva mefe saqarTveloSi 4 .<br />

safuZvliani ar meCveneba eWvi imis Sesaxeb, rom SeiZleba svimoni<br />

islamis miRebis ga reSe <strong>da</strong>abrunes Tavis samefoSi <strong>da</strong><br />

osmalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis meTaurobac mas miandes.<br />

Zalze sainteresoa v. hincis naSromSi <strong>da</strong>culi ramdenime<br />

cnoba, romlebic svimon mefis samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebas <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

rwmenis sakiTxs asaxavs. v. hincis mixeviT ismail II-is <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong> mokide buleba Semoifargla svimonisa <strong>da</strong><br />

ufliswuli ieses ganTavisu flebiT, romlebsac osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZola <strong>da</strong>avala. maTi gan Tavisufleba <strong>da</strong> samSobloSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>bruneba mox<strong>da</strong> im pirobiT, rom isini SeinarCunebdnen<br />

Siitur rwmenas, romelic Sah-Tamzis dros miiRes. mog vianebiT,<br />

iesem co lad SeirTo `sefevidi princesa~ (Sahis Zmis saam-mi rzas<br />

asuli), rac misi Semdgomi warmatebis sawin<strong>da</strong>ri gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

svimon mefes, romelsac, v. hincis TqmiT, islamis miRebis<br />

Semdeg mahmuds eZaxdnen, 9 aTasi Tumani <strong>da</strong> iranSi myofi<br />

yvela qarTveli tyve ga motanes <strong>da</strong> 1578 wlis Semodgomaze<br />

1 isqander munSi, gv. 25.<br />

2 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe , gv. 219.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 128.<br />

4 isqander munSi, gv. 28.<br />

samSobloSi gamouSves. Tavis samefoSi <strong>da</strong>brunebul svimons<br />

seriozuli winaaRmdegoba Sexv<strong>da</strong> samRvdeloebisa <strong>da</strong> kariskacebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n. maT mefes mosTxoves <strong>da</strong>brune bo<strong>da</strong> qristianobas.<br />

svi monma <strong>da</strong>akmayofila es moTxovna. roca me fis<br />

mier islamis uaryofis am bavi iranSi Seityves, mis am moqmedebaze<br />

reagireba ar moaxdines im piro biT, rom qarTlis<br />

mefe kvlav Sahis va salad <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

v. hincis naTqvami<strong>da</strong>n eWvs iwvevs ismail II-is mier svimon<br />

mefis saqarTveloSi gamoSveba. svimonis uflebebSi aRdgena<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo osmalebis mier amierkavkasiaSi didi omis<br />

gaCaRebasTan. es ki Sah mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes mefobis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

safiqralia, rom svimon mefem muslimanoba moCvenebiT<br />

miiRo, sam SobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebisTanave uaryo <strong>da</strong> kvlav qristianoba<br />

aRiara. man kargad ico<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTTan omis gamo<br />

irans seriozuli proble mebi hqon<strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki, qarTlis samefoSi, sa <strong>da</strong>c qarTvelebi osmalebs<br />

xSirad yizilbaSebTan erTad ebrZodnen. me fes isic<br />

kargad es mo<strong>da</strong>, Sahis kari mis mimarT pretenziebis <strong>da</strong> ukmayofilebis<br />

gamomJRavnebas moeridebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi saqarTveloSi<br />

mis Semcvlels ver moZebni<strong>da</strong>. ax lad <strong>da</strong>brunebuli<br />

svimonis mimarT arsebuli opoziciis Sesaxeb xmebi ki, ufro<br />

sparselTa gasagonad gavrcelebuli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo.<br />

itriis eklesiis gujarSi, romelic e. TayaiSvilma 1578-<br />

1600 wle biT <strong>da</strong>aTariRa, naTqvamia: `Sah Tamazis sikvdilis<br />

Semdeg `moxe<strong>da</strong> mowyalebaman R~Tisaman <strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong> mefeT-mefe<br />

batoni suimion tyueo bi<strong>da</strong>Rman. cotaodeni safase manc gauCina<br />

monastersa. mraval-mca arian welni cxovrebisa misi sani.<br />

movides kidev urumni <strong>da</strong> rac Zala hqon<strong>da</strong>, ganwirulis<br />

laSqriT wina aRudga~ 2 .<br />

1 Hinz W., ., Op. cit., S. 66.<br />

2 TayaiSvili e., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> siZveleni, III, tf., 1910, gv. 124, 155.<br />

204 205

* * *<br />

vidre Sirvanis gzas <strong>da</strong>adgebo<strong>da</strong>, lala faSam ganizraxa<br />

kaxeTis samefosTan urTierToba gaerkvia. miRebulia, rom<br />

saqarTveloSi SemoWris win osmalo sar<strong>da</strong>ls aleqsandre IIisaTvis<br />

werili gaugzavnia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCileba <strong>da</strong> islamis miReba<br />

mouTxovia. mefem osmalebs xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> aRuTqva, magram<br />

morCilebis sanacvlod kaxeTis samefos mier winaT <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />

teritoriebis <strong>da</strong>bruneba <strong>da</strong> qristianad <strong>da</strong>rCena isurva.<br />

sabolood SeTanxmebisTvis miuRweviaT. osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

samefos Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis politikuri forma<br />

moxarkeobis safuZvelze <strong>da</strong>myarebula: aleqsandre II-s yovelwliuri<br />

xarki un<strong>da</strong> exa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sulTnis mowodebis Tanave<br />

monawileoba mieRo osmalTa laSqrobebSi 1 .<br />

me ki mgonia, rom osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefos Soris<br />

amgvari SeTanxmeba, mox<strong>da</strong> maSin, roca osmalTa jari kaxeTis<br />

sazRvars miadga, roca lala faSam mTeli simwvaviT igrZno<br />

qarTvelebTan omis warmoebis sirTule <strong>da</strong> igi iZulebuli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tanxmebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefis pirobebs. erTi ga remoebac:<br />

osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefos Soris marTlac rom yo filiyo<br />

SeTanxmeba iran-osmaleTis meore omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win, maSin xom<br />

aleqsan dre valdebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi jariT monawileoba<br />

mieRo os malebis mier samcxis an qarTlis <strong>da</strong>pyrobaSi. amgvari<br />

moqmedeba maSin mo sTxova lala faSam aleqsandre mefes,<br />

roca kaxeTis sazRvarTan SeuTanxm<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi moTxovnisTanave<br />

Tavisi jariT wahyva Sirvanis laSqrobaSi. kaxeTis mefesa <strong>da</strong><br />

lala Mmustafa faSas Soris SeTanxmeba, rom namdvilad im<br />

drosa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTi samefos sazRvarTan mox<strong>da</strong> amas a<strong>da</strong>s turebs<br />

alis `nusreT-namec~. kerZod, masSi naTqvamia, rom 30 agvistos<br />

os maleTis jarma Tbilisi <strong>da</strong>stova <strong>da</strong> md. iorTan gaCer<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Aiq mivi<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II-is veziri ioram<br />

1 svaniZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 116-119.<br />

begi <strong>da</strong> mefis morCilebis werili mii tana. Oori dRis Semdeg,<br />

1 seqtembers, orSabaTs TviT mefec mivi<strong>da</strong> Tavisi jariT. Mmolaparakebis<br />

Semdeg man miiRo Tavisi mamis samflobeloebze<br />

ufleba im pirobiT, rom ga<strong>da</strong>ixdi<strong>da</strong> jizias <strong>da</strong> monawileobas<br />

miiReb<strong>da</strong> samxedro laSqrobaSi 1 .<br />

kaxeTis samefosTan urTierTobis mogvarebas didi mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis saxelmwifosaTvis, radgan lala<br />

faSa SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom wi naaRmdegobas waawydebo<strong>da</strong>. ai ras gadmogvcems<br />

anonimi venecieli: `gen eral [lala faSas] SirvanSi<br />

wasvla hqon<strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli, magram erTi mefis 2 qvey ana un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaevlo, romelic <strong>da</strong>brkolebas uqmni<strong>da</strong>. amitom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita<br />

sanjay-begi kaitasi 3 gaegzavna elCad. mas [mefe] un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erwmunebina,<br />

rom generlisaTvis morCileba gamoecxadebina. sanacvlod<br />

mefobis SenarCunebas hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu ki yoveli ojaxi<br />

TiTo cexins ga<strong>da</strong>ixdi<strong>da</strong>, xolo mefe [gen erals] scnob<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis siniorad. samagierod mas nurafris SiSi eqnebo<strong>da</strong>~ 4 .<br />

minadois <strong>da</strong> don xuan de persias mixedviT, Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gasul lala faSas kaxeTis mefis mociqulebi Seegebnen <strong>da</strong><br />

TavianTi mefis sax eliT mor Cileba gamoucxades. osmalo<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>lma elCebi kargad miiRo. is di<strong>da</strong>d na siamovnebi <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />

aseTi morCilebiT, elCebi ukan gaistumra <strong>da</strong> aleqsandre<br />

mefe TavisTan miiwvia 5 . don xuan de persia <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />

gvacnobebs, rom aleqsandre mefe osmalebs gamyolebis micemasac<br />

<strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong>. isini megzurobas gauwevdnen osmalTa jars<br />

kaxeTis mefis samflobeloebze gavlisas. mustafa faSam<br />

aleqsandre mefes sapatio xalaTi gaugzavna <strong>da</strong>myarebuli<br />

kavSiris niSnad 6 .<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 75<br />

2 alaqsandre II.<br />

3 kaitas faSa sasaxlis samsaxurSi <strong>da</strong>winaur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iyo sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva Tanamdebobaze.<br />

<strong>da</strong>iRupa yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi.<br />

4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25.<br />

5 Minadoi, p. 85.<br />

6 Don Juan de Persia, p. 69v.<br />

206 207

jovani miqeli, marTalia, aRniSnavs, rom Sirvanisken mimaval<br />

lala mustafa faSasTan kaxeTis mefis elCebi mividnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> uZvirfasesi saCuqrebi miarTveso 1 , magram molaparakebis<br />

Taobaze arafers ambobs. petro biZaros gadmocemiT, lala<br />

faSasTan misul aleqsandre mefis mociqulebs didZali<br />

saCuqrebi miutaniaT <strong>da</strong> maSinve morCileba gamoucxadebiaT 2 .<br />

ibrahim feCevi aRniSnavs, rom mefe aleqsandresTan `sardlisagan<br />

gagzavnili rwmunebulebi mividnen <strong>da</strong> gulis mosanadireblad<br />

[Tan moi tanes] werilebi~. ibrahim feCevi iqve imasac<br />

ambobs, kaxTa mefem ra val de bulebebi ikisra: `is iRebs<br />

Tavis Tavze ixados weliwadSi xaraja: oc<strong>da</strong>aTi iuqi abre-<br />

Sumi, 10 lamazi QWabuki <strong>da</strong> 10 broltaniani qalwuli, 10<br />

frTa ispiris mimino <strong>da</strong> [agreTve masSi], rom is iqneba Tavisi<br />

qveynis mmarTveli beglarbegis saxelwodebiT~ 3 . vfiqrob,<br />

ibrahim feCevi sworad ar gadmoscems osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

samefos Soris <strong>da</strong>myarebuli urTierTo bis pirobebs. Tu am<br />

osmalo istorikoss <strong>da</strong>vujerebT, gamodis, rom 1578 wels<br />

aleqsandre mefe sulTnis moxele (beglarbegi) gax<strong>da</strong>, rac<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>s turdeba osmaleT-kaxeTis Semdgom urTierTobaSi. kaxeTis<br />

mefe, yvelafri<strong>da</strong>n Cans, mxolod moxarke gax<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

moxele. isic saeWvoa, os maleTis jaris sar<strong>da</strong>ls, romelic<br />

amierkavkasiaSi xan grZlivi omisaTvis emzadebo<strong>da</strong>, moxarke<br />

qveynisagan miminoebi <strong>da</strong> Savardnebi moeTxova. mas fuli <strong>da</strong><br />

sursaTi sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. sinamdvilesTan axlos un<strong>da</strong> iyos anonimi<br />

venecielisa <strong>da</strong> alis mier gadmocemuli sa xelSekrulebo<br />

pirobebi.<br />

anonimi venecielis mixedviT, osmalTa banakSi kaxeTis<br />

mefis mo ciqulebi ki ar mividnen, aramed lala faSam gagzavna<br />

kaitas-begi, romelsac aleqsandre mefe un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erwmunebina,<br />

rom sxvebis msgavsad masac moexara qedi. lala faSa<br />

1 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 264.<br />

2 Bizarus P ., Persicarum rerum historia in XII libres, Antverpiae, 1583, p. 634<br />

3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 42.<br />

samagierod aleqsandres hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> yovelive imas, rac zemoT<br />

iTqva.<br />

anonimis gadmocemiT, lala faSam kaxTa mefis mociquli<br />

gaistumra <strong>da</strong> TviTonac mTeli jariT ukan mihyva. mesame<br />

dRes igi miadga mdinare kaprs 1 , sa<strong>da</strong>c karvebis <strong>da</strong>dgma br-<br />

Zana, raTa mefe aleqsandresTan gagzavnili elCs <strong>da</strong>brunebas<br />

<strong>da</strong>lodebo<strong>da</strong>. imave dRes <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> elCi mefe aleqsandresTan<br />

erTad, romelmac mdidruli saCuqrebi miitana <strong>da</strong> mSvidoba<br />

iTxova 2 . rogorc Cans, mefe Tanaxma iyo osmalebis mier<br />

wamoyenebul pi robebze <strong>da</strong> SeTanxmeba gaform<strong>da</strong>. `zavi <strong>da</strong>ido.<br />

meore dRes generali jar Tan <strong>da</strong> zemoxsenebul mefesTan er-<br />

Tad gaemgzavra <strong>da</strong> gzad SirvanSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb<br />

eTaTbirebo<strong>da</strong>~ 3 . osmaleT-kaxeTis urTierTobis am mo ments<br />

ufro naTels xdis alis gadmocema, romlis mixedviT, md.<br />

iorTan aleqsandre mefe 4 Tavisi 3 aTasi meomriT mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

or sanjaybegTan erTad adidebul mdinareze ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> Saqisa<br />

1 albaT, md. iori. qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqsti<strong>da</strong>n (qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

II, gv. 523) <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n (qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

IV, gv. 578) viciT, rom mefe aleqsandre II lala faSas sarTiWalasTan miegeba,<br />

romelic md. ioris napiras mde bareobs. ibrahim feCevi lala faSas <strong>da</strong>banakebis<br />

adgilad md. kafuris napirs asax elebs. s. jiqias gamokvleviT md. kafuri igive<br />

md. ioria. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 44, 122.<br />

2 yuradRebas imsaxurebs mustafa selianiqis cnobac kaxeTis mefisa <strong>da</strong><br />

dide bulebis osmalTa banakSi misvlis Sesaxeb. `gzaSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SeZlebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> saxelovani aznaurebi <strong>da</strong> qristianTa xalxis aleqsandre levanis<br />

Zed wodebuli xani Tavisi qveSevr domebiT movi<strong>da</strong>. Rirseuli sardlis cxenis<br />

Cliqebis mtvers emTxvivnen <strong>da</strong> mis keTilganwyobas miaRwies. Semdeg maT islamis<br />

laSqrisaTvis uxvi sursaTi mozides <strong>da</strong> sruli samsaxuri gaswies. fuTuriZe<br />

g. mustafa selianiqi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, t. 91, Tb., 1960 , gv.<br />

263-264.<br />

3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25.<br />

4 `zagemisa <strong>da</strong> geremis (Weremi-e. m.) gamgebeli levend-xani~, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>,<br />

kaxTa mefe aleqsandre II levanisZea. rogorc g. fuTuriZe aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, osmalo<br />

avtorebi kaxeTis mefeebs levan-xanis Zes an aleqsandre-xanis Zes uwodeben.<br />

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turquli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna, komentarebi <strong>da</strong><br />

gamokvleva <strong>da</strong>urTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. II, ga mokvleva, komentarebi, Tb., 1973,<br />

gv. 103, Sen. 16.<br />

208 209

<strong>da</strong> misi olqis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad, mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li <strong>da</strong> mTeli jariT<br />

adidebul mdinares moeri<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Siraqis velze <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

arasworia minadois naTqvami, TiTqos: 1. aleqsandre mefem<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizeziT Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aicila SirvanSi laSqrobaSi<br />

monawileoba <strong>da</strong> lala faSas <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong> rom sxvagan yvelgan<br />

eaxlebo<strong>da</strong>. 2. TiTqos kaxeTis mefem lala faSas sTxova,<br />

roca osmalTa laSqri Sirvani<strong>da</strong>n mobrundebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

samefos teritoriaze gaivli<strong>da</strong>, mefes undo<strong>da</strong> maTTvis jerovani<br />

pativi eca 2 .<br />

minadois TqmiT, aleqsandre mefisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli<br />

iyo sisxlis Rvris magier saqmis mogvareba diplomatiis<br />

gziT 3 . ase gvix asiaTebs aleqsan dres isqander munSic:<br />

`aleqsandre xani ki, romelic cbieri <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>xeduli kaci<br />

iyo, Tavisi saqmis sikeTes Caukvir<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> osmalebisaTvis megobrulad<br />

Tavis moCveneba amjobina, lala faSas ba nakSi<br />

nuzli <strong>da</strong> saveri gagzavna <strong>da</strong> morCileba gamoucxa<strong>da</strong>. es garemoeba<br />

lala faSas gul<strong>da</strong>jerebis mizezi Seiqmna~ 4 .<br />

anonimi venecielis cnobebs lala mustafa faSas mier<br />

aleqsandre mefesTan elCis gagzvnis Sesaxeb eTanxmebian ibrahim<br />

feCevi <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti ba toniSvili, maSin rodesac evropuli<br />

werilobiTi wyaroebi, gar<strong>da</strong> zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli italiurisa,<br />

duman. es principuli mniSvnelobis sa kiTxia: urTier-<br />

Tobis <strong>da</strong>myarebis iniciativa aleqsandre mefisgan ki ar modio<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aramed osmaleTis jarebis mTavarsardlisagan,<br />

romelic imave dros sulTnis meore veziric iyo, imaze migvaniSnebs,<br />

rom osmalebi an gariSs uwevdnen aleqsandres<br />

pozicias amierkavkasiaSi gaCaRebuli omis dros. ibrahim fe-<br />

Cevi wers: `aleqsandresTan amas winaT sardlisagan gagzavnili<br />

rwmunebulebi mividnen <strong>da</strong> gulis mosanadireblad<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 75-76<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 86.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 47.<br />

4 isqander munSi, gv. 30.<br />

[Tan moi tanes] werilebi. movi<strong>da</strong> ambavi, [aleqsandre mefem]<br />

amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT Tavisi qveynis warCinebulebi moixmo,<br />

saxelovani aznaure bisagan Seadgina amala <strong>da</strong> samefo banakSi<br />

wasasvlelad moemza<strong>da</strong>o. Tanaxmad sa fadiSaho wesisa, mTeli<br />

islamis jari Tavisi ZlierebiTa <strong>da</strong> didebiT Semoegeba maT~ 1 .<br />

vax uSti batoniSvili kidev ufro axlos midis anonimi venecielis<br />

naTqvamTan: `Semdgomad gamovi<strong>da</strong> ra lala-faSa...<br />

tfilisi<strong>da</strong>m ezraxa aleqsandres, xolo man aRuTqva misvla<br />

mis Tana <strong>da</strong> warhyvesca spiTa Sirvans, ukeTu <strong>da</strong>utoes kaxeTi<br />

uvnod. aman mosca piri mtkice <strong>da</strong> miegeba saTisWalas aleqsandre<br />

spiTa lala-faSas <strong>da</strong> waruZRua Sirvans, xolo lalafaSam<br />

aRiRo Sirvani, Saqi, urCni mosrna <strong>da</strong> aRaSena cixe<br />

Sirvans, Seayena mcvelni TBsni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sua faSa...~ 2<br />

kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres mier osmalebisaTvis gamocxadebuli<br />

mor Cileba mxolod qveynis aoxrebis SiSiT ar iyo<br />

nakarnaxebi. mas iran-os maleTis omis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde iranTan ukve<br />

cudi urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong>. yizilbaSebs ar moswon<strong>da</strong>T aleqsandres<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>. minadois <strong>da</strong> don<br />

xuan de persias mixedviT, Sah Tamazma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita aleqsandres<br />

nacvlad kaxeTis taxtze misi Zma, ga mahmadianebuli<br />

iese aey vana 3 . kaxeTis mefem ico<strong>da</strong> Sahis ganzraxvis Ses axeb<br />

<strong>da</strong> radikalurad Secvala iranTan urTierToba. aleqsandres<br />

osmalebTan morigebaze gavlena moaxdina Sah xu<strong>da</strong>bendes mier<br />

ieses aR zevebam. igi Saqis xanad <strong>da</strong>niSnes <strong>da</strong> colad SerTes<br />

Sah abasis Zmis saam-mirzas asuli 4 . SaqSi, kaxeTis sazRvarTan<br />

mjdom ieses yovelTvis SeeZlo aleqsandres sawinaaRmdego<br />

saqmianobis gaCaReba.<br />

aleqsandre mefes arc osmalebi eprianebo<strong>da</strong>. igi Tavisi<br />

samefos sruli <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis iRwvo<strong>da</strong>. lala faSam<br />

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 42.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba. IV, gv. 578.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 86; Don Juan de Persia, p. 68r.<br />

4 isqander munSi ieses SecdomiT ali-xans eZaxis. isqander munSi, gv. 28;<br />

Dorn B., Erster Beitrag zur Geschichte der Georgien, St.-Peterburg, 1845, S .20.<br />

210 211

ico<strong>da</strong> kaxTa mefis amgvari ganwyobileba. minadois TqmiT,<br />

lala faSam sulTans miswera, rom aleqsandrem sulTnis<br />

jari kargad miiRo Tavis samflobeloebSi <strong>da</strong> isic acnoba,<br />

xma <strong>da</strong>dis Turq mefuraJeebsa <strong>da</strong> jarze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebSi misi<br />

xeli un<strong>da</strong> erioso 1 .<br />

aleqsandrem, rogorc gamWriaxma politikosma <strong>da</strong> diplomatma,<br />

CaTre vas Cayola amjobina <strong>da</strong> SirvanSi laSqrobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

sargeblis miReba ganizraxa. amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs anonimi<br />

venecieli: mefe aleqsandrem oTxi dRis mgzavrobis Semdeg<br />

lala faSas sTxova misTvis mieca cxenosanTa razmi, raTa<br />

angariSi gaesworebina Tavisi mtrisaTvis, Saqis gamgeblisaTvis.<br />

lala faSam <strong>da</strong>akmayofila aleqsandres Txovna <strong>da</strong> 1200<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>ri misca 2 . ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, lala faSas ecodinebo<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

Saqis gamge beli kaxTa mefis ufrosi Zma, yizilbaSebis mier<br />

aRzevebuli iese _ isa-xani iyo. ibrahim feCevi ise warmogvidgens<br />

aleqsandres Saqze galaSqrebas, rogorc lala<br />

faSas <strong>da</strong>valebis Sesrulebas, Tumca mokled, magram is eve<br />

agviwers osmalTa laSqrobas Saqze (wyaldidoba, gzis<br />

sirTule), rogorc anonimi venecieli 3 . anonimi <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />

gvamcnobs, rom Saqis gamge belma gaqce viT uSvela Tavs, garnizoni<br />

<strong>da</strong> qalaqi ki bedis anabara miatova 4 .<br />

igive ambavs sakmaod gansxvavebulad gadmogvcems ali:<br />

aleqsandre mefe <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad gagzavnili sanjaybegebi<br />

(mirza ali-bei <strong>da</strong> axmed-bei), roca Saqis misadgomebTan<br />

mividnen, qalaqis gamgebeli ahmed xani (sxva wyaroebiT _<br />

iese, igive isa-xani) azerbaijanSi gaiqca. qarTvel-osmalTa<br />

jarma qalaqi ubrZolvelad <strong>da</strong>ikava. Qqalaqis <strong>da</strong>pyrobisTanave<br />

misi gamge bloba Mmustafa faSam aleqsandres vaJs erekles<br />

uboZa. lala faSam Sirvani <strong>da</strong> areSi <strong>da</strong>ipyro. aRmosav-<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 105<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25.<br />

3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 44.<br />

4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 25. sayuradReboa,<br />

rom jovani miqeli arafers ambobs aleqsandres SaqSi laSqrobaze.<br />

leT amierkavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>pyrobili olqebis gamgebloba osman<br />

faSas Caabara <strong>da</strong> SaqSi wavi<strong>da</strong> Ses axvedrad mefe aleqsandresTan,<br />

romelmac es qalaqi aiRo. magram lala faSas mefe<br />

iq aRar <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>. sar<strong>da</strong>ls moaxsenes, rom mefe kaxeTSi (zagemSi)<br />

<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 1 . samagierod SaqSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> aleqsandres<br />

vaJi erekle (Imrese). lala faSam `erekle <strong>da</strong>niSna am qalaqis<br />

sanjayad <strong>da</strong> weliwadSi 10 aTasi cexini <strong>da</strong>uniSna<br />

jamagirad~ 2 . anonimi venecielis es cnoba osmaluri dokumenturi<br />

wyaroebiTac <strong>da</strong>sturdeba 3 . ibrahim feCevic aRniSnavs<br />

erekles SaqSi misvlas lala mustafa faSasTan <strong>da</strong> am<br />

faqtis Semdegnair axsnas iZleva: `mamis (aleqsandres _ e. m.)<br />

mier gaweuli samsaxuris sanuqfod es eÁaleTi eboZa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>eniSna levanis Zes erekle mirzas. mas Semdeg rac yadi <strong>da</strong><br />

cixisTavi <strong>da</strong>niSna <strong>da</strong> sxva saWiro masala moamza<strong>da</strong>, igi (eÁaleTi)<br />

sa fadiSaho saxelmwifos SeuerTes~ 4 .<br />

osmaleTis divanis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebiT, <strong>da</strong>pyrobil teritoriebze<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> 4 sabeglarbego: 1. Sirvanis eialeTi<br />

2 milioni axCiT ga<strong>da</strong>eca ozdemir-oRlu osman-faSas. 2.<br />

Tbilisi 1 milioni axCis wliuri SemosavliT mis beglarbegs<br />

ferhjad-faSas. 3. gurjistanis sabeglarbego ojaklikis<br />

saxiT ga<strong>da</strong>eca levan-xanis Zes aleqsandre-xans (aleqsandre<br />

II). 4. soxumis sabeglarbego 800 aTasi axCiT ga<strong>da</strong>eca<br />

haider-faSas 5 .<br />

Sirvanis sabeglarbego, Tavis mxriv administraciulad<br />

1 iqve, gv. 32. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, aleqsandre mefe lala<br />

faSas ax l<strong>da</strong> SirvanSi laSqrobaSi. lala faSa `merme ukumoiqca, Semovlo<br />

mtkuris piri <strong>da</strong> mihyva aleqsandre araguamde, mereme gamouteva aleqsandre <strong>da</strong><br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> kaxeTs mSBdobiT~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 578). vaxuStis monaTxrobi<br />

sinamdviles ar asaxavs.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 32.<br />

3 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 116.<br />

4 ibrahim feCevi. gv. 44. osmalo istorikoss erekle levan mefis vaJi<br />

hgonia. Oos malebis mier SaqSi gatarebul RonisZiebebze gadmogvcems alic. ix.<br />

Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 81.<br />

5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 86.<br />

212 213

<strong>da</strong>iyo 13 sanjayad. meTerTmete iyo Saqis sanjayi, romelic<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eca erekle aleqsandre II-is Zes 1 .<br />

qarTuli naratiuli literaturi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom erekle<br />

ufliswuli Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve osmaluri orientaciisa iyo 2 <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviT<br />

ar un<strong>da</strong> misuliyo SaqSi lala faSasTan. is xom vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvilis mixedviT 1574 wels gaqceula stambolSi<br />

3 . Tu movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas gaviTvalis winebT,<br />

safiqrebelia, rom erekle mamis survilis winaaRmdeg moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram aleqsandre amas xmamaRla ver ityo<strong>da</strong>, Svils<br />

imis gamo ver <strong>da</strong>sZ raxav<strong>da</strong>, rom is osmalebTan karg urTier-<br />

TobaSi iyo. lala faSas ecodinebo<strong>da</strong> mama-Svilis aseTi urTierT<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong>, al baT, ami tomac ar gahkvirvebia<br />

aleqsandres mier Saqis mitoveba <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba.<br />

aleqsandres arc is esiamovnebo<strong>da</strong>, rom mis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili<br />

Saqis sanjaybegad lala faSam erekle <strong>da</strong>niSna, xolo TviT<br />

Saqi ki os maleTis samflobeloebs SeuerTa. Llala Mmustafa<br />

faSas, rogorc Cans afiqreb<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefos reaqcia Saqis<br />

sanjaybegad erekles <strong>da</strong>niSvnis gamo.<br />

lala faSam erekles saxiT osmaleTis moxele <strong>da</strong>niSna,<br />

romelic jamagirs osmaleTis xazini<strong>da</strong>n iReb<strong>da</strong>. erekle mamisagan<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukidebeli xdebo<strong>da</strong> imis gamoc, rom lala faSam<br />

Saqi kaxeTs ki ar <strong>da</strong>umorCila, ara med Sirvanis sabeglarbegos<br />

4 . amiT un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ganpirobe buli misi brZaneba,<br />

rom qarTvelebs ekraZalebo<strong>da</strong>T Sirvanis teritori aze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma,<br />

mosaxleobis Zarcva-xocva 5 . Saqis sanjayi xom Sirvanis<br />

sa beglarbegoSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>. magram ar gauvlia did xans,<br />

rom erekles es Tanamdeboba CamoarTves. Ooficialurad erekles<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>yeneba mox<strong>da</strong>Oimis gamo, rom os malebs miemxro<br />

1 Тамже, с. 86-87.<br />

2 `xolo Ze misi erekle gauarSiv<strong>da</strong> aleqsandres <strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> stambols~.<br />

qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 370; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. .576.<br />

4 svaniZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 120.<br />

5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 91.<br />

Seqis erT-erTi mmarTvelis Svili mirza omari, romelic<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnes Seqis sanjaybegad 1 . savaraudoa, erekles Saqi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mocileba mox<strong>da</strong> aleqsandres kaxTa mefis moTxovniT, an<br />

moTxovnis gareSe, magram misi sur vilis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />

Tumca aleqsandres osmalebisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebule baSi ukve<br />

aRaraferi Seicvala, razec migvaniSnebs Semdgomi periodis<br />

mov lenebi.<br />

Sirvan-azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg (1578 wlis 8 oqtomberi),<br />

lala faSam saqarTveloze gavliT arzrumSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita <strong>da</strong> kaxeTisaken ga mobrun<strong>da</strong>. man ramdenime<br />

Sikriki gagzavna aleqsandre mefesTan, raTa mas sursaTsanovage<br />

moemzadebina osmaleTis jaris saWi roebisaTvis 2 .<br />

kaxeTis sazRvarTan miaxloebul osmalTa jars aleqsandrem<br />

Tavisi xalxi Seageba pirutyviT, puriT, xiliTa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva produqtebiT. kaxelebma TavianTi mefis saxeliT bodiSi<br />

moixades, rom igi avadmyo fobis gamo pi ra<strong>da</strong>d ver miegeba<br />

lala faSas 3 . albaT, aleqsandres ase sur<strong>da</strong> gamoexata Tavisi<br />

ukmayofileba lala faSas mier SaqSi gatare buli<br />

RonisZiebebis gamo. sar<strong>da</strong>ls sxva gza ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, aleqsandres<br />

ZRvniTa <strong>da</strong> bodiSiT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuliyo. raTa<br />

kaxeTis samefosTan urTierToba kidev metad ar gamwvavebuliyo,<br />

igi sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjiT <strong>da</strong>emuqra Tavis meomrebs:<br />

`ekrZalebaT aleqsandres qveyanaSi visime simSvidis <strong>da</strong>rRveva,<br />

rom yoveli TqvenTagani Tavaziani <strong>da</strong> zrdilobiani un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos~ 4 . lala faSam aleqsandres xalxi<strong>da</strong>n gamcile blebi aiyvana,<br />

zagems samxreTiT gauara <strong>da</strong> Tbilisisaken pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

gziT gaeSura 5 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad mkacri gafrTxilebisa, osmalo<br />

jariskacebma kaxeTis soflebze gavlisas, mainc `generlis<br />

une barTvod xelT igdes monebi, pirutyvi <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wves asamde<br />

1 Тамже, с. 92.<br />

2 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 454.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 99.<br />

4 Alberi, Op. cit., II, p. 455; Minadoi, p. 99.<br />

5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33.<br />

214 215

sofeli~. lala faSam mogvianebiT gaigo amis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> br-<br />

Zana mTavari <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebi moeZebnaT <strong>da</strong> Camoexr CoT. aleqsandrem<br />

lala faSas miswera, momx<strong>da</strong>ris gamo nu Sewuxdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radgan oms axlavs amgvari arasasia movno movlenebi. SemdgomSi<br />

aRsdgeba ga<strong>da</strong>mwvari soflebi. `generalma upasuxa,<br />

rom mas aravisTvis miucia amis neba. man mravali saCuqari<br />

gaug zavna mefes, mis colsa <strong>da</strong> Svilebs _ va Jebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs~ 1 .<br />

roca kaxelma megzurebma os malTa jari mokle <strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani<br />

gziT TbilisTan miiy vanes, lala faSam isinic di<strong>da</strong>d<br />

<strong>da</strong>asaCuqra <strong>da</strong> ukan gaistumra 2 .<br />

* * *<br />

1578 wlis 26 noembers lala faSa TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

oasmalTa garnizoni SimSilisagan imdenad ukiduresobamde<br />

iyo misuli, rom ZaRlisa <strong>da</strong> katis xorciT ikvebe bo<strong>da</strong>. avadmyofobas<br />

bevrisaTvis musri gaevlo. rogorc minadois Seutyvia,<br />

osmalTa garnizoni aseT mdgo mareo baSi imitom aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom jariskacebi qarTvelebis SiSiT ver be <strong>da</strong>vdnen<br />

qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n gasvlas <strong>da</strong> sursaT-sanovagis mopovebas 4 .<br />

lala faSa TbilisSi oTxi dRe <strong>da</strong>rCa. man jari gausia<br />

Tbilisis axlomdebare soflebs <strong>da</strong> saSinlad aiklo, garnizoni<br />

sursaTiT <strong>da</strong> fu liT moamaraga 5 . 24 oqtombers <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

Zlieri grigali, romelmac os malebis mgzavroba Seaferxa.<br />

didi Tovlis mosvlis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, jarma gza gaagrZela. Sim-<br />

Silisa <strong>da</strong> sicivis gamo Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n goramde mravali jariskaci<br />

<strong>da</strong>iRupa 6 . goris sanjaybegma lala faSas SesCivla, rom<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 99.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 99-100.<br />

4 Ibidem, p. 100.<br />

5 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 93; Minadoi, p. 100.<br />

6 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33.<br />

qarTlis mefe, Tbilisis adrindeli mflobeli, romelic<br />

mravali wlis ganmavlo baSi sparseTSi tyveobaSi iyo, exla<br />

Sahma gaanTavisufla, Tavi Sefarebuli aqvs maRal mTebSi,<br />

sai<strong>da</strong>nac did zians ayenebs Turqebsa <strong>da</strong> maT mokavSireebs 1 .<br />

lala faSa iZ ulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> mTeli Tavisi jariT sami dRe<br />

gorTan gaCerebuliyo <strong>da</strong> svimon mefis winaaRmdeg cxenosani<br />

razmebi gaeg zavna, magram osmalebma verc mefes <strong>da</strong> verc mis<br />

razmebs ver miagnes.<br />

ali-efen dis TqmiT, gorSi movi<strong>da</strong> imereTis mefe giorgi<br />

II–is Zma mamia <strong>da</strong> mor Cileba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> 2 . Aaqve movi<strong>da</strong> kaxe-<br />

Tis mefis kaci saxelad emin-aRa 3 , ma gram ali-efendi arafers<br />

ambobs am ukanasknelis lala faSasTan viz itis mizanze. savaraudoa,<br />

aleqsandre mefes raRac pretenziebi hqon<strong>da</strong> osmalebis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong> amitom un<strong>da</strong> gaegzavna sar<strong>da</strong>ls misTvis<br />

`saamuri~ werili. Llala mustafa faSa kaxeTis mefes miswera,<br />

Tbilisis beglarbe gis ahmed-faSis razmebis <strong>da</strong> sifaxiebis,<br />

ziamebis <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>sacavad <strong>da</strong> tovebuli sxva<br />

jariskacebis razmebis gaerTianebis aucileblobaze. man<br />

aleqsandres sTxova, agreTve, yoveli Rone exmara <strong>da</strong>udxanis<br />

os malebis admi morCilebaze <strong>da</strong>sayolieblad. sar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />

goris sanjaybegad <strong>da</strong>niSna husein-begi <strong>da</strong> arzrumisken ganagr-<br />

Zo gza 4 . osmalTa jaris arier gardi TiTqmis mudmivad ganicdi<strong>da</strong><br />

svimon mefis razmebis Tav<strong>da</strong>sx mas. osmalebma qarTlSi<br />

didi zarali ganicades. svimon mefem lala faSas 5 aTasze<br />

meti mebrZoli moukla, mostaca arkebuze biT <strong>da</strong>tvirTuli<br />

mravali aqlemi, fuli, sursaT-sanovage <strong>da</strong> sxv. 5 minadois<br />

gadmocemiTac, Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n ga suli osmalTa laSqari qarTvelTa<br />

razmebis mudmiv Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebs ganicdi<strong>da</strong>. minadois, naTq-<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT mamia giorgi mefis Svili iyo <strong>da</strong> ara Zma. svaniZe<br />

m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 142.<br />

3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 93.<br />

4 Тамже.<br />

5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 33-34.<br />

216 217

vamis sailustraciod, oriode ma galiTic mohyavs. misi<br />

monaTxrobi<strong>da</strong>nac Cans, rom yvela am razmebis mo qmedebis<br />

koordi nacias svimon mefe axden<strong>da</strong>. mefis mier osmalebisaTvis<br />

mi yenebul did zaralze gadmogvcems alic. misi TqmiT<br />

osmalebis arzrumSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba, si namdvileSi uwesrigo ukan<strong>da</strong>xevaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>izar<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTis jaris sar<strong>da</strong>li awyurSi gaCer<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Aaq mustafa faSasTan Sesaxvedrad movi<strong>da</strong> yvaryvare<br />

aTa bagisa <strong>da</strong> manuCaris de<strong>da</strong> dedisimedi 1 . sar<strong>da</strong>lmaAaqve miiRo<br />

svimon mefis wer ili, romelic acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom Tu goris<br />

(e. i. Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis) mmarTvelad <strong>da</strong>niSnav<strong>da</strong>, maSin osmalebis<br />

mxares ga<strong>da</strong>vido<strong>da</strong>. sar<strong>da</strong>lma uariT upasuxa, im<br />

motiviT, rom goris gamgebeli ukve <strong>da</strong>niSnuli iyo 2 .<br />

oqtombris <strong>da</strong>mdegs 3 lala faSa manuCaris samflobeloSi<br />

Sevi<strong>da</strong>, jayelTa ojaxis wevrebTan molaparakebis Semdeg,<br />

yvaryvare IV <strong>da</strong> manu Cari, stambolSi gaagzavna <strong>da</strong> imave wlis<br />

21 dekembers ukve arz rumSi iyo 4 . Aar vici ramdenad Seefereba<br />

ali-efendis es cnoba (svimon mefis wer ilis Ses axeb)<br />

sinamdviles, magram Tu es marTla ase iyo, maSin lala faSas<br />

seri zul politikur SecdomasTan gvaqvs saqme. Mman jerovnad<br />

ver Seafasa iranis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n axlad <strong>da</strong>brunebuli svimon<br />

mefis pirovneba <strong>da</strong> misi SesaZleblobebi <strong>da</strong> upiratesoba mis<br />

Zma <strong>da</strong>ud-xanTan urTierTobis mogvvarebas mianiWa, romlis<br />

partizanuli brZola osmalebis winaaRmdeg saxeze iyo.<br />

1578-1579 wlebis mijnaze yizilbaSebma isargebles osmalTa<br />

Ziri Tadi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis amierkavkasii<strong>da</strong>n gasvliT<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iwyes um niSvnelovanes qalaqebsa <strong>da</strong> cixe-simagreeb-<br />

Si Cayenebul osmalTa garnizonebze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi. maT aiRes<br />

areSi <strong>da</strong> Sirvanis gamgebel osman faSas Seuties. 25 aTasma<br />

yizilbaSma warmatebas miaRwia 5 . safrangeTis me fes, rogorc<br />

1M <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. qvemoT.<br />

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 94.<br />

3 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 50.<br />

4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 34<br />

5 Sengelia n., osmalo istorikiosis munejim-baSis cnobebi lala mustafa<br />

Tavisi agenti 1579 wlis 16 ianvars acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, osman faSam<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres, romelsac evalebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

saWi roebis SemTxvevaSi jerovani <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRmoeCina<br />

SirvanSi myofi os malebisaTvis. aleqsandres meTaurobiT<br />

misulma kaxelTa razmebma saqmes ver uSveles 1 . mxolod<br />

yirimis xanis mehmed gireis 40 aTasiani jaris misvlam ixsna<br />

osman-faSa. yizilbaSebi <strong>da</strong>marcxdnen <strong>da</strong> se riozuli <strong>da</strong>naklisiT<br />

ukan <strong>da</strong>ixies 2 . gamarjvebulebma didi na<strong>da</strong>vli ig des<br />

xelT. amis Sem deg yirimis xanis jaris erTi nawili ukan<br />

gabrun<strong>da</strong>, xolo meore nawili ki _ 15 aTasi kaci, xanis Zmebis<br />

_ Razi gireisa <strong>da</strong> adil gireis meTaurobiT, osman faSas-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong>rCa, magram yizilbaSebTan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>marcxdnen 3 .<br />

lala mustafa faSa Semdegi wlis kampaniis <strong>da</strong>wyebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavSire biT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gegmebs saxav<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, man sul-<br />

Tan murad III-s gasul wels amierkavkasiaSi warmoebuli<br />

samxedro operaciebi ise <strong>da</strong>usaxa, TiTqos iq adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleoba sabolood <strong>da</strong>morCile buli iyo, si namdvileSi,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> SirvanSi Cayenebul garnizonebs qarT velebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebi Zlier aviwroebdnen. viTareba os malebisaTvis<br />

sul ufro iZabebo<strong>da</strong>. ali-efendis TqmiT Tbilisis cixeSi<br />

mxolod 500 kaci <strong>da</strong>rCa. <strong>da</strong>mcvelebma <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis lala<br />

mustafa faSas mimarTes, magram man amis gakeTeba ver SesZlo,<br />

qarTvelebi mola parakebis winaaRmdegni iyvnen. maT ga<strong>da</strong>ketes<br />

Tbilisis cixesTan mis asvleli yvela gza. sardlis yvela<br />

c<strong>da</strong> mirza ali-begis saSualebiT SeetanaT sursaT-sa novage,<br />

warumateblad <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>. imave dros imamyuli-xanis 10 aTasiani<br />

armia movi<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad <strong>da</strong> oTxi Tvis<br />

ganmavlobaSi al yaSi hyav<strong>da</strong>T Tbilisi. osmalebs <strong>da</strong>umTavr-<br />

faSas am ierkavkasiis qveynebSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb. `qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba~,<br />

II, 1968, gv. 139.<br />

1 Charrière, III, p. 775.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 775; Sengelia n. osmalo istorikiosis munejim-baSis cnobebi,<br />

gv. 139<br />

3 Sengelia n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 140.<br />

218 219

<strong>da</strong>T produ qti. maT <strong>da</strong>iwyes cxenis, aqlemis, joris xorcis<br />

Wama. gamoCndnen iseTe bic, vinc qalaqis Cabarebas moiTxovdnen,<br />

magram isini mtkvarSi ga<strong>da</strong>yares. oTxi Tvis bolos TbilisSi<br />

sursaTi TiTqmis aRar iyo. 1 qila xorbali Rir<strong>da</strong><br />

1000 axCa, 1 qila qeri – 500, aqlemi – 20 aTasi, saforane<br />

cxeni – 10 aTasi, viri _ 7 aTasi dirxemi, ZaRli _ 2 aTasi<br />

axCa 1 .<br />

kritikul mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />

mustafa faSam 12 aTasiani laSqriTa <strong>da</strong> didZali<br />

sursaTiT zulyadris beglarbegi Mmustafa faSa gagzavna. man<br />

imdeni SesZlo, rom Tbilisi alyisagan gaanTavisufla <strong>da</strong><br />

gar<strong>da</strong>uval <strong>da</strong>Rupvas ga<strong>da</strong>arCina Tbilisis gamgebeli mehmed<br />

faSa <strong>da</strong> Tbilisis cixis 500 <strong>da</strong>mcveli. Mman citadelis me-<br />

Taurad <strong>da</strong>niSna Cerqezi kasim bei. Mmisi meTaurobis qveS ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong><br />

se mender begis, arabkeris mmarTvelis sinan begis,<br />

Corumis begis divane bekir begis razmebi <strong>da</strong> sifahTa 500<br />

kaci. Mmagram male qarTvel-yizilbaSTa Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis SiSiT semender<br />

begma Tavisi jariT <strong>da</strong>tova cixe <strong>da</strong> mcire xanSi Cerqezi<br />

kasim begis gankargulebaSi mxolod 50 kaci <strong>da</strong>rCa, roca<br />

lala mustafa faSam amis Sesaxeb Seityo, saswrafod gagzavna<br />

ahmed faSa sursaT-sanovagiT. roca ahmed faSam dmanisis<br />

viwrobebs miaRwia, mis jars Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen svimon mefisa <strong>da</strong><br />

imam yuli-xanis razmebi. A<strong>da</strong>Wrilma ahmed faSam gaqce viT uSvela<br />

Tavs. Mmisi meomrebis didi nawili <strong>da</strong>iRupa, xolo sursaTi<br />

qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs Cauvar<strong>da</strong>T xelSi 2 .<br />

Llala Mmustafa faSam ganizraxa Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>mcvelTa<br />

Sevseba <strong>da</strong> sursaTi gaegzavna. Aamgvari <strong>da</strong>valebis Sesrulebaze<br />

uari sTqves diar beqris beglarbegma behrem faSam <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva faSebma. Bbolos saeqspedi cio jaris meTaurad <strong>da</strong>iniSna<br />

<strong>da</strong>maskos beglarbegi husein faSa. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom osmalebs<br />

eeWvebo<strong>da</strong>T alyaSemortymuli Tbilisis SenarCu neba,<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 120.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 121.<br />

mainc gamgeblad <strong>da</strong>iniSna ahmed faSa. igi cnobili iyo rogorc<br />

haji bin-zade. Bbahram faSa, romelmac uari Tqva Tbilisis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mcvelTa <strong>da</strong>sax mare blad wasvlaze, Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>ayenes<br />

<strong>da</strong> diarbeqiris beglar begad <strong>da</strong>iniSna rizvan faSa. igi<br />

husein faSasTan <strong>da</strong> qurTTa razmebTan erTad wavi<strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi.<br />

qarTvelT ganuwyveteli Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad,<br />

osmalTa jari meaTe dRes Tbilisis kedlebTan mivi<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>tova<br />

sursaTi <strong>da</strong> drois imave monakveTSi yarsSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iqve miiRes cnoba, rom Mmustafa faSas jari, romelic adre<br />

gaigzavna Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>s axmareblad <strong>da</strong> svimon mefisa <strong>da</strong> imam<br />

yuli-xanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolve lad, ganadgur<strong>da</strong>. roca igi<br />

TbilisTan mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqve <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong>, jarma qar Tuli soflebis<br />

Zarcvas mi hyo xeli. Mmustafa faSam ver gabe<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebTan Sebma <strong>da</strong> yarsis mimarTulebiT<br />

gabrun<strong>da</strong>. osmalebs Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen qarTvelebi <strong>da</strong> ga anadgures<br />

1 .<br />

sulTanma yirimis xans mehmed gireis <strong>da</strong>avala Tavisi<br />

jariT wasu liyo amier kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong> osmalTa jars <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> omis ga naxlebis meore gegmac, romelic<br />

Tavrizze Setevas iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. ma gram es gegma angariSgasawev<br />

<strong>da</strong>brkolebebTan iyo <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. gzis sirTul esTan<br />

er Tad savaraudo iyo jaris xifaTSi Cavardnis saSiSroeba.<br />

am mxriv sulTnis kars gansakuTrebiT afiqreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

sakiTxi. mi nadois Tanaxmad, sulTani `Sors iyo im<br />

azrisagan, rom saqarTveloze <strong>da</strong>yrdnoba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>udis mzakvreobisa <strong>da</strong> svimonis mosvlisa eSino<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radgan xom SeiZleba, rodesac laSqari Tavrizisaken<br />

gaeSureba, ma Sin mas orive mxri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>artyan qarTvelebma <strong>da</strong><br />

sparse lebma?~ 2 sulTanma lala faSas werilobiT <strong>da</strong>avala,<br />

rom arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ken mimaval gzaze cixe-simagreebis<br />

asaSeneblad yvelaferi moemaragebina, raTa gazafx ulze<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 122.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 123.<br />

220 221

<strong>da</strong>ewyo farTo Seteva saqarTveloze 1 . lala faSam mTeli<br />

mondome biT mohki<strong>da</strong> xeli samzadiss <strong>da</strong> osmalTa yvela samflobeloSi<br />

gankar gulebebi gagzavna mSeneblobis ostatebis<br />

Sesakrebad, didZali Tanxebis Segrovebac <strong>da</strong>iwyes 2 . arzrumSi<br />

Tavs iyri<strong>da</strong> axal-axali Zalebi. yvelafri <strong>da</strong>n Can<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

lala faSa ga<strong>da</strong>mwy veti laSqrobisaTvis emzadebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1579 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, anonimi venecielis relaciis<br />

mixedviT, mTa varsar<strong>da</strong>lma arzrumSi SemaSfoTebeli werili<br />

miiRo. Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom 40<br />

aTasma yizilbaSma yarax anis meTaurobiT, alya Semoartyes<br />

qalaqs <strong>da</strong> Tu droze ar <strong>da</strong>ex marebodnen, garnizoni SimSiliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>iRupebo<strong>da</strong> 3 . werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom aseTive mdgo mareoba<br />

iyo gorSic, romelic svimonma al yaSi moaqcia 4 .<br />

lala faSam saswrafod gagzavna ori aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

Tbilisisa <strong>da</strong> goris <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad, magram didi Tovlis<br />

gamo maT ver SesZles <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilamde misvla <strong>da</strong><br />

iZulebulni gaxdnen ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebu liyvnen. lala faSam mxolod<br />

werilis gagzavna SeZlo, romliTac gan sacdelSi Cavardnilebs<br />

amxneveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> simtkicisaken mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos SimSilma <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis sistematurma<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sx mebma Tavisi gaitana <strong>da</strong> goris osmalTa garnizoni<br />

<strong>da</strong>neb<strong>da</strong>. svimon mefis brZanebiT, cixisTavis gar<strong>da</strong> yvela<br />

<strong>da</strong>xoces, cixisTavi SikrikiviT Se moses, uyurebo <strong>da</strong> ukudo<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 123-124.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 124.<br />

3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 36. ibrahim feCevis<br />

mixedviT, yizilbaSTa sar<strong>da</strong>li imamyuli-xani iyo <strong>da</strong> 10 aTasi meomari hyav<strong>da</strong> (gv.<br />

54). petro bi Zaros TqmiT, am dros svimoni <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> irani<strong>da</strong>n, masTan erTad<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> 6-7 aTasiani jari aliyuli-xanis meTaurobiT. maT <strong>da</strong>evalaT saqrTveloSi<br />

Semavali xeobis Caketva, raTa osmalebi iq ar Sesuliyvnen (Bizarus P .,<br />

Op. cit., p. 635).<br />

4 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZiT, Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> gors svimon mefem Semoartya alya<br />

(farsa <strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe , gv. 223). Turqi avtorebis mixedviT, svimonma yizilbaSebTan<br />

erTad Se moartya alya Tbiliss 1579 wlis 30 marts (svaniZe m.. <strong>da</strong>sax.<br />

naSr., gv. 137)<br />

jorze Sesves <strong>da</strong> lala faSasTan gagzavnes momx<strong>da</strong>ri ambis<br />

misatanad. svimonma cixe miwasTan gaaswora. Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

saqmeebis mogvarebis Semdeg, mefe yizilbaSTa <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />

gaeSura. mas TbilisTan gautarebia mTeli ivnisis Tve 1 .<br />

lala faSa sagonebelSi Cavar<strong>da</strong>. mdgomareoba qarTlSi<br />

uaRresad garTul<strong>da</strong>. Tbilisi saswrafo <strong>da</strong>xmarebas iTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />

pirvel rigSi saWiro iyo imis ga<strong>da</strong>wyveta, rogori saxiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen Tbiliss. lala faSa pi ra<strong>da</strong>d rom gaZRolo<strong>da</strong><br />

jars, maSin aRmoCndebo<strong>da</strong>, rom man moatyua sul Tani murad<br />

III, mTeli saqarTvelo Tqveni erTguli <strong>da</strong> morCiliao 2 . amitom<br />

man 1579 w. 1 ivliss sakmaod didi jari 3 gagzavna Tbilisis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxmare blad. jars mihqon<strong>da</strong> didZali sursaT-sanovage.<br />

3 ivliss lala faSam gaiara hasan-yala <strong>da</strong> 10-Si yarsSi<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>, iqve <strong>da</strong>banak<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am qalaqis ga magrebas Seudga. mas<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong> yarsi saqarT velosken mimavali gzis<br />

gasaRebad ga<strong>da</strong>eqcia. yarsi-Tbilisis gzis <strong>da</strong>cvas, iran-osmaleTis<br />

mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />

osmalebisaT vis ga<strong>da</strong>m wyveti mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> isini<br />

arafers zogavdnen, raTa am gziT jaris ga<strong>da</strong>yvana <strong>da</strong> sursa-<br />

Tis ga<strong>da</strong>tana Seuferxeblad ganxorciele buliyo. magram osmalebma<br />

es ver SeZles. qarTlelebi mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen<br />

gzad mimaval <strong>da</strong> cixeebSi Seketil osmalebs, ganuwyvetliv<br />

esxmodnen mtris aRals (amis amsxveli cnobebi uxva<strong>da</strong>a evropul<br />

<strong>da</strong> aR mosavlur wer ilobiT wyaroebSi). iSviaTi ar iyo<br />

SimSiliT sikvdilis SemTxvevebi os malTa jarSi.<br />

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 36-37.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 133-134.<br />

3 osmaluri wyaroebiT, lala faSam 12 aTasiani saeqspedicio korpuss<br />

saTaveSi zulyadris beglarbegi mustafa faSa Cauyena (svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.,<br />

gv. 137). osmalo is torikosis munejim baSis mixedviTac, lala faSas 12 aTasiani<br />

korpusi gaugzavnia, magram saTaveSi edga maraSis beglarbegi mustafa.<br />

(Sengelia n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 141). anonimi ve necielis TqmiTac, jaris meTauri<br />

yofila maraSis beglarbegi, magram jaris raodenoba 20 aTasi mxedriTa <strong>da</strong><br />

1500 ianiCriT ganisazRvrebo<strong>da</strong> (TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi,<br />

gv. 37). 18-20 aTasi meomaria MminadoisTanac (Minadoi, p. 134).<br />

222 223

mustafa faSam Tbilisis garnizoni did gaWirvebaSi ixila:<br />

mxolod 700 mecixovne <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo 1 . man garnizoni<br />

Seavso, Cerqez kasim beis meTaurobiT 500 kaci <strong>da</strong>tova <strong>da</strong> 17<br />

seqtembers yarsisaken gae Sura 2 .<br />

mcire xnis Semdeg lala faSam Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n kvlav SemaSfoTebeli<br />

cnoba miiRo. garnizoni uars ambob<strong>da</strong> iq <strong>da</strong>rCenaze<br />

3 . gairkva, rom mustafa faSas wasvlisTanave qarTvelebma<br />

Tbiliss kvlav alya Semoartyes, ramac qalaqis <strong>da</strong>mcvelebSi<br />

panika gamoiwvia. lala mustafa faSas isic aSfoTeb<strong>da</strong>m rom<br />

araferi ismo<strong>da</strong> ahmed faSas Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita Tbi lisSi<br />

sursaTi kidev gaegzavna. man moamza<strong>da</strong> 2 aTasi iuqi sanovage<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi waReba <strong>da</strong>avala diarbeqiris valis <strong>da</strong> qurTebis begebs.<br />

magram <strong>da</strong>sax ele bulma moxeleebma uari sTqves <strong>da</strong>valebis<br />

Sesrulebaze 4 . ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, maTi uari gamowveuli iyo<br />

saqarTveloSi mosalodneli xifaTiT. amis Semdeg am amocanis<br />

Sesruleba lala faSam diarbeqiris beglarbegs _ behrem<br />

faSas <strong>da</strong> didi veziris mehmed sokolus vaJs, maraSis<br />

beglarbegs _ hasan faSas <strong>da</strong>avala 5 . yarsi<strong>da</strong>n wamosuli didi<br />

jaris Sesaxeb qarT velebma <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebma 18 seqtembers<br />

Seityves. qarTvelebs svimon mefe meTaurob<strong>da</strong>, yizilbaSebs _<br />

ali yuli-xani. maTi 8 aTasamde mebrZoli Tbilissa <strong>da</strong> dmaniss<br />

Soris gzas icav<strong>da</strong>, raTa os malebisaTvis Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

saSualeba ar miecaT. isini aseve Tvalyurs adevnebdnen<br />

Sim SiliT Sewuxebuli osmalebis qalaqi<strong>da</strong>n ga mosvlas,<br />

raTa maSinve gaenad gurebi naT 6 .<br />

mzveravebma svimon mefes <strong>da</strong> ali yuli-xans acnobes, rom<br />

os maleTis jari dmanisisaken miemarTebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maSinve mters<br />

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv 57.<br />

2 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 138.<br />

3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 38.<br />

4 Sengelia n., solaq-zade <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. „wyaroTmcodneoba~, IV,<br />

Tb., 1973, gv. 114.<br />

5 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 138<br />

6 Minadoi, p.<br />

dmanisis xeo baSi Causafrdnen. mokavSireebma, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad,<br />

seriozul warmatebas miaR wies, mravali mteri gaanadgures<br />

<strong>da</strong> didi na<strong>da</strong>vlic xelT igdes. ma gram me same dRes, roca<br />

isini xelaxla Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen mters, gare mocvaSi aR moCndnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> seriozuli zarali ganicades. osmalebma ali yuli-xani<br />

<strong>da</strong>atyveves <strong>da</strong> seqtembris bolos <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad Tbiliss<br />

miaRwies, sa <strong>da</strong>c saSineli mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>T: `bevri momkv<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />

Sim Silma isini im zo mamde miiyvana, rom sWamdnen<br />

ara mxolod m<strong>da</strong>re xarisxis cxenis xorcs, aramed cxenebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> cxvrebis tyavebsa <strong>da</strong> ZaRlebs~ 1 .<br />

hasan faSam TbilisSi mdgomareoba moawesriga, garnizonis<br />

moTxov niT Tbilisis beglarbegi mehmed faSa ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong><br />

mis adgilas <strong>da</strong>niSna haji begi ziad ahmad faSa. amis Semdeg<br />

igi imave dmanisis gziT yarsisaken wavi<strong>da</strong>. roca dmanisis<br />

xeobas miuaxlov<strong>da</strong>, mowinave razmebma acnobes, rom svimon<br />

mefes Zlieri artileriiTa <strong>da</strong> sakmaod didi jariT xeobis<br />

yeli ga<strong>da</strong>uketia. hasan faSam SebrZoleba ver gabe<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ali<br />

yuli-xans Tavisu flebis miniWebas <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong> Tu is uxifaTo<br />

gzas aswavli<strong>da</strong>. yizilbaSi sardlis gamcemlobis wyalobiT<br />

osmalTa jaris ZiriTadma nawilma mSvidobianad <strong>da</strong>aRwia<br />

Tavi. svimon mefe mainc <strong>da</strong>ewia mtris arier gards <strong>da</strong> gaanadgura.<br />

man xelT igdo mravali tyve, cxenebi <strong>da</strong> Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

wa moRebuli mTeli xazina 2 .<br />

Tvals rom ga<strong>da</strong>vavlebT 1579 wels kavkasiaSi osmalebis<br />

saomar op eraciebs, SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom maT gaWirvebiT<br />

SeZles poziciebis SenarCuneba. <strong>da</strong>iwyo zamTari <strong>da</strong> sulTnis<br />

karze <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT aravin ico<strong>da</strong>, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT<br />

amirkavkasiaSi osmalTa garnizonebi SeZlebdnen Tu ara<br />

Tavis gatanas. rogorc 1578 wlis Semodgomaze, ise ax lac,<br />

sulTnis brZanebis Tanaxmad, 1579 wlis oqtomberSi yirimis<br />

xanis meh med gireis jari SirvanSi SeiWra <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exmara Sir-<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 137.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 138-140.<br />

224 225

vanisa <strong>da</strong> naxWevnis gamge bels _ osman faSas. aRmosavleT<br />

amierkavkasiaSi yirimis xanis jaris Ses vla maSinve acnobes<br />

lala faSas. macnes uTqvams, rom yirimis xani Tavisi oTxi<br />

ZmiT, vaJiSviliTa <strong>da</strong> 200 aTasi cxenosniT Sirvanis samefoSi<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>. imaTgan 50 aTasi gagzvna kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres<br />

samflobe loebSi qalaq zagemis gasaZarcvad. yirimis<br />

xanis amgvari moqmedebis mizezi is yofila, rom roca,<br />

sparselebisagan garemoculma osman faSam kaxTa mefes <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

sTxova, man uari SeuTvala <strong>da</strong> ganucxa<strong>da</strong>: `aRar sur<strong>da</strong><br />

Turqebis mokavSireoba, sparselebi ukeTesni ariano~ 1 .<br />

1579 wlis oqtombris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi yirimis xanis, <strong>da</strong>rubandis<br />

gziT, SirvanSi Sesvla, sxva avtorebTanac <strong>da</strong>sturdeba.<br />

isini yirimis xanis jaris raodenobas 10 aTasi kaciT gansz-<br />

Rvraven 2 . magram imis msgavsi cnoba, ro melic anonimma<br />

venecielma kaxeTis samefosTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT <strong>da</strong>gvitova, sxva<br />

wyaroebSi ar gvxvdeba. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, anonimis cnoba mainc<br />

serio zul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. Cemi azriT, igi Seicavs<br />

si namdvilis elements. ar vici sxva SemTxveva, gar<strong>da</strong> erTisa<br />

(1579 w. <strong>da</strong>sawyisi), rodesac osman faSam aleqsandre kaxTa<br />

mefes sTxova <strong>da</strong> kidec miiRo <strong>da</strong>xmareba 3 . SeiZleba varaudi,<br />

osman faSam SemdegSic mimarTa aleqsandre kaxTa mefes, magram<br />

is ise uxalisod <strong>da</strong> mcired <strong>da</strong>exmara, rom mas <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze<br />

uaris Tqmad CauT vales. rogorc zemomoy vanili<br />

amonaridi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, yirimis xani kaxeTis wi naaRmdeg osman<br />

faSas wauqeze bia. osman faSa SirvanSi iyo fexmoucvlelad<br />

<strong>da</strong>, albaT, mas garkveuli cnobebi eqnebo<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre mefis<br />

antiosmalur ganwyo bilebaze. axla, roca mas saSualeba<br />

mieca, TaTarTa xanis xeliT Suri eZia, gamoiyena kidec es<br />

momenti. Tavisi mTeli rigi warumateblobis mizezad<br />

kaxelebis gan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis ar gawevac <strong>da</strong>saxeldebo<strong>da</strong>. lala<br />

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 39.<br />

2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 57-58; Sengelia n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 142.<br />

3 Charrière, Op. cit., III, p. 775.<br />

mustafa faSam ise <strong>da</strong>asrula 1579 wlis saomari operaciebi,<br />

rom Zlivs SeZlo qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> SirvanSi Zveli poziciebis<br />

SenarCuneba. qarTlis same fosa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi<br />

ganmaTavisuflebeli brZolis cecxli gizgizeb<strong>da</strong>. amave<br />

periodSi sabolood gamoikveTa svimon mefis saxe, rogorc<br />

ganmaTavisu flebeli brZolis meTaurisa. yovelive amis gamo<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesame veziris xoja sinan faSas mcdelobiT, sulTan murad<br />

mesamem 1580 wlis TebervalSi lala mustafa faSa ga<strong>da</strong>ayena<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesame veziri sinan faSa aRmosavleTis jarebis<br />

mTavarsardlad <strong>da</strong>niSna. Mmale is didvaziric gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

osmalebs esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom svimon mefes <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong>,<br />

saerTod, am ierkavkasiaSi mtkice <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni hqon<strong>da</strong>. osmale-<br />

Tis mTavrobam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita qarTlSi winaaRmdegobis Sesasusteblad<br />

<strong>da</strong> mefis iranelebisagan Camocilebis mizniT, mis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze wasuliyo. nia<strong>da</strong>gis mosinjva <strong>da</strong>evala mTavarsardlis<br />

movaleobis Semsrulebels (sinan faSa jer kidev<br />

ar Sesdgomo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas) xusrev fa-<br />

Sas. man qarTlis mefes werili gaugzavna, romelSic, saku-<br />

Tari mTavrobis sax eliT, bodiSs ixdi<strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefos<br />

CamorTmevis gamo. svimon mefe Tu moiTxov<strong>da</strong> `wyalobis<br />

xelSekrulebas~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmarebas aR mouCen<strong>da</strong> Tbi lisSi mdgom<br />

os maleTis jars, maSin mas qarTli `sa fadiSaho livas~ saxiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mefe SeTavazebul pirobebze Tu <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin is<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ara qarTlis mefe, aramed osmaluri provinciis _<br />

livis moxele, faSa. ufro metic, TbilisSi <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> osmalTa<br />

garnizoni. ma Sasa<strong>da</strong>me, os malebi qarTlSi 1578 wels<br />

gauqmebuli xelisuflebis aRdgenas ar apirebdnen, magram<br />

mzad iyvnen svimoni ecnoT mis gamgeblad `osmaluri wesisamebr~<br />

1 .<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, svimon mefe amgvari pirobebiT osmalebs<br />

ver Seurigde bo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> molaparakebis <strong>da</strong>wyebas azri ar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 206.<br />

226 227

1580 wlis 17 Tebervals sinan faSa stamboli<strong>da</strong>n gavi<strong>da</strong> 1 <strong>da</strong><br />

8 maiss arzrumSi mivi<strong>da</strong> 2 . iranSi fiqrobdnen, rom osmalTa<br />

jaris axali mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li Setevis mimar Tulebas Secvli<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavrizze wavido<strong>da</strong>. movlenebis amgvarad gan vi TarebisaTvis<br />

yizilbaSebma mzadeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes <strong>da</strong> svimon mefis <strong>da</strong>saxmare blad<br />

qarTlSi razmebi gagzavnes, raTa Tavrizisken mimavali mtrisaTvis<br />

qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs erToblivad <strong>da</strong>ertyaT.<br />

mokavSireTa laSqari 13 aTas kacs Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

Sahis karze gaiges Tuara sinan faSas arzrumSi misvlis<br />

Sesaxeb, maSinve svimon mefes <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdnen <strong>da</strong> sTxoves, rom<br />

roca osmalebis yarsSi misvlas gaigeb<strong>da</strong> (es niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

osmalebi saqarTveloze midi od nen), maSinve ganjaSi mdgomi<br />

yizilbaSe bisaTvis ecnobebina <strong>da</strong> isini mis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />

gremze gavliT wavidodnen 4 .<br />

15 ivniss sinan faSa yarsSi mivi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c Sah xu<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

elCi <strong>da</strong>x v<strong>da</strong>. mas Tan hqon<strong>da</strong>T yofili mTavarsardlisaTvis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sacemi werili. elCi uflebamosili iyo Sahis saxeliT<br />

sulTanTan zavi <strong>da</strong>edo 5 . Sahis elCs mak sud-xans <strong>da</strong>valebuli<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> `mSvidobis Camogdeba suleiman–xanis dros <strong>da</strong>wesebuli<br />

sazRvrebiT~ 6 . sinan faSam elCs mousmina <strong>da</strong> stam bolSi<br />

gais tumra 7 . gamgzavrebis dRes sinan faSam elCis `pativsacemad~<br />

aRlumi moawyo, romelmac yizilbaSebze didi STabeWdileba<br />

moaxdina 8 . aRlumis Sem deg sinan faSa qarTvelTa<br />

alyaSi mo qceuli Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>sax mareblad wavi<strong>da</strong> 9 .<br />

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 60.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 40.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 158-160.<br />

4 Ibidem.<br />

5 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41. ibrahim feCevis<br />

mixedviT, sinan faSam yizilbaSTa elCi maksud-xani diarbeqiris vilaieTSi,<br />

CemriqSi miiRo (ibrahim feCevi, gv. 60).<br />

6 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 60.<br />

7 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41.<br />

8 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 63.<br />

9 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41<br />

1580 wlis 4 agvistos iranis elCi stambolSi miva<strong>da</strong>,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c didi zeimiT miiRes. rogorc ibrahim feCevi ambobs,<br />

Sahs undo<strong>da</strong> osmalebi <strong>da</strong>eyoliebina aRdgeniliyo 1555 wlis<br />

amasiis zavis pirobebi, e. i. mowi naaRmdegeebi <strong>da</strong>ubrunebodnen<br />

im sazRvrebs, romelic zavis <strong>da</strong>de bisas hqon<strong>da</strong>T. osmaleTi,<br />

romelmac didi saxsrebi <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianTa resursebi Seswira<br />

amierkavkasiis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, iolad ar <strong>da</strong>Tmob<strong>da</strong><br />

wlebis ganmavlobaSi didi gaWirvebiT mopovebul teritoriebs.<br />

stam bolSi maksud-xans ganucxades, rom `miwa, romelsac<br />

sulTnis cxenis floqvebi Seexo, mas ekuTvnis~ 1 . maksud–<br />

xani iranSi xelcarieli <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>.<br />

svimon mefem, SeTanxmebis Tanaxmad, yizilbaSebs acnoba,<br />

rom os malebi Tbilisisaken miemarTebodnen. yizilbaSebi,<br />

marTlac, movidnen <strong>da</strong> mis jars SeuerTdnen. qarTlis mefem<br />

osmalebTan pir<strong>da</strong>pir Setakebas Tavi aari<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> musrs avleb<strong>da</strong><br />

moalafe razmebs. 1580 wlis ivlisSi sinan faSam<br />

dmanisi gaiara <strong>da</strong> imave Tvis bolos TbilisSi mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tbilisis garnizoni qalaqgareT gavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> axal sar<strong>da</strong>ls<br />

migeba. imave dros mas saCivari warudgines Tbilisis gamgebel<br />

ahmed faSaze, ro melic meomarTa xelfasebs iTviseb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sinan faSam igi ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong> mis adgilas <strong>da</strong>niSna simon I-is<br />

Zma giorgi, romelmac islami miiRo <strong>da</strong> musli manuri saxeli<br />

iusufi <strong>da</strong>irqva 2 . amis Semdeg sinan faSam Tbilisis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi<br />

moTareSe qarTvelTa razmebis winaaRmdeg jari gagzavna<br />

safetis sanjaybegisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maskos ianiCrebis aRas meTaurobiT.<br />

svimon mefe maT moulodnelad Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa <strong>da</strong> ori<br />

aTasamde osmalo gawyvita 3 .<br />

sinan faSa TbilisSi Tavs mSvi<strong>da</strong>d ver grZnob<strong>da</strong>. Mmas<br />

acnobes yizilbaSTa jaris Tbilisisken wamosvlis Sesaxeb.<br />

1 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 492.<br />

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 123. giorgi (iusufi) m. svaniZis<br />

varaudiT, imereTis mefe giorgis Svilia. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis<br />

urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 141-142.<br />

3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 72; Hammer J., Op. cit.,S. 492.<br />

228 229

igi im faqtmac SeaS foTa, rom aleqsandre kaxTa mefe, romelic<br />

osmalebs TavianT morCil msaxurad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, sar<strong>da</strong>lTan<br />

ar gamocxad<strong>da</strong> 1 . samagierod TbilisSi si nan faSasTan mividnen<br />

kaxeTis mefis elCebi. sinan faSam isini kargad miiRo, radgan<br />

mas acnobes, rom aleqsandre mefe garnizons <strong>da</strong>exmara: fuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> sursaTi gaugzvna.<br />

elCebma TavianTi mefis saxeliT bodiSi moixades, rom<br />

igi avad myo fobis gamo sar<strong>da</strong>ls pira<strong>da</strong>d ver eaxla erTgulebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>samtkice blad. na siamovnebma sinan faSam aleqsandres<br />

oqroqsovili tanisamosi, kverTxi <strong>da</strong> Zvirfasi qvebiT<br />

moWedili xmali gaugzavna. aqve iyo megobrobisa <strong>da</strong> siyvarulis<br />

gancxadebiT aRsavse werilic 2 .<br />

sinan faSas werili mravalmxriv sainteresoa. igi aleqsandre<br />

me fes, viTom<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Soris, sityvas Camougdebs iranosmaleTs<br />

Soris <strong>da</strong>zave baze. aqve gamoCn<strong>da</strong> sinan faSas namdvili<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba aleqsandre sadmi, rogorc osmaleTis<br />

orgulisadmi: radgan Sen orives, iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs megobrob,<br />

naTqvami iyo werilSi, SegiZlia gauge brobis mowesrigeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> orive xelmwifis morigebao 3 .<br />

sinan faSasaTvis sruliad naTeli gax<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefis<br />

pozicia iran-osmaleTis omis am etapze. faSas TbilisSi<br />

yofnis dros osmalebma Seipyres iranis Sahis jaSuSi, romelsac<br />

aleqsandresa <strong>da</strong> svimonisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacemi werilebi aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Sahi aleqsandres uTvli<strong>da</strong>, rom is Tavisi jariT<br />

wasuliyo sinan faSas banakisaken, sa<strong>da</strong>c TviTonac mivi do<strong>da</strong><br />

mTeli Tavisi jariT, osmalebs alyaSi moaqcevdnen <strong>da</strong> gaanadgurebdnen.<br />

Sahi me fes avaleb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavebina <strong>da</strong>rubandis vi wro<br />

gasasvleli, raTa gaqceul mters iq ver gaevlo 4 .<br />

sinan faSam rodesac werilebi gaxsna, moulodneli Tav-<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 125.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 171-172.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 172.<br />

4 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 41.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sxmis SiSma Seipyro. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, Znelia imis <strong>da</strong>dgena,<br />

werilebSi naTqvami si namdviles Seeferebo<strong>da</strong> Tu sabrZolo<br />

eSmakoba iyo. is ki cnobilia, rom sinan faSam maSinve, SuaRamisas,<br />

banakis aSla <strong>da</strong> yarsisaken wasvla brZana. osmalebma<br />

ise iCqares, rom TiTqmis mTeli artileria, <strong>da</strong>axloe biT<br />

90 qve mexi, xelT igdes qarTvelebma, romlebic uecrad Tavs<br />

<strong>da</strong>esxnen aforiaqebul mters 1 .<br />

sinan faSa dmanisze gavliT mcire xanSi yarsSi mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tumca os malebs es gza Zalze Zvirad <strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong>T. Aadgilobrivi<br />

qarTveli <strong>da</strong> azer baijaneli mosaxleoba namdvil partizanul<br />

oms awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> 2<br />

anonimi venecielis gadmocemas Sahis mier aleqsandre<br />

mefisaTvis werilis gagzavnis Sesaxeb a<strong>da</strong>sturebs XVI saukunis<br />

Turqi istorikosi mustafa ali 3 .<br />

am saintereso sakiTxis garkvevaSi kidev meti sinaTle<br />

Seaqvs ibra him feCevis. `swored am xanebSi gavar<strong>da</strong> xma, _<br />

ambobs feCevi, _ gza<strong>da</strong>b neuli Sahi Tavisi samociaTasiani 4<br />

boroti laSqriT emzadeba Tavs <strong>da</strong>e ces [Cvens] jars <strong>da</strong> islamis<br />

jaris Zliereba Seaneloso... Sahs erTi ori werili<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre mefisaTvis gagzavnili. gaiZvera reaÁTagans<br />

werili rom mihqon<strong>da</strong>, ramdenime [Cveni] asqeri Semoxv<strong>da</strong><br />

win <strong>da</strong> [werili] samefo banakSi waikiTxes. [werili] <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

Sirebuli iyo islamis laSqri saTvis oinebis mowyobasTan~ 5 .<br />

qarTli<strong>da</strong>n gaqceuli osmalebi dmanisTan <strong>da</strong>banakdnen.<br />

bunebrivia, sursaTi akl<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> maragis Sevsebas adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis gaZarc viT fiqrobdnen. magram amis gakeTeba<br />

axla ioli ar iyo. patar-patara rzmebis gagzavna maT<br />

srul ganadgurebas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. qarTvelTa jars terorizire-<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 125.<br />

3 Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 492.<br />

4 anonimi venecieli azviadebs yizilbaSTa laSqris raodenobas. misi TqmiT,<br />

Sahs gamzadebuli hyav<strong>da</strong> 150 aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri.<br />

5 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 61-62.<br />

230 231

uli hyav<strong>da</strong> osmalebi. gaWirvebam mainc Tavisi gaitana <strong>da</strong> 10<br />

aTasi cxeno sani banaki<strong>da</strong>n saalafod gavi<strong>da</strong>, magram TiTqmis<br />

arc erTi maTgani aRar <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

osmalebi dmanisi<strong>da</strong>n yarsSi mividnen 8 seqtembers. sinan<br />

faSam am qalaqSi didi garnizoni <strong>da</strong> saWurveli <strong>da</strong>tova.<br />

yarsSi mcire xniT Ses ve nebis Semdeg, 1580 wlis oqtombers,<br />

igi arzrumSi mivi<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

arzrumSi jari did ukmayofilebas gamosTqvam<strong>da</strong> gaWianurebuli<br />

omis, mudmivi xifaTisa <strong>da</strong> sursaT-sanovagis naklebobis<br />

gamo. oms <strong>da</strong>sas ruli ar uCan<strong>da</strong>. sinan faSas azriT,<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>mTavreba aucilebeli iyo. amitom man Sahsa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

mefes acnoba, Tu isini TavianT elCebs stambolSi gagzavnidnen,<br />

zavis <strong>da</strong>debis SesaZlebloba arsebob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sinan FfaSas wamowyebam Sedegi gamoiRo <strong>da</strong> 1581 wlis 7<br />

Tebervals arzrumSi mividnen Sahisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefis el-<br />

Cebi. Sahis elCi nabuT-aRa gamocdili diplomati <strong>da</strong> stambolSi<br />

adre namyofic iyo. sinan faSam igi pativiT miiRo.<br />

iranis elCma sinan faSasTan saubarSi ga nacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom `mSvidobianobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>samyareblad ZalaSi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rCes suleimanxanis<br />

[dro indeli] xelSekrulebaSi <strong>da</strong>Tqmuli zavi <strong>da</strong> mSvidoba.<br />

igive iyo naTqvami sulTnisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacem<br />

weri lebSic 3 .<br />

amgvarad, Sahi araviTar <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze ar midio<strong>da</strong>. man ico<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom omi mZime tvirTad awva osmaleTsac. misi varaudiT,<br />

sulTani <strong>da</strong>Tmobaze wavi do<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> omamdeli mdgomareobis aRdgena<br />

moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba qarTlis mefis elCs, igi<br />

svimon I-saTvis Tavis samflobeloebis memkvidreobiT gamgeblobaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, samagierod qarTlis mefe<br />

yovelwliuri xarkis saxiT 100 aTasi dukatis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 174. i. hameri ganadgurebul jaris meTaurad mustafas anu<br />

samcxis aTabag manuCars Tvlis <strong>da</strong> imave Mminadois cnobas imowmebs (Hammer J.,<br />

Op. cit., S. 492). sinamdvileSi Mminadoi halabis faSa muyafis asaxelebs.<br />

2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 63-64.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 64-65<br />

hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavis vaJsac mZevlad aZlev<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

ar vici Cavi<strong>da</strong> Tu ara svimon mefis elCi stambolSi.<br />

radgan amis Semdeg qarTveli elCi aRar Cans, savaraudoa,<br />

sinan faSam igi uariT gaistumra. qarTvel elCs stambolSi<br />

vxe<strong>da</strong>vT 1582 wlis zafxulSi ufliswul meh medis (SemdegSi<br />

mehmed III, 1595-1603) win <strong>da</strong>cveTis zeimis misalocad. zeimSi<br />

monawileoba miiRes mravali qveynis wargzavnilebma. maT Soris<br />

iyvnen kaxeTis <strong>da</strong> samegrelos warmo madgenlebic 2 . magram<br />

qarTlis mefis elCis am zeimSi monawileoba srulebiTac ar<br />

niSnav<strong>da</strong> qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris sazavo mola parakebis<br />

gagrZelebas 3 . mefis elCis wasvla stam bolSi sulT nisaT vis<br />

misalocad <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebis misarTmevad, mxolod feo<strong>da</strong> luri<br />

eTikis garkveuli normebis <strong>da</strong>cva iyo. Sahis elCma nabuTaRam<br />

stambolSi TiTqmis mTeli weli <strong>da</strong>hyo.<br />

sinan faSam iranis elCis stambolSi gastumrebis Semdeg<br />

TviTonac iq <strong>da</strong>brunebis ufleba iTxova. igi imdenad <strong>da</strong>interesebuli<br />

iyo iranTan zavis <strong>da</strong>debiT, rom saWirod CaTvala<br />

Tvalyuri edevnebina mo laparakebis msvlelobisaTvis <strong>da</strong>,<br />

albaT, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad, zegavlenis moxdenasac Seecdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram movlenebi sul sxvagvarad ganviTar<strong>da</strong>. sulTani Sahis<br />

elCTan Sexvedras ar Cqarob<strong>da</strong>, radgan misTvis cnobili iyo<br />

Sahis moTxov nebi.<br />

sinan faSa frontis xazze wasvlas aRar fiqrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mTavarsard lis uflebamosileba mas nominalurad hqon<strong>da</strong>. aRmosavleTis<br />

jaris sardlad mehmed faSa <strong>da</strong>iniSna, romelsac<br />

arzrumis faSis tituli mianiWes <strong>da</strong> masve <strong>da</strong>uqvemdebares<br />

yaramaniis faSa, aTabagi manuCari, arz rumis mTeli laSqari<br />

<strong>da</strong> yvela sanjaxi. sul Seikriba 25 aTasi meomari.<br />

svimon I, marTalia, mTeli mondomebiTa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>debiT<br />

ebrZo<strong>da</strong> os malebs, magram Sahma ico<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTvelTa Tav-<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с 126; Hammer J., Op. cit., S. 493.<br />

2 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 266.<br />

3 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 145-146.<br />

232 233

<strong>da</strong>deba Sahis taxtis amaR lebisaTvis ki ar xdebo<strong>da</strong>, aramed<br />

TavianTi qveynisa <strong>da</strong> samefos ga<strong>da</strong>rCe nisaTvis. Sahis karze,<br />

albaT, imasac fiqrobdnen, rom viTarebis Secvlis SemTxveva-<br />

Si, svimon mefis pozicia sruliad sxvanairi, irani saTvis<br />

arasasurveli gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>. amitom, vidre gvian ar iyo, saWirod<br />

CaTvales, svimon mefe mtkiced miejaWvaT Sahis taxtze.<br />

Sahis karze ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites misi asuli colad SeerTo Sah<br />

xu<strong>da</strong>bendes, `rom mis (svimonis – e. m.) me go brobaze guli<br />

savsebiT mSvi<strong>da</strong>d hqono<strong>da</strong>T~ 1 . svimon mefem Sahis wi na<strong>da</strong>deba<br />

garegnulad did bednierebad miiCnia, magram yve lafers akeTeb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

raTa es qorwineba ar Semdgariyo. mefis amgvar moqmedebas<br />

isqander munSi mxolod religiuri motiviT xsnis. iv.<br />

javaxiSvili savse biT samarTlianad aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom mefes<br />

Sahis moTxovna mZevlis warT mevad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, riTac Sahs sur<strong>da</strong><br />

misTvis momavalSi politikuri moqmede bis Tavisufleba<br />

Seez Ru<strong>da</strong> 2 . amitom igi Sa his moTxovnis <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebas ar<br />

Cqarob<strong>da</strong>. erTxans yizilbaSebi momx<strong>da</strong>rma ambebma <strong>da</strong>akaves <strong>da</strong><br />

ganzraxuli qorwinebisaTvis ar ecalaT. SirvanSi yirimeli<br />

TaTrebi Sei Wrnen, magram yizilbaSebma maTi <strong>da</strong>mar cxeba Se-<br />

Zles, Tumca osmalebis gandvna ki ver moaxerxes. Sirvani<br />

kvlav osmalebs <strong>da</strong>rCaT 3 .<br />

SirvanSi samxedro operaciebis <strong>da</strong>srulebis Semdeg, Sahi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom svimon mefe moTxovnas nebiT ar asruleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Aamitom, roca saqarT veloSi pirveli veziri mirza salmani<br />

20 aTasi kaciT gaigzavna. mas kaxeTis samefos sakiTxis mogvarebac<br />

<strong>da</strong>evala. aleqsandre II iZulebuli Seiqmna, yovelwliuri<br />

xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ganeaxlebina <strong>da</strong> Tavisi asulis<br />

1 `svimon-xanis qaliSvili misi udidebulesoba qveynierebis gamgebelisa-<br />

Tvis co lad moeyvanaT~ (isqander munSi, gv. 34). sxva cnobiTi svimon mefes<br />

qaliSvili mo sTxoves hamza mirzaze <strong>da</strong>saqorwineblad (javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli<br />

eris istoria, IV, gv. 271; svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 157).<br />

2 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 271.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv. 34-35.<br />

ufliswul hamza mirzasaTvis miTxovebaze <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

isqander munSis mixedviT, Sahis yvela moTxovna svimon<br />

mefesac <strong>da</strong>ukmayofilebia. yizilbaSebma qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

mefeebi erTmaneT Tan Seariges <strong>da</strong> jvarze <strong>da</strong>afices, rom Sahis<br />

erTgulni iqnebodnen <strong>da</strong> erTo blivad ibrZolebdnen osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg. amis Semdeg qarTvel me feebs mZevlebi<br />

gamoarTves, aleqsandres _ ufliswuli konstantine, svi mons<br />

_ ufliswuli luarsabi 2 .<br />

roca qarTvelma mefeebma yizilbaSebis yvela moTxovna<br />

<strong>da</strong>akmayo files, axla TviTon moiTxoves Sahis mfarvelobaSi<br />

myofi TavianTi Zme bis, aleqsandrem _ ieses (isa-xani), svimonma<br />

_ <strong>da</strong>viTis (<strong>da</strong>uT-xani) saqarT veloSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba <strong>da</strong><br />

piroba <strong>da</strong>sdes, rom `Zmebs Cinebulad moepyrobod nen, veragobas<br />

ar Caidendnen <strong>da</strong> orive TavianTi samflobe loebi<strong>da</strong>n TavianT<br />

Zmebs garkveul adgils miuCendnen, raTa mosvenebiT ecxovraT<br />

<strong>da</strong> arseboba ar gaZnelebo<strong>da</strong>T~ 3 . gasagebia aleqsandres<br />

<strong>da</strong> svimonis survili Sahis xeli <strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>exsnaT maT sawinaaRmdegod<br />

gamiznuli TavianTi Zmebi. isqander munSi Semdeg<br />

qarTvel mefeebs usayvedurebs, rom arc erTma pi roba ar<br />

Seasrula, `orive maTi <strong>da</strong>Rupvis saqmes Seudga <strong>da</strong> Cqara maTi<br />

sikvdilis am bavi mTel qveyanas gaagebines~ 4 .<br />

marTali ar aris isqander munSi, TiTqos am dros (1582<br />

w.) Sah mo hamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes konstantine ufliswuli mZevlad<br />

waeyvanos, radgan qar Tuli <strong>da</strong> rusuli wyaroebi savsebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>majereblad gvamcnoben, rom kon stantine ufliswuli mZevlad<br />

Sah Tamazma waiyvana. arc is cnobaa mar Tali, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xanis sikvdilis Sesaxeb laparakobs (isa-xanze, amis<br />

Semdeg, marTlac araferi viciT). <strong>da</strong>uT-xani kidev karga xans<br />

asparezze Cans. igi osmalebs miemxro.<br />

1 iqve, gv. 36.<br />

2 iqve.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 37.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

234 235

1581 wlis agvistos bolos arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n wasuli mehmed<br />

faSa ax alqalaqSi mustafa (manuCar) faSas Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sTxova,<br />

rom osmalTa laSqari Tbilisisken waeyvana. osmalTa<br />

jars gorTan svimon mefe elode bo<strong>da</strong>. mis jarSi mravlad<br />

iyvnen qarTulad Cacmuli iranelebi. rogorc iTqva, iranis<br />

elCi nabuT-aRa am dros stambolSi iyo <strong>da</strong> sulTanTan audiencias<br />

elo<strong>da</strong>. amitom yizilbaSebi osmalebTan pirispir<br />

brZolas eridebodnen <strong>da</strong> svimon mefes qarTulad Cacmulebi<br />

exmarebod nen 1 . mefis os malebTan brZolis es momenti erTxel<br />

kidev a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Cems mier zemoT gamoTqmul azrs, rom<br />

osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefos Soris sazavo mo la parakeba<br />

CaSlili iyo <strong>da</strong> saomari mdgomareoba grZeldebo<strong>da</strong>. amave<br />

dros, rogorc Cans, yizilbaSebs sulTanTan molaparakebiT<br />

drois mogeba sur <strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad, aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi mtkiced fexis mokidebas cdilobdnen.<br />

mehmed faSas qarTvelebTan brZolis gamarTva ar undo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mas gorTan mdinare mtkvari un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>elaxa <strong>da</strong> manuCars<br />

rCeva sTxova. manu Carma faSas dilamde <strong>da</strong>c<strong>da</strong> urCia. magram<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>lma brZana, saswrafod ga<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen mdinareze, ris<br />

gamoc osmalebma sastiki marcxi gani cades. svimon mefis<br />

xelSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> mtris mTeli aRali <strong>da</strong> xazina. ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili<br />

jaris nawilma Tbilisamde miaRwia. TbilisSi, rogorc yovelTvis,<br />

didi gaWirveba iyo <strong>da</strong> xelcariel mehmed faSas sxva<br />

araferi <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong> rom jariskacebSi 30 aTasi dukati<br />

Seegrovebina <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefesTan garnizonisaTvis puris,<br />

cxvrebis <strong>da</strong> sxva sanovagis Sesasyi<strong>da</strong>d xalxi gaegzvna 2 . osmalTa<br />

imedebi verc Tbilisis faSam, ga mahmadianebulma qarTvelma<br />

iusufma, gaamarTla. mehmed faSam igi ga<strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

adgilze omar faSa <strong>da</strong>niSna 3 .<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 184 -185.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 193.<br />

3 Ibidem. svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. nasr., gv. 151<br />

svimon mefem <strong>da</strong> aTabagma manuCarma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites osmalebisaTvis<br />

Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saSualeba ar miecaT 1 . maT <strong>da</strong>axloebas<br />

Sahis karze didi kmayo filebiT Sexvdnen. yizilbnaSebis<br />

azriT, amis Semdeg iranis mdgo mareoba amier kavkasiaSi<br />

mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesdebo<strong>da</strong> 2 . Semdgomma movle nebma naTelyo,<br />

rom osmalebTan `Serigeba~ manu Caris xriki iyo 3 . mar-<br />

Talia, sul Tanma manuCars Cildiris beglarbe goba aRudgina,<br />

magram manuCarisaT vis amas raluri mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mas kargad esmo<strong>da</strong> sulTnis zrax vebi samcxis mimarT. sul-<br />

Tans saaTabagos nacvlad safaSos <strong>da</strong>arseba un do<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />

osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> samcxes Soris `megobroba~ xan grZlivi ver<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

osmaleTis agresia samcxeSi mxolod qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong><br />

Sirvan elebis <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas ar emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. igi kavkasiis<br />

sxva xalxebisT visac saSiSi iyo. rogorc ibrahim feCevi gadmogvcems,<br />

saSamxlosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restnis gamge blebma kavSiri <strong>da</strong>amyares<br />

qarTvelebTan, raTa erTo blivad ebr ZolaT os malebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. kavkasiaSi antiosmalur kavSirs saTaveSi Caudga<br />

iranis Sahi, romelmac samokavSireo jaris sardlad imamyuli-xani<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSna 4 . stambolSi jerovnad Seafases amierkavkasiaSi<br />

Seqmnili mdgo mareoba <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites Crdilo kavkasiaze<br />

gavliT gaegzavnaT laSqari, romelic <strong>da</strong>rubandsa <strong>da</strong><br />

baqoSi mdgom os malTa garnizonebs <strong>da</strong>exmare bo<strong>da</strong> 5 . imave dros<br />

Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad gagzavnili jari svi mon mefem muxranis<br />

velze <strong>da</strong>amarcxa 6 . osmaleTis jaris <strong>da</strong>rubandSi misvlam<br />

1583 wlis gazafxulze, Sahis karze didi SeSfoTeba<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 204<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 226.<br />

3 manuCar aTabagis osmalebTan urTier Tobaze <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. qvemoT gv. 399-437.<br />

4 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 69.<br />

5 Смирнов И. А. Рoссия и Турция в XVI-XVII вв., в двух томах. «Ученные<br />

записки МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова», вып. 94, М., 1946, т. I, XVI в., с. 126-127.<br />

6 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 150-151.<br />

236 237

gamoiwvia. Sahma ima myuli-xanis meTaurobiT 50 aTasiani jari<br />

gagzavna. yizilbaSma sar<strong>da</strong>lma maSinve qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

mefeebs werilebi gaugzavna <strong>da</strong> is ini laSqrobaSi monawileobis<br />

misaRebad miiwvia. ibrahim FfeCevTan ar Cans, mividnen Tu<br />

ara qarTlelebi yizil baSTa <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad. kaxeTis mefes ki<br />

mcire razmi gaugzavnia. maT mTebSi siarulisas gza <strong>da</strong>bneviaT,<br />

gafan tulan <strong>da</strong> adgilobriv mosax leobas osmalTa SiSiT<br />

amouwyvetia, maTi mokveTili Tavebi ki osmalo sardlisaTvis<br />

gaugzavnia. ferhad faSam, Ta vis mxriv, kaxeTis mefe<br />

aleqsandres misi qveSevrdomebis Tavebi gaugzavna <strong>da</strong> Tanac<br />

SeuTvala: `bednieri fadiSahis moxarakeebi rom xarT, es ras<br />

niSnavso?~ 1<br />

amgvarad, osmalebis aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi yofna<br />

mxolod iaraRze iyo <strong>da</strong>myarebuli, rac, rogorc Cans, adgilobriv<br />

mosaxleobaze yovelTvis qmediT gavlenas ar axden<strong>da</strong>.<br />

male osmalebma manuCaris `Se morigebis~ fasic iwvnies.<br />

sulTnis braZanebiT, manuCars <strong>da</strong>evala Tbi lisSi 30 aTasi<br />

dukatis mitana. roca manuCari Tbiliss miuaxlov<strong>da</strong>, minadois<br />

TqmiT, is svimon mefes Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xanmokle TaTbiris<br />

Semdeg, manu Caris Tanmxlebi osmalTa razmi amowyvites,<br />

xazina ki miiTvises 2 .<br />

ferhad faSam ganizraxa manuCaris samflobeloebze eyara<br />

javri. ma gram manamde aucilebeli iyo Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>xmareba.<br />

man am rTuli amo canis Sesruleba qarTvelebTan <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebTan<br />

brZolebSi gamocdil hasan faSas (es is hasan faSaa,<br />

romelmac yizilbaSTa sar<strong>da</strong>li yuli-xani <strong>da</strong>atyveva) <strong>da</strong>avala,<br />

mas Caabara 40 aTasi dukati <strong>da</strong> 15 aTasi rCeuli mebrZoli<br />

gaayola 3 . maT rigebSi iyvnen qurTistanisa <strong>da</strong> rumeliis<br />

amirebi. dmanisis xeobaSi mimaval osmalebs Tavs<strong>da</strong>esxa<br />

qarTvelTa 500 kaciani razmi, romelTa Soris ramdenime<br />

1 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 73. Sdr. svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 158<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 223-224.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 224-225.<br />

yizilbaSi amirac iyo. qarT velebma ara mxolod SeaCeres<br />

osmalTa winsvla, aramed, rogorc Saraf-xan bidlisi gadmogvcems<br />

(is pira<strong>da</strong>d monawileob<strong>da</strong> am brZolaSi <strong>da</strong> gamoCenili<br />

simama cisa <strong>da</strong> erTgulebisaTvis sulTanma <strong>da</strong>ajildova<br />

1 ), <strong>da</strong>amar cxes kidec. jaris narCenebi, misive TqmiT,<br />

mxolod hasan faSas simtkicem ixsna. ga<strong>da</strong>r Cenil jars, meore<br />

dRes mxolod yizilbaSebi <strong>da</strong>esxnen, ma gram hasan faSam<br />

maT winaaRmdeg Saraf-xan bidlisi gagzavna mcire raz miT,<br />

romelmac mowi naaRmdegeTa meTauri ali-yuli begi <strong>da</strong>atyveva.<br />

yizil baSebi gaiqcnen 2 . mar Talia, pir<strong>da</strong>pir ar aris naTqvami,<br />

vin meTaurob<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa im razms, romelmac osmalebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>amarcxa, ma gram savaraudoa, rom es iyo manuCari. amis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos osmalebis mier manuCaris<br />

samflobeloe bis sastikad aoxreba, rasac sak maod <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT<br />

agviwers minadoi 3 .<br />

1584 wlis gazafxulze ferhad faSam miiRo sulTnis<br />

brZaneba nax Wevansa <strong>da</strong> Tavrizze SetevisaTvis momzadebis<br />

Sesaxeb. imave dros, sulT nis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, saWiro<br />

iyo qarTvelebisagan Seviwroebuli Tbi lisis <strong>da</strong>xmareba 4 .<br />

Sahis kars mxedvelobi<strong>da</strong>n ar gamorCenia osmalebis samxedro<br />

samzadisi <strong>da</strong> naxWevanis <strong>da</strong>sacavad Tavrizis maxloblad<br />

Tavi mouyara 30 aTasamde mebrZols. yizilbaSebis samzadisi<br />

ferhad faSas gegmas arRvev<strong>da</strong>. man, amis Sesaxeb, saswrafod<br />

acnoba sulTans <strong>da</strong> Semdgom brZanebas <strong>da</strong>elo<strong>da</strong>. sulTanma<br />

ukve ico<strong>da</strong>, rom svimon mefe <strong>da</strong> aTabagi manuCari kvlav osmalebis<br />

winaaRmdeg aRsdgnen, sastikad aviwroebdnen Tbilisis<br />

garnizons <strong>da</strong> Sahis <strong>da</strong>xmarebasac apirebdnen 5 . gaiTval-<br />

1 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, Шараф-наме, I. Перевод, предисловие,<br />

примечания и приложе ния Е. И. Васильевой, М., 1967 , с. 490.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси. Шараф-наме, II. Перевод, предисловие,<br />

примечания и приложе ния У. И. Васильевой, М., 1976 , с. 245.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 225.<br />

4 Alberi, II, p. 285.<br />

5 Ibidem.<br />

238 239

iswina ra qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> samcxis pozicia, sulTanma ferhad<br />

faSas ubrZana, `ga<strong>da</strong>s dos yvela saqme <strong>da</strong> Seudges dmanisze<br />

<strong>da</strong> loreze gamavali gzebis mowes regebas~ 1 . aseT viTarebaSi,<br />

osmalebis Semdgom moqmedebisaTvis Tbi liss gansakuTrebuli<br />

mniSvneloba eniWebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ferhad faSam, yizilbaSTa yuradRebis modunebis mizniT,<br />

xmebi gaavrcela, rom naxWevanze laSqroba energiulad <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> saqarT veloze TavdsxmisaTvisac emzadeba. man jer<br />

lores cixe aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni 200 qvemexiT<br />

Caayena 2 , cixisTavad ki <strong>da</strong>niSna berZeni ali faSa 3 . sar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />

mas <strong>da</strong>avala, xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi lore<strong>da</strong>n 10 miliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>Sorebuli SaiTanyala (qajTacixe) gaemagrebina 4 . TviTon<br />

ferhad faSa mTeli jariT wavi<strong>da</strong> dmanisisaken, romelic<br />

qarTvelebma nangreve bad aqcies, raTa es umniSvnelovanesi<br />

cixe-simagre osmalebs aRar ga moeyenebinaT. ferhad faSam<br />

roca am cixis <strong>da</strong> dmanisis mi<strong>da</strong> moebi <strong>da</strong>aT valiera, gonivrulad<br />

ar CaTvala misi aRdgena <strong>da</strong> mis max loblad, Zveli<br />

nacixaris adgilas, axali aagebina 5 . mis kedlebze 200 mcire<br />

zomis qvemexi <strong>da</strong>adgmevina, beglarbegad ki hasan faSa <strong>da</strong>niSna 6 .<br />

dman isis mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi fer had faSam kidev erTi cixe <strong>da</strong>ikava,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c 10 qve mexi <strong>da</strong>dga, xolo cixisTavad rustem faSa <strong>da</strong>niSna<br />

7 . ferhad faSam Tbi lisis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad dmanisi<strong>da</strong>n ridvan<br />

faSa 20 aTasi 8 rCeuli <strong>da</strong> saukeTe sod SeiaraRebuli<br />

mebrZoliT gagzavna. igi erTi dReSi TbilisSi mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

1 Minadoi, p. 226.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 229. jovani miqelis mixedviT _ 100 qvemexi. Alberi, II, p.<br />

286.<br />

3 `moreas mirliva ali-beg bunavi <strong>da</strong>niSna lores beglarbegad~. Шараф-хан<br />

Шамсад дин Бидлиси, II, c. 246<br />

4 Minadoi, p. 230.<br />

5 Saraf-xan bidlisis mixedviT, ferhad faSa dmanisis cixis agebas 40 dRe<br />

moan doma. Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси, II, c. 246<br />

6 arzrumis amir al-umara hasan faSa. Тамже.<br />

7 Alberi, II, p. 286<br />

8 Minadoi, p. 232. sxva cnobiT 12 aTasi. Alberi, II, p. 286.<br />

garnizons saWiro <strong>da</strong>xmareba aRmouCina. maSin, roca ridvan<br />

faSa TbilisTan idga, mis banakSi svimon mefis <strong>da</strong>m terebuli<br />

Zma <strong>da</strong>uT-xani mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> osmalebs samsaxuri SesTavaza 1 . Tbilisis<br />

saqmeebis mogvare bis Semdeg ridvan faSa dmanisSi<br />

gabrun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uT-xani Tan wai yvana. svimon mefe, mstovrebis<br />

saSualebiT, Tvalyurs adevneb<strong>da</strong> osmalTa jaris moZraobas.<br />

don xuan de persias TqmiT, ridvan faSas banakSi Sepa ruli<br />

mefis mstovrebi <strong>da</strong>ud-xans <strong>da</strong>urwmune bia, rom osmalTa jari<br />

mcire iyo. imave avtoris mixedviT, svimon mefes <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis<br />

motaceba ganuzraxavs 2 . mstovrebis mier mefesTan mi tanili<br />

cnoba ridvan faSas jaris raodenobis Sesaxeb, swori ar iyo.<br />

si namdvileSi mas bevrad meti jari hyav<strong>da</strong>. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa,<br />

ridvan faSas qarTvelebis SiSi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ferhad faSas<br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiT kidev 10 aTasi kaci sTxova 3 . yalbi informaciiT<br />

waqezebuli svimon mefe manuCar Tan <strong>da</strong> sxva oTx qarTvel<br />

didebulTan erTad 4 , 4 aTasi mebrZoliT 5 os malebs <strong>da</strong>uxv<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad qarT velebis winaaRmdeg 6 aTasi osmalo idga,<br />

magram brZola gaCaR<strong>da</strong> Tu ara, borcvis ukan Casafrebuli<br />

osmalTa mTavari Zala Tavs <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong> qarT velebs. mefes cxeni<br />

moukles, magram igi sakuTarma si mamacem ga<strong>da</strong>arCina. qarTvelebi<br />

sruli ganadgurebi<strong>da</strong>n ferhad faSas mier ridvan faSas<br />

<strong>da</strong>s axmareblad gagzavnili 10 aTasiani jaris gamoCenam ixsana.<br />

osmalebma is ini qarT velTa <strong>da</strong>mxmare jarad miiCnies <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ibnen. amiT isargebles qarTvelebma <strong>da</strong> brZolis vels gaecalnen.<br />

ridvan faSam ferhad faSas ba nakSi sakmaod didi<br />

na<strong>da</strong>vli miitana, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mis mier<br />

miyvanili <strong>da</strong>uT-xani. <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis osmalTa banakSi misvlaze<br />

sainteresod cnoba <strong>da</strong>gvitova mustafa selianiqma. igi ambobs:<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xani `exla Tavisi xuTi begisa <strong>da</strong> misi erTi<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 232<br />

2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 85v.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 233.<br />

4 Alberi, II, p. 286.<br />

5 Minadoi, p. 233.<br />

240 241

mamaci Svilis TanxlebiT mis aR matebuleba sar<strong>da</strong>l ferhad<br />

faSasTan movi<strong>da</strong>. aq mas sTxova, rom momeciT saSualeba mivaRwio<br />

bednierebis zRurbls (stambols), radganac <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

gasaRebi me var <strong>da</strong> maRali RmerTis wyalobiT aReba<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>py roba CemiT SeiZlebao~ 1 .<br />

zamTris moaxloebis gamo, ferhad faSa iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong><br />

yarsSi an arzrumSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo. manamde ki manuCaris samflobeloebis<br />

ak leba undo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> javaxeTisken gaeSura. magram<br />

axalqalaqisa <strong>da</strong> alTun yalas (oqroscixe) mosaxleoba gaxiznuliyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> sursaTic ver iSova, ris gamoc jari did<br />

gasaWirSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> 2 . don xuan de persias <strong>da</strong> minadois mixedviT,<br />

amis Semdeg osmalebi axalcixisken wavidnen, magram isic<br />

<strong>da</strong>cariele buli <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>T. minadois TqmiT, osmalebma axalcixeSi<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa <strong>da</strong> pirutyvisaTvis sakvebi blomad iSoves 3 .<br />

don xuani ki sruliad sawi naaRmde gos ambobs: iq igive mdgomareoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>T, rogoric axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong> alTunyalaSi 4 .<br />

ferhad faSam axalcixeSi cixis ageba ganizraxa, magram<br />

ganawameb jars amis gagonebac ki ar sur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saqme amboxebamde<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>. ferhad faSas mokvliT <strong>da</strong>emuqrnen. is iZulebuli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> artaans wasuliyo 5 .<br />

don xuan de persias <strong>da</strong> minadois TqmiT, manuCar aTabagis<br />

razmebma gzad mimaval osmalebs didi zarali miayenes.<br />

qarTvelebma ferhad faSas oTxTvala gaZarcves. mis pirad<br />

nivTebTan (Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili xmlebi, fari, kaparWi<br />

<strong>da</strong> bewveuli) erTad, gaitaces misi say vareli mxevali qali 6 .<br />

minadoi ki fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom es Caidines ukmayo filo ianiCreb-<br />

1 fuTuriZe g. mustafa selianiqi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 268.<br />

2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86r.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 236.<br />

4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86r.<br />

5 Minadoi, p. 240; Don Juan de Persia, p. 86v; Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси,<br />

II, c. 246<br />

6 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86v.<br />

ma, raTa ferhad faSasTvis saxeli gaetexaT 1 . manuCaris partizanuli<br />

razmebi musrs avlebdnen osmalTa jars, yvelas<br />

xocavdnen, vinc jars mcireodeni manZiliT CamorCebo<strong>da</strong>. jovani<br />

miqelis TqmiT, ase <strong>da</strong>emarTa 3 aTas Turqs, romlebic<br />

didi Tovlis gamo ZiriTad Zalas CamorCnen <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebma<br />

amowyvites 2 .<br />

ferhad faSam gaiTvaliswina saqarTveloSi Seqmnili<br />

mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> mizanSewonilad CaTvala <strong>da</strong>uT-xani swrafad<br />

gaegzvna sulTnis karze. <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis stambolSi misvlis ori<br />

gansxvavebuli TariRi gvaqvs. mustafa selianiqis mixedviT,<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xani 1584 wlis noemberSi didi zeimiT miiRes stambolSi<br />

3 , xolo fugeris gazeTis `koresponden tis~ informaciiT<br />

_ 1585 wlis 20 ianvars 4 . fugeris gazeTma informacia<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xanis stambolSi misvlis Sesaxeb miiRo 28 ianvars.<br />

masSi naTqvamia: <strong>da</strong>uT-xani 20 kaciani amaliT stambolSi<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sulTans Tbilisis beglarbegoba sTxova. samagierod<br />

igi sulTans <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong>, rom <strong>da</strong>rwmunebis, motyuebis an<br />

Zalis gamoyenebis gziT qarTvelebs sulTnis qveSevrdomebad<br />

gaxdi<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>uTx anma erTgulebis <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis mizniT, stambolSi<br />

Tavisi vaJi <strong>da</strong>stova. man sul Tans gaacno, agreTve<br />

sefianTa saxelmwifos savalalo mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> Tavrizze<br />

Seteva urCia.<br />

sulTans awyob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis svimon mefesTan <strong>da</strong>pirispireba,<br />

ami tom misi yvela Txovna Seiwynara. `mis Svilsa <strong>da</strong><br />

amalas sapatio xalaTebi uboZa, TviT <strong>da</strong>uT-xans maraSis beglarbegoba<br />

eboZa <strong>da</strong> 992 wlis zul-ka <strong>da</strong>s pirvel ricxveb-<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 243.<br />

2 Alberi, II, p. 286.<br />

3 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 268.<br />

4 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Centrale<br />

contem poraines de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélolodie~,<br />

vol. XXXI, Paris, 1973 , p. 188-189. l. tardis qar Tul enaze gamocemul wignSi 2<br />

ianvaria. ix. misi, ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 144.<br />

242 243

Si 1 sar<strong>da</strong>lTan gagzavnil iqna maRali brZaneba, rom [<strong>da</strong>uTxani]<br />

eaxlos mis aRmatebulebas sar<strong>da</strong>ls <strong>da</strong> ojaklikis<br />

wesiT ebo Zos <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi Zmis [svimonis] is miwebi,<br />

romlebic sar<strong>da</strong>lma <strong>da</strong>ipyro~ 2 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xanis svimonTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT sulTani saqarTveloSi<br />

an tiosmaluri Zalebis gaTiSvas fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. misi varaudiT<br />

momxreebi <strong>da</strong>ud-xansac gamouCndebodnen, magram ganmeor<strong>da</strong><br />

adrindeli mdgomareoba: <strong>da</strong>uTx anma verc Sahs<br />

gaumarTla Tavisi proiranuli <strong>da</strong> verc sulTans Tavisi<br />

proosmaluri politikiT. man <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni ver hpova qarTlis<br />

Ta va<strong>da</strong>znaurobaSi. osmaleTis mxares misma ga<strong>da</strong>svlam qarTl-<br />

Si saxalxo moZ raoba ki ar gaxrwna, aramed mox<strong>da</strong> TviT<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xanis izolacia qarTlis patriotul ZalebSi 3 .<br />

Znelia imis Tqma, gaiziara Tu ara sulTanma <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis<br />

rCeva, os malebs TavrizisTvis SeetiaT. manamdisac rom hqon<strong>da</strong>T<br />

maT aseTi ganzraxva, amaze ramdenjerme iTqva kidec.<br />

erTi ram cxadia, rom os malebma laSqrobis mimarTuleba<br />

Secvales. 10 aprils osmalTa laSqari didvaziris, osman<br />

faSas meTaurobiT, arzrumisa <strong>da</strong> erevnis gavliT Tavrizisken<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong> 4 . imave dros, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samxreT sazRvreb Tan mdgom<br />

jars ebrZana, <strong>da</strong>ewyo Seteva saqarTveloze. meTaurobi iyvnen<br />

lores be glarbegi hasan faSa <strong>da</strong> arzrumis beglarbegi ali<br />

faSa. maTTan erTad iyo <strong>da</strong>ud-xani, romelic umaRlesi mrCevlis<br />

movaleobas asruleb<strong>da</strong> 5 .<br />

saerTo SetevisaTvis samzadisisas, osmalebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes<br />

umTavresi strategiuli punqtebis gamagreba, maTi sursaTsanovagiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxedro saWurvliT momarageba. osmalebi<br />

1 1584 wlis noembris pirveli naxevari.<br />

2 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 268.<br />

3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77.<br />

4 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 31, p. 189; Шараф-хан Шамсаддин Бидлиси,<br />

II, c. 247.<br />

5 Tardy L., Op. cit, p. 189.<br />

goris cixis gamagrebas gansakuTrebiT cdilobdnen 1 . mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />

ferehad faSam `im mxares, e. i. saqarT velos sazRvarze<br />

rac cixeebi iyo, saWiroebis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT, zogs (cixes)<br />

jari <strong>da</strong>umata, zogSi ki SesakeTebeli adgilebi SeakeTa <strong>da</strong><br />

araviTari nakli (cixeebSi) ar <strong>da</strong>utovebia~ 2 .<br />

1584 wlis adreul gazafxulze saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

gorSi Seqmnili gamwvavebuli mdgomareobis gamo,<br />

ferhad faSam cixis aRdgeni saT vis specialurad gagzavna<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad 884 jariskaci. rogorc ali-efendi wers,<br />

adre lala Mmustafa faSas dros <strong>da</strong>tovebulma <strong>da</strong>m cvelebma,<br />

qarTvel Ta <strong>da</strong> sefevidebisagan Sewuxebulebma, <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxoves<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>ls. gaiTvaliswina ra goris <strong>da</strong>mcvelTa gaWirveba,<br />

sar <strong>da</strong>lma iq <strong>da</strong>matebiT kidev gaagzavna 200 jariskaci. amgvari<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wy vetilebis miReba is aiZula manuCaris yizilbaSebis mxares<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>svlam. cixe aRadgines 27 dReSi. Cans amboxebul manu-<br />

Cars osmalTa mier <strong>da</strong>pyro bili ramdenime cixe gauTavisu f lebia<br />

kidec, romlebsac osmalebi kvlav iaraRiT <strong>da</strong>euflnen 3 .<br />

osmalebma lores aRdgenis Semdeg aRadgines <strong>da</strong>manisi <strong>da</strong><br />

amis Sem deg ferhad faSa gorTan mivi<strong>da</strong>. Mman am vilaieTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva Caabara hei<strong>da</strong>r faSas 4 .<br />

goris cixeSi moiyara Tavi osmaleTis kavkasiis jaris<br />

ZiriTadma Zalebma. aqe<strong>da</strong>n RamiT Tavs esxmodnen <strong>da</strong> iklebdnen<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mosax leobas. osmalebi `Semoesivnen <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

gori<strong>da</strong>n sami-oTxi man Zilis siSoreze. uamravi <strong>da</strong><br />

usazRvro na<strong>da</strong>vli iSoves <strong>da</strong> tyveebi wa moasxes, ise, rom<br />

xuTi aTasi komli, _ mTeli tomis mosaxleoba, gamoirekes<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tan wamoyvanes, sxva Zvirfas nivTebs ki <strong>da</strong>sasruli ar<br />

uCan<strong>da</strong>~ 5 .<br />

1 m. svaniZe fiqrobs, rom goris cixis gamagreba-aSeneba ferhad faSas meored<br />

sardlobis dros (1587 w.) mox<strong>da</strong>. svaniZe m. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 160.<br />

2 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77.<br />

3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 133.<br />

4 NТамже, с. 134.<br />

5 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77.<br />

244 245

osmaleTis jaris goris mi<strong>da</strong>moebSi sastik moqmedebaze<br />

gadmogvcems agreTve ali-efendic. vidre sar<strong>da</strong>li gorSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

misma jarma 5 aTasi a<strong>da</strong>mianis saxli gaZarcva,<br />

mravali <strong>da</strong>atyveva, mravals Tavi mohkveTa, <strong>da</strong>ungria sacxovrebeli<br />

<strong>da</strong> Zalian bevri naZarcvi waiRo 1 .<br />

Mmehmed faSa gori<strong>da</strong>n TbilisSi wavi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c sami dRe<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa. Mmas TbilisSi miutanes kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres<br />

xarki, romelic Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> 30 iuqi abreSumis, ramdenime mona<br />

kacisa <strong>da</strong> qalisa <strong>da</strong> sxva sagnebisagan. sardlis brZanebiT<br />

Tbilisis cixe SeakeTes, amis Semdeg waiRo kaxelebis mier<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xdili xarki <strong>da</strong> arzrumSi wavi<strong>da</strong> gamosazamTreblad 2 .<br />

1585 wlis aprilis <strong>da</strong>sasruls osman faSam arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Sikriki gag zavna sulTanTan <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>matebiTi SeiaraRebuli<br />

Zala iTxova 3 . rogorc Cans, mas qarTvelTa mosalodneli<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma Zlier afiqreb<strong>da</strong>. osman faSa iranis sazRvars uaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> saomari operaciebisaTvis emzadebo<strong>da</strong>, rodesac<br />

mas acnobes, rom alepos beglarbegma hasan faSam <strong>da</strong> klisas<br />

san jaybegma ali begma gasul zamTars brZola gaumarTes<br />

qarTvelebs loresa <strong>da</strong> dmanisis maxloblad. am brZolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iRupa os malTa jaris didi nawili, maT Soris lores begrlarbegi<br />

ali faSa, xolo alepos beglarbegma hasan faSam<br />

brZolis veli<strong>da</strong>n erTi muWa jariskacebiT gaqceva SeZlo. am<br />

brZolaSi didi <strong>da</strong>naklisi qarTveleb mac ganicades 4 .<br />

1584 wlis zamTarSi, osmalebma qarTvelebTan brZolaSi<br />

sxvaga nac ganicades marcxi. veneciis konsulis pietro miqeles<br />

mier sirii<strong>da</strong>n gag zavnili relacii<strong>da</strong>n 5 vigebT, rom hasan<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 135<br />

2 Тамже. ibrahim feCevis gadmocemiT: `levan xanis Svilis _ aleqsandre<br />

xanis Svilze <strong>da</strong>debuli iyo [xaraja] oc<strong>da</strong>aTi Áuqi abreSumi <strong>da</strong> ramdenime<br />

ymawvili <strong>da</strong> ubadlo [silamazis] mxevali; aiRes <strong>da</strong> waitanes. Kkidev ramdenime<br />

ispiris mimino <strong>da</strong> ramdenime bala bani waiyvanes~. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 77-78.<br />

3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 31, p 190.<br />

4 Ibidem.<br />

5 relacia veneciis senatSi waikiTxes 1584 w. 8 dekembers.<br />

faSas Tan axl<strong>da</strong> 7 sanjay begi Tavi anTi jarebiT. xuTi sanjaybegi<br />

qarTvelebma mokles, ori ki, <strong>da</strong>aty veves. hasan faSa<br />

mxolod rva kaciT gaiqca 1 .<br />

qarTvelTa warmatebulma moqmedebam seriozuli <strong>da</strong>brkoleba<br />

Seu qmna erevanTan <strong>da</strong>banakebul osman faSas did<br />

armias. igi susrsaTis se riozul naklebobas ganicdi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom momaragebis gaumjobesebis Sem deg samxedro<br />

operaciebis gagrZelebas kvlav SeZleb<strong>da</strong>. man stambolSi<br />

ramdenime kaci gagzavna <strong>da</strong> sulTans acnoba, rom sursa-<br />

Tis nakleboba jars gaxrwnis saSiSroebas uqmni<strong>da</strong>. arsebuli<br />

siZneleebis gamo <strong>da</strong>iwyo dezertiroba, jariskacebi adgilobriv<br />

mosaxleobas iklebdnen 2 . aseTma mdgomareobam osman faSa<br />

aiZula arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n yarsis mimarTulebiT wasu liyo <strong>da</strong> am<br />

qalaqis Crdilo aR mosavleTiT hasan-kalaSi <strong>da</strong>banakebuliyo.<br />

osmalTa jaris ga<strong>da</strong>adgileba CvenTvis imdenad sainteresoa,<br />

ramdena<strong>da</strong>c aq mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lma miiRo iranis Sahisa <strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tlis mefis elCebi, rom lebsac samSvidobo molaparakebis<br />

gamarTva evalebo<strong>da</strong>T 3 .<br />

molaparakebis dros Tavs iCens erTi gansakuTrebiT saintereso<br />

mo menti: iranisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> delegaciebi molaparakebas<br />

cal-calke, magram erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad awarmoebdnen.<br />

qarTlis samefos elCo bas saTaveSi edga `maRali<br />

Tanamdebobis saeklesio piri~, romelmac osman faSas acnoba<br />

qarTveli mefe-mTavrebis survili `mSvidobisa <strong>da</strong> keTilmezoblobis~<br />

Sesaxeb. sulTnis kari gaWianure buli omis <strong>da</strong>srulebis<br />

momxre iyo <strong>da</strong> osman faSas TviTonac gamouTqvams<br />

survili saomari mo qmedebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. igi ara<br />

marto qarTvelebis moTxovnaTa <strong>da</strong>k mayofilebis, aramed maTi<br />

yvela mtrisagan <strong>da</strong>cvis imedsac iZleo<strong>da</strong>. sardlis amgvar<br />

enTuziazms, vfiqrob, qarT velTa warmomadgenlebi didi six-<br />

1 Berchet, p. 70.<br />

2 Tardy L, Le Roi Svimon I er , 31, p 190<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 191.<br />

246 247

aruliT ar Sexvdebodnen, radgan os man faSam imis garantiad,<br />

rom qarTvelebi os malebTan urTierTobaSi mSvidobasa <strong>da</strong><br />

keTilmezoblobas <strong>da</strong>icavdnen, svi mon mefes ori vaJis sulTnis<br />

karze mZevlad gagzavna mosTxova 1 . os malebs mefis vaJebis<br />

stambolSi wayvaniT, misi gauvnebely ofa undo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

movlenebis Semdgomi ganviTarebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom sazavo<br />

mola parakeba, rogorc iranelebTan ise qarTvelebTan uSedegod<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saomari moqmedeba ganaxl<strong>da</strong>. osmalebma<br />

Tavrizis mimarTulebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyes Seteva, magram yizilbaSebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa winaaRmdegobas waawydnen <strong>da</strong> didi <strong>da</strong>naklisi<br />

ganicades 2 . miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, 1585 wlis seqtemberSi os malebma<br />

Tavrizi mainc aiRes. amis Semdeg yizilbaSebi, marTalia, br-<br />

Zolas ganagrZobdnen, magram maTi roli kavkasiis frontze<br />

uaRresad Sesust<strong>da</strong>. am garemoebam osmaleebis qarTl-kaxeTis<br />

wi naaRmdeg gaaqti ureba gamoiwvia.<br />

osmaleTis moZaleba xifaTs uqmni<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefos,<br />

romlis mes veurebma osmalTa Semosevebi aqamde sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

xerxiT aiciles. osmalebi Tvals xuWavdnen aleqsandre II-is<br />

moCvenebiT morCilebaze. igi sarge blob<strong>da</strong> osmalebis qar-<br />

Tlisa <strong>da</strong> Sirvanis saqmeebSi CaflobiT <strong>da</strong> maT xarksac ki<br />

aRar uxdi<strong>da</strong>. axla, rodesac osmalebma Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT myarad<br />

igrZnes Tavi, ibrahim feCevis mixedviT, kaxeTis samefo ai-<br />

Zules 1578 wels <strong>da</strong>debuli xelSekrulebiT nakisri xaraja<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>exa<strong>da</strong>. `aleqsandre xanze <strong>da</strong>debuli iyo xaraja: oc<strong>da</strong>aTi<br />

Áuqi abreSumi <strong>da</strong> ramdenime ymawvili <strong>da</strong> ubadlo [silamazis]<br />

mxevali, [aiRes <strong>da</strong>] wari tanes. kidev ramdenime ispiris mimino<br />

<strong>da</strong> ramdenime kidev balabani waiyvanes~ 3 .<br />

kaxeTis mefem droulad Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba. vidre<br />

os malebi radikalur RonisZiebas gaatarebdnen, maT manamde<br />

miarTva xarki. ma gram <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva mxareebSi osmalebs<br />

1 Ibidem.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 78.<br />

iaraRiT uxdebo<strong>da</strong>T TavianTi pre tenziebis <strong>da</strong>kmayofileba.<br />

imave ibrahim feCevis Txzule bi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rogor Seicvala<br />

osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba <strong>da</strong>umorCile beli saqarT velos<br />

mimarT. osmalebma, faqtobrivad, xeli aiRes qarTlis mimarT<br />

inkorporaciis <strong>politika</strong>ze. memkvidreobiTi samflobeloebis<br />

gamgeblebad isini tovebdnen adgilobriv Tvadebs, romlebsac<br />

va saluri <strong>da</strong>mokide buleba un<strong>da</strong> eRiarebinaT <strong>da</strong> xarkis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ekisraT.<br />

1586 wels osman faSa mokv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis jarebis<br />

mTavar sard lad ferhad faSa meored <strong>da</strong>iniSna. man `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aken<br />

zedized jari gagzavna <strong>da</strong> adre <strong>da</strong>morCilebulTagan<br />

xaraja <strong>da</strong> baJi aaRebina. <strong>da</strong>sturi miecaT mmarTvelobisa~.<br />

arasworia am osmalo istorikosis Semdegi gancxadeba:<br />

`agreTve movi<strong>da</strong> simon cbieris ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi <strong>da</strong> baJi. maTi<br />

(svimon I <strong>da</strong> aleqsandre II _ e. m.) morCileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>qvemdebareba<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgin<strong>da</strong>~ 1 . svimon mefe osmalebs ga<strong>da</strong>saxads rom ar<br />

miarTmev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> arc morCilebas aRiareb<strong>da</strong>, es kargad Cans imdroindeli<br />

sxva sando wyaroe bi<strong>da</strong>n. svimon mefe erTaderTi<br />

iyo, osmalebis winaSe qedi rom ar moixara. osmalebis mier<br />

Tavrizis aRebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, svimon mefe 1585 w. Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxa<br />

lores <strong>da</strong> es umniSvnelovanesi strategiuli punqti <strong>da</strong>ipyro<br />

2 . 1586 wlis 14 marts fugeris gazeTi Tavis mkiTxvels<br />

acno beb<strong>da</strong>, rom ferhad faSam marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong> arzrumsa <strong>da</strong><br />

vans Soris. amave dros qarTvelebi Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen Tbiliss,<br />

gors, yarss <strong>da</strong> osmalebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil sxva mniSvnelovan<br />

cixe-qalaqebs <strong>da</strong> ise Seaviwroves is ini, rom osmalo<br />

jariskacebma dezertiroba <strong>da</strong>iwyes <strong>da</strong> vinc axerxeb<strong>da</strong>, arzrumSi<br />

garbo<strong>da</strong> 3 . <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli es oriode cnoba erTxel kidev<br />

a<strong>da</strong>sturebs svimon mefisa <strong>da</strong> qarTlelebis qedmouxrelobas<br />

osmalebis mier iranze warmatebuli Setevis Semdegac.<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 qronikebi, II, gv. 423.<br />

3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 31, p. 192.<br />

248 249

amave dros samcxis aTabagma manuCarma sca<strong>da</strong> osmalebTan<br />

mSvido bis <strong>da</strong>myareba, magram warumateblad 1 . misi diplomatiuri<br />

kontaqti sulTnis kar Tan, evropaSi gaiges qarTvelebsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> osmalebs Soris separatuli zavis <strong>da</strong>debad. amgvari azris<br />

warmoSobas, albaT, xels uwyob<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis saqmianobac.<br />

safiqrebelia, manuCari <strong>da</strong> svimoni <strong>da</strong>interesebulni imiT Tu<br />

rogori pasuxi movido<strong>da</strong> satamboli<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> vidre viTarebaSi<br />

ar gaerkveodnen, osmalebTan brZolaze Tavs ikavebdnen. roca<br />

Tavrizis <strong>da</strong>sax mareblad mimavali osmaleTis jari yizilbaSTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa laSqars waawy<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebma brZolas<br />

Tavi aarides <strong>da</strong> ukan <strong>da</strong>ixies 2 . qarTvelTa amgvari moqmedeba<br />

ki sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mosazrebas <strong>da</strong> varaudss warmoSob<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-iranis<br />

urTierTobaze.<br />

iTqva, rom svimon mefe, manuCar aTabagi <strong>da</strong> Sahi <strong>da</strong>interesebulni<br />

iyvnen osmaleTTan zavis <strong>da</strong>debiT. magram qarTvelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> sparselebi sazavo molaparakebis mimarT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvar<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas iCendnen.<br />

iranTan sazavo molaparakebis <strong>da</strong>wyebis iniciativa ferhad<br />

faSam gamoamJRavna. is iranis taxtis memkvidre hamza<br />

mirzas <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. zavis <strong>da</strong>debaze irani mxolod im<br />

SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdebo<strong>da</strong>, Tu osmaleTi Tavrizze uars<br />

ityo<strong>da</strong>. samagierod irani scnob<strong>da</strong> iranis yvela <strong>da</strong>pyrobas 3 .<br />

Cans, rogor Seicvala iranis pozicia osmaleTTan zavis<br />

sakiTxSi. aqamde irani yovelTvis amasiis zavis mixedviT<br />

gansaz Rvruli mdgomareobis aRdgenas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, axla igi<br />

mza<strong>da</strong>a uari sTqvas TiTqmis mTel amierkavkasiaze <strong>da</strong> imiTac<br />

kmayofili <strong>da</strong>rCeba, osmalebi Tavrizs Tu mainc <strong>da</strong>uTmobdnen.<br />

magram sulTani arc imaze iyo Tanaxma, rasac Sahis kari<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. ferhad faSam hamza mirzas mosTxova mas Tavisi<br />

1 ix. aqve, `samcxe-saaTabago <strong>da</strong> iaran_osmaleTi~.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 193.<br />

3 Рахмани А.А. «Тарих-и Алам арай-и Аббаси» как источник по истории<br />

Азербайджана, Баку, 1960 , с. 75.<br />

vaJi hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza stambolSi gaegzavna, raTa sulTans mis-<br />

Tvis Tavrizi ga<strong>da</strong>eca 1 . es ki gulisxmob<strong>da</strong>, rom marTalia,<br />

sulTani irans <strong>da</strong>u bruneb<strong>da</strong> Tavrizs, magram misi gamgebeli<br />

sulTnis vasali un<strong>da</strong> yo filiyo. hamza mirza yizilbaSi<br />

amirebis SeTqmulebis msxverpli gax<strong>da</strong> 1585 wels. sazavo<br />

molaparakeba Sewy<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qarTvelebi ukmayofilo un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen iranis mier<br />

warmoe buli sazavo molaparakebis dros wamoyenebuli pirobebiT.<br />

irani toveb<strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefosa <strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTabagos<br />

bedis anabara. aseT vi TarebaSi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblad Seecdebodnen osmaleTTan sazavo molaparakebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebas. irani Tu separatul zavs <strong>da</strong>deb<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan,<br />

es kidev ufro gaarTuleb<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT saqarT velos ise<strong>da</strong>c<br />

garTulebul mdgomareobas. iaranis warmomadgenlebTan<br />

molaparakebis Semdeg, ferhad faSam sulTans sakuTari xeliT<br />

wauRo Sahisa <strong>da</strong> hamza mirzas werilebi, romlebiTac<br />

isini zavis <strong>da</strong>debas moiTxovdnen 2 .<br />

rogorc iTqva, irani <strong>da</strong> osmaleTi molaparakebis dros<br />

saqarT velos sakiTxis ignorirebas axden<strong>da</strong>. amitom qarTvelebma<br />

isargebles droebiTi simSvidiT <strong>da</strong> svimon mefem mters<br />

axali <strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena. 1586 wlis <strong>da</strong>sasruls, rogorc evropuli<br />

wyaroebi gvamcnoben, mefem Tbilisi aiRo. svimon mefis<br />

mier Tbilisis aRebis Sesaxeb arsebuli ev ropuli wyaroebi,<br />

erTi SexedviT Zlier saeWvod Cans, radgan iran-os maleTis<br />

omis aseTi mniSvnelovani mo menti aRmosavlur wyaroebSi ar<br />

aisaxa. magram evropuli wyaroebis san doobas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />

erTaderTi qarTuli werilobiTi Zegli _ `wigni qronikoni<br />

Zvelisa <strong>da</strong> axlisa~, romelSic vkiTxulobT: `1586 q . q~ks<br />

sod svimon mefe <strong>da</strong> qalaqis faSa asan faSa Seibnen tabaxmelas.<br />

mefes gaemarjva, <strong>da</strong> mokla xuTasi urumi <strong>da</strong> aiRo<br />

1 Тамже.<br />

2 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 31, p. 193.<br />

250 251

galavani Tbilisis qalaqis ukana cixe~ 1 . svi monma xelT igdo<br />

mra vali zarbazani, <strong>da</strong>angrevina osmalebis mier TbilisSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>arsebuli zarbaznebis Camosasxmeli qarxana, ostatebi ki<br />

Sahs gaugzavna. mefis mier Tbilisis aReba swrafad Seityves<br />

evropaSi. Sari eris krebulis IV tomSi es cnoba <strong>da</strong>TariRebulia<br />

1587 wlis 27 ianvriT 2 , ma gram ufro zustia l. tardis<br />

mier mopovebuli cnoba, romelic 1586 wlis 26 noembriT<br />

TariRdeba 3 .<br />

rogor did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen evropaSi svimon mefis<br />

mier Tbilisis aRebas, amaze metyvelebs is uwyveti informaciis<br />

nakadi, ro mel sac fugeris gazeTi beW<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. 1586<br />

wlis 7 dekembers gazeTi ityobinebo<strong>da</strong>, rom Tbilisi <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

mi<strong>da</strong>moebi <strong>da</strong>kavebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T qarTvelebs <strong>da</strong> rom ferhad<br />

faSam Tbilisis xelaxla <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad hasan faSa 15 aTasiani<br />

jariT <strong>da</strong> ori beglarbegiT gagzavna. imave wlis 24 dekembris<br />

cnoba <strong>da</strong>matebiT siaxles Seicav<strong>da</strong>. Tbilisis aRebisas<br />

svimon mefes beglarbegi <strong>da</strong>utyvevebia 4 .<br />

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs 1587 wlis 22<br />

ianvris in for macia stamboli<strong>da</strong>n. masSi, svimon mefis mier<br />

TbilisTan mopovebuli gamarjvebis aRniSvnasTan erTad naTqvamia,<br />

rom stambolSi `mividnen Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n gaqceulni, romlebic<br />

hyvebodnen, Tu ra dRe ayara Turqebs qarTvelebis mefe<br />

svimonma. svimonTan moskovi<strong>da</strong>n mosula 6 aTasi karabineri.<br />

mas ga<strong>da</strong>uketia uReltexilebi <strong>da</strong> cixe-simagreSi gamoketili<br />

omar faSa Znel mdgomareobaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, radgan yvela gza<br />

<strong>da</strong>xSuli hqon<strong>da</strong>~ 5 .<br />

1 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss. teqstebis ganosacemad<br />

moamza<strong>da</strong>, ga mokvlevebi <strong>da</strong> ganmartebebi <strong>da</strong>urTo avT. ioselianma, Tb., 1980, gv.<br />

341.<br />

2 Charriére E., Negociations de la France <strong>da</strong>ns le Levant et correspodences,<br />

memoires et actes diplo matiques, IV, Paris, 1853, p. 578.<br />

3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 31, p. 193.<br />

4 Ibidem.<br />

5 Ibidem, p. 194.<br />

qarTlis samefosa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris omis <strong>da</strong>mTavreebis<br />

win kavkasiaSi friad angariSgasawevi movlena mox<strong>da</strong>. 1587<br />

wels kaxeTis samefom moskovis mefis mfarveloba miiRo. osmalebs<br />

es faqti serio zul garTulebebs uqad<strong>da</strong> ara marto<br />

saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasi aSi. amitom osmale-<br />

Tis mTavrobam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita, ra<strong>da</strong>c ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>jdomo<strong>da</strong> qar-<br />

Tlis samefos <strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTabagos winaaRmdegoba gaetexa.<br />

imave dros osmaleTs iranisTvisac un<strong>da</strong> Seetia. stambolSi<br />

Se muSavebuli gegmis mixedviT, Seteva warimarTebo<strong>da</strong> sami mimarTulebiT:<br />

Cikali faSa gailaSqreb<strong>da</strong> yazvinze, jafar faSa<br />

_ Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n arde bilze, ferhad faSa _ saqarTveloze 1 .<br />

ferhad faSas Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mcire jari gamouyves, rac maSindel<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebSi eWvs iwvev<strong>da</strong>, rom igi saqarTveloSi<br />

raime warmatebas mi aRwev<strong>da</strong>. osmaluri wyaroebis mixedviT,<br />

ferhad faSam Tavisi jaris nakle boba yarsisa <strong>da</strong> baTumis<br />

sabeglarbegoebi<strong>da</strong>n gamowveuli jariT Seavso. osmalebs<br />

guriis mTavaric exmarebo<strong>da</strong> 2 . imave osmaluri wyaroe bi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

irk veva, rom ferhad faSam jer aWara <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>da</strong> mTeli<br />

ZaliT <strong>da</strong>iwyo brZola aTabag manuCaris winaaRmdeg. manuCarma<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba Tavis simamrs, svimon mefes sTxova. igi maSinve<br />

gaeSura, magram osmalebis goris <strong>da</strong>sapy robad wasvla gaigo<br />

<strong>da</strong> iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> ukan gabrunebu liyo. amis Semdeg osmalebma<br />

advilad aiRes axalcixe, romelic kvlav Cildiris<br />

sabeglarbe gos SeuerTes.<br />

samcxeSi osmalebis warmatebam aTabagis mowinaaRmdege<br />

feo <strong>da</strong>lebis gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia. osmalebi maTi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

manuCarisa <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebis samcxi<strong>da</strong>n gandevnas cdilobdnen<br />

3 . osmaluri wyaroebis sawi naaRmdego cnobebi Semogvinaxa<br />

venis nacionalurma biblioTekam. erT-erT moxsene baSi<br />

naTqvamia: `didi xani ar aris, rac ferhad faSam ganiz-<br />

1 Ibidem.<br />

2 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 165.<br />

3 ix. qvemoT. gv. 435-436.<br />

252 253

axa saqarTveloSi, dmanisSi, cixe-simagris aSeneba, romelic<br />

gamiznuli iyo qarTvelebis mier momzadebuli Semotevis<br />

mosagerieblad. osmalebma <strong>da</strong>iwyes Tu ara <strong>da</strong>mxmare jarebis<br />

moyvana, qarTvelebma alya Semoartyes maT <strong>da</strong> mTlianad amowyvites.<br />

ramdenime aTasi Turqi brZolis velze <strong>da</strong>rCa~ 1 .<br />

sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad marcxisa,<br />

osmaleTis diplomatebi transilvaniaSi, mol<strong>da</strong>veTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

vlaxeTSi xmas avr celebdnen _ saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong>morCilebuliao.<br />

osmalebis aseT mtkicebas sruliad ewi naaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong><br />

aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n mosuli cnobebi. rogorc fugeris gazeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

vigebT, osmaleTis divans ganuxilavs qarTvelebis mier miyenebuli<br />

zaralis raodenobis Sesaxeb. <strong>da</strong>dgenilebaSi naTqvami<br />

iyo, rom osmalebs zemoaRniSnuli marcxis dros <strong>da</strong>ukargavT<br />

15 aTasi mebrZoli, maT Soris <strong>da</strong>Rupulan sinan faSas<br />

vaJi xusrev faSa <strong>da</strong> arzrumis beglarbegi 2 .<br />

moyvanili evropuli wyaroebis cnobebi qarTvelebis osmalebTan<br />

brZolis epizodebs un<strong>da</strong> asaxvdes <strong>da</strong> ara omis<br />

saerTo msvlelobas. erT ram faqtia, ferhad faSam did warmatebas<br />

miaRwia. osmaleTma <strong>da</strong>ipyro ganja, <strong>da</strong>imorCila yarabaxi.<br />

qarTlSi <strong>da</strong> samcxeSi yvela strategiuli mniSvnelobis<br />

cixe-simagre maT xelSi iyo.<br />

osmaleTis warmatebebma aiZula qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

mefeebi ga<strong>da</strong>esinjaT TavianTi <strong>politika</strong> osmaleTis mimarT.<br />

kaxeTis samefos mdgo mareoba Zveleburad myari aRar iyo.<br />

ruseTis imediT yofna aRar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. ruseTs am dros uaRresad<br />

garTulebuli <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>da</strong> saSinao mdgomareoba hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gansakuTrebiT <strong>da</strong>Zabuli iyo misi urTier Toba poloneTTan.<br />

marTalia moskovis mTavroba kaxeTis mefes arwmu neb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

molaparakebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva saSualebiT osmalebs kaxeTs ar <strong>da</strong>a-<br />

Cagvrineb<strong>da</strong>, magram imave dros (1587 w.), moskovi<strong>da</strong>n aleqsandre<br />

mefes mainc urCevdnen gamoenaxa osmaleTTan saerTo<br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , p. 195.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

ena. aleqsandre mefem osmaleTs xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ganuaxla<br />

weliwadSi 30 sapalne abreSumis saxiT 1 . mustafa seli aniqis<br />

mixedviT: `kaxTa mbrZanebelma aleqsandre xan mac ikisra<br />

yovelwli urad aTi aTasi oqros Rirebulebis saukeTeso<br />

abreSumis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>kveTili fasiT. morCilad Segvatyobina,<br />

rom arsebul cixe-simagreebs siZneleebSi <strong>da</strong>exmarebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> sakmaris sursaTs miawvdi<strong>da</strong>~ 2 .<br />

am dros mox<strong>da</strong> erTi saintereso faqti, kerZod, kaxeTis<br />

mefe aleqsandres vaJi erekle, cnobili wyaroebis mixedviT,<br />

osamaleTSi gaiqca. gamoTqmulia eWvi, erekle ki ar gaiqca,<br />

aramed kaxTa mefem, os maleTTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis<br />

mizniT, erekle sulTanTan gagzavna <strong>da</strong> mas iran-osmaleTs<br />

Soris zavis <strong>da</strong>debis saqmeSi Suamavlis roli un<strong>da</strong> Seesrulebina<br />

3 .<br />

254 255<br />

* * *<br />

kaxi ufliswulis proosmaluri orientacia cnobili iyo<br />

misi os maleTSi gaqcevamde <strong>da</strong> misi amgvari moqmedeba saqarTveloSi,<br />

albaT, aravis gaukvirdebo<strong>da</strong>. jer ki<strong>da</strong>v 1574 w.,<br />

aleqsandre II-is gamefebisTanave, erekle `gaparviT warvi<strong>da</strong><br />

winaSe sultnisa stambols (ityBan siamayiTa Zmisa TÂsisa<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTisagan)~ 4 . roca Sah Tamazma gaigo erekles amgvari moqmedebis<br />

Sesaxeb, ieWva, SeiZleba igi aleqsandre me fem gagzavna<br />

osmaleTSi. Sahi kaxeTis <strong>da</strong>salaSqrad wamovi<strong>da</strong>, magram mefem<br />

SeZlo misi risxvis acileba 5 . aleqsandrem Sahs ufliswuli<br />

kon stantine mdidruli ZRveniT gaugzavna <strong>da</strong> erekles Sesaxeb<br />

acnoba, rom `urCebiTa CemiTa warvi<strong>da</strong> xvanTqarTana~ _<br />

1 berZeniSvili n., ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n XVI-XVII<br />

sau kuneTa mijnaze. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis sakiTxebi, IV, Tb. 1967, gv. 31.<br />

2 fuTuriZe g., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 270.<br />

3 berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 31; svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 178.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576-577.<br />

5 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 370; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 576-577.

ibodiSeb<strong>da</strong> kaxTa mefe. Sah Tamazi <strong>da</strong>kmayofil<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre<br />

mefis SenaT valiT `<strong>da</strong> warvi<strong>da</strong> samyofsa TÂssa, <strong>da</strong> Tan wariyvana<br />

konstantine yrma mcire mZevlisa msgavsad~ 1 .<br />

axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstiT, Sah Tamazis<br />

mier kon stantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvana un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

1575 wlis bolos an 1576 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, ra<strong>da</strong>gan<br />

istorikosi SeniSnavs, rom mcire xnis Semdeg Sah Tamazi<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>icvalao <strong>da</strong> iZleva Tamazis ga ra<strong>da</strong>cvalebis TariRs _<br />

1576 wlis 15 maisi, samSabaTi dRe.<br />

konstantines mZevlad wayvanas sruliad gansxvavebulad<br />

gadmog vcems isqander munSi. iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT,<br />

isqander munSis mier gadmocemuli ambavi, konstantine<br />

ufliswulis iranSi mZevlad wayvanis Sesaxeb un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

1582 wels 2 . qarTuli naratiuli wyaros cnobas (konstantine<br />

rom 1575 an 1576 wels waiyvanes iranSi) mxars uWers<br />

iranSi moskovis elCis grigori vasilCikovis naTqvami. igi<br />

moskovs acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom konstantine jer kidev Sah Tamazis<br />

dros waiyvanes mZevlad, raTa aleqsandre mefe iranis erTguli<br />

yofiliyo osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi 3 .<br />

konstantine ufliswulis mZevlad wayvanaze yuradReba<br />

imitom ga vamaxvile, rom <strong>da</strong>majerebeli gavxado erekles Ralati<br />

jer kidev iran-os maleTis meore omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win.<br />

rogorc Cans, erekle uprincipo pi rov neba iyo <strong>da</strong> maSindel<br />

saerTaSoriso an kaxeTis samefos saSinao <strong>politika</strong>Si misgan<br />

raime seriozuli saqmes aravin elo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

erekle ufliswuli, rogorc ukve iTqva, Semdeg (1578<br />

w.) moulod nelad Cndeba aleqsandre mefis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil<br />

SaqSi. erekle mamasTan erTad rom ar monawileob<strong>da</strong> am samxedro<br />

eqspediciaSi, aSkaraa. rogorc anonimi venecieli gadmogvcems,<br />

erekles misvlisTanave aleqsandres Saqi miutove-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 517.<br />

2 javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 271.<br />

3 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 564<br />

bia <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi <strong>da</strong>brunebula. lala mustafa faSam erekles<br />

Saqis sanjaybegoba <strong>da</strong> aTi aTasi cexini jamagirad <strong>da</strong>uniSna 1 .<br />

safiqrebelia, erekle osmalebTan erTad movi<strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo-<br />

Si, rasac usiamovno STabeWdileba un<strong>da</strong> moexdina aleqsandre<br />

mefeze (jer yizilbaSebma aleqsandres taxtis mociled iese<br />

SaqSi <strong>da</strong>usves, axla osmalebi kaxT me feze zewolisaTvis<br />

erekles gamoyenebas cdiloben). niSandoblivia, rom aleqsandre<br />

II amis Semdeg movaleobas ki ixdi<strong>da</strong> osmalo sardlebis<br />

wi naSe, magram pira<strong>da</strong>d maT aRarasodes Sexvedria.<br />

amgvarad, aleqsandres erekles mZevlad an Suamavlad<br />

gagzavna Tu sur<strong>da</strong>, visTan ra hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>samali. iranis Sahi<br />

TviTon agzavni<strong>da</strong> mZevals osmaleTSi <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefes jerjerobiT<br />

ra uflebiT aukrZalav<strong>da</strong>, an erekles Suamavloba<br />

raSi sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>, roca arc sulTani iyo iranTan zavis winaaRmdegi,<br />

ris Sesaxebac ukve ramdenjerme iTqva.<br />

aleqsandre mefes ruseTis mTavrobasTanac <strong>da</strong>samali an<br />

mosabodiSe beli araferi hqon<strong>da</strong>. moskovis xelmwife TviTon<br />

urCev<strong>da</strong> aleqsandres, rom osmalebTan saerTo ena gamoenaxa.<br />

im dros vin ar ico<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTTan saerTo enas mZevlisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> xarkis micemis gareSe veravin gamonaxav<strong>da</strong>. roca<br />

ruseTis elCebma aleqsandre mefis karze erekles Sesaxeb<br />

ikiTxes, karis kacebma auxsnes, rom Triaqis smam ufliswuls<br />

goneba auria <strong>da</strong> Tavisi momxre aznaurebiT sulTanTan gaiqca.<br />

SemdegSi erekles erT-erTi axlobeli ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebula <strong>da</strong><br />

me fisaTvis mouxsenebia, rom ufliswuli bevrs cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

sulTnis karze, magram verafers miaRwiao 2 . moskovis el-<br />

Cebi mowmeni gaxdnen, aleqsandre mefesTan rogor movidnen<br />

yabardos mTavris xotovis mociqulebi <strong>da</strong> Ta vianTi mTavris<br />

asuli, erekles meuRle, ukan yabardoSi waiyvanes 3 .<br />

1 TurqeT-sparseTis omi, gv. 32.<br />

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 155-156. Sdr. javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax.<br />

naSr., gv. 336.<br />

3 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 168.<br />

256 257

sava rudoa, erekle sulTnis karze iseT pirovne bad ar<br />

miiCnies, romelzec <strong>da</strong>yrdnoba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. igi ucxoobaSi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xvewili mokv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aleqsan dre mefes amis <strong>da</strong>sturad<br />

1590 wlis ianvris <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi erekles tansacmeli miutanes.<br />

ereklesTan erTad gaqceulma misma Tanamzrax velebma sam-<br />

SobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis ufleba <strong>da</strong> xelSeuxeblo bis sigelebi<br />

iTxoves 1 .<br />

* * *<br />

arc aleqsandre mefes <strong>da</strong> arc Sah abass ar sWirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

erekles Suamavloba <strong>da</strong> arc misi osmalebTan `gaqcevis~ inscenireba<br />

iyo saWiro. yvela meomari mxare omis <strong>da</strong>srulebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sazavo xelSekrulebis <strong>da</strong>debas uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars, magram Ti-<br />

Toeuli maTgani cdilob<strong>da</strong> zavis pirobebi for mulirebuli<br />

yofiliyo TiToeuli maTganisaTvis misaRebi SinaarsiT. 1588<br />

wels osmaleTis imperiasa <strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefos Soris <strong>da</strong>ido<br />

zavi 2 . zavi yvelaze metad qarTlis samefos sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. igi<br />

mTeli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi omis asparezad iyo qceuli,<br />

ramac qveyana ganad gurebis piras miiyvana. svimon mefis br-<br />

Zolas uSedegod ar Cauvlia. SeiZleba iTqvas, man aiZula<br />

osmaleTis imperia xeli aeRo qarTlis gaosmalebisa <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

sruli inkorporaciis ganzraxvaze. svimoni osmaleTTan zavs<br />

sdeb<strong>da</strong> ara sabolood, aramed droebiT, Sesvenebis, Zalebis<br />

xelaxla mokrebisa <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso viTarebaSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

cvlilebebis axleburad SefasebisaT vis. mefe rom arsebul<br />

mdgomareobasTan Seguebas ar apireb<strong>da</strong>, kargad Cans `uavgustoes<br />

xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n~ <strong>da</strong> selianiqis Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>nac.<br />

sazavo xelSekrulebas safuZvlad is principebi <strong>da</strong>edo,<br />

1 Тамже, с. 186.<br />

2 zavis <strong>da</strong>debis TariRi kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>azusta v. CoCievma. man isqander<br />

munSis cnobebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT <strong>da</strong>amtkica, rom zavi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>debuliyo 1588 wlis<br />

1 seqtembramde. Co Cievi v. maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba<br />

XVI-XVII saukuneebSi, gv. 194.<br />

romleb zec, rogorc iskandr munSi aRniSnavs, erT dros<br />

(1585 w.) hamza mirza <strong>da</strong> ferhad faSa SeTanxmdnen 1 . maSin<br />

sazavo molaparakeba ver <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong> hamza mirzas mokvlis<br />

gamo. Tumca, im molaparakebis dros <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxiT<br />

osamaleTi <strong>da</strong> irani naklebad <strong>da</strong>interesdnen.<br />

svimon mefisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom mas samefos <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />

bedic TviTon un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita. Zalian sainteresod<br />

gadmogvcems isqandr munSi mefis mdgomareobas zavis <strong>da</strong>debis<br />

win: svimon mefe mu<strong>da</strong>m Seupovrad ebrZo<strong>da</strong> os malebs, magram<br />

sabolood Seafasa Tavisi mokavSire iranis mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom misgan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedi aRar un<strong>da</strong> hqonebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukide blad brZola ukve mis Zalebs aRematebo<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

sulTanma svimon mefes usayvedura, rom mas xelSekruleba<br />

jer ar <strong>da</strong>emtkicebina <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefe ferhad faSasTvis<br />

micemul pirobas ukve arRvev<strong>da</strong>. amis Sesaxeb <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mesazRvre beglarbegebi werilobiT acnobebdnen sulTans 3 .<br />

svimon mefis mier islamis jaris Sevi wroebas 1588 wlis<br />

iv nisSi aRniSnavs mustafa selianiqi 4 . sulTani mefes mouwodeb<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavi Seekavebina amgvari moqmedebisagan, Tu ara samxedro<br />

moqmedebis ga naxlebiT emuqrebo<strong>da</strong>. Tu osmaleTis jari<br />

Seawuxeb<strong>da</strong> svimon mefis qve Sevrdomebs, sulTani <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebis<br />

sastikad <strong>da</strong>sjas hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> 5 .<br />

svimon mefem sazavo pirobebi jer ferhad faSasTan<br />

SeaTanxma, rac faqtobrivad, zavis <strong>da</strong>debas niSnav<strong>da</strong>. Semdeg<br />

elCebi stambolSi gagzavna. elCobas meTaurobdnen: mefis<br />

Zma vaxtangi, misi erTi naTesavi <strong>da</strong> siauS saakaZe, giorgi<br />

saakaZis mama 6 . elCebi stambolSi Rirseulad miiRes. rogorc<br />

1 isqander munSi, gv. 38.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 39.<br />

3 svaniZe m., jiqia s., saqarTvelo TurqeTis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

1588-1590 ww., `macne~, istoriis seria, #6, Tb., 1966, gv. 234.<br />

4 fuTuriZe g., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 271-272.<br />

5 svaniZe m., jiqia s., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 234-235.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 227-228..<br />

258 259

`qarTlis mbrZaneblisadmi gacemuli uavgustoesi xelSekrulebi<strong>da</strong>n~<br />

Cans, sulTani murad III (1574-1595) friad<br />

uwoneb<strong>da</strong> svimon mefes osmaleTTan zavis <strong>da</strong>debas: `Cems sabedniero<br />

samefo taxts yovelmxrivi morCileba <strong>da</strong> gam gonoba<br />

gamoucxade, misi moxarjeoba bed nierebis wyarod miiCnie <strong>da</strong><br />

zemox senebul sar<strong>da</strong>ls Seni wliuri xaraja gamougzavne <strong>da</strong><br />

amrigad erTgulad <strong>da</strong> gulwrfelad miendve <strong>da</strong> Se moafare<br />

Tavi Cems uzenaes kars~ 1 .<br />

sazavo xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, osmaleTi qristianobiT<br />

scnob<strong>da</strong> svimons qarTlis mefed, aRiareb<strong>da</strong> mis memkvidreobiT<br />

uflebas. igi <strong>da</strong> mou kidebeli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo Sinagan<br />

mmarTvelobaSi.<br />

qarTlis samefosa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis imperias Soris sazavo<br />

xelSek ruleba arsebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT <strong>da</strong>ido. qar-<br />

Tlis samefo orad gaiyo. is cixe-qalaqebi, romlebic osmalebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili hqon<strong>da</strong>T, maT xelSi <strong>da</strong>rCa, <strong>da</strong>narCen teritoriaze<br />

mefis xelisufleba vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>. xelismomweri<br />

mxareebi sazavo xelSekrulebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sx vagvar interpretacias<br />

axdendnen. teritoriuli zonebi xelSekrulebaSi<br />

mtkiced <strong>da</strong>dgenili ar iyo. Zneli iyo imis garkveva, vis<br />

ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> os malebis mier <strong>da</strong>kavebuli cixe-simagreebis irgvliv<br />

mdebare soflebi <strong>da</strong> saxnav-saTesi miwebi. mefes es<br />

ukanasknelni Tavis sakuTrebad miaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n gark veul<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxads _ `uSurs~ 2 iReb<strong>da</strong>, riTac osmalebs adgilobrivi<br />

sursa TiT gamokvebis saSualebas uspob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mZime mdgomareobaSi<br />

ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. mu rad III SeSfoTebas gamosTqvam<strong>da</strong> imis gamoc,<br />

rom qarTvelebi Tavisuflad ga<strong>da</strong>adgilebis saSualebas ar<br />

aZlevdnen `cixeebSi mimaval-momaval mis jariskacebs, sur-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 234.<br />

2 `uSuri~ gaiRebo<strong>da</strong> baRebze, venaxebze, bostnebze, marcvleulis kulturebze,<br />

Taflze, Tevzis Weraze <strong>da</strong> sxv. Sengelia n., osmaluri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> valdebulebani `gurjistanis vilaieTis didi <strong>da</strong>vTris~ mixedviT. Tsu<br />

Sromebi, #91, aRmosavleTmcod neo bis seria, II, Tb., 1960, gv. 298.<br />

saTisa <strong>da</strong> xazinis <strong>da</strong>mtareblebsa <strong>da</strong> gamvlel-ga momvlelebs~ 1 .<br />

qarTvelebis gagebiT, Tu cixeebi osmalebs ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T, gzebi<br />

qarTvelebisa iyo. aseT viTarebaSi, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, mSvidoba<br />

didi xniT ver <strong>da</strong>myardebo<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, `uavgustoes<br />

xelSekrulebaSi~ murad III svimon mefes <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT sTxov<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom osmaleTis administraciasTan raime gauge brobis<br />

SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv ecnobebina stambolSi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mna-<br />

Saveni <strong>da</strong>isjebodnen. sinamdvileSi faruli <strong>da</strong> zogjer <strong>da</strong>ufaravi<br />

omi mainc mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qarTlis samefos osmaleTTan arapir<strong>da</strong>piri omis gagr-<br />

Zelebis mniSvnelovan magaliTs warmoadgens svimon mefis<br />

ramdenime laSqroba <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad imereTis samefosi, romlis<br />

Si<strong>da</strong>politikur cxovrebaze mniSvnelovani gavlena osmaleTs<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi imereTis samefoSi sruli anarqia<br />

sufev<strong>da</strong>. erTmaneTze wakidebuli <strong>da</strong>dianisa <strong>da</strong> gurielis<br />

brZolaSi imereli Ta vade bis erTi nawili monawileob<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram meore nawili, qveynis Si<strong>da</strong>politi kuri viTarebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> kars momdgari osmalebisagan <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT SeSfoTebulni,<br />

svimon I-Si xe<strong>da</strong>vdnen im liders, romelsac qveynis ga<strong>da</strong>r-<br />

Cena SeeZlo. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, svimon mefe cdilob<strong>da</strong> imere-<br />

Tis samefoSi arsebuli viTarebis saqmis kursSi yofiliyo.<br />

svimons imereTze Tavisi gavlenis gavrcelebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />

os malebTan brZolis dros, ro melic, zavis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, mas<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavrebulad ar miaCn<strong>da</strong>, Tav<strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> osmalebisagan <strong>da</strong>pyrobili<br />

qarTuli miwebis ganTavisuflebac gauadvildebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

erTi SexedviT, qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> imereTis politikuri Zalebis<br />

interesTa Tanxvedra Cans.<br />

svimon mefe imereTis samefoSi mimdinare movlenebis pasiuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>mkvirvebeli ar iyo. is <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong> iqaur gavlenian<br />

Tavadebs <strong>da</strong> zogierTisgan Tanadgomis mtkice piroba miiRo.<br />

amis Semdeg is Tavisi jariT imereTSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. levan mefem<br />

1 svaniZe m., jiqia s., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 235.<br />

260 261

(1583-1590) <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>diansa <strong>da</strong> guriels mi marTa,<br />

magram uari miiRo, svimon mefes ki zogierTi `zemouri~ miuvi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gofan TosTan (axlandeli Terjolis max loblad) br-<br />

ZolaSi 1588 wels svimon I-ma le van mefe <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, `<strong>da</strong>ipyra<br />

imereTi, gamouxuna mZevalni imerTa, wariyvanna igini <strong>da</strong><br />

warvi<strong>da</strong>~, levanma isev <strong>da</strong>i bruna samefo taxti, magram Tavis<br />

si mamr mamia <strong>da</strong>dian Tan brZolaSi <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong>, tyved Cavar<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> SxeTis cixeSi tyveobaSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. gamef<strong>da</strong> rostomi<br />

(1590-1605), romelsac <strong>da</strong> diani uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars <strong>da</strong> misi gamefebiT,<br />

Sesabamisad, odiSis mTavari Zlier debo<strong>da</strong>. rogorc<br />

Cans rostomis gamefeba osmalebisa <strong>da</strong> maTi momxre guriis<br />

mTavar giorgisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. guriis mTavari Tavs<br />

<strong>da</strong>esxa mefes, gandevna <strong>da</strong> gaamefa misTvis <strong>da</strong> sulTnis karisTvis<br />

sasurveli kan di <strong>da</strong>ti bagrati, romelsac qveyana un<strong>da</strong><br />

emarTa gurielis vaJis mamias ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobiT. vaxuSti batoniSvilis<br />

TqmiT: `ixila gurielman giorgim saqme rostomisa,<br />

Seikribna spani, movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> moiyvana bagrat Ze Teimurazisa<br />

vaxtangis Zisa; ver wina Rudga rostom, waruxuna<br />

quTaTisi <strong>da</strong> misca ba grats <strong>da</strong> TviT mivi<strong>da</strong> saCinos; moiyvanna<br />

osmalTa spani~ 1 . ba grati os malebisTvis misaRebi kandi <strong>da</strong>ti<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> amitom mis gamefebaSi Cildiris beglarbegi abdulahic<br />

Caeria. erT Turqul sabuTSi naTqvamia: `bakakis (bagratis<br />

_ e.m.) saxelwodebis mefe imTaviTve Tavisi saqmianobis<br />

Sesrulebas Seudga. igi bednierebis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqs (stambols<br />

_ e. m.) emor Cilebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebaSi iyo~ 2 . svimon<br />

mefe, bunebrivia, ar <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong> os malTa marioneti bagratis<br />

game febas, isev ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> imereTSi <strong>da</strong> quTai asi alyaSi moaqcia.<br />

beri egnataSvilTan svimonis imereTSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla 1593<br />

wliT TariRdeba, maSin rodesac Turqul wyaroebi svimo-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 821.<br />

2 Sengelia n., xuTi dokumenti `muhime <strong>da</strong>vTrebi<strong>da</strong>n~ svimon qarTlis mefis<br />

Ses axeb. saiubileo krebuli miZRvnili SoTa mesxias <strong>da</strong>badebis 90 wlisTavisadmi,<br />

Tb., 2006, gv. 379.<br />

nis imereTSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas, quTaisis alyas <strong>da</strong> sxv. 1591-1592<br />

wlebis qveS aTavsebs. aRniSnuli sabuTi informaciuli xasiaTiisaa<br />

<strong>da</strong> 1591 wlis 10 agvistoTi TariRdeba <strong>da</strong> am wlis<br />

pirveuli naxevris movlenebs asaxavs. sabuTidin irkveva, rom<br />

svi mon mefes quTaisis alya gauxangrZliv<strong>da</strong>. imereTSi myof<br />

osmaleTis warmo madgenlebs sakmaod intensiuri miwermowera<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T xelisuflebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva donis moxeleebTan<br />

quTaisis cixis svimonisaTvis <strong>da</strong>nebeba-ar <strong>da</strong>nebebis Sesaxeb.<br />

`Cildiris beglarbegs huqmi gaegzavna, werilobiT ec noba.<br />

bakakis (bagrati _ e. m.) saxelwodebis meliqma quTaisis<br />

cixe wyeul svimons ar misces. am mxareSi morCilebis arza<br />

gamoigzavna. Cabarebis Tao baze ga<strong>da</strong>wy vetilebis misaRebad,<br />

saswrafod guliTadi erTguleba iyo saWiro. xse nebuli<br />

cixis beglarbegma... Cabareba iTxova. guriis mefes pat iosani<br />

huqmi gaegzavna. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT vbrZaneb, rom rodesac<br />

igi moaRwevs, Senc amasobaSi uwindeburad <strong>da</strong>iniSne. guriis<br />

mefem werilebis gagzavna sasargeblod miiCnia. am sakiTxze<br />

sasiamovno Ta<strong>da</strong>rigi <strong>da</strong>ikaves. amasTanave igi informirebul<br />

iqna... aRniSnuli bakakis (bagratis) saxelwodebis mefem<br />

yvelaferi ga moiyena, yvelaferi ga akeTa Tu Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebisas<br />

mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>xmareba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, aRniSnuli cixe iarebs<br />

moiSuSeb<strong>da</strong>. xsenebuli ferhadisaTvis... <strong>da</strong>matebiT laSqrobaSi<br />

monawileoba, didi sanaqebo saqme iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. amgva rad,<br />

Ta<strong>da</strong>rigi <strong>da</strong>W eril iqna, mdgomareoba kvlav ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

<strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT yvelaferi cnobili gaxdeba~ 1 .<br />

mefe bagratis, gurielisa <strong>da</strong> osmalo moxeleebis saqmianoba,<br />

qu Taisis cixis svimonis mier <strong>da</strong>probisagan ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad,<br />

aisaxa sxva Turqul sabuTebSic, Cans, rom svimonma 1591<br />

wels ver SeZlo <strong>da</strong>saxuli miznis miR weva 2 , Sem dgom wels<br />

ki, man, rogorc qarTuli wyaros mixedviT SeiZleba va raudi,<br />

quTaisis cixe aiRo, bagrati Seipyro, `<strong>da</strong>mZevla imereTi~ <strong>da</strong><br />

1 iqve, gv. 379-380.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 384, 390.<br />

262 263

qarTlSi gabrun<strong>da</strong> 1 . amis Semdeg rostomma, manuCar <strong>da</strong>dianis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT aiRo qu Taisi <strong>da</strong> kvlav imereTis mefed Seiqmna.<br />

es ambavi un<strong>da</strong> iyos asax uli Cildiris beglarbegisaTvis<br />

gagzavnil huqmSi, romelSic aR niSnulia, rom imereTis me fem<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dianma quTaisis cixe aiRes <strong>da</strong> misi SekeTeba-Seremonteba<br />

moaxdines: `saremonto saqmianoba gaswies <strong>da</strong> adgilebze<br />

mividnen. quTaisis cixeSi <strong>da</strong>banakdnen. cixeSi mcvelebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> meT valyureebis Cayenebis Taobaze brZaneba gaica... karebi<br />

moitanes, Tavis adgilebze Camokides... Sig warCinebulebi <strong>da</strong><br />

didebulebi Caayenes~ 2 .@am warmatebis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo,<br />

rom `qurT emirTagan uwarCinebulesi emiri ilhaji 300 kaciT<br />

quTaisis cixeSi <strong>da</strong>rCa. es cixe mas eboZa, Tumca amjerad<br />

quTaisis cixis <strong>da</strong>cvaze uari Tqveso~. rogorc Cans, ilhaji<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi razmi gori<strong>da</strong>n gadmoiyvanes quTaisis cnobili<br />

movlenebis gamo <strong>da</strong> maT isev gorSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba undo<strong>da</strong>T. maT<br />

hpirdebian, rom `wyeuli~ svimonis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis<br />

dro <strong>da</strong>dgeba, gorSi <strong>da</strong>gabrunebTo. il haji ukve <strong>da</strong>niSnuli<br />

iyo goris <strong>da</strong>mcvelad 3 .<br />

beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, svimon mefe isev imereTSi<br />

SeiWra rostomi <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, quTaisi aiRo, mZevlebi wamoiyvana<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTlSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. rostomma <strong>da</strong>dianis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT<br />

quTaisi <strong>da</strong> taxtic <strong>da</strong>ibruna. svi moni isev ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> imereTSi,<br />

TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani qalaqi aiRo quTaisis CaTvliT,<br />

magram sabolood ofSkviTis brZolaSi 4 man rostom me fisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dianis gaerTianebul ZalebTan marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rostomTan<br />

morigeba arCia 5 . amgvarad, mefis c<strong>da</strong>m, saimedo zurgi<br />

hqonebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mxri<strong>da</strong>n, marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 376.<br />

2 Sengelia n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 387,<br />

3 iqve, gv. 384.<br />

4 Cvens istoriografiaSi miRebulia obSkviTis brZolis TariRad 1590<br />

weli, rac ganxiluli Turquli wyaroebis Semdeg sauTuod meCveneba.<br />

5 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe , gv. 222; qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 375-377; qarTlis<br />

cxovreba, IV, gv. 820-823.<br />

7. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

urTierTobani <strong>da</strong> <strong>diplomatia</strong><br />

XVI s. 80-ian wlebSi<br />

XVI s. 80-iani wlebis evropul wyaroebSi pirvel cnobebs<br />

saqarT velos <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobebis Sesaxeb reCpospolitis<br />

mefe iStvan ba toris (1576-1586) antiosmalur gegmebSi<br />

vnaxulobT. iStvan batoris az riT, osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

brZolis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde aucilebeli iyo ruseTis <strong>da</strong>py roba. am<br />

gegmis ganxorcielebisaTvis igi mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras eZeb<strong>da</strong> romSi,<br />

ve neciis respublikaSi, avstriaSi, espaneTsa <strong>da</strong> iranSi.<br />

romis papis azriT, espaneTi <strong>da</strong> poloneTi, romlebic<br />

ruseTze gav liT un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavSirebodnen CineTsa <strong>da</strong> indoeTs,<br />

kaTolikuri evropis <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni iyvnen. pap grigol XIII-s<br />

(1572-1585) grandiozuli per speqtivebi esaxebo<strong>da</strong> polone-<br />

Tis, litvis <strong>da</strong> Sveciis erToblivi frontiT ruseTze <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTis imperiaze SetevisaTvis 1 .<br />

iStvan batori gamefebisTanave ruseTis winaaRmdeg omisaTvis<br />

samzadiss Seudga. romis papi Tvisi specialuri elCis,<br />

cnobili diplomatis, iezuit posevinos saSualebiT yovelnair<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras ucxa deb<strong>da</strong> batoris Teziss: moskovi Turq-<br />

TaTrebis an poloneTis gav lenis qveS moeqceva. magram papis<br />

kuriaSi, veneciasa <strong>da</strong> batoris karze icodnen, rom ruseTi<br />

advili na<strong>da</strong>vli ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. saWiro iyo ruseTisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

erTmaneTTan <strong>da</strong>jaxeba <strong>da</strong> aseTi saSualebiT orives<br />

<strong>da</strong>susteba. amis Semdeg ruseTis <strong>da</strong>pyroba mis <strong>da</strong>savlel mezoblebs<br />

sruliad gauad vildebo<strong>da</strong>T 2 .<br />

poloneT-romis molaparakeba posevinos saSualebiT mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1583 wlis 26 ianvars posevino komos kardinals<br />

acnobeb<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis frontze momx<strong>da</strong>r axal ambebs <strong>da</strong><br />

1 Винтер Э. Натиск контрреформации на Россию и польские королевские<br />

выборы 1575 и 1587 гг. Сб. «Международные связи России до XVII в.», М.,<br />

1961 , с. 407.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 408.<br />

264 265

osmalebis mier gancdili marcxis mniSvnelobaze. igi iqve<br />

miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom sasurvelia, papma iranis Sahi qristiani<br />

xelmwifeebis saxeliT waaqezos, raTa mtkiced idges osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg. posevino imasac aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, Tu ra didi<br />

mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong> ruseTze gamaval gzebs iranTan <strong>da</strong> kavkasiasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>sakavSireblad 1 .<br />

iStvan bators imave wels kaxeTTan, qarTlTan <strong>da</strong> yabardosTn<br />

samxedro kavSiris Sekvrac ki ganuzraxavs. es is<br />

`qveynebi~ iyo, romle bic imisaTvis raTa Tavi <strong>da</strong>ecvaT osmaleTis<br />

imperiis agresiisagan, ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>axloebas cdilobdnen<br />

2 .<br />

1583 wels kavkasiaSi antiosmaluri koalicia marTlac<br />

rom Seiqmna, amaze miuTiTebs ibrahim feCevi. misi TqmiT,<br />

`Samxali <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restnis sxva meliqebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Tavadebi<br />

erTmaneTs <strong>da</strong>u kavSirdnen. eseni am bobdnen: es xalxi<br />

(osmalebi – e. m.) Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan mravldeba; vidre eseni Sir vanis<br />

qveynis Semdeg Cvens samemkvidreo samflobelomde movidodnen,<br />

Tu Cven droulad Tadrigi ar <strong>da</strong>viWireT, eWvi ar aris,<br />

rom maTgan aoxreba Cvenc ar agvcdeba~ 3 . radgan irani osmaleTs<br />

ebrZo<strong>da</strong>, Sahma, imave feCevis gad mocemiT, mizanSewonilad<br />

CaTvala, Tavis xelSi aeRo kavkasiis xalxebis<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg brZolis xelmZRvaneloba 4 .<br />

1584 wlis 29 agvistos posevino komos kardinals kvlav<br />

acnob<strong>da</strong> batoris gegmas: batori zogierTi rusi mTavris<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT sami wlis gan mavlobaSi <strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong> mTel ruseTs<br />

<strong>da</strong> astraxansac <strong>da</strong>euflebo<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdeg osmaleTi veRar<br />

gabe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> kaTolikur evropaze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmas. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, ba-<br />

1 Pierling H., Le S. Siege, la Pologne et Moscau 1582-1587, Paris, 1885, p. 123-<br />

124.<br />

2 Kuntze E., Les rapports de la Pologne avec le Saint Siège à l’à d’Ètienne<br />

Batori (Ètienne Batory, Roi de Pologne, Prince de Transilvanie), Cracovie, 1935,<br />

p. 204.<br />

3 ibrahim feCevi, gv, 69.<br />

4 iqve. svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 148.<br />

tori <strong>da</strong>ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong> CerqezeTs, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> irans.<br />

isini maSin amoqmeddebodnen, roca poloneTis mefe xelsayrelad<br />

miiCnev<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

1586 wels iStvan batori, Tavis mxriv, brwyinvale perspeqtivas<br />

us axav<strong>da</strong> romis paps im didi sargeblobis Taobaze,<br />

rasac papis kuria ruseTSi <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis xalxebSi, kerZod,<br />

saqarTveloSi kaTolikobis gavrcelebiT miiReb<strong>da</strong> 2 . posevino<br />

pap siqst V-s (1585-1590) <strong>da</strong> kardinal acolinos arwmuneb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom rusebi mzad arian uaryon TavianTi mefe <strong>da</strong> batori<br />

scnon. papma poloneTis mefes <strong>da</strong>avala posevino molaparakebisaT<br />

vis moskovSi gaegzavna. im SemTxvevaSi Tu ruseTi uars<br />

ityo<strong>da</strong> os maleTis winaaRmdeg saomrad mimavali poloneTis<br />

jaris mis teritori aze gatarebaze, maSin papi iStvan bators<br />

<strong>da</strong>Tanxmdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewyo omi moskovis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg.<br />

batorma papisagan avansad 25 aTasi skudi miiRo `osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg omisaTvis~. es, faqtobrivad, romis papis mier batorisaTvis<br />

moskovis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis<br />

nebarTvis mi cemas niSnav<strong>da</strong>, radgan eWvi ar iyo, rom mefe<br />

Tevdore papis kompromisul wina<strong>da</strong>debas ver <strong>da</strong>eTanxmebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ruseT-reCpospolitis am <strong>da</strong>Zabuli urTierTobis dros,<br />

ruseTis teritoriaze poloneTis jaris SeSveba, raTa mas<br />

kaspiis zRvis sanapiro<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>ertya osmaleTisaTvis, moskovis<br />

mTavrobisaTvis miuRebeli iyo. moskovSi ise <strong>da</strong>c icodnen,<br />

rom 1586 wlis <strong>da</strong>mdegs Sliaxturma seimebma erToblivi<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba miiRes ruseTis winaaRmdeg omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis<br />

Sesaxeb. magram batoris gegmebs ganxorcieleba ar ewera.<br />

batori moulodnelad, 1586 wlis dekemberSi, gar<strong>da</strong>icvala.<br />

reCpospolitaSi areuloba <strong>da</strong>iwyo, ruseTTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebam<br />

meore rigSi ga<strong>da</strong>iwia.<br />

evropaSi gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals iran-osmaleTis<br />

omis msvlelobas. osmaleTis warmatebam, kerZod, mis mier<br />

1 Pierling, Op. cit., p. 133-134.<br />

2 Ibidem, 161-162.<br />

266 267

iranis um niSvnelovanesi qalaqis _ Tavrizis aRebam, udidesi<br />

STabeWdileba moaxdina. veneciis respublikis agenti, am ambiT<br />

SeSfoTebuli, irani<strong>da</strong>n gagzavnil saidumlo moxsenebaSi<br />

Tavis mTavrobas acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omis<br />

dros saqarTvelo serizul Zalas war moadgen<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

sainteresoa, roca avstriis elCi moskovSi varkaCi 1589<br />

wlis 11 ivniss <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTSi antiosmalurad<br />

ganwyobili qveynebis samxedro SesaZleblobiT, saelCo prikazSi<br />

CamouTvales, romeli qveyana ramden jars gamoiyvan<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iqve naTqvami iyo, rom saqarTvelo Tavisi 50 aTasiani jariT<br />

yizilbaSebTan erTad osmaleTis winaaRmdeg ibr Zoleb<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

iseTi STabeWdileba ar un<strong>da</strong> Seiqmnes, TiTqos <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

samefo-samTavroebi mxolod TavianT mezoblebTan<br />

urTierTobiT izRudebodnen. maTi politikuri mesveurebic<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebulni iyvnen evropisa <strong>da</strong> aRmo savleTis ambebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> maT Sesaxeb informacias agrovebdnen. bunebrivia, qarTvel<br />

politikosebs aintereseb<strong>da</strong>T ra xde bo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

mowi naaRmdege qveynebSi, rogori iyo antiosmaluri Zalebi.<br />

aleqsandre kaxTa me fisaTvis informaciis mTavar wyaros,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, ucxoeli <strong>da</strong> qarTveli vaWrebi warmoadgendnen.<br />

rogorc Cans, igi xSirad evropaSi vaWrebis saxiT Tavis SeniRbul<br />

agentebs agzavni<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

osmaleTisa <strong>da</strong> yirimis saxanos moZalebam kavkasiis<br />

xalxebze, is ini <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebis sapirispiro Zalis gamoZebnis<br />

aucileblobaSi <strong>da</strong>arwmuna. naTeli iyo, irani aseT Zalad<br />

1 Berchet, Op. cit., p. 291.<br />

2 Памятники дипломатических сношений Дреней России с державами<br />

иностранными, ч. I. Сноше ния России с государствами европейскими, т. I, с<br />

1488 по 1594 г., СПб., 1852 , с. 186.<br />

3 mravlismetyvelia aleqsandre II-is mier ruseTis elCisaTvis SenaTvali:<br />

«Царягорода и изо Фрянок торговые люди ко мне ездят, а мои люди торговые<br />

во Царьгород и во Фрянки ездят; а иное и яз посылаю для вестей будто с<br />

торгом на Гиляне да на Казбин и во Фрянки» (Сношения России с Кавказом,<br />

с.205).<br />

veRar gamodgebo<strong>da</strong>. is Tavisi Tavsac veRar icav<strong>da</strong>. amitom<br />

yuradReba ga<strong>da</strong>tanili iqna moskovis saxelmwifoze, ro melic<br />

kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> kaspiis zRvis sanapiroebisaken mi iwev<strong>da</strong>. rusebma<br />

as traxani <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> iranTan pir<strong>da</strong>piri savaWro kavSiri<br />

<strong>da</strong>amyares. aseT viTarebaSi osmaleTis gabatoneba Crdilo<br />

kavkasiaSi, amierkavkasiis <strong>da</strong>py roba <strong>da</strong> iranis ganadgureba an<br />

<strong>da</strong>susteba ruseTis saxelmwifosaTvis mi uRebeli iyo. sulTnis<br />

kari mSvenivrad xvdebo<strong>da</strong> moskovis saxelmwifos mizans<br />

<strong>da</strong> diplomatiuri manevriT cdilob<strong>da</strong> CaeSala misi urTier-<br />

Toba iranTan <strong>da</strong> ruseTs iranis sawinaaTmdego kavSiri Ses-<br />

Tavaza. 1586 wlis oqtomberSi osmalo vaWarma mehmedma rus<br />

elCebs _ rodion birkinsa <strong>da</strong> petre pivovs ganucxa<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

sulTani mzad iyo ruseTisaTvis <strong>da</strong>eTmo as traxani (ufro<br />

sworad, osmaleTi scnob<strong>da</strong> ruseTis mier astraxanis <strong>da</strong>pyrobas),<br />

Tu ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis imperias Soris antiiranuli<br />

SeTanxmeba <strong>da</strong>idebo<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

moskovis saxelmwifo amierkavkasiaSi mokavSireebis Ziebas<br />

iwyebs. moskovSi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva samefoebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT,<br />

yvelaze meti informacia kaxeTze hqon<strong>da</strong>T. kaxeTi<br />

farTod iyo Cabmuli abreSimiT saer TaSoriso vaWrobaSi.<br />

kaxeTs moskovTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba astraxanis gziT SeeZlo. es<br />

gza gadio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Restan saSamxloze, romlis mTavari sulTnis<br />

vasali iyo. osmaleTis miTiTebiT, Samxlis razmebi iklebdnen<br />

kaxeTis sa sazRvro raionebs. amitom ruseTis Semosvlas<br />

Crdilo kavkasiaSi kaxeTisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. Crdilo kavkasiaSi ruseTis jaris Cayeneba gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong><br />

saSamxlos osmaleTis saxelmwi fosagan mowyve tas <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

moqcevas or qristianul saxelmwifos Soris. amis Semdeg<br />

misi alagmva advilad moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kaxeTTan urTierTobis ganaxleba ruseTma moiwadina.<br />

mefe Tevdore ivanes Zis brZanebiT, astraxanis meTofeTa<br />

asisTavma, tolmaCma rusin-<strong>da</strong>nilovma, kavkasiaSi imogzaura<br />

1 Тамже, с. 42.<br />

268 269

<strong>da</strong> kaxeTsac ewvia. elCs, viTom, mxolod ruseTTan vaWrobis<br />

sargeblianobis propagan<strong>da</strong> evalebo<strong>da</strong>, ma gram imave dros<br />

igi zverav<strong>da</strong> astraxani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aken mimaval gzebs,<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> gamoekvlia kaxeTs rogori ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebi<br />

gaaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> a.S. <strong>da</strong>nilovma kaxeTis mefes Tavisi mefis<br />

werili ga<strong>da</strong>sca. werilSi moskovis saxelmwifo kaxeTis<br />

samefos politikur kavSirsa <strong>da</strong> mfarvelo bas sTavazob<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II didi kmayofilebiT Sexv<strong>da</strong> Tevdore<br />

ivanes Zis wina<strong>da</strong>debas. `kaxeT-ruseTis urTierTobis<br />

ganax lebisaTvis droc marjve iyo. irani osmaleTs <strong>da</strong>eZala<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sahs kaxeTis `patronobis~ Tavi ara hqon<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTi ki<br />

mo Zalade iyo <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefec saSualebas swored am mo-<br />

Zaladisagan Ta vis <strong>da</strong>sacavad eZeb<strong>da</strong>~ 2 . aleqsandre II-m roca<br />

<strong>da</strong>nilovi gaistumra, Tan Tavisi elCebic gaayola, romlebmac<br />

1586 wlis 9 oqtombers Tevdore me fes kaxeTis samefos<br />

mfarveloba sTxoves.<br />

moskovis xelmwifes kaxeTis samefo un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecva yvela<br />

mtrisagan, aego Tergze cixe <strong>da</strong> Sig didi jari Caeyenebina.<br />

imave dros Tergi<strong>da</strong>n kaxeTisaken saSamxloze gamavali gza<br />

rusebs un<strong>da</strong> gaekontrolebinaT, raTa masze mogzauroba uxifaTo<br />

yofiliyo 3 .<br />

kaxelebi ruseTis mTavrobas saSamxloze gamavali gzas<br />

gark veuli gegmiT sTavazobdnen. marTalia elCebi moskovSi<br />

amtkicebdnen, rom es gza yvelaze moxerxebuli <strong>da</strong> mokle<br />

iyo (rac SeiZleba arc iyo simarTles moklebuli), magram<br />

maT sxva rame hqon<strong>da</strong>T Cafiqrebuli: ruseTs jari Seey vana<br />

1 Тамже, с. 12; berZeniSvili n., ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze, gv. 11-12.<br />

2 berZeniSvili n. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 18.<br />

3 Tergi<strong>da</strong>n kaxeTisaken midio<strong>da</strong> sami gza: 1. CerqezeTi-xevi-mTiuleTi-kaxeTi,<br />

2. sunja-saCaCano-xunZaxi, 3. kaxeTi-waxuri-yazi-yumuxi-yazaniCi-qiafir-yumuxi-tarki-tiumeni-Tergis<br />

cixe. Полиевктов М. А., Экономичеслие разведки<br />

Московского государства в XVII в. на Кав казе, Тифлис, 1935, с. 28-31; berZeniSvili<br />

n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 18-19).<br />

saSamxloSi, rac, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, mSvidobianad ar moxdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

T. bocvaZe fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, rom 1586 wels kaxeTis samefo kari<br />

ruseTs ar sTxov<strong>da</strong> Samxalis winaaRmdeg Sewevnas, radgan<br />

saSamxlo, kaxeTTan erTad, antiosmalur koaliciaSi iyo.<br />

igi naTqvamis sabuTad iSvelieb<strong>da</strong> imave wels Samxalis mier<br />

moskovSi Tavisi elCis gagzavnas. elCma Samxalis sax eliT<br />

mfarveloba <strong>da</strong> Tergze cixis Cadgma iTxova, raTa osmalebs<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>es wroT <strong>da</strong> iq cixe ar CaedgaT. Semdeg mkvlevarma<br />

is argumenti moiyvana, rom 1586 wels gagzavnil werilSi<br />

aleqsandre mefe arafers ambobs Ter gis cixis aSenebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

saSamxloze gamavali gzis rusebis mier <strong>da</strong>kavebaze 1 . misive<br />

TqmiT, kaxeT-saSamxlos urTierToba gafuWebula 1587 wels<br />

kaxeTis mier xeldebulebis ficis miRebis Semdeg.<br />

Cemi azriT, Samxalis mier elCis gagzavna moskovSi<br />

srulebiTac ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> kaxeT-saSamxlos yofnas antiosmalur<br />

koaliciaSi. savarau doa, saSamxlo cdilob<strong>da</strong> kaxeTruseTis<br />

urTierTobis CaSlas <strong>da</strong> undo<strong>da</strong> mosk ovis mTavrobisaTvis<br />

eCvenebina, rom kaxeTTan kavSiris ga reSe, saSamxlos<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, Tergze cixis Cadgmac SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> os maleTis<br />

SeCerebac Tu is astraxanze gailaSqreb<strong>da</strong>. imis varaudic<br />

SeiZleba, rom Samxali sulTnis miTiTebiT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. Samxals<br />

drois mogeba undo<strong>da</strong>, vidre am ierkavkasiaSi osmaleTs<br />

uWir<strong>da</strong>, manamde ruseTs moqmedeba ar <strong>da</strong>ewyo. ruseTis Sesvla<br />

amierkavkasiaSi niSnav<strong>da</strong> os maleTis miznebis katastrofas<br />

am regionSi.<br />

kaxeTis pozicia saSamxlos mimarT Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve garkveulia.<br />

kaxeTis mizania saSamxlos winaaRmdeg aamoqmedos ruseTi.<br />

marTalia, 1586 wels gagzavnil werilSi (misi Sinaarsi<br />

gadmocemulia `stateini spisokSi~ <strong>da</strong> mis sizusteze lparaki<br />

ar SeiZleba) aleqsndre mefe arafers ambobs Samx alis<br />

Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> mxolod osmalebisagan <strong>da</strong>cvas iTxovs. werilSi<br />

aleqsandre mefe uaRresad sqematurad, sul bolos (werili<br />

1 bocvaZe T., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 39.<br />

270 271

xom ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, Tevdore ivanes Zis xotbis Sesxmaa) asaxelebs<br />

osmalebs. is ini qristianobis mtrebi arian <strong>da</strong> sxvebTan<br />

erTad Cvenc vitanjebiTo 1 . `stateini spisokSi~ Semdeg<br />

aRniSnulia moskovis mTavrobas, mefis brZanebiT, qarTvelT<br />

elCobis romeli wevrisaTvis ramdeni xarji un<strong>da</strong> gaeRo.<br />

1587 wlis 3 aprils Tevdore ivanes Zem qarTveli el-<br />

Cebis saqarT veloSi gaSveba <strong>da</strong> Tan Tavisi elCebis gayoleba<br />

brZana. vidre qarTveli elCebi moskovs <strong>da</strong>tovebdnen, manamde<br />

isini, TavianTi mefis brZanebis Tanax mad, saelCo prikazSi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> misuliyvnen <strong>da</strong> ganecxadebinaT, rom moskovis mefe Tevdore<br />

ivanes Zem kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre mfarvelobaSi un<strong>da</strong><br />

aiy vanos <strong>da</strong> kaxeTSi maTTan erTad Tavis elCebsac agzavnis.<br />

marTlac, meore dRes (4 aprili) qarTveli elCebi sael-<br />

Co pri kazSi mividnen, sa<strong>da</strong>c zogad frazebSi gaimeores Tevdore<br />

mefis <strong>da</strong>nabarebi. iq mxolod is <strong>da</strong>umates, rom ruseTis<br />

xelmwife <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> mefe aleqsandres qristianuli<br />

rwmenisadmi erTgulebis gamo Tavis mfarvelo baSi miiReb<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

roca laparakia zemoxsenebul werilze, masSi un<strong>da</strong> vigulisxmoT<br />

mTeli rigi sakiTxebisa, romlebic maSin kaxeTis<br />

samefos awuxeb<strong>da</strong>. yovlad <strong>da</strong>ujerebelia, rom qarTvel el-<br />

Cebs xifaTiT aRsavse <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi mog zauroba mxolod<br />

imisaTvis moewyoT, rom xelmwifisaT vis saqebari sity vebi<br />

eTqvaT. safiqrebelia, elCebma xelmwifesac <strong>da</strong> `saelCo<br />

prikazsac~ moaxsenes osmaleTTan, iranTan <strong>da</strong> saSamxlosTan<br />

TavianTi urTierTobis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> amis Taobaze moskovis<br />

samefo karis mosazrebebic moismines. moskovSi amis Semdeg<br />

Seadgines `ficis wigni~. am friad mniSvnelovan do kumentze<br />

aleqsandre kaxTa mefe mxolod ra Rac gaurkveveli <strong>da</strong>pirebebiT<br />

xom ar moawer<strong>da</strong> xels?<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tu ase ar iyo, maS ratom gamoTqvam<strong>da</strong> SemdegSi<br />

qarTveli elCi yaflan vaCnaZe (1588 w.) sayvedurs imave<br />

1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 11-12.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 11-13.<br />

`saelCo prikazSi~, rom misma mefe aleqsandre II-m imitom<br />

iTxova mfarveloba, rom igi xelmwifes <strong>da</strong>ecva misi mtrisagan,<br />

Samxlisagan. mxolod amitom SevefareT ruseTis mefes<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara TurqeTs an iranso 1 . elCma kategoriulad moiTxova<br />

saSamxloSi jaris gag zavna `aleqsandres mtrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

qristianTa sisxlisaTvis Suris saZieblad~ 2 . moxeleebma <strong>da</strong><br />

boiarebma mefes moaxsenes qarTveli elCebis gan wyobilebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi moTxovnis Taobaze. Tevdore ivanesZem elCebi TavisTan<br />

miiwvia, sa<strong>da</strong>c dumis, anu sabWos mdi vanma diakma<br />

andrei SCelka lovma msmenelebs TiTqmis mTlianad gaaxsena<br />

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba moyolebuli 1586 wli<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

qarTvelebs rusTa xelmwifisaTvis yovelwliurad un<strong>da</strong><br />

eZliaT 50 oqroqsovili <strong>da</strong> aseTive Zvirfasi 10 xaliCa. samagierod<br />

moskovis saxelmwifos kaxeTis samefo un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecva<br />

yvela mtrisagan, Samxlis winaaRmdeg un<strong>da</strong> gaegzavna jari <strong>da</strong><br />

gaewmin<strong>da</strong> sa Samxloze gamavali gza 3 .<br />

saSamxloSi cnobili iyo kaxeTis mefis antisaSamxlo<br />

diploma tia <strong>da</strong>, bunebrivia, Samxali Seecdebo<strong>da</strong> misTvis xeli<br />

SeeSala. roca cnobili gax<strong>da</strong> kaxeT-ruseTis xelSekrulebis<br />

Sesaxeb, Samxalma kxeTis winaaRmdeg moqmedeba gaaqtiura.<br />

amis Semdeg rusTa jaris saSamxloSi Seyvana kaxeTis diplomatiis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>udebel amocanad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />

moskovis karze kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T kaxelebis mizani. rogorc<br />

ruseTis elCebis semion zvenigorodskis <strong>da</strong> diak torxis<br />

moxsenebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, mosk ovis mTavrobas aleqsandres moTxovna<br />

1 «И посли говорили , что государь их Александрь царь для того государю<br />

бил челом в подан ные, чтоб государь оборонил его от недруга его от Шевкальского,<br />

а толко ныне государевы рати на Шевкала не будет, -ино и вперед от<br />

Шевкала Грузинской земле не будет без войны. А Грузинская земля потому<br />

государю и била челом, в поданстве учиналася; а ни х Турскому, ни х Кизылвашскому<br />

не при стали за то, что б им быти от своих недругов оборонену государевою<br />

мило стью». Тамже, с. 61; javaxiS vili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax, naSr., gv. 296;<br />

bocvaZe T., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 42.<br />

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 61<br />

3 Тамже, с. 62.<br />

272 273

<strong>da</strong>ukmayofilebia. elCebi amis Ses axeb kaxeTis mefes <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

kariskacebs Seaxsenebdnen, rom mefe Tvdore `... во обороне<br />

держати хочет ото всех недругов и город на Терке для тебя<br />

и твоей земль для обереганья поставити государь велель и<br />

на недруга твоего, а на своего непослушника, на Шефкала<br />

князя государь наш по твоему челобитью рат свою хочет<br />

послати, чтоб впередь тебе, Александру царю, и твоей<br />

земле от Шевкала тесноты и убытков не било и дорога б от<br />

твоей земли ко государя нашего отчине к Терскому го роду<br />

очистити» 1 .<br />

1587 wels moskovis elCebi kaxeTSi Camovidnen <strong>da</strong> 26<br />

agvis tos mefe aleqsandres warudgnen. molaparakeba erT Tves<br />

gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. 28 seqtem bers xelSekruleba gaform<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre<br />

II-m Tavis SvilebTan <strong>da</strong> dide bulebTan erTad ruseTis<br />

mefis xeldebulebis fici miiRo. kaxeTis mefem piroba <strong>da</strong>do<br />

samu<strong>da</strong>mod ruseTis erTguli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mfarvelis mimarT<br />

mtrul moqmedebas arasodes Caiden<strong>da</strong>. ufro metic, aleqsandre<br />

mefes Tavis memkvidreebTan erTad moskovis saxelmwifos<br />

yvela mtris winaaRmdeg un<strong>da</strong> ebrZola. aseT SemTxvevaSi igi<br />

Tavisi jariT astrax anisa <strong>da</strong> Tergis vo evodebs SeuerTdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kaxeTis samefos yovelwli uri ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>ekisra. Tavis mxriv, mefe Tevdore kaxeTis samefos yvela<br />

mtrisagan <strong>da</strong>i cav<strong>da</strong>. Tergisa <strong>da</strong> astraxanis voevodebs<br />

<strong>da</strong>evalaT kaxeTis samefos <strong>da</strong>cva. `xolo Samxalis winaaRmdeg<br />

gavag zavno Cemi laSqari <strong>da</strong> Cveni saxelmwi fo<strong>da</strong>n Sens<br />

qveynamde mimavali gza gavwmindo~ _ wer<strong>da</strong> rusTa mefe 2 .<br />

saqarTvelo-ruseTis <strong>da</strong>makavSirebel saSamxlos gzaze,<br />

qarT veli politikosebis azriT, garkveuli wesrigi <strong>da</strong>myardebo<strong>da</strong><br />

maSin, roca iq ruseTis jari Cadgebo<strong>da</strong>. doneli<br />

kazakebi, romlebic qarTvel <strong>da</strong> rus el Cebs acilebdnen<br />

xolme, Tergze Sediodnen <strong>da</strong> saSamxlos, yirimis saxanos,<br />

1 Тамже, с. 96.<br />

2 Тамже, с. XXXVII-XCIV.<br />

osmaleTis imperias <strong>da</strong> am ukanasknelis yvela mo kavSires<br />

did sazrunavs uCendnen. kazakebis TareSiT gansakuTrebiT<br />

SeSfoTebuli iyo osmaleTi, radgan Crdilo kavkasiis gziT<br />

(yirimi-<strong>da</strong> rubandi) sargebloba, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebeli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>zaralebulni Ciodnen moskovis mefesTan, raTa mas<br />

kazakebis `TviTneboba~ aRekveTa. magram osmaleTi, yirimis<br />

saxano <strong>da</strong> sa Samxlo yovelTvis erTsa <strong>da</strong> igive pasuxs iRebdnen:<br />

«Живут на Терке воры беглые казаки безъ государева<br />

ведома» 1 .<br />

cnobili ar aris, hqon<strong>da</strong>T Tu ara garkveuli gegma kazakebs<br />

an maT moqmedebas visi saidumlo xeli warmarTav<strong>da</strong>, roca<br />

isini osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> mis mokavSireebs ebrZodnen. am kiTxvaze<br />

pasuxis gacema arsebuli wyaroebis safuZvelze SeuZlebelia.<br />

cxadia, maTi moqmedeba stiqiuri, mxolod na<strong>da</strong>vlis<br />

mopovebis surviliT ganpirobebuli ar iyo. savarau doa, rom<br />

ka zakebsa <strong>da</strong> svimon mefes Soris kavSiri Tu ara, garkveuli<br />

kontaqtebi mainc arsebob<strong>da</strong>. kazakebi Crdilo kavkasiis gzebs<br />

uketavd nen amier kavkasiisaken mimaval osmalebs. amdenad, isini<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong>cvasac xels uwyobdnen <strong>da</strong>, erTxans, mefis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebac scades (gavixsenoT Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n ltolvili<br />

osmalebis mier stambolSi Catanili ambavi, mefes rusTa 6<br />

aTasiani jari exmarebao). amaze miuTiTebs, agreTve, rusi<br />

elCis semion zvenigorodskis erTi cnoba, ro melic 1586<br />

wels ganekuTvneba. masSi naTqvamia, rom Tergis Tavisufali<br />

kazakebi mcire xniT svimon mefesTan mividnen, magram qarTlis<br />

mefem is ini sam weliwad-naxevars 2 TavisTan gaaCera <strong>da</strong><br />

ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebis saSuale bas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 Тамже, с. XXXVII.<br />

2 gaugebaria, ratom fiqrob<strong>da</strong> i. cincaZe, TiTqos kazakebi qarTlSi cxra<br />

Tves <strong>da</strong>rCnen (cincaZe i., Ziebani ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

(X-XVI ss.), Tb., 1956 , gv. 318), maSin rodesac wyaroSi naTqvamia: «Волние<br />

казаки, сшед с Терки реки, жили у зятя его (Александр II – Э. М.) у Семена,<br />

а Семен их держал у себя полчетверта года по неволе, а назад не отпустил»<br />

(Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 125).<br />

274 275

maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, kazakebi svimon mefesTan mividnen 1586 wels<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tbi lisi<strong>da</strong>n gaqceul osmalebs stambolSi es ambavi un<strong>da</strong><br />

CaetanaT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, stam bolSi Catanil cnobaSi uzustobebia:<br />

jer erTi, <strong>da</strong>ujerebe lia, rom saqarTveloSi 6 aTasi<br />

kazaki gadmosuliyo. im pirobebSi 600 kacis gad mosvlac ki<br />

didi ambavi iqnebo<strong>da</strong>; <strong>da</strong>, meorec, _ saeWvoa, kazakebi saqarTveloSi<br />

mefe Tevdores gamoegzvna. rogorc rusi elCebis<br />

cnobebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, moskovSi, saerTod, araferi icodnen qar-<br />

Tlis samefoSi kazakebis yofnaze <strong>da</strong> rusma elCebma mxolod<br />

kaxeTSi Seityves. svimon mefisaTvis kazakTa razms imdenad<br />

praqtikuli mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c politikuri.<br />

mas kazakTa razmi propagandisaTvis sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>: qveyana<br />

gaigebs (<strong>da</strong> asec gaiges) mefes rusT xelm wife exmarebao.<br />

amave mizniT sTxov<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre kaxTa mefe moskovel el-<br />

Cebs kazakebi kaxeTSi <strong>da</strong>etovebinaT: «Толко б была cлава,<br />

что государевы руские люди у государия их, Олександра<br />

царя» 1 . am moments maSindel kavkasiaSi mimdinare politikur<br />

ambebSi didi mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. ruseTTan urTierTobis<br />

garTulebas osmalebi <strong>da</strong> misi mokavSireebi eridebodnen.<br />

qarTli<strong>da</strong>n kaxeTSi ga<strong>da</strong>suli kazakebi aleqsandre mefem<br />

saSamx los sazRvarze cixeebSi Caayena. albaT, am RonisZiebas<br />

garkveuli efeqti hqon<strong>da</strong>, radgan Semdeg zafxulSi kaxeTis<br />

mefes kazakebis isev im cixeebSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba sur<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram, rogorc maSindeli diplomatiuri urTierTo bi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans, moskovis mTavroba xalisiT ar ekidebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefis<br />

amgvar moTxovnebs.<br />

kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myareba<br />

uaR resad mniSvnelovani faqti iyo mTeli kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> axlo<br />

aRmosav leTis masStabiT. gasagebi un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo, rom amieri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

is, visac moskovis saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis<br />

garTuleba ar sur<strong>da</strong>, kaxeTis samefos mi marT mtrul aqciebs<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moridebo<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTis politi kuri mesveurebi, al-<br />

1 Тамже.<br />

baT, bevrs swuxdnen im Secdomaze, rac maTi kaxeTisadmi<br />

poziciaSi ga moxata <strong>da</strong> iq ruseTis gavlenis <strong>da</strong>nergva mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sulTnis karisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom Tu igi droulad ar<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvey<strong>da</strong> qarTlis sakiTxs, SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> iqac analogiuri<br />

mdgomareoba gameore buliyo. sagulisxmoa, rom moskovel<br />

elCebs _ rodion birkins, petre pivovs <strong>da</strong> stefane poluxanovs<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri miTiTeba hqon<strong>da</strong>T, rom Tu aleqsandre mefis<br />

siZe an Zma xelmwifisagan mfarvelobis miRebis survils<br />

ga mosTqvam<strong>da</strong>, elCebs is ini un<strong>da</strong> waexalisebinaT, rom maT<br />

moskovSi TavianTi elCebi gaegzavnaT, mfarveloba eTxovaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> xelmwife maT Txovnas Seiwynareb<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

Cemi azriT, moskovis mTavrobas mxedvelobaSi hyav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aleqsan dre II-is siZe svimon I an aleqsandre mefis Zma<br />

ufliswuli iese. xelmwife mxolod im pirobiT <strong>da</strong>akmayofileb<strong>da</strong><br />

erTis an meoris survils, Tu mfarvelo bis Txovnis<br />

pe riodisaTvis isini aleqsandre mefesTan karg urTierTobaSi<br />

iqnebodnen.<br />

svimon mefe, rogorc maSindeli werilobiTi wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans ufro orientirebuli iyo <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaze <strong>da</strong> iranze.<br />

man ico<strong>da</strong>, rom arsebuli mdgo mareobis mixedviT, qarTlis<br />

samefosa <strong>da</strong> moskovis saxelmwifos Soris xelSekruleba<br />

ver <strong>da</strong>idebo<strong>da</strong>. svimoni miesalmebo<strong>da</strong> rusTa jaris qarTlSi<br />

Semo savlas, magram saRi azri ukarnaxeb<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

amgvari <strong>da</strong>xmarebis miReba ver moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong>. qarTlis samefo<br />

saomar mdgomareobaSi iyo os maleTis imperiasTan <strong>da</strong> svimons<br />

kargad es mo<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis mier mfarvelobis sityvierad<br />

gamocxadebas ra fasi eqne bo<strong>da</strong>: es gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n omis kidev ufro gaaqtiure bas. <strong>da</strong>debiTad arc Sahis<br />

kari Sexvdebo<strong>da</strong> svimon mefis aseT nabijs. albaT, ruseTis<br />

mTavrobac iTvalis wineb<strong>da</strong> am mdgomareobas, magram igi iseTnairad<br />

awyob<strong>da</strong> saqmes, viTomc moskovSi svimonTan <strong>da</strong>axloebaze<br />

arc fiqrobdnen <strong>da</strong> qarTli<strong>da</strong>n elCebi Tu Cavi dodnen<br />

1 Тамже.<br />

276 277

<strong>da</strong> raime garigeba mainc moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, mas Tavis gamarTlebis<br />

saSu aleba yovelTvis eqnebo<strong>da</strong>: qarT velebma TviTon gvTxoves<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cvenc `qris tianobis siyvarulis gamo~ vcdilobT riTime<br />

<strong>da</strong>vexmaroTo. magram es `<strong>da</strong>x mareba~ svimon mefes Tavisi<br />

qveynis <strong>da</strong>cvis saqmes ver gauadvileb<strong>da</strong>. ruseTi os maleTis<br />

wi naaRmdeg oms ar <strong>da</strong>iwyeb<strong>da</strong>. evropis zogierTi saxelmwifo<br />

ki osmaleTs iaraRiT ebrZo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mefe iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> ra saerTaSoriso politikur viTarebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> imasac vis rogori urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sesa bamisad, <strong>da</strong>x marebis miReba sai<strong>da</strong>n ufro mosalodneli<br />

iyo, umjobesad CaTvala <strong>da</strong>sav leTi evropisaTvis miemarTa.<br />

man 1587 wels romis papTan <strong>da</strong> espaneTis mefesTan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

saTxovnelad despanebi gagzavna. svimonis erT-erTi<br />

didebuli ierusalimze gavliT romis papTan un<strong>da</strong> wasuliyo,<br />

xolo espaneTis mefesTan ki vinme somexi vaWari aleqsandre<br />

konstantinopolis gziT, romelsac `eqvsi Sekvra qarTuli<br />

abreSumi~ mihqon<strong>da</strong> mefisaTvis mis arTmevad. qarTvelma<br />

didebulma adresatamde ver miaRwia. is osmalebma Seipyres<br />

papisaTvis gankuTvnili werilebiTa <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebiT. meore<br />

elCi _ aleqsandre romSi mivi<strong>da</strong>. radgan mas romi<strong>da</strong>n ukan,<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba hqon<strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli, igi espaneTis<br />

mefis elCs graf de olivaress Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas gaando svimonis<br />

wina<strong>da</strong>debebi. kerZod, qarTlis mefe mzad iyo papisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> espaneTis mefis vasali gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo <strong>da</strong> yovelTvis iranis<br />

erTguli mokavSire iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. svimon me fis azriT, espaneTs<br />

kavSiri un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emyarebina samive qarTul same fosTan 1 .<br />

Znelia imis <strong>da</strong>dgena svimon I imereTisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebTan<br />

Se TanxmebiT gamodio<strong>da</strong> aseTi iniciativiT, Tu qarTvel<br />

mefeTa Soris misi pirvelobis demonstrireba iyo. svimon<br />

1 luis xili fernandesi <strong>da</strong> xose manuel floristani, qarTveli mefeebis<br />

wer ilebi: svimon I-is qarTli<strong>da</strong>n filipe II-s <strong>da</strong> Teimuraz I-is kaxeTi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

filipe IV-s (Targ mani espanuri<strong>da</strong>n). krebulSi: <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba evropisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> amerikis qvey nebTan, II, Tb., 1995, gv, 197-198.<br />

me fes rom pirvelobis pretenzia marTlac hqon<strong>da</strong>, kargad<br />

gamoCn<strong>da</strong> 1588 wels mis mier imereTis samefos <strong>da</strong>pyrobis<br />

warumatebel mcdelobaSi.<br />

svimon mefis werilSi DCamoyalibebulma wina<strong>da</strong>debebma<br />

gamocdili espaneli diplomati grafi de olivaresi (don<br />

enrike de gusmani) aRmosavleTSi mokavSiris SeZenis Sesa-<br />

ZlebobiT <strong>da</strong>ainteresa. osmaleTis imperia xifaTs uqmni<strong>da</strong><br />

portugalielTa (portugalia am dros espaneTis samefos<br />

SemadgenlobaSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong>saxlebebs aRmosavleT afrikasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> hormuzze. grafma de olivaresma 1588 wlis 5 Tebervals<br />

Tavis mefes, filipe II-s miswera: `me mgonia <strong>da</strong>varwmuno papi,<br />

rac SeiZleba male <strong>da</strong> dos kavSiri qristianul (qarTvel –<br />

e.m.) mefeebTan, raTa isini gaer Tiandnen TurqeTis winaaRmdeg<br />

im mxri<strong>da</strong>n; rom aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamodis aseve kavSiri sparseTTanac,<br />

romelsac mxars vuWerdiT aqamdec; rom yovelive es ukeT<br />

rom gakeTdes, saWiroa gaigzavnos kaci im despanTan erTad<br />

an misi wasvlis Semdeg, raTa <strong>da</strong>myardes kavSiri svimon-<br />

Tan, aleqsandresTan <strong>da</strong> baSiaCukTan 1 Turqebis winaaRmdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong> aseve, raTa Tqvenma udidebuleso bam gagzavnos kaci amave<br />

mizniT Tavis disSvilTan, poloneTis mefesTan <strong>da</strong> moskovis<br />

mefesTan, raTa isini SeuerTdnen maT <strong>da</strong> Seqmnan didi Zala<br />

TurqeTis wi naaRmdeg; aseve gaigzavnos mision erebi, rogorc<br />

svimoni iTxovs, raTa maT xalxs aswavlon qristianuli suliskveTebiT~.<br />

grafma de olivaresma Tavisi mosazreba aRmosavleTSi<br />

mokavSiris SeZenis SesaZleblobaze gaacno kardinal sankta<br />

severinas <strong>da</strong> isini im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde mividnen, rom kargi iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

svimon mefesTan ori despani gaeg zavnaT _ erTi konstantinopolze<br />

gavliT, meore poloneTisa <strong>da</strong> moskovis gavliT,<br />

1 igulisxmeba imereTis mefe levani (1583-1590). baSiaCuki osmalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sparse lebisaTvis imerelTa ganzogadoebuli saxelia <strong>da</strong> niSnavs `TavSiSvelas~.<br />

es saxeli imerlebs Searqves fafanakis tarebis gamo. <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. mamisTvaliSvili<br />

e., saqarTvelo hans Siltbergeris `mogzaurobis wignSi~, gv. 115, Sen. 25.<br />

278 279

omelic iqaur mefeebsac moelaparakebo<strong>da</strong>. oli varesma audienciis<br />

dros papi marTlac <strong>da</strong>arwmuna, rom sasargeblo<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> svi mon mefisaTvis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera. amis Semdeg, man Tavisi<br />

mosazre bani werilobiT Camoayaliba <strong>da</strong> Tavis mefes gaugzavna<br />

1 . magram papsa <strong>da</strong> es paneTis samefo kars <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad an masTan diploma tiuri urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>samyareblad<br />

qmediTi nabiji ar ga<strong>da</strong>udgiaT.<br />

svimon mefe kvlav osmaleTis uzarmazari imperiis<br />

pirispir rCe bo<strong>da</strong>. osmalebma saukeTesod icodnen qarTlis<br />

samefo rogor seriozul rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> iran-osmaleTis<br />

omSi, amitom masTan morigeba ga<strong>da</strong>wy vites. 1588 wels qarTlis<br />

samefosa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis imperias Soris <strong>da</strong>ido zavi.<br />

qarTlis samefos omi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlam iranis <strong>da</strong>marcxeba <strong>da</strong>aCqara.<br />

irani osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis gamoyenebas Seeca<strong>da</strong>.<br />

jer kidev 1587 wels moskovSi iranis Sahis mohamed ho<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong>s<br />

elCi andi-begi Cavi<strong>da</strong>, romelic <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sanacvlod<br />

osmalebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil baqosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rubands sTavazob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ruseTi aseTi ekonmikuri <strong>da</strong> strategiuli mniSvnelobis punqtebis<br />

xelSi Cagdebis perspeqtivis mimarT gulgrili ver<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong>. 1588 wels moskovis mTavrobam ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita Tergisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> as traxanis jarebi iranis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad gaegzavna,<br />

samagierod yizil baSebi baqosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rubands, ganTavisuflebisTanave,<br />

ruseTs ga<strong>da</strong>s cemdnen. moskovis mTavrobam Tavisi<br />

elCi aseTi pirobiT gaagzavna iranSi 2 . magram iranSi momx<strong>da</strong>rma<br />

sasaxlis karis ga<strong>da</strong>trialebam <strong>da</strong> Sah abaz I-is (1587-<br />

1529) gamefebam, molaparakeba CaSla.<br />

moskovis mefis mfarvelobaSi kaxeTis samefos Sesvlam<br />

<strong>da</strong> saSamxlo-<strong>da</strong>Restnis xelyofisagan mis <strong>da</strong>sacavad Crdilo<br />

kavkasiaSi si magreebis Cadgmis c<strong>da</strong>m irani SeaSfoTa.<br />

aRmosavleT sqarTvelos samefoebi Sahs Ta vis vasalebad mi-<br />

1 luis xili fernandesi <strong>da</strong> xose manuel floristani, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 198.<br />

2 Веселовский Н., Памятники дипломатических и торговых сношений<br />

Московской Руси с Пер сией, I, СПб., 1890, с. 60-61.<br />

aCn<strong>da</strong>. Sahis karisaTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli iyo kaxeTruseTis<br />

kavSiris Sekvra <strong>da</strong> maTi erToblivi brZola Samxlis<br />

wi naaRmdeg. saSamxlos Tu ruseTi <strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong>, maSin is<br />

uSualod <strong>da</strong>amyareb<strong>da</strong> kavSirs aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan.<br />

magram irani, jer-jero biT amas ver gaaprotesteb<strong>da</strong>, vidre<br />

misi yvelaze saSiSi mteri osmaleTi iyo.<br />

osmaleTi avstriasTan omisaTvis emzadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> irans<br />

zavi SesTa vaza. Sah abazi zavis <strong>da</strong>debas ar Cqarob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan mo laparakeba orive maTganze (ruseTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> osmaleTze) zewolisaTvis gamoeyenebina. ruseTi<br />

iran-os maleTis <strong>da</strong>zavebis winaaRmdegi iyo. iran-osmaleTs<br />

Soris arsebuli wi naaRmdegoba ruseTs kavkasiaSi winsvla-<br />

Si xels uwyob<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTi, Tavis mxriv, cdilob<strong>da</strong> ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>debuliyo xelSekruleba iransa <strong>da</strong> ruseTs Soris, radgan<br />

maTi SeTanxmeba, Tavisi arsiT antiosmaluri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTis<br />

<strong>diplomatia</strong> amas ver <strong>da</strong>uSveb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sahs zogierTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili teritoriis <strong>da</strong>brunebas Sepir<strong>da</strong>. Sah abasma, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> faqtoris gaTvalis winebiT, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita ruseTTan<br />

diplomatiuri urTierToba gaegrZelebina. man Tvisi<br />

mamis mier ruseTi saTvis SeTavazebuli proeqti Secvala <strong>da</strong><br />

Ta vis elCebs _ butak-begs <strong>da</strong> andi-begs 1589 wels sul<br />

sxva proeqti gaatana moskovSi. proeqtis mixedviT, ruseTis<br />

jarebi baqosa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rubands un<strong>da</strong> Semodgomodnen, xolo irani,<br />

Tvis mxriv, SirvanSi SeiWre bo<strong>da</strong>. mokavSiree bis gamarjvebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi ruseTi kaspiis zRvis Crdilo sanapiroze<br />

gabatonde bo<strong>da</strong>, irani ki, samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTze. amgvarad, Sah<br />

abasis axali pro eqtiT, ruseTs osmaleTTan omi un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> baqo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rubandi Tvisi ZalebiT <strong>da</strong>epyro 1 .<br />

1589 wels moskovSi ukve cnobili iyo iran-osmaleTis<br />

sazavo mola parakeba. 3 ivlisis oficialur moxsenebaSi,<br />

1 tivaZe T., iranTan politikuri urTierTobis sakiTxi ruseTis saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>Si XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze. Tsu Sromebi, 113, istoriul<br />

mecnierebaTa seria, Tb., 1965, gv. 185.<br />

280 281

avstriis imperatorisa <strong>da</strong> un greTis mefis elCi Tevdore<br />

ivanes Zis karze, mikloS varkaCi wer<strong>da</strong>, rom iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs<br />

Soris sazavo molaparakeba mim dinereobso 1 . es ki,<br />

ruseTis mxriv, ufro frTxili politikis gatarebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miT umetes, roca cnobili gax<strong>da</strong> isic, rom sazavo<br />

mola parakebis dros os maleTi mTeli amierkavkasiis Senar-<br />

Cunebas moiTxov<strong>da</strong>. zavi Tu amgvari pi robebiT <strong>da</strong>idebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maSin ruseT-iranis molaparakeba azrs hkargav<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

ruseT-iranis urTierTobaze <strong>da</strong>kvirvebisas, yuradRebas<br />

iqcevs erTi garemoeba: ruseTi <strong>da</strong> irani ar exebian, ufro<br />

sworad gverds uvlian kaxeTi sakiTxs, viTom aseTi ram arc<br />

arsebobs. mosk ovSi kargad icodnen, rom kaxeTi iranis moxarke<br />

qaveyana iyo <strong>da</strong> amis <strong>da</strong>viwyebas arc iranSi fiqrobdnen.<br />

kaxeTis mefis warmomadgenlebma, 1589 wlis 20 noembers<br />

Tavi anTi mefis saxeliT, moskovis elCebs moaxsenes, rom<br />

winaT kaxeTis samefo yizilbaSTa mokavSire iyo, rogorc<br />

os maleTis ise sxva saxelmwifoebTan omis dros. `axla yizilbaSebis<br />

Sahi ganuwyvetliv migzavnis elCebs, raTa mas-<br />

Tan erTad viyo osmalebis wi naaRmdeg; xolo sulTani mociqulebs<br />

mig zavnis didi muqariT, mimdinare wels Tavisi<br />

jaris gamogzavna surs Cems winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> cixeebi un<strong>da</strong><br />

Cadgas Cems qveyanaSi, radgan me mas CamovSordi <strong>da</strong> (ruseTis<br />

_ e. m.) didi xelmwifis mfarvelobaSi Sevedi. amJamadc<br />

sulT nis mociqulebi CemTan arian <strong>da</strong> mimdinare wlis xarks<br />

mTxoven... aseve Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmiTa <strong>da</strong> Cemi miwe bis <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT memuqreba<br />

Samxali~ 3 .<br />

moskovis xelmwifis elCebs ise un<strong>da</strong> gaegoT aleqsandre<br />

me fis SenaTvali, rom kaxelebi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi<br />

SesvliT mraval usiamovnebas ga<strong>da</strong>eyara, magram ra gamovi<strong>da</strong>,<br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Cen trale contemporaines<br />

de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvé lolodie~, vol.<br />

XXXII, Paris, 1974 32, p. 151.<br />

2 tivaZe T., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 185.<br />

3 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 173-174.<br />

xelmwife aseT sabediswero mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil kaxeTis<br />

samefos mxolod <strong>da</strong>pirebebs aZlevs.<br />

moskovSi jerovnad afasebdnen kaxeTis mniSvnelobas Semdgomi<br />

peri odis ruseTis kavkasiur <strong>politika</strong>Si. iranTan<br />

diplomatiuri urTierTobis dros kaxeTze dumiliT, ruseTi<br />

irans agrZnobineb<strong>da</strong>, rom Sa his saqme ar iyo, suverenul<br />

kaxeTTan misi TanamSromloba rogor warimarTebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

irani, Tavis mxriv, garkveul dromde, Tvals xuWav<strong>da</strong> kaxeTruseTis<br />

urTierTo baze. an ra un<strong>da</strong> eTqva iranis mTavrobas<br />

moskovis sawinaaRmdego. mis mi zans, amjerad xom kavkasiaSi<br />

ruseTis, rogorc os maleTis metoqis, Semoy vana Seadgen<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kaxeTze sityvis Camogdeba irans mxolod usiamovno mdgomareobaSi<br />

Caayeneb<strong>da</strong>. Wkviani politikosi Sah abazi imasac<br />

iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, kaxeTs iranruseTs<br />

Soris Suamvloba SeeZlo.<br />

rac Seexeba osmaleTs, marTalia, igi kaxeTs emuqrebo<strong>da</strong><br />

mosk ovTan misi urTierTobis gamo, magram realurad igi<br />

kaxeTis samefos winaaRmdeg ver gamovido<strong>da</strong>. kaxeTze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />

ruseTTan mis urTierTobas kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>Zabav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

arsebul situaciaSi osmaleTis mTavroba aseT nabijs ver<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>dgam<strong>da</strong>.<br />

kaxeTis kavSirs ruseTTan Tu imgvari garTulebebi mohyva,<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, maSin kaxelebi ratom ar wyvetdnen<br />

moskovTan urTierTobas? sinamdvileSi kaxeTis mdgomareoba<br />

iran-osmaleTis omis <strong>da</strong>sasruls ar gauaresebula. kaxeTis<br />

mniSvneloba misi ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>axloebis Semdeg kidev ufro<br />

gaizar<strong>da</strong>. ise Can<strong>da</strong>, rom kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semomyvani kaxeTi<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> mis or mZlavr muslimanur mezobels am garemoebisaTvis<br />

angariSi un<strong>da</strong> gaewia. kaxeTis samefo kari kargad<br />

afaseb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi rolis amaRlebas kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> yoveli RoniT cdilob<strong>da</strong> ruseTTan urTierTobis<br />

gagrZelebas. saSamx los sakiTxic kaxeTs Tavis sasargeblod<br />

mxolod ruseTTan kavSirSi SeeZlo ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita. Tumca kaxeT-<br />

282 283

useTis urTierToba jer-jerobiT mxolod elCe bis misvlamosvlaSi<br />

gamoixate bo<strong>da</strong>. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

kaxeTs ruseT-iranis urTierTo baSi. rogorc n. ber ZeniSvili<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: `aseT pirobebSi SemuSav<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefis karze<br />

is diplomatiuri formula, romelic mTeli ori sau kunis<br />

ganmavlobaSi araerTxel wamouyenebiaT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong><br />

iran-ruseTis urTierTobaSi qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> rus moRvaweebs<br />

(petre I, vaxtang VI, Teimuraz II, erekle II): saqarTvelo<br />

(moskovis xeldebuli) ruseT-iranis mosaSuale~ 1 .<br />

moskovSi iTvaliswinebdnen kaxeTis samefos antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciis SeqmniT <strong>da</strong>interesebas <strong>da</strong> 1589 wels<br />

saqarTveloSi ga mogzvnil zvenigorodskisa <strong>da</strong> antonovis<br />

elCobas <strong>da</strong>evala aleqsandre kaxTa me fisaTvis moexsenebina<br />

ruseTis poziciaze, rogorc osmaleTTan ise sxva qveynebTan<br />

urTierTobaSi. kerZod, elCebma ganacxades ruseTsa <strong>da</strong> irans<br />

Soris mimdinare samegobro molaparakebis Sesaxeb, rac osmaleTis<br />

wi naaRmdeg erTobliv moqmedebasac iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom imave osamleTis wi naaRmdeg erToblivi omis warmoebisaTvis<br />

ruseTis mefes poloneT-litvis samefo gvirgvins<br />

sTavazoben 2 . imis Tqmac ar <strong>da</strong>viwyebiaT, rom antios maluri<br />

kavSiris Sekvris mizniT moskovSi TavianT elCebs agzavnidnen<br />

`romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori~, romis papi, espaneTis<br />

mefe <strong>da</strong> veneciis respublika 3 .<br />

rusi elCebi aseTi zogadi gancxadebiT un<strong>da</strong> Semofargluliyvnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> molaparakebis dros aqcenti kaxeTis samefosaTvis<br />

gansakuTre biT mtkivneul sakiTxze _ saSamxlo-<strong>da</strong>Restanze<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>etanaT. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> saSamxlo-<strong>da</strong>Restnis sakiTxis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>WriT qarTvelebi di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>interese bulni iyvnen, magram<br />

1 berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 35.<br />

2 litvisa <strong>da</strong> poloneTis feo<strong>da</strong>lebi poloneT-litva-ruseTis uniiT<br />

cdilobdnen gaexsnaT gza aRmosavleTSi eqspansiisaTvis. Tevdore ivanes Zis<br />

karze xvdebodnen polo neT-litvis feo<strong>da</strong>lebis zraxvebs <strong>da</strong> molaparakeba CaiSala.<br />

3 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 97-98.<br />

maT isic kargad esmo<strong>da</strong>T, rom igi osmaleTis sakiTx Tan mtkiced<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo <strong>da</strong> mTeli molaparake bis dros am<br />

problemis erTobliobaSi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas cdilobdnen.<br />

mefe Tevdores karze rom ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobas<br />

did politikur mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen <strong>da</strong> amas<br />

antiosmalur moR vaweo baSi miiTvlidnen, kargad Cans mikloS<br />

varkaCis erTi Canaweri<strong>da</strong>n. igi am bobs, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefis elCebi moskovSi Cavidnen <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT moiTxoves<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>xmareba. maT <strong>da</strong>pirdnen, rom<br />

ganusazRvreli vadiT miscemdnen 18 aTas jariskacsa <strong>da</strong><br />

artile rias, ma gram im pirobiT, rom qarTvelebi moskovis mefis<br />

uzenaesobas aRiarebdnen <strong>da</strong> xarksac ga<strong>da</strong>uxdidnen. meore<br />

dRes (1589 wlis 4 ivlisi) mefem qarTveli elCebi pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />

miiRo, mowyaleba gamoiCina <strong>da</strong> saqarT velos mefes 10 wlis<br />

xarki apatia 1 . varkaCi qarTveli elCebis moskovel diplomatebTan<br />

molaparakebas <strong>da</strong> mefesTan audiencias pira<strong>da</strong>d ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>swrebia. amis Sesaxeb yvelaferi saelCo prikazSi acnobes,<br />

varkaCis mxedvelobaSi aqvs 1588-1589 wlebSi kaxeTis mefis<br />

elCebis _ yaflanis, kiriles <strong>da</strong> yurSitas moskovSi saqmianoba.<br />

maT Samxalis winaaRmdeg 20 aTasiani jaris gagzavna<br />

moiTxoves. rusTa jars kaxelTa jaric SeuerTdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

erToblivad imoqmedebdnen. elCebma am moTxovnaze Tanxmoba<br />

miiRes 2 . savaraudoa, rom Samxalis wi naaRmdeg jaris gagzavnas,<br />

moskovis karze, miiCnevdnen rogorc antios malur<br />

moqmedebas <strong>da</strong>, garkveuli gagebiT, es asec iyo. amis Sesaxeb<br />

ami tomac acnobes antios maluri koaliciis SeqmniT <strong>da</strong>interesebul<br />

varkaCs. rac Seexeba am ukanasknelis naTqvams ruseTis<br />

xelmwifis mier kaxeTisaT vis xarkis pa tiebis Sesaxeb, razec<br />

saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierTobis amsaxveli sxva masalebi<br />

arafers ambobs, albaT, moskovis mTavrobas sur<strong>da</strong> ucxoeli<br />

diplomatebi <strong>da</strong>erwmunebinaT, rom antiosmalurad ganwyobil<br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 32, p. 151.<br />

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 58-59.<br />

284 285

erT morwmune kaxeTis samefos ekonomikur SeRavaTebsac vuwevTo.<br />

1589 wlis 16 oqtombers zvenigorodski <strong>da</strong> antonovi<br />

qarTvelebs moaxsenebdnen (ukve meramdened), rogor iRwvis<br />

ruseTis xelmwife saSamxlos <strong>da</strong>samor Cileblad. mefe aleqsandres<br />

diplomatebi, TavianTi mefis miTiTebiT, vi Tom sxvaTa<br />

Soris gaixseneben, rom winaT mraval qveyanaSi qris tianuli<br />

rwmena iyo, magram yvela is qveynebi osmalebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong><br />

gaamahmadianes <strong>da</strong> qristianebad mxolod CvenRa <strong>da</strong>vrCiTo. es<br />

mcire istoriuli eqskursi maT imitom <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong>T, rom el-<br />

Cebi <strong>da</strong>erwmunebinaT ruseTis mier saSamxlos <strong>da</strong>pyrobis aucileblobaSi.<br />

roca rusebi saSamxlos <strong>da</strong>ipyroben, saqarTvelo<br />

zurgs moidgams <strong>da</strong> mTeli ZaliT osmaleTs SeebrZoleba.<br />

gan vizraxavT Tu ara osmaleTTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebas, eubnebodnen<br />

kaxeTis mefis kariskacebi ruseTis elCebs, Samxali maSinve<br />

qurdulad, moulodnelad Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxmis kaxeTis ganapira<br />

soflebs <strong>da</strong> iZulebuli vxdebiT ganzraxvaze xeli aviRoT 1 .<br />

rusi elCebi TiTqos ver xvdebodnen saiT umiznebdnen<br />

qarT veli politikosebi. maSin mefe aleqsandrem zvenigorodski<br />

<strong>da</strong> antonovi Tavis Tan <strong>da</strong>ibara <strong>da</strong> ganucxa<strong>da</strong>: `amJamad<br />

osmaleTis sulaTani Cemzea ganrisxebuli, radgan (ruseTis<br />

– e. m.) did xelmwifes mfarveloba vTxove; sulTani mwers,<br />

rom am zafxuls Tavisi jari un<strong>da</strong> gamogzavnos Cems winaaRmdeg~.<br />

elCebi exla iZulebulni gaxdnen, marTalia isev<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d, ma gram saimedod eTqvaT: radgan Cvenma xelmwifem<br />

Tavis mfarvelobaSi agiy vana, igi yvela mtrisagan <strong>da</strong>gicavs.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, moskovSi yvela qristianuli saxelmwifos el-<br />

Cebi Cavidnen, raTa xelmwifes sTxovon, monawileoba mii-<br />

Ros osmaleTis winaaRmdeg omSi. isini gaerTiandebian <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTs gaanadgureben. amitom Cveni xelmwi fis xeldebul<br />

qarTvel mefes arafris SiSi un<strong>da</strong> hqondes 2 .<br />

mefe aleqsandres warmomadgenlebma _ solomonma <strong>da</strong><br />

1 Тамже, с. 163.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 169.<br />

tarsam rus elCebs sxva mxri<strong>da</strong>n Seuties: stamboli<strong>da</strong>n erTi<br />

Cveni mociquli <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ambavi moitana, rom osmalebis<br />

floti espanelebma <strong>da</strong> frankebma gaanad gures, amitom Cvens<br />

mefes surs, Tavisi elCebi romis papTan, espaneTis mefesTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> imperatorTan gagzavnos <strong>da</strong> maT acnobos, rom Cven ruseTis<br />

mfarvelobaSi SevediT. maT elCebs isic sTxoves, Ta vianT<br />

mefes moaxsenon amis Taobaze, raTa man aleqsandres elCebi<br />

Tavisi saxelmwifos teritoriaze gaataros 1 . am diplomatiurma<br />

svlam sasurveli efeqti moaxdina. moskovis elCebi<br />

SeSfoTdnen. maT ar esiamovnaT aleqsandre me fis survili<br />

Tavisi elCebi evropaSi gaegzavna. vin icis ra <strong>da</strong>valebiT<br />

wavidodnen TavianTi mfarveliT ukmayofilo el Cebi. maT saCqarod<br />

gancxa des: Cveni mefis TxovniT aRsdgnen qristianuli<br />

saxelmwifoebi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. Cvenma xelmwifem yvela<br />

im qveyanaSi acnoba, rom aleqsandre mefe Tavis xeldebulad<br />

gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>. gancvifrebulebma elCebma ikiTxes: sxva<br />

raRa un<strong>da</strong> Tqven mefeso? 2<br />

qarTvelebi mixvdnen, rom mizanSi gaartyes <strong>da</strong> elCebis<br />

eWvis kidev ufro gaZlierebas Seecadnen. maT kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />

gacemis magier gaagrZeles: Cveni mefe sul RmerTs<br />

evedreba, rom ruseTis xelmwife <strong>da</strong> yvela qristiani mefe<br />

osmaleTze erTad aRdgnen. sxvaTa Soris isic <strong>da</strong>u mates: Cven<br />

wignebSi gviweria, rom osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>Rupva axlo momavalSi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moxdes <strong>da</strong> Tanac <strong>da</strong>rubandis mxri<strong>da</strong>no. maT kiTxvis saxiT<br />

isic <strong>da</strong>u mates: osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mebrZolni (espaneTis<br />

mefe, imperatori, romis papi <strong>da</strong> sxv.) <strong>da</strong>rubandis gziT<br />

mosvlas Tu SeZlebeno 3 . amgvarad, qarT velma dip lomatebma<br />

ruseTis mefis elCebs moagones reCpospolitis mefe batoris<br />

gegma, romelic kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT,<br />

swored <strong>da</strong> rubandis gziT, ruseTis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg, miznad<br />

1 Тамже, с. 205.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 205-206.<br />

3 Тамже, с. 206.<br />

286 287

isaxav<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan oms. n. berZeniSvili wer<strong>da</strong>: `kaxeT-<br />

Si, mas Semdeg rac konstantinopolSi Turqebi gabatondnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan urTierToba gawy vites, SemuSavebulia<br />

azri-imedi (SeiZleba vifiqroT, roca astraxans<br />

mo suli moskovi imierkavkasiaSi fexis SemodgmiT osmaleTs<br />

<strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong>), rom saqristianos xsna <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n ki ara,<br />

<strong>da</strong>rubandis karze gamosvliT movao~ 1 . me ki mgonia, rom kaxe-<br />

TSi kargad icodnen (wignebSi amokiTxuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T) batoris<br />

gegma. isic safiqrebe lia, rom bators <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan ufro<br />

mWidro kontaqtebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, vidre cnobilia dReisaTvis. ase.<br />

rom aR niSnuli gegma kaxeTSi ar SeumuSavebiaT, magram igi<br />

kaxelebisaTvis mis aRebi iyo.<br />

amgvarad, qarTveli politikuri moRvaweni ruseTis<br />

warmo madgenlebs afrTxilebdnen, rom ruseTi osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolis sa<strong>da</strong>veebs Ta vis xelSi Tu ar aiRebs,<br />

maSin osmaleTis Setevam evropaze, SeiZleba Zalebis iseTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufeba warmoSvas, romelic ruseTis saerTaSoriso mgomareobas<br />

gaarTulebs. axla ki, rogorc iqna, mosk oveli<br />

elCebi saqmianad alaparakdnen: im saxelmwifoebs, romlebic<br />

Tqven axseneT, <strong>da</strong>rubandis Ses axeb gagonilic ki ara aqvT,<br />

Cven ki iq vdgevarT <strong>da</strong>, saWi roebis SemTxvevaSi, mdinare<br />

volgisa <strong>da</strong> kaspiis zRvis saSualebiT <strong>da</strong> rubandis kedlebTan<br />

swrafad misvla SegviZlia. gar<strong>da</strong> amis, tiumeni<strong>da</strong>n 5-6 dReSi<br />

qveiTi jaris moyvanasac SevZlebTo. qarT velebsac es undo<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

maT maSinve Seagebes: Cven kargad viciT, rom ruseTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rubandTan yvelaze ax losaa <strong>da</strong> misi jari mova Tu ara am<br />

um niSvnelovanes cixe-qalaqTan, aleqsandre mefis <strong>da</strong> Sah abasis<br />

jari erT maneTs mdinare alazanze SeuerTdeba, <strong>da</strong>scxeben<br />

<strong>da</strong> sul advilad gaanTavisufleben osmaleTis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobil<br />

qalaqebs. rusma elCebma kaxelebis aRtkinebas zomierebis<br />

la gami amosdes. maT saua bari Semdegi azriT <strong>da</strong>asrules:<br />

1 berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 41-42.<br />

ruseTi imdenad Zlieria, rom misi yvelas eSinia. imedi ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargoT <strong>da</strong>, roca dro mova, yvelafers gavakeTebTo 1 .<br />

moskovis saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefos <strong>politika</strong> osmaleTis<br />

sakiTxSi TanxmobaSi ver modio<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis fiqriT,<br />

osmaleTi kaxeTs xels ver axlebs, radgan igi moskovis<br />

xelmwifis xeldebulia. ruseTi ver gaiziarebs kaxeli<br />

politikuri moRvaweebis gegmas os maleTTan omis <strong>da</strong>wye bis<br />

Sesaxeb. rusi diplomatebi qarTvelebs agrZnobinebdnen, rom<br />

osmaleTTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis dro jer ar <strong>da</strong>mdgara. kaxeTma<br />

un<strong>da</strong> moicados <strong>da</strong> Tavisi moqmedebiT osmaleTi ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

gaagulisos, rasac SeiZleba os maleTis mxriv samxedro<br />

aqciebi mohyves, amas ruseTis xelmwife ver <strong>da</strong>uS vebs, moxdeba<br />

ruseT-osmaleTis konfliqti, rac Tanamedrove etapze<br />

ruseTisaTvis sasurveli ar aris.<br />

kaxeTis samefosaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba rom ruseTis intereseb-<br />

Si iyo, amis sailustraciod aleqsandre mefem, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

warsuli gaix sena: saqarT velo winaT erTiani samefo iyo, magram<br />

Cvenma papispapam igi sam nawilad gayo. erTi nawili Cems<br />

siZe svimons ekuTvnis. magram man Tavisi samefo os malebTan<br />

omSi <strong>da</strong>Rupa. osmalebma mis samflobe loebSi cixe-sima greebi<br />

Cadges <strong>da</strong> TiTqmis mTlianad <strong>da</strong>epatronen. kacma ar icis<br />

momavalSi ra moxdeba 2 . rusma elCebma maSinve upasuxes: Seni<br />

siZe mag dReSi imitom aris, rom Cvens xelmwifes mfarveloba<br />

ar sTxova. magram Seni siZe Tu inebebs, maSin xelmwife Seni<br />

xaTriT Seifarebso 3 . rogorc Cans, saubris am mimar TulebiT<br />

warmarTva aleqsandres gegmaSi ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>. mas ar sur<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom svimon mefe ruseTs <strong>da</strong>kavSirebo<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre mefe<br />

rusebTan saubrisas yovelTvis cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi siZe <strong>da</strong>em-<br />

1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 206; berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr. gv. 42.<br />

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 169-170.<br />

3 gavixsenoT, rom rodion birkins, petre pivovs <strong>da</strong> stefane poluxanovs<br />

jer kidev 1587 wels <strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>T, svimon mefesTan urTierTobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>samyareblad nia<strong>da</strong>gi moesinjaT (Тамже, с. 170).<br />

288 289

cirebina <strong>da</strong> mas mefobiTac ki ar moixsenieb<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandres<br />

mxolod Tavisi Tavi miaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> er TaderT <strong>da</strong> kanonier<br />

mefed. kaxTa mefis naTqvami svimon mefeze rus elCebs<br />

ase un<strong>da</strong> gaegoT: svimoni beci politikosia, osmalebTan mudmivi<br />

omebis Sede gad qvey ana <strong>da</strong>Rupvamde miiyvana. amas gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

afiansac eweva <strong>da</strong> aseT kacTan urTierTobas azri ara aqvso.<br />

aleqsandres kacebi merec, yovel xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi,<br />

cdilobdnen rusi elCebi svimon mefis kaxeTisadmi mtrul<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokide bulebaSi <strong>da</strong>erwmunebinaT 1 .<br />

aleqsandres sur<strong>da</strong> rusi elCebisaTvis Caegonebina, rom<br />

ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel kavkasiaSic ruseTi<br />

mxolod mas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>eyrdnos, magram man roca moismina rusi<br />

elCebis pasuxi svimon mefis mi marT ruseTis samefo karis<br />

azri, am sakiTxze saubari maSinve Sewyvita. mxolod elCebTan<br />

bolo Sexvedrisas, vidre aleqsandre mefe am sakiTxze<br />

saubars ganaaxleb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi saTaTbiros wevrebic ki <strong>da</strong>iTxova.<br />

rogorc Cans, maTac ar andob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi ocnebis sagans.<br />

aleqsandrem winaT xom el Cebs qarTlis samefos mdgomareoba<br />

gaacno, axla saubari <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloze wamoiwyo, romlis<br />

mdgomareoba uaRresad muq ferebSi <strong>da</strong>xata (sainteresoa,<br />

rom kaxeTis mefe, amjera<strong>da</strong>c gaurbis imereTis, rogorc samefos<br />

xsenebas. igi mxolod samegrelos axsenebs). misi TqmiT,<br />

winaT iqac qristianebi cxovrobdnen, didi xani ar aris,<br />

rac osmalebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> ZaliT gaamahmadianes. roca isini<br />

<strong>da</strong>inaxaven, rom me ruseTis xelmwife micavs, isinic maSinve<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmare bisaTvis mas mimarTaven <strong>da</strong> qris tianobas <strong>da</strong>ubrundebian,<br />

samagiero sikeTes ufali did xelmwifes miuzRavs 2 .<br />

amgvarad, aleqsandre II ruseTis xelmwifes amierkavkasiaSi<br />

warmate bis safuZvlad kaxeTis samefosadmi <strong>da</strong>xmarebas<br />

usaxavs. kaxeTis magaliTze sxvebmac un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>inaxon, ruseTs<br />

1 Тамже, с. 221-222.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 220; javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 300-301.<br />

erTmorwmune qristianebis admi rogori <strong>da</strong>xmareba SeuZlia.<br />

osmaleTis gavlenisagan ganTavisufle buli qarTlisa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebis saSu aleba<br />

kaxeTis samefo iqneba, romelic sxva qarTul samefoebTan<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, mdi<strong>da</strong>ric aris <strong>da</strong> mravalricxovani jaric hyavs.<br />

igi, ruseTis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT, mTel <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erT samefod<br />

gaaerTianebs 1 (aleqsandre II moskovis me feebis admi gagzavnil<br />

werilebSi Tavis Tavs xSirad mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefed<br />

moixsenieb<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> ruseTis es mokavSire kidev ufro ga-<br />

Zlierdeba. samagierod osmaleTi <strong>da</strong>sustdeba. magram moskovis<br />

samefo kari yovelTvis ar iziareb<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre mefis<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> politikur miznebs.<br />

8. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

urTierTobani <strong>da</strong> <strong>diplomatia</strong><br />

XVI s. 90-ian wlebSi<br />

1590 wels Sah abaz I iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan zavi<br />

<strong>da</strong>edo. stam bolis zaviT man formalurad scno aRmosavleT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, aR mosavleT somxeTis, Sirvanis, azerbaijanis<br />

didi nawilis, luristanis didi nawilis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT iranis<br />

mniSvnelovani qalaqebis _ hama<strong>da</strong>nisa <strong>da</strong> zenjanis os maleTis<br />

xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>svla.<br />

rogorc iTqva, vidre iran-osmaleTis zavi <strong>da</strong>idebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

manamde qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefoebma osmaleTTan TavianTi<br />

urTierToba mo ag vares. `qarTlma <strong>da</strong> kaxeTma ucxo saxelmwifoebTan<br />

urTierTobis unari SeinareCunes, ris gasauqmeblad<br />

sakmarisi ar aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> saqarT veloze os maleTis `uflebis~<br />

cnoba iranis mier, qarTuli samefoebi osmaleTis `uzenaeso-<br />

1 iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom rodesac aleqsandre II ruseTis<br />

mfarvelobas mi marTav<strong>da</strong>, mas <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gaerTianebis imedic eqnebo<strong>da</strong> (javaxiSvili<br />

iv., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 301).<br />

290 291

as~ droebiT urigdebodnen, magram imave dros diplomatiuri<br />

RonisZiebebiT saerTaSoriso movlenebze aqtiur zegavlenas<br />

axdendnen~ 1 .<br />

moskovSi gasagebi iyo, rom iran-osmaleTis omis <strong>da</strong>mTavrebis<br />

Sem deg ruseT-iranis samxedro kavSiri mniSvnelobas<br />

hkargav<strong>da</strong>. amitom ruseTma iranTan pasiuri Tanamegobrobis<br />

<strong>politika</strong> irCia. imave dros igi cdilob<strong>da</strong>, Tavisi samxedro<br />

poziciebi Crdilo <strong>da</strong>RestanSi ganemtkicebina <strong>da</strong> gavlena<br />

gaeZlierebina <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> yabardoSi 2 . iran-osmaleTis<br />

1590 wlis zaviT ZalTa Tanafardoba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi,<br />

mkveTrad Seicvala 3 . iranze gamarjvebis Semdeg, osmaleTma<br />

agresia evropisken war marTa. gasagebia, rom iqauri<br />

politikosebi kvlav iraniTa <strong>da</strong> saqarTvel oTi <strong>da</strong>interesdnen,<br />

miT umetes, rom cnobili iyo iarani <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

omis ganaxlebisaTvis emzadebodnen.<br />

kaxTa mefe aleqsandres Tavisi samefos keTildReobis<br />

safuZvlad osmaleTis agresiisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>cva miaCn<strong>da</strong>. radgan<br />

qarTli <strong>da</strong> irani os maleTs <strong>da</strong>uzavdnen, amitom, misi azriT,<br />

evropis saxelmwifoebs omi manc un<strong>da</strong> gaegrZelebinaT.<br />

aleqsandrem ico<strong>da</strong> ruseTis samefo karze boris godunovis<br />

didi avtoritetis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong> 1590 wels mas sTxov<strong>da</strong> moexdina<br />

gavlena mefeze, raTa evropis saxelmwifoebi osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg omSi Caeba. roca evropelebi osmalebs oms <strong>da</strong>uwyeben,<br />

<strong>da</strong>askvnis aleqsandre II, maSin «и у Турского поход на<br />

нашу сторону порушитца и людей послати не учнет» 4 .<br />

1593 w. 26 Tebervals fugeris gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli<br />

informaciis mixedviT, Sirvanis gamgebeli hasan faSa stambolSi<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, roca qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebis Sirvanze<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>rubandze Setevis Sesaxeb Seityo. sulTanma hasan<br />

1 CoCievi v., maxlobeli aRmosavleTis saerTaSoriso urTierToba XVI-<br />

XVII sau kuneebSi, gv. 207.<br />

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 137-138.<br />

3 gabaSvili v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 89.<br />

4 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 232.<br />

faSas Tavis sagamgebloSi <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv <strong>da</strong>bruneba ubrZana<br />

<strong>da</strong>, Tu saWiro oqnebo<strong>da</strong>, trapizonis, yarsis, erevnisa <strong>da</strong><br />

samcxis beglarbegebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba eTxova. rogorc Cans,<br />

os maleTis agresiis <strong>da</strong>savleTis mimarTulebiT warmarTviT<br />

isargebles iranma <strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefom <strong>da</strong> wagebuli omis<br />

Sedegebis gamosworebas cdilobdnen. osmalebis kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

balkaneTSi yuradRebis ga<strong>da</strong>taniT SeSfoTebuli iyo yirimis<br />

xani, radgan moskovis saxelmwifo sul ufro imtkiceb<strong>da</strong> poziciebs<br />

kavkasiaSi. yirimis xani sulTans sTxov<strong>da</strong>, rom gaer-<br />

Tianebuli ZaliT aeRoT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>engriaT rusebis mier Cadgmuli<br />

cixeebi 1 . imave gazeTis mixed viT, vidre hasan faSa SirvanSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunde bo<strong>da</strong>, manamde qarTvelebs gaumarjviaT, magram gazeT-<br />

Si araferia naTqvami raSi gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong> es ga marjveba.<br />

`romis saRvTo imperiasTan~ omSi Cabmul osmaleTis<br />

saxelmwifos, qarTvelTa moqmedebam seriozuli sazrunavi<br />

gauCina. sulTanma ga<strong>da</strong>wy vita saqarTvelo-iranis sazRvarze<br />

saswrafod <strong>da</strong>ewyo cixe-simagreebis mSenebloba. osmaleTis<br />

am RonisZiebis gamo iranma pro testi gamoTqva, radgan es<br />

ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> 1590 wlis stambolis zavis pirobebs 2 .<br />

qarTvelebis osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis sxva magaliTis<br />

Sesaxeb, gar<strong>da</strong> zemoaRniSnulisa, cnoba ar gagvaCnia. amitom, Sei-<br />

Zleba <strong>da</strong>vuSvaT, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> iranis agentebi an oficialuri<br />

pirebi, evropel diplomatebs araswor informacias<br />

awvdidnen. amiT maT undo<strong>da</strong>T evropelebisaTvis gaegebinebinaT,<br />

rom qarTvelebi kvlavv osmalebs vebrZviT <strong>da</strong> mokavSirebad<br />

gviguleTo. amgvari moqmedebiT, isini garkveul diplomatiur<br />

warmatebas aRwevdnen. antiosmalurad ganwyo bili evropis<br />

qveynebisaTvis gasagebi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo, rom saqarTvelo <strong>da</strong><br />

irani stambolis zavis Seguebas ar fiqrobdnen. evropaSi, pirvel<br />

rigSi ki papis kuriaSi, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites osmaleTis aRmosavlel<br />

mowi naaRmdegeebs <strong>da</strong>kavSire bodnen. osmaleTsa <strong>da</strong> `romis<br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 31, p. 196.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 196-197.<br />

292 293

saRmrTo imperias~ Soris omis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde papma klementi VIIIm<br />

werili gaugzavna Sah abass <strong>da</strong> evropis antiosmalur ligaSi<br />

Sesvla SesTavaza 1 . imave dros, man diplomatiuri urTierToba<br />

ga naaxla iranTan, rac <strong>da</strong>savleT evropaSi antiosmaluri koaliciis<br />

Seqmni saTvis samzadiss <strong>da</strong>emTxva 2 .<br />

1593 wlis 15 ivniss osmaleTma Seteva ganaaxla `romis<br />

saRmrTo imperiaze~. imperatori rudolfi <strong>da</strong> romis papi<br />

antiosmaluri Zalebis <strong>da</strong> razmvas Seudgnen. 1593 w. 21 noembers<br />

klementi VIII-m aleqsandre kumuloviCi ndobis sigeliTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> instruqciebiT aRWurva <strong>da</strong> aRmosav leTSi gaistumra.<br />

kumuloviCs <strong>da</strong>evala osmaleTis winaaRmdeg aemxedre bina<br />

tran silvaniis mTavari, mol<strong>da</strong>veTisa <strong>da</strong> vlaxeTis voevodebi,<br />

poloneTis mefe, ruseTis mefe <strong>da</strong> Cerqezebi, romlebsac kav-<br />

Siri un<strong>da</strong> SeekraT imperatorTan. sayuradReboa, rom kumuloviCs<br />

specialuri miT iTeba hqon<strong>da</strong>, megrelebis saSualebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSirebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebs 3 , e. i. qarTlis, kaxeTis <strong>da</strong> imereTis<br />

samefoebs.<br />

kumuloviCs moskovis mefe un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>erwmunebina, rom osmaleTi<br />

ruseTs seriozul safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong>. Tu osmaleTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>amarcxeb<strong>da</strong> avstrias, un greTs, poloneTsa <strong>da</strong> litvas, ma-<br />

Sin ruseTi <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> samxreTi<strong>da</strong>n alyaSi moeqceo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

imisaTvis rom es ar moxdes, ruseTma un<strong>da</strong> waaqezos <strong>da</strong> yvelafriT<br />

<strong>da</strong>exmaros iransa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>, raTa maT omiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibrunon <strong>da</strong>karguli teritoriebi. papis azriT, ruseTi fuliT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>exmaros avstrias, xolo yirimeli TaTrebis ganadgureba<br />

ruseTs SesaZleblobas miscems, gavides Savi zRvis<br />

sanapiroebze, sai<strong>da</strong>nac gaexsneba gza konstantinopolisaken 4 .<br />

1 A Chronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, I, London, 1939, p. 68-69.<br />

2 gabaSvili v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 91.<br />

3 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , p. 31, 152.<br />

4 Древная российская вивлиофика, содержащая в себе собрание древностей<br />

российских, до ис то рии, географии и генеалогии российская касающийся.<br />

Изданная Николаем Новиковым, изд. II, ч.XII, М., 1789, с. 449-460; gabaSvili<br />

v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 92.<br />

rogor seriozul Zalad hyav<strong>da</strong>T warmodgenili ruseTi<br />

evropaSi <strong>da</strong> rogor did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen osmaleT-<br />

Tan mebrZoli imper ator ru dolfisaTvis mis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas,<br />

amaze miuTiTebs <strong>da</strong>lmciis kunZul xvaris episkoposis pietro<br />

Ca<strong>da</strong>lanis pap klementi VIII-isaTvis gagazav nili werili.<br />

masSi naTqvamia, rom ruseTis saxelmwifos SeuZlia<br />

brZolis velze gamoiyvanos 200 aTasi mebrZoli <strong>da</strong> sakmaod<br />

didi raodenobis artileria. imave werilSi, marTalia,<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ar aris, magram saqarTveloc na gulisxmevia.<br />

werilis avtori <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom moskovis mefis Cabma antiosmalur<br />

ligaSi sasurvelia imitomac, rom mas mravali<br />

erTmorwmune <strong>da</strong> momxre hyavs sulTnis evropul <strong>da</strong> aziur<br />

samflobeloebSi 1 .<br />

moskovis mTavroba papis gegmas sifrTxiliT moeki<strong>da</strong>,<br />

radgan os maleTTan urTierTobis gamwvavebas eridebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom mosk ovSi cnobili iyo sulTnis roli<br />

1591 <strong>da</strong> 1592 wlebSi yirimis xanis mier ruseTis teritoriebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbevaSi (1591 wels TaTrebma moskovamde miaRwies),<br />

mainc ufro xelsayrelad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T, osmaleTTan moCvenebiTi<br />

megobruli urTierTobis SenarCuneba. 1594 wels moskovis<br />

elCi <strong>da</strong>nila islenievi sulTans umtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTma<br />

irans uari uTxra osmaleTis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>xmarebaze. amasve<br />

amtkiceb<strong>da</strong> yirimSi 1593 wels rusi elCi vanteevi 2 . magram<br />

ruseTi SemTxvevas ar gauSveb<strong>da</strong>, rom diplomatiuri an fulad<br />

saxsrebiT xeli ar Seewyo antiosmaluri Zalebisa-<br />

Tvis.<br />

romis papi iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> espaneTis saerTaSoriso avtoritets,<br />

mefe filipe II-sTan Tavis karg urTierTobas<br />

1 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая<br />

Варкача с 22 июля 1593 года. «Чтения в обществе истории и древностей Российских<br />

при Московском университете», кн. IV, M., 1874 , c. X.<br />

2 Кабaрдино-русские отношения в XVI-XVII вв. Документы и материалы<br />

в 2-х томах, М., 1957, т. I, XVI-XVII вв ., c. 197.<br />

294 295

<strong>da</strong> cdilob<strong>da</strong> isic Caeba antiosmalur ligaSi. albaT misi<br />

CagonebiT espaneTis mefe Sah abazs 1593 wlis <strong>da</strong>sasruls<br />

urCev<strong>da</strong> uari eTqva stambolis zavze 1 .<br />

1593 wlis 27 seqtembers moskovSi mivi<strong>da</strong> `romis saRmrTo<br />

imperiis~ elCi nikolai varkaCi. mis misias Seadgen<strong>da</strong><br />

moskovis Cabma im antios malur koaliciaSi, romelSic un<strong>da</strong><br />

Sesuliyo avstria, romis papi, espa neTi, ve necia, italiisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> germaniis samTavroebi 2 . avstriis karze iTvalis winebdnen<br />

ruseTis <strong>da</strong>interesebas osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>sustebiT (ruseTs xom<br />

sis tematurad esxmo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis vasali yirimis xani) <strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc xvaris episkoposi pietro Ca<strong>da</strong>lani paps swer<strong>da</strong>,<br />

moskovis mefes garkveuli ufle bac ki hqon<strong>da</strong> pretenzia<br />

waeyenebina bizantiis taxtze. imave dros mxedvelobaSi<br />

iRebdnen, rogorc ukve iTqva, moskovis mefis SesaZleblobas,<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>erazma irani <strong>da</strong> misi aRmosav leli<br />

mezoblebi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, moskovis mefisagan finansuri<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedi mainc hqon<strong>da</strong>T. msgavsi precendenti<br />

ukve iyo 1587 wels, rodesac varkaCma osmaleTTan omis motiviT<br />

3 milioni guldeni waiRo 3 .<br />

1593 w. 30 seqtembers varkaCs molaparakeba hqon<strong>da</strong> jer<br />

mefe Tevdore ivanes ZesTan, Semdeg, 17 oqtombers boris godunovTan.<br />

mefesTan meored Sexvedris dros, 22 oqtombers<br />

varkaCma neba iTxova, moskovSi myof iranis elCTan _ haji<br />

xosrovTan 4 Tavisi warmomadgenlis meSveobiT mola parakebis<br />

Sesaxeb. mefe <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>. 23 oqtombers varkaCis msaxurTu-<br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 32, p. 197.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

3 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая<br />

Варкача, c. IX-X.<br />

4 varkaCis mixedviT, haji xosrovi warmoSobiT litveli yofila. is tyveobaSi<br />

Cavar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iranSi moxv<strong>da</strong> (Тамже, с. 22). haji xosrovs Tavisi warmoSobis<br />

Sesaxeb uTqvams as traxanis voevo<strong>da</strong>sTan saubarSic. Бушев П.П., История<br />

посольств и дипломатических отношений Русского и Иранского государств в<br />

1586-1612 гг. (По русским архивам), М., 1976, с. 180.<br />

frosi qristofore uprugi haji xosrovTan mosalaparakeblad<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong>. aseve moiqca haji xosrovi. imanac Tavisi Tanmxlebi<br />

erT-erTi didebuli varkaCisTan mosalaparakeblad<br />

gagzavna 1 .<br />

ratom ar Sexvdnen erTmaneTs haji xosrovi <strong>da</strong> varkaCi?<br />

cnobilia, rom avstrias antiosmalur koaliciaSi iranis<br />

Cabma ruseTis Suamavlo biT sur<strong>da</strong>. am ori qveynis warmomadgenlebis<br />

aseT <strong>da</strong>bal doneze Sexvedra, safiqrebelia,<br />

moskovis samefo karis surviliT mox<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ai ratom: iransa<br />

<strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris zaviT ukmayofilo moskovis samefo<br />

kars, marTalia, iranis warmomadgeneli umtkiceb<strong>da</strong>, rom es<br />

mxolod droebiTi zavi iyo, ma gram rusebs ar sjero<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

rogorc haji xosrovis saubri<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> moskovSi Camotanili<br />

Sahis sigeli<strong>da</strong>n Can<strong>da</strong>, irani amjerad moskovis saxelmwifosTan<br />

diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> savaWro urTier Tobis gagrZelebas<br />

fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. rusi diplomatebis azriT ruseTis iranTan<br />

urTierToba osmaleTis wi naaRmdeg samxedro moqmedebaSi ar<br />

un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>zrdiliyo, maSin rodesac, iranis mxriv, aseTi moqmedeba<br />

misaRebad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T 2 . moskovSi osmaleTTan urTierTobis<br />

garTuleba ar sur<strong>da</strong>T. aq dRe-dReze elodnen osmaleTis<br />

elCebs. albaT, SemTxveviTi ar iyo iranis elCis moskovi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gaSveba 1593 w. 26 oqtombers. 31 oqtombers osmaleTis el-<br />

Cebi moskovSi mividnen 3 .<br />

haji xosrovis elCoba sainteresoa imiTic, rom 1593 w. 13<br />

seqtem bers boris godunovi, iranis elCis masTan audienciis<br />

dros, saqarT velos sa kiTxsac Seexo. boris godunovma aRni-<br />

Sna, rom kaxeTis mefe aleqsandres TxovniT, moskovma Samxlis<br />

1 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая<br />

Варкача, c. 23. Sdr. Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 188, sa<strong>da</strong>c naTqvamia, rom iranisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> avstriis elCebi moskovSi erT maneTs Sexvdnen.<br />

2 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 185-188.<br />

3 Описания путешествия в Mоскву посла Римского императора Hиколая<br />

Варкача, c. 25.<br />

296 297

winaaRmdeg didi jari gagzavna. rusTa jaris sar<strong>da</strong>ls andrei<br />

ivanes Ze xvorostinins `aleqsandre mefis <strong>da</strong> mTeli iv eriis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva~ <strong>da</strong>evala 1 . rogorc cnobilia, 1594 w. mowyobili es<br />

laSqroba, romelSic kaxeTis mefis vaJs jariT monawileoba<br />

un<strong>da</strong> mieRo, magram ar miiRo, marcxiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

haji xosrovis moskovSi yofnisas pirvelad aRiZra kaxeTis<br />

ufliswulis konstantines Sahis kari<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xsnisa <strong>da</strong><br />

misi moskovSi way vanis sakiTxi 3 . kaxeli ufliswulis sakiTxi,<br />

XVI s. 90-iani wlebis saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTier-<br />

TobaSi, sul ufro aqtiuri xdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1593 w. Sah abasis elCis winaSe <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>da</strong> qarTveli<br />

ufliswulze saubris <strong>da</strong>wyebiT, moskovSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mimarT<br />

iranis poziciis garkveva sur<strong>da</strong>T. magram haji xosrovisagan<br />

bevri veraferi Seityves. igi moxerxebulad arideb<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavs am arasasiamovno saubars <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>kvriT agrZnobineb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom aq iseTi araferia, romelic moskov-iranis urTierTobas<br />

Seaferxebso.<br />

haji xosrovis elCobiT Sah abasma mniSvnelovan warmatebas<br />

miaR wia: moskovis saxelmwifosTan diplomatiuri urTierToba<br />

aRsdga, rasac Sahi osmaleTTan Semdgomi brZolisaTvis<br />

did mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. moskovis mTavroba Sahs<br />

hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom xels Seuwyob<strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>kavSire bas avstriasTan,<br />

oRond irani osmaleTTan mSvidobian mdgomareobaSi<br />

nu iqne bo<strong>da</strong>. rogorc boris godunovi Sahs wer<strong>da</strong>, am mizans<br />

emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> misi Suamdgomloba varkaCisa <strong>da</strong> haji xosrovis<br />

moskovSi molaparakebis gamarT visaTvis. moskovis mTavroba<br />

saSualebas miscem<strong>da</strong> iransa <strong>da</strong> avstrias erT maneTisaTvis el-<br />

Cebi gaegzavnaT ruseTze gavliT 4 . savarau doa, rom Sah abass<br />

1 Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 186-187; Бушев П. П., Ук. труд, c. 189. Sdr.<br />

tivaZe T., iran Tan politikuri urTierTobis sakiTxi, gv. 187.<br />

2 berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 50-56, 70-72; bocvaZe T., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.,<br />

gv. 51-52; Бушев П. П., Ук. труд, c. 240, 244, 255, 256, 296.<br />

3 Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 186; berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. maSr., gv. 64-70.<br />

4 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 191-194.<br />

amis Semdeg gauCn<strong>da</strong> idea, evropasTan kavSiri osmaleTTan<br />

omSi gamo eyenebina 1 .<br />

rogorc iTqva, habsburgebma osmaleTTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebisTanave<br />

Zlier gaaqtiures <strong>diplomatia</strong> antiosmaluri koaliciis<br />

Sesaqmnelad. am sakiTxisaTvis di<strong>da</strong>d iRwvo<strong>da</strong> habsburgebis<br />

mokavSire transilvaniis mTa vari zigmund batori. man kav-<br />

Siri Sekra vlaxeTis mTavar mixaisTan <strong>da</strong> mol<strong>da</strong>veTis mTavar<br />

aronTan. am antiosmaluri kavSiris meTauri un<strong>da</strong> yo filiyo<br />

zigmund batori 2 .<br />

1594 wlis TebervalSi zigmund batori Tavisi razmebiT<br />

mol <strong>da</strong>veTSi idga <strong>da</strong> molaparakebas awarmoeb<strong>da</strong> Cerqezebis,<br />

kazakebisa <strong>da</strong> polonelTa razmebis meTaurebTan, raTa isini<br />

osmalebTan omSi <strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen. rogorc Cans molaparakeba<br />

warumateblad <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong>. imave wlis bolos papma kle menti<br />

VIII-m Tavisi elCebi mol<strong>da</strong>veTsa <strong>da</strong> poloneTSi gagzavna,<br />

papma maT samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis sanacvlod fuli gaugzavna 3 .<br />

pa pis varaudiT, radgan moskovis mefes `yvelaze ukeTesad<br />

SeeZlo werilebisa <strong>da</strong> elCebis saSualebiT <strong>da</strong>kavSirebo<strong>da</strong><br />

Cerqezebs, qarT velebsa <strong>da</strong> sparselebs~, amitom mas un<strong>da</strong><br />

ezruna maT Seyvanaze antios malur ligaSi 4 .<br />

moskovis saxelmwifoSi mcire cnobebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>T axlo<br />

aRmosav leTis, kerZod, iranis politikuri mdgomareobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> samxedro poten ciis Sesaxeb. saWiro iyo imis garkveva,<br />

SeeZlo Tu ara irans omis gagrZeleba. 1594 w. 30 maiss<br />

moskovi<strong>da</strong>n iranSi gaigzavna andria zvenig orodskis elCoba,<br />

romlis winaSe <strong>da</strong>yenebuli miznebi <strong>da</strong> amocanebi naTels xdis,<br />

rom elCobas se riozuli roli un<strong>da</strong> Seesrulebina antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciis SeqmnisaTvis mola parakebis pirobebis SemuSavebaSi,<br />

mas aseve gavlena un<strong>da</strong> moexdina ara mxolod<br />

1 Тамже, с. 201.<br />

2 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 31, p. 153.<br />

3 Мохов Н., Очерки истории молдаво-русско-украинских связей, Кишинев,<br />

1961 , с. 73-74.<br />

4 Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 153.<br />

298 299

iranTan Semdgom urTier Tobaze, aramed osmaleTis sulTnisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> yirimis xanis winaaRmdeg brZolazec 1 .<br />

boris godunovi Tavisi sigeliT Sahs acnobeb<strong>da</strong> imperator<br />

ru dolf II-is mier espaneTis, veneciis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa jarebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebiT 1593 wels os maleTze gamarjvebis Sesaxeb.<br />

boris godunovi aseTive warmatebas usurveb<strong>da</strong> Sahs Tavis<br />

mtrebze. bolos godunovi Sahs Txov<strong>da</strong>, rom yazvinSi mZevlad<br />

myofi kaxeTis ufliswuli konstantine gaeTavisuflebina.<br />

boris godunovi iqve Sahs hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>, rom aleqsandre<br />

mefe mZevlis gareSec iranis erTguli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

n. berZeniSvili moskovis mTavrobis mier qarTveli<br />

ufliswulis moTxovnas miiCnev<strong>da</strong> ruseTis moxerxebul<br />

c<strong>da</strong>d, `raTa Sahs moskov-kaxeTis mfarveloba-xeldebulebis<br />

aqti, Tu oficialured ara, arapir <strong>da</strong>pir mainc ecno~ 3 .<br />

Sahis karze konstantine ufliswulis sakiTxis <strong>da</strong>yenebiT<br />

moskovis mTavroba erTdroulad ramdenime mizans isaxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

jer erTi, ufliswulis sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, kaxeTis sakiTxi<br />

iyo. ruseTi konstan tine ufliswuls irani<strong>da</strong>n Tu<br />

waiyvan<strong>da</strong>, es iranis mier kaxeTze ruseTis uflebis aRiareba,<br />

xolo iranis kaxeTze siuzerenobis <strong>da</strong>kargvis aRireba<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. moskovis moTxovna Sahma swored ase Seafasa. Sahs<br />

SeeZlo gamahmadianebuli konstantine kaxeTis taxtis pretendentad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eqcia, rac sabolood asec mox<strong>da</strong>. kaxeTis<br />

taxtze mahmadian mefes ruseTi ver Seeguebo<strong>da</strong>. swored ami-<br />

Ti iyo gamow veuli Sahis karze moskovis elCebis aqtiuroba<br />

konstantines xelSi Casagdebad. amave dros, rogorc boris<br />

godunovis mier saqarT veloSi ruseTis elCis ivane vsevolodskis<br />

xeliT gagzavnili sigeli<strong>da</strong>n Cans, igi moiTxov<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom amis Semdeg moskovTan SeTanxmebis gareSe kaxeTis<br />

1 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 240.<br />

2 Памятники дипломатических сношений Дреней России с державами<br />

иностранными, с. 216-217; Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 242.<br />

3 berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 52.<br />

mefes mahmadiani mbrZaneblebisTvis mZevali aRar mieca 1 . qristianuli<br />

saxelmwifo ki <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> uSualo mezoblobaSi,<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> moax loebuli ruseTisa sxva aRar hyav<strong>da</strong>. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

aleqsandre mefes mZevali mxolod mfarvelisaTvis un<strong>da</strong><br />

mieca.<br />

osmaleTTan omis mosurne kaTolikuri saxelmwifoebis<br />

diplo matebi iTvaliswinebdnen ruseTis pozicias osmaleT-<br />

Tan urTierTobaSi <strong>da</strong> realurad afasebdnen mis interesebs<br />

kavkasiasa <strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosav leTSi.<br />

ruseTi <strong>da</strong>interesebuli ar iyo habsburgebisaTvis iseTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba gaewia, romelic balkaneTSi mis ganmtkicebas<br />

waadgebo<strong>da</strong>. amgvari <strong>da</strong>xmarebisagan ruseTi yovelTvis Tavs<br />

ikaveb<strong>da</strong>. rac Seexeba ruseTis pozicias kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

mimarT, aq yvelaferi garekveuli iyo. XVI s. bolo meoTxed-<br />

Si moskovis mTavroba cdilob<strong>da</strong> fexis mokidebas kaspiis<br />

zRvis sanapiroze, rac astraxanis <strong>da</strong>pyrobiT nawilobriv<br />

SesZlo kidec. magram ruseTis iq gabatonebas mudmivad emuqrebo<strong>da</strong><br />

os maleTi. astraxanis <strong>da</strong>cvis aucileblobam ruseTi<br />

kavkasiaSi miiyvana, sai<strong>da</strong>nac kidev ufro sasurveli perspeqtiva<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iSala: kavkasiaze ga mavali gzebis xelSi Cag debiT<br />

axlo aRmosavleTTan <strong>da</strong> indoeTTan <strong>da</strong> kavSireba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

antiosmalur ligaSi monawileoba ruseTisTvis sasargeblo<br />

rom iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, amas aleqsandre kumuloviCi 1594 wlis<br />

11 noembris werilSi Sem degnairad asabuTeb<strong>da</strong>: moskovis mefe<br />

`Sav <strong>da</strong> kaspiis zRvebs Soris gaxsnis gzas aziisaken <strong>da</strong> xels<br />

gauwvdis Cerqezebs, megrelebs, qarT velebsa <strong>da</strong> aziis sxva<br />

xalxebs~. kumuloviCi imasac iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>, rom adgilobrivi<br />

qristianuli mosaxleoba mxurvaled <strong>da</strong>uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars<br />

ruseTis am nabijs 2 . saintersoa, rom kumuloviCis TqmiT,<br />

ruseTi `<strong>da</strong>ipyrob<strong>da</strong> mTel teritoriebs kaspiis zRvamde<br />

<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>iqceo<strong>da</strong> kaspiis zRvis Crdilo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleTi sana-<br />

1 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 262.<br />

2 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 153.<br />

300 301

piroebis absolutur baton-patronad, misi samflobe loebis<br />

sazRvrebi saqarTvelomde ga<strong>da</strong>iWimebo<strong>da</strong>~ 1 . aRniSnuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamomdinare ruseTisaTvis ufro sasargebloa kavSiri iran-<br />

Tan <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan, raTa osmalebi kavkasii<strong>da</strong>n erToblivad<br />

gandevnon.<br />

1594 wlis 17 noembers poloneTis seimma antiosmaluri<br />

ligis Seqmnis sakiTxi ganixila. miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebis<br />

mixedviT, warmateba im SemTxvevaSi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> mopovebuli, Tu<br />

papi moskovis mefes imperatorTan <strong>da</strong>akavSireb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> maT mxars<br />

<strong>da</strong>uWerdnen iranis Sahi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebi 2 .<br />

aleqsandre kaxTa mefes, evropasTan diplomatiuri<br />

urTierToba, rom uSualod <strong>da</strong> moskovis saSualebiT hqon<strong>da</strong>,<br />

amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. magram, rogorc irkveva, evropis<br />

saxelmwifoebi antiosmaluri ligis Sesaqmnelad mxolod<br />

aleqsandre II-sTan ar urTierTobdnen. isini gansakuTreebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebulni iyvnen, osmalebis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>uRalavi<br />

mebrZolis, qarTlis mefe svimon I-is ligaSi CabmiT.<br />

svimon mefis kontaqtebi evropis qveynebTan xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTis gverdis avliT. cnobilia, rom zig mund batori<br />

qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> Cerqezebis antiosmalur ganwyobilebaze<br />

kargad informirebuli iyo Tavisi diplomatis matiaS kisis<br />

saSualebiT. isic savaraudoa, rom ev ropeli diplomatebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saidumlo agentebis saSualebiT warmoeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

samefoebsa <strong>da</strong> evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris miwer-mowera.<br />

1595 wlis 29 apriliT <strong>da</strong>TariRebul pap klementi VIIIis<br />

instruqciaSi, romelic kumuloviCs moskovSi gaegzavna,<br />

naTqvamia, rom is valdebulia wavides CerqezeTSi <strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

kavSiri <strong>da</strong>amyaros amierkavkasiis mefeebTan 3 . cnobili<br />

ar aris SesZlo Tu ara man am <strong>da</strong>valebis Sesruleba, magram<br />

SiZleba <strong>da</strong>bejiTebiT iTqvas, rom misi an misi msgavsi<br />

1 `Starine~, kniga XIV, Zagreb, 1882, p. 112-113.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 122.<br />

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 154.<br />

diplomat-agentebis saSualebiT mox<strong>da</strong> svimon mefis evropis<br />

sax elmwifoebTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba. saintereso cnobaa Semonaxuli<br />

venecieli dip lomatis, alesandro malipieros 1596 wlis<br />

relaciaSi. igi ambobs, rom qarTvel mefeebs `megobruli<br />

urTierToba aqvT espaneTis mefesTan, romel Tanac werilebs<br />

agzavnian ormuzsa <strong>da</strong> sxva adgilebze gamavali gzebiT~ 1 .<br />

antiosmalurad ganwyobili yvela saxelmwifosaTvis<br />

naTeli iyo, rom qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefeebis Serigeba met<br />

warmatebas moitan<strong>da</strong>. magram dgebo<strong>da</strong> kiTxva: visi iniciativiT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo Serigeba _ ruseTisa Tu iranis. amas<br />

principuli mniSvneloba hqon<strong>da</strong>. Tu reseTis <strong>diplomatia</strong><br />

gai marjveb<strong>da</strong>, maSin mosalodneli iyo svimon mefec ruseTis<br />

mefis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, iranis Sahic<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre II Tavis mxares ga<strong>da</strong>eyvana. aleqsandre<br />

mefes, rogorc adre iTqva, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gaerTianeba<br />

sur<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis meTaurobiT. am amocanis Tavis sa sargeblod<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas igi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis ruseTis<br />

mfarvelobaSi SeyvaniT fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. Tevdore xelmwife 1596<br />

wlis ivnisSi aleqsandre kaxTa mefes pasuxad swer<strong>da</strong>: «А что<br />

к нашему царьскому величеству писал еси в грамоте, что по<br />

нашему царьского величества повеленью з зятем своим с<br />

Симоном помирился еси вековым миром и начаешся Божьей<br />

милости, которые земли от вас отстали Мингрелская и<br />

Гуриелская и Мамучарская, чтоб вам их к себе про воро тит<br />

и под нашу царскую руку их привести» 2 .<br />

moskovis mefe svimon pirvelTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>myarebisaken<br />

miis wrafo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mas qarTlis mefesTan aleqsandres<br />

Suamavloba ar akmayo fileb<strong>da</strong>. igi aleqsandres imave werilSi<br />

miuTiTeb<strong>da</strong>, rom roca Seni el Cebi moskovSi wamovlen,<br />

maT wamohyvnen svimon mefis elCebic, raTa <strong>da</strong>dg indes «как<br />

ему вперед быти в нашем царьском жалованье под нашей<br />

1 Berchet, Op. cit., p. 97.<br />

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 267.<br />

302 303

царьскою вы сокою рукою и во обороне от ваших недругов...<br />

и пожалеиаи их отпустим и своего по сла к нему пошлем» 1 .<br />

saeWvoa, aleqsandre mefes moswonebo<strong>da</strong> moskovis xelmwi fis<br />

aseTi didi interesi qarTlis samefos mimarT <strong>da</strong> igi Seecdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTlis samefos ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba ar momx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />

ibadeba kiTxva: ratom svimon mefe TviTon ar cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

ruseTTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebas?<br />

svimon I iran-osmaleTis omis dros <strong>da</strong> mis Semdegac,<br />

sicocxlis bolomde, proiranuli orientaciisa iyo. mas,<br />

osmaleTTan samkvdro-sasicocxlo omis viTarebaSi, rodesac<br />

yizilbaSebTan erTad osmalebis winaaRmdeg ibrZo<strong>da</strong>, saSualeba<br />

ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, SahisaTvis miuRebeli <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong><br />

gaetarebina, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, svimonisaTvis kargad iyo cnobili<br />

Sa his ganwyobileba kaxeTis mefis ruseTTan urTierTobis<br />

gamo. man kar gad ico<strong>da</strong> agreTve, aleqsandres im rTuli<br />

diplomatiuri TamaSis Ses axeb, ro melsac igi SahTan <strong>da</strong><br />

moskovis xelmwifesTan antiosmaluri ligis Seqmni saTvis <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisi saboloo miznis, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gaerTiane bisaTvis awarmoeb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

svimon I amitom eridebo<strong>da</strong> moskovTan kontaqts. igi<br />

evropis sax elmwifoebTan urTierTobis drosac, Sahis mi-<br />

TiTebiT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. swored Sahis moTxovniT un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo,<br />

rom mefe evropaSi gagzavnil werilebSi 2 ruseTs ar<br />

axsenebs, yvelgan laparakia mxolod qarTl-kaxeT-iranis<br />

koaliciis Camoyalibebaze. marTalia, wer ilebSi arsad naTqvami<br />

ar aris koaliciis romelime wevris wamyvani rolis<br />

Sesaxeb, magram adresatebisaTvis gasagebi iyo, rom samTa<br />

kavSirSi irani pirveli un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. amgvarad, Sah abazi<br />

evropel partniorebs warudgen<strong>da</strong> koalicias masSi ruseTis<br />

1 Тамже, с. 268.<br />

2 TamaraSvili m., istoria kaTolikobisa, gv. 76-78, 605-607; <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

siZveleni, II, e. TayaiSvilis re<strong>da</strong>qtorobiT, Tf., 1909, gv. 80-80; Macler F.,<br />

Noticè de manuscrite armeniens. `Revue des Etudes Armeniennes~, t. I, fasc. I-II,<br />

Paris, 1920 , p. 73-78; Tardy L., Op. cit., p. 32, 157-158; gabaSvili v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.,<br />

gv. 94-99.<br />

monawileobis gareSe, maSin, roca imave partniorebTan miwer-mowerisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> molaparakebis dros ruseTi aRmosav leTis<br />

antiosmaluri Zalebis <strong>da</strong>mrazmvelad gamodio<strong>da</strong>. es ki niSnav<strong>da</strong><br />

imas, rom ruseTi, Sahis azriT, ar un<strong>da</strong> Careuliyo<br />

kavkasiisa <strong>da</strong> axlo aR mosavleTis saqmeebSi, rom es regionebi<br />

iranis gavlenis sfero iyo. rogorc n. berZeniSvili<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, Sah abasi os maleTis winaaRmdeg sul sxva koalicias<br />

razmav<strong>da</strong>. yovel SemTxvevaSi, osmaleTTan omSi ruseTis<br />

beladoba amierkavkasiaSi Sah abass gamoricxulad miaCn<strong>da</strong>~ 1 .<br />

iranis elCis, andi-begis molaparakeba moskovSi miznad<br />

isaxav<strong>da</strong> kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semosvlis SeCerebas. Sahma am<br />

molaparakebas antiosmaluri xasiaTi misca, magram mizani<br />

sxva hqon<strong>da</strong>. Sahs mxolod Samx alis ruseTis gavlenis qveS<br />

moxvedra ar aSineb<strong>da</strong>. mas gansakuTre biT rusTa jaris Semdgomi<br />

winsavla <strong>da</strong>RestanSi <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan<br />

kavSiri afiqreb<strong>da</strong>. raTa kaspiispireTSi ruseTis SeWra Se-<br />

Cerebuliyo, amisaTvis aucileblad miaCn<strong>da</strong> rusi xelmwifisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefis SamxalTan Serigeba, Tun<strong>da</strong>c amisaTvis ruse-<br />

Tis su verenitetis cnoba sa Samxloze <strong>da</strong> Samxalis vaJis<br />

moskovSi mZevlad gagzavna gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo saWiro. Sahi am miznis<br />

misaRwevad mzad iyo rusT xelmwifes <strong>da</strong>rubandis an baqos<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>cemas <strong>da</strong>pirebo<strong>da</strong>. rogorc Cans, andi begma <strong>da</strong>valebas<br />

warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli gamosvla<br />

saSamxlos wi naaRmdeg mxolod 10 wlis Semdeg, 1604-1605<br />

wlebSi, mox<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

manamde ki ruseT-iranis diplomatiur urTierTobaSi<br />

qarTlis sa kiTxi garkveuli simwvaviT un<strong>da</strong> mdgariyo. ori<br />

metoqe, sabolood, kom pro misul SeTanxmebaze wavi<strong>da</strong>: er-<br />

Toblivad emoqme<strong>da</strong>T qarTl-kaxeTis Sesarigeblad. am sakiTxis<br />

mogvareba <strong>da</strong>evalaT stambolSi myof moskovisa <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

elCebs. rodesac osmalebma maTTvis micemuli <strong>da</strong> valebis Ses-<br />

1 berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 70.<br />

2 Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, c. 222.<br />

304 305

axeb gaiges, isini <strong>da</strong>apatimres, `radgan Turqebs aSineb<strong>da</strong>T<br />

kavSiri moskovsa, sparseTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Soris, mimarTuli<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg~ 1 .<br />

rogorc adre iTqva, romis papi saqarTvelo-iranis antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciaSi Cabmis organzebas moskovs sTxov<strong>da</strong>.<br />

moRweulia Tevdore ivanes Zis pasuxi klementi VIII-is elC<br />

kumuloviCisadmi: `Sen gvTxove, rom migvew era sparseTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefeebisaTvis TurqeTTan omis sakiTxTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

SirebiT... gasul wels Cven mivwereT sparseTis me fes, ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>edo zavi TurqeTTan... Cven axlac gavgzavniT masTan delegacias,<br />

raTa vacnoboT yvalaferi razec Cven SevTanxmdiT. Cven<br />

momaval Sic mivmarTavT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe aleqsandres, raTa<br />

mWidro kavSiri iqonios sparseTis mefesTan~ 2 . naCqarevad<br />

meCveneba moyvanil amonaridis mixedviT, l. tardis mier<br />

gamotanili <strong>da</strong>skvna, TiTqos ruseT-saqarT velo-iranis<br />

mZlavri an tiosmaluri liga Seiqmna. marTalia, irans osmaleTTan<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi, espaneTi <strong>da</strong> saqarTvelo<br />

qvemexebis miwodebas hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> 3 , magram es mxolod<br />

<strong>da</strong>pireba iyo <strong>da</strong> sxva araferi. saWiro iyo iranis waqezeba<br />

osmaleTis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelo (kaxeTis<br />

samefo) TavisTvis misaRebi ruseTis <strong>sagareo</strong> politikuri<br />

kursis xelSemwyobad gamodio<strong>da</strong>. bolos <strong>da</strong> bolos svimon I<br />

<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre II Serigdnen. venecieli diplomati alesandro<br />

malipiero 1596 wlis TebervalSi senatSi wakiTxul moxsenebaSi<br />

aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom qarTveli me feebis Serigeba iranis<br />

Sahis avtoritetis wyalobiT mox<strong>da</strong> 4 . amiT faqtobrivad<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> samTa liga qarTl-kaxeT-iranis SemadgenlobiT.<br />

svimon I espaneTSi gagzavnil werilSi aRniS nav<strong>da</strong>, rom aRmosavleTSi<br />

Seqm nil ligis wevrebs Soris winaT uTanx moeba<br />

1 Hammer J., Op. cit. , S. 316; svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 216-217.<br />

2 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 32, p. 156.<br />

3 Ungerische und Siebenbürgische Krieghändel, Frankfurt am Main, 1590 , S.<br />

322-323; Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 157.<br />

4 Berchet, ., Op. cit., p. 96-97.<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> (qarTl-kaxeTsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeT-irans Soris uTanxmoeba),<br />

magram Serigdnen os maleTis winaaRmdeg er Toblivi brZolis,<br />

agreTve ierusalimisa <strong>da</strong> yvela qristianis osmalTa batonobisagan<br />

gan TavisuflebisaTvis 1 .<br />

aRmosavleTSi antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas sulTnis<br />

mkacri reaqcia mohyva. igi gansakuTrebul aRSfoTebas `veragi<br />

gaiZvera, intrigani, viTarca mela~ svimon I-is mimarT<br />

gamoxatav<strong>da</strong>. Sah abasisaT vis gagzavnil wer ilSi murad III<br />

wer<strong>da</strong>: svimoni `ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi udrtvinvelad<br />

Cveni moxarke iyo, rogorc ki aRgviTqva morCileba, Cven vubrZaneT<br />

mesaz Rvreebs, rom im sazizRari <strong>da</strong> urwmuno qveynisaTvis<br />

xeli ar exloT. ami tom Cvenma jarebma <strong>da</strong>toves misi<br />

qveyana, ga<strong>da</strong>ketes yovelgvari gza areu lobisa <strong>da</strong> omisa <strong>da</strong><br />

icavdnen [svimonis] qveyanas sxve bisagan. im SemTxvevaSi Tu<br />

isini ar <strong>da</strong>afaseben im did wyalobas, romelic maT qarTvelebis<br />

mi marT gamoiCines, fics gatexaven, misi [svimonis] gvami<br />

gvelebisa <strong>da</strong> Wi anWvelebis lukma gaxdeba~ 2 .<br />

savaraudoa, rom aleqsandre II am koaliciis miznebs mTlad<br />

ar iziareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gulmodginebas arc misi ganxorcielebisaTvis<br />

iCen<strong>da</strong>. ruseTis gamoTiSvas osmaleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

omi<strong>da</strong>n, kaxeli politikosebi ver <strong>da</strong>eTnxmebodnen, magram<br />

iZulebulni iyvnen garkveul dromde gaCumebuliyvnen. isic<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris (SeiZleba<br />

arc arsebob<strong>da</strong>) kaxeTis mefis werili, gagzavnili svimon mefis<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sah abasis werilebTan erTad evropaSi. savaraudoa,<br />

rom aleqsandre II <strong>da</strong>Tanx m<strong>da</strong> (an ki <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>?) zemoxsenebuli<br />

werilebis avtorebs, misi sax eliTac mieweraT evropis<br />

saxelmwifoTa meTaure bisaTvis. marTali ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

1 gabaSvili v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 95.<br />

2 svaniZe m., 1588 wels qarTlis mefe svimon I-isa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis sar<strong>da</strong>l<br />

ferhad faSas Soris <strong>da</strong>debuli sazavo xelSekruleba. `qarTuli <strong>diplomatia</strong>~,<br />

weliwdeuli, #10, Tb., 2003 , gv. 151.<br />

306 307

julfeli 1 Tu eCmiaZineli 2 diplomatis, Sah abasis elCis,<br />

ter-iakobis naTqvami, TiTqos mas Tan hqon<strong>da</strong> mefe aleqsandres<br />

werilebic evropis mefe-mTavrebisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacemad 3 .<br />

ter-ia kobi Sah abasis gamocdili diplomati iyo <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, kaxTa mefis ganwyobilebaze sityvasac ar <strong>da</strong>Zrav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

Sahsa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefes Soris rom kvlav <strong>da</strong>Zabuli vi-<br />

Tareba iyo, amaze miuTiTebs Semdegi momentic. Sahma aleqsandre<br />

mefesTan miRweuli SeTanxmebis ganmtkiceba <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis<br />

sabolood Tavis mxareze ga<strong>da</strong>yvana 1596 wels saqorwino<br />

kavSiriT sca<strong>da</strong>. man Tavisi elCi didi saCuqrebiT gagzavna<br />

kaxeTis mefesTan <strong>da</strong> asuli sTxova Tavis sacoled. aleqsandres<br />

gansjiT, Sahs mZevlis warTmeva undo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>naTsaveba.<br />

amitom man moxerxebu lad uTxra uari – Cemi asuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnulia samegrelos mTavarzeo. aleqsandrem yizilbaS<br />

elCebs pasuxTan erTad saCuqrebic gaatana 4 . male Sahma namdvili<br />

zraxvebi gamoamJRavna. 1597 wels Sah abasma kaxeTis<br />

aklebis muqariT aleqsandres mosTxova Tavisi naTesave bi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

yvelaze saukeToso qalwuli misTvis sacoled gaegzvna.<br />

amjerad mefe iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Sahis moTxovna <strong>da</strong>ekmayofilebina<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavis colis Zmis (amilaxoris) asuli gaugzavna<br />

5 .<br />

svimon I 1595 wli<strong>da</strong>n aqtiurad Caeba antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi, rac sakmaod kargad aisaxa<br />

maSindel diplomatiur mi mowerasa <strong>da</strong> sabuTebSi. am mxriv<br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 32, p. 160.<br />

2 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 76.<br />

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 162.<br />

4 Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 310-311.<br />

5 Тамже, с. 311; Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 437, 441; Крымский Е. А., История<br />

Турции и ее ли тературы, II, M., 1919, c. 291; berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.,<br />

gv. 76. Sahs aseve qorwine bis gziT undo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ebrunebina kavkasiaSi <strong>da</strong>karguli<br />

zogierTi samflobelo. 1597 wels abazma sulTans sTxova Tavisi <strong>da</strong> sacoled<br />

mieca. imave dros man mziTvis saxiT moiTxova Samaxia, <strong>da</strong>rubandi <strong>da</strong> sxva adgilebi,<br />

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi omis <strong>da</strong>wyebiT <strong>da</strong>emuqra. sulTanma mas Tvaziani<br />

uari SeuTvala. Сношения России с Кавказом, c. 311.<br />

seriozul interess imsaxurebs transilvaniis mTavris zigmund<br />

batoris <strong>da</strong>kavSireba svimon mefesTan os maleTis winaaRmdeg<br />

erToblivad sabrZolvelad. 1595 w. 25 ian vars,<br />

praRaSi, imperator rudolfsa <strong>da</strong> zigmund bators Soris<br />

<strong>da</strong>ido osmaleTis wi naaRmdeg erToblivi brZolis<br />

xelSekruleba 1 . imave wlis 20 <strong>da</strong> 30 iv niss <strong>da</strong>debuli<br />

xelSekrulebebis sa fuZvelze, valaxeTis voevo<strong>da</strong> mixaim <strong>da</strong><br />

mol<strong>da</strong>veTis mTavarma Stefan rez vanma scnes zigmund batoris<br />

uzenaesoba 2 . amgvarad, Camoyalib<strong>da</strong> Zlieri an tiosmaluri<br />

koalicia, ro melmac, Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad samxedro warmatebasac<br />

miaRwia.<br />

zigmund batori iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> ra osmaleTis imperiis<br />

samxedro Zlierebas, aucileblad miaCn<strong>da</strong> misi Zalebis nawilobriv<br />

<strong>da</strong>bandeba aR mo savleTSi. batorim kargad ico<strong>da</strong> svimon<br />

mefis osmaleTis winaaRmdeg xan grZlivi brZolis Sesaxeb,<br />

mas werili gaugzavna <strong>da</strong> mouwo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ewyoT brZola,<br />

svimons _ aRmosavleTi<strong>da</strong>n, bators _ <strong>da</strong>savleTi<strong>da</strong>n. zigmund<br />

ba torim, rom <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna<br />

svimon mefes, es cnobilia am ukanasknelis mier espane-<br />

Tis mefe filipe II-sTvis 1596 wlis 25 agvistos gagzavnili<br />

werili<strong>da</strong>n 3 . am werilze yuradRebis gamaxvileba<br />

saWiroa imi tom, rom masSi gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans svimon<br />

mefis antios maluri saqmianoba. svimon I espaneTis mefes<br />

swer<strong>da</strong>: `me mogwereT werili Cvensa <strong>da</strong> Tqvens udidebulesobas<br />

Soris aliansis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, raTa Tqven udidebulesobas<br />

CvenTvis ecnobebina Tavisi survili. CvenTvis cno-<br />

1 Ősterreichische Staats verträge. Fürstertum Siebenbürgen (1526-1690).<br />

Bear beiten von R. Goos, Wien, 1911 , S. 218-235.<br />

2 Documents privitoare la istoria Romanilor, v. II , par. II, p. 209-213.<br />

3 Macler F., Op. cit.,, p. 77-78. arsebobs am werilis somxuri <strong>da</strong> berZnuli<br />

varian tebi, somxuri <strong>da</strong>TariRebulia 14 agvistoTi (ix. tabaRua. <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.,<br />

I, gv. 222-227). f. maklerma ga moaqveyna werilis berZnuli variantis frangul<br />

enaze Targmani. f. makleris <strong>da</strong> i. taba Ruas mier gamoqveynebul Targmanebs Soris,<br />

rogorc Semdeg gamoCndeba, arsebobs gansxvaveba.<br />

308 309

ilia transil vaniis impera toris survili <strong>da</strong> Cven di<strong>da</strong>d<br />

gvwams, rom igi <strong>da</strong>pirebis erT guli <strong>da</strong>r Ceba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba...<br />

amave mizniT mivwereT wer ili wmin<strong>da</strong> mamas <strong>da</strong> germaniis<br />

imperators~ 1 . svimoni iqve aRniSnavs Sahis im gulmodginebis<br />

Ses axeb, rasac igi qristiani mefeebis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad iCens.<br />

ar vici, zigmund batoris werilma Tu kidev sxva ramem<br />

gaaqtiura svimon mefe, magram faqtia, rom 1596 wels man<br />

ramdenime werili <strong>da</strong>wera 2 : 6 maiss ve neciis respublikis<br />

1 Macler F., Op. cit., p. 78. Sdr. tabaRua i., <strong>da</strong>sx. naSr., I, gv. 224-227.<br />

2 im werilebis gar<strong>da</strong>, romlebsac qvemoT gavecnobiT, mkvlevrebi fiqroben,<br />

rom svi mon mefem imave 1596 wels paps gaugzvna kidev erTi werili <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli<br />

1546 wliT, romelic m. TamaraSvilma gamoaqveyna <strong>da</strong> iqve gamoTqva varaudi,<br />

rom `werili gagzavnilia svimonis gamefebis <strong>da</strong> misi sparseTis tyveobidgan<br />

<strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdgom <strong>da</strong> osmalebis mier misi <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis wineT; amitom, Cvenis<br />

azriT, un<strong>da</strong> iyos miwerili 1504(?)-1596 wlebSi~ (TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr.,<br />

gv. 78). m. TamaraSvilma SemdegSi ufro <strong>da</strong>azusta werilis <strong>da</strong>weris dro: `un<strong>da</strong><br />

iyos 1578 weli, svimon I-is sparselebisagan gan Tavisuflebis Semdeg~ (TamaraSvili<br />

m., qarTuli eklesia <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n dRemde. re<strong>da</strong>qcia gaukeTes, winasityvaoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>urTes <strong>da</strong> gamosacemad moamzades z. aleqsiZem <strong>da</strong> j. odiSelma, Tb., 1995,<br />

gv. 524). am wer ilis TariRTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT, i. tabaRuam ieWva, rom werili<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>werili iyos svimon I-is mamis luarsab I-is mier <strong>da</strong> amitom uzis<br />

1546 weli (tabaRua i., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., II, gv. 181, Sen. 88). g. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias ki eWvi ar<br />

eparebo<strong>da</strong>, rom werili <strong>da</strong>werilia 1596 wels (Жордания Г., Га мезардашвили<br />

З., Римско-католическая мис сия и Грузия, ч. I. Из истории взаимоотношений<br />

папства и миссионеров с Картлийско-Кахетинским царством и Кримским<br />

ханством. Горийские миссии (конец XVI и и 20-30-е годы XVII столетия), Тб.,<br />

1994 , с. 277). Cemi azriT, werilis Sinaarsi <strong>da</strong> masSi erTi miniSneba sagulisxmos<br />

xdis, rom werili <strong>da</strong>werili un<strong>da</strong> iyos sul sxva dros, XVI s. 70-80-ani<br />

wlebis mijnaze. masSi, zogad xazebSi gadmocemulia mefis mamis, luarsab I-is<br />

tragikulad <strong>da</strong>Rupvis, svimonis gamefebis <strong>da</strong> sarwmunoebisaTvis Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli<br />

brZolis, yizil baSebisagan <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis <strong>da</strong> ganTavisuflebis, svimonis xelaxla<br />

gamefebisa <strong>da</strong> osmalebis wi naaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb. erTi sityviT werili<br />

informaciuli xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong> masSi konk retulad araferia naTqvami osmalebis<br />

winaaRmdeg erTobliv brZolaze. `Cveni gulis yvela natvras mRvdeli teriakob<br />

moaxsenebs Tqven siwmindesa~ _ am sityvebiT amTavrebs Tavis werils<br />

svimon mefe.<br />

werilis miaxloebiT <strong>da</strong>TariRebisaTvis amosavali un<strong>da</strong> iyos mefis erTi<br />

fraza: `Cems Tavs gavswirav erTianad <strong>da</strong> egreTve Cems qorfa Svilsac... xels ar<br />

aviReb osmalebis winaaRmdeg omze~ (TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 77, 607).<br />

saxelmwifo sabWos, imperator rudolfs <strong>da</strong> romis paps<br />

gaugzavna werilebi, agvistos 14 <strong>da</strong> 25 ricxvebSi ki espaneTis<br />

mefe filipe II-s. werilebi waiRo mama iakobma. rogorc<br />

varaudoben, mama ia kobi erovnebiT somexi ter-akof marqariani<br />

1 , warmoSo biT julfi<strong>da</strong>n iyo, ma gram cxovrob<strong>da</strong> eCmiaZinSi,<br />

sai<strong>da</strong>nac mefem gamoiZaxa <strong>da</strong> diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong> valeba<br />

misca 2 : mas <strong>da</strong>evala an tiosmaluri koaliciis Sekvra, romlis<br />

ini cia torad aRmosavleTSi svimoni <strong>da</strong> misi mokavSire Sah<br />

abazi, <strong>da</strong>savleTSi ki, romis papi klement VIII gamodiod nen.<br />

rogorc im droindeli saistorio wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans,<br />

ter-iakobi Zalian Wkviani, SorsmWvreteli, frTxili a<strong>da</strong>miani<br />

iyo. man ramdenime ena ico<strong>da</strong>. rogorc zemoT ganxiluli<br />

werili<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, mefe mas didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, miaxloebiT<br />

70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>saruli<strong>da</strong>n mainc, mniSvnelovan<br />

diplomatiur <strong>da</strong>valebebs akisreb<strong>da</strong>. 1596 wels evropaSi<br />

misiis Sesrulebisas ter-iakobs axl<strong>da</strong> Tavisi vaJi 3 .<br />

g. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias <strong>da</strong> z. gamezar<strong>da</strong>Svilis mixedviT, svimon<br />

mefem ter-ia kobi 1596 wlis maisis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi iranSi gaagzavna<br />

<strong>da</strong> 6 maiss berZnulad <strong>da</strong>werili werilebi gaatana. igi<br />

jer iranis sataxto yazvinSi mivi<strong>da</strong>, os maleTis im periis<br />

is `qorfa Svili~ (`parvulo fi lio~) 1596 wels ukve 25 wlisa yofila <strong>da</strong> ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, am asakis kacze mefe qorfas ver ityo<strong>da</strong>. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me werili <strong>da</strong>werili<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebis (1578 w.) Semdeg axlo periodSi.<br />

1 maisuraZe g., qarTveli <strong>da</strong> somexi xalxebis urTierToba XIII-XVIII<br />

saukuneebSi, Tb., 1982 , gv. 148.<br />

2 svimon mefe, rogorc Cans, eCmiaZinel mRvdlebs xSirad aZlev<strong>da</strong> diplomatiuri<br />

xasi aTis <strong>da</strong>valebebs. pirvel aseT cnobas vxvdebiT misi alamuTis<br />

tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>brunebis (1578 w.) Semdeg. ix. TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 77.<br />

magram svimon I-ze adre sxva qarTveli mefee bic mimarTavdnen eCmiaZinel somxebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> diplomatiur <strong>da</strong>valebebs aZlevdnen. ufro vrclad ix. Тивадзе Т. Г., Ук.<br />

труд, с. 238-245. eCmiaZineli somexi samRvdeloebis gar<strong>da</strong> qarTve;li mefeebi<br />

amgvar <strong>da</strong>valebas aZlevdnen somex vaW rebsac. aseTi iyo jenkinsonTan gagzavnili<br />

somexi 1563 wels; imave wels kaxeTis samefo<strong>da</strong>n moskovSi gagzavnili somexi<br />

vaWari <strong>da</strong> svimon mefis mier 1578 wels espaneTis mefesTan gagzavnili somexi<br />

vaWari. maTze zemoT, TavTavis adgilas ukve iTqva.<br />

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 165.<br />

310 311

teritoria tripolamde gaiara, am navsadguri<strong>da</strong>n gemiT gaemgzavra<br />

<strong>da</strong> kviprosi<strong>da</strong>n veneciaSi mivi<strong>da</strong>. venecii<strong>da</strong>n is jer<br />

papTan ki ar wavi<strong>da</strong>, aramed imperatorTan <strong>da</strong> 1597 wlis 10<br />

ivliss ukve venaSi iyo. venaSi is maSinve avstriis erchercogma<br />

maqsimilianem miiRo. 17 ivliss ter-iakobma imperator<br />

rudolfs Sah abasisa <strong>da</strong> mefe svimonis werilebi ga<strong>da</strong>sca 1 .<br />

aseTia ter-iakobis venamde mogzaurobis marSruti 2 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>zustebas moiTxovs ter-iakobis evropaSi gamgzavrebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarT veli mefeebis mier misTvis werilebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemis zogierTi<br />

detali. rogorc iTqva, 1596 wlis 6 maisiT aris<br />

<strong>da</strong>TariRebuli svimon mefis werilebi <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg teriakobi<br />

SahTan yazvinSi gaemgzavra. is sak maod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi,<br />

wlis bolomde an axali wlis <strong>da</strong>sawy isamde iq<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa, rogorc g. Jor<strong>da</strong>nia <strong>da</strong> z. gamezar<strong>da</strong>Svili fiqroben.<br />

ter-iakobs veneciis saxelmwifo sabWos mdivan marko otobonosaTvis<br />

uTqvams, rom igi yazvini<strong>da</strong>n ori dRis savalze<br />

Jekbri-Si svimon I-sa <strong>da</strong> aleqsandre II-s Sex vedria, romleb-<br />

1 Жордания Г., Г,амезардашвили З., Ук. труд, с. 280. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa<br />

veneciis saxelmwifo arqivSi <strong>da</strong>culi dokumenti, romelic ter-iakobis<br />

evropaSi mogzaurobas as axavs, am dokumentis franguli Targmani gamoaqveyna<br />

l.Ltardim. Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 160-163.<br />

2 veneciis elCis franko vendraminis moxsenebiT baraTSi, romelic gagzavnili<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos neapolitaniis mefesTan, naTqvamia: `uaRmatebuleso mefeo,<br />

mravali Tvis gan mavlobaSi sparseTSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> erTi gamocdili (eCmiaZineli<br />

– e.m.) somexi im mizniT, rom Sahi <strong>da</strong>erwmunebina, raTa igi Tavisi jarebiT<br />

TurqeTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg amo qmede buliyo; es ori dRea rac igi am karze<br />

imyofeba. misi mogzauroba <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 2 weli gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. rogorc igi ambobs,<br />

cxra Tvea rac sparseTi<strong>da</strong>n gamosula. siriaze gamouvlia, tripolSi<br />

gemze <strong>da</strong>mj<strong>da</strong>ra kunZul kviprosze misasvlelad. jer mas audiencia ar hqonia.<br />

sparseTis Sahis werilebi wamouRia, agreTve sagangebo mizniT am mxareSi<br />

ar gamoutanebiaT misi keisaruli udidebulesobis werilebi. ambobs,<br />

rom sparseTisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefeebma ruseTis mefesTan erTad TurqeTis<br />

winaaRmdeg kavSiri Sekreso. misi keisaruli udidebulesoba <strong>da</strong>hpirebia, rom am<br />

mxari<strong>da</strong>n ieriSiT miva mterze mTeli ger manuli jarebiT <strong>da</strong> kavSirs <strong>da</strong>amyarebs<br />

klaTolike mefesTan, Tqvens yovlad saxelganTqmulobasTan <strong>da</strong> italiis sxva<br />

mefeebTan, raTa Zirian-fesvianad aRmofxvras os maleTis imperia~. tardi l.,<br />

veneciis roli ungreTTan <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> sparseTis urTierTobaSi, gv. 210.<br />

sac evropaSi gasatanebeli werilebi ga<strong>da</strong>uciaT 1 . bunebrivia,<br />

<strong>da</strong>is mis ramdenime kiTxva: Tu ter-iakobis saqarTveloSi yofnis<br />

dros, maisSi, <strong>da</strong>iwera mefis werilebi, ma Sin qarTvel<br />

mefeebs ratom un<strong>da</strong> mietanaT is ini yazvinSi? meore kiTxva,<br />

albaT, is iqneba, rogor moax erxebdnen qarT veli mefeebi,<br />

maTi sam flobeloebi<strong>da</strong>n Sors, yazvini<strong>da</strong>n ori dRis savaliT<br />

(<strong>da</strong>axl. 60 km) <strong>da</strong>Sorebul punqtSi ter-iakobTan Sexvedras?<br />

<strong>da</strong>, mesame kiTxva: ram ga moiwvia ter-iakobTan qarTveli mefeebis<br />

kidev erTxel Sex vedris aucilebloba?<br />

1. dReisaTvis cnobili werilobiTi wyaroebi arafers<br />

gveubneva ter-iakobis svimon mefesTan saqarTveloSi mosvlaze.<br />

werilebis 6 maisiT <strong>da</strong>Tari Reba, srulebiTac ar niSnavs<br />

im dros qarTlis samefoSi mis yofnas. maSa sa<strong>da</strong>me, werilebi<br />

ki <strong>da</strong>iwera 6 maiss, magram gasagzavnad gamzadebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> luqul-<strong>da</strong>beWdili werilebis ter-ikobamde mitana didi<br />

xnis ganmavlobaSi ver moxerx<strong>da</strong>. amgvari Seferxebis mizezi<br />

an mizezebi maSin sakmaoze bevri iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. aqve isic un<strong>da</strong><br />

iTqvas, albaT ter-iakobis evropaSi gagzavna Sahis mizeziTac<br />

Seyovn<strong>da</strong>, Torem misi gaSveba adre iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli.<br />

2. ter-iakobma, SeiZleba, venecieli diplomatis TvalSi<br />

Tavisi av toritetis amaRlebis mizniT, veneciis respublikis<br />

warmomadgenelTan sau brisas sTqva, rom qarTvelma mefeebma<br />

TavianTi xeliT miutanes evropaSi gasatanebeli werilebi.<br />

imis <strong>da</strong>Svebac SeiZleba, rom italielma misi naTqvami sworad<br />

ver gaigo (cnobilia, ter-iakobma italiuri ar ico<strong>da</strong>. misi<br />

Tarjimani iyo italiaSi mcxovrebi somexi, vinme jakomo 2 ).<br />

ter-ia kobi ase gadmogvcems qarTvelebis mier wer ilebis mis-<br />

Tvis ga<strong>da</strong>cemas: `ga viare qarTvelTa mefeebTan _ aleqsandresa<br />

<strong>da</strong> svimonTan, romlebsac Sevx vdi erT adgilas, romelsac<br />

hqvia iekbri, yazvini<strong>da</strong>n ori dRis savalze. imaTac<br />

momces werilebi wm. taxtisaTvis, aseve imperatorisaTvis<br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 32, p. 162.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 160.<br />

312 313

gankuTvnili werili, romelsac papi mis despans ga<strong>da</strong>scems.<br />

maTTvis mimaqvs, agreTve, qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> iberielTa pa triarqis<br />

beWed<strong>da</strong>smuli werilebi~ 1 . vfiqrob, `gaviare svimonTan <strong>da</strong><br />

aleqsandresTan~, zemomoyvanil amonaridSi ter-iakobi rom<br />

ambobs, un<strong>da</strong> niSnavdes mis Sexvedras qarTvel mefeebTan<br />

saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong> aqe<strong>da</strong>n werilebis waRebas.<br />

3. sruliad safuZvlianad mimaCnia imis fiqri, rom teriakobis<br />

saqarTveloSi mosvla imdenad werilebis waRebiT ar<br />

iyo gamowveuli, ram dena<strong>da</strong>c aleqsandres <strong>da</strong>sayolieblad,<br />

masac mieRo monawileoba an tios malur koaliciaSi. ter-iakobis<br />

mier evropaSi gancxadebuli, rom antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciis aqtiuri wevri kaxeTis samefoc iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, Cemi<br />

azriT, srulebiTac ar asaxav<strong>da</strong> realobas. adre ukve vTqvi,<br />

rom aleqsandre kaxTa mefis gegmSi ar Sedio<strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri<br />

koaliciis imgvarad gamarTva, rogorc iransa <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTls esaxebo<strong>da</strong>. naTqvamis <strong>da</strong>s turad isic gamogv<strong>da</strong>geba,<br />

rom ter-iakobis gancxadebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad, rom mas Tan hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

aleqsandre II-is werilebi, isini (werilebi) jerjerobiT<br />

mikvleuli ar aris <strong>da</strong>, savaraudoa, arc arsebob<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre<br />

mefis gan wyo bilebis Sesaxeb pap klementi VIII-sac<br />

scodnia. amitom sTxov<strong>da</strong> igi moskovis xelmwifes, rom gavlena<br />

moexdina aleqsandreze. mefe Tavdore ivanes Ze, Tavis<br />

mxriv, paps acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom `vapireb qarTvel mefes, aleqsandres<br />

vurCio, isic is eve moiqces <strong>da</strong> sparseTis SahTan erTad<br />

imo qmedos~ 2 . safiqralia, rom aleqsandrem pozicia ar Seicvala.<br />

albaT, ami tom mama iakobi marko oto banosTan<br />

saubarisas mxolod <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi ax se nebs aleqsandres, SemdegSi<br />

yvelgan mxolod svimon mefe Cans.<br />

1597 w. 20 ivniss ter-iakobi veneciis saxelmwifo sab-<br />

Wos winaSe wars dga <strong>da</strong> mefis werili ga<strong>da</strong>sca. `svimoni, RmrTis<br />

SewevniT, xelmwife qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> mTeli iberiisa~<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 161-162.<br />

2 tardi l., ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 167.<br />

veneciis mTavrobas sTxovs, See wion mama ia kobs, raTa man<br />

Tavisi misia Seasrulos: uxifaToT miaRwios romamde papTan<br />

Sesaxvedrad. werili <strong>da</strong>werili iyo berZnulad <strong>da</strong> mas mefe<br />

berZnuladve awer<strong>da</strong> xels 1 . veneciis mTavroba yovelTvis did<br />

interess iCen<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis aRmosavleli mezoblebis antiosmalur<br />

saqmianobisadmi. am jera<strong>da</strong>c, veneciaSi saWirod CaTvales,<br />

gaegoT ter-iakobis papTan vizitis mizani. amis<br />

garkveva <strong>da</strong>evala marko otobanos. 21 ivniss <strong>da</strong>iniSna sabWos<br />

sxdoma. sxdomis <strong>da</strong>wyebamde marko otobano <strong>da</strong> ter-iakobi<br />

erTmaneTs araoficialurad Sexvednen. maTi Tarjimani iyo<br />

andria negroni. romelmac svimon mefis berZnuli werili<br />

itali urad Targmna. marko otobanom Seadgina ter-iakobTan<br />

saubris angariSi, ro melSic naTqvamia: `brZenTa sabWom me,<br />

marko otobanos, sabWos um<strong>da</strong>bles mdivans, <strong>da</strong>mavala, Sevxvedrodi<br />

mama iakobs, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> me fis elCs romSi <strong>da</strong> gamomekvlia<br />

misi <strong>da</strong>valebis motivis Sesaxeb. vidre umaRlesi sabWo<br />

Seikribebo<strong>da</strong> mama iakobisaTvis ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTi dukatis saCuqrad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sacemad, visargeble SemTxveviT, mivuaxlovdi mas (Tarjimnad<br />

memsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> ne groni) <strong>da</strong> vTxove, moeTxro Tavisi mogzaurobis<br />

Sesaxeb... eqvsi Tvea, rac man sparseTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi<br />

yazvini <strong>da</strong> tova. igi mefem papTan gagzavna elCad. gamgzavrebisas<br />

iranis Sahma <strong>da</strong>avala mas enaxa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefeebi _<br />

aleqsandre <strong>da</strong> svimoni, romlebsac Sexv<strong>da</strong> iekrbriSi, yazvini<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ori dRis savalze. maTac aseve ga<strong>da</strong>sces papisaT vis<br />

<strong>da</strong> romSi myofi imperatoris el CisaTvis werilebi. mefeTa<br />

wer ilebis gar<strong>da</strong>, mas Tan hqon<strong>da</strong> qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis patriarqebis<br />

werilebi. mama iakobs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros SahTan,<br />

saqarTvlos patriarqeb Tan <strong>da</strong> mefeebTan mihqon<strong>da</strong> papis, kardinal<br />

santa severinas <strong>da</strong> impera toris werilebi. xSirad es<br />

werilebi <strong>da</strong>werili iyo italiur enaze, ris gamoc maTi<br />

wakiTxva uWir <strong>da</strong>T saqarTveloSi. axla mTxoves, ga<strong>da</strong>meca<br />

misi uwmindesobisaTvis, rom, Tu momavalSic moisurveb<strong>da</strong><br />

1 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er , 32, p. 160-161.<br />

314 315

miweras, miewera sparsulad. maT <strong>da</strong>avales, agreTve, rom<br />

papma Seaxsenos evropel qristianebs, rom maT gaaerTianon<br />

TaavianTi Zalebi mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad~. svimon<br />

mefe, rogorc ter-iakobs uTqvams, maSin 65 wlisa yofila,<br />

misi vaJi ki 25 wlisa. svimons iakobi axasiaTebs, rogorc<br />

mamac samxedro pirovnebas, misi vaJic, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad axalgazrdobisa,<br />

ukve cnobili pirovneba yofila.<br />

ter-iakobs qarTvelTa samxedro potencialzec uTqvams<br />

mokled: qarTvelebs 40 aTasi qveiTi <strong>da</strong> meTofeTa nawilebi<br />

hyavT. radgan maTi qveyana mTagoriania, amitom maT kavaleria<br />

ara hyavT 1 . iranis Sahs di<strong>da</strong>d gau Wirdebo<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebi rom<br />

ar icavdneno.<br />

Tavisi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb mama iakobs uTqvams: `saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n<br />

vanis mimarTulebiT gaviare vanis provincia. Tan<br />

maxl<strong>da</strong> svimon mefis saidumlo agenti. alepoSi veneciis pativcemul<br />

konsuls ga<strong>da</strong>veci svimon mefis wer ili. konsulma<br />

momca fuli, puri <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi, rac mWirdebo<strong>da</strong> gem `nana-<br />

Ti~ mogzaurobis dros. bolos, saxmeleTo mogzaurobisas<br />

movxvdi qalaq zanSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c veneciis keTilSobilma mmarTvelma<br />

Tavazianad Semom Tavaza puri, fuli <strong>da</strong> tansacmeli,<br />

rac <strong>da</strong>mWirdebo<strong>da</strong> romisaken mogzaurobis dros~ 2 .<br />

1597 wlis 10 ivliss mama iakobi venaSi Cavi<strong>da</strong>. meore<br />

dRes igi er chercogma maqsimilianma miiRo. 17 ivliss iakobi<br />

praRaSia. man impera toris kariskacebs Sah abasisa <strong>da</strong> mefis<br />

werilebi ga<strong>da</strong>sca. Sahi <strong>da</strong> qarTveli mefe imperators sTxovdnen<br />

gaeZlierebina omi osmaleTis winaaRmdeg. mama iakobma<br />

gaugebrobis Tavi<strong>da</strong>n asacileblad iqve ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom iranis<br />

Sahi molaparakebas awarmoebs osmaleTis sulTanTan <strong>da</strong> stam-<br />

1 gaocebas iwvevs mama iakobis es naTqvami. Tanamedrove yvela evropeli<br />

mog zauri, vaWari Tu diplomati erTxmad aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, qarTveli mxedrobis<br />

simamaces, rom qarTvelebi brZolis velze, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, cxenosani jariT gamodiodnen.<br />

sxvaTaSoris, osmalebTan omSi qarTvel meTofeTa did rolze miu-<br />

TiTeb<strong>da</strong> alesandro malipieroc. Berchet G., Op. cit., p., 97.<br />

2 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 160-163.<br />

bolSi Tavis elC sac agzavnis, romelsac Sahma seriozuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba misca: elCs un<strong>da</strong> See grovebina samxedro mniSvnelobis<br />

cnobebi <strong>da</strong> `un<strong>da</strong> gaerkvia sulTnis zraxvebi iranis Sahisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis mimarT~ 1 . ase rom, imperatori Tu<br />

Seityob<strong>da</strong> iranis elCis stambolSi Casvlaze, mas un<strong>da</strong> scodno<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom irani sazavo molaparakebas ki ar iwyeb<strong>da</strong>, aramed<br />

<strong>da</strong>zvervis mizniT gag zavnili elCoba iyo.<br />

aRmosavleTis ligis wevrebi rom sulTanTan Serigebas<br />

ar fiqrobdnen <strong>da</strong> masTan gamwvavebuli urTierToba hqon<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

ter-iakobs amis sabuTad svimon mefis SemTxveva mohqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sulTans mefesTan saidumlo mkvleli miugzavnia, magram is<br />

svimons amoucvnia osmaleTis elCis mravalricxovan amalaSi.<br />

am ambis mowme TviT ter-iakobi yofila.<br />

iakobma praRaSi isic acnoba, rom iranis Sahi <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefeebi ruseTis xelmwifesTan erTad osmalebis winaaRmdeg<br />

gamosvlisaT vis emzadebodnen. amis gamo ter-iakobs<br />

impera torisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> eTxova ma sac <strong>da</strong>erazma germaniis mTeli<br />

Zalebi, kavSiri <strong>da</strong>emyarebina espaneTis mefesTan, veneciis<br />

doJTan <strong>da</strong> italiis mTavrebTan <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis gasanadgureblad<br />

erToblivad gamosuliyvnen. iakobma im peratoris kariskacebs<br />

mouTxro agreTve, Sahma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefes rogor<br />

sTxova sacoled erTi asuli 2 , rasac Sahi did politikur<br />

mniSvnelobas aniWeb<strong>da</strong>. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa, <strong>da</strong>u mata ter-iakobma, Sahis<br />

karze mravali qarTveli imyofeba, rom lebic did gavlenas<br />

axdenen Sahis <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>ze, kerZod, osmaleTTan mimdinare<br />

omebze. Sahs ganzraxuli aqvs <strong>da</strong>ibrunos Tavrizi <strong>da</strong><br />

osmalebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili sxva adgilebi. Sahi maSin <strong>da</strong>iwyebs<br />

oms, roca <strong>da</strong>rwmun deba, rom imperatorma rudolfma <strong>da</strong>pireba<br />

Seasrula <strong>da</strong> evropaSi didi armia Sekriba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />

Tu igi Tav<strong>da</strong>cviTi omiT <strong>da</strong>k mayo fildeba, maSin Sahic<br />

1 Ibidem.<br />

2 igulisxmeba aleqsandre mefis asulis Txova Sah abasis mier, razec<br />

zemoT ukve Tqva.<br />

316 317

Tavs Seikavebs, qarTvelebic SeteviTi omisadmi in teress <strong>da</strong>kargaven<br />

<strong>da</strong> amiT mxolod evropelebi <strong>da</strong>zaraldebian 1 .<br />

praRi<strong>da</strong>n gagzavnil moxsenebaSi veneciis elCi wer<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom mama ia kobi imperatorma miiRo. iakobma imperators ga<strong>da</strong>sca<br />

Sahisa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli mefee bis werilebi. man audienciis<br />

dros ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom Tan hqon<strong>da</strong> pa pisaTvis gankuTvnili<br />

werilebic, romlebic misTvis un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>eca pira<strong>da</strong>d Sexvedris<br />

dros 2 . svimon mefis mier papisaTvis gagzavnil werils<br />

m. TamaraS vilma miakvlia. werilSi papis xotbis Sesxmaa <strong>da</strong><br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d aR niSnulia im ganuwyveteli <strong>da</strong> xangrZlivi brZolis<br />

Sesaxeb, romelsac qarTlis mefe osmalebis winaaRmdeg<br />

awarmoeb<strong>da</strong>. svimoni iqve <strong>da</strong>sZens: `vidre pirSi suli midgia,<br />

xels ar aviReb osmalebis wi naaRmdeg omze~. werilSi ar<br />

Cans, svimon mefe papisgan konkretulad ras iTxov<strong>da</strong>. mas,<br />

amis Sesaxeb, ter-iakobisaT vis sityvierad <strong>da</strong>uabarebia. `Cveni<br />

gulis yvela nat vras mRvdeli ter-ia kobi moaxsenebs Tqvens<br />

siwmindesa~ 3 _ swer<strong>da</strong> mefe.<br />

ter-iakobi 1597 w. 20 seqtembramde praRaSi <strong>da</strong>rCa, Semdeg<br />

romisken gaeSura. misi papTan Sexvedri<strong>da</strong>n mxolod is<br />

viciT, rom kaTolikuri samyaros meTaurma moiwona iran<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

politikur mesveurTa an tiosmaluri ligis<br />

SeqmnisaTvis saqmianoba. imave dros man elCs ganucxa<strong>da</strong>: imisaTvis<br />

raTa praqtikulad momx<strong>da</strong>riyo <strong>da</strong>savleTis saxelmwifoebis<br />

os maleTis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>razmva, Sahs Tavisi elCebi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaegzavna espa neTisa <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis mefeebTan, italiisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> germaniis mTavrebTan. Sahs isic un<strong>da</strong> SeeTvala <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

mefe-mTavrebisaTvis, rom mas, Tavis mxriv, kavSiri<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefe svimonTan <strong>da</strong> ruseTis mefesTan <strong>da</strong> rom<br />

isini jaris gamoyvanas Sehpirdnen 4 . papma ter-iakobs gulax-<br />

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 167.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 167-168.<br />

3 TamaraSvili m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 77-78, 605-607.<br />

4 Tardy L., Op. cit., 32, p. 169.<br />

dilad uTxra, rom susti iyo misi gavlena qristian mefeTa<br />

karze <strong>da</strong> ukeTesi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tu iranisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefeebi<br />

TavianT elCebs evropis mefeTa karze gaagzavnidnen 1 .<br />

evropis saxelmwifoebis raime ideisaTvis SekavSireba<br />

maSin SeuZle beli iyo. evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris ga<strong>da</strong>ulaxavi<br />

winaaRmde gobebi (religiur-ideologiuri, politikuri,<br />

ekonomikuri, terito riuli) arse bob<strong>da</strong>. espaneTi xan<br />

iaraRiT, xan diplomatiuri saSualebe biT ebrZo<strong>da</strong> inglissa<br />

<strong>da</strong> safrangeTs, germaniis protestant mTavrebs <strong>da</strong> jer kidev<br />

ar <strong>da</strong>srulebuliyo misi brZola niderlandebis bur Juaziul<br />

respublikasTan. uaRresad dramatuli iyo italiis respublikebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> samTavroebis urTierToba, ar iyo Tanxmoba aRmosavleT<br />

ev ropaSi. habsburgebs mudvi teritoriuli <strong>da</strong>va<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> Tavis aRmosavlel mezoblebTan.<br />

evropis saxelmwifoebs Soris serizuli winaaRmdegoba<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis sakiTxis gamo, rac umTavresad mis samflobeloebTan<br />

vaWrobiTa <strong>da</strong> iq gamavali umniSvnelovanesi<br />

savaWro-saqaravno gzebis ga moyenebisaTvis xdebo<strong>da</strong>. sargeblob<strong>da</strong><br />

ra sulTnisagan miniWebuli savaWro privilegiebiT<br />

(kapitulaciebi), safrangeTi yovelTvis Tavs ikaveb<strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri<br />

politikis gatarebisagan. mis aseT pozicias<br />

os maleTis mTav roba di<strong>da</strong>d afaseb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

aRmosavleTis antiosmaluri koaliciis wevrebisaTvis<br />

gasagebi iyo, rom evropi<strong>da</strong>n raime seriozuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

imediT yofna ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>. Sah abazi aqtiur moqmedebaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. 1597 wels man sastikad <strong>da</strong>amarcxa ozbegebi <strong>da</strong><br />

qurTebi, romlebic osmaleTis mokavSireebad gamovidnen. Sahi<br />

osmaleTTan momavali omisaTvis zurgs imagreb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> did warmatebasac<br />

miaRwia. amave dros Sah abazi realu rad afaseb<strong>da</strong><br />

1 Zalauneburad gaxsendeba saukune-naxevris winaT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe-mTavrebis,<br />

trapizonis imperiisa <strong>da</strong> ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifoebis elCebis uSedego<br />

mogzauroba ev ropaSi. maSinac xom aseTive pasuxiTa <strong>da</strong> rCeviT gaistumra isini<br />

papma pius II-m.<br />

318 319

aRmosavleTis ligas. man ufro gaacxovela svimon mefesTan<br />

urTierToba, xolo aleqsandre me feze, axlac ruseTisaken<br />

rom iyurebo<strong>da</strong>, zemoqmedeba gaaZliera. 1598 wels svimon mefem,<br />

Sah abazTan SeTanxmebiT, osmaleTTan omi ganaaxla. es<br />

ukve 1595 wlis SeTanxmebis garkveuli nawilis realizaciis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sawyiss niSnav<strong>da</strong> 1 . marTali ar iyo moskovis elCi aTanase<br />

vlasievi, roca imperator rudolf II-is karze ikvexni<strong>da</strong>:<br />

svimon mefem osmaleTTan brZola mefe boris godunovis<br />

brZane biT <strong>da</strong>iwyoo 2 .<br />

sainteresoa, Sahs ras miscem<strong>da</strong> mxolod qarTlis samefos<br />

mier <strong>da</strong>wyebuli brZola, maSin, roca yizilbaSebi garkveul<br />

dromde Tavs ikavebdnen osmalTTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebaze. savaraudoa,<br />

Sah abazi svimonis mier <strong>da</strong>wyebuli brZoliT miznad<br />

isaxav<strong>da</strong> Semdegs: 1) moesinja osmalTa Zalebi; 2) evropis<br />

saxelmwifoebisaTvis eCvenebina, rom aRmosavleTis koaliciam<br />

moqmedeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo; 3) qristiani mefe svimonis mier osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg omis <strong>da</strong>wyebas SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> STabeWdileba<br />

moexdina ev ropis saxelmwifoTa meTaurebze <strong>da</strong> imaTac samxedro<br />

moqmedeba <strong>da</strong>ewyoT.<br />

svimon mefem omis <strong>da</strong>sawyebad SemTxveviT ar SearCia 1598<br />

weli. am dros osmaleTs mniSvnelovnad garTulebuli saSinao<br />

mdgomareoba hqon<strong>da</strong>. mimdi nareob<strong>da</strong> saxalxo ajanyebebi.<br />

svimon mefem mokle droSi mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia.<br />

man pirvel rigSi Tbilisis ganTavisu fleba ganizraxa <strong>da</strong> 45<br />

dRe mis misadgomebTan <strong>da</strong>hyo, magram warumate blad 3 . vaxuSti<br />

batoniS vilis mixedviT ki am dros Tbilisi qarTvelebs<br />

epyraT. `sBmon... aRiRo cixe loreca <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyra TBT, movi<strong>da</strong><br />

tfiliss <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ezava rostoms imerTa mefesa~ 4 . axali qarTlis<br />

cxovrebis pirveli teqsti ki gvamcnobs, rom svi monma<br />

1 gabaSvili v., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 100.<br />

2 Сношения Царя Феодора Иоановича и Бориса Годунова императором<br />

Рудольфом II, 1594-1604 гг., СПб., 1852 , с. 695.<br />

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 200.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 417.<br />

`kualad <strong>da</strong>ipyra cixe lorisa, Semoiqca <strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong> TBsad<br />

saxlad~ 1 . xolo qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSi vkiTxulobT:<br />

`<strong>da</strong>ipyra lore <strong>da</strong> war movi<strong>da</strong> gamarjvebuli saxid<br />

TBsad~ 2 . rodesac evropul <strong>da</strong> qarTul cno bebs va<strong>da</strong>rebT<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis naTqvams, vrwmundebiT, rom Tbilisi<br />

kvlav osmalebs ekavaT.<br />

1599 wlis 18 aprils stamboli<strong>da</strong>n miRebuli informaciis<br />

safuZ velze, imave wlis 21 maiss fugeris gazeTi wer<strong>da</strong>:<br />

`svimonma, saqarT velos Zlierma xelmwifem <strong>da</strong> mbrZanebelma,<br />

iranis SahTan <strong>da</strong>debuli Se Tanxmebis safuZvelze, <strong>da</strong>iwyo br-<br />

Zola erTi mniSvnelovani cixe-simagris winaaRmdeg, romelic<br />

kargad iyo aRWurvili qvemexebiT. igi ferhad faSam<br />

aago <strong>da</strong> ukanaskneli omis dros iranis winaaRmdeg iyeneb<strong>da</strong>~ 3 .<br />

vfiqrob, laparakia me fis mier taSiris umniSvnelovanesi<br />

strategiuli punqtis lores cixe-si magris aRebaze. zemoT<br />

gavecaniT mi nadois naTqvams, rom ferhad faSam lores cixe<br />

aRadgina, Sig 7-8 aTasiani garnizoni 200 qvemexiT Caayena.<br />

svi mon mefis mier aseTi gamagre buli <strong>da</strong> aRWurvili cixis<br />

aRebas seriozuli rezonansi eqnebo<strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> evropaSi.<br />

lores <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg, mefem goris cixe gaaTavisufla.<br />

sainteresoa, rom evropeli <strong>da</strong>mkvirveblebi mefis warmatebebs<br />

ukavSirebdnen osmaleTSi <strong>da</strong>wyebul saxalxo ajanyebebs,<br />

kerZod, husein faSas ajanyebas. 1599 w. 15 oqtombris<br />

cnobiT, `svimoni, saqarT velos mbrZanebeli, srul mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras<br />

iReb<strong>da</strong> husein faSisagan, romelmac svi monTan moavlina<br />

warCinebulTa delegacia <strong>da</strong> didZali fuli gamougzavna Tavisi<br />

gamosaxulebiT~ 4 .<br />

1 iqve, II, gv. 378.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 535.<br />

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 200.<br />

4 Collections d’historiens Armeniens, traduit par M. Brosset, t. I, SPb., 1874, p.<br />

275; svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 221.<br />

320 321

mefesa <strong>da</strong> ajanyebul anatolielebs Soris kavSirze miuTiTebs<br />

sxva wyaroc, romelSic naTqvamia, rom, rodesac<br />

<strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli svimoni arzrumSi Caiyvanes, iq droebiT gaaCeres,<br />

radganac anatoliaSi osmaleTis sulTnis winaaRmdeg<br />

ajanyebulTa xelmZRvanelma yara iaziCim (1599-1603) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita,<br />

svimon mefe tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n gamoexsna. man Tavis Tanamebr-<br />

Zolebs ubrZana, svi moni moenaxaT, mcvelebisaTvis moetacaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> masTan mieyvanaT 1 . amasve aRniS navs somexi is torikosi<br />

araqel <strong>da</strong>vriJeci 2 .<br />

anatoliaSi mimdinare ajanyebebma svimon mefes moqmedeba<br />

gauad vila. Sahma maSinve Seafasa Seqmnili viTareba <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

mefe arzrumis <strong>da</strong>s apyrobad waaqeza. italiuri Jurnalistikis<br />

fiZemdebeli bernardino bekari 1599 wels wer<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom `arc aziaSi midis Turqebis saqme kargad. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefe svimoni 20 aTasi arkebuzeriT <strong>da</strong> 5 aTasi mxedriT Sei-<br />

Wra arzrumis mxareSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c yvelaferi cecxlsa <strong>da</strong> maxvils<br />

misca, <strong>da</strong>ipyro oTxi qalaqi <strong>da</strong> xelT igdo mravali qvemexi~ 3 .<br />

imave wlis 8 oqtombers fugeris gazeTi wer<strong>da</strong>: `svimon mefes<br />

SeeZlo didi warmate bisaTvis mieRwia <strong>da</strong> osmalTa teritoriebi<br />

aziaSi <strong>da</strong>epyro, radgan adgilobrivi faSis mier<br />

gamogzavnil samxedro nawilebs svimonis wi naaRmdeg brZola<br />

ar sur<strong>da</strong>T~ 4 .<br />

zemomoyvanili cnobebis gar<strong>da</strong>, sxva raime sabuTi, svimon<br />

mefis ana toliel ajanyebulebTan urTierTobis an arzrumze<br />

misi Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis Ses axeb, ar gagvaCnia. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, gamor-<br />

1 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 201.<br />

2 araqel <strong>da</strong>vriJecis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. Targmani, Sesavali<br />

<strong>da</strong> komen tarebi k. kuciasi, Tb., 1974, gv. 54. iaziCis sruliad gansxvavebul<br />

ganzraxvasa <strong>da</strong> mo qmede baze gvamcnobs sxva somexi istorikosi hovanes wareci.<br />

misi TqmiT, gzad mimavali svimoni sulTnis winaaRmdeg ajanyebulma arzrumis<br />

mmarTvelma iaziCma Seipyro. kucia k., grigol <strong>da</strong>ranaRcis cnoba svimon I-is<br />

stambolSi tyveobis Sesaxeb. saqarTverlos istoriis aRmo savluri masalebi,<br />

Tb., 1975 , gv. 123, Sen. 4.<br />

3 Tardy L., Op. cit., 31, p. 204.<br />

4 Ibidem, p. 200.<br />

icxuli ar aris evropeli diplomatebisa <strong>da</strong> korespondentebis<br />

mier svimon mefis osmalebTan brZolis Sedegebis gazviadeba.<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, svimon<br />

mefes, bolo xanebSi, ar hqon<strong>da</strong> iseTi Zala, romliTac aseTi<br />

seriozuli samxedro operaciebis ganxorcielebas SesZleb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

man xom Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT iolad mosageb zogierT brZolaSi<br />

saqarTveloSi ganica<strong>da</strong> marcxi. asea Tu ise, vidre ar aRmoCndeba<br />

sxva ma salebi, manamde fugeris gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli<br />

masalebi ar SeiZleba sandod miviCnioT.<br />

lores <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Semdeg, svimon mefem osmalebis mier<br />

Zlier gama grebul gors Seutia. cixeSi osmalebTan erTad<br />

gamuslimanebuli mesxebic imyofe bodnen. alya cxra Tves<br />

gagrZel<strong>da</strong>. mecixovneni sur saTis naklebobas ganicdidnen,<br />

magram cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosvlas ver be<strong>da</strong>vdnen. gaWirvebam mainc<br />

Tavisi gaitana <strong>da</strong> 500 osmalo cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamovi<strong>da</strong>, axlomaxlo<br />

soflebi moar bia <strong>da</strong> didZali sursaTi <strong>da</strong> pirutyvi iSova.<br />

ma gram maT cixeSi Sesvla veRar moaswres. batoniSvilma<br />

goCam 500 <strong>da</strong>rCeuli mebrZoliT gza ga<strong>da</strong>uWra <strong>da</strong> mravali<br />

amowyvita. am warmatebis Semdeg me fem kidev ufro gaamkacra<br />

alya, magram goris aReba mainc ver SesZlo.<br />

sulTnis karze saTanadod Seafases saqarTveloSi Seqmnili<br />

mdgo mareoba <strong>da</strong> sagangebo zomebi gaatares: saswrafod<br />

Catar<strong>da</strong> mobilizacia <strong>da</strong> saqarTveloSi didi jari gamogzvnes<br />

jafar-faSas meTaurobiT. arsebobs sulTan mehmed III-is<br />

(1595-1603) 1599 wlis aprilis Sua ricxvebSi gamocemuli<br />

firmani qarTlis samefoSi svimon mefis mier <strong>da</strong>wyebuli<br />

ajan yebis likvi<strong>da</strong>ciisaTvis gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb,<br />

romelic <strong>da</strong>egzavnaT: ovsilis sanjaybegs _ mehmeds,<br />

maRris sanjaybegs _ karabegs, isboris sanjaybegs _ nuri<br />

alis, armanis sanjaybegs _ velis, laCinis san jaybegs _<br />

nizamis, samanis sanjaybegs _ quCuqs <strong>da</strong> selmasis sanjaybegs<br />

_ Razis:<br />

322 323

`TurRa: sulTan mehmed xani murad xanis 1 Ze, mu<strong>da</strong>m gamarjvebuli.<br />

emirTa <strong>da</strong> warCinebulTa siamayes, didebulTa <strong>da</strong> saxelovanTa<br />

So ris rCeuls, pativmosils ZalauflebiT, Semkuls<br />

RirsebiTa <strong>da</strong> brwyin valebiT, maRali xelmwifis winaSe<br />

mravali wyalobiT gamorCeuls, ovsilis sanjay begs, mehmeds,<br />

iyos xangrZlivi sicocxle misi, rodesac moaRwevs<br />

umaRlesi sameufeo brZaneba, geuwyos, amJamad qarTlis mbr-<br />

Zanebeli svimon xani ajan yebuli <strong>da</strong> aboboqrebulia. igi Cemi<br />

bed nierebis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqis sazRvarze mdebare goris cixesTan<br />

movi<strong>da</strong>, garemoicva, zogierTi adgilebi ga<strong>da</strong>swva <strong>da</strong> gaaverana,<br />

mTlianad areuloba gamoiwvia. gaugonari viTareba<br />

Seiqmna.<br />

amJamad Tavrizis <strong>da</strong>cvaSi myofi, keTilSobili desTuri 2 ,<br />

dide buli mrCeveli, qveynis momwesrigebeli, Cemi veziri<br />

jafar faSa, imatos misma sidiadem, im sazRvris mkvidrTa<br />

gamgebeli radganac iyo, igi iq myofi me sazRvre beglagbegebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> vanisa <strong>da</strong> diarbaqiris vilaieTebSi myof qurTTa<br />

gamgeblebis meTaurad <strong>da</strong>iniSna. amasTanave geuwyos, rom igi<br />

[jafar faSa] saswrafod aiyara, goris cixesTan mivi<strong>da</strong>, xsenebuli<br />

cixis gaveranebuli adgilebi SeakeTebina. im wyeulebs<br />

SeuZliaT cecxliTa <strong>da</strong> maxviliT movidnen. vilaieTisa <strong>da</strong><br />

qveynis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis Taobaze Cemi didebuli, Zlevamosili firmani<br />

arsebobs. Senc am Cemi bednieri sameufeo, guliTa<strong>da</strong>d<br />

gacemuli brZanebisa <strong>da</strong> rac warmogid genia imis mixedviT<br />

1 murad xani _ osmaleTis imperiis sulTani murad III (1574-1595).<br />

2 desTuri _ ZiriTadi kanoni. saxelmwifo didmoxeleebi valdebulni<br />

iyvnen es desTuri cxovrebaSi gaetarebinaT. desTuris aRmsruleblad iTvlebodnen<br />

vezirebi, min istrebi, `mrCevelebi~ <strong>da</strong> sxva warCinebulebi. vezirebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

didvazirebs imitom erqvaT desTuri, rom emoqme<strong>da</strong>T kanoniTa <strong>da</strong> garkveuli<br />

wesebis mixedviT. ix. jiqia s., erTi Turquli sabuTi cxinvalis Sesaxeb. Tsus<br />

Sromebi, t. 116, 1965, Tb., gv. 246; abu laZe c., oTxi Turquli dokumenti<br />

imereTis mefis solomon II-is Sesaxeb, Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 121, Tb., 1967, gv.<br />

172.<br />

imo qmede. nabrZanebia, rom samefo taxtis <strong>da</strong>qvemde barebaSi<br />

myofi qurTTa laSqaric <strong>da</strong> momTabareTa winamZRolis mier<br />

momzadebuli Zalebi mtris <strong>da</strong>saxvedrad mzad iyvnen.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare vbrZaneb, rom rodesac Cemi sameufeo<br />

firmani moaRwevs, mis safuZvelze imoqmedeT. saxelmwifo<br />

taxtis <strong>da</strong>qvemdebare baSi myofi qurTTa laSqari iaraR-saWurveliTa<br />

javSniT garSemo SemoikribeT, momzadebuli iyaviT.<br />

xsenebul Cems vezirs cnoba gaegzav neba...<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwera didebuli ramazanis Tvis Sua ricxvebSi, weli<br />

1007 1 .<br />

ramazanis Tvis Sua ricxvebi, weli 1007 _ 11-20 aprili<br />

1599 weli~.<br />

firmanSi gadmocemuli ambavi <strong>da</strong> sulTnis brZanebiT gasatarebeli<br />

RonisZiebebTan erTad vigebT `qarTlis mbrZanebeli<br />

svimon xanis ajanyebuli <strong>da</strong> aboboqrebuli~ mebrZolebis mier<br />

1599 wlis goris alyis dros osmalebisaTvis miyenebuli<br />

zaralis Sesaxeb.<br />

vidre sulTnis firmaniT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebis<br />

cxovre baSi gatareba moxdebo<strong>da</strong>, manamde svimon mefem<br />

cbierebiT SeZlo goris aReba. 1599 wlis didmarxvis dReeb-<br />

Si mefem alya moxsna <strong>da</strong> gors gaecala. osmalebma icodnen,<br />

rom qristianebi didmarxvis dReebSi omsa <strong>da</strong> SuRls moeridebodnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> sifxizle moadunes.<br />

mefem farsa<strong>da</strong>n ciciSvilsa <strong>da</strong> sulxan TurmaniZes <strong>da</strong>avala,<br />

Tavi anT mamulebSi kibeebi <strong>da</strong>emzadebinaT <strong>da</strong> laSqaric<br />

mzadyofnaSi yolo<strong>da</strong>T. <strong>da</strong>s axelebulma Tavadebma mefis<br />

brZaneba Seasrules <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Tqmul dros cixes frTxilad<br />

mieparnen. cixeSi <strong>da</strong>banakebulma osmalebma jaris miaxloeba<br />

ma Sin gaiges, roca igi ukve qalaqSi Sesuliyo <strong>da</strong> CaxruxaZis<br />

say<strong>da</strong>rsac as cilebo<strong>da</strong>. roca osmalebma gangaSi astexes,<br />

1 firmani gadmomca cnobilma Turqologma-mecnierma prof. no<strong>da</strong>r Sengeliam,<br />

risTvisac did madlobas movaxseneb. firmans vaqveyneb SemoklebiT. SeniSvnebic<br />

n. Senge lias ekuTvnis.<br />

324 325

qarTvelebi kibeebiT ukve cixeSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyvnen <strong>da</strong> SigniT<br />

ibr Zodnen. osmalebi <strong>da</strong> mesxebi dilamde winaaRmdegobas<br />

ganagrZobdnen. roca <strong>da</strong>rwmundnen, rom brZolis gagrZelebas<br />

azri aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>, mefes `uvneblobas Semoexvewnes <strong>da</strong> zogni<br />

mesxni igive cixeSi oqonis xats Se exvewnes <strong>da</strong> mefes saficari<br />

sTxoves~. mefem Tavisi Zmis vaxtangis xeliT Sewyalebis<br />

sigeli gaugzavna. ufro metic, `yvelas cxeni <strong>da</strong> saxarjo<br />

misces <strong>da</strong> sagzali <strong>da</strong> jari Tan gaatanes rom gzaze aravin ar<br />

awyinos rame~. cixeSi naSovni na<strong>da</strong>vlis erTi nawili mefem<br />

Tavis mebrZolebs <strong>da</strong>uriga, xolo is rac sulTnis qonebad<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> Tavis Zmas vaxtangs ubrZana samefo sakuTrebad<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>eqcia.<br />

goris ganTavisuflebis Semdeg ganTavisufl<strong>da</strong> mTeli qar-<br />

Tli. qarTlsa <strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTabagoSi antiosmaluri ajanyeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo.<br />

qarTuli wyaroebis mixedviT, svimonma ico<strong>da</strong> ra osmalTa<br />

mzadebis Sesaxeb (razec, zemoTmoyvanil firmanSic<br />

aris naTqvami) Tavisi ojaxi gori<strong>da</strong>n me jvrisxevSi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana,<br />

ufliswuli giorgi ki didi jariT gorSi <strong>da</strong>tova<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong>avala. mefe jaris Sesagroveblad sabara-<br />

TianoSi wavi<strong>da</strong>, magram ver moaswro, farcxisTan <strong>da</strong>marcx<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> os malebma <strong>da</strong>atyveves. mefe gasca kaxaber yorRanaSvilma,<br />

romelic Sem deg sa baraTianos amir spasalarma, mefis erTgulma<br />

saCino baraTaSvilma, Seipyro <strong>da</strong> geliyaris kldi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>agdo.<br />

somexi istorikosis araqel <strong>da</strong>vriJecis mixedviT, svimoni<br />

tyveobaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong> Semdegnairad: `im mxares sa<strong>da</strong>c svimoni<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, Turqebs srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T eWvi, rom<br />

svimoni iq iqnebo<strong>da</strong>: na<strong>da</strong>vlis wadiliT Turqebis laSqars<br />

gamoeyo erTi razmi <strong>da</strong> im mxares gaemarTa. maT <strong>da</strong>inaxes<br />

erTi qarTveli, Seipyres igi, cota win wavidnen, svimonis<br />

razmi <strong>da</strong>inaxes <strong>da</strong> tyves hkiTxes misi vinaoba. rodesac misgan<br />

gaiges, rom Tvi Ton svimoni iyo, Tavzar<strong>da</strong>cemuli mahmadianebi<br />

ukan gabrundnen <strong>da</strong> saCqarod swrafmrbeni cxeniT kaci afrines<br />

banakSi <strong>da</strong> es ambavi mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>l jafars Seatyobines.<br />

mas Zlier gauxar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> bevri mamaci vajkaci gaamxneva <strong>da</strong><br />

gagzavna. isinic wavidnen, Seipyres svimoni <strong>da</strong> masTan miiyvanes.<br />

svimons misvlisTanave Sesaxvedrad win miegeba jafari.<br />

Semdeg [Turqebma] TavianT enaze xmamaRla RaRadiT adides<br />

ufali~ 1 .<br />

qarTuli wyaro mefis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebaze Semdegnairad mogviTxrobs:<br />

`q ~ks spz mefeman cxra Tves goris cixes ibr-<br />

Zola, aiRo, mas Sina myofni urumni gamoasxna <strong>da</strong> mSBdobiT<br />

gauSva. _ amave qoronikonsa mefe <strong>da</strong> urumni Seibnes awefis,<br />

algeTis pirs <strong>da</strong> cxeni wauqcies brZolasa Sina mefes<br />

Tu laSvilma; <strong>da</strong>iWires TaTarT mefe sBmon <strong>da</strong> stambols<br />

xonTqarTan gagzavnes~ 2<br />

radgan jafar faSas moaxsenes, rom gorSi mdgomi giorgi<br />

ufliswuli mamis ganTavisuflebas Seecdebao, osmalebi aiyarnen<br />

<strong>da</strong> svi monic Tan waiyvanes. marTlac, meore dRes, na-<br />

SuadRevs, mefis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebis ambavi gorSi movi<strong>da</strong>. batoniSvili<br />

giorgi cxenosanTa razmiT osmalebs <strong>da</strong>edevna, magram amaod.<br />

<strong>da</strong>tyveveba im patara qarTuli samefos mefisa, romelic<br />

12 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosvenebas ar aZlev<strong>da</strong> TiTqmis mTeli<br />

axlo aRmosavleTis <strong>da</strong>mpyrobel osmalebs, sulTanma udides<br />

warmatebad CaTvala <strong>da</strong> brZana saxelmwifos qalaqebSi quCebi<br />

moerToT <strong>da</strong> sami dRis ganmavlobaSi yvela lxenas miscemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sulTanma isic brZana, rom svimoni masTan mieyvanaT 3 .<br />

1600 wlis 21 ivniss mefe stambolSi Caiyvanes <strong>da</strong> iedi<br />

ku les 4 cixeSi moaTavses.<br />

1 araqel <strong>da</strong>vriJeci, gv. 53.<br />

2 qronikebi, II, gv. 43.<br />

3 araqel <strong>da</strong>vriJeci, gv. 53.<br />

4 iedi kule (Turq. yedi –Svidi <strong>da</strong> kule –cixe, e. i. SvidkoSka, Svidburjiani<br />

cixe) _ mdebareobs stambolis amave saxelwodebis ubanSi, marmarilos<br />

zRvis napiras. elCebs, vezirebs <strong>da</strong> maRali Tanamdebobis im <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveebs, romlebsac<br />

sikvdili hqon <strong>da</strong>T mis jili, am cixeSi aTavsebdnen. sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sjis<br />

326 327

atoniSvili giorgis <strong>da</strong> Sah abas I-is c<strong>da</strong>m, <strong>da</strong>exsnaT<br />

mefe tyveo bi<strong>da</strong>n, Sedegi ar gamoiRo: `qarTvelT <strong>da</strong>uwyes<br />

xonTqars xvewna <strong>da</strong> mefis svimonis gamoSveba eajnes. mravali<br />

Zvirfasi Tval-margaliti gaugzavnes <strong>da</strong> giorgi mefis<br />

Svili <strong>da</strong>viT mZevlad mihgvares, rom wamoiyvanon~ 1 . SemdegSi<br />

saqarTveloSi xma gavrcel<strong>da</strong> giorgi X-is ufrosi va Jis <strong>da</strong>viTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargvis Sesaxeb rasac `parizis qronika ~ gvamcnobs 2 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTi, erTi fran guli cnobiT, 1609 wels 14 wlisa iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> iyo Wkviani <strong>da</strong> keTili bunebis axalgazr<strong>da</strong> 3 . sainteresoa,<br />

rom mefis <strong>da</strong>xsnisaTvis ener giulad iRwvo<strong>da</strong> mefis<br />

meore SviliSvili, ulamazesi TinaTini, ro melic sparsul<br />

<strong>da</strong> evropul wyaroebSi cnobilia gulCara (gulCahras) saxeliT.<br />

gulCara, <strong>da</strong>viTis <strong>da</strong> iyo. gulCaram, marTalia mefis<br />

ganTavisu fleba ver SesZlo, ma gram diplomatis didi niWi<br />

gamoamJRavna. gulCaras stambolSi aseTi saqmianobis Sedegi<br />

iyo, rom erTi piroba sulTnis karma svimon mefes iran-osmaleTs<br />

Soris <strong>da</strong>zavebis mogvareba <strong>da</strong>avala <strong>da</strong> mxolod amis<br />

Semdeg hpirdebo<strong>da</strong> tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebas. svimoni <strong>da</strong><br />

gulCara stam boli<strong>da</strong>n erTi kviris wasulebi iyvnen iranis<br />

mimarTulebiT, roca sul Tanma ahmed III-m (1603-1617) ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

Secvala <strong>da</strong> svimoni ukan <strong>da</strong>abruna, gulCaram ki<br />

gza gaagrZela. man Sah abazs is werilebi wauRo, romlebSic<br />

zavis <strong>da</strong>debis au cileblobasTan erTad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxebac<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Txovna <strong>da</strong> moTxovnac. sazavo molaparakeba,<br />

romlis Suamavla<strong>da</strong>c gulCara gamodio<strong>da</strong> sakmaod gagrZel<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amasobaSi 75 wels miaxlovebuli mefe tyveobaSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

1611 wels.<br />

adgilad SerCeuli iyo imper ator Teo dosis mier aSenebuli TaRis marcxniv<br />

mdebare marmarilos koSki. sik vdilmisjilebs ag debdnen bnel dilegSi. mokveTil<br />

Tavebs hyridnen qvissaxuravian WaSi. romelsac sisxlis Was eZaxdnen. jiqia s.,<br />

epizodi XVI saukunis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> is torii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 56.<br />

1 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe , gv. 16.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 22.<br />

3 svaniZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 238<br />

gulCaras diplomatiuri moRvaweobis Sedegad, 1612 wlis<br />

20 noem bers stambulSi iran-osmaleTis zavi <strong>da</strong>ido 1 . amgvarad,<br />

svimon mefis gar<strong>da</strong>cvale basTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli qarTuli<br />

wyaroebis cnobebi simarTles ar asaxavs. erT-erTi qar Tuli<br />

qronikebis mixedviT, svmon mefe `iediyulaSi <strong>da</strong>atyveves, sami<br />

weli wadi iq iyo, gamoiyvanes <strong>da</strong> aT mei<strong>da</strong>nzed Tavi gaagdebines~<br />

2 . sxvagan ki vkiTxulobT: `mefe edi kuleSi mokles <strong>da</strong><br />

batonis Svili <strong>da</strong>viT <strong>da</strong>ikarga~ 3 .<br />

mefis neSti stamboli<strong>da</strong>n Camoasvena gorelma vaWarma<br />

diakvniSvilma <strong>da</strong> mcxeTaSi <strong>da</strong>krZales.<br />

svimon mefis politikuri <strong>da</strong> samxedro asparezi<strong>da</strong>n wasvlam<br />

sagrZno blad <strong>da</strong>asusta <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> antiosmaluri Zala.<br />

am garemoe bam, garkveuli gagebiT, sagrZnoblad gaarTula,<br />

aleqsandre kaxTa mefis mdgomareoba. aqamde svimon mefe<br />

osmalebs iaraRiTa <strong>da</strong> diplomatiuri saSu alebebiT ebrZo<strong>da</strong><br />

(aleqsandre II imave osmalebis pretenziebisagan Tavis <strong>da</strong>xsnas<br />

mxolod diplomatiiT cdilob<strong>da</strong>), rac kaxeTis samefos<br />

mgomareobas sagrZnoblad umsubuqeb<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTi iZulebuli<br />

iyo, mTeli yuradReba amierkavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTvelo-<br />

Si, qarTlis samefosaTvis miepyro. aseT viTarebaSi, osmale-<br />

Tis mTavroba kaxeTis mi marT mkacri politikis gatarebas<br />

eridebo<strong>da</strong>. osmaleTSi cnobili iyo, rom kaxeTis samefo,<br />

arc iranis, osmaleTis <strong>da</strong>uZinebeli mtris, erTguli iyo.<br />

aleqsandre II kargad xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>, rogor icvlebo<strong>da</strong> viTareba<br />

axlo aRmosavleTSi. iran osmaleTis omi axlovdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gaurkveveli iyo vin gai marjveb<strong>da</strong>. jerjerobiT arc erTi<br />

mxarisaTvis mimxroba sasurveli ar iyo. amitom kaxelma diplomatebma<br />

kvlav scades ruseTi CaebaT kavkasiis saqmeebSi.<br />

1598 wels aleqsandre mefem kaxeTSi ruseTis elCebs ga-<br />

1 gulCaras Sesaxeb ix. svaniZe m, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis<br />

narkvevebi (XIV-XVIII) Tb., 1990, gv. 261-276.<br />

2 qronikebi, II, gv. 431.<br />

3 parizis qronika, anu cxovreba saqarTveloÁsa, red. z. WiWinaZe, Tb.,<br />

1903, gv. 22.<br />

328 329

nucxa<strong>da</strong>, rom ruseTis xelmwifem Turqebisagan <strong>da</strong>cva aRmiTqva<br />

<strong>da</strong> TurqebisaTvis misacemi xarki TavisTvis moiTxovoso 1 .<br />

ver <strong>da</strong>veTanxmebi im azrs, TiTqos `aqamdis sakiTxs agre ar<br />

svam<strong>da</strong> kaxTa mefe <strong>da</strong> kaxeT-osmaleTis urTierTobaSi mfarvelis<br />

aSkara Carevas eridebo<strong>da</strong>~ 2 . zemomoyvanili rusuli <strong>da</strong><br />

evropuli wyaroebis sa fuZvelze vfiqrob, rom aleqsandre<br />

ki ar eridebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeT-osmaleTis urTierTobaSi moskovis<br />

saxelmwifos aSkara Carevas, aramed, piriqiT, moskovis mTavroba<br />

eridebo<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandres undo<strong>da</strong>, rac SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> aSkara,<br />

yvelasaTvis <strong>da</strong>sanaxi gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo moskovis saxelmwifos<br />

kaxeTisaTvis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, am ukanasknelis osmaleTTan <strong>da</strong><br />

iranTan urTierTobis sakiTxSi.<br />

aleqsandre mefis mier moskovis xelmwifisaTvis osmale-<br />

Tis kuTvnili xarkis SeTavazeba ukanaskneli nabiji iyo misi<br />

<strong>sagareo</strong> politikis mTavari miznisaken _ ra<strong>da</strong>c ar un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>jdomo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

gaeaqtiure bina moskovis <strong>politika</strong> amierkavkasiaSi,<br />

mfarvelisagan realuri <strong>da</strong>xmareba mieRo. magram aleqsandre<br />

mefis yoveli c<strong>da</strong> amao aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

moskovis mTavrobis mier aleqsandre kaxTa mefis wina<strong>da</strong>debaze<br />

Ta vis Sekaveba, srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar niSnav<strong>da</strong> osmaleTisadmi<br />

mtrul moqmedebaze Tavis SekavebiT gamowveul mdumarebas.<br />

piriqiT, mefe boris godunovi gul modgined cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

antiosmaluri koaliciis Seqmnas. maS ratom ar miiRes moskovSi<br />

kaxeTis mefis wina<strong>da</strong>deba? safiqrebelia, moskovis mTavroba<br />

an gariSs uwev<strong>da</strong> iranis interesebs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mimarT.<br />

moskovSi, albaT, varaudobdnen, rom kaxeTis saqmeebSi aqtiurad<br />

Cabma gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> iranTan urTierTobis Seferxebas.<br />

irani iyo osmaleTis po tenciuri mowinaaRmdege aRmosavleT-<br />

Si <strong>da</strong> masTan urTierTobis garTuleba kaxeTis samefos gamo,<br />

1 «Велел меня от Турскаго оборонить; а что с меня Турской дани емлет, и<br />

государь бы тое дан ве лел имати на себя, государя». Сношения России с Кавказом,<br />

с. 314.<br />

2 berZeniSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 77.<br />

maSin, roca moskovis mTavrobisaTvis cnobili gax<strong>da</strong> (1601 w.<br />

reCpo spoli tis mefe zigmund III-sa <strong>da</strong> yirimis xans _ Razi<br />

gireis Soris mola parakeba ruseTis winaaRmdeg erToblivi<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis Sesaxeb 1 ), moskovis saxelmwifos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

interesebs ar Seesabamebo<strong>da</strong>. swored am mosazrebiT un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyo ganpirobebuli, rom iranSi gagzavnil aleqsandre<br />

Tevdores Ze Jirov-zasekinis elCobas (1600-1601) specialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> valeba mieca, rom Sahis karze, amjerad, ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyo <strong>da</strong>yenebuli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxi. yizilbaSebi Tu<br />

mainc wa moWridnen, maSin moskovis elCs frTxilad, magram<br />

mtkiced un<strong>da</strong> ganecxadebina, rom osmaleTis, Samx alisa <strong>da</strong><br />

sxva mTielebisagan Zlier Seviwroebulma kaxeTis mefem <strong>da</strong>cva<br />

sTxova mefe Tevdore ivanes Zes. man, rogorc erTmorwmunem,<br />

Tavis mfarvelobaSi miiRo aleqsandre mefe 2 .<br />

moskovis mTavrobis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakiTxze dumili, mxolod<br />

arse buli viTarebiT iyo gamowveuli. amis Semdeg,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad ruseTSi <strong>da</strong>wyebuli ucxoelTa intervenciisa<br />

(cru dimitri I, cru dimitri II, poloneTisa <strong>da</strong> SvedeTis<br />

intervencia) <strong>da</strong> didi socialuri moZraobisa (glexTa omi bolotnikovis<br />

meTaurobiT), moskovSi arasodes ar iviwyebdnen,<br />

rom `saqarTvelo yovelTvis iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ruseTis potenciuri<br />

mo kavSire <strong>da</strong> plac<strong>da</strong>rmi kavkasiisaTvis Semdgom brZolaSi.<br />

amitom ruseTis mTavroba did moralur (SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad<br />

materialursac) <strong>da</strong>xmarebas uwev<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>~ 3 .<br />

osmaleTis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi mimdinare<br />

glexTa ajanyebebma, osmalTa warumatebelma omebma evropaSi,<br />

Sah abas I-s Tavisufali moqmedebis saSualeba misca. man maSinve<br />

gamoiyena es xelsayreli viTareba. 1603 wels <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

1 Новосельский А. А., Борьба Московского государства с татарами в первой<br />

половине XVI века, М., 1948 , с. 109.<br />

2 Сношения России с Кавказом, с. 570; Веселовский Н., Ук. труд, с. 47-48;<br />

Бушев П.П., Ук. труд, с. 369-370.<br />

3 Накашидзе Н. Т., Грузино-русские политические отношения в первой<br />

половине XVII века, Тб., 1968 , с. 17-18.<br />

330 331

iran-osmaleTis omi. yizil baSebma Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve did warmatebas<br />

miaRwies. osmaleTTan warmtebuli omis pirobebSi Sahma<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita ganemtkicebina Tavisi poziciebi saqarTveloSi.<br />

Sah abass kaxeTis samefos ruseTTan kavSiri gansakuTre biT<br />

aSfoTeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aleqsandre mefis fizikuri mospobiT am kav-<br />

Siris gawyvetas fiqrob<strong>da</strong>. Sahma ise moawyo, rom aleqsandre<br />

mefe misive Svilma konstantinem mokla 1605 wels.<br />

jer osmalebis mier svimon mefis <strong>da</strong>tyvevebiT, Semdeg<br />

yizilbaSe bis mier aleqsandre mefis <strong>da</strong>RupviT, <strong>da</strong>srul<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> antios malur koaliciebSi monawileobis xangrZlivi,<br />

saukunenaxevriani periodi. iranisa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

moZalebis pirobebSi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebma karga<br />

xniT <strong>da</strong>karges <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>sagareo</strong> politikis gatarebis<br />

unari. qarTl-kaxeTi yizilbaSTa TareSisa <strong>da</strong> ZmaTa Soris<br />

sisxlismRvreli feo<strong>da</strong>luri omebis arenad ga<strong>da</strong>iqca, xolo<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> samefo-samTavroebis <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong>,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, osmaleTTan urTierTobiT Semoifargla.<br />

samcxe-saaTabagos <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XV s. II naxevari _<br />

XVII s. I meoTxedi)<br />

1. samcxelebi sefianTa saxelmwifoSi<br />

mimdinare dinastiur brZolaSi<br />

qarTul istoriografiaSi erT-erT saintereso <strong>da</strong> imavdroulad<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>o sakiTxs warmoadgens XVI s. meore naxevris<br />

iranis Sahebis karze qarTvelebis adgilis <strong>da</strong> rolis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>zusteba. wignis winamdebare nakveTic amas<br />

isaxavs miznad 1 .<br />

jer Sah ismail I-is, Semdeg Sah Tamazis aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi mravalgzisma laSqrobebma bevr qarTvels Tavi<br />

mouyara iranSi. saqarTveloSi mimdinare Sinafeo<strong>da</strong>luri br-<br />

Zolebis gamoc, nebsiT Tu une blieT, ga<strong>da</strong>xvewilebiT, mZevlebiT,<br />

tyveebiT (rogorc cnobilia, Sah Tamazma marto<br />

meoTxe Semosevis dros, 1554 w., qarTli<strong>da</strong>n 30 aTasi tyve<br />

waiyvana) <strong>da</strong> renegatebiT qarTvelTa raodenoba iranSi kidev<br />

ufro iz rde bo<strong>da</strong><br />

samSoblo<strong>da</strong>n ZaliT wayvanili Tu nebsiT wasuli<br />

qarTvelebi islams iRebdnen <strong>da</strong> mravalma maTganma Sahis<br />

karze maRali Tanamdeboba <strong>da</strong>ikava. zogjer isini did rols<br />

asrulebdnen yizilbaSTa saSinao <strong>da</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> saqmeebSi.<br />

qarTvelTa monawileoba yizilbaSTa saxelmwifos politikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> kulturul cxovrebaSi aisaxa evropul <strong>da</strong> sparsulenovan<br />

wyaroebSi. pirvel rigSi sainteresoa Sahis karze<br />

moxvedrili qarTveli qalebis _ Sahis colebis <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

1 pirvelad, aRniSnul sakiTxze, statia gamovaqveyne 1977 wels (ix.<br />

mamisTvaliS vili e., sefianTa iranSi mimdinare politikuri brZola <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvelebi (1576-1578), `macne~, ist. seria, 1977, #1, gv. 107-117). mas Semdeg<br />

gamoqveyn<strong>da</strong> zogierTi axali wyaro <strong>da</strong> mosazreba. amitom saWirod CavTvale<br />

erTxel kidev mivbrunebodi Cveni isto riis am saintereso epi zods.<br />

332 333

Svilebis _ dediT qarTveli ufliswulebis, bedi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

roli islamur qveyanaSi.<br />

Zveli <strong>da</strong> axali istorikosebi iranis Sahebis colebis<br />

vinaobas, maTs eTniur kuTvnilebas exebodnen imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

aintereseb<strong>da</strong>T ufliswulebis warmomavleba dedebis<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

Sah Tamazs, sparsuli <strong>da</strong> evropuli wyaroebis mixedviT,<br />

ramdenime qarTveli coli hyav<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli wyaroebi ki,<br />

qarTvelad Sah Tamazis erT cols, mohamed-xu<strong>da</strong>bendes de<strong>da</strong>s,<br />

samcxe-saaTabagos umsxvilesi feo<strong>da</strong>lis oTar SalikaSvilis<br />

qals asaxeleben, rasac qarTveli istorikosebis erTi jgufi<br />

uaryofs, meore jgufs ki saeWvod miaCnia. am sakiTxis<br />

Ses wavlam mTel rig <strong>da</strong>skvnebamde <strong>da</strong> varaudebamde mimiyvana.<br />

Sah Tamazis Svilebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva cnoba.<br />

XVI saukunis qurTi istorikosi Saraf-xan biTlisi (igi 1578<br />

wlamde sefianTa samsaxurSi iyo <strong>da</strong> kargad icnob<strong>da</strong> samefo<br />

kars) Tavis `Seref-nameSi~ gadmogvcems rom Sah Tamazs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

colebisagan hyav<strong>da</strong> vaJebi: mohamed-mirza <strong>da</strong> ismailmirza<br />

_ isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvilisagan; sulaiman-mirza,<br />

axmad-mirza, junaid–mirza Samxalis disa <strong>da</strong> Cerqezi xar-<br />

Webisagan; hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza, Mmustafa-mirza, imam-yuli-mirza <strong>da</strong><br />

mahmud-mirza _ qarTveli mona qalebisagan 1 . amgvarad, biTlisis<br />

mixedviT, xu<strong>da</strong> bende <strong>da</strong> ismaili erTi dedis, isa-beg Torqemanis<br />

qalis Svilebi iyvnen 2 . SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Saraf-xan<br />

biTlisis es cnoba gaziarebulia TiTqmis yvela mkvlevris<br />

mier, rogorc sazRvargareT, aseve CvenTanac.<br />

`axalma qarTlis cxovrebam~ <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilma<br />

Sah Tamazis qarTveli colis ara mxolod mama (oTar SalikaSvili)<br />

ician, aramed misi colisZmis (varazas) Sesaxebac<br />

saintereso cnobas gvawvdian. isini garkveul warmodgenas<br />

gviqmnian, agreTve, Sah Tamazis varazasadmi _ Tavisi<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, Шараф-наме, III, с. 232.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 232.<br />

colisZmisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze 1 . gvaqvs ori erTmaneTisagan<br />

sakmaod gansxvavebuli italiuri <strong>da</strong> espanuri werilobiTi<br />

wyaroc. orive wyaros mixedviT, Sah Tamazs hyav<strong>da</strong> 11 Svili.<br />

minadois gadmocemiT sami ufrosi vaJi _ mohamedi, ismaili<br />

<strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> erTi asuli _ feri-xan-xanumi srulasakovani<br />

iyvnen, xolo <strong>da</strong>narCeni rva _ mamedi, solimani, mustafa,<br />

emanguli, alixani, ahmedi, ibrahimi <strong>da</strong> meore ismaili ki<br />

mcireasakisani 2 . sparseli don xuan de persia (uluR-beg<br />

baiaTi) gvamcnobs, rom Sah Tamazs TerTmeti Svili hyav<strong>da</strong>:<br />

sami asuli <strong>da</strong> rva vaJi. D<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli oTxi Svilis gar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mustafa, ali-mirza, bahram-mirza <strong>da</strong> ibrahim-mirza, `Tumca<br />

es oTxi vaJi <strong>da</strong> sami asuli imdenad mcirewlovanni iyvnen,<br />

rom maT araviTari cvlilebis moxdena ar SeeZloT~ 3 .<br />

Tanamedrove iranelma istorikosma nasrola falsafim<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva (aRmosavluri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savluri) wyaroebis SeswavliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgina Sah Tamazis colebisa <strong>da</strong> Svilebis warmomavloba<br />

dedebis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. misi TqmiT: „Sah Tamazis bevri coli<br />

im mxevalTa <strong>da</strong> asulTagani iyo, romelTac gurjistanis<br />

amirebi, sxva ZRvenTan <strong>da</strong> saCuqrebTan erTad, yovelwliurad<br />

ugzavnidnen xolme Sahs“. istorikosi iqve, ufros-umcrosobis<br />

mixedviT, Sah Tamazis Svilebis saxelebs <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />

maTganis de<strong>da</strong>Ta vinaobasac gvacnobs: „1. muhamed-mirza, Sah<br />

abasis mama, 2. ismail-mirza (am oris de<strong>da</strong>, sulTanami, Torqmani<br />

iyo musavalis tomi<strong>da</strong>n), 3. murad-mirza, 4. hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza<br />

(de<strong>da</strong>misi, sulTan zade xanumi, qarTveli iyo), 5. suleimanmirza<br />

(de<strong>da</strong>misi, sulTan aRa xanumi, Cerqezi iyo), 6. mustafa-mirza<br />

(de<strong>da</strong>misi, zahra baji, qarTveli iyo 4 ), 7. mahmudmirza,<br />

8. imamyuli-mirza, romlis de<strong>da</strong>, xanfarvan xanumi,<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 364,, 370, 372, 516, 523; qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

IV, gv. 411, 715, 718.<br />

2 Minadoi T p. 4-5.<br />

3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 60v-61r<br />

4 mustafas dedis qarTvelobas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs v. hincic. Hinz W., Schah Esmail<br />

II . Ein Beitrage zur Geschichte der Safaviden, Berlin, 1933, S. 46.<br />

334 335

qarTveli iyo 1 . Serefxan bidlisis mixedviT, hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas<br />

<strong>da</strong> imamyuli-mirzas erTi de<strong>da</strong> hyav<strong>da</strong>T 2 . imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

am qalbatonis Zmebi _ zaal-gurji <strong>da</strong> alixan-gurji mesxebi<br />

iyvnen, maSasa<strong>da</strong>me isic mesxi, magram ar SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom<br />

mainc <strong>da</strong> mainc SalikaSvili iyo 3 . 9. ali-mirza (amis de<strong>da</strong>c<br />

zahra baji iyo), 10. ahmad-mirza, 11. zein ol-mirza, 12. musamirza<br />

4 .<br />

murad-mirza, Dzein ol-mirza <strong>da</strong> Nmusa-mirza Sah Tamazis<br />

sicocxleSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvalnen.N<br />

nasrola falsafis TqmiT, Sah Tamazis rva asulTagan<br />

dediT qarTveli iyo mxolod erTi _ zeinab begumi, romelsac<br />

adre ana xanumi erqva 5 . imave istorikosis mixedviT,<br />

Sah abass ori mami<strong>da</strong> hyav<strong>da</strong>: erTi iyo <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli zeinab<br />

begumi, romelsac, rogorc iTqva, qarTveli de<strong>da</strong> hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

meore _ mariam sulTan xanumi 6 . iqneb es ukanasknelic dediT<br />

qarTveli iyo, razec misi qristianuli saxeli mariami un<strong>da</strong><br />

migvaniSnebdes? zeinab begumis adrindeli saxelic xom qristianuli<br />

ana iyo.<br />

sainteresoa ratom iTvleba <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ori qalbatoni<br />

Sah abasis mamidebad, Tanac nasrola falsafis logikiT,<br />

maTgan mxolod erTs yav<strong>da</strong> qarTveli de<strong>da</strong>, meores ki ara.<br />

gamodis, rom isini sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva de<strong>da</strong>s ekuTvnodnen. Tu dediT<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, II , c. 229.<br />

2 Тамже.<br />

3 Sdr. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis narkvevebi, Tb.,<br />

1990, gv. 243.<br />

4 yizilbaSuri wesis mixedviT, TiToeul vaJs aRmzrdelad (lala) hyav<strong>da</strong><br />

erT-erTi yizilbaSuri momTabare feo<strong>da</strong>luri tomis di<strong>da</strong>kacobis warmomadgeneli.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare erT-erTi ufliswuli romeliRac tomis aRzrdilad<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misgan mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera garantirebuli hqon<strong>da</strong>. Пигулевская Н. В.,<br />

Якубовский А. Ю., Петрушевский И. П., Строева И. В., Белинецкий Л. М.,<br />

История Ирана с древнейших времен до конца 18 века, Л., 1958, с. 264.<br />

5 ucxouri literaturis referatuli krebuli. istoria, 6, „mecniereba“,<br />

Tb., 1978, gv. 9-11.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 29.<br />

sxvaobas mniSvneloba ar hqon<strong>da</strong>, maSin Sah Tamazis sxva asulebi<br />

(rogorc iTqva, mas rva asuli hyav<strong>da</strong>) ratom ar iTvlebodnen<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes debad <strong>da</strong>, Sesabamisad, Sah abasis mamidebad?<br />

vfiqrob <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ori qalbatoni <strong>da</strong> mohamed-xu<strong>da</strong>bende<br />

erTi mamis _ Sah Tamazis <strong>da</strong> erTi dedis _ qarTveli<br />

qalis Svilebi iyvnen. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, am sakiTxze msjelobisas<br />

<strong>da</strong>brkolebad ar un<strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>vaqcioT SalikaSvilebis asulis<br />

adgili Sah Tamazis colebs Soris. aucilebeli ar iyo es<br />

qali mainc<strong>da</strong>mainc oTar SalikaSvilis is asuli yofiliyo,<br />

romelzec qarTuli wyaroebi gadmogvcemen.<br />

eWvs kidev ufro aZlierebs zeinab begumis (anas) roli<br />

<strong>da</strong> adgili Sah abasis karis cxovrebaSi. rogorc Cans es<br />

qali gauTxovari <strong>da</strong>rCa (<strong>da</strong>niSnuli yofila aliyuli-xan<br />

Samluze, magram sasiZo mouklavT). is Sah-muhamedisa <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

Svilis hamza mirzas dros haramxanaSi didi privilegiebiT<br />

sargeblob<strong>da</strong>, xolo Sah abasis zeobisas haramxanas ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>, sxva qalebTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, SahTanac is yvelaze<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebuli iyo. Sah abasi mis azrs sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva sakiTxebze<br />

angariSs uwev<strong>da</strong>, is monawileob<strong>da</strong> iseT RonisZiebebSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

mxolod mamakacebi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyvnen. falsafi imowmebs antonio<br />

de goveas erT cnobas, romlis mixedviTac, „zeinab<br />

begumic ar aris <strong>da</strong>zRveuli avsityvaobisagan <strong>da</strong> xma <strong>da</strong>dis,<br />

rom mas Tavis ZmisSvilTan Sah abasTan sasiyvarulo urTierToba<br />

aqvso“ 1 .<br />

rac Seexeba mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes meore <strong>da</strong>s _ mariams is,<br />

zeinabisagan gansxvavebiT, rogorc Cans, muslimi qalebisaTvis<br />

Cveulebriv karCaketil cxovrebas eweo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>kavebuli<br />

iyo Tavisi ojaxis saqmeebiT.<br />

Sah Tamazs rom colad hyav<strong>da</strong> qarTveli qali, msxvili<br />

mesxi feo<strong>da</strong>lis oTar SalikaSvilis asuli, amis Sesaxeb<br />

cnobebi <strong>da</strong>culia XVIII s. 20-iani wlebis vaxtang VI-is<br />

`swavlul kacTa komisiis~ mier Sedgenil `axali qarTlis<br />

336 337<br />

1 iqve.

cxovrebis~ gagrZelebasa <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvilis `aRwera<br />

samefosa <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>aSi~, amis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. sainteresoa,<br />

rom XVI s. meore naxevris samcxe-saaTabagos <strong>da</strong>,<br />

saerTod, Sesabamisi periodis <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi<br />

istoriuli wyaro _ `mesxuri matiane~ _<br />

arafers ambobs arc oTar SalikaSvilze, arc mis asulze,<br />

arc oTaris vaJze _ Sah Tamazis moyvare _ aTabagis qvrivis<br />

dedisimedis mier moklul, varazaze. `mesxuri matianis~ amgvari<br />

tendencia, dumili SalikaSvilebis Sesaxeb, romlebic<br />

jayelTa dinastiis mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerad <strong>da</strong> naTesavad iTvlebodnen<br />

manamde, vidre dedisimedi moklav<strong>da</strong> varazas, axsna SeiZleba:<br />

am mkvlelobam SalikaSvilebi aTabagis mowinaaRmdegeTa<br />

banakSi ga<strong>da</strong>iyvana. amitom matianeSi, romelic aTabagis ojaxis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kveTiTa <strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba iTqvas, karnaxiTac iwerebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

is rac SalikaSvilebs ganxeTqilebamde aTabagis sasikeToT<br />

gaukeTebiaT, ara mxolod aRar aisaxa, aramed am gvaris xsenebac<br />

ki ar aris. isini mxolod iqi<strong>da</strong>n moixsenebian (ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, uaryofiT konteqstSi), rodesac jayelebis winaaRmdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebuli ajanyebis moTaveni <strong>da</strong> meTaurebi gaxdnen.<br />

ueWvelia, saqarTveloSi icodnen Sahis sxva qarTveli<br />

colebis Sesaxeb, magram qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvis imdenad<br />

Cveulebrivi movlena iyo qarTveli qalebis Sahebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sparseli didebulebis coloba an maT haramxanebSi yofna,<br />

rom Zveli istorikosebi, safiqrebelia, amas gansakuTrebul<br />

yuradRebas aRar uTmobdnen. magram sul sxva iyo im qarTveli<br />

qalbatonisadmi interesi, romelic ara mxolod Sahis<br />

coli iyo, aramed iranis mbrZaneblis de<strong>da</strong>c gax<strong>da</strong>. aseTi<br />

qalbatoni, qarTveli istorikosebis mixedviT, iyo oTar SalikaSvilis<br />

asuli, romlis saxelic ki ar viciT. amitom<br />

xom ar miCqmala iranulma istoriografiam SalikaSvilis<br />

asulis saxeli?<br />

beri egnataSvilis TxzulebaSi naTqvamia, rom Sah Tamazma<br />

aTabag qaixosrosTan <strong>da</strong>naTesaveba moisurva <strong>da</strong> sTxova Tavisi<br />

romelime naTesavi mieca colad. radgan aTabags asuli ar<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong>, amitom Tavisi naTesavis, oTar SalikaSvilis qaliSvili<br />

gaugzavna. Sah Tamazma iqorwina oTaris qalze, romelic<br />

misi sayvareli coli Seiqmna. am qorwinebis wyalobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>myar<strong>da</strong> kargi urTierToba Sahsa <strong>da</strong> aTabags Soris 1 .<br />

oTar SalikaSvilis asulis Sah Tamazis coloba qarTuli<br />

saistorio mwerlobaSi sakmaod gamokveTilad Cans <strong>da</strong> zogierTi<br />

arapir<strong>da</strong>piri evropuli cnobac mas imdenad amagrebs,<br />

rom igi SeiZleba Sah-mohamed ho<strong>da</strong>bandes de<strong>da</strong>d vigulisxmoT,<br />

Tumca amgvar mosazrebas seriozuli winaaRmdegoba xvdeba.<br />

beri egnataSvili gvamcnobs, rom kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre<br />

II -is ufliswuli erekle mamas stambols gaeqca. Sah Tamazma<br />

erekles aseTi moqmedeba aleqsandres gandgomad Seafasa <strong>da</strong><br />

mis <strong>da</strong>sasjelad wamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yarabaRSi gaCer<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre<br />

mefis saxlTuxucesma oTar ColoyaSvilma imdeni moaxerxa,<br />

rom Sah Tamazis risxva kaxeTs aacila <strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTabagos<br />

<strong>da</strong>atexa, roca qaixosro II-is qvrivs dedisimeds oTar SalikaSvilis<br />

vaJi varaza moakvlevina 2 .<br />

zogierTma mkvlevarma, romelsac eWvi ar epareba Sarafxan<br />

biTlisis naTqvamis WeSmaritebaSi (Saraf-xan biTlisis<br />

mixedviT, rogorc iTqva, Sah Tamamzs mohamed-mirza <strong>da</strong> ismail-mirza<br />

_ isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvilisagan hyav<strong>da</strong>),<br />

sca<strong>da</strong> gaerkvia, ratom aris qarTul wyaroebSi mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

de<strong>da</strong> qarTvelad gamocxadebuli. mniSvnelovan argumentad<br />

miaCniaT qarTvelebis _ zaal-begisa <strong>da</strong> ali-xanis<br />

brZola ara mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes <strong>da</strong> ismailis gamefebisaTvis,<br />

aramed hei<strong>da</strong>r mirzasTvis mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera, rac mxolod<br />

imiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas, rom hei<strong>da</strong>ris de<strong>da</strong> qarTveli iyo. k. tabataZis<br />

azriT, ali-xanisa <strong>da</strong> zaal-begisaTvis ufro ioli<br />

iqnebo<strong>da</strong> ufrosi vaJebis, maT rom de<strong>da</strong> qarTveli hyolo<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

gamefeba, romelTac kanonic xels uwyob<strong>da</strong>, rom mamis memkvi-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv 364.<br />

2 <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. qvemoT: `aTabagi qaixosro II <strong>da</strong> dedisimed II~.<br />

338 339

dreoba gaegrZelebinaT~ 1 . d. kacitaZe Tavis kritikul werilSi<br />

ndobas ucxadebs sparsuli wyaros cnobebs, romelTa<br />

mixedviTac mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bandes de<strong>da</strong> iyo yizilbaSuri tomi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

2 . m. svaniZem 1971 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi<br />

ukomentarod gaiziara vaxuSti batoniSvilis gadmocema Sah<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes dedis SalikaSvilobis Sesaxeb 3 , magram<br />

mogvianebiT man Seicvala azri <strong>da</strong> wyaroze miTiTebis gareSe<br />

aRniSnavs: `mohamed-mirzasa <strong>da</strong> ismail-mirzas de<strong>da</strong> SalikaSvilis<br />

asuli ver iqnebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan roca Sah Tamazma igi colad<br />

moiyvana (1548 w.), orive vaJiSvili sakmaod mozrdili<br />

iyo (15 wels ga<strong>da</strong>cilebuli)~. mas <strong>da</strong>saSvebad miaCnia, rom<br />

`SalikaSvilis asuls Sah Tamazisagan SeeZina qaliSvili ana,<br />

SemdgomSi zeinab begumad wodebuli~ 4 . <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli istorikosebis<br />

mosazrebebs iziarebs n. gelaSvilic 5 . ucvleli ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa Cemi mosazrebac: marTalia, mec veWvob, rom SalikaSvilis<br />

asuli mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes <strong>da</strong> ismailis de<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo,<br />

magram qvemoT Sevecdebi im mosazrebis ganviTarebas, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ufliswulebis de<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis erT-erTi<br />

qarTveli coli iyo, romlis vinaoba ucnobia.<br />

aRniSnulTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas Semdegi: sayovelTaod<br />

cnobilia, <strong>da</strong> qvemoTac sakmao masalas gavecnobiT,<br />

sai<strong>da</strong>nac Cans ratom ar sur<strong>da</strong> maSindeli iranis didkacobas<br />

Sah Tamazis ufrosi vaJebis _ mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes an ismailmirzas<br />

gamefeba. orives seriozuli nakli gaaCn<strong>da</strong>, rac SemdegSi<br />

maTi mefobisas TvalnaTliv gamoCn<strong>da</strong>. mohamedi, fizikur<br />

naklTan erTad, saxelmwifos marTvis arc unars <strong>da</strong> arc<br />

survils ar amJRavneb<strong>da</strong>. ismaili qveynis mmarTvelisaTvis<br />

aucilebel wonasworobasa <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>Werilobas ar flob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 tabataZe k., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv 176<br />

2 kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n, `ciskari, #8, 1978, gv.<br />

137-139.<br />

3 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 135.<br />

4 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi, gv. 242-243.<br />

5 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 145.<br />

Sahis karze <strong>da</strong>winaurebuli qarTvelebi taxtis memkvidris<br />

SerCevisas, ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, ver gabe<strong>da</strong>vdnen iseTi kandi<strong>da</strong>tis<br />

win wamowevas <strong>da</strong> axdilad mxar<strong>da</strong>Weras, Tun<strong>da</strong>c misi de<strong>da</strong><br />

qarTveli yofiliyo, Tu am saqmeSi maT ar eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T imave<br />

didkacobis mniSvnelovani nawilis Tanadgoma. maT aucileblad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaeTvaliswinebinaT <strong>da</strong> iTvaliswinebdnen kidec<br />

maT azrsa <strong>da</strong> ganwyobilebas. ase rom, qarTvelebis _ alixanisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> zaal-begis mier Sahis taxtze ismailis an xu<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

kandi<strong>da</strong>turis arwamoyeneba srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar un<strong>da</strong> niSnavdes<br />

imas, rom <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli ufliswulebis de<strong>da</strong> qarTveli ar<br />

iyo. aqve, albaT gasaTvaliswinebelia, ufliswulTa dedebis<br />

piradi Tvisebebic. savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom SalikaSvilebis<br />

qali srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar iyo iseTi aqtiuri pirovneba<br />

(albaT isic iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong> `ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa~ <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebas<br />

misi Svilebisadmi), rogoric iyo hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas<br />

de<strong>da</strong>, romelic, rogorc Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans, garkveul gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong>, rogorc Sah Tamazze, ise<br />

kariskacebze. mas gverdSi edgnen aseve aqtiuri a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />

Tavisi Zmebi _ zaal begi <strong>da</strong> ali-xani <strong>da</strong> Tavisi Svilis<br />

gamefebisaTvis arafers moeri<strong>da</strong>, Sahis mowamvlasac ki.<br />

rac Seexeba beri egnataSvilis gadmocemas, SalikaSvilis<br />

qalis svimon I -Tan Sexvedris <strong>da</strong> misi saqarTveloSi gamostumrebis<br />

Sesaxeb (amaze <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT qvemoT), n. gelaSvilis<br />

azriT, es qalbatoni SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Rupuli hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas<br />

de<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo 1 . vfiqrob, aseTi varaudis gamoTqma ar Seesabameba<br />

Sesaswavli periodis realiebs. ara mgonia, Sah Tamazis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg momx<strong>da</strong>ri ambebi (hei<strong>da</strong>ris mokvla, gamarjvebulTa<br />

mier gatarebuli <strong>da</strong>msjeli RonisZiebebi, Semdeg<br />

Sah ismailis mier ganxorcielebuli terori, romelmac misi<br />

u<strong>da</strong>naSaulo Zmebi <strong>da</strong> axloblebic Seiwira), gverds auvli<strong>da</strong><br />

mTavari <strong>da</strong>mnaSavis de<strong>da</strong>s <strong>da</strong> mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes dros mas<br />

imden pativSi amyofebdnen, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> taxtze svimon<br />

1 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 146.<br />

340 341

I-is aRdgena misi sakiTxavi yofiliyo. savaraudoa, hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

de<strong>da</strong> SvilTan erTad an axlo periodSi <strong>da</strong>iRupa. sxvas yvelafers<br />

rom Tavi <strong>da</strong>vaneboT, isic sakmarisi iyo, rom mis<br />

mimarT sakmaod safuZvliani eWvi arsebob<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos man Sah<br />

Tamazi moawamvlina. SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos isic, rom<br />

saaTabagoSi jayelTa winaaRmdeg ajanyebis dros, aTabagis<br />

ojaxis mier SahisaTvis ramdenime Txovna <strong>da</strong>xmarebis Taobaze<br />

uyuradRebod <strong>da</strong>rCa, maSin, roca sparselebi jayelTa mTavari<br />

mowinaaRmdegeebis _ SalikaSvilebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebas cdilobdnen.<br />

am faqtSi Sahis karis mier naTesavi gvarisadmi <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

mcdelobas vxe<strong>da</strong>v. isic aRsaniSnia, saaTabagoSi rogor seriozulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyvnen Sahis taxtze mosalodneli<br />

cvlilebiT ismail II-is zeobis dros: `qristeSobisTulÀs<br />

iz, ambavi movi<strong>da</strong> Tu: Saismeili moku<strong>da</strong>o. aRar <strong>da</strong>viSaleT,<br />

SobBOs elCi gavgzavneT batons TualmSuÀnierTana; yaenis<br />

sikudili ar <strong>da</strong>vijereT. qristeSobisTuÀs oc<strong>da</strong>rvasa Tual-<br />

SuÀnieris kaci movi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>sturo yaenis sikudilis ambavi<br />

moitana [giorgobisTuÀs kg momkv<strong>da</strong>riyo Saismaeli]~ 1 . aTabgis<br />

ojaxisaTvis Sah imail II arasasurveli iyo, sruliad<br />

gasagebi im mizezebis gamo romlebzec zemoT iTqva.<br />

SemTxveviTi ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos aRniSvna jayelebis im gaaqtiurebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> warmatebebisa Sah ismailis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg<br />

ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi rom iqna miRweuli<br />

_ dekembris 31-s yvaryvare <strong>da</strong> manuCari Tmogvs moadgnen, 5<br />

ianvars dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> beqa yuels; 8 ianvars orive <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

cixe aiRes; manuCarma foso <strong>da</strong> javaxeTi <strong>da</strong>arbia, gurgaqs<br />

qajis cixe `gaubaraqiana~ 2 .<br />

amgvarad, qarTuli saistorio literaturaSi <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

cnobebi SalikaSvilebisa <strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis naTesaobis Sesaxeb,<br />

SeiZleba detalurad ar asaxavdes realobas, magram<br />

misi gaTvaliswineba mainc SeiZleba. ar mgonia, rom ing-<br />

1 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 46.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 46-47.<br />

liseli herbertis <strong>da</strong> habsburgebis imperiis elCis <strong>da</strong>vid<br />

ungandis cnobebsac, romelsac qvemoT gavecnobiT, safuZveli<br />

ar hqondes.<br />

<strong>da</strong>sasrul, SalikaSvilebis qalis xelSewyobiTac un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyo misi Tanamemamuleebis _ saaTabagoelebis aqtiuroba<br />

iranis Sahis karze.<br />

* * *A<br />

Sah Tamazis sicocxlis bolo periodSi taxtis ori<br />

gamokveTili pretendenti iyo, romelTa irgvliv <strong>da</strong>irazma<br />

ori sakmaod seriozuli <strong>da</strong>jgufeba. Epretendentebi iyvnen<br />

ufliswulebi _ ismaili <strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>ri. <strong>da</strong>jgufebebi formalurad<br />

Sah Tamazis ori, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dedisgan naSobi vaJebis<br />

momxreebs warmoadgendgendnen, sinamdvileSi maT TavianTi<br />

Sors mimavali miznebi hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

imisaTvis raTa gasagebi gaxdes Sah Tamazis sicocxlis<br />

bolos iranSi qarTvelTa gavlena <strong>da</strong> Zala, un<strong>da</strong> gavecnoT<br />

mis zogierT Svils, kerZod, vaJebs _ mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes,<br />

ismails, hei<strong>da</strong>rs <strong>da</strong> asuls _ ferixan xanums.<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende am droisaTvis araviTar interess<br />

ar amJRavneb<strong>da</strong> monawileoba mieRo qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi.<br />

mas susti mxedveloba <strong>da</strong>, saerTo aRirebiT, aseve<br />

susti nebisyofa hqon<strong>da</strong>. mas TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv ukiTxavdnen<br />

yurans. Tavisi mokrZalebuli cxovrebis wesis gamo<br />

iyo, rom mas xu<strong>da</strong>bende (RvTis mona an msaxuri) Searqves.<br />

erT dros (30-iani wlebis bolos) mamam sagamgeblod (meurvis<br />

ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobiT) heraTi Caabara 1 . 50-iani wlebis Sua<br />

xanebSi is yazvinSi gaiwvies <strong>da</strong> mis adgilas misi energiuli<br />

Zma, ismail-mirza <strong>da</strong>iniSna 2 , magram `uRirsi~ saqcielis gamo,<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 187.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 200.<br />

342 343

Sahma is gaiwvia <strong>da</strong> heraTSi isev mohamedi <strong>da</strong>abruna 1 . ……<br />

minadois TqmiT, mohamedi TvalebiT avadmyofi (italiels<br />

hgonia, rom mas amisaTvis <strong>da</strong>arqves ho<strong>da</strong>bande), is myudro<br />

cxovrebisadmi midrekili, Tavm<strong>da</strong>bali <strong>da</strong> mecnierebisaTvis<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli iyo. Mmas ver warmoedgina rogor un<strong>da</strong> etvirTa<br />

Tavis Tavze mmarTvelobis tvirTi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emorCilebina mZvinvare<br />

mtrebi aforiaqebul qveyanaSi 2 . <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aseTnairadve<br />

axasiaTebs am ufliswuls uluR-beg baiaTi (don xuan de<br />

persia). Mmisi TqmiT, muhameds imdenad susti mxedveloba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom is cotas an TiTqmis ver xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. am udidesi<br />

naklulovanebis gamo ar SeeZlo ajanyebuli provinciebis <strong>da</strong><br />

xalxebis <strong>da</strong>mSvideba <strong>da</strong> amitom igi saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis<br />

moyvaruli ar iyo 3 .<br />

Saraf-xan bidlisi Tavis naSromSi gadmogvcems mohamed<br />

xod ban<strong>da</strong>s simx<strong>da</strong>lis <strong>da</strong> ugergilobis ramdenime magaliTs 4 .<br />

ismaili. sparsulenovani werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT,<br />

is maili sruliad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi ufrosi Zmisagan.<br />

man 14 wlis asakSi sax eli gaiTqva ajanyebuli biZis alyasmirzas<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolebSi 1547 wels <strong>da</strong> mis magier Sirazis<br />

gamgebla<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>iniSna. is mailma 1552 wels arzrumis<br />

mmarTveli <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, ibrZo<strong>da</strong> qurTistanSi <strong>da</strong> didi na<strong>da</strong>vlic<br />

iSova 5 . 1553-1554 wlebSi Sah Tamazma ismails didebuli<br />

qorwili ga<strong>da</strong>uxa<strong>da</strong> TavrizSi 6 . Semdeg wels Sahma masve<br />

Caabara heraTis marTva nacvlad mohamed-mirzasi, magram ismaili<br />

heraTSi Cadenili „uRirsi qme dobebis~ gamo, sul male<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ayena. heraTSi kvlav mohamed-mirza <strong>da</strong>iniSna <strong>da</strong> masve <strong>da</strong>evala<br />

ismailis SahTan miyvana. Mmagram mohamedi heraTSi <strong>da</strong>rCa<br />

ismails ki sunduk-beg afSari gaayola. rodesac Sahma gaigo,<br />

1 Тамже, с. 201.<br />

2 Minadoi ., p. 5-6.<br />

3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61r.<br />

4 Tамже, с. 212, 218, 234…<br />

5 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sx. naSr., gv. 121.<br />

6 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 199.<br />

rom ismaili q. saveSi mivi<strong>da</strong>, mis Sesaxvedrad gaagzavna masumbeg<br />

safavi, romelmac is mails borkilebi <strong>da</strong>ado <strong>da</strong> yahyahes 1<br />

cixe-simagreSi Caamwyvdia 2 , sa<strong>da</strong>c man 20 weli gaatara.<br />

Sah Tamazis aseTi moqmedeba ismailis mimarT sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvarad<br />

axsnes. Saraf-xani erTgan aRniSnavs, rom ismailis<br />

moSurneebis mcdelo biT iyo, rom is yalyalas cixeSi gamoamwyvdies<br />

3 .Ggaurkvevelia ras gulisx mob<strong>da</strong> Saraf-xan bidlisi<br />

ismailis mier heraTSi Cadenil „uRirsi qmedobebSi~. SeiZleba<br />

es un<strong>da</strong> iyos is, rasac germanelma mkvlevarma ufliswulis<br />

Sahisadmi <strong>da</strong>umoCilebloba uwo<strong>da</strong>, rodesac igi <strong>da</strong>moukidebel<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebebs iReb<strong>da</strong> 4 . Aan is, rom heraTSi misvlis-<br />

Tanave, Sahis mier gayolebul ali-sulTan Taqalum piri<br />

Sekra TaTar-sulTanTan, ali-begTan, mohamed-xanis vaJebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxvebTan <strong>da</strong> Seurcxyofa miayenes mohamed-xan lalas <strong>da</strong><br />

misi mokvlac ki ganizraxes. mohamed-xani yazvinSi wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Sahs moaxsena yvelaferi rac heraTSi ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>. SaxTan audiencii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ramdenime dRis Semdeg, ali-sulTan Taqalu kilbad<br />

(gul baaT) gurjis vaJebma mokles 5 . savaraudoa ali-sulTan<br />

Taqalu ismailis miTiTebiT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>, rac misi <strong>da</strong>patimrebis<br />

erT-erTi mizezi gax<strong>da</strong>.<br />

don xuan de persias mixedviT, ismails Tavis mamas-<br />

Tan ganxeTqileba hqon<strong>da</strong>, radgan mousvenari sulisa iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

axal-axali movlenebi itaceb<strong>da</strong>. moxuci Tamazi yovelTvis<br />

afrTxileb<strong>da</strong> mamac ax algazr<strong>da</strong>s, rom mas qed maRloba <strong>da</strong> sixarbe<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupav<strong>da</strong> 6 . minadoic, jer Zalian mokled gadmogvcems,<br />

rom ismaili Tavisi mkacri xasiaTis gamo ga<strong>da</strong>gzavnili<br />

iqna kahkahes cixeSi, Tavrizsa <strong>da</strong> yazvins Soris 7 , Semdeg ki<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 200-201.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 333.<br />

3 Тамже, с. 333.<br />

4 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 35.<br />

5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 200<br />

6 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 r.<br />

7 Minadoi , p. 4.<br />

344 345

ufro vrclad aRniSnavs im mizezze, ramac Sah Tamazis amgvari<br />

radikaluri RonisZieba ganapiroba. is maili yovelTvis<br />

aSkarad acxadeb<strong>da</strong> Tavis mtrul <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebaze Turqebis<br />

mimarT <strong>da</strong> ukmayo filebas gamoxatav<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan 1555 wels<br />

ama siis zavis <strong>da</strong>debis gamo. mamisagan araerTgzis akrZalvisa<br />

man gabe<strong>da</strong>, rom arzrumis teritoriaze SeWriliyo <strong>da</strong><br />

gaeZarcva am mxaris qalaqebi <strong>da</strong> cixe-koSkebi 1 .<br />

ismailis <strong>da</strong>patimrebis mizezad misi osmaleTis teritoriebze<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmebi <strong>da</strong> iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris axali<br />

omis provocirebaa <strong>da</strong>s axelebuli sxva evropul wyaroSic.<br />

`karmelitebis qronika~ mog viTxrobs, rom ismailma mravaljer<br />

<strong>da</strong>amarcxa osmalebi, riTac ukmayo filo iyo, rogorc Sahi,<br />

ise misi mrCeveli, ismailis <strong>da</strong>uZinebeli mteri maysud-begi.<br />

man Sah Tamazs Caagona, rom ismailis moqmedeba un<strong>da</strong> Sefasebuliyo,<br />

rogorc amboxeba, radgan igi mSvidobianobis dros,<br />

Sahis nebarTvis gareSe, osmalTa qveyanas arbev<strong>da</strong>. maysud-begma<br />

Sahs ismailis mier iranis provinciebis mmarTvelebisadmi<br />

gagzavnili werilebic aCvena, romlebiTac is maT osmaleTis<br />

winaaRmdeg omisaken mouwodeb<strong>da</strong>. yovelive amis gamo Sahma<br />

ufliswuli cixeSi Casva 2 .<br />

Mmiuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom ismaili gare samyaro<strong>da</strong>n izolirebuli<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong>, Sah Tamazi, rogorc Cans, mainc Tavs mSvi<strong>da</strong>d<br />

ver grZnob<strong>da</strong>. mas sur<strong>da</strong> gamoricxuliyo yvela SesaZlebloba,<br />

rom ismails amboxeba moewyo Tavisi patimrobis adgilas 3<br />

_ kahkahes cixeSi.<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza . dReisaTvis cnobili yvela werilobiTi<br />

wyaro erTx mad aRniSnavs Sah Tamazis gansakuTrebul Tbil<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebulebasa <strong>da</strong> siyvarulze Tavisi mesame vaJis _ hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzasadmi.<br />

sruliad mcire asak isHhei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzasadmi<br />

Sahis gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli <strong>da</strong>mokide bulebis maCve-<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 5.<br />

2 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 44.<br />

3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 222.<br />

nebelia Tun<strong>da</strong>c is, rom 1560-1561 wlebSi, maSin, rodesac<br />

ufliswuli mxolod 4-5 wlisa iyo, osmalebs mosTxova<br />

misTvis sagamgeblod <strong>da</strong>eTmoT baR<strong>da</strong>di, samagierod maT ga<strong>da</strong>scem<strong>da</strong><br />

yazvinSi TavSefarebul ufliswul baiazids 16 .<br />

Saraf-xani gansakuTrebul simpaTias amJRavnebs hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

mimarT, maSin, roca is Cerqezis xmliT iRupeba. istorikosi<br />

ambobs: `erT-erTma Cerqezma gulamma xmlis <strong>da</strong>rtymiT <strong>da</strong>Rupa<br />

mefobis wyaluxv mdinareze aR mocenebuli is kviparosi <strong>da</strong><br />

vardi... romelsac ar hyav<strong>da</strong>T ba<strong>da</strong>li <strong>da</strong> Tanaswori sefevidebis<br />

ojaxsa <strong>da</strong> alis modgmaSi~ 27 .<br />

Hhei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas pira<strong>da</strong>d icnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> misi saintereso sityvieri<br />

por treti <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba <strong>da</strong>gvitova veneciis elCma<br />

Sahis karze vinCenco d’alesandrim. Mmisi TqmiT, hei<strong>da</strong>ri iyo<br />

tanmorCili, Zalian lamazi, Ta vis asakTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT Zalian<br />

seriozuli, Wkviani, SorsmWvreteli, sax elmwifo saqmeeb-<br />

Si Caxeduli. is fizikura<strong>da</strong>c kargad momzadebuli, mamaci<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>ri iyo, gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> sasimovno saubriTa <strong>da</strong> zrdilobiT.<br />

yovelive aRniSnulis gamo, hei<strong>da</strong>ri sasaxleSi yvelas<br />

uyvar<strong>da</strong>, gan skuTrebiT ki Sah Tamazs, magram imave Tvisebebis<br />

gamo, igi <strong>da</strong>-Zmebs sZul<strong>da</strong>T 3 . <strong>da</strong>-Zmebis hei<strong>da</strong>risadmi<br />

siZulvili SeiZleba misi xelisu flebisaken TavSeukavebeli<br />

ltolviTac iyo gamowveuli, ris Sesaxebac sakmaod <strong>da</strong>majereblad<br />

mogviTxrobs mina doi. `es hei<strong>da</strong>ri, jer kidev ma Sin,<br />

rodesac Tamazi mwoliare avadmyofi iyo, utifrad Sevi<strong>da</strong><br />

mis sa wol oTaxSi <strong>da</strong> Subli Seimko mamiseuli gvirgviniT.<br />

aseTi moufiqre beli saqcieliT moxuci <strong>da</strong> uZluri mamis<br />

Tvalwin amJRavneb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi pativmoyvareobis Seuferebel<br />

wyurvils. igi sxva dros <strong>da</strong>Svebuli Sec domis msxverpli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>. Tamazis sikvdilis Sem deg igi <strong>da</strong>saxelebul <strong>da</strong>sTan<br />

[ferixan-xanumTan] TaTbirob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yovelnairad cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

1 Тамже, с. 206.<br />

2 Тамже, с. 229-230.<br />

3 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 44-45.<br />

346 347

metad sasurveli mdgomareobisaTvis mieRwia <strong>da</strong> imdenad win<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sTan <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifo mrCevlebTan xvewniTa <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

gulis mogebiT, rom misTvis gverdis avla memkvidreobis<br />

sakiTxSi, mxolod misi motyuebiTRa SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>~ 1 .<br />

Saraf-xanis mixedviT hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas de<strong>da</strong> qarTveli mona<br />

iyo 2 , rac sxva cnobebiT ar <strong>da</strong>sturdeba. is, rogorc savaraudoa,<br />

maRali warmoSo bisa un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. TviT Saraf-xan<br />

bidlisic erTgan aRniSnavs, rom Sa his karze aRzevebuli<br />

alixan _ gurji <strong>da</strong> zaal-gurji hei<strong>da</strong>r mirzas <strong>da</strong> imam-yulimirzas<br />

biZebi, maTi dedis Zmebi iyvnen 3 . savaraudoa, <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

qarTveli didebulebis Sahis karze <strong>da</strong>winaureba maTi<br />

dis, Sah Tamazis sayvareli colis, sulTan zade xanumis<br />

<strong>da</strong>msaxureba iyves. aravi Tari cnoba ar gagvaCnia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

romeli kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> gvari<strong>da</strong>n iyo es gavleniani qalbatoni.<br />

mxolod cnobilia, rom Sahs igi gansakuTre biT uyvar<strong>da</strong>,<br />

didi gavleniTa <strong>da</strong> avtoritetiT sarge blob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavisi<br />

va Jis, hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas gamefebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. Aam saqmeSi mas<br />

Tavisi Zmebis <strong>da</strong> sxvebis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, razec<br />

qvemoT ufro vrclad iTqmeva. Ddon xuan sparseli hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

mfarvelebad <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>mWerebad sxva pirov nebebs asaxelebs:<br />

`maszed (hei<strong>da</strong>rze – e.m.) dedis naTersavebi zrunavdnen,<br />

romelTa Soris iyvnen isaxani, evnuxi ayTa huseini <strong>da</strong> firmohamedi~<br />

4 . Mmina doi ki gvamcnobs, rom hei<strong>da</strong>ri `ze<strong>da</strong>mxedvelobis<br />

qveS iyo zalxanis, fir-mohamedisa <strong>da</strong> dedis mxri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

sxva naTesavebisa~ 5 . maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, minadoi <strong>da</strong> don xuan de<br />

persia erT maneTs mxolod fir-mohamedis hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzasadmi<br />

momxreobaSi eTanxme bian.<br />

ferixan-xanumi . Tavisi WkuiT, gonebiT, moxerxebulobiT,<br />

cbiere biTa <strong>da</strong> aqtiurobiT gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis asuli<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 7.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 232.<br />

3 Тамже, с. 229.<br />

4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 r.<br />

5 Minadoi T., p. 4.<br />

Cerqezi colisagan, Samx alis disSvili ferixan-xanumi. minadois<br />

mixedviT, ferixani yvelaze ufrosi iyo Sah Tamazis<br />

SvilebSi 1 . sasaxleSi mis gavlenaze mety velebs isic, rom<br />

Sahis ukanaskneli surviliT mas <strong>da</strong>evala, karis mrCevelebTan<br />

erTad, sisruleSi moeyvana anderZi memkvidris gamefebis<br />

Sesaxeb. sxvaTaSoris, hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzac aRiareb<strong>da</strong> Tavisi dis<br />

SesaZle blobebs <strong>da</strong> xSirad Tavis momavalze eTaTbirebo<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

don xuan de persias TqmiTac, ferixan-xanumi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

orWoful mdgomareobaSi iyo, visT vis, ismailisa<br />

Tu hei<strong>da</strong>risaTvis mieniWebina upiratesoba.<br />

ferixan-xanumis iniciativianobas aRniSnav<strong>da</strong> don xuan<br />

de persiac 3 . man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Sah Tamazis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg momx<strong>da</strong>r politikur ambebSi, ker-<br />

Zod, ismail-mirzas gamefebaSi. ismailma <strong>da</strong>s ar <strong>da</strong>ufasa<br />

Tanadgoma, CamoarTva 200 aTas dukatze meti Rire bulebis<br />

qoneba <strong>da</strong> aiZuleb<strong>da</strong> gaWirvebaSi ecxovra. ferixan xanumi,<br />

rogorc `karme litebis qronika~ gadmogvcems, <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong><br />

axali Sahis religiuri politikiT ukmayofilo didebulebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> ismaili sawamlavi ani opiumiT mowamles 4 . ferixan xanumma<br />

mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira, agreTve mohamed xo<strong>da</strong>bvandes gamefebas, radgan<br />

imedovneb<strong>da</strong>, rom susti Zmis mefobisas mTel Zala-uflebas<br />

Tavis xelSi moaqcev<strong>da</strong>. magram mas Zlieri konku renti<br />

gamouCn<strong>da</strong> Sahis colis, Wkviani, energiuli <strong>da</strong> cbieri mahdiulias<br />

saxiT. mahdi mazan<strong>da</strong>ra nis gamgeblis qaliSvili iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> qmris susti mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT, is xelisuflebis<br />

saTaveSi moeqca. man ofi cialurad <strong>da</strong>ikava umaRlesi divanis<br />

vaqilis Tanamdeboba, vezirTan er Tad, faqtobrivad, ganageb<strong>da</strong><br />

Sahis kancelarias. misi upirvelesi Ron isZieba iyo ferixan<br />

1 Mminadoi Samxals <strong>da</strong> mis <strong>da</strong>s qarTvelad Tvli<strong>da</strong>. imave qalisagan Sahs<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong> kidev erTi vaJi mustafa-mirza. Minadoi, p. 6. mustafas dediT qarTvelad<br />

<strong>da</strong> ferixan-xanumis Zmad miiCnev<strong>da</strong> don xuan de persiac, p. 61v.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 7.<br />

3 Don Juan de Persia, 61 r.<br />

4 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 57.<br />

348 349

xanumis sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sja, rac sisruleSi moiyvanes kidec 1 .<br />

rogorc don xuan de persia gadmog vcems (is, SeiZleba, TviTmxilveli<br />

iyo), `mis mokveTil <strong>da</strong> gasisxlianebul, Subze<br />

wamogebul Tavs, yazvinis karibWesTan <strong>da</strong>atarebdnen~ 2 .<br />

* * *<br />

1573 wels moulodnelad avad gax<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazi. Sahis<br />

karze maSinve <strong>da</strong>iwyo brZola memkvidris sakiTxis gamo. <strong>da</strong>vis<br />

dros sabolood gamoikveTa ori erTmaneTis mowinaaTRmdege<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufeba: erTi mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis meore vaJs<br />

ismail-mirzas, xolo meore <strong>da</strong>jgufeba _ Sahis mesame vaJs _<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas 3 , romelic mamas gansakuTrebiT uyvar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

Svilebisagan gansxvavebiT mas sasaxleSi yofnis ufleba mianiWa<br />

4 . man hei<strong>da</strong>risadmi keTil ganwyoba imiTic gamoxata, rom<br />

ufros vaJebze win <strong>da</strong>ayena <strong>da</strong> taxtis memkvidred <strong>da</strong>niSna. ase<br />

ganucxa<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis elCma Toqmak-xanma konstantinopolSi<br />

sulTan murad II -s (1574-1595) taxtze asvlis milocvisas.<br />

am dros ki `Sah Tamazi Tavisi ormoc<strong>da</strong>ToTxmetwliani mefobis<br />

Semdeg taxti<strong>da</strong>n samareSi midio<strong>da</strong>~ 5 .<br />

don xuan de persias gadmocemiT, „moxuci mefe Tamazi<br />

Tavisi imperiis xanebisa <strong>da</strong> sulTnebis moTxovniT iZulebuli<br />

iyo, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad is mailisadmi uaryofiTi Sexedulebisa,<br />

anderZSi Tavis memkvidred igi <strong>da</strong>e niSna <strong>da</strong> Tavis<br />

pirmSosa <strong>da</strong> ufros Svilze _ muhamedze win <strong>da</strong>eyene bina“ 6 .<br />

ma gram am dros ismaili, mamis brZanebiT, kahkahes 7 anu<br />

1 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 141-142.<br />

2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 64 r.<br />

3 Malcolm J., Geschhichte Persiens von der frühesten Periode an bis zur jetzigen<br />

Zeit, II B., Leipzig, 1830, S. 19 .<br />

4 Ibidem.<br />

5 Hammer J., Op. cit. , S. 473-474.<br />

6 Don Juan de Persia, 61 v.<br />

7 kahaka _ Mminadoi, kahkahahi _ baiaTi, yalyaa _ beri egnataSvili.<br />

alamuTis 1 cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli iyo 2 . Sahi SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mir zas momxreebs SeeZloT satusaRos ufrosis xalifa<br />

ansar yara<strong>da</strong>Rlus saSualebiT xeleyoT ismail-mirzas<br />

sicocxle. amitom man mizanSe wonilad CaTvala is mailis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva gaeZlierebina <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSTa gamoCenili sardlis<br />

amir aslan sulTanis vaJs ubrZana, 60 mebrZoliT misuliyo<br />

yahyahes cixeSi <strong>da</strong> ismail-mirza <strong>da</strong>ecva 3 .<br />

Sah Tamazis amgvarma zerele RonisZioebebma, ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, ver <strong>da</strong>acxro taxtis pretendentTa <strong>da</strong> maTi momxreebis<br />

vnebaTa Relva. isini mxolod xelsayrel moments elodnen.<br />

TiToeul <strong>da</strong>jgufebas (jer viwros), Tavisi miznebi hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

isqander munSis mixedviT, roca avadmyofi Sahi abanoSi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> wasu liyo, ismail-mirzas momxreebi mRelvarebam moicva.<br />

maT eSino<strong>da</strong>T, rom qarTvelebis meTauri zaal-begi (igi mxars<br />

uWer<strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas), romelic wesisamebr Sahs abanoSi<br />

emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong>, mas moklav<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />

zaal-begi yovelTvis emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> Sahs abanoSi. im dRes,<br />

roca ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili iyo Sahis abanoSi wasvla, qarTvelebi<br />

Ciodnen: `CvenSi ra <strong>da</strong>inaxes iseTi, rom Cveni samsaxuris<br />

Sesrulebas gviSliano~. rodesac yizilbaSi amirebis<br />

qarTvelebisadmi braldebam Sahis yuramde miaRwia, man is<br />

ar gaiziara <strong>da</strong> `zaal-begi ixmo, raTa Cvulebriv misuliyo<br />

abanoSi <strong>da</strong> samsaxuri Seesrulebina. im xalxma xmis amoReba<br />

ver SesZlo <strong>da</strong> Sercxvenili <strong>da</strong>iSala~ 5 .<br />

1 alamuTis cixe _ `arwivis bude~, mdebareob<strong>da</strong> elbrusis mTebSi, yazvinis<br />

maxoblad. iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> erT-erT miuval cixe-simagred (isqander munSi, gv. 152,<br />

Sen. 38). rogorc Cans, kahkahe <strong>da</strong> alamuTi erTi <strong>da</strong> igive cixe-simagris ori<br />

saxelia, radgan baiaTis gadmocemiT, kahkahes cixec mdebareob<strong>da</strong> yazvini<strong>da</strong>n 150,<br />

Tavrizi<strong>da</strong>n ki _ 30 legis <strong>da</strong>SorebiT (p. 60 v).<br />

2 qarTuli wyaro a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Mminadois <strong>da</strong> baiaTis cnobebis siswores:<br />

„Sah Tamazis Svili Sah ismaili tyued ij<strong>da</strong> cixesa yalyaas“. qarTlis<br />

cxovreba., gv. 517.<br />

3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 41.<br />

4 isqander munSi, gv. 26.<br />

5 iqve.<br />

350 351

im dRes, rodesac Sahi abanoSi midio<strong>da</strong>, isini vinc TavianT<br />

Tavs Sahsevanebs (Sahis megobrebi) uwodebdnen, sinamdvileSi<br />

ismail-mirzas momxreebi iyvnen, 4-5 aTasi Seiara-<br />

Rebuli kaci sasaxlis karTan Segrovdnen <strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T zaal-begisaTvis xeli SeeSalaT. imave dros, qarTvelebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi momxre Seixavandi, usTajlu <strong>da</strong> maTi xelqveiTnic,<br />

agreTve 4-5 aTasi aseve SeiaraRebuli kaci<br />

Seikriba zaal-begis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad <strong>da</strong> sasaxleSi Sesvlas<br />

cdilobdnen. mosalod neli iyo sisxlis Rvra 1 . mdgo mareoba<br />

ganmuxta hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas gamoCenam, `ismail-mirzas momxreebma<br />

veRar SeZles meti ayal-mayali~ 2 .<br />

TiToeul <strong>da</strong>jgufebas Tavisi miznebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram brZola<br />

am jerad ar gamwvav<strong>da</strong>, radgan sasaxlis eqimebis mcdelobis<br />

Sedegad Sahi gamokeT<strong>da</strong>. TamazisaTvis cnobili gax<strong>da</strong> is<br />

ambebi, rac misi avadmyofo bis dros tax tis irgvliv mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

mas amis Sesaxeb moaxsena Cerqezma colma, misi qaliS vilis<br />

ferixan-xanumis de<strong>da</strong>m. Cans, colis Cagonebam gasWra <strong>da</strong> Sah<br />

Tamazi amis Semdeg hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas winaaRmdeg ganewyo. ma gram<br />

mis mimarT, iseve rogorc ufliswulis momxreebis mimarT<br />

mkacri RonisZiebebi ar gautarebia. isqander munSis TqmiT,<br />

`roca kurTxeuli Sahi savsebiT gamo janmrTel<strong>da</strong>, aseTi ambebis<br />

moxdena aRkveTa <strong>da</strong> garemoebis gamoZieba ar <strong>da</strong>uwyia~ 3 .<br />

man mxolod cixeSi <strong>da</strong>mwyvdeuli is mailis <strong>da</strong>cva gaaZliera.<br />

Sa hisaTvis cnobili iyo, rom cixis gamgebeli xalife ansar<br />

yara<strong>da</strong>Rlu karis umaRles xazina<strong>da</strong>rs qarTvel farox zadbegs<br />

moyvrob<strong>da</strong>. es ukanask neli ki hei<strong>da</strong>ris Tavgamodebuli<br />

momxre iyo 4 .<br />

sainteresoa, rogori iyo ZalTa Tanafardoba taxti<br />

preten dendentTa Soris, romel Zalebs eyrdnobodnen isini?<br />

1 iqve, gv. 26.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 27.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

4 albaT es un<strong>da</strong> iyves iranis karze aRzevebuli, gamoCenili mxatvris<br />

siaoS-beg qarTvelis Zma. iqve, gv. 27-28.<br />

es sakiTxi sakmaod <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT Seiswavla v. hincma, Tumca<br />

mis mier <strong>da</strong>fiqsire buli zogierTi cnoba ar emTxveva sxva<br />

wyaroTa monacemebs.<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreni ismailis momxreni<br />

mustafa-mirza, Sah Tamazis<br />

mexuTe vaJi, SeeZina erT-erTi<br />

qarTveli qalisagan, 20 wlis,<br />

Wkviani, ficxi, lamazi.<br />

husein beg usTajlu, aseulis<br />

meTauri <strong>da</strong> amira, Zalian mdi<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

<strong>da</strong> gavleniani, mustafamirzas<br />

aRmzrdeli, sasaxlis<br />

umniSvnelovanesi pirovneba.<br />

zaal begi qarTvelTa meTauri<br />

<strong>da</strong> amira, imamyuli-mirzas<br />

biZa, mamaci <strong>da</strong> Zlieri.A<br />

ali-xan begi, esec qarTveli<br />

didebuli, hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas<br />

biZa.<br />

alah-yuli-sulTan ijek<br />

oRlu, usTajlus gvaris umniSvnelovanesi<br />

beladi<br />

xalifa ansar yara<strong>da</strong>Rlu,<br />

ismailis satusaRos ufrosi,<br />

miemxro usTajlus 2 .<br />

1 CerqezTa Samxalis <strong>da</strong>.<br />

2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 46.<br />

suleiman-mirza, Sah Tamazis<br />

mesame vaJi erT-erTi Cerqezi<br />

qalisagan 1 , 21 wlis.<br />

mahmud-mirza, Sah Tamazis meeqvse<br />

vaJi, SeeZina erT monasTan,<br />

18 wlis, gavlenis gareSe.<br />

ahmad-mirza, Sah Tamazis mecxre<br />

vaJi, SeeZina erT monasTan,<br />

13 wlis, gavlenis gareSe.<br />

ferixan xanumi, Sah Tamazis<br />

meore qaliSvili, princ suleimanis<br />

<strong>da</strong>, 30 wlis, didi<br />

gavlenis mqone.<br />

husein-yuli xolafa rumlu,<br />

mcireaziuri sufis beladi,<br />

cbieri <strong>da</strong> Zlieri.<br />

Samxal sulTani, Cerqezebis<br />

beladi, ferixan xanumisa <strong>da</strong><br />

suleiman-mirzas biZa.<br />

352 353

Sadraddin-xani, saxelmwifo<br />

mdivnis masum beg safavis<br />

vaJi, hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas aRmzrdeli,<br />

zei-xavandis gvari<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

zaied beg kamune, gamoCenili<br />

Siiti sasuliero piri<br />

usTajlus, zeielxavandis<br />

<strong>da</strong> TaleSis mTeli gvarebi,<br />

qarTvelebi.<br />

amir aslan begi, afSarebis beladi,<br />

mniSvnelovani sar<strong>da</strong>li<br />

<strong>da</strong> princ ahmadis aRmzrdeli<br />

vali beg afSari, haremis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvis meTauri<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r sulTan kapuRi, TurqmanTa<br />

beladi,<br />

kumis gamgebeli.<br />

soleiman xalifa Samlu,<br />

sulTaniis gamgebeli.<br />

rumlus, afSaris, Turqmenebis,<br />

Samlus, yajaris,<br />

zulyadris, Cerqezebis <strong>da</strong><br />

qurTebis mTeli tomebi<br />

aravisken<br />

sulTan ibrahim-mirza, bahram-mirzas vaJi <strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis<br />

Zmis Svili, saxlTuxucesi, poeti, mxatvari, musikosi 1<br />

zogierTi ram viciT im gamuslimanebuli qarTvelebis<br />

Sesaxeb, romlebic met-nakleb rols asrulebdnen saintereso<br />

periodis iranis politikur cxovrebaSi. isini saTaveSi<br />

edgnen im seriozul politikur <strong>da</strong>jgufebas, romelsac<br />

1 morTaza mehdi faTemi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTvel<br />

moRvaweTa Sesaxeb, Tb., 1982, gv. 62; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.<br />

sasurveli ufliswulis gamefebiT Tavisi miznebis ganxorcieleba<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>. es <strong>da</strong>jgufeba imave dros upirispirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

udidesi gavlenis mqone meore djgufebas, romelsac aseTive<br />

interesebi gaaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

354 355<br />

* * *<br />

zaal begi. morTeza mehdi faTemis TqmiT, zaal begi<br />

iranSi moRvawe erT-erTi pirveli qarTveli iyo, romelic<br />

XVI s. 40-ian wlebSi Sah Tamazis sasaxleSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

Sahis ndobiTa <strong>da</strong> yuradRebiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>. zaal begs iranSi<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, ori Zma _ <strong>da</strong>viTi <strong>da</strong> Tamazi. isini Zlieri<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavrebi iyvnen. maTi <strong>da</strong> _ jan feri xanumi Sah Tamazis<br />

pirveli coli iyo 1 . Saraf-xan biTlisis mixedviT, zaal<br />

begis Zma iyo ali-xan gurji <strong>da</strong> isini sulTan hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas<br />

<strong>da</strong> imam-yuli-mirzas biZebi iyvnen 2 . samwuxarod ar viciT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> romeli kuTxi<strong>da</strong>n iyvnen an rogor viTarebaSi<br />

aRmoCndnen isini iranSi. isini hei<strong>da</strong>r mirzas gasamefeblad<br />

ibrZodnen. Tu Saraf-xan biTlisis naTqvams gaviziarebT, rom<br />

zaal-begis Zma alixan-begi iyo, maSin naTelia, rom zalic<br />

imave samTavro<strong>da</strong>n iqnebo<strong>da</strong> sai<strong>da</strong>nac misi Zma iyo. mxolod<br />

erTaderTi „mesxuri matiane“ un<strong>da</strong> migvaniSnebdes, rom isini<br />

mesxi ioTamiSvilebi iyvnen 3 . magram gaugebaria, sai<strong>da</strong>n dgindeba,<br />

rom isini ioTamiSvil-SalikaSvilebi iyvnen 4 .<br />

rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, zaal-begi (igive<br />

zaal-gurji) iranSi mcxovrebi gamuslimanebuli <strong>da</strong> ierarqiis<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva safexurze mdgomi qarTulebis meTauri iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> didi gavleniT sargeblob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1 morTeza mehdi faTemi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis qarTvel<br />

moRvaweTa Sesaxeb, Tb., 1982, gv. 62; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 229.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 229.<br />

3 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 42<br />

4 kacitaZe d., qarTul-iranuli urTierTobi<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 138.

zaal-begi gamoirCeo<strong>da</strong> simamaciT <strong>da</strong> gambe<strong>da</strong>obiT. amitom<br />

iyo, rom germaneli istorikosi valter hinci, sparsulenovan<br />

werilobiT wyaroebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT, mas germanelTa erovnul<br />

gmirs a<strong>da</strong>rebs <strong>da</strong> `Tavisi drois zigfrids~ uwodebs 1 .<br />

zaal begi , garkveuli interesebi<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

Sirebuli iyo iranis zogierTi Zlieri gvaris liderTan.<br />

zaal begi koaliciaSi pirvelad Cans 1573 wels, rodesac<br />

Sah Tamazis avadmyofobisas mwvaved <strong>da</strong>dga taxtis memkvidris<br />

sakiTxi. swored am dros gamoikveTa ori <strong>da</strong>pirispirebuli<br />

banaki. pirvelSi Sediodnen: husein-yuli-xolafa rumlu,<br />

emiri aslan beg afSari <strong>da</strong> Cerqezebis Samhali. meore<br />

<strong>da</strong>jgufebaSi iyvnen: hosein-beg iuzbaSi usTajlu, fari-beg<br />

yojlu qorCi Turqemani <strong>da</strong> zaal-gurji 2 .<br />

zaal-begs Sahis karze, savaraudoa, sakmaod didi uflebebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> movaleobebi hqon<strong>da</strong>, magram ar Cans isini konkretulad<br />

raSi gamoixatebo<strong>da</strong>. isqander munSis mxolod isa<br />

aqvs naTqvami, rom zaal-begi Sahs abanoSi emasaxurebo<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

rogorc Cans, `abanoSi samsaxuri~, Sah Tamazis dros imdenad<br />

mniSvnelovani iyo, rom rodesac 1573 wels Sah Tamazi avad<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>, qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdege yizilbaS amiraTa jgufma<br />

zaal-begis Sahisagan CamoSorebis mTavar pirobad qarTvelebisaTvis<br />

abanoSi samsaxuris akrZalva miiCnies. ai rogor gadmogvcems<br />

isqander munSi am ambavs: `Sahis avadmyofobis dros<br />

sasaxleSi ufliswulebs Soris taxtis <strong>da</strong>kavebis sakiTxis<br />

gamo atexil qiSpobasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vaSi zaal-begi, romelic im<br />

jgufs (e. i. hei<strong>da</strong>r mirzas momxreebs) ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, xolo<br />

misi <strong>da</strong> Sahis meuRleTa rigebSi iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ramdenime<br />

ufliswulis de<strong>da</strong> iyo, sulTan ismailis momxreTa moZule<br />

iyo, rom Sahi abanoSi wabrZandebo<strong>da</strong>, ismail-mirzas momxreebi<br />

SeTanxmdnen imaze, rom zaal-begi umaduri iyo <strong>da</strong> saxelm-<br />

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 46<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 227.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv. 26.<br />

wifos erTguli sufiebi mas ar endobodnen. Cven ar <strong>da</strong>vuSvebTo,<br />

Tqves maT, rom am dros, roca misi udidebulesoba<br />

ase <strong>da</strong>sustebulia, igi (zaal-begi) abanoSi wavides <strong>da</strong> iq<br />

imsaxuroso, misi Ralatisagan uzrunvelyofili ara varTo.<br />

qarTvelebma, Seixavendem, usTajlum <strong>da</strong> yvela hai<strong>da</strong>relebma<br />

amis Sesaxeb laparaki <strong>da</strong>iwyes. qarTvelebi ambobdnen,<br />

CvenSi ra <strong>da</strong>inaxes iseTi, rom Cveni samsaxuris Sesrulebas<br />

gviSliano~ 1 . rodesac Sahma es ambavi gaigo, „man mizanSewonilad<br />

miiCnia, ar mieqcia yuradReba <strong>da</strong> zaal-begi ixmo, raTa<br />

Cveulebrivad misuliyo abanoSi <strong>da</strong> samsaxuri Seesrulebina~ 2 .<br />

qarTvelTa mowinaaRmdegeebma xmis amoReba ver gabedes <strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc isqander munSi aRniSnavs, Sercxvenilebi <strong>da</strong>iSalnen.<br />

„sulTan hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreebma „axali sicocxle moipoves“<br />

<strong>da</strong> matyuaraTa ciliswamebas <strong>da</strong> borotganmzraxvelTa ginebas<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>urCnen. Semdeg, roca kurTxeuli Sahi savsebiT gamojanmrTel<strong>da</strong>,<br />

aseTi ambebis moxdena akrZala <strong>da</strong> am garemoebis<br />

gamoZieba ar <strong>da</strong>uwyia“ 3 .<br />

k. tabataZis <strong>da</strong>kvirvebiT, iranis politikur cxovrebaSi<br />

abanos gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava, imdenad ramdena<strong>da</strong>c<br />

Sah Tamazi did dros abanoSi atareb<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c xSirad<br />

saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi wydebo<strong>da</strong>. maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

abanoSi Sahis siaxloves yofna mxolod SahTan <strong>da</strong>axloebuli<br />

pirebis privilegia iyo. `amrigad, rogorc irkveva,<br />

Sah TamazisaTvis esoden mniSvnelovani samsaxuri zaal-begis<br />

xelT iyo, romelic, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, im vezirad igulisxmebodes,<br />

romlis <strong>da</strong> iranis Sahis haramxanaSi im dros<br />

marTlac iyo~ 4 .<br />

alixan begi. rogorc iTqva, alixan begi zaal-begis<br />

Zma <strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas <strong>da</strong> imamyuli-mirzas, dediT qarTveli<br />

1 iqve, gv. 25-26.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 27.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv 27.<br />

4 Sah Tamazis saubari osmaleTis elCebTanTan, gv 49, 82-83, Sen. 211.<br />

356 357

ufliswulebis, biZa iyo. „mesxuri matianes“ mixedviT, alixani<br />

mesxi ioTamiSvili yofila 1 . es alixani saqarTveloSi<br />

cnobili yofila, rogorc hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas gamefebisaTvis erTerTi<br />

Tavgamodebuli mebrZoli. Sah Tamazis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

Semdeg yazvinSi <strong>da</strong>trialebuli ambebisa <strong>da</strong> masSi alixanis<br />

adgilis Sesaxeb, beri egnataSvili Semdegnairad gadmogvcems:<br />

„qoronikonsa s ∼ d: maissa ie, dResa samSabaTsa, yaeni Sah Tamaz<br />

mokv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ustajluanTa <strong>da</strong> ioTamis Svilman alixan-sulTan<br />

ai<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas batonoba moindomes. jargazma Samxal avSarTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> vinca maTi oimati iyo mouPden, ai<strong>da</strong>r mirza mokles,<br />

usta-jluani amoswyBdes <strong>da</strong> ismael-mirzas gamosayvanad kaci<br />

gagzavnes“ 2 .<br />

gulbaaTi. Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis<br />

dros (1540/1), rogorc hasan rumlu mogviTxrobs, Tbilisis<br />

cixes Tavi Seafara qarTlis mefe luarsab I -is (1530-1556)<br />

erT-erTma `amiram~ gulbaaTma. Sem degSi man uvnebloba iTxova,<br />

yizilbaSebs cixe Caabara <strong>da</strong> islami miiRo 3 .<br />

hasan rumlus Txzulebis aSiaze yofila minaweri, romel-<br />

Sic naTqvami iyo: `xsenebuli gulbaaTi m<strong>da</strong>bio xalxs ekuTvnis,<br />

romelTac msaxurs uwodeben, <strong>da</strong> Tan aznauric aris,<br />

radgan amirad iTvleba~ 4 .<br />

gulbaaTis Sesaxeb Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT vrclad gadmoqvcems <strong>da</strong><br />

mis mdgo mareobas gasagebs xdis isqander munSi, romelic<br />

yizilbaSebis mier Tbi lisis aRebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ambobs:<br />

`gulbad qarTveli, romelic (mefe – e.m.) luarsabisagan<br />

Tbilisis mmarTvelad iyo <strong>da</strong>niSnuli, qarTvelebis erTi<br />

jgufiT cixeSi gaiqca, mas <strong>da</strong>sZlia islamis miRebis survilma,<br />

cixi <strong>da</strong>n uvneblobiT gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> islamis miRebis<br />

bedniereba moipova~ 5 .<br />

1 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 42<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 517<br />

3 hasan rumlu, gv. 23 .<br />

4 iqve, gv. 56, Sen. 49<br />

5 isqander munSi, gv. 16 .<br />

Sah Tamazis saqarTveloSi pirveli laSqrobis <strong>da</strong> gulbaaTis<br />

mier yizilbaSebisaTvis Tbilisis Cabarebis Sesaxeb,<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgi janiZe mog viTxrobs Semdegs: `gulbad rome<br />

mefis lvarsabisagan <strong>da</strong>yenebuli qalaqis cixisTavi <strong>da</strong> mouravi<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> an sxva vinc morCen, qalaqis cixeSi Seixvewnes<br />

<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSis laSqarni cixes Semoadgnes. viTarc laSqris<br />

molodini arsiT hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> cixeSi saWmeli <strong>da</strong> nuzli ara<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> verc gare<strong>da</strong>m Seugzavnes <strong>da</strong> SimSilman nametnavad<br />

Zali uyo <strong>da</strong> arc mSveli gauCn<strong>da</strong>, Rone gauwy<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> uvneblobis<br />

fici gamoarT ves <strong>da</strong> cixe misces <strong>da</strong> mas aqeT qalaqis<br />

cixe qarTvelT veRar iSovnes~ 1 .<br />

igive ambavi, mcireodeni gansxvavebiT, gadmocemulia `axali<br />

qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirvel <strong>da</strong> meore teqstSi. pirvel<br />

teqstSi naTqvamia, rom Sah Tamazi ise Sevi<strong>da</strong> TbilisSi<br />

cixisTavma gulbaTma veraferi gaigo. man me fis SiSiT `rome<br />

ugrZnoblad mosvlisaTBs ara iavar myos, gardmovi<strong>da</strong> zemocixiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> mouvi<strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazs... <strong>da</strong> Sah Tamaz misca niWi<br />

didi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>atevebina sjuli qristianobisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyra cixe<br />

tfilisisa <strong>da</strong> gaamagra <strong>da</strong> TBT warvi<strong>da</strong> yarabaRad~ 2 .<br />

`axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstSic~ naTqvamia,<br />

rom mas Sem deg rac Sah Tamazma Tbilisi aiklo <strong>da</strong><br />

mravali amowyvita, cixisTav gul baaTs SeeSin<strong>da</strong> mefisa,<br />

vaiTu me <strong>da</strong>mabraloso, cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sahs eaxla.<br />

mecixovneTa erTi nawili saxlSi wavi<strong>da</strong>, meoreni ki<br />

SahTan mividnen. gulbaaTma <strong>da</strong> mecixovneebma islami miiRes,<br />

Sah Tamazma gaamagra Tbilisis cixe <strong>da</strong> yarabaRSi wavi<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

qarTuli wyaroebi arafers amboben gulbaaTis Semdgomi<br />

bedis Sesaxeb.<br />

gulbaaTis vaJebi yazvinSi Canan XVI s. 50-iani wlebis<br />

Sua xanebSi, magram ar gvaqvs cnobebi Tu rodi<strong>da</strong>n an rogor<br />

1 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, gv. 212.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv, 517.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 497.<br />

358 359

viTarebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>saxldnen isini iranSi. savaraudoa, isini<br />

qarTlis mefisa <strong>da</strong> qarTveli patriotebis agan SurisZiebas<br />

gaeqcnen. gaurkvevelia am dros TviT gulbaaTi cocxalia Tu<br />

ara. gulbaaTis vaJebi naxsenebi arian, rogorc Sah Tamazis<br />

erTgulni, kerZod maSin, rodesac maT yazvinSi mokles Sah<br />

Tamazis erT-erTi moRalate kariskaci ali-sulTanTaqalu 1 .<br />

es erTaderTi cnoba gagvaC nia gulbaaTis vaJebis yazvinSi,<br />

Sahis sasaxleSi yofnis Sesaxeb, maTi Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.<br />

amdenad, SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom imave saukunis 70-ian<br />

wlebSi zaal-begsa <strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas sxva momxreebs isinic<br />

mxars uWerdnen, rogorc k. tabataZe fiqrob<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

* * *<br />

1576 wlis 1 maiss Sah Tamazi loginad Cavar<strong>da</strong>. sasaxlis<br />

eqimebma misi gamojanmrTelebisaTvis yvela Rone ixmares.<br />

eqimebs Soris iyo erTi gi laneli haqim ibn nasri,<br />

romelic cnobili iyo hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas momxreobiT. amis gamo<br />

SemdegSi xma gavar<strong>da</strong>, TiTqos man Sahi politi kuri mosazrebiT<br />

mowamla 3 .<br />

sxva versiiT, Sah Tamazi hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas de<strong>da</strong>s, qarTvel<br />

qals, mou wamlavs. igi SiSob<strong>da</strong>, rom uprincipo <strong>da</strong> meryev<br />

Sahs adre miRebuli ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba ar Seecvala <strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>risaTvis<br />

taxtis memkvidris ufleba ar CamoerTmia. Aamitom mas<br />

sur<strong>da</strong> Sahis adreuli sikvdiliT uzrunveleyo Tavisi vaJis<br />

Seuferxebeli asvla samefo taxtze. man banlis gasaclel<br />

malamoSi raRac sawamlavi Seuria 4 .<br />

Sah Tamazis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebisaTvis momzadebuli aRmoCndnen<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris mowinaaRmdegenic. maT maSinve gaatares iseTi<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 200.<br />

2 tabataZe k., Saraf-xan bidlisis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 177.<br />

3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 44.<br />

4 Hammer J., Gescichte des osmanischen Reiches, II B., S., 474.<br />

RonisZieba, romelmac ga<strong>da</strong>m wyveti gavlena moaxdina movlenebis<br />

Semdgom ganviTarebaze. sasaxlisa <strong>da</strong> haramxanis <strong>da</strong>cvis<br />

meTaurma vali-beg avSarma, Seityo ra Sahis gar <strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

Sesaxeb, maSinve brZana sasaxlis yvela kari <strong>da</strong>eketaT <strong>da</strong><br />

gareT aravin gaeSvaT. Hhei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebi roca<br />

mizans miRweulad Tvlidnen, ufliswuli, sinamdvileSi,<br />

sasaxlis <strong>da</strong>cvis tyveobaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

14 maiss, SuaRamisas Sahma brZana, ufliswulebi TavianT<br />

saxlebSi wasuliyvnen. <strong>da</strong>rCena SeeZlo mxolod hei<strong>da</strong>rs.<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris sasaxleSi <strong>da</strong> toveba mouTxovia husein-beg iuzbaSis,<br />

romelic didebulebis umravle so basTan <strong>da</strong> tomebTan SeTanxmebiT<br />

moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. maTTan erTad iyvnen sulTan hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas<br />

biZebi alixan-gurji <strong>da</strong> zaal gurji. maTi survili iyo Sahis<br />

sikvdilis Semdeg hei<strong>da</strong>rs <strong>da</strong>ekavebina taxti 12 .Mhei<strong>da</strong>rsac<br />

xom es undo<strong>da</strong>. misi varaudiT, mamamisis ukanaskneli survili<br />

misi taxtze <strong>da</strong>mtkiceba iqnebo<strong>da</strong>. ase iyo Tu ise, imave<br />

Rames Sah Tamazi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala <strong>da</strong> diliT ukve gamocxad<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza gamefdebo<strong>da</strong>. imave brZanebaSi momakv<strong>da</strong>vi<br />

Sahi ismailis <strong>da</strong>cvazec zrunav<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

Sah Tamazis ukanaskneli survili sruliad gansxvavebula<strong>da</strong>a<br />

gad mocemuli `karmelitebis qronikaSi~: Sahma Seityo,<br />

rom didebulebs dediT qarTveli ufliswulis hei<strong>da</strong>rmirzas<br />

gamefeba ganuzraxavT. SeS foTebulma Sahma, romelsac<br />

taxti ismailisaTvis undo<strong>da</strong>, aucileblad CaTvala hei <strong>da</strong>ris<br />

mokvla. man hei<strong>da</strong>ri saswrafod TavisTan <strong>da</strong>ibara, viTom<br />

im mo tiviT, rom is Tavis memkvidred un<strong>da</strong> gamoecxadebina.<br />

ufliswuli maSinve mamasTan gamocxad<strong>da</strong>. Sahis brZanebiT,<br />

sasaxlis erT-erTma mcvelma hei <strong>da</strong>ri sasaxlis erT bnel<br />

oTaxSi <strong>da</strong>amwyvdia, sa <strong>da</strong>c igi Sahis gar<strong>da</strong>cvale bamde imyofebo<strong>da</strong><br />

3 . bu<strong>da</strong>’yazvinis mixedviT, Sa his sikvdilis Rames sasax-<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.<br />

2 Malcolm J., Op. cit., S. 45.<br />

3 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 55.<br />

360 361

leSi Caketilma hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzam ar ico<strong>da</strong> rogor moqceuliyo.<br />

bolos `man sabuTi Seadgina, romlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aRniSna,<br />

rom TiTqos es mamamisis <strong>da</strong>werili iyo. yvela mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

es yalbi sabuTi iyo~ 1 . isqander munSimac ico<strong>da</strong> anderZis<br />

arsebobis Sesaxeb, romliTac taxti memkvidreobiT hei<strong>da</strong>rmirzaze<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong>, ma gram iqve gvamcnobs, rom maSinve eWvi<br />

gaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom is Sedgenili iyo ufliswulisa <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>mxmaris<br />

mier 2 .<br />

1576 wlis 14 -15 maisis Rames <strong>da</strong> Semdgom dRes Sahis<br />

sasaxlesa <strong>da</strong> yazvinSi <strong>da</strong>trialebul ambebs mravali Tanamedrove<br />

<strong>da</strong> Semdgomi periodis sparseli <strong>da</strong> arasparseli<br />

istorikosi Seexo. magram yvelaze vrclad <strong>da</strong> amave dros<br />

Zalze sainteresod aRwera Tomazo minadoim. marTalia, zogirTi<br />

momenti mis mier aRwerili dramisa ar emTxveva sxva<br />

avtorebis cnobebs, magram isini <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba miaxloebiTi<br />

sizustiT mainc aRvadginoT im erTi Ramisa <strong>da</strong> DdRis ambavi.<br />

Sarafxan biTlisis gadmocemiT, gar<strong>da</strong>icvala Tu ara Sah<br />

Tamazi, hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzam maSinve Tavze <strong>da</strong>idga Sahis gvirgvini<br />

<strong>da</strong> oqroTi movaraye buli xanjali <strong>da</strong>iki<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> taxtze <strong>da</strong>j<strong>da</strong><br />

colebiTa <strong>da</strong> didebuli qalebiT garSemortymuli 3 .<br />

Sah Tamazis anderZiT, misi gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, taxti<br />

ismail-mirzas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ekavebina 4 . amitom kariskacebma kahkahes<br />

cixeSi <strong>da</strong>mwy vdeuli ismaili sasaxleSi miiwvies, raTa mas<br />

misalmebodnen rogorc xelmwifes. magram vidre Sikrikebi<br />

1 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 124.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 125.<br />

3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.<br />

4 don xuan de persia ambobs: mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes, susti mxedvelobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kidev sxva mizezebis gamo, gamefeba ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>, `moxuci mefe Tamazi<br />

Tavisi im periis xanebisa <strong>da</strong> sulTnebis moTxovniT iZulebuli iyo, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

ismailis Sesaxeb uary ofiTi azrisa, anderZiT Tavis memkvidred is gamoecxadebina<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavis pirmSosa <strong>da</strong> ufros Svilze mohamedze win is <strong>da</strong>eyenebina~. Don<br />

Juan de Persia, p. 61 v.<br />

ismailamde miaRwevdnen <strong>da</strong> is yazvinSi mivido<strong>da</strong>, sasaxlesa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sataxtoSi miTqma-moTqma gavrcel<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

ismaili uyuradRebod ar <strong>da</strong>rCaT hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreebsac.<br />

maT mis mi marT garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba ganizraxes.<br />

v. hincs Tavis naSromSi aqvs erTi aseTi epizodi: 1576 wlis<br />

16 maiss, diliT, sulTaniis gam gebeli soleiman xalifa<br />

Samlu Tavis amalasTan erTad nadirob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> dros atareb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

roca moulodnelad SeamCnia saeWvod aCqarebuli mxe<strong>da</strong>ri.<br />

soleiman xalifam mxedris Sepyroba brZana. mas aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

wer ili, romlis Sinaarsma yvela ganacvifra. zaal-begi xalifa<br />

ansars, kahkahes cixis gamge bels, sa<strong>da</strong>c ismail-mirza iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong>mwyvdeuli, wer<strong>da</strong>: 14 maisis Rames Sah Tamazi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala,<br />

amitom saswrafod hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza un<strong>da</strong> gamefdeso. werilSi<br />

miTiTebuli iyo agreTve, rom <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv moeklaT ismailmirza<br />

2 .<br />

soleiman xalifam Sikriki <strong>da</strong>asjevina <strong>da</strong> saswrafod<br />

mcire erT guli razmiT ismailis sanaxavad alamuTis cixisaken<br />

gaeSura. am dros cixis gamgebeli xalifa ansaric<br />

sanadirod wasuliyo, amitom soleiman xalifam <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad<br />

SesZlo ismailisaTvis mamis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba ec nobebina.<br />

is ini SeTanxmdnen, rom ismaili cixeSi <strong>da</strong>rCebo<strong>da</strong> manamde, vidre<br />

soleiman xalifa mis gasanTavisufleblad ardebilSi ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>brundebo<strong>da</strong>. amis Semdeg arc ismaili iyo gulxel<strong>da</strong>kre-<br />

1 `Tanaxmad anderZisa, ismailis yazvinSi mosayvanad xanebi <strong>da</strong> sulTnebi<br />

gagzav nes. magram vidre ismaili movido<strong>da</strong> misma naxevar<strong>da</strong>m, princesam, saxelad<br />

ferixan-xanumma (mustafa-mirzas <strong>da</strong>) Tavisi biZis, qarTveli qristiani dedis<br />

Zmis, qe malis (rogorc va raudoben koreqtoruli Secdomaa: qemalis nacvlad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos Samxali. ix. Brown E. G., A Histor of Persian Literature in Modern<br />

Times, 1500-1924, Cambridge, 1924, p. 101) mier <strong>da</strong>rigebuli xanebi <strong>da</strong> sulTnebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>arwmuna, rom es saqme ga<strong>da</strong>sdon, ukidures SemTxvevaSi anderZis ganxorcieleba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sdon <strong>da</strong> mmarTvelobis taxtze misi SuaTana Zma hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza<br />

<strong>da</strong>svan, Tumca Secdoma ar iqneba vTqvaT, rom es azri ufliswul [hei<strong>da</strong>ri<strong>da</strong>n]<br />

ar modis, rogorc winaT egonaT, rom Tu hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza samefo taxts <strong>da</strong>imkvidreb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

amiT mamis anderZi Ses ruldebo<strong>da</strong>~. Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 v – 62r.<br />

2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 43.<br />

362 363

fili. man maSinve ixmo amir aslanis vaJebi, romlebsac Sah<br />

Tamazis brZanebiT is mailis <strong>da</strong>cva evalebo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> axali ambavi<br />

acnoba. maT erToblivad SeimuSaves ismailis ganTavisuflebis<br />

gegema: xalifa ansaris meomrebi cixi<strong>da</strong>n motyuebiT<br />

gaiyvanes <strong>da</strong> manamde, vidre <strong>da</strong>mxmare razmebi movidodnen,<br />

cixes TviTon <strong>da</strong>epatronen. ismailma werilebi gaugzavna <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova axlomdebare olqebis yizilbaSebs 1 .<br />

Sahis sasaxleSi ki movlenebi ganviTar<strong>da</strong> Semdegnairad:<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza ver xvdebo<strong>da</strong> rogori xifaTi emuqrebo<strong>da</strong> (is<br />

xom faqtobrivad tyve iyo), man jariskacebi, haramxanis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cva <strong>da</strong> msaxurebi <strong>da</strong>asaCuqra. Semdeg Sevi<strong>da</strong> haramxanis<br />

derefanSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c sasaxlis mcvelebi avSaris, Samlus, zulya<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

<strong>da</strong> Torqemanis tomebi<strong>da</strong>n, TvalTmaqcurad, ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebuli<br />

mor CilebiT miesalmnen. sasaxleSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> Sah<br />

Tamazis ufrosi qaliSvili ferixan-xanumi, qarTveli (?)<br />

Samhalis diswuli. mas <strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> kariskacebTan<br />

erTad aResrulebina Sahis ukanaskneli survili. magram is,<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva saSualebiT cdilob<strong>da</strong>, rom taxti ar <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong><br />

ismails <strong>da</strong> igi ukanonod <strong>da</strong>ekave bina hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas. man ver<br />

gabe<strong>da</strong> pirvels aetexa Cxubi an seriozuli amboxeba saxelmwifo<br />

mrCevelebisaTvis. amave dros ver ga<strong>da</strong>ewyvita Tavisi<br />

Zmis hei<strong>da</strong>ris mimarT <strong>da</strong>mRupveli zomebisaTvis mie marTa 2 .<br />

meore mxriv mas ar SeeZlo <strong>da</strong>eSva usamarTloba ismailis<br />

mi marTac, romelic mamam memkvidred airCia. imyofebo<strong>da</strong> ra<br />

aseT orWoful mdgomareobaSi, igi cdilob<strong>da</strong> amjerad pativmoyvare<br />

Wabuki hei<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong>ek mayofilebina <strong>da</strong> imave dros<br />

<strong>da</strong>ecva sasaxli<strong>da</strong>n Sors myofi ismailis ufleba mamis ander-<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 46.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 8. `rodesac ismailis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>ris sasargeblod<br />

ramden ime SeTqmuleba gamJRavn<strong>da</strong>, [ferixan-xanums] rac gulSi hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mala,<br />

rom <strong>da</strong>narCeni ajanye bulni ar gamoeaSkaravebina. igi <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom SeuZlebeli<br />

iyo ramodenime dRiT mainc ismailis mosvla <strong>da</strong>eyovnebina, amitom hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

xel<strong>da</strong>sxmaze mivi<strong>da</strong>. Don Juan de Persia, p. 62r.<br />

Zis sapativcemlod <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos keTildReobisaT vis 1 .<br />

Sah Tamazis mier anderZis <strong>da</strong>toveba taxtis memkvidris<br />

Sesaxeb sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva wyaroSi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvagvara<strong>da</strong>a gadmocemuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> mkvlevarTac gansxvavebuli mosazrebani gaaCniaT. Sah<br />

Tamazis mier anderZis <strong>da</strong>toveba ismail-mirzas sasargeblod<br />

mocemulia minadois 2 <strong>da</strong> don xuan de persias 3 TxzulebebSi.<br />

isqander munSis TqmiT ki, Sahs upiratesoba miuni Webia hei<strong>da</strong>risaTvis,<br />

Tumca iqve ambobs, rom sakamaTo gax<strong>da</strong> misi namdviloba.<br />

eW vobdnen anderZi Tavi<strong>da</strong>n bolomde Sahma <strong>da</strong>wera<br />

Tu ufliswulma hei<strong>da</strong>rma <strong>da</strong> misma <strong>da</strong>mxmarem yalbad Seadgines<br />

4 . bu<strong>da</strong>’yazvinis TqmiT, sasaxleSi Caketili hei<strong>da</strong>ri gaognebuli<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> ar ico<strong>da</strong> rogor moqceuliyo. bolos `man<br />

sabuTi Seadgina, romlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi aRniSna, rom TiTqos es<br />

mamamisis <strong>da</strong>werili iyo. yvela mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom es yalbi sabuTi<br />

iyo~ 5 .<br />

Sah Tamazis anderZis Sesaxeb azrTa sxva<strong>da</strong>sxvaobaa mkvlevarTa<br />

So risac. o. efendievis azriT, savaraudoa, rom Sahs<br />

araviTari anderZi ar <strong>da</strong>utovia 6 . sruliad misaRebia n. gelaSvilis<br />

mosazreba, romelSic gaT valiswinebulia sefianTa<br />

saxelmwifos saSinao <strong>da</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> mdgo mareoba, Sahis karze<br />

Seqmnili viTareba <strong>da</strong> im <strong>da</strong>skvnamde mivi<strong>da</strong>, rom Sah Tamazs<br />

au cileblad un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>etovebina anderZi, romelSic Tavis memkvidred<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza <strong>da</strong>asaxela 7 .<br />

isqander munSis gadmocemiT, hei<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>RupvaSi didi<br />

roli Seas rula ferixan-xanumma. marTalia, is mtrulad<br />

ganwyobili iyo hei<strong>da</strong>ris mi marT, magram Sah Tamazis gar-<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 6-7.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 61 v.<br />

4 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 125.<br />

5 iqve.<br />

6 Эфендиев О. А., Азербайджанское государство Сефевидов, Баку,1981,<br />

с. 125.<br />

7 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 125-126.<br />

364 365

<strong>da</strong>cvalebisTanave eaxla mas <strong>da</strong> fexebze emTxvia <strong>da</strong> iqve myof<br />

ufliswulis de<strong>da</strong>s uTxra: `mowme xar, rom fadiSahis fexze<br />

kocna <strong>da</strong> gamefebis milocva CemTvis aravis <strong>da</strong>uswria~ 1 .<br />

ferixan-xanumi `SeuTanxm<strong>da</strong> yvela sulTans, rom hei<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

samefo samoselSi gamowyobili <strong>da</strong>brZandes mTavar loJaSi<br />

(loggia maggiore) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>elodos xalxis misalmebas. marTlac,<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ri taxtze abrZan<strong>da</strong> rogorc xelmwife. misi aseTi<br />

saqcieli ganpirobebuli iyo gandidebis ymawviluri brma<br />

wyurviliT. man didebis taxtze mjdomma ukve war moidgina<br />

Tu rogor <strong>da</strong>tkbebo<strong>da</strong> megobrebis <strong>da</strong> mtrebisa mzeriT, romlebic<br />

mis winaSe morCilebas gamoacxadebdnen <strong>da</strong> yvelas<br />

mowiwebis sagnad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceo<strong>da</strong>. ma gram mis imedebs asruleba<br />

ar ewera cbieri mrCevelebisa <strong>da</strong> TvalTmaqci dis mier Seqmnili<br />

garemoebis gamo. maTi rCeviT <strong>da</strong>m brZana, rom <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />

<strong>da</strong>eketaT seralis anu haramxanis yvela kari <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>eyenebinaT <strong>da</strong>rajebi, Ria <strong>da</strong>etovaT mxolod kargad <strong>da</strong>culi<br />

erTi viwro <strong>da</strong> patara kari Tamazisa <strong>da</strong> ismailis yvelaze<br />

erT guli, gamorCeuli <strong>da</strong> Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli oficrebis meTvalyureobiT.<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvas ubrZanes karebSi gaataron yvela gar<strong>da</strong><br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas mimdevrebis <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>mcvelebisa. ferixan-xanumis<br />

azriT, ase un<strong>da</strong> yolebo<strong>da</strong>T hei<strong>da</strong>ri, vidre sasaxleSi ar<br />

mivido<strong>da</strong> kanonieri mefe _ ismaili, romelic Semdeg moiqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

ise, rogorc moiTxov<strong>da</strong> misi Rir seba <strong>da</strong> saxelmwifos<br />

uSiSroeba~ 2 .<br />

amasobaSi de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi gavrcel<strong>da</strong> xma Sahis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis<br />

Ses axeb, ramac didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. gamoacxades<br />

Sah Tamazis ukanaskneli survilic, rom yvela amira <strong>da</strong> sefianTa<br />

dinastiis qveSevr domi hei<strong>da</strong>r-mir zas un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCilebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magram mosaxleobis didi nawili undoblad Sex v<strong>da</strong><br />

am cnobas 3 . amasobaSi hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreebma aseulis ufrosis<br />

1 iqve, gv. 125.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 8.<br />

3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 46.<br />

husein-beg usTajlus saxlSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes Tavmoyra. maT mudmivi<br />

kavSiri hqon<strong>da</strong>T sasaxleSi Caketil hei<strong>da</strong>rTan werilebis<br />

mim tan-momtani qalebis saSualebiT 1 .<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreTa mTavari amocana misi ganTavisufleba<br />

iyo. Tu amas miaRwevdnen maSin ismailis mdgomareoba sruliad<br />

uimedo Seiqmne bo<strong>da</strong>. hei <strong>da</strong>rs veRaraferi SeuSli<strong>da</strong> xels<br />

taxtis <strong>da</strong>kavebaSi. magram hei<strong>da</strong>ris gasa Tavisufleblad br-<br />

Zolis <strong>da</strong>wyeba Zlier saxifaTo iyo, radgan mis mcvel yizilbaSebs<br />

yovelTvis SeeZloT <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad moeklaT igi.<br />

amitom hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreebma yvelaze mizanSewonilad lodinis<br />

taqtika CaTvales. saRamoTi mcvelebi Seicvlebodnen<br />

(Semdeg Rames hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxre usTajlus tomis morigeobis<br />

jeri iyo) <strong>da</strong> sasaxleSi Sesvla gaadvilde bo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

usTajlus tomis beladma alah-yuli sulTanma wamoayena<br />

wi na<strong>da</strong>deba: vidre ismail-mirzas momxre husein-yuli<br />

xolafa rumlus saxlSi jer kidev mraval yizilbaSs ar<br />

moeyara Tavi, manamde iq myofni gareT gamoetyuebinaT <strong>da</strong><br />

gaefantaT. alah-yuli sulTnis azriT, es op eracia Tu warmatebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>sruldebo<strong>da</strong>, maSin sasaxlis <strong>da</strong>cvac SeSinde bo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> sasaxlis WiSkars gaaReb<strong>da</strong> 2 . husein-yuli xolafa rumlus<br />

sax lSi SekrebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT saintereso <strong>da</strong>matebiT<br />

cnobnas gvawvdis Saraf-xan bidlisi. saxlSi Tavi mouyriaT<br />

maspinZlisa <strong>da</strong> Samxlis momxreebs <strong>da</strong> bevri ukamaTiaT imaze,<br />

dediT Cerqezi romeli ufliswuli gaemefebinaT, magram ver<br />

SeTanxmdnen. yizilbaSebi <strong>da</strong>rwmundnen, rom am Tavyrilobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

araferi gamovido<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mTeli imedi ismail-mirzaze ga<strong>da</strong>itanes<br />

3 .<br />

roca xolafam gaigo hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreTa am gegmis Sesaxeb,<br />

man ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita dro moego <strong>da</strong> ori kaci gagzavna husein-begTan<br />

mosala parakeblad imis Taobaze, Tu vin un<strong>da</strong> gamefebuliyo _<br />

1 Ibidem.<br />

2 Ibidem, S. 50.<br />

3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 199.<br />

366 367

ismaili Tu hei <strong>da</strong>ri. amas gar<strong>da</strong>, man kaci gagzavna yazvini<strong>da</strong>n<br />

erTi saaTis savalze, im pirobiT, rom igi sxva mgzavrebTan<br />

erTad de<strong>da</strong>qalaqSi <strong>da</strong>brundebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> xmas gaavrceleb<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

ismaili <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebi male movidodnen xelisu flebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sapyrobad. xolefas <strong>da</strong>valeba Sesrul<strong>da</strong>. ismailis male<br />

gamoCe nis ambavma gaamxneva misi momxre <strong>da</strong> erTguli yizilbaSebi.<br />

mravalma maT ganma Tavi moiyara xolafas saxlTan. hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

momxreebi ki, piriqiT, SeSindnen <strong>da</strong> ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilebis<br />

Sesruleba saRamomde ga<strong>da</strong>sdes 1 . roca hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxreebma<br />

sasax leze ieriSi <strong>da</strong>iwyes, ukve gvian iyo. mowinaaRTmdegeebs<br />

mravlad moeyaraT Tavi <strong>da</strong> saSualeba ar misces raime<br />

mniSvnelovani warmate bisaTvis mieRwiaT. amgvarad, axla hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

momxreebi aRmoCndnen mZime mdgomareobaSi, radgan maT<br />

metoqeebs yovelTvis SeeZloT haramxanaSi Sesvla <strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

mokvla. misma momxreebma gamarjvebis imedi <strong>da</strong>kar ges,<br />

bevrma maTganma brZolaze xeli aiRo <strong>da</strong> saxls miaSura. aseT<br />

gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen hei<strong>da</strong> ris momxreebi, roca<br />

zaal-begi Tavisi razmebiT movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sasaxlis mTavar kars<br />

Seutia, magram veraferi <strong>da</strong>aklo.<br />

zaal-begi mixv<strong>da</strong>, rom am gziT sasaxleSi Sesvla Seu-<br />

Zlebeli iyo. maSin igi martodmarto ga<strong>da</strong>evlo sasaxlis<br />

galavans, ezoSi SeiWra, win <strong>da</strong>xvedrili mteri xmliT aCexa,<br />

kari Camoglija <strong>da</strong> Tavis razmebs ezoSi SeWris saSualeba<br />

misca. qarTvelebma imZlavres, culebiT <strong>da</strong>lewes ramden ime<br />

kari <strong>da</strong> sasaxlis <strong>da</strong>rbazebSi Secvivdnen. isini yvelgan <strong>da</strong>e-<br />

Zebdnen hei <strong>da</strong>r-mirzas <strong>da</strong> ganuwyvetliv yvirodnen: `Sah hei<strong>da</strong>r!<br />

Sah hei<strong>da</strong>r!~ 2 Saraf-xan biTlisis TqmiT: `gansvenebuli<br />

Sahis qaliSvilma ferixan-xanumma, roca <strong>da</strong>inaxa, rom saqmem<br />

aseTi mimarTuleba miiRo, saswrafod Tavisi erTguli kaci<br />

gagzavna Tavis biZasTan dedis mxriv, Cerqezebis SamxalTan,<br />

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 51.<br />

2 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 52<br />

amis Sesaxeb acnoba~ 1 . sxva cnobiT, Sah Tamazi gar <strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

Tu ara, ferixan-xanumi fexebSi Cauvar<strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>rs, gamefeba<br />

miuloca <strong>da</strong> patieba sTxova im mtruli moqmedebois gamo rac<br />

man Zmis winaSe Caidina 1573 wels Sah Tamazis avadmyofobis<br />

dros. hei<strong>da</strong>ri kmayofili <strong>da</strong>rCa dis aseTi mo qmedebiT. sanamdvileSi<br />

ferixan-xanumi mis <strong>da</strong>Rupvas amzadeb<strong>da</strong> 2 . man maSinve<br />

acnoba momx<strong>da</strong>ri ambavi Tavis biZas, CerqezTa mbrZanebel<br />

Samxals <strong>da</strong> gaafrTxila, rom Tu <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv ar miiReb<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>mwyvet zomebs, maSin mTeli xelisufleba qarTveli xanebis<br />

xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>vido<strong>da</strong> 3 . Samxali husein-yuli-xolefa rumlu,<br />

amira aslan-beg afSarTan, Taqelus, avSaris Turqmenebis <strong>da</strong><br />

qurTebis tomebTan erTad <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv SuaRamisas sruli<br />

aRWurvilobiT movid nen doRis WiSkarTan, qveiTad <strong>da</strong> amxedrebulebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> iarRis ZaliT SeaRwies haremis baRSi 4 .<br />

roca husein-beg iuzbaSma, usTajlus tomebma <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvelebma gaiges ismailis momxreTa sasaxlesi SeWrisa<br />

Sesaxeb, maTac sasaxleze ieriSi miitanes divanis WiSkris<br />

mxri<strong>da</strong>n, romelic cnobili iyo ala-ka pus sax eliT. sasaxlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvam WiSkari <strong>da</strong>keta <strong>da</strong> ar misca maT sasaxleSi Sesvlis<br />

ufleba 5 .<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>rma mxolod maSin igrZno xifaTi, rodesac gai gona<br />

Tavisi favoriti zaal-xanis muqariani yvirili. is emuqrebo<strong>da</strong><br />

yvelas, ferixans, sulTnebs <strong>da</strong> saerTod yvelas, vinc<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ri aseT mdgomareobaSi Caayena. `gaigo ra es sayovelTao<br />

<strong>da</strong>cinva <strong>da</strong> Seigno Tavisi ubedureba, igi mdumared gaecala<br />

mis irgvliv arsebul pativs <strong>da</strong> xelmwifis nacvlad, romelsac<br />

axlaxan goneb<strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavs, ga<strong>da</strong>iqca mxolod gaqcevaze<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.<br />

2 Malcolm, S. 20.<br />

3 Hammer, S. 474.<br />

4 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229.<br />

5 Minadoi T., p. 9. ferixanma hei<strong>da</strong>rs `urCia, rom gaqceuliyo <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>maluliyo<br />

qalebis sasaxleSi, romelsac Turqebi serils eZaxian, sparselebi ki _<br />

harems~. Don Juan de Persia, p. 62 r.<br />

368 369

ma fiqral, <strong>da</strong>naRvlianebul <strong>da</strong> SeSinebul kacad. man moaxerxa<br />

qalTa ser ilSi <strong>da</strong>malva im imediT, rom raime <strong>da</strong>xmarebas miiReb<strong>da</strong><br />

sicocxlis ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad~ 1 .<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza varaudob<strong>da</strong>, rom misi mtrebi ver gabe<strong>da</strong>vdnen<br />

haramx anaSi Sesvlas <strong>da</strong> amitom ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita Tavi iq<br />

Seefarebina. hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza, rogorc Saraf-xan biTlisi ambobs,<br />

zogierTi ugunuris rCeviT, qalis samoselSi Cacmuli,<br />

ramdenime qalis TanxlebiT imedovneb<strong>da</strong> sasaxli<strong>da</strong>n gaRwevas<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavis momxreebTan misvlas, raTa Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwia Samxalis<br />

<strong>da</strong> SfoTisTavebis siborotisagan, magram Cerqezma msaxurebma<br />

yovelive ac no bes Samxals.<br />

amasobaSi, sasaxleSi myofTa mimarT gaZlier<strong>da</strong> muqara<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxre usTajlus tomis mxri<strong>da</strong>n. aseT kritikul<br />

viTarebaSi, raTa yovelgvari imedi moespoT meamboxeebisaTvis,<br />

sulTnebma, ferixanTan Se TanxmebiT, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

mokvla.<br />

vidre qarTvelebi hei<strong>da</strong>rs eZebdnen, sasaxlis meore mxri<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

haramx anis baRSi Sevidnen xolafa <strong>da</strong> CerqezTa Samxali,<br />

romelTac xelT hqon <strong>da</strong>T ferixan-xanumis mier micemula<br />

gasaRebi. isini Sevidnen haramxanis baRSi, <strong>da</strong> mourideblad<br />

eZebdnen hei<strong>da</strong>rs SeSinebul qalebs Soris. hei<strong>da</strong>rs ukve sul<br />

axlo<strong>da</strong>n esmo<strong>da</strong> Tavisi momxreebis xma. mas isRa <strong>da</strong>rCeno<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>ekveTa ezo <strong>da</strong> sxva SenobaSi Sesuliyo, roca haramxanis<br />

erTerTma mcvelma, ali-begma Samlus tomi<strong>da</strong>n icno igi <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>iZaxa: `aqeT, aq aris is visac eZebT!~ maSinve movardnen<br />

gamzid-begi, ufliswul soleimanis `saWurvelTmtvirTveli~<br />

<strong>da</strong> aseulis ufrosi <strong>da</strong>lilxan-begi, rumlus tomi<strong>da</strong>n. isini<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen hei<strong>da</strong>rs, garekes mis irgvliv Semokrebili<br />

qalebi, Semoaxvies Tavze safarebeli <strong>da</strong> xolafas <strong>da</strong> Cerqezebis<br />

meTauris _ Samxalis niSanze, <strong>da</strong>lil-begma xanjliT<br />

mokla hei<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> Tavi moaSora sxeuls 22 .<br />

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 52.<br />

2 Saraf-xaniT, Samxalma ki ar mokla hei<strong>da</strong>r mirza, aramed erT-erTma<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris <strong>da</strong>Rupvis scenas garkveuli gansxvavebiT aRweren<br />

Tomazo minadoi <strong>da</strong> Saraf-xan biTlisi. isic un<strong>da</strong><br />

iTqvas, rom minadois, ratomRac Samxali hei<strong>da</strong>ris biZa <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTveli hgonia. `maSin qarTvelma (?) Samxalma, [hei<strong>da</strong>ris]<br />

biZam, didi xnis Zebnis Semdeg, bolos monaxa igi qalebSi <strong>da</strong>maluli<br />

<strong>da</strong> sruliad Seubraleblad <strong>da</strong>swv<strong>da</strong> TmebSi <strong>da</strong> tans<br />

moacila Tavi 1 . rodesac zaal-xani <strong>da</strong> ubeduri hei<strong>da</strong>ris sxva<br />

momxreebi xmaurobdnen <strong>da</strong> imuqrebodnen, [Samxalma] sqlad<br />

Sejgufebul mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris [hei<strong>da</strong>ris] gasisxlianebuli,<br />

jer kidev TiTqmis mfeTqavi, Tbili Tavi ga<strong>da</strong>agdo<br />

<strong>da</strong> miZaxa: `ai Tqveni xelmwife, gaixareTo!~ Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelaT,<br />

aseTma saSinelma sanaxaobaam iq <strong>da</strong>mswreTa udidesi risxva <strong>da</strong><br />

mZvinvareba gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> isini sastiki SurisZiebiT imuqrebodnen.<br />

magram sabolood <strong>da</strong>rwmundnen brZolis gagrZelebis<br />

uazrobaSi <strong>da</strong> axla ukve yoveli maTgani Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>rCenaze<br />

fiqrob<strong>da</strong>~ 2 .<br />

zemoT moTxrobil ambavs Saraf-xan bidlisi gadmogvcems<br />

Semdegnairad: `im dros huseinbeg iuzbaSim Tavis momxreebTan<br />

erTad culebiTa <strong>da</strong> sekirebiT ali-kapus WiSkari <strong>da</strong>amtvria<br />

<strong>da</strong> divan-xanaSi SeiWra. zaal-gurjim ramdenime guladTan<br />

erTad sasaxles Seutia. Samxalma maT sulTan hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas<br />

mokveTili Tavi gadmougdo. qarTvelebma brZola <strong>da</strong> angariSsworeba<br />

gaaCaRes haremis baRSi, magram im Seupovar razmis<br />

winamZRoli zaal gurji tyviiT gangmiruli <strong>da</strong>eca <strong>da</strong> im<br />

medidurma krebulma marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>~ 3 .<br />

sxva cnobiT zaal-begi brZolis dros <strong>da</strong>iWra <strong>da</strong> Sin<br />

<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. man imave Rames werili gaugzavna xalifa ansars<br />

Cerqezma Rolamma. Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 229. de persias mixedviT ki, ferixanxanumma<br />

<strong>da</strong> zaal-xanma (un<strong>da</strong> iyves Samhali) haremSi mokles hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirza. Don<br />

Juan de Persia, p. 62 r. bu<strong>da</strong> ’ yazvini ki ambobs, rom hei<strong>da</strong>ri jer <strong>da</strong>axrCves, Semdeg<br />

iuzbaSma rumlum mas Tavi mohkveTa. gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 127.<br />

1 Minadoi T., p. 9.<br />

2 Ibidem.<br />

3 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 230.<br />

370 371

<strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas <strong>da</strong>Rupvisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi <strong>da</strong>Wris ambavi acnoba<br />

1 . xalifa ansari <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv alamuTis cixisaken wavi<strong>da</strong>,<br />

romelic, rogorc iTqva, ismailma <strong>da</strong> misma momxreebma<br />

<strong>da</strong>ipyres.<br />

gaTenebisas orive Sahis gvami, mamisa, romelmac naxevari<br />

saukune imefa <strong>da</strong> Svilis, romelmac mxolod naxevari Rame,<br />

sasaxlis WiSkarTan gamoitanes 2<br />

meore dRes dili<strong>da</strong>nve ismailis momxreebma mowinaaRmdegeebisadmi<br />

angariSsworeba <strong>da</strong>iwyes. zaal-begi, farox-begi (umaRlesi<br />

xazina<strong>da</strong>ri, qarTveli) <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli ufliswulis<br />

sxva mravali momxre Seipyres <strong>da</strong> cixis win <strong>da</strong>sajes 3 . ali-xan<br />

begi, qarTveli didebuli, hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas biZa, zaal-begis Zma,<br />

gaiqca <strong>da</strong> samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. mustafa-mirzam <strong>da</strong> huseinbegma<br />

luresTans Seafares Tavi. sadr ad-din xans <strong>da</strong> seid-beg<br />

qamunes borkilebi <strong>da</strong>ades <strong>da</strong> sapyrobileSi Cayares 4 . huseinbeg<br />

usTajlu, aRmzrdeli dediT qarTveli ufliswulebis _<br />

mustafasi <strong>da</strong> imamyulisa, am ukanasknelebTan erTad haramxani<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamoiWra <strong>da</strong> ramdenime mxe<strong>da</strong>rTan erTad yumisa <strong>da</strong><br />

qaSanis mimarTulebiT gaiqca, raTa erT-erTi ufliswuli iq<br />

gaemefebina 5 . maTi Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.<br />

mas Semdeg rac yizilbaSebma Sahis taxtze ukeTesi kandi<strong>da</strong>ti<br />

ver gamonaxes, isini jguf-jgufad gaemarTnen kahkahes<br />

cixisaken raTa gamoexataT TavianTi erTguleba ismailis<br />

mimarT.<br />

husein-yuli-xolefa rumlum <strong>da</strong> Samhalma, roca <strong>da</strong>inaxes,<br />

rom yizilbaSTa tomebis erTgulebam <strong>da</strong> imedma ismailis mimarT<br />

Tavis apogeas miaRwia, iZulebulni gaxdnen ismailTan<br />

gaegzavnaT hei<strong>da</strong>r-sulTan Torqemani D<strong>da</strong> misi saSualebiT<br />

gamoexataT TavianTi wmin<strong>da</strong> zraxvebi. pirvel rigSi acnobebd-<br />

1 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 54.<br />

2 Hammer J., S. 475.<br />

3 Hinz W., Op. cit., S. 53.<br />

4 Ibidem.<br />

5 Hammer J, S. 475.<br />

nen, rom hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas mokvdineba ganpirobebuli iyo mxolod<br />

ismailis mimarT siyvaruliT. amJamad misi monebi _<br />

husein-yuli-xolefa rumlu <strong>da</strong> Samxali, saxelmwifo xazinas<br />

icaven <strong>da</strong> ismailis misvlas elodebian.<br />

aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi kahkahes cixesTan Tavi moiyara<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 30 aTasma qveiTma <strong>da</strong> cxenosanma. ismailma, usTajlus<br />

tomis <strong>da</strong> xalife ansaris SiSiT, vaiTu maT raime<br />

mzakvroba hqondeT Cafiqrebulio, cixis karibWe <strong>da</strong>keta <strong>da</strong><br />

isini ar SeuSva. roca igi sabolood <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebis<br />

loialobaSi, <strong>da</strong>mSvid<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> yazvinSi wavi<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

yovelive is, rac zemoT iTqva, lakonurad, magram zustaT<br />

gadmocemulia `mesxur matianeSi~: `qkBsa sOd, maissa ie,<br />

dResa samSabaTsa yaeni Sah-Tamaz moku<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ustajaluanTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ioTamiSvilman alixan sulTan hai<strong>da</strong>rmirZas batonoba<br />

moindomes; jargazma _ Samxal-avSarTa, <strong>da</strong> vinc maTi oimaxi<br />

iyo, miuPdes, ai<strong>da</strong>rmirZa mokles, ustajaluani amoswyuites<br />

<strong>da</strong> ismel mirZis gamosayuanlad kaci gagzavnes. <strong>da</strong> amave qBknsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> amave maissa kb misi Suili Saismaeli _ tyued j<strong>da</strong><br />

cixes yahyaas <strong>da</strong>_gamoiyuanes dResa samSabaTsa <strong>da</strong> kv ar<strong>da</strong>vels<br />

qalaqSi movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kE yazmisiske wavi<strong>da</strong>~ 2 .<br />

`mesxuri matiane~, rogorc Cans, sxva wyaroebisagan,<br />

sparsulisganac ki, gansxvavebul cnobebs Seicavs. ismaili<br />

22 maiss, samSabaTs gamovi<strong>da</strong> kahkahes cixi<strong>da</strong>n, 26 maiss ardebilSi<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mxolod imave Tvis 28-Si ukve yazvinSi iyo.<br />

saintersoa, ismailma ratom gaigrZela gza <strong>da</strong> jer ardebils<br />

ewvia <strong>da</strong> pir<strong>da</strong>pir sataxtoSi ar wavi<strong>da</strong>? amaze yuradRebas<br />

imitom vamaxvileb, rom gasagebi gaxdes qarTuli `mesxuri<br />

matianis~ <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis sandoobis<br />

xarisxi, ris gaTvaliswinebac SemdgomSi <strong>da</strong>gvWirdeba.<br />

ismailis ardebilSi misvlis mizanze, Tvisa <strong>da</strong> ricxvis<br />

miTiTebis gareSe, vigebT Saraf-xan biTlisis Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 230-231.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 42-43.<br />

372 373

vidre sparsul wyaros gavecnobodeT, manamde un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas,<br />

rom yizilbaSebisaTvis ardebili wmin<strong>da</strong> qalaqad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

iq aris sefianTa ordenis <strong>da</strong>maarseblis sefi al-din<br />

isxakis (1252-1334) <strong>da</strong> sefianTa yizilbaSuri saxelmwifos<br />

<strong>da</strong>maarseblis Sah ismail I -is (1502-1524) saflavebi. Sarafxan<br />

biTlisi ar asaxelebs, magram gulisxmobs ardebils,<br />

roca ambobs, rom cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli ismaili Seix sefis<br />

<strong>da</strong> didebuli winaprebis saflavebTan mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>locva<br />

iTxova, amis Semdeg gaeSura is yazvinisaken 1 , sa<strong>da</strong>c, rogorc<br />

`mesxuri matiane~ gvamcnobs, mivi<strong>da</strong> 28 maiss.<br />

amgvarad, gaimarjva ismail-mirzam, romeli `iyo kaci mesisxle<br />

<strong>da</strong> mravali kacni <strong>da</strong>Pocna~ 2 . marTlac, saSinlad sisxliani<br />

iyo ismailis yazvinSi misvla <strong>da</strong> gamefeba. man, pirvel<br />

rigSi, umcrosi Zmebi <strong>da</strong>xoca, yvela xani <strong>da</strong> sulTani, vinc<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris momxre iyo, arc erTi cocxali ar <strong>da</strong>tova 3 . misi<br />

represiuli RonisZiebebi ar Sexebia mxolod ufros Zmas _<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes. Znelia imis Tqma, riT iyo gamowveuli<br />

misadmi ismailis aseTi <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba. SeiZleba, mohameds<br />

isic ar Tvli<strong>da</strong> taxtis mociled misi fizikuri <strong>da</strong> sulieri<br />

mdgomareobis gamo. amas albaT isic ematebo<strong>da</strong>, rom isini,<br />

sparsuli wyaroebis mixedviT, erTi dedis Svilebi iyvnen<br />

(amaze ufro <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT qvemoT).<br />

1576 wlis 27 agvistos ismailis samefo taxtze xel<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />

moewyo. igi amis Semdeg cnobilia ismail meoris<br />

saxeliT. man, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad qarTvelebisadmi safuZvliani ukmayofilebisa,<br />

maT<strong>da</strong>mi mainc didi yuradReba <strong>da</strong> keTilganwyoba<br />

gamoiCina, rac sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mizeziT iyo gamowveuli.<br />

upirvelesyovlisa, qarTvelebi, romlebmac marcxi ganicades<br />

Sahis taxtisaTvis brZolaSi, mainc seriozul samxedro <strong>da</strong><br />

politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen <strong>da</strong> maTi gulis mogebas<br />

1 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 231.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 371.<br />

3 Don juan de Persia, p. 62 .<br />

cdilob<strong>da</strong>. imave dros, mas sakmaod kargi piradi urTierToba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> iranSi mcxovreb zogierT qarTvelTan. xel<strong>da</strong>sxmis<br />

ceremonialSi monawileobis misaRebad alamuTis Tu kahkahes<br />

cixi<strong>da</strong>n gamoiyvanes qarTlis mefe svimon I, romelmac momaval<br />

SahTan erTad mravali weli gaatara tyveobaSi. rogorc<br />

cnobilia, imave cixeSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> kaxeTis ufliswuli iese,<br />

romelmac aseve Tavisufleba miiRo. ceremonialis dros svimoni<br />

<strong>da</strong> iese didi pativiT sargeblobdnen. amaze miuTiTebs<br />

is adgili, romelic maT ceremonialis dros miuCines. misalocad<br />

mividnen jer ufliswulebi <strong>da</strong> maRali sasuliero<br />

wodebis warmomadgenlebi. maT mihyvebodnen svimon mefe <strong>da</strong><br />

iese, Sah-rostom luri <strong>da</strong> gamoCenili yizilbaSi amirebi,<br />

mazan<strong>da</strong>ranis gamgebeli mirza mohamed-xani, arabistanis gamgebeli<br />

seid sajadi <strong>da</strong> sxvebi, romelTac wilad xv<strong>da</strong>T Sahis<br />

fexze mTxvevis pativi. sul bolos modiodnen `franki“ el-<br />

Cebi, saxeldobr, portugaliis mefis didi elCoba, romelsac<br />

meTaurob<strong>da</strong> miguel de abrue de limasi 1 .<br />

Sah ismail II -m imefa mcire xans, <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1 weliwadi<br />

<strong>da</strong> 6 Tve (1576. 27. 08 _ 1577. 25. 11 ). is iranis istoriaSi<br />

cnobilia rogorc veragi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>undobeli. cixi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gamosvlisTanave man sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>saja usTajlus tomis is<br />

warmomadgenlebi, romlebic braldebulni iyvnen hei<strong>da</strong>ris<br />

momxreobaSi. gamefebisTanave ki <strong>da</strong>xoca Zmebi, biZaSvilebi <strong>da</strong><br />

ZmisSvilebi. ga<strong>da</strong>rCnen mxolod misi RviZli Zma muhamedi <strong>da</strong><br />

misi Svilebi _ hamza mirza <strong>da</strong> abas-mirza. ismailma mogvianebiT<br />

abasis mokvlac ganizra, magram TviTon gar<strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

<strong>da</strong> ase ga<strong>da</strong>rCa momavali Sah abasi. saerTod mis represiebs<br />

12 aTasi kaci Seewira 2 .<br />

mosaxleobaSi popularobiT ar sargeblob<strong>da</strong> Sah is-<br />

1 Morley W.H., A descriptive Catalogue of the Historial Manuscropts… preserved<br />

in the library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1854, # 136, p. 335; Francesco<br />

Manuel Alves, Catalogo des Manuscritos de Simancas respeitantes a His toria<br />

Portuguesa, in: O Istituto, vol. 82, serie 4. Coimbra, 1931, p. 479; Hinz W., S. 62.<br />

2 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 129-130.<br />

374 375

mailis xan mokle mefobisas gatarebuli RonisZiebebic. am<br />

mxriv Siiti yizilbaSe bisaTvis gansakuTrebiT miuRebeli<br />

iyo ismailis is religiuri <strong>politika</strong>, romliTac iran-<br />

Si upiratesobas sunitebi iRebdnen. ismail II -is sunizmiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>intere seba, rogorc minadoi ambobs, <strong>da</strong>iwyo misi patimrobaSi<br />

yofnis droi<strong>da</strong>n 1 . aman, SeiZleba iTqvas, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita<br />

ismail II-is bedi. rogorc Saraf-xan biTlisi ambobs „gansjis<br />

unars moklebulma [ismailma], romelsac jer kidev<br />

ar mieRwia <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli <strong>da</strong> suver enuli xelisuflebisaTvis,<br />

Tavisi mamebisa <strong>da</strong> papebisagan gansxvavebiT, akrZala<br />

suniti Seixebis kicxva... moisurva ise waremarTa saqme, rom<br />

saxelmwifoSi yvela Tavis rwmenas mihyolo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> erTmaneTis<br />

saqmeebSi ar Careuliyvnen“. Semdeg is torikosi <strong>da</strong>sZens, rom<br />

yizilbaSebma ismailis moqmedebaSi eresi <strong>da</strong>inaxes. misadmi<br />

zizRiT ganimsWvalnen, misi <strong>da</strong>Rupva ganizraxes <strong>da</strong> am saqmeSi<br />

misi coli ferixan-xanumic ki Caabes 2 . Saraf-xan biTlisis<br />

mixedviT am dros ori ferixan-xanumi iyo. erTi Sah Tamazis<br />

asuli, meore ki _ ismail II-is coli 3 . SeTqmulTa Soris iyo<br />

ukanaskneli <strong>da</strong> ara pirveli, rogorc n. ge laSvils hgonia,<br />

romelic imave istorikoss imowmebs 4 . sxvaTaSoris, is mailis<br />

mowinaaRmdeged mis <strong>da</strong>s asaxelebs `karmelitebis qronka~ 5 ,<br />

magram vfiqrob upiratesoba un<strong>da</strong> mieniWos Sarfxan bidliss,<br />

romelic 1578 wlamde Sahis karze imyofe bo<strong>da</strong> did pativSi<br />

<strong>da</strong> axlos icnob<strong>da</strong> im a<strong>da</strong> mianebs, romlebzec is wer<strong>da</strong>.<br />

ismails sunizmis oficialur religiad gamocxadebac<br />

ganuz raxavs, rac mis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebis mizezi gamx<strong>da</strong>ra<br />

6 .<br />

beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, ismail I -ma mxolod eqvsi<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 5.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 233.<br />

3 Тамже, с. 229, 233.<br />

4 gelaSvili n., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 130, 135.<br />

5 A Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 57.<br />

6 Ibidem.<br />

Tve imefa 1 . Sah Tamazi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1576 wlis 14 maiss. imave<br />

wlis 27 agvistos gamef<strong>da</strong> is mail II . anonimi venecielis<br />

TqmiT, igi mokles alamuTis `tyveo bi<strong>da</strong>n ga Tavisuflebis<br />

welsve, oqtomberSi~ 2 . miTiTebuli weli swori araa, magram<br />

sinamdvilesTan axlos un<strong>da</strong> iyves Tve (oqtomberi). rogorc<br />

cnobilia, ismail II-m am dros ty veobi<strong>da</strong>n gaaTavisufla<br />

qarTlis mefe svimon I <strong>da</strong> iese batoniSvili. qarTuli wyaroebi<br />

arafers ambobs qarTvelebis monawileobaze is mailis<br />

winaaRmdeg mowyobil SeTqmulebaSi. farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe<br />

mxolod aRniSnavs, `rom Sah ismeil sawamlaviT moakvdines~ 3 .<br />

beri egna taSvilic yizilbaSebis mier Sah ismailis mokvlis<br />

mizezad mis religiur <strong>politika</strong>s asaxelebs: `<strong>da</strong> Sei-<br />

Zules yizilbaSTa <strong>da</strong> rjuliT sunobasac ewamoboden, <strong>da</strong><br />

equs Tues ibatones <strong>da</strong> mokles~ 4 . axali qarTlis cxovrebis<br />

mesame teqstSi mcireodeni <strong>da</strong>matebiT naTqvamia, rom `ese<br />

Sah ismail iyo kaci uwyalo <strong>da</strong> msmeli sisxlisa. amisTBs<br />

ara ine bes yizilbaSTa ufleba misi, <strong>da</strong> ewameboden sjuliTa<br />

sunobasa. <strong>da</strong> Tuesa meequsesa mowamlviT mokles yizilbaSTa<br />

Sah ismail yaeni, giorgobis-TBs kg“ 5 (23 noemberi). Sah ismailis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis ambavi sam cxeSi Seityves 13 dekembers,<br />

magram mTavris karze saeWvod miiCnies <strong>da</strong> kaci gagzavnes yazvinSi<br />

ambis ga<strong>da</strong>samowmeblad. wargzavnilis <strong>da</strong>brunebis Semdeg<br />

gairkva, rom ismaili gar<strong>da</strong>cvlila 23 noembers 6 .<br />

ismail II -is sikvdilis garemoebani zustad <strong>da</strong>dgenili<br />

ar aris. arsebobs ramdenime versia.<br />

don xuan de persias mixedviT, ismailis „<strong>da</strong>m <strong>da</strong> sulTnebma<br />

misi mokvlis gegma ise swrafad <strong>da</strong>awyves, rom erT<br />

Rames, roca haramxanaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> qalis tansacmelSi ga<strong>da</strong>c-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 371.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 17 .<br />

3 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZis istoria, gv. 221.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 371.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 520.<br />

6 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 46<br />

376 377

mulma sulTnebma mokles“ 1 . meore versiiT, igi opiumis Warbi<br />

moxmarebis Sedegad <strong>da</strong>iRupa. mesame versias gvTavazobs<br />

anonimi venecieli: „ismailis erTerTma sayvarelma Suri iZia<br />

mokluli mamis gamo <strong>da</strong> mas mowamluli Triaqi misca“ 26 . Sah<br />

ismail II -is mokvlis kidev erTi versia <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulia<br />

qarTvelebTan.<br />

axlac, rogorc Sah Tamazis sikvdilis Semdeg, <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

miTqma-moTqma. Sah ismailis sikvdilis ambavTanac <strong>da</strong>kavSirebulni<br />

aRmoCndnen qarTvelebi. rogorc Cans, ismail II -is<br />

moulodnel <strong>da</strong> burusiT mocul sik vdilSi qarTvelebis<br />

monawileobis Sesaxeb farTod iyo cnobili <strong>da</strong> osmalebisTvisac<br />

ar yofila saidumlo. amis Tqmis safuZvels,<br />

uwinares yov lisa, gvaZlevs <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> winaaRmdeg wamosuli<br />

osmaleTis jaris sardlis lala mustafa faSas mier<br />

arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n Sah-xu<strong>da</strong>bendesadmi gag zav nili werili (1578<br />

wlis ivlisi). masSi osmaleTis mier iranis winaaRmdeg omis<br />

<strong>da</strong>wyebis sababad <strong>da</strong>saxelebulia qarTvelebis mier Sah ismail<br />

II-is mowamvla: „di<strong>da</strong>d brwyinvale iranis Saho! me, lala<br />

mustafa faSa, veziri <strong>da</strong> mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li sulTan muradis,<br />

osmaleTis imperatoris mTeli jare bisa, Tqven gacnobebT,<br />

rom aq mosuli var 300 000 cxenosniT, 600 qvemexiT, 6<br />

aTasi ianiCariTa <strong>da</strong> arkebuzeriT, rom <strong>da</strong>vsajo isini, vinc<br />

Tqveni Zmis is mailis mowamvlaSi <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveni arian <strong>da</strong> amisaTvis<br />

qristiani qarTvelebis qveyana un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>vikavo. xolo<br />

Tu Tqveni udidebulesoba gzas ga<strong>da</strong>miRobavs <strong>da</strong> am xalxis<br />

<strong>da</strong>cvas Seecdeba, maSin Cemi batonis miTiTebis Tanaxmad iZulebuli<br />

viqnebi Tqvenc SegebrZoloT“ 3 .<br />

1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 62 v – 63 r. ix. agreTve, Hammer J., Op. cit., II, S.,<br />

473-474.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi, gv. 16.<br />

3 Cronicle of the Carmelites in Persia, p. 62. Serefxan bidlisi aRwers im<br />

viTarebas, romelic Seiqmna iranSi Sah ismail II -is sikvdilis Semdeg: yizilbaSi<br />

amirebi aRar emor Cilebian ax lad gamefebul mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes <strong>da</strong> qveyana<br />

erTmaneTSi gainawiles samarTavad, xazina ki gaZarcves. osmaleTis sulTanma<br />

kategoriulad imis mtkiceba an uaryofa, rom qarTvelebi<br />

monawileobdnen an <strong>da</strong>interesebulni iyvnen ismail II -<br />

is sikvdilSi, dRei saTvis cnobili werilobiTi wyaroebis<br />

mixedviT Znelia. magram gvaqvs arapir<strong>da</strong>piri oriode cnoba,<br />

romelic sacnaurs xdis qarTvelTa kavSirs sasaxlis ga<strong>da</strong>trialebasTan.<br />

amas gvafiqrebinebs 1576 wlis 3 oqtombers,<br />

habsburgebis imperiis elCis <strong>da</strong>vid ungandis werili, romliTac<br />

is ungre Tis mefe maqsimilianes acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, rom axali<br />

Sahi ismaili TavrizSi jars agroveb<strong>da</strong>, magram vis winaaRmdeg<br />

gaugebari iyo. elCis varaudiT, Sahi im meamboxe Zmis<br />

morjulebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>, romelic „im qarTvelebTan gaiqca,<br />

romlebic TurqeTis mxares dganan. Tu ismaili maT <strong>da</strong>esxmis<br />

Tavs, cxadia omi gaCaRdeba. magram amJamad amis Sesaxeb<br />

raime konkretuli cnobebi ar momepovebao“ 1 . sainteresoa,<br />

agreTve, ingliseli Tomas herbertis erTi cnoba, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

Cans, rom qarTvelebi Sahis taxtis <strong>da</strong>kavebaSi exmarebodnen<br />

Sah-xu<strong>da</strong>bendes. `1578 wels Sah Tamazi yazvinSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

68 wlis asakSi, imefa <strong>da</strong>axloe biT 50 weli <strong>da</strong> sur<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

misi memkvidre yofiliyo misi vaJi muhamedi. mas <strong>da</strong>rCa 12<br />

vaJi <strong>da</strong> 3 qaliSvili: muhamedi, ismaili, suleimani, ema nyuli,<br />

muradi, mustafa, ali, hemedi, ibrahimi, hamza <strong>da</strong> izma-xani.<br />

ismailma, romelic maSin kahkahes [cixeSi] imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, Tavisi<br />

Wkviani dis ferixan xanumis <strong>da</strong> Samhal-xanis mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT<br />

<strong>da</strong>amarcxa hei<strong>da</strong>ri, ro melmac Tavisi Tavi mefed gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

man Tavi mohkveTa sxva Zmebsac. igi fiqrob<strong>da</strong> aseve moqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

muhameds, magram igi gaiqca saqarTveloSi, Sek riba qurTebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis 12 aTasi mxe<strong>da</strong>ri <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> isfahanSi,<br />

kargad ico<strong>da</strong> yovelive es <strong>da</strong> Tavisi didi xnis ganzraxvis, sparseTis saxelmwifos<br />

ganad gurebis Sesaxeb, aRsruleba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita (Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c.<br />

234-235). Turqi is torikosi ibrahim feCevi osmalebis mier iranis wi naaRmdeg<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>wyebas, agreTve, is mailis sikvdilis Semdeg qveyanaSi Seqm nili viTarebiT<br />

xsnis. iranSi Seqmnili viTareba sulTnis karma TavisTvis xelsayrelad<br />

miiCnia (ibrahim feCevi, gv. 36).<br />

1 tardi l., ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 129.<br />

378 379

sa<strong>da</strong>c ismaili missave sawolSi mokla ferixan-xanumma~ 1 . ase<br />

iyo Tu ise, Sah moxamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende osmaleTSi (SeiZleba,<br />

sxvaganac) cno bili iyo rogorc Tavisi gvirgvinosani Zmis,<br />

ismailis mkvleli.<br />

Znelia ungrelisa <strong>da</strong> ingliselis naTqvamis gaziareba,<br />

magram isic saeWvoa, rom sruliad usafuZvlod Seqmniliyo<br />

zemoaRniSnuli cnobebi. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> ungreli elCis cnoba-<br />

Si ismailis cocxlad ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili erTad-erTi ufrosi Zma<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende un<strong>da</strong> iyos. bune brivia kiTxva: ra kavSiri<br />

un<strong>da</strong> hqono<strong>da</strong> mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes, saerTod, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan<br />

an mis romelime samefo-samTavrosTan? am kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />

gacemaSi ver <strong>da</strong>gvexmareba verc erTi sparsulenovani wyaro,<br />

ma gram qarTul naratiul wyaros Tu mivmarTavT, maSin zogierTi<br />

varaudis gamoTqma SeiZleba.<br />

rogorc iTqva, ismail II -em tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n gaaTavisufla<br />

qarTlis mefe svimon I <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis ufliswuli iese. ismailis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebam sagonebelSi Caagdo svimon mefe. iran-<br />

Si anarqia <strong>da</strong>iwyo <strong>da</strong> aseT dros yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo<br />

isamailisa <strong>da</strong> svimonis axlo, SeiZleba iTqvas, megobruli<br />

urTierToba. amave dros (1578 w.) <strong>da</strong>iwyo iran-oslmaleTis<br />

omi. omis mTavar asparezad amierkavkasia, gansakuTrebiT, qar-<br />

Tlis samefo ga<strong>da</strong>iqca. qarTlis samefoSi kritikuli vi-<br />

Tareba Seiqmna <strong>da</strong>uT-xanis uunaro mmarTvelobis Sedegad.<br />

osmalebi Sevidnen Tu ara qarTlSi D<strong>da</strong>uT-xanma gaqceviT<br />

uSvela Tavs. svimonma sworad Seafasa Tavisi <strong>da</strong> qarTlis<br />

samefos mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong> axal Sahs sTxova samSob loSi gaeSva.<br />

mxolod amis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo Sah-xu<strong>da</strong>bandes<br />

dedis, SalikaSvilis qalis <strong>da</strong> svimon mefis Sexvedra rasac,<br />

beri egnataSvili mogviTxrobs: „Sah-mo hamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes de<strong>da</strong>m<br />

moiyvana, oTar SalikaSvili qalman, mefe sÂmon, viTarca<br />

wesi aris, qarTvelTa de<strong>da</strong>ni leCaqs moaxueven _ <strong>da</strong> igica<br />

1 Relation du Voyage de Perse et des Indes Orientales. Traduit de l’Anglois de<br />

Thomas Herbert, Paris, 1663, p. 451.<br />

qarT veli iyo, manca egraTve yo <strong>da</strong> warmougzavna leCaqi<br />

TÂsi <strong>da</strong> moumcno: „mefe sÂmon, gwaddes leCaqi ese aiReo <strong>da</strong><br />

gwaddes Ãrmalio, Cuenc mogueÃmare <strong>da</strong> Sens sabatonosaca“,<br />

<strong>da</strong> misca niWi mravali <strong>da</strong> samoseli samefo <strong>da</strong> war moagzavna<br />

TÂssa qarTlad <strong>da</strong> warmovi<strong>da</strong>“ 1 .<br />

sainteresoa ramdenad Seefereba simarTles muhamed<br />

xu<strong>da</strong>bendes dedis qarTveloba? zemoT gavecaniT Saraf-xan<br />

biTlisis naTqvams, rom xu<strong>da</strong>bende <strong>da</strong> ismaili erTi dedis,<br />

isa-beg Torqemanis qalis Svilebi iyvnen 2 . Saraf-xan biTlisis<br />

es cnoba gaziarebulia TiTqmis yvela mkvlevris mier,<br />

rogorc sxvagan, aseve CvenTanac.<br />

ukve iTqva, rom Sah Tamazs, sparsuli <strong>da</strong> evropuli wyaroebis<br />

mixedviT, ramdenime qarTveli coli hyav<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli<br />

wyaroebi ki Sah Tamazis erT cols, mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

de<strong>da</strong>s miiCnevs qarTvelad, SalikaSvilis qalad. beri egnataSvilis<br />

TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: `xolo amas Jamsa Sina<br />

moipova Rone ese Sah Tamaz: ezraxa aTabags qaixosros <strong>da</strong><br />

sTxova colad tomisagan TÂsisa, xolo aTabags TÂsi ara<br />

hyvan<strong>da</strong> ra, <strong>da</strong> enaTesavebo<strong>da</strong> oTari SalikaSvili aTabagsa,<br />

amisTÂs nebayoflobiT gamoarTua qali <strong>da</strong> naTesavad TÂsad<br />

gaugzavna yaensa <strong>da</strong> yaenman SeirTo colad. <strong>da</strong> raJams SeirTo,<br />

ese iyo sayvarel yaenisa, Seiqmna wyoba Sah Tamazsa <strong>da</strong> aTabags<br />

Sua~ 3 .<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilma Sah Tamazis qarTveli colis<br />

ara mxolod mama (oTar SalikaSvili) icis, aramed misi<br />

colisZmis (varazas) Sesaxebac saintereso cnobas gvawvdis.<br />

is garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis agreTve, Sah Tamazis varaza<br />

SalikaSvilisadmi ganwyobilebaze: qaixosro II aTabagis<br />

qvrivis mier misi mokvdineba gax<strong>da</strong> sparselebis mier samcxesaaTabagos<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbevis mizezi.<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 372.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, c. 232.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv 364.<br />

380 381

eri egnataSvilis gadmocemiT, es tragedia ganviTar<strong>da</strong><br />

Semdegnairad: kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II -s vaJi erekle<br />

stambols gaeqca. Sah Tamazma ieWva, rom erekle Tavis mamas-<br />

Tan, mefe aleqsandresTan SeTanxmebiT moqmedeb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kaxTa<br />

mefes RalatSi <strong>da</strong>sdo brali. Sahi mis <strong>da</strong>sasjelad wamovi<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> yarabaRSi gaCer<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre mefis saxlTuxucesma<br />

oTar ColoyaSvilma, imisaTvis raTa kaxeTis samefosTvis<br />

xifaTi aecilebina, samcxis aTabagis qaixosro II-is qvrivs<br />

Sah Tamazis moyvare (colisZma), oTar SalikaSvilis vaJi<br />

varaza moakvlevina: `ese varaza iyo Ze oTar SalikaSvilisa,<br />

mravalguarad erTguli <strong>da</strong> namsaxuri qaixosro aTabagisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> colis-Zma Sah Tamazisa~ 1 . rodesac Sahma gaigo varazas<br />

mokvlis ambavi, xeli aiRo kaxeTis <strong>da</strong>rbevaze, `<strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong><br />

risxviTa saSineliTa samcxes, amoswyÂ<strong>da</strong> sruliad samcxesaaTabago<br />

<strong>da</strong> qmna mravali boroti~ 2 .<br />

amgvarad, qarTuli <strong>da</strong> ucxouri werilobiTi cnobebis<br />

Sejerebis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1. Sah Tamazis<br />

erT-erTi coli iyo sam cxis umsxvilesi feo<strong>da</strong>lis oTar<br />

SalikaSvilis asuli; 2. Sah Tamazs sxva qarTvel qalTan<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong> ori ufrosi vaJi _ mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende <strong>da</strong> ismaili; 3.<br />

Sahis taxtis <strong>da</strong>uflebisaTvis erTmaneTs ebrZvian jer sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

qarT veli dedis Svilebi. erTmaneTs upirispirdebian<br />

ismaili (misadmi loialobas iCens xu<strong>da</strong>bende. SeiZleba, amitomac<br />

ar gaiziara man Tavisi naxevarZmebis bedi) <strong>da</strong> hei<strong>da</strong>r<br />

mirza; 4. taxtisaTvis brZolis meore faza aris xu<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi momxreebis brZola ismailis winaaRmdeg. mas qmediTi<br />

mxar<strong>da</strong>Wera aRmouCines samcxelma qarTvelebmac.<br />

1 iqve gv. 516.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 517.<br />

2. aTabagi qaixosro II <strong>da</strong><br />

dedisimed II<br />

iransa <strong>da</strong> saaTabagos Soris Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT mtkice kavSiri<br />

myardeba aTabag qaixosro II-is dros (1535-1573). qaixosro<br />

yvaryvare III -is (1515-1535) Ze <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 1522 wels. misi siymawvilis<br />

periodi xasiaTdeba saaTabagos gamwvavebuli ur-<br />

TierTobiT qarTlisa <strong>da</strong> imereTis samefoebTan, romlebic<br />

grZnobdnen, rom osmaleTisagan safrTxe orive samefosaTvis<br />

samcxe<strong>da</strong>n modio<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> aucileblad CaTvales samcxeze TavianTi<br />

gavlenis gavrceleba.<br />

1535 wels imereTis mefe bagrat III (1510-1548) <strong>da</strong>diangurielTan<br />

erTad samcxeSi SeiWra. 13 agvistos javaxeTis<br />

axalqalaqis maxloblad momx<strong>da</strong>r brZolaSi bagrat mefem<br />

gaimarjva <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli yvaryvare III imereTSi waiyvana.<br />

aTabagi gelaTSi tyveobaSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1 .<br />

aTabagobis kandi<strong>da</strong>ti qaixosro am droisaTvis 12-13 wlisa<br />

iyo. amitom mas meurved <strong>da</strong>eniSna axlo naTesavi, samcxis<br />

umsxvilesi feo<strong>da</strong>li oTar SalikaSvili 2 .<br />

imave dros qarTlis mefe luarsab I-ma javaxeTi <strong>da</strong>imor-<br />

Cila. samcxis feo<strong>da</strong>lebs ar awyob<strong>da</strong>T Zlieri samefo xelisuflebis<br />

qveS yofna <strong>da</strong> aTabagis institutis aRdgena<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>T. amitom saaTabagos didma Tavadma oTar SalikaSvilma,<br />

yvaryvare III -is mcirewlovani vaJi qaixosro stambolSi<br />

sulTan suleiman II kanunTan (1520-1566) waiyvana <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

sTxova. 1543 w. sulTanma jari gagzavna samcxeSi,<br />

magram man marcxi ganica<strong>da</strong>. qaixosro kvlav sulTans miadga,<br />

romelmac arzrumis <strong>da</strong> diarbeqiris faSebs didi jariT samcxeSi<br />

wasvla ubrZana. bagrat mefem <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova qarTlis<br />

mefe luarsabs <strong>da</strong> guriels.<br />

1545 wels basianSi soxoistasTan momx<strong>da</strong>r brZolaSi<br />

1 qronikebi, II , gv. 382.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 76.<br />

382 383

osmalebma gaimarjves <strong>da</strong> aTabagis xelisufleba aRadgines<br />

qaixosro II-is saxiT. „<strong>da</strong>ipyres osmalTa samcxe-saaTabago,<br />

<strong>da</strong> aRiRes yovelnive cixeni <strong>da</strong> simagreni samcxisani, <strong>da</strong> gaabatones<br />

qaixosro, Ze yuaryuaresi, <strong>da</strong> iqmna aTabag“ 1 .<br />

aTabagi sul male <strong>da</strong>rwmun<strong>da</strong>, rom osmalebs samcxis <strong>da</strong>pyroba<br />

sur<strong>da</strong>T, magram samcxeSi veraviTar Zalas ver xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong><br />

maTTan <strong>da</strong>sapirispireblad <strong>da</strong> axla Sah TamazTan <strong>da</strong>kavSireba<br />

sca<strong>da</strong>. hasan rumlus mixedviT, „im dros, roca maRali urdo<br />

Saqs iyo, yvaryvares Svilma qaixosrom ramdenime aznauri<br />

gamogzavna Sahis karze <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba iTxova, radgan vaxuSti<br />

qarTvelma <strong>da</strong> luarsab Sermazan oRlim misi samflobeloebis<br />

nawili <strong>da</strong>ipyres“ 2 . samcxis am msxvili feo<strong>da</strong>lebis mier<br />

qaixosros Seviwroebas aRniSnavs isqander munSic 3 . Sahma saqarTveloze<br />

gamoilaSqra. hasan rumlus aRwerili aqvs Sah<br />

Tamazis saqarTveloSi mesame laSqrobis (1551 w.) saSineli<br />

Sedegebi, rogor Jletdnen <strong>da</strong> atyvevebdnen mosaxleobas,<br />

ipyrobdnen <strong>da</strong> anadgurebdnen cixe-qalaqebs. gansakuTrebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>zaral<strong>da</strong> Tmogvi <strong>da</strong> varZia. „am dros [Sahis] karze movi<strong>da</strong><br />

qaixosro yvbaryvares Svili, mravali ZRveniT, <strong>da</strong> rjulis<br />

safarvelma Sahma mas uwyaloba Tmogvis cixe ay-SahrTan<br />

erTad. vaxuSti qarTveli <strong>da</strong> Sermazan oRli, romlebic im<br />

qveynis haqimebi iyvnen, sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>sajes“ 4 . sxva wyaroSi<br />

CamoTvlilia Sahma samcxeSi romeli cixe-qalaqebi aiRo <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>matebiT imasac vigebT vin iyvnen is „haqimebi“, romlebic<br />

qaixosros aviwroebdnen <strong>da</strong> Sahma sikvdiliT <strong>da</strong>saja: „qBks:<br />

sma: Sah Tamaz qarTli Semovlo, aTabagi qaixosro miegeba,<br />

varZia, Tmogvi, vanis qvabebi, awyveri, aspinZa <strong>da</strong> sruliad<br />

samcxis cixeni aRiRo; qaixosros mosca awyveri RvTismSobliTurT.<br />

yaeni somxiTs Cavi<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>Ãoca iju Sarmazan <strong>da</strong><br />

1 qarTlis cx., II , gv. 359; vaxuSti, gv. 247-248.<br />

2 hasan rumlu, gv. 28-29.<br />

3 isqander munSi, gv. 18 .<br />

4 hasan rumlu, gv. 29-31.<br />

vaxuSti diasamiZe <strong>da</strong> amovan Tan wariyvana tyved...“ 1 farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gorgijaniZis mixedviT, Sermazani <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti lorelebi<br />

iyvnen 2 .<br />

qaixosro ganadgurebuli samcxis aTabagi iyo.<br />

qaixosro <strong>da</strong>qorwin<strong>da</strong> bagrat muxranbatonis asulze dedisimedze<br />

(yofili debora). beri egnataSvilis TqmiT, `aTabagi<br />

qaixosro <strong>da</strong>emoyura mpyrobelsa muxranisasa bagrats,<br />

moiyvana colad asuli bagratisi dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> iqorwina“ 3 .<br />

qaixosrosa <strong>da</strong> dedisimeds eyolaT eqvsi Svili: yvaryvare,<br />

mzeWabuki, manuCari, TvalSvenieri -ivane, elene (adreve gar<strong>da</strong>icvala)<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tamari 4 .<br />

1 qronikebi, II , gv. 395-396. amgvarad, samive wyaros mixedviT, iju Sarmazani<br />

<strong>da</strong> vaxuSti diasamiZe loreli feo<strong>da</strong>lebi iyvnen. Sdr. hasan rumlu, gv.<br />

59-60, Sen. 69.<br />

2 farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe, gv. 213.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 500.<br />

4 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 104-105. saintereso politikuri<br />

moRvawe un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo TvalSvenieri , romlis naTlobis saxeli,<br />

rogorc qr. SaraSiZe varaudob<strong>da</strong>, iyo ivane. misi <strong>da</strong>badebis savaraudo weli<br />

aris 1552, xolo gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebisa ki ucnobia. misi ufrosi Zmebi iyvnen aTabagebi<br />

(TanmimdevrobiT) yvaryvare <strong>da</strong> manuCari.<br />

TvalSvenieri `samcxis matianeSi~ pirvelad moxseniebulia, maSin, rodesac<br />

is yazvins miemgzavreba CvenTvis ucnobi diplomatiuri <strong>da</strong>valebiT <strong>da</strong>, savaraudoa,<br />

is samSobloSi aRarasodes aRar <strong>da</strong>brunebula. mas yazvinSi elodebo<strong>da</strong><br />

misi mama aTabagi qaixosro II .<br />

TvalSvenieri axalcixi<strong>da</strong>n gavi<strong>da</strong> 1472 wlis 17 ivniss, magram mamas<br />

cocxals veRar Causwro. qaixosro yazvinSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 29 seqtembers, rodesac<br />

TvalSvenieri jer erevanSi ar misuliyo (samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis<br />

masalebi, gv. 142-143).<br />

cnobili wyaroebi arafers ambobs riTi iyo <strong>da</strong>kavebuli TvalSvenieri<br />

yazvinSi, konkretulad ras saqmianob<strong>da</strong>. erTi ram Cans, rom is Sahis karTan<br />

axlos iyo. `mesxuri matianis~ Semdgeneli gvamcnobs, rom `qristiSobisTuÀs<br />

iz, ambaOvi movi<strong>da</strong> Tu: Saismeili moku<strong>da</strong>o. aRar aviSaleT, SobBÁs elCi gavgzavneT<br />

batons TualSuÀnierTana; yaenis sikudili ar <strong>da</strong>vijereT. qristiSobisTuÀs<br />

oc<strong>da</strong>rvasa TvalSuÀnieris kaci movi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>sturo yaenis sikudilis ambavi<br />

moitana [giorgobisTuÀs kg momku<strong>da</strong>riyo Saismeili]~ (iqve, gv. 46).<br />

rogorc arsebuli wyaroebiT SeiZleba varaudi, TvalSvenierTan igzavnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

yoveli is informacia, rasac saaTabago<strong>da</strong>n Sahis karamde un<strong>da</strong> mieRwia<br />

384 385

imis gamo, rom osmalTa agresia samcxeSi sul ufro<br />

Zlierdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Sesabamisad saaTabagos Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisunarianoba<br />

sustdebo<strong>da</strong>, aTabagma <strong>da</strong> oTar SalikaSvilma `<strong>da</strong> yovelTa<br />

mesxTa 1553 wels waravlines mociquli TÂTmpyrobelis eranis<br />

mpyrobelis Sah Tamazis Tana~ <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxoves. sa-<br />

<strong>da</strong>, piriqiT, saaTabagoSi un<strong>da</strong> scodno<strong>da</strong>T iranSi mimdinare is movlenebi, risi<br />

codnac am samTavros gamoadgebo<strong>da</strong>. 1576 wlis ivnisSi SalikaSvilebis meTaurobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo amboxebaMjayel-cixisjvrelTa winaaRmdeg. yvaryvare IV-m <strong>da</strong> misma<br />

Zmam manuCarma ajanyebulebs Seuties <strong>da</strong> garkveul warmatebasac miaRwies. maTi<br />

warmatebis, kerZod, amboxebulTa cixeebis <strong>da</strong>kavebis Sesaxeb imaTma de<strong>da</strong>m _ dedisimedma<br />

TvalSveniers acnoba specialurad gagzavnili `elCis~ saSualebiT. mematiane<br />

gadmogvcems: `dedisimedi Tmogus <strong>da</strong>dga. Tmogus cixes rac <strong>da</strong>xira undo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

miatanina, gaabaraqiana <strong>da</strong> TvalSuÀnierTan elCi gagzavna, cixebis Sovna SesTuala<br />

<strong>da</strong> urumT aSla acnoba <strong>da</strong> urumT saCqaro Ãma <strong>da</strong>uvar<strong>da</strong>~ (iqve, gv. 46).<br />

dedisimedis mier iranSi gagzavnili informacia ori nawilisagan Sedgemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

erTiT dedisimedi Svils acnobeb<strong>da</strong> misi Zmebis Sinaur mterze gamarjvebas,<br />

meore ki erTnairad saintereso iyo, rogorc aTabagisa <strong>da</strong>, saerTod,<br />

samcxisaTvis, ise Sahis karisaTvis. kerZod, is, rom osmaleTi omis <strong>da</strong>sawyebad<br />

emzadebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saaTabagos <strong>da</strong> iranis sazRvrebsac uaxlovdebo<strong>da</strong> osmalTa laSqari.<br />

TvalSueniers, yvelaferi amis Sesaxeb, saqmis kursSi un<strong>da</strong> Caeyenebina<br />

Sahis kari.<br />

TvalSvenieris Sahisadmi erTguleba saeWvo gax<strong>da</strong> osmaleTTan omis <strong>da</strong>wyebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mcire xnis Semdeg, rodesac gairkva, rom misi Zma manuCari osmalebs<br />

miemxro. TvalSvenierTan gagzavnilma kacma samcxeSi `es ambavi moitana: manuCaris<br />

lala faSasTan misula Seityua. TualSuniers kacebi gamougzavna, sadgomi<br />

<strong>da</strong>agdebines <strong>da</strong> yorCibaSs miabares. mariamobisTuÀs oc<strong>da</strong>equss, orSabaTs dResa<br />

<strong>da</strong>iWires TvalSuÀnieri~ (iqve, gv. 47).<br />

TvalSvenieris ganTavisufleba mox<strong>da</strong> 1583 wels, imave Sah-mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

mier, mas Semdeg rac manuCari 1581 wels axdilad <strong>da</strong>upirispir<strong>da</strong><br />

osmalebs: `qBknsa sÁo patrons manuCars uRalates urumTa. patronio morCa.<br />

orniv faSani mZimed <strong>da</strong>ikodnes <strong>da</strong> gaiqces...~ `qBkns soa TulSuÀnieri ormo<strong>da</strong>m<br />

amoiyuanes <strong>da</strong> yaenTan moiyuanes~ (iqve, gv. 50). amis Sem deg TvalSvenieri , „mesxuri<br />

matianis“ mixedviT, ukanasknelad, 1585 wels, aqtiurad <strong>da</strong> war matebiT<br />

monawileobs Sah abasis samxedro operaciebSi, jer maSin, rodesac ozbegebi<br />

xorasans <strong>da</strong>esxnen, Semdeg ki TavrizTan. `samjer Seiba TvalSveni eri, samjerve<br />

gaemarjva, kidec <strong>da</strong>Ãocna, ÃelTac <strong>da</strong>iWirna, yaens miusxa. yaenma mamulic didi<br />

misca <strong>da</strong> jildoca~ (iqve, gv. 54).<br />

rogorc Cans Sah abasma jerovnad <strong>da</strong>ufasa mas iranis saxelmwifos winaSe<br />

<strong>da</strong>msaxureba. 1587 wlisaTvis is 33 wlisa un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. misi Semdgomi bedi<br />

ucnobia.<br />

magierod mesxebma Sahs `morCileba <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moneba~ aRuTqves 1 .<br />

im dros (1553 w.), rodesac Sah Tamazma qarTlis samefo<br />

<strong>da</strong>, gansakuTrebiT ki, Tbilisi aiklo, „rameTu mefobisa misisasa<br />

ara morCil eqmna yizilbaSTa, arca osmalTa, <strong>da</strong> mravali<br />

Wiri SeaCuena orTave, <strong>da</strong> ara <strong>da</strong>amona saqarTvelo usjuloTa<br />

saxarkod“, iranis mbrZanebelma samcxis „survili“<br />

misadmi „morCilebisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>monebis~ Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong>akmayofila.<br />

`Sah Tamaz ineba moyuroba F aTabagisa~ misi asulis colad<br />

SerTviT. magram, radganac aTabags asuli ar hyav<strong>da</strong>, man Tavis<br />

naTesavs oTar SalikaSvils gamoarTva asuli <strong>da</strong> Sahs<br />

ise gaugzavna, viTom Tavisi Svili iyo. `<strong>da</strong> man SeirTo igi<br />

colad, <strong>da</strong> di<strong>da</strong>d sayvarel uCn<strong>da</strong> qali igi, <strong>da</strong> mieriTgan iyo<br />

friad keTilismyofel aTabagisa~ 2 . albaT amitom iyo, rom<br />

qarTlSi viTarebis garTulebisas qixosro aTabagis moyvrebi,<br />

dedisimedis Zmebi vaxtangi, arCili <strong>da</strong> aSoTani Tavs<br />

afarebdnen saaTabagoSi. Zmebis aseT stumrobas saaTabagoSi<br />

vxe<strong>da</strong>vT 1556 wels 3 .<br />

aRniSnuli `moyvrobiT~ qaixosro II -m gaiCina erTdroulad<br />

ori mteri _ osmaleTi <strong>da</strong> qarTlis samefo. luarsab I<br />

`miuÃ<strong>da</strong> aTabagsa, <strong>da</strong> waruRo Temni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>bani mravalni,<br />

aaoÃra <strong>da</strong> warmovi<strong>da</strong> gamarjuebuli~. magram sabolood qarTlis<br />

samefos <strong>da</strong> samcxis saaTabagos erTmaneTze wakidebam<br />

iransa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs maT saSinao saqmeebSi Carevis saSualeba<br />

misca. 4<br />

1555 wlis amasiis zaviT osmaleTma <strong>da</strong> iranma saqarTvelo<br />

gavlenis sferoebad gainawiles. aseve gainawiles samcxesaaTabago:<br />

tao-klarjeTi <strong>da</strong> SavSeTi osmaleTs ergo, xolo<br />

aRmosavleT nawili ki _ irans. ganawilebis Sedegad qaixosro<br />

II iranis vasalobaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. osmalebs iranis<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 500.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 505.<br />

3 qronikebi, II, gv. 398-399.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 505-510.<br />

386 387

`wili~ samcxis <strong>da</strong>ufleba sur<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> gamudmebiT esxmodnen<br />

Tavs qaixosros samflobeloebs. aTabagi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong><br />

Sah TamazisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba eTxovna <strong>da</strong> 1570 wlis 3 marts<br />

mgelcixi<strong>da</strong>n yazvins wavi<strong>da</strong> 1 . rogorc Saraf-xan bidlisi gadmogvcems<br />

Sahma qaixosro didi pativiT miiRo 2 <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

aRuTqva. Sahi <strong>da</strong>pirebis Sesrulebas ar Cqarob<strong>da</strong>, radgan ase-<br />

Ti nabiji amasiis zavis <strong>da</strong>rRvevas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>, rasac Tamazi<br />

principulad arideb<strong>da</strong> Tavs. <strong>da</strong>xmarebis momlodine aTabagi<br />

yazvinSi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1573 wlis 29 seqtembers, samSabaTs, 51<br />

wlisa 3 . misi gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis ambavi yazvini<strong>da</strong>n samcxemde Semdegi<br />

wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisamde ver miaRwev<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am dros un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo<br />

yvaryvare IV-is (1574-1581) gaaTabageba.<br />

dedisimedis, qaixosro II-is qvrivis, cxovrebaSi, rogorc<br />

sarkeSi aisaxa uZvelesi <strong>da</strong> umsxvilesi feo<strong>da</strong>luri erTeulis<br />

samcxe-saaTabagos _ qarTuli qristianuli eklesiisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kulturis keris <strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> misi de<strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>agan<br />

moglejis tragedia.<br />

gansxvavebuli cnobebi gvaqvs dedisimedis mSoblebis Sesaxeb.<br />

qarTlis cxovrebis pirveli teqsti<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom is<br />

iyo aSoTan muxranbatonis asuli 4 . iqve isicaa naTqvami, rom<br />

aSoTani qeTevan dedoflis (wamebuli) mamac iyo 5 , maSasa<strong>da</strong>me,<br />

am wyaros mixedviT, qeTevani <strong>da</strong> dedisimedi debi iyvnen:<br />

„xolo ama <strong>da</strong>viTs (kaxeTis mefe <strong>da</strong>viT I, imefa mcire xans _<br />

1601 w.) hyvan<strong>da</strong> colad asuli aSoTan muxranis batonisa<br />

qeTevan, <strong>da</strong> dedisimedisa, romeli Semdgomad mowame iqna“ 6 .<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvili dedisimedis mamas ar asaxelebs. is<br />

mxolod ambobs, rom `qaixosro aTabagi esiZa vaxtangs, muxranis<br />

batonsa, <strong>da</strong> moiyvana <strong>da</strong>Á misi dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> iqorwina<br />

1 samxr. saq., gv. 38.<br />

2 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 223.<br />

3 samxr. saq., gv. 41.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 359.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 433.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 382.<br />

misTana“ 1 . vaxtang muxranbatoni rom bagratis vaJi iyo, sayovelTaod<br />

cnobilia. e.i. vaxuStis mixedviT, dedisimedi bagratis<br />

asulia.<br />

axali qarTlis cxovrebis mesame teqstis mixedviTac<br />

dedisimedis mama bagrat muxranbatonia: `xolo aTabagi qaixosro<br />

<strong>da</strong>emoyura mpyrobelsa muxranisasa bagrats, moiyvana<br />

colad asuli bagratisi dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> iqorwina“ 2 .<br />

dedisimedis de<strong>da</strong>s elene erqva 3 , magram wyaroebSi ar<br />

Cans, saqarT velos romeli feo<strong>da</strong>luri gvari<strong>da</strong>n iyo.<br />

dedisimedis mama bagrati, dReisaTvis ucnobi mizeziT,<br />

berad aRik veca barnabes saxeliT. am droisaTvis cocxali<br />

iyo misi oTxi vaJi _ erekle, arCil, aSoTan <strong>da</strong> vaxtang 4 .<br />

„mesxuri matianeSi“, 1565-1572 wlebis Canawerebs Soris,<br />

mo cemulia muxranbatonTa mosaxseneblebi, romlebic saSualebas<br />

gvaZlevs <strong>da</strong>vadginoT dedisimedis dedmamiSvilebi.<br />

maTi saxelebi CamoTvlilia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: gar<strong>da</strong>cvlilebi:<br />

Zmebi _ herakle, aSoTi, <strong>da</strong> _ Teodora, isev<br />

Zmebi _ ionaTanisi, gulfarisi, ionaTanisi (ukanaskneli ionaTanisi,<br />

savaraudoa, gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili ufrosi Zmis mosaxele<br />

iyo, romelic aseve udrood gar<strong>da</strong>icvala). matianeSi Canawerebis<br />

Ses rulebisas cocxlebi iyvnen: Zmebi _ arCili <strong>da</strong><br />

vaxtangi 5 . erTi cnobiT vax tangi gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1578 wels 6 ,<br />

meoreTi ki 1580 wels 7 .<br />

dedisimedi iyo asuli bagrat muxranbatonisa, aSoTi Tu<br />

aSoTani misi Zma, am ukanasknelis asuli qeTevani (wamebuli)<br />

ki _ Zmis Svili.<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba. IV, gv. 714.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 500.<br />

3 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi,gv. 39.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 355, 433, 494.<br />

5 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 39.<br />

6 qronikebi, II, gv. 416.<br />

7 iqve, gv. 419.<br />

388 389

vales eklesiis kedlis 1561-1563 wlebis warweraSi 1 dedisimedi<br />

ase gvamcnobs Tavis vinaobas <strong>da</strong> ojaxs: „nebiTa<br />

RvTisaTa me, RuTiv gÂr gÂnos nis... qarTvelT mefeT mefis<br />

konstantines SvilisSvilman, mefis ba gratis asulman, aTabag-amir-spasalaris<br />

saxlis rZalman meored aRvaSene... ese<br />

eklesia... valisa RuTismSoblisa, raTa mcvel--mfarvel gveqna...<br />

me <strong>da</strong> Tanamecxedresa Cemsa aTabagsa qaixosros <strong>da</strong> Zeni<br />

Cvenni _ yvaryvare, mzeWabuk, manuCar, TvalSvenier ivane, Tamari<br />

dRegrZelobiT <strong>da</strong>icven, amin. <strong>da</strong>sa maTsa elenes sasufeveli<br />

<strong>da</strong>umkvidre“ 2 . misi Zmebi iyvnen: vaxtang, aSo Tan, arCil<br />

<strong>da</strong> erekle 3 . 1573 w. meuRlis gar <strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, deboras<br />

saxeliT monazvnad Sedga, magram Svilis, jer kidev ymawvili<br />

<strong>da</strong> gamoucdeli yvaryvares gaaTabagebisTanave isev <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong><br />

politikur cxovrebas <strong>da</strong> samTavros faqtobrivi mmarTveli<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>: „patronob<strong>da</strong> dedisimedi samcxes“ 4 .<br />

beri egnataSvili <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvili arcTu kargad<br />

ax asiaTebdnen dedisimeds, gansakuTrebiT ki oTar SalikaSvilis<br />

vaJis va razasadmi mopyrobis gamo. aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi Seqmnili politikuri viTarebis Zalian mokled<br />

mimoxilvaSi beri egnataSvili gvamcnobs, rom kaxeTis<br />

mefe aleqsandre II -s vaJi erekle mamas stambols gaeqca.<br />

Sah Tamazma erekles aseTi moqmedeba kaxeTis mefis gandgomad<br />

Seafasa, mis <strong>da</strong>sasjelad wamovi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis siaxloves<br />

yarabaRSi gaCer<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre mefis saxlTuxucesma oTar<br />

ColoyaSvilma mefes aRuTqva rom kaxeTs Sah Tamazis risxvas<br />

avacilebo. man aseTi ram moifiqra: radgan aTabag qaixosros<br />

mcirewlovani vaJebi <strong>da</strong>rCnen, samTavros ki misi qvrivi,<br />

dedisimedi ganageb<strong>da</strong>, romelic `iyo WkuiT suleli <strong>da</strong><br />

1 warweris <strong>da</strong>TariRebis Sesaxeb ix. samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>..., 140.<br />

2 TayaiSvili e., sami istoriuli qronika, tf., 1890, gv. XXXIV. Sdr.<br />

qronikebi, II, gv. 391-392.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 433.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 577.<br />

uRmrTo~ 1 , ColayaSvilma kaci waravlina <strong>da</strong> dedisimedTan<br />

werili gaatana, romelSic ewera: `SalikaSvils varazas<br />

nebavs Ralati SenTBs <strong>da</strong> Zisa Senisa manuCarisTBs, rameTu<br />

magas nebavs <strong>da</strong>pyroba saaTabagosi, <strong>da</strong> mohyavs yaeni spiTa<br />

uricxBTa saaTabagosa ze<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong> aw, ukeTu Zal-giZs, Seipyar<br />

ege <strong>da</strong> mokal, viTarca orguli <strong>da</strong> mkvleli Zisa Senisa, <strong>da</strong><br />

arRara movals Sah Tamaz <strong>da</strong> warvals saxid TBsad, <strong>da</strong> umetesad<br />

mtkiced ipyrob queyanasa magas~. marTlac, dedisimedma<br />

RalatiT Seipyro varaza SalikaSvili <strong>da</strong> mokla. `ese<br />

varaza iyo Ze oTar SalikaSvilisa, mravalguarad erTguli<br />

<strong>da</strong> namsaxuri qaixosro aTabagisa <strong>da</strong> colis-Zma Sah<br />

Tamazisa~ 2 .<br />

oTar ColoyaSvilis Canafiqri gamarTl<strong>da</strong>. Sah Tamazma<br />

rodesac gaigo varazas mokvlis ambavi, xeli aiRo kaxeTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbevaze, `<strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong> risxviTa saSineliTa samcxes, amoswyÂ<strong>da</strong><br />

sruliad samcxe-saaTabago <strong>da</strong> qmna mravali boroti~ 3 .<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>Warbebulad mkacri Cans Zveli qarTveli istorikosebis<br />

mier dedisimedis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTeba. varazas mokvla <strong>da</strong>qvrivebuli,<br />

mravalSviliani dedis mier sakuTari ojaxisaTvis<br />

safrTxis acilebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. amdenad, varazas mimarT<br />

Cadenili moqmedebis gamarTleba ar SeiZleba, magram motivi<br />

ki gasagebia. is, miT umetes, gasagebi gaxdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />

saaTabagos Tavadebis mniSvnelovani nawilis ara<br />

mxolod aTabagisadmi RalatisaTvis mzadyofnas, riTac xSirad<br />

sargeblob<strong>da</strong> gareSe mteri. ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, dedisimedis<br />

amgvarma saqcielma kidev ufro <strong>da</strong>umZima mis Svilebs mdgomareoba.<br />

SalikaSvilebis gvari, romelic qaixosros sicocxleSi<br />

aTabagis mniSvnelovani <strong>da</strong>sayrdeni iyo, amis Semdeg<br />

mterTa banakSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, ramac, garkveuli gagebiT, ganapi-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 516. vaxuStis <strong>da</strong>xasiaTebiT, dedisimedi iyo<br />

`amayi, glispi, mrisxane <strong>da</strong> gausinjavi~. qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 577.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II , gv. 516.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 517.<br />

390 391

oba aTabagis saxlis <strong>da</strong>susteba <strong>da</strong> osmalebs ki saaTabagos<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyroba gauadvila.<br />

sxva cnobebiT, romlebic dedisimedis cxovrebis epizodebze<br />

mogviTxrobs, is aris mzrunveli de<strong>da</strong> (is mu<strong>da</strong>m<br />

Tavs <strong>da</strong>strialebs Svilebs), gabeduli moqmedebis a<strong>da</strong>miani,<br />

<strong>da</strong>ucxromeli energiis politikuri moRvawe.<br />

dedisimedma <strong>da</strong> misma Svilebma Tavi gaarides Sah Tamazis<br />

risxvas, samcxe miatoves <strong>da</strong> aWaraSi ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen. Sah Tamazma<br />

risxva imiT <strong>da</strong>icxro, rom samcxe-saaTabago osmaleTis sul-<br />

Tans <strong>da</strong>uTmo <strong>da</strong> iranSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. mxolod amis Semdeg dedisimedi<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi Svilebi <strong>da</strong>brundnen <strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong>ipyres kualad<br />

samcxe~ 1 . ar Cans, rogor SesZlo dedisimedma yvaryvarees<br />

aTabagad aRdgena, magram faqtia, rom man es gaakeTa, albaT,<br />

osmalebTan morigebiT.<br />

dedisimedi, rogorc energiuli <strong>da</strong> samxedro niWis mqone<br />

a<strong>da</strong>miani, Cans saaTabagos TavadTa ajanyebis (1576-1578 ww.)<br />

winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. is SvilebTan erTad an maTgan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad<br />

seriozul vnebas ayenebs ajanyebulebs. is pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />

xelmZRvanelob<strong>da</strong> samxedro operaciebs <strong>da</strong> diplomatiur molaparakebebs.<br />

1576 wels kokola SalikaSvilma (dedisimedis<br />

mier mokluli varazas vaJma) sca<strong>da</strong> yvaryvares <strong>da</strong> manuCaris<br />

mier alyaSemortymul, ajanyebulTa mTavar <strong>da</strong>sayrdens _<br />

Tmogvs <strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong>. am dros dedisimedi mis mier axlad<br />

aRebul yvelis cixeSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. `yuEli<strong>da</strong>ma Tmogus wavi<strong>da</strong><br />

batoni dedisimedi... batoni dedisimedi Tmogus <strong>da</strong>dga.<br />

Tmogus cixes rac <strong>da</strong>xira 2 undo<strong>da</strong>, miatanina, gaabaraqiana <strong>da</strong><br />

TualmSuEnierTan elCi gagzavna, cixeebis Sovna SesTuala <strong>da</strong><br />

urumT aSla acnoba... patroni dedisimedi axalcixes SvilebTan<br />

movi<strong>da</strong>~ 3 .<br />

osmalebma, rogorc Cans icodnen vin iyvnen seriozuli<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 718-719.<br />

2 spars. sursaT-sanovage-saWurveli,<br />

3 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 47.<br />

Zala saaTabagoSi <strong>da</strong>, omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win, scades maTi TavianT<br />

mxares ga<strong>da</strong>yvana. isini aTabag yvaryvare IV-s ki ar <strong>da</strong>ukav-<br />

Sirdnen, romlis xelisuflebis sisuste cnobili iyo, aramed<br />

saaTabagos realur mmarTvelebs _ mis Zmas manuCars <strong>da</strong> dedisimeds<br />

1 . aqve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom werilobiTi cnobebis mixedviT,<br />

vidre yvaryvare aTabagi iyo, dedisimedi yovelTvis mis<br />

momxred Cans. Zala-uflebis moyvare dedisimedisaTvis yvaryvare,<br />

manuCarTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, iolad samarTavi iyo. manuCari<br />

<strong>da</strong>ufaravad miiswrafo<strong>da</strong> saaTabagoSi pirvelobisaken. magram,<br />

rogorc SeiZleba vivaraudoT, manuCaric de<strong>da</strong>ze mzrunveli<br />

Svili iyo. amaze migvaniSnebs anonimi venecielis gadmocema:<br />

rodesac osmaleTis sar<strong>da</strong>l lala-mustafa-faSasTan <strong>da</strong>tyvevebuli<br />

manuCari miiyvanes, is lala-mustafas `Seexvewa: madlobeli<br />

viqnebi Tu sacxovreblad TiTo cixes <strong>da</strong>gvitoveb me<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cem moxuc de<strong>da</strong>so~ 2 .<br />

osmalTa mier samcxis <strong>da</strong>pyrobis (1578 w.) Semdeg dedisimedi<br />

mesxeTSi <strong>da</strong>rCa <strong>da</strong> kvlav aqtiurad monawileob<strong>da</strong><br />

maSindel politikur cxovrebaSi. dedisimedi awyuris cixeSi<br />

imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, rodesac, oqtombris <strong>da</strong>mdegs, Sirvani<strong>da</strong>n mobrunebuli<br />

osmaleTis jari <strong>da</strong> misi sar<strong>da</strong>li lala-faSa<br />

cixis maxloblad `gaRma lekze <strong>da</strong>dga~. saintersoa, rom vidre<br />

lala-faSa samcxeSi Sevido<strong>da</strong>, manamde win gauSva manu-<br />

Cari, romelic sar<strong>da</strong>ls Tan axl<strong>da</strong> Sirvan-azerbaijanis <strong>da</strong>laSqvrisas<br />

3 . safiqrebelia, rom manuCars <strong>da</strong>valebuli hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis de<strong>da</strong>sTan - dedisimedTan <strong>da</strong> ZmasTan - yvaryvare IVsTan<br />

molaparakeba. meore dRes yvaryvare lala-faSas Seegeba,<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., qrTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb, 1967, gv. 167.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi. italiuri<strong>da</strong>n Targmna,<br />

Sesavali, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo e. mamisTvaliSvilma, T,., 1987,<br />

gv. 24. m. sva niZe amave wyaros imowmebs <strong>da</strong> aRniSnavs, rom manuCarma lala<br />

mustafas 40 qalaqi <strong>da</strong> sofeli mosTxova. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis<br />

urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 110. magram italiur wyaroSi mxolod is weria,<br />

rac zemoT iTqva.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 50-51.<br />

392 393

xolo cota mogvianebiT dedisimedi `gavi<strong>da</strong> cixi<strong>da</strong>ma <strong>da</strong> lalafaSa<br />

naxa~ 1 . qronikaSi araferia naTqvami, ra mizani hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

dedisimedis osmalo sar<strong>da</strong>lTan Sexvedras. viziti, albaT,<br />

osmaleTisadmi morCilebis gamoxatuleba iyo.<br />

dedisimedisa <strong>da</strong> lala-faSas Sexvedra sakmaod vrclad<br />

aRwera Tomazo minadoim. Tavi<strong>da</strong>nve un<strong>da</strong> iTqvas, rom minadois<br />

Txzuleba imis <strong>da</strong>s tura<strong>da</strong>c gamodgeba, rom dedisimedis<br />

didi avtoriteti <strong>da</strong> saxeli Sevic noT XVI s. meore naxevris<br />

ara mxolod saaTabagoSi, aramed mTel <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong> axlo aRmosavleTSi. msgavsad yvaryvare II didisa (1451-<br />

1498), romlis saxeliTac (gorgora, gurgura = yvaryvare)<br />

evropelebi samcxe-saaTabagos aRniSnavdnen 2 . saqme gvaqvs<br />

analogiur SemTxvevasTan: minadoi dedisimedis saxels mxolod<br />

erTxel axsenebs (vedova Georgiana, nominata Dedesmit<br />

_ qarTveli qvrivi [qali], saxelad dedisimedi) 3 , sxvagan<br />

yovelTvis moixseniebs rogorc `qvrivi~. is amave saxeliT<br />

aRniSnavs samcxe-saaTabagosac _ `qvrivis samflobelo~.<br />

rogorc Cans, don xuan de persiac, minadois gavleniT, dedisimedis<br />

saxels axsenebs mxolod erTxel 4 . sxvagan yovelTvis<br />

mas qvrivobiT moixsenieebs. isic sainteresoa, rom<br />

es avtori <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eqvsi uZlieresi mTavris CamoTvlas<br />

qvriviT (dedisimedi) iwyebs 5 . osmalo istorikosi mustafa<br />

selaniqi mas `de<strong>da</strong>bers~ eZaxis 6 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>vubrundeT dedisimedis lala-mustafa faSis banakSi<br />

misvlis ambavs. `rodesac <strong>da</strong>qanculi, SimSiliT <strong>da</strong>uZlurebuli,<br />

mtris Tav<strong>da</strong>sxme biT, zamTrisa <strong>da</strong> mTebSi gaWirvebis<br />

1 iqve, gv. 51.<br />

2 XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 44,<br />

Sen. 6.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 34, 82, 84, 102, 103, 104, 184, 185.<br />

4 Don Juan de Persia, p. 66 r<br />

5 Ibidem, p. 67 r,<br />

6 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selaniqi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. Tsu Sromebi, 1960,<br />

t. 91, gv. 263.<br />

<strong>da</strong>TmeniT [osmalebi] bolos mividnen qvrivis [dedisimedis]<br />

cixe-koSkTan, saxelad alTunyalasTan... qvrivi Tavisi ufrosi<br />

SviliT aleqsandreTi 1 Camovi<strong>da</strong> cixe-koSki<strong>da</strong>n, moinaxula<br />

[lala]-mustafas banaki, ZRveni miarTva <strong>da</strong> erTgulebas <strong>da</strong><br />

morCilebas <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong>. mustafam Tavazianad miiRo [dedisimedi]<br />

<strong>da</strong> moaxsena Tu rogor kargad epyrobo<strong>da</strong> manuCars,<br />

romelic mas SirvanSi axl<strong>da</strong>. aqve myofma manuCarma [lalafaSas]<br />

naTqvami <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura. hfarav<strong>da</strong> ra mtrobas aleqsandres<br />

[yvaryvares] mimarT, mustafam gulSi Caikra <strong>da</strong> qvrivs<br />

sTxova es Svilic masTan <strong>da</strong>etovebina, arwmuneb<strong>da</strong>, rom [dedisimedic]<br />

<strong>da</strong> aleqsandrec [yvary vare] kmayofilni <strong>da</strong>rCebodnen,<br />

radgan man orive un<strong>da</strong> gaagzavnos [sulTan] muradTan,<br />

Tan gaayolebs maTi morCilebis gancxadebis sigels, [maT samflobeloebze<br />

osmalTa] jaris gavlis xelis Sewyobisa <strong>da</strong>,<br />

saerTod, maTi <strong>da</strong>msaxurebis Sesaxeb, raTa sulTanma Rirseulad<br />

miiRos eseni <strong>da</strong> Tavisi wyalobiT gaam didroso. qvrivma,<br />

Sinaganad <strong>da</strong>naRvlianebulma <strong>da</strong> Sewuxebulma, saxeze sruli<br />

kmayofileba <strong>da</strong> Tavaziani mzadyofna gamoxata, rom [Tanaxmaa]<br />

<strong>da</strong>uTmos is, rac iZulebuli iyo aucileblad <strong>da</strong>eTmo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n<br />

meore Svili [manuCari] ukve mustafas ZalauflebaSi iyo.<br />

qvrivma <strong>da</strong>utova ra mustafas ori Svili, TviTon TavisTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. mustafam ori dRe <strong>da</strong>isvena <strong>da</strong>... yarsisaken<br />

gaemgzavra~ 2<br />

`mesxuri matiane~ lala-mustafas mier yvaryvaresa <strong>da</strong> manuCaris<br />

stambolSi wayvanas sruliad sxvagvarad gadmogvcems<br />

<strong>da</strong> dedisimeds Se upovar <strong>da</strong> gambe<strong>da</strong>v qalbatonad warmogvidgens:<br />

awyuri<strong>da</strong>n wasul lala-faSas `patroni yBryBre (yvaryvare<br />

- e.m.) gahyua motyuebiT <strong>da</strong> aRar <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>. patroni<br />

manuCarc Tan wahyua~. rodesac dedisimedma gaigo, rom yvaryvare<br />

aRar <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>o, <strong>da</strong>edevna, magram veRar miewia, Semdeg<br />

1 Mminadoi yvaryvare aTabags ratomRac yovelTvis aleqsandres uwodebs.<br />

2 Minadoi, p. 103-104.<br />

394 395

`aznauriSvilebi wauyena, veRar <strong>da</strong>abrunva~ 1 . iseTi STabe-<br />

Wdileba iqmneba, rom `mesxuri matianis~ <strong>da</strong>mwers (dReisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom misi erT-erTi avtori dedisimedi iyo)<br />

surs <strong>da</strong>malos lala-faSasTan garigebis arasasurveli faqti.<br />

dedisimedis <strong>da</strong> aTabagis saxlis sxva wevrebis sicocxleSive<br />

qarTlis mefe svimon I-ma <strong>da</strong> sxvebmac, maTi osmalebTan Se-<br />

Tanxmeba Ralatad CaTvales. svimon mefes Tu aTabagis ojaxis<br />

wevrebze xeli ar miuwvdebo<strong>da</strong>, samagierod dedisimedis<br />

Zmaze, vaxtang muxranba tonze miuwv<strong>da</strong>. vaxtangma, elizbar<br />

erisTavma <strong>da</strong> barZim amilaxorma, imi saTvis, rom qarTlis<br />

samefo <strong>da</strong>, TavianTi mamulebic aklebisagan ga<strong>da</strong>erCinaT, lala-faSas<br />

ganzraxvaze xeli aaRebines 2 . ar Cans qarTlis <strong>da</strong>saxelebulma<br />

Tavadebma sanacvlod ra SesTavazes lala-faSas.<br />

ase iyo Tu ise, svimon mefem aRniSnuli garigebis gamo<br />

Seipyro dedisimedis Zma vaxtangi <strong>da</strong> kexvis cixeSi gamoketa<br />

3 .<br />

1579 wlis noemberSi jer manuCari, xolo imave wlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>saruls Tu axali wlis martSi, yvaryvarec konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mobrun<strong>da</strong>. Zmebi ofi cialurad Cadgnen sulTnis<br />

samsaxurSi. manuCarma, sulTnis mier yvaryvaresaTvis CamorTmeuli<br />

aTabagobis sanacvlod, faSoba miiRo 4 .<br />

1582 wels manuCari aujany<strong>da</strong> osmalebs <strong>da</strong> iranis mxares<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>. manuCaris mier amgvari seriozuli nabijis ga<strong>da</strong>dgmisas,<br />

savaraudoa, dedisimedi misi Tanamzraxveli iyo.<br />

varaudis gamoTqmis safuZvels iZleva is, rom Sah-moxamed<br />

xu<strong>da</strong>bandem manuCars CalabuTi, xolo dedisimeds `xuTi didi<br />

sofeli~ misca 5 . sabolood (1585 w.), aTabagis ojaxis mowinaaRmdege<br />

Tavadebis <strong>da</strong> osmalebis Setevis gamo dedisimedi<br />

iZulebuli Seiqmna mietovebina samcxe <strong>da</strong> borjomis xeobaSi,<br />

1 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.<br />

2 iqve gv. 54.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 51.<br />

4 iqve, gv 53.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 54; q. cx. II, gv. 528<br />

axal<strong>da</strong>baSi ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo: „Semogviyenes moRalateni <strong>da</strong> veRarc<br />

CBn (Cven) <strong>da</strong>udgeniT <strong>da</strong> CavediT axal<strong>da</strong>bas marts naxevar“ 1 .<br />

manamde, axal<strong>da</strong>baSi colTan erTad ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> aseve mtrebisgan<br />

Seviwroebuli manuCari 2 . 1586 wlis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, rogorc<br />

qronikaSia naTqvami, manuCari iZulebuli gamx<strong>da</strong>ra, osmalTa<br />

moTxovniT, dedisimedi, SviliSvilTan, yvaryvare IV-is vaJ-<br />

Tan erTad, axalcixis faSasTan gaegzavna 3 . amiT mTavrdeba<br />

`mesxuri matiane~ <strong>da</strong> amis Semdeg samcxis am saintereso,<br />

kolorituli moRvawis Sesaxeb erTi cnoba gagvaCnia.<br />

dedisimedis saxeli figurirebs 1595 wels osmalo moxeleebis<br />

mier Sedgenil `gurjistanis vilaieTis did <strong>da</strong>v-<br />

TarSi~, romelSic Sesulia samcxe-saaTabagos aRweris masalebi.<br />

aqe<strong>da</strong>n kidev erTxel vrwmundebiT dedisimedis qristianobisadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong> garkveuli principebisadmi ukompro misobaze.<br />

aseTebs <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebi miwebs CamoarTmevdnen xolme <strong>da</strong> osmalo<br />

moxeleebs ga<strong>da</strong>scemdnen. samcxis Serisxul TavadTa Soris<br />

vxe<strong>da</strong>vT dedisimedsac. <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebs misTvis mamuli CamourTmeviaT<br />

<strong>da</strong> osmalo moxelisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>uciaT 4 .<br />

didia dedisimedis <strong>da</strong>msaxureba qarTuli istoriografiis<br />

winaSe. misi uSualo monawileobiTa <strong>da</strong>, xSirad, karnaxi-<br />

Tac, iwerebo<strong>da</strong> samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

werilobiTi Zegli „mesxuri <strong>da</strong>viTnis qronika“ 5 .<br />

1 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 56.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 55.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 56.<br />

4 svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 202.<br />

5 ix. qronikebi, II, gv, 527; samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv.<br />

123-131.<br />

396 397

3. saaTabagos urTierToba iran-osmaleTTan<br />

XVI s. bolo meoTxedsa <strong>da</strong> XVII s.<br />

I meoTxedSi<br />

Sah Tamazis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg <strong>da</strong>iZaba iranis Si<strong>da</strong>politikuri<br />

mdgo mareoba, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva feo<strong>da</strong>luri <strong>da</strong>jgufeba Tavisi miznebis<br />

misaRwevad sasurveli kandi<strong>da</strong>tis gamefebaSi xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. aseTi viTarebiT<br />

isargebla osmaleTis saxelmwifom <strong>da</strong> farTo agresia <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

sparseTis xeldebuli samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasiis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad.<br />

vidre osmalebi oms <strong>da</strong>iwyebdnen, manamde Sah mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendem<br />

osmaleb Tan molaparakebiT amasiis sazavo xelSekrulebis (1555 w.)<br />

pirobebis <strong>da</strong>cva diplomatiuri molaparakebiT sca<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> osmaleTSi<br />

Tavisi elCi miavlina, magram molaparakebam Sedegi ar gamoiRo.<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis win rTuli mdgomareoba iyo samcxeSi. jayelebs<br />

saaTabagos Tavadebi aujanydnen, riTac samTavros Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisunarianoba<br />

Zlier Sesust<strong>da</strong>. ajan yebulTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Tavi<br />

gamoiCina manuCar qaixosros Zem (SemdgomSi aTabagi manuCar II, 1581-<br />

1604). manuCari <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong>, vaxuStis mixedviT, 1550 wels 1 . igi Tavisi<br />

drois erT-erTi aqtiuri politikuri moRvawe iyo. rac gansakuTrebiT<br />

naTlad gamomJRavn<strong>da</strong> samcxis Tavadebis sakmaod saSiSi <strong>da</strong><br />

xangrZlivi (1576 wlis ivnisi<strong>da</strong>n 1578 wlis Tebervlamde) ajanyebis<br />

CaxSobisa <strong>da</strong> oamalebis winaaRmdeg brZolis dros. manuCari<br />

ajanyebulTa winaaRmdeg, formalurad, Tavis Zma yvaryvare IV aTabagTan<br />

erTad gamodio<strong>da</strong> (maT erToblivad moarbies SalikaSvilebis<br />

mTavari simagre _ Tmogvis cixe <strong>da</strong> qalaqi <strong>da</strong> sxva simagreebi),<br />

sinamdvileSi, Zmis avadmyofobis gamo, ajanyebis dros, erTpirovnulad<br />

ganageb<strong>da</strong> saaTabagos saqmeebs.<br />

osmalTa saqarTveloze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis ganzraxvasa <strong>da</strong> jaris <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

sazRvrebTan moaxloebaze saaTabagoSi cnobili iyo, rogorc<br />

amis Taobaze dedisimedi Tavis Svils TvalSveniers sparseT-<br />

Si wer<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

1 vaxuSti, gv. 716<br />

2 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 47.<br />

osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolis organizebas saTaveSi manuCari<br />

Caudga. is sagangebod Sekrebil laSqariT Tavis biZaSvil erekle<br />

muxranbatonTan erTad os malebis jaris pirispir <strong>da</strong>dga. `patroni<br />

manuCar <strong>da</strong> patroni erekle _ laSqari Seiyares _ wavides, urumT<br />

pirs miudges. patroni yBryBre cotad ugunebud (!) iyo~ 1 . savaraudoa,<br />

mematiane aq gadmogvcems manuCaris osmalTa sam flobeloebSi<br />

SeWras, na<strong>da</strong>vlis mopovebas, rac imave dros garkveul taqtikur<br />

moqmedebasac, kerZod, mtris Zalebis mosinjvasac isaxav<strong>da</strong> miznad.<br />

amave dros Cans isic, rom jayel-cix isjvrelebsa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs<br />

Soris urTierToba kvlav <strong>da</strong>Zabulia varaza SalikaS vilis mokvlis<br />

gamo. yizilbaSebi samcxis mTavris winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli<br />

Tavade bis meTaurs, varazas Svil kokolas exmarebian. Aamitomac<br />

iyo, rom <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvrebSi SemoWrilma osmalebma upirvelesyovlisa<br />

kokolas samflobeloebi <strong>da</strong>ipyres 2 . albaT, SalikaSvilebis<br />

gvarTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebis gamo iyo, rom jaye lebis SahisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebis TxovniT ramdenjerme mimarTva uSedegod<br />

<strong>da</strong>m Tavr<strong>da</strong> (amis Sesaxeb vrclad sxvagan). qarTuli wyaros mixedviT,<br />

saaTabagos samxreT-aRmosavleT sazRvarTan myof yizilbaSTa<br />

razms, romelsac yaraxani meTaurob<strong>da</strong> Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen Turqebi <strong>da</strong><br />

aTiode kaci moukles, Semdeg yaraxanma imarjva. es ambavi matianeSi<br />

gadmocemulia Semdegnairad: `mobrundes yaraxan, equsasi<br />

kaci axl<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>esxa Tavsa (Turqebs-e.m.), amoswyuidna urumni, gaaqcivna,<br />

saxelsa ze<strong>da</strong> RBisasa <strong>da</strong> gaemarjva yaraxans <strong>da</strong> aivsnes<br />

saqonliTa <strong>da</strong> iaraRiTa. mobrun<strong>da</strong> ba toni manuCar <strong>da</strong> awyuÀrs<br />

Camovi<strong>da</strong>~ 3 . yuradRebas ipyrobs mematinis bolo fraza: `mobrun<strong>da</strong><br />

batoni manuCar <strong>da</strong> awyuÀrs Camovi<strong>da</strong>~, romelic SeiZleba ga vigoT<br />

ise, rom yizilbaSebs ar sur<strong>da</strong>T manuCarTan, rogorc aTabagis<br />

ojaxis wevrTan urTierToba <strong>da</strong> isini uars amboben misi samxedro<br />

Zalis gamoyenebaze os malebTan Setakebebis dros. vfiqrob, yizilbaSTa<br />

amgvarma <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebam jaye lebis mimarT seriozulad<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 68<br />

3 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 47.<br />

398 399

ganapiroba yizilbaSTa warumatebloba amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTiranis<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>swyisSi.<br />

`mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT, lala faSa agvistos <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi<br />

artaani<strong>da</strong>n <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>ken wamovi<strong>da</strong>. samcxe-saaTabagos teritoriaze<br />

SeiWra. qarTuli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n cnobilia, rom pirveli cixe,<br />

romelic osmalebs samcxis teritoriaze Sexv<strong>da</strong>T, iyo mgelcixe.<br />

igi osmalebma ori dRis brZolis Semdeg aiRes. amgvarad<br />

osmalebi samcxe saaTabagoSi SeiWrnen. Tu erTmaneTs Seva<strong>da</strong>rebT<br />

qarTuli <strong>da</strong> italiuri werilobiTi wyaroebis cnobebs,<br />

<strong>da</strong>vinaxavT, rom isini erTnairad gadmogvcemen osmaleTis<br />

jaris laSqrobis mimarTulebas <strong>da</strong> cixeebis aRebasac. ibrahim<br />

feCevis ki artaani<strong>da</strong>n pir<strong>da</strong>pir velis cixesTan mivyevarT 1 .<br />

osmalebi ramdenime strategiuli mniSvnelobis cixe-simagres<br />

(mgelcixe, qajTa cixe, veliscixe), <strong>da</strong> bolos Cildiris cixes<br />

<strong>da</strong>euflnen 2 . qarTuli <strong>da</strong> italiuri wyaroebis mixedviT, rodesac<br />

manuCari Cildiris <strong>da</strong>sacavad mivi<strong>da</strong>, igi osmalebs ukve <strong>da</strong>pyrobili<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T. `mesxuri matiane“ gadmogvcems: 10 agvistos `patroni manuCar<br />

qajis (Cildiris – e.m.) cixes Seeyara. verc (osmalTa – e.<br />

m.) laSqris omsa <strong>da</strong> verc cixebis aRebBÁs ver mieswra“ 3 . savaraudoa,<br />

amjera<strong>da</strong>c yizilbaSebis mier jayelTa SeiaraRebuli Zalebis<br />

ignorirebasTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />

Qqajis (Cildiris) cixesTan momx<strong>da</strong>ris Sesaxeb ufro met cnobebs<br />

Seicavs italiuri wyaro. aqe<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom manuCari osmaleb-<br />

1 saqarTveloSi SemoWris pirvel dReebSi osmalebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili cixeebis<br />

Sesaxeb gadmogvcems ali-efendi. ix. Awinamdebare naSromis gv. 190-191.<br />

2 osmalTagan Cildiris cixis aRebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva TariRi gvaqvs: `mesxuri<br />

matinis~ mixedviT, osmalebma cixe aiRes 9 mariamobnisTves (agvisto). 14<br />

agvistoa frangi diploma tis Juies mefe anri III-sadmi gagzavnil moxsenebaSi<br />

(Charriére E., Negociations de la France <strong>da</strong>ns le Levant et correspodences, memoires<br />

et actes diplomatiques, III, Paris, 1853, p. 740). aseve 14 agvistos auRiaT osmalebs<br />

Cildiris cixe henri porSas TqmiTac (Porsius H., Narratio belli Persici inter<br />

Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet Ho<strong>da</strong>bande Persar regem gesti. In Reuisneri, Re rum<br />

memorabilum in Panonia sub Turcar. Imperatoribus cet. gestar. narrationes, Francofurt,<br />

1603, p. 176-177).<br />

3 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 48.<br />

Tan saomrad yizilbaSTa jarTan erTad wasula Tavisi cxenosnebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> qveiTebiT, magram <strong>da</strong>ugvian<strong>da</strong>T. osmalebs saqme ukve moeTavebinaT.<br />

`am dros movi<strong>da</strong> sparseTis mefis generali mehmad xani 1 Tavisi ormoc<strong>da</strong>aTi<br />

aTasi mxedriT 2 <strong>da</strong> Svidi aTasi cxenosani <strong>da</strong> qveiTi qarTveliT,<br />

romelTac meTaurob<strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa qveynis erT-erTi mTavari<br />

manuCari. isini mividnen xsenebuli qajis cixis (Cildiris _ e.m.)<br />

<strong>da</strong>saxmareblad, magram igi <strong>da</strong>pyrobili <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> Turqebis banaki<strong>da</strong>n<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT sami miliT <strong>da</strong>Sorebuli velis cixesTan<br />

SeCerdnen“ 3 .<br />

qarTuli <strong>da</strong> italiuri wyaroebi erTmaneTisagan mniSvnelovnad<br />

gansxvavdebian <strong>da</strong> saerToc aqvT. qarTuli wyaros mixedviT yizilbaSTa<br />

jari mahmad-sulTanis (italiuri wyaros _ mahmad-xani) me-<br />

TaurobiT <strong>da</strong> saaTabagos jari manuCaris meTaurobiT cal-calke<br />

moqmedebdnen. osmalebis mier yizilbaSebis <strong>da</strong>amarcxebis Semdeg manuCari<br />

CildirTan midis. aq gansakuTrebuli yuradReba un<strong>da</strong> mieqces<br />

im garemoebas, rom italiuri wyaroc qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>gvianebiT misvlaze aRniSnaven. `mesxuri matiane“ ki mxolod<br />

manuCaris misvlas aRniSnavs. ori avtoris (qarTveli <strong>da</strong><br />

italieli) monaTxrobSi is gansxvavebaa, rom qarTuli wyaros avtori<br />

cdilobs ise gadmosces ambavi, rom eWvi <strong>da</strong>bados manuCaris<br />

moqmedebis patiosnebaSi. qarTvelma mematianem mizans miaRwia kidec.<br />

qarTul istoriografiaSi manuCari moRalated aris gamocxadebuli<br />

im dRi<strong>da</strong>n, roca osmalebma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvari gadmolaxes.<br />

`mesxuri matianis“ cnobebis amgvari interpretacia pirvelma SemogvTavaza<br />

qr. SaraSiZem. igi Tavisi mosazrebisaTvis <strong>da</strong>majereblobis<br />

xarisxis gazrdisaTvis i. hameris TxzulebaSi <strong>da</strong>cul erT<br />

cnobasac iSveliebs <strong>da</strong> aRniSnavs, rom manuCari Cildiris brZolamde<br />

ramdenime kviris win `mihkedlebia“ Turqebs <strong>da</strong> TviTon awyuris<br />

1 ibrahim feCevi yizilbaSTa jaris sardlebad asaxelebs Toqmak xans, imamyuli-xansa<br />

<strong>da</strong> yara xans. ibrahim feCevi, gv. 39.<br />

2 ibrahim feCevisTan 30 aTasi, gv. 39. aseve 30 aTas mxe<strong>da</strong>rs asaxelebs<br />

don xuan de persia, (65 r).<br />

3 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581, gv. 23.<br />

400 401

sanjaxi miuRia, xolo mis Zmas _ yvaryvares ki olTisi 1 . i. hameris<br />

TxzulebaSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c saintereso ambis gadmocemisas <strong>da</strong>mowmebulia<br />

alis „nusreT-name“, naTqvamia, rom lala mustafa faSam `Cildiris<br />

brZolamde ramdenime kviriT adre, Zmebi<strong>da</strong>n umcross, manuCars miwvevis<br />

werili gaugzavna, imis Taobaze, rom rogorc TviTon aseve<br />

misi Zma <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong> CamoSorebodnen sparseTs, romelzec aqamomde <strong>da</strong>mokidebulni<br />

iyvnen. manuCarma Tavis mokrZalebul pasuxSi moiTxova<br />

xelSekruleba <strong>da</strong> sigeli, agreTve moiTxova TavisTvis awyuris<br />

sanjayi, Tavis Zma gregorisaTvis (yvaryvare - e.m.) olTisi <strong>da</strong> dedisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva ZmebisaTvis soflebi lenis saxiT“ 2 . aq ar Cans mox<strong>da</strong><br />

Tu ara osmaleTis sardlisa <strong>da</strong> aTabagis ojaxis SeTanxmeba. jayelebi,<br />

iqneb, drois gayvanis taqtikas adgnen?<br />

sxvagvarad gadmogvcems lala mustafa faSas manuCarTan pirvel<br />

kontaqts osmalo istorikosi abubeqr bin abdulahi. arzrumSi <strong>da</strong>banakebuli<br />

osmaleTis jari 1578 wlis ivlisis Sua ricxvebSi aiyara<br />

<strong>da</strong> artaanTan mivi<strong>da</strong>. artaanis `cixis siaxloves mdebare qarTuli<br />

vilaieTebi <strong>da</strong> oqroscixed wodebuli simagre erTma xaTunma (dedisimedma<br />

_ e.m.) <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>imorCila“ 3 . artaanSi Cayenebuli saaTabagos<br />

mecixovneni osmalebma Seipyres. artaani<strong>da</strong>n lala mustafa<br />

faSam `urjuloebis begTan“, manuCarTan kaci gagzavna <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>morCileba<br />

mosTxova. Tu mis moTxovnas manuCari <strong>da</strong>emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> pativs miageb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

Tu ara <strong>da</strong> akleba-ganadgurebiT <strong>da</strong>emuqra. `saswrafod modi,<br />

islamis sarewmunoeba miiRe, Seni xalxi <strong>da</strong> vilaieTi Cven Cagvabareo“<br />

– uTvli<strong>da</strong> lala faSa manuCars, romelmac Tavis xalxTan erTad<br />

moiTaTbira <strong>da</strong> osmalo sardlisadmi <strong>da</strong>morCilebis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba<br />

miiRes 4 . <strong>da</strong>vujeroT abubeqrs, rom manuCarma osmalebisadmi morCileba<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita? magram faqtia, rom is lala faSas banakSi mxolod<br />

1 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 162-168.<br />

2 Hammer J., Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches, II, Pest, 1834, S. 482. ix.<br />

javaxiS vili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, 1967, gv. 267-269.<br />

3 abubeqr bin abdulahi, gamarjvebaTa wigni. Turquli teqstri qarTuli<br />

Targ maniT, SesavliTa <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong> m. iluriZem, Tb.,<br />

2006, gv. 31.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 31-32.<br />

Cildiris brZolis Semdeg mivi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> manamde arc raime moTxovna Seu-<br />

Tvlia. <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT i. hameris Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n moyvanil amonarids.<br />

rogorc irkveva mustafa faSam maSinve ver SesZlo manuCarisaTvis<br />

epasuxa. man manuCaris mier wayenebuli moTxovnebis Sesaxeb<br />

weriliT acnoba sulTans 1 <strong>da</strong> misgan pasuxs elo<strong>da</strong>. Cildiris brZolamde<br />

erTi dRiT adre mustafa faSas miutanes dedisimedis werili,<br />

romelSic igi sar<strong>da</strong>ls Tavisi vaJis manuCaris mZevlad gagzavnas<br />

<strong>da</strong> sulTnis yvela morCilis msgavsad ganszRvruli ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>. samagierod is iTxov<strong>da</strong> sigels, romliTac mas<br />

<strong>da</strong> mis Svils yvaryvares <strong>da</strong>umtkicdebo<strong>da</strong>T misi qmris, qaixosros<br />

samflobeloebi 2 . Turqi istorikosi iqve SeniSnavs, rom dedisimedma<br />

<strong>da</strong>pireba maSinve ki ar Seasrula, aramed elodebo<strong>da</strong> osmalebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

yizilbaSebis Sejaxebas, raTa gamarjvebulis mxares <strong>da</strong>mdgariyo.<br />

manuCarma, savaraudoa, pasuxis <strong>da</strong>gvianeba Tavisi moTxovnebis<br />

uaryofad CaTvala <strong>da</strong> jariT wavi<strong>da</strong> Cildiris <strong>da</strong>sacavad, magram<br />

<strong>da</strong>ugvian<strong>da</strong>, rasac qarTuli wyaro gvamcnobs. amas a<strong>da</strong>sturebs ibrahim<br />

feCevic, Tumca CildirTan misuli manuCars mx<strong>da</strong>lad <strong>da</strong> moRalated<br />

saxavs: `xsenebuli begi (manuCari-e.m.) eqvsi aTasi SeiaraRebuli<br />

aznauriT movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mTis ferdobi<strong>da</strong>n gamarjvebulebs <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxebulebs Tvalyurs adevneb<strong>da</strong>. idga iq <strong>da</strong> imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

gamarjvebuli mxare mas Seiwynareb<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>, rogorc ki gaigo, Tu ra<br />

bedi ewia Toqmak-xans, wamovi<strong>da</strong> manuCari dilas <strong>da</strong> Rirseuli sardlis<br />

karavSi SeaRwia“ 3 .<br />

axla isev <strong>da</strong>vubrundeT anonimi venecielis monaTxrobs: roca<br />

qarTvelebma <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebma gaiges, rom Cildiris brZolis Semdeg<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rlili osmalebi isvenebdnen, ga<strong>da</strong>wyvites xelsayreli momentiT<br />

esargeblaT <strong>da</strong> moulodnelad <strong>da</strong>sxmodnen Tavs. magram maT ver Ses-<br />

Zles osmalTa banakSi SeWra, radgan karvebs Soris bagirebi iyo<br />

gaWimuli, romelic gzas uketav<strong>da</strong> momxvdurs. osmalebma male SeniSnes<br />

mteri, Sesxdnen cxenebze <strong>da</strong> velze gaiWrnen, raTa brZola<br />

1 abulaZe c., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 202.<br />

2 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 73.<br />

3 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 41.<br />

402 403

gaemarTaT momxvdurTaTvis. pirvelsave Setakebisas <strong>da</strong>iRupa aTasze<br />

meti osmalo <strong>da</strong> 30 sanjay-begi 1 .<br />

veneciis sirieli elCis jovani miqelis TqmiT, yizilbaSebis<br />

CildirTan <strong>da</strong>marcxebis Semdeg „manuCari, qvrivis umcrosi vaJi,<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> (lala faSasTan – e.m.) <strong>da</strong> Tavis Tavi (sulTan – e.m.) muradis<br />

vasalad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>“ 2 . <strong>da</strong>axloebiT aseve gadmogvcems manuCaris<br />

misvlas Turqebis banakSi petro biZaro 3 .<br />

Turquli wyaroebis mixedviT, manuCari yizilbaSebis <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />

meore dRes mivi<strong>da</strong> osmalTa banakSi 4 <strong>da</strong> „Tavisi qveyanis cixeebis<br />

gasaRebebi mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>ls miutana <strong>da</strong> Caabara“ 5 . meore dRes, adgilobrivi<br />

mosaxleobis <strong>da</strong>Sinebisa <strong>da</strong> Tavisi meomrebis gamxnevebis<br />

mizniT, lala faSam <strong>da</strong>xocili mtrebis mokveTili TavebiT gora<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgmevina. man Sikriki gagzavna konstantinopolSi <strong>da</strong> sulTans<br />

acnoba mopovebuli gamarjvebis Sesaxeb. `Turqebis am gamarjvebam, _<br />

wers don xuan de persia, _ axali sababi misca am mxaris bevr adgilobriv<br />

mTavars, romelnic aqamde sparselTa ymebad iTvlebodnen,<br />

umalve mis (mustafa faSas _ e.m.) winaSe gamocxadebuliyvnen <strong>da</strong><br />

sulTan muradisadmi morCileba eRiarebninaT. mustafa faSas jars<br />

maSinve SeuerTdnen qarTveli mTavrebi: salmas qarTveli <strong>da</strong> levani 6 ,<br />

axlad <strong>da</strong>mkvidrebuli mTavari <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erTi mxarisa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mTavari manuCari, batoniSvili dedisimedis Svili. yvela es<br />

mTavari mustafa faSas droSas SeuerT<strong>da</strong>, romelmac didi TavazianobiT<br />

miiRo isini <strong>da</strong> maTi morCilebis Sesaxeb sulTans acnoba“ 7 .<br />

1 ibrahim feCeviT, `oc<strong>da</strong>aTze meti saxelovani aRa brZolis velze <strong>da</strong>eca~.<br />

ibrahim feCevi, gv. 40. sxva cnobiT osmalebs 13 sanjay-begi <strong>da</strong>eRupaT. Porsius<br />

H., Nar ratio belli Persici inter Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet Ho<strong>da</strong>bande Persar<br />

regem gesti, p.176-177.<br />

2 Relazioni delli successi della guerra tra il Turco e il Persiano <strong>da</strong>ll’anno 1577<br />

fi no al 1587 di Giovani Micheli ritornato console <strong>da</strong> Aleppo in Soria. krebulSi:<br />

Alberi E., Relacioni… serie III, v. II, Firenze, 1844, p. 264.<br />

3 Bizarus P., Op. cit., p. 633.<br />

4 ibrahim feCevi, gv. 41.<br />

5 fuTuriZe g., mustafa selianiqi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 263.<br />

6 Ggaurkvevelia romeli qarTveli didebulebi iyvnen salmasi <strong>da</strong> levani.<br />

7 Don Juan de Persia, p.65 r – 66 r.<br />

Llala mustafa faSam manuCars uboZa awyuris sanjayi, mis Zmas<br />

yvaryvares misi yofili samflobelo olTisis sanjayi, sxva Zmebs<br />

kargi ziameTebi, dedisimeds ki sami sofeli xasis saxiT 1<br />

tomazo minadoi agviwers im zeims, romelic mouwyes banakSi<br />

misul manuCarsa <strong>da</strong> mis Tanmxleblebs: imave dRes (16 agvisto),<br />

rodesac lala mustafa faSam sisxliani RonisZieba <strong>da</strong>amTavra <strong>da</strong><br />

mokveTili Tavebis gora <strong>da</strong>sdga, mas acnobes, `qvrivi qarTvelis,<br />

dedisimedis umcrosi vaJis“ manuCaris ganzraxvaze mis karavSi<br />

mosvlis survilis Sesaxeb, raTa misalmebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> usityvod <strong>da</strong>mor-<br />

Cilebo<strong>da</strong>. am siaxlem imdenad gaaxara mustafa faSa, rom brZana<br />

yvela faSa <strong>da</strong> jaris meTauri sakravebiTa <strong>da</strong> qvemexebis gasroliT<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva Rirsebis niSnebiT wasuliyvnen manuCaris Sesaxvedrad <strong>da</strong><br />

ase moeyvanaT masTan. yvelaferi ise gakeT<strong>da</strong> rogorc mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />

brZana <strong>da</strong> roca manuCari mis karavTan miiyvanes, TviTonac artileriisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> arkebuzebis sroliT miesalma. manuCars ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> mustafasTvis mierTmia yvelaferi rac mis mamulSi iyo“ 2 .<br />

abubeqric aRniSnavs osmalTa banakSi manuCaris sazeimod miRebis<br />

Sesaxeb, magram iseTnairad, rom qarTveli didebuli <strong>da</strong>mcirebulad<br />

warmoaCinos Zlevamosili osmalebis fonze 3 .<br />

vfiqrob, manuCaris CildirTan `<strong>da</strong>gvianebiT“ misvlis mizezi<br />

SeiZleba gairkves don xuan de persias (is aRwerili ambis Tanamedrove<br />

<strong>da</strong> SeiZleba mxilvelic iyo <strong>da</strong>, rogorc samxedro pirovneba,<br />

icnob<strong>da</strong> kidec yizilbaSTa sar<strong>da</strong>ls) monaTxrobiT CildirTan movlenebis<br />

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. misi TqmiT, Toqmak sulTan xani erevnisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> naxiCevanis gamgebeli iyo. moxamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendem igi <strong>da</strong>niSna<br />

sparseTis <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sakmaod mcirericxovani jarebis mTavarsardlad.<br />

sparselTa jari Sedgebo<strong>da</strong> mxolod 30 aTasi mxedrisagan,<br />

Tumca qveiTebi mravlad yofilan. roca cnobili gax<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

lala mustafa faSam arzrumi <strong>da</strong>tova, yarsi gaiara <strong>da</strong> Cildirs<br />

miaRwia. Toqmaks yalbi cnobebi miawodes, TiTqos, osmalTa jari<br />

1 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 74.<br />

2 Minadoi T., p. 34-35.<br />

3 abubeqri, gv. 35.<br />

404 405

mxolod 40 aTasi mebrZolisagan Sesdgebo<strong>da</strong>, jaris erovnuli Semadgenlobac<br />

Wreli iyo <strong>da</strong> arc SeiaraReba uvargo<strong>da</strong>T. axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

sardlebi Toqmaks afrTxilebdnen, rom iseTi gamocdilebis sar<strong>da</strong>li,<br />

rogoric is iyo, ar un<strong>da</strong> ndobo<strong>da</strong> mstovrebis motanili cnobebs.<br />

Toqmakma „Tavisi uvicobiT“ Turqebis mowinave 40 aTasiani<br />

jari ZiriTad Zalad CaTvala <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv ekveTa. magram, rodesac<br />

mustafa lala faSa mTeli ZaliT <strong>da</strong>aty<strong>da</strong> Tavs, Toqmakma<br />

mxolod moxerxebulobiTa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>Ramebis gamo SeZlo jaris nawilis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>rCena. osmalebma mas 7 aTasi kaci moukles, 3 aTasi ki <strong>da</strong>atyveves,<br />

romlebsac Tavi mokveTes 1 .<br />

rogorc don xuan de persias monaTxrobi<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT,<br />

Cildirisken wasul manuCars, romelic SeTanxmebuli un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyi yizilbaS sar<strong>da</strong>lTan Sexvedris adgilsa <strong>da</strong> droze, gamarjvebis<br />

iolad mopovebis surviliT Sepyrobili Toqmak xani aRar<br />

<strong>da</strong>elo<strong>da</strong>. amiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas <strong>da</strong> ara RalatiT is, rom roca `patroni<br />

manuCar qajis cixes Seeyara, verc (sparselTa _ e.m.) laSqris<br />

omsa <strong>da</strong> verc (osmalebis mier _ e.m.) cixebis aRebBÁs mieswra“.<br />

ufro metic, henrix porSas TqmiT, Toqmak xanTan erTad brZolis<br />

velze marcxi ganucdia manuCarsac: sparselebs <strong>da</strong>ukargavT 5 aTasi<br />

kaci, xolo manuCari Tavis 3 aTas TanamebrZolTan erTad <strong>da</strong>utyvevebiaT<br />

2 .<br />

vfiqrob, seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs isqander munSis<br />

gadmocemac, romlis mixedviT manuCarma samcxeSi SeWril osmalebs<br />

winaaRmdegoba gauwia <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>morCileba mxolod iaraRis gamoyenebiT<br />

moxerx<strong>da</strong>. movusminoT isqander munSis: rodesac lala mustafa<br />

faSa `axalcixis velaieTSi movi<strong>da</strong>, romelic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, svimon-xanis siZis manuCar-xanis [sagamgeo] olqi iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

am mxaris (iranis) sazRvrebSi Semodio<strong>da</strong>. man (manuCarma) osmalTa<br />

1 mowinaaRdegeTa mier Cildiris velze gancdili zaralis Sesaxeb ix.<br />

Фарза лиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд, с. 70-71.<br />

2 Porsius H., Narratio belli Persici inter Murathem III Turcar et Mehemet<br />

Ho<strong>da</strong>bande Persar regem gesti, p.176-177.<br />

morCilebisagan Tavi Sors <strong>da</strong>iWira <strong>da</strong> winaaRmdegobis gzas <strong>da</strong>adga,<br />

Tavisi cixe gaamagra <strong>da</strong> TviTon ki svimon-xanTan mivi<strong>da</strong>, lala faSam<br />

misi cixe garemoicva, zarbaznebi miumarjva <strong>da</strong> brZola-WidiliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>imorCila. mere Sig mcvelebi <strong>da</strong> ianiCrebi <strong>da</strong>stova <strong>da</strong> svimonxanis<br />

qveynisaken gaemarTa“ 1 .<br />

sefianTa xanis sparseTis saxelganTqmuli istorikosis Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

moyvanili amonaridi zogierT cnobil sakiTxze msjelobas<br />

moiTxovs. TiTqos <strong>da</strong>dgenilia, rom Sahma mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendem<br />

svimon I Tavis samefoSi <strong>da</strong>abruna osmalebis saqarTveloSi SemoWris<br />

Semdeg. isqander munSi ki svimonis saqarTveloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis<br />

Semdeg gadmogvcems osmalebis saqarTveloSi SemoWris <strong>da</strong> manuCaris<br />

maT<strong>da</strong>mi <strong>da</strong>umorCileblobis ambavs 2 . sparseli istorikosis<br />

naTqvamis (manuCaris svimon mefesTan qarTlSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlasTan <strong>da</strong>kav-<br />

SirebiT) <strong>da</strong>zusteba SeiZleba `axali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli<br />

teqstis“ saSualebiT: Sah ismail II-m svimoni alamuTis cixi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gaanTavisufla, magram igi sparseTSi <strong>da</strong>stova. gamef<strong>da</strong> mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende,<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo omi sparseTsa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris. `raodensame<br />

xansame ukana gamovi<strong>da</strong> lala faSa... maSin <strong>da</strong>xu<strong>da</strong> manuCar aTabagi,<br />

Ze qaixosrosi <strong>da</strong> dedisimedisa, _ <strong>da</strong> amas esua colad <strong>da</strong>Á sÂmon<br />

mefisa, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xu<strong>da</strong> ese manuCar aTabagi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>esxa romelsame TareSsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> nawyuedsa jarisasa, <strong>da</strong> mosra raodenime, <strong>da</strong> mere veRar<br />

<strong>da</strong>udga <strong>da</strong> gamovar<strong>da</strong> qarTls sidedrTana. xolo lala faSam amoswyÂta<br />

yoveli samcxe <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iWira cixe <strong>da</strong> simagreni“ 3 . amgvarad,<br />

manuCari qarTlSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> Tavis sidedrTan, svimoni ki isev sparseTSia.<br />

magram citirebul wyaroebSi (don xuan de persia, henrix<br />

porSa, isqander munSi, anonimi venecieli, `axali qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

pirveli teqsti“) umTavresi is aris, rom manuCari samcxeSi Se-<br />

Wril osmalebs ebrZo<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli avtorebi, gansakuTrebiT<br />

ki anonimi venecieli, erTmaneTisagan <strong>da</strong>moukideblad gvTavazoben<br />

uaRresad saintereso versias, romelic uTuod angariSgasawevia<br />

1 isqander munSi, gv. 29.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 28-29.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 371-372.<br />

406 407

samcxis aTabagis, manuCar II-is pirovnebis Sesaswavlad.<br />

16 agvistosve osmalTa jari Cildiri<strong>da</strong>n aiyara <strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />

anonimi venecieli gadmogvcems, TeTrcixisken gaeSura, romelic<br />

<strong>da</strong>tyvevebul manuCars ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>. „iq misvlisTanave (lala faSam<br />

– e.m.) ixmo manuCari <strong>da</strong> hkiTxa, ramdeni qalaqisa <strong>da</strong> cixis mflobeli<br />

iyo igi. [manuCarma] yvelaferze gasca pasuxi. generalma hkiTxa:<br />

`axla, roca <strong>da</strong>marcxdiT, ra moeliT Tqvens samflobeloebs? manu-<br />

Carma upasuxa: Tqvens gankargulebaSi varT mec <strong>da</strong> Cemi samflobeloebic<br />

<strong>da</strong> Seexvewa: madlobeli viqnebi, Tu sacxovreblad TiTo<br />

cixes <strong>da</strong>gvitoveb me <strong>da</strong> Cem moxuc de<strong>da</strong>so 1 . amiT kmayofilma generalma<br />

<strong>da</strong>utova yvelaferi rac manuCarma iTxova <strong>da</strong> sanjay-begobac<br />

uboZa, Tumca qristianoba SeunarCuna“ 2 . venecielisagan sruliad<br />

gansxvavebul, sawinaaRmdego cnoba Semogvinaxa alim. aqe<strong>da</strong>n vigebT,<br />

rom Cildiris brZolamde erTi dRiT adre dedisimedma lala mustafa<br />

faSas gaugzavna werili, romelSic sTavazob<strong>da</strong> manuCars<br />

mZevlad <strong>da</strong>, sxva qveSevrdomebis msgavsad, ga<strong>da</strong>saxadis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>s<br />

hpirdebo<strong>da</strong>. samagierod dedisimedi iTxov<strong>da</strong> sigels, romliTac igi<br />

aTabag yvaryvaresTan erTad mflobeli <strong>da</strong> gamgebeli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gar<strong>da</strong>cvlili<br />

qmris, aTabag qaixosros miwebisa 3 . rogorc zemoT moyvanil,<br />

i. hammeris mier <strong>da</strong>mowmebuli imave nusreT-names cnobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gavigeT, dedisimeds lala faSasTvis gagzavnil werilSi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d,<br />

manuCaris mier <strong>da</strong>yenebuli moTxovnebi gaumeorebia <strong>da</strong> osmalebisadmi<br />

erTgulebis niSnad, <strong>da</strong>matebiT, mZevlad manuCari SeuTavazebia.<br />

SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom dedisimedma <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, aTabagis<br />

ojaxma ico<strong>da</strong>, SeiZleba isini SeTanxmebulic iyvnen manuCarTan, rom<br />

es ukanaskneli vezir lala mustafa faSasTan mivido<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, faqtobrivad,<br />

nebayoflobiT mZevlad ga<strong>da</strong>iqceo<strong>da</strong>. erTi Turquli do-<br />

1 svaniZe m., am wyaros imowmebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> ambobs, rom manuCarma lala faSas<br />

mo sTxova misTvis ga<strong>da</strong>eca 40 qalaqi <strong>da</strong> 40 sofeli. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo<br />

osmaleTis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, XVI-XVII ss., Tb., 1971, gv. 110. italiur<br />

wyaroSi mxolod is weria, rac zemoT iTqva.<br />

2 TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581, gv. 24.<br />

3 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XVI s. 80-iani wlebi).<br />

`mravalTavi, filologiur- istoriuli Ziebani, Tb., 1989, gv. 200.<br />

kumentis mixedviT, romelzec qvemoT vrclad iTqmeva, lala faSas<br />

banakSi orive Zma _ manuCari <strong>da</strong> yvaryvare erTad misulan.<br />

amgvarad, rogorc ganxiluli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n Cans 1 , iseve, rogorc<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva mefe-mTavrebma, manuCarmac morCileba gamoucxa<strong>da</strong>,<br />

garkveuli pirobebiT, osmaleTis sulTnis gamarjvebul sar<strong>da</strong>ls.<br />

sainteresoa, rom samcxis zogierTi feo<strong>da</strong>li (albaT, isini vinc<br />

jayelebs ebrZodnen), vidre mteri samTavros sazRvars gadmolaxav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

manamde eaxla mas, erTguleba Sehfica <strong>da</strong> jer kidev <strong>da</strong>upyrobeli<br />

cixeebic miuZRvna. `mesxuri matiane“ asaxelebs qoiar amilaxorisSvils,<br />

romelic 2 agvistos lala faSas artaanSi miegeba <strong>da</strong><br />

2 cixe „SeuZRvna“ 2 . aseve aRniSnulia, rom arfaqsad amatkisSvilic<br />

Sepirebuli yofila eqvsi cixis, maT Soris xerTvisis, ga<strong>da</strong>cemas,<br />

magram man amis praqtikulad ganxorcieleba maSinve ver SesZlo.<br />

`mesxur matianeSi“ vkiTxulobT: `agreTve arfaqsad hbirebo<strong>da</strong> equsiT<br />

cixiTa mas winaT <strong>da</strong> xerTvisi <strong>da</strong> xuTi cixe mas SeeZRuna <strong>da</strong><br />

patrons manuCars Tan mihyua, imwams gamoohguares, cixeebi gamoar-<br />

TuÀs <strong>da</strong> xaxuli sasanjaxod misces“ 3 .<br />

arfaqsadis mier osmalebisaTvis cixeebis ga<strong>da</strong>cemaze `mesxur<br />

matianeSi“ moTxrobilia 10 – 17 agvistos Soris <strong>da</strong> cixeebis ga<strong>da</strong>cema<br />

srulia<strong>da</strong>c ar ivaraudeba Cildiris brZolamde (`samcxis<br />

qronikis“ mixedviT _ 9 agvisto) momx<strong>da</strong>r faqtad. 17 agvistos ki<br />

manuCarma, imave wyaros cnobiT, lala faSas ga<strong>da</strong>sca Tmogvis cixe<br />

<strong>da</strong> kokola SalikaSvilisaTvis CamorTmeuli axalqalaqi 4 .<br />

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cildiris brZolis Semdeg osmalebisadmi<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebulma manuCarma uSuamdgomla arfaqsad amatkisSvils<br />

masze gamwyrali lala mustafa faSas winSe <strong>da</strong>, rogorc<br />

Cans, isini moariga: mas, cixeebis sanacvlod `xaxuli sasanjaxod“<br />

misces. veziris amgvari ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, sagulisxmoa, manuCaris<br />

interesebSi ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>. mas jayelebis mowinaaRmdege Tavadebis<br />

1 im avtorebis Sromebs aRar <strong>da</strong>vimowmeb, romlebic Mminadois, don xuan<br />

de persias, anonimi venecielis <strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Txzulebebs eyrdnobian.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, 49.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

408 409

TavisTvis <strong>da</strong>morCileba sur<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amisaTvis xelsayrel moments<br />

elo<strong>da</strong>, rac mogvianebiT gamoC<strong>da</strong> kidec.<br />

zemoT warmodgenili faqtebisa <strong>da</strong> msjelobis Semdeg, vfiqrob,<br />

aRaraviTri pretenzia un<strong>da</strong> rCebodes vaxuSti batoniSvilisa <strong>da</strong> iv.<br />

javaxiSvilis mimarT 1 <strong>da</strong> arc samarTliani iqneba aseTi <strong>da</strong>skvna:<br />

`amgvarad, manuCaris yoveli nabiji 1578 wlis marti<strong>da</strong>n moyolebuli,<br />

rodesac igi brZolis veli<strong>da</strong>n mobrun<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> awyurs Camovi<strong>da</strong>,<br />

amava wlis mariamobisTvis (agvistos) 17-dis, rodesac man Tmogvis<br />

cixe misca lala-faSas, gamcemlobiT aris aRbeWdili“ 2 . usafuZvloa<br />

manuCaris uaryofiT Sefaseba, Tu mis pirovnebas <strong>da</strong> saqmianobas,<br />

mis brZolas osmalebis winaaRmdeg qarTlis mefe svimon I-Tan<br />

erTad, ganvixilavT misi drois saqarTveloSi Seqmnili socialuri<br />

<strong>da</strong> politikuri viTarebis konteqstSi. manuCaric iseTive, SeiZleba<br />

ufro metad patrioti, ufro metad gambe<strong>da</strong>vi <strong>da</strong> Seupovari iyo,<br />

vidre misi Tanamedrove sxva feo<strong>da</strong>lebi.<br />

* * *<br />

saaTabagos <strong>da</strong>morCilebis Semdeg, rogorc anonimi venecieli<br />

gvamcnobs, osmaleTis sar<strong>da</strong>lma manuCaris moTxovnebi <strong>da</strong>akmayofila<br />

<strong>da</strong> sanjaybegobac uboZa 3 (sxva wyaroebiT manuCari Cildiris beglarbegi<br />

gax<strong>da</strong>). Tbilisis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad mimaval lala faSas, rogorc<br />

don xuan de persia gadmogvcems didi <strong>da</strong>xmareba gauwies<br />

saaTabagoelebma: `mustafa faSam svla ganagrZo miiRo ra mxar<strong>da</strong>-<br />

Wera <strong>da</strong> Semweoba qarTvelTagan. es <strong>da</strong>xmareba Tumca ricxobrivad<br />

mcire iyo, axali mokavSiris ZalasTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT, magram Zalian<br />

efeqturi Turqebis jaris uvneblad gasatareblad. es iyo Tavi<strong>da</strong>nbolomde<br />

maTi sakuTari qveyana. qarTvelebma valdebuleba ikisres<br />

mtrisaTvis gza eCvenebinaT. mustafa win miiwev<strong>da</strong>, Tumca didi <strong>da</strong>-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 165. qarTlia cxovreba, IV, gv. 722, javaxiSvili iv., <strong>da</strong>sax.<br />

naSr., gv. 268-269.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 166.<br />

3 anonimi venecieli, gv. 24.<br />

brkolebiT, Tavisi axali megobriT, gzis maCvenebeli manuCariT,<br />

romelic Tan waiyvana“ 1 . lala faSas mier manuCaris qarTlSi wayvanas<br />

qarTuli wyaroebic a<strong>da</strong>stureben. `samcxis matianis“ cnobiT,<br />

`axalqalaqi<strong>da</strong>m faSa <strong>da</strong> patroni manuCar qarTls wavides“. igives<br />

gvamcnobs vaxuSti batoniSvili 2 .<br />

vaxuStis mixedviT lala faSas manuCari Tan axl<strong>da</strong> Sirvanazerbaijanze<br />

laSqrobis dros 3 . rodesac manuCaris osmalebisadmi<br />

mimxroba <strong>da</strong>, ufro metic, sparseTis sawinaaRmdego omSi misi monawileobis<br />

Sesaxeb Seityves Sahis karze, problemebi Seeqmna iq myof<br />

TvalSveniers, manuCaris umcros Zmas _ igi 26 agvistos <strong>da</strong>apatimres<br />

4 .<br />

Sirvani<strong>da</strong>n mobrunebulma lala mustafa faSam manuCari muxrani<strong>da</strong>n<br />

samcxeSi gauSva, sa<strong>da</strong>c 1578 wlis 4 oqtombers mivi<strong>da</strong> 5 , albaT,<br />

Semdgomi garkveuli moqmedebisaTvis aTabag yvaryvares <strong>da</strong> dedisimedis<br />

Sesamzadeblad. samSabaTs lala mustafac jarTan erTad<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> awyurSi 6 <strong>da</strong> `gaRma lekze <strong>da</strong>dga“. yvaryvare did vezirs miegeba,<br />

xuTSabaTs dedisimedic eaxla 7 .<br />

saintereso cnobebi <strong>da</strong>gvitova t. minadoim qarTli<strong>da</strong>n samcxeSi<br />

mobrunebul lala faSasa <strong>da</strong> aTabagis ojaxis urTierTobaze. lala<br />

faSa alTunyalasTan, im cixe-simagresTan gaCerebula, sa<strong>da</strong>c im Jamad<br />

dedisimedis samyofeli iyo 8 : `qvrivi Tavisi ufrosi SviliT<br />

aleqsandreTi (yvaryvare – e.m.) Camovi<strong>da</strong> cixe-koSki<strong>da</strong>n, moinaxula<br />

mustafas Stabi ZRvnebiT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong> mas erTgulebas <strong>da</strong> morCile-<br />

1 Don Juan de Persia.,p. 68 v.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 50; vaxuSti, gv. 722.<br />

3 vaxuSti, gv. 722.<br />

4 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 50. TvalSvenierze ix. aqve,<br />

gv. 385-386. Sen. 6.<br />

5 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.<br />

6 iqve, gv. 50-51. anonimi venecielis mixedviT, manuCari, yvaryvare <strong>da</strong> dedisimedi<br />

imyofebodnen oZrxeSi (gv. 34), Mminadois mixedviT ki, alTunyalaSi<br />

(gv. 65).<br />

7 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.<br />

8 don xuan de persia alTunyalas (oqros cixe) saaTbagos de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad<br />

moix seniebs (Don Juan de Persia.,p. 67 v).<br />

410 411

as. mustafam Tavazianad miiRo <strong>da</strong> acnoba rogor kargad epyrobo<strong>da</strong><br />

manuCars, romelic mas SirvanSi gahyva. iqve myofma manuCarma es<br />

mtkicebani <strong>da</strong>a<strong>da</strong>stura. hfarav<strong>da</strong> ra mtrobas aleqsandres (yvaryvares<br />

– e.m.) mimarT, mustafam gulSi Caikra igi <strong>da</strong> qvrivs sTxova es<br />

Svilic masTan <strong>da</strong>etovebina, arwmuneb<strong>da</strong>, rom isic <strong>da</strong> aleqsandrec<br />

kmayofilni <strong>da</strong>rCebodnen, radgan man orive un<strong>da</strong> gaagzavnos (sulTan<br />

– e.m.) muradTan, Tan gaayolebs maTi morCilebis gancxadebis sigels,<br />

(maT samflobeloebze – e.m.) jaris gavlis dros xelis Sewyobisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> saerTod, maTi <strong>da</strong>msaxurebis Sesaxeb, raTa sulTanma<br />

Rirseulad miiRos isini <strong>da</strong> Tavisi wyalobiT gaamdidroso. qvrivma,<br />

Sinaganad, <strong>da</strong>naRvlianebulma <strong>da</strong> Sewuxebulma, saxeze sruli kmayofileba<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavaziani mzadyofna gamoxata <strong>da</strong>uTmos is rac iZulebuli<br />

iyo aucileblad <strong>da</strong>eTmo, vinai<strong>da</strong>n meore Svili ukve mustafas<br />

ZalauflebaSi iyo. qvrivma <strong>da</strong>utova ra orive Svili mustafas,<br />

TviT TavisTan <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>“ 1 . mustafam ori dRe <strong>da</strong>isvena <strong>da</strong> yarsisken<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong>. pirvel dRes axalcixeSi (qvrivis samflobeloSi) SeCer<strong>da</strong>,<br />

`sa<strong>da</strong>c mas SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad, uzrunveli pirobebi Seuqmnes“ 2 .<br />

`mesxuri matianis“ mixedviT, yvaryvare Tavisi nebiT ki ar wahyva<br />

lala faSas, aramed motyuebiT wauyvaniaT, mas raRac manZiliT<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gaecilebina osmalebi. roca igi aRar <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong>, SeSfoTebuli<br />

dedisimedi <strong>da</strong>edevana osmalebs, magram ver miewia, mere erTguli<br />

aznauriSvilebi <strong>da</strong>adevna, magram verc isini gaxdnen rasme. rogorc<br />

SemdegSi gairkva, lala faSas yvaryvare olTisis sanjay-begad <strong>da</strong>uniSnavs.<br />

sainteresoa, rom manuCaric olTisSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> 3 .<br />

Tu `mesxuri matianeSi“ moTxrobil ambavs verwmunebiT, maSin<br />

gaugebari iqneba, ratom <strong>da</strong>sWir<strong>da</strong> lala faSas motyuebiT waeyvana<br />

yvaryvare aTabagi <strong>da</strong> olTisis sanjay-begad <strong>da</strong>eniSna. amis gakeTeba<br />

mas sxva formiTac xom SeeZlo? iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom<br />

`mesxuri matianis“ Semdgenels surs <strong>da</strong>malos lala faSasTan garigebis<br />

arasasurveli faqti. aTabagis ojaxis wevrebis osmalebTan<br />

1 Minadoi T., p. 103-104.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 104.<br />

3 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 51.<br />

SeTanxmeba Ralatad miiCnia sparseTis tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n axlad<strong>da</strong>brunebulma<br />

qarTlis mefe I-ma <strong>da</strong> maT winaaRmdeg moqmedeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. cnobilia,<br />

rom is yvelgan ebrZo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> sdevni<strong>da</strong> osmalebis momxreebs<br />

saqarTveloSi. swored amiT un<strong>da</strong> aixsnas mis mier dedisimedis Zmis,<br />

vaxtangis Sepyroba <strong>da</strong> kexvis cixeSi Casma. mefis amgvari moqmedebis<br />

sapasuxod lala faSam manuCari orjer gagzavna osmalTa jariT<br />

qarTlis winaaRmdeg. marTalia, manuCarma pirvelad warmatebas ver<br />

miaRwia, magram meored zemo qarTli <strong>da</strong>arbia 1 .<br />

1579 wlis 23 marts manuCari arzrums wavi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c is yvaryvares<br />

Sexv<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> 20 aprils, orSabaTs, oriveni konstantinopols<br />

gaemgzavrnen 2 . isini <strong>da</strong>niSnulebis adgilze mividnen imave wlis 3<br />

ivniss. yvaryvare <strong>da</strong> manuCari 9 ivniss sulTanma miiRo. Zmebma mas<br />

saCuqrebi miarTves <strong>da</strong>, savaraudoa mZevalic (ZmisSvili an disSvili)<br />

miuyvanes, romelic 10-12 wlisa yofila. is maSinve gaamamahmadianes<br />

<strong>da</strong> seralSi moaTavses 3 .<br />

1579 w. 15 ivliss manuCari <strong>da</strong> yvaryvare osmaleTis sataxto<strong>da</strong>n<br />

samSobloSi wamovidnen 4 . arasworia `mesxuri matianis“ is cnoba,<br />

TiTqos yvaryvare martis TveSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> samcxeSi. amave wyaros<br />

mixedviT, Zmebi arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n konstantinopolisaken gaemarTnen 1579<br />

w. 20 aprils 5 , rac TavisTavad Seusabamobaa. germaneli misioneri<br />

Sveigeri 6 <strong>da</strong> safrangeTis elCi konstantinopolSi aRniSnaven, rom<br />

Zmebi iq mividnen 1579 wlis 3 ivniss 7 . Sveigeris mixedviT, `1579<br />

wlis 3 ivniss, konstantinopolSi Camovi<strong>da</strong> ori qarTveli Tavadi,<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebiT 150 kacis TanxlebiT 8 . maT Sesaxvedrad skutarSi ori<br />

galera gagzavnes, rac sagangebo pativiscemis niSani iyo. aseTi pa-<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 52.<br />

3 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807-808.<br />

4 Porsius H., Op, Cit., p.182.<br />

5 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 52.<br />

6 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n. XVI saukunis germaneli misioneri-mogzauri<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, `droSa~, 1961, #11. gv. 6-7.<br />

7 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807.<br />

8 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 7.<br />

412 413

tivi am qveyni<strong>da</strong>n Camosuli arc erTi elCisaTvis ar uciaT“ 1 . venclav<br />

budovicis 1580 wels konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n gagzavnili werili<strong>da</strong>n<br />

vigebT, rom 3 ivniss didi <strong>da</strong> brwyinvale, 200 kaciani<br />

amaliT mividnen Zmebi konstantinopolSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c Turqebma sazeimo<br />

miReba mouwyes 2 .<br />

maTTan Sesaxvedrad misulan, agreTve, saberZneTis (rumeliis beglarbegi),<br />

raguzis, vlaheTis <strong>da</strong> mol<strong>da</strong>veTis elCebi 3 . sxva germanuli<br />

cnobiTac Zmebi 3 ivniss mividnen konstantinopolSi.<br />

qarTvelTa amalas win miuZRo<strong>da</strong> sami sparsul oqroqsovil<br />

tansacmelSi gamowyobili mxe<strong>da</strong>ri. sincendorfis varaudiT win mimavali<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>ri yvelasagan gamorCeuli <strong>da</strong> mniSvnelovani piri _<br />

manuCar-begi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo 4 . sincerdorfs 4 ivniss ukve scodnia,<br />

rom `sulTans ganzraxuli hqon<strong>da</strong> manuCar-begi isev ukan <strong>da</strong>brunebina<br />

saqarTveloSi, raTa ZaliT Tu nebiT axlo-maxlo raionebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>ewesebina beglar-begoba. xma <strong>da</strong>dis TiTqos yvaryvare-begi porta-<br />

Si yavT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli <strong>da</strong> Sin arc ise iolad gauSvebeno“ 5 .<br />

tomazo minadoi sainteresod gadmogvcems manuCarisa <strong>da</strong> yvaryvares<br />

sulTnis karze yofnis ambavs, maTs swrafvas sulTnisagan<br />

mieRoT rac SesaZlebeli iyo meti privilegiebi <strong>da</strong> mamulebi. iqve<br />

isic aris aRniSnuli, rom yvaryvare, manuCarTan Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT zomierebas<br />

amJRavneb<strong>da</strong>. minadoi imasac xazgasmiT ambobs, rom yvaryvare,<br />

Tavisi miznebis miRwevisaTvis qristes sjulis <strong>da</strong>Tmobas ar apireb<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> arc <strong>da</strong>Tmo: `am dros konstantinopolSi mustafas mier muradTan<br />

gamogzavnili qarTveli ori Zma, qvrivis Svilebi elodebodnen<br />

Tu ra Sedegamde miiyvan<strong>da</strong> maT portaSi gagzavna. rac<br />

Seexeba aleqsandres (yvaryvare _ e.m.), mas imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

[ufross] asakis gamo kidev ufro gaufarTovebdnen uflebebs, miT<br />

umetes, rom de<strong>da</strong>m ukve mis gankargulebaSi ga<strong>da</strong>sca samflobeloe-<br />

1 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807.<br />

2 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa <strong>da</strong> wignsacavebSi (XIII-XVI<br />

ss.), Tb., 1984, gv. 221-222.<br />

3 Charriére E., Op, Cit., III, p. 807.<br />

4 tardi l., ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 133.<br />

5 iqve, gv. 134.<br />

bi, <strong>da</strong> imedic ki hqon<strong>da</strong> Tavisi uflebebis ganmtkicebisa. amasTanave<br />

manuCaric <strong>da</strong>kmayofilebuli iqnebo<strong>da</strong> muradis sidiadis Rirsi raime<br />

saSualebiT <strong>da</strong> Tu ki am imedebze mas raime eWvi uCndebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mtkiced ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom sarwmunoebis gamocvla aravi-<br />

Tar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, ar SeiZleba laqa moscxos Tavis<br />

suls amgvari sasircxvilo sulm<strong>da</strong>blobiT. umcrosi manuCari, romelmac<br />

gasul wels mustafasTan laSqrobis cxovreba gaiziara <strong>da</strong><br />

meomrisaTvis <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli meomris aSkara Tvisebebi gamoamJRavna,<br />

piriqiT, moxibluli im azriT, rom SesaZlebloba eZleo<strong>da</strong> dedis<br />

mamulebis mflobelobaSi Sesvlisa <strong>da</strong> mbrZaneblad gaxdomisa,<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita miemarTa yvelafrisaTvis, oRond ubralo jariskacad ar<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo. nurc mixe<strong>da</strong>vs Zmis pirmSoobas gamostacos<br />

memkvidreoba, mSobliuri sarwmunoebis <strong>da</strong>kargvis fasad miaRwios<br />

xrwnad <strong>da</strong> amao simdidres, magram aramc <strong>da</strong> aramc <strong>da</strong>uTmos Zmas,<br />

gind muradis <strong>da</strong> satanis msaxurad gaxdoma mouxdes. <strong>da</strong> SeiZleba<br />

sworad fiqroben zogierTni, rom mas mustafasTan saidumlo Segoneba<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong> Zmis sazianod <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>saRupad“. roca Zmebs islamis rjulis<br />

miReba SesTavazes, manuCari maSinve <strong>da</strong>Tanxm<strong>da</strong>, yvaryvarem ki,<br />

piriqiT, uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> SeTavazebul wina<strong>da</strong>debaze, mxolod is iTxova,<br />

rom `ar eTqvaT uari <strong>da</strong>marxuliyo mSobliur miwaze Tavisi<br />

papebis ferflis gverdiT, murads morCileba, Zmas ki siyvaruli <strong>da</strong><br />

pativiscema <strong>da</strong>pir<strong>da</strong>“. t. minadois TqmiT, sulTans manuCaris Tanxmoba<br />

sarwmunoebis Secvlaze awyob<strong>da</strong>, radgan igi misTvis sasurveli<br />

kandi<strong>da</strong>ti iyo. mas eSino<strong>da</strong>, rom yvaryvare manuCaris mokvlas Seecdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> aRsdgebo<strong>da</strong> Tu ara Tavis uflebebSi, saaTabagos ufro<br />

urCobis gzaze <strong>da</strong>ayeneb<strong>da</strong>. `amgvarad, manuCars Seusrules win<strong>da</strong>cveTa,<br />

miiRo saxeli mustafa, faSis tituli <strong>da</strong> alTunyalas gubernatoroba<br />

<strong>da</strong> dedisa <strong>da</strong> Zmis yvela mamuli. serali zeimob<strong>da</strong>. aleqsandre<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sces Zmas xelSi, romelic axla Turqi gax<strong>da</strong>. orive saxlisaken<br />

gaemarTnen“ 1 .<br />

manuCaris imgvarad gandideba, rogorc t. minadoi gadmogvcems,<br />

ar miesa<strong>da</strong>gebo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTis saxelmwifos interess: osmalebs po-<br />

1 Minadoi T., p. 124-126.<br />

414 415

litikurad <strong>da</strong>sustebuli samcxe undo<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> ara gaerTianebuli,<br />

Tun<strong>da</strong>c sabeglarbego. amitom ufro sruli <strong>da</strong> simarTles Semcveli<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos Turquli wyaro, romelSic naTlad Cans sulTnis brZanebiT<br />

rogor <strong>da</strong>anawiles saaTabago aTabagis ojaxis wevrebs Soris:<br />

`qaixosros SvilTagans zemoxsenebul meliq manuCars _ awyuris<br />

sanjayi, mis Zmas meliq yvaryvares ZvelTaganve misi <strong>da</strong>badebis adgili<br />

_ olTisis 1 sanjayi <strong>da</strong> sxva mis Zmebs _ didi zeameTebi <strong>da</strong> maT<br />

de<strong>da</strong>s zemoaRniSnul dedisimeds _ sami sofeli _ saxaso mamuli“ 2 .<br />

imave wyaros mixedviT, manuCari mainc gansakuTrebiT gamoarCies <strong>da</strong><br />

gaugzavnes bednierebis sxvadsaxva niSnebi _ samefo droSa <strong>da</strong><br />

sulTnis mier naCuqari <strong>da</strong>fi <strong>da</strong> naRara. manuCarma lala faSas saxeli<br />

_ mustafa <strong>da</strong>irqva. mas ewyaloba oqros unagiri, vercxlis<br />

raxti <strong>da</strong> sruli mowyobilobis karavi, `gansakuTrebiT ki sanukvari<br />

xalaTebi <strong>da</strong> safadiSaho droSis Sesabamisad nairnairi pativiscemiT<br />

iqna Sewyalebuli“ 3 .<br />

Saraf-xan bidlisis TqmiT, „manuCarma, yvaryvare gurjis Svilma<br />

4 , axalcixis gamgebelma, morCileba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> masTan erTad<br />

islamis miRebis pativis Rirsi gax<strong>da</strong> qarTvel aznaurTa mravalricxovani<br />

jgufi. samemkvidreo samTavro mas iqta-Tamlikis uflebiT<br />

ewyaloba“ 5 . iqta-Tamliki gulisxmob<strong>da</strong> miwis wyalobas sakuTrebis<br />

sruli uflebiT 6 .<br />

safrangeTRis elCis m. Juies mier 1579 wlis 4 ivliss konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

gagzavnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom 25 ivniss mox<strong>da</strong><br />

win<strong>da</strong>cveTa, e.i. `qarTvelis gaTurqeba“. Juies werilis komenta-<br />

1 olTisi osmalebma XVI s. 40-ian wlebSi <strong>da</strong>ipyres. erTi SexedviT yvaryvares<br />

<strong>da</strong>karguli mama-papeuli miwa <strong>da</strong>ubrunes, magram amas didi mniSvneloba<br />

aRar hqon<strong>da</strong>, radgan osmalebs ukve Tavisad miaCn<strong>da</strong>T rogorc olTisi ise<br />

mTeli samcxe.<br />

2 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, XVI-XVII<br />

ss., gv. 111.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

4 manuCari Svili iyo qaixosro II-s <strong>da</strong> SviliSvili yvaryvare III-sa.<br />

5 Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 235.<br />

6 gabaSvili v., qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri wyobileba (Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Seswavlis<br />

c<strong>da</strong>), Tb., 1956, gv. 164.<br />

tori amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT SeniSnavs, rom dedofal dedisimedis<br />

Svilma islami, saxeli mustafa <strong>da</strong> Cildiris faSoba miiRo 1 .<br />

manuCaris win<strong>da</strong>cveTa mox<strong>da</strong> stambolSi 1579 wlis 25 ivniss.<br />

amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT didi zeimi moewyo ipodromze. manuCari Cildiris<br />

beglarbegad <strong>da</strong>iniSna 2 .<br />

manuCaris mier islamis miRebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT arsebobs sxva<br />

versiac, romlis mixedviT manuCari CildirSi, lala faSas banakSi<br />

eziara islams <strong>da</strong> iq mox<strong>da</strong> misi win<strong>da</strong>cveTa, rac <strong>da</strong>myarebulia abubeqris<br />

erT cnobaze. aqe<strong>da</strong>n vigebT: `rodesac zemoaRniSnulma manuCarma<br />

islamis sarwmunoebis siwminde <strong>da</strong> siZliere igrZno... mTeli<br />

guliT miendo am rwmenas, [mahmadis rjuls] eziara, saxelad mustafa<br />

uwodes <strong>da</strong> olTisis liva sanjayad uboZes“ 3 .<br />

abubeqris Txzulebis qarTuli TargmanSi (abubeqri ar uTiTebs<br />

manuCaris gamahmadianebis konkretul drosa <strong>da</strong> adgils), manuCaris<br />

mier rjulis Secvla mibmulia 1578 wlis 10 agvistos manuCaris<br />

CildirTan osmalTa banakSi misvlasTan. konteqstis mixedviT, abubeqri<br />

manuCaris mier islamis miRebas aRniSnavs, rogorc faqts,<br />

romelic sxva dros mox<strong>da</strong>. manuCari oficialurad <strong>da</strong> sazeimod<br />

gamahmadian<strong>da</strong> erTxel _ 1579 wlis 25 ivniss stambolSi <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

orjer _ erTxel CildirSi <strong>da</strong> meored stambolSi, rogorc m. iluriZe<br />

fiqrobs 4 .<br />

sainteresoa Sveigeris, romelic manuCaris mier islamis miRebis<br />

dros konstantinopolSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong>, gadmocema: „<strong>da</strong> ai, rodesac<br />

orive Zmam Tavadebma sakmao dro <strong>da</strong>hyves sasaxleSi <strong>da</strong> maTi<br />

survili Seuwynareblad iyo <strong>da</strong>tovebuli <strong>da</strong> maT gamoucxades, rom<br />

sulTans ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetili aqvs, sabolood Camoayalibos sanjayi... maT<br />

qveyanaSi, an <strong>da</strong>niSnos iq qveynis mmarTveli, maSin umcrosma Tavadma<br />

1 Charriére E., Negociations de la France <strong>da</strong>ns le Levant et correspodences,<br />

memoires et actes diplo matiques, III, p. 807, Sen. 1.<br />

2 Ibidem. p.807; Minadoi T., p. 124-126; Porsius H., Op. cit., 182. Cildiris<br />

sa faSos <strong>da</strong>arse bis Sesaxeb ix. svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis<br />

istorii <strong>da</strong>n, XVI-XVII ss., gv. 125-135.<br />

3 abubeqri, gv. 35.<br />

4 gansxvavebuli mosazreba ix. abubeqri, gv. 22-23.<br />

416 417

(manuCarma – e.m.), mmarTvelobis sixarbiT <strong>da</strong> eSmakis CagonebiT,<br />

sazizRar Tavganwirul saSualebas mimarTa. man ganacxa<strong>da</strong> qristianuli<br />

sarwmunoebis uaryofis <strong>da</strong> win<strong>da</strong>cveTis Tanxmoba, Tu mas<br />

mmarTvelad <strong>da</strong>niSnaven, radgan ausrul<strong>da</strong> mas misi survili, igive<br />

wesi Caatarebina 10 wlis yrmas _ Tavis RviZl Svils...“ 1<br />

avstriis elCi venceslav budovici 2 konstantinopolSi pira<strong>da</strong>d<br />

gaecno yvaryvare aTabags. yvaryvares, germanelTan saubarSi, interesi<br />

gaumJRavnebia germaniis eklesiis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb <strong>da</strong><br />

sakmaod <strong>da</strong>wvrilebiT gamoukuiTxavs. SekiTxvebze budovics Tarjimnis<br />

saSualebiT mokled upasuxia. budovics yavaryvaresTvis uCuqebia<br />

bazelSi berZnul enaze gamocemuli wigni `augsburgis aRsareba“,<br />

romelzec warwera gaukeTebiaT elCsa <strong>da</strong> budovics. `miiRo ra<br />

keTilganwyobiT es wigni, man maSinve ubrZana eTargmnaT igi Tavis,<br />

iberiul, enaze, Tanac <strong>da</strong>mpir<strong>da</strong>, rom am Targmans berZnul wignTan<br />

erTad Tan waiReb<strong>da</strong>“ 3 . budovicis naTqvams Sveigeric a<strong>da</strong>sturebs <strong>da</strong><br />

misgan <strong>da</strong>mtebiT vigebT, rom yvaryvares avstriis elCisaTvis miurTmevia<br />

60 dukatis Rirebulebis oqros nivTi, elCs ki, Tavis<br />

mxriv yvaryvare saaTiT <strong>da</strong>usaCuqrebia. yvaryvares <strong>da</strong> elCs konstantinopolSi<br />

erTmaneTTan momosvla hqon<strong>da</strong>T. Sexvedrebisass yvaryvare<br />

elCs mouTxrob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi qveynis wes-Cveulebebsa <strong>da</strong> sarwmunoebis<br />

Sesaxeb. Sveigeris aRweris mixedviT, yvaryvare fizikurad didi<br />

kacis <strong>da</strong> vaJkacis STabeWdilebas axden<strong>da</strong>. germanels yvaryvares<br />

portretic <strong>da</strong>uxatavs <strong>da</strong> misi portreti 1608 wels gamoqveynebul<br />

Tavis wignSi mouTavsebia. yvaryvare 1579 wels 30 wlisa yofila 4 .<br />

samSobloSi <strong>da</strong>brunebul yvaryvares didxans aRar ucocxlia. `mesxuri<br />

matianis“ mixedviT is 1581 w. 25 noembers gar<strong>da</strong>icvala. imave<br />

dRes gar<strong>da</strong>icvala arCil muxranbatoni. matianeSi saocrad la-<br />

1 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 7.<br />

2 werili<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom budovici germaniis saelCos warmomadgeneli iyo<br />

<strong>da</strong> ara poloneTisa, rogorc i. tabaRua fiqrob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

3 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa <strong>da</strong> wignsacavebSi, gv. 222.<br />

budovicis naTqvams Sveigeric a<strong>da</strong>sturebs<br />

4 naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n. XVI saukunis germaneli misionerimogzauri<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 7.<br />

konurad, mSralad, mizezze miTiTebis gareSe aRniSnes am ori mniSvnelovani<br />

moRvawis gar<strong>da</strong>cvaleba: `q˜kns sÁT, giorgobisTuÀs ke<br />

patronis yBryres <strong>da</strong> patronis arCilisagan RBTi garisx<strong>da</strong>“ 1 .<br />

1 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 54. qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

II, gv. 526; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 723; qronikebi, II, gv. 419. T. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias<br />

ratomRac miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom arCili gar<strong>da</strong>icvala sparseTSi 1582 wels. (qronikebi,<br />

II, gv. 527). rogorc iTqva, arCili iyo bagrat muxranbatonis <strong>da</strong> elenes Svili,<br />

Zma dedisimedisa. mis cxovrebasa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweobaze moRweulia fragmentuli<br />

cnobebi. 1559 wlis 23 marts SeeZina vaJi erekle (samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis<br />

masalebi, gv. 36) arCils es erTad-erTi Svili hyav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1573 wels „sparsTa Seipyres mefis konstantines Zis Ze arCili de<strong>da</strong>wuliT<br />

<strong>da</strong> wariyvanes yazmins“; „RuinobisTuÀs, oc<strong>da</strong>ors, dResa xuTSabaTsa,<br />

batoni arCil Sirazs gagzavnes yazmini<strong>da</strong>ma, q~ksa sÁa“ (iqve, gv. 41). rogorc<br />

Cans, arCili iranSi colSvilTan erTad yofila (iqve, gv. 45), magram wyaroebSi<br />

aRniSnuli ar aris misi iranSi wayvanis mizezi. arCilisa <strong>da</strong> misi Svilis<br />

cxovreba naTels xdis, rom muxranbatoni svimon mefis momxre iyo <strong>da</strong> masTan<br />

erTad ebrZo<strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs. maT amitom un<strong>da</strong> SeepyroT arCili.<br />

vidre qaixosro aTabagi cocxali iyo <strong>da</strong> yazvinSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong>, arCilic am<br />

qalaqSi yav<strong>da</strong>T, SeiZleba sapatio patimrobaSi. aTabagis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg<br />

(1473 w. 29 seqtemberi), imave wlis 22 oqtombers SirazSi gagzavnes (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba, II, cx., gv. 514).<br />

Sah ismailis gamefebis, svimon I-is alamuTis cixi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> misTvis samefo taxtze aRdgenis ambavi roca movi<strong>da</strong>, „amave wels (1576)<br />

ivnissa aTabagi yuaryuare, <strong>da</strong> Zma maTi manuCar, <strong>da</strong> biZaSvili maTi, muxranis<br />

batonis arCilis Svili, patroni erekle mgelcixes wavides yaenTan elCis gasagzavnelad“<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba, II, cx., gv. 518). magram ar Cans moxerx<strong>da</strong> Tu<br />

ara elCis gagzavna. imave dReebSi, faqtobrivad <strong>da</strong>iwyo opozicioneri Tavadebis<br />

ajanyeba jayel-cixisjvrelTa winaaRmdeg. savaraudoa, yvaryvares <strong>da</strong> manuCars<br />

biZis, xolo erekles ki _ mamis ganTavisufleba SahisaTvis un<strong>da</strong> eTxovaT. Znelia<br />

Tqma, maTma Txovnam gaWra Tu ara, magram ivnisSi (ivanobisTve) arCili Sirazi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

yazvinSi <strong>da</strong>abrunes colSvilianad (iqve, gv. 519). ufro sagulisxmoa,<br />

rom misi tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n ganTavisuflebis safuZveli, svimon mefisadmi erTguleba,<br />

Tanadgoma <strong>da</strong> osmalebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolo ganwyobileba iyo. albaT svimon<br />

mefem Sahs sTxova arCilis masTan erTad saqarTveloSi gaSveba.<br />

mamis msgavsad, svimon mefisa <strong>da</strong> misi ojaxisadmi erTgulebas iCen<strong>da</strong> erekle.<br />

qarTlis mefe sparseTi<strong>da</strong>n jer ar <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo, misi ojaxi gaWirvebaSi<br />

cxovrob<strong>da</strong>. „warvi<strong>da</strong> muxranis batonis arCilis Svili erekle surams nestan<strong>da</strong>rejan<br />

qarTlis dedofalTana. dedofali Raribad iyo, misTan samyofelad<br />

Cavi<strong>da</strong>“ (iqve, gv. 521). miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom, arCilis Zmam vaxtangma (erekles<br />

biZam), elisbar erisTavma <strong>da</strong> barZim amilaxorma lala-faSasTan morigeba SesZ-<br />

418 419

imis gasarkvevad Tu rodis Seiqmna Cildiris safaSo <strong>da</strong> ra<br />

Tanamdeboba uboZa sulTanma manuCars, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />

aqvs 1579 wlis 9 dekembers (Cildiris brZolis wlisTavze) Cildiris<br />

beglarbegis manuCaryofili mustafas saxelze gacemul huqms.<br />

igi <strong>da</strong>iwera didvziris, mustafa lala faSas mier sulTanTan<br />

gagzavnili werilis safuZvelze. dokumentSi aRniSnulia manuCaris<br />

<strong>da</strong>msaxureba osmaleTis saxelmwifos winaSe, rac gamoixata imaSi,<br />

rom CildirTan momx<strong>da</strong>ri brZolis meore dRes manuCari <strong>da</strong> misi Zma<br />

yvaryvare lala mustafa faSasTan mividnen. amis Semdeg maRal portas<br />

eaxla manuCari, islami miiRo, saxeli Seicvala <strong>da</strong> mustafa<br />

<strong>da</strong>irqva, ris Semdeg Cildiris beglarbegoba eboZa. lala faSas<br />

wardginebiT Seiqmna dokumenti, sa<strong>da</strong>c CamoTvlili iyo is adgilebi,<br />

romlebzec manuCar-mustafas gamgebloba gavrceldebo<strong>da</strong> 1 . rogorc<br />

huqmi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, manuCarma Tavisi sagamgeblo zogierTi adgili<br />

TviTon Caawerina rac SemdegSi sulTanma Secdomad CaTvala <strong>da</strong><br />

1579 wlis 9 dekembris huqmiT gaaswora 2 .<br />

<strong>da</strong>mowmebuli evropeli avtorebi erTxmad aRniSnaven, rom gamuslimanebulma<br />

manuCarma faSoba 3 miiRo, riTac igi osmaleTis saxelm-<br />

les, erekle mainc osmalebs ebrZo<strong>da</strong> (iqve, 523).<br />

Sah mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes mier ganTavisuflebul svimon I-Tan erTad <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>avadebuli arCili <strong>da</strong> Tan moiyvana sparselTa tyveobi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xsnili<br />

mravali qarTveli (qronikebi, II, gv. 417). lala-faSa qarTlSi idga. somxiTSi<br />

mosul arCils osmalo sar<strong>da</strong>lTan molaparakeba ganuzraxavs, magram avadmyofobis<br />

gamo ver mouxerxebia (iqve, gv. 50). 1581 wlis 4 agvistos arCili samcxeSi<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c RvinobisTvemde <strong>da</strong>rCa. am ambavs dedisimedi Semdegnairad gadmogvcems:<br />

„patroni arCil mobrZan<strong>da</strong> awyuÀrs. didi xnis unaxavni <strong>da</strong>Á-Zmani SeviyareniT“<br />

(iqve, gv. 54). sul mcire xnis Semdeg, 25 noembers, arCili gar<strong>da</strong>icvala<br />

(T. Jor<strong>da</strong>nias ratomRac miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom arCili gar<strong>da</strong>icvala iranSi 1582 wels.<br />

qronikebi, II, gv. 527). imave dRes gar<strong>da</strong>icvala dedisimedis vaJi, naaTabagari<br />

yvaryvare IV (iqve; qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 526; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv.<br />

723; qronikebi, II, gv. 419).<br />

1 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 198.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 202.<br />

3 osmaluri wyaroebi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva gvarad gansazRvraven Cildiris safaSos<br />

teritoriebs; erTis mixedviT masSi gaerTianebuli iyo axalcixis, artaanisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Woroxis yelze mdebare miwebi, sxva cnobiTY ki, olTissa <strong>da</strong> artaans. ix.<br />

wifos moxele gax<strong>da</strong>. marTalia, sulTnis brZanebiT misi sagamgeblo<br />

gaizar<strong>da</strong>, man <strong>da</strong>matebiT miiRo osmaleTis mier XVI s. Sua xanebSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobili <strong>da</strong>savleTi samcxe, magram rogorc Semdgom aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, manuCari<br />

ukmayofilo <strong>da</strong>rCa osmaleTis mier misadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebiT.<br />

manuCari osmalebTan urTierTobis <strong>da</strong>wyebisas TviTonve ayeneb<strong>da</strong> maT<strong>da</strong>mi<br />

morCilebis formas, saxeldobr, rom osmaleTis moxarke gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

es ki ewinaaRmdegebo<strong>da</strong> samcxis mimarT osmaleTis saboloo<br />

mizans _ samcxis <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> srul inkorporacias.<br />

manuCaris osmaleTisadmi mimxrobaze saubrisas ar gamovricxav<br />

im moments, rom mas namdvilad hqon<strong>da</strong> ganzraxuli osmalebze<br />

<strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo mTeli samcxe-saaTabagos erTaderTi mbrZanebeli<br />

<strong>da</strong> patroni. arc imis gamoricxva SeiZleba manuCari, mosaCveneblad,<br />

garkveul dromde, uerTguleb<strong>da</strong> osmalebs, miiReb<strong>da</strong> mTel<br />

samcxes erTpirovnul mflobelobaSi <strong>da</strong> ufro moxerxebulad izruneb<strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisi samTavros ga<strong>da</strong>rCenisaTvis.<br />

manuCars osmalebisadmi ukmayofilebis safuZveli hqon<strong>da</strong>: man<br />

faqtobrivad veraferi miiRo. aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom manuCars ZmasTan ur-<br />

TierTobis gafuWebis, gamuslimanebisa <strong>da</strong> moRalatis reputaciis<br />

sanacvlod SerCa mxolod sulTnis moxelis Tanamdeboba, romlis<br />

<strong>da</strong>kargva SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> sulTnis yoveli kaprizis Sedegad.<br />

manuCarma <strong>da</strong>inaxa, rogor iolad gamovi<strong>da</strong> rTuli mdgomareobi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

misi Zma yvaryvare. man mxolod TxovniT <strong>da</strong>aRwia Tavi sulTnis<br />

pretenziebs. yvaryvarem qristianobac SeinarCuna <strong>da</strong> Zveli samflobeloebi<br />

aramcTu Seumcires, aramed gaufarToves kidec. `mesxur<br />

matianeSi“ naTqvamia: `patroni yBryBre RTis winac SeurcxuÀneli<br />

<strong>da</strong> kacTanac falavani <strong>da</strong>eca xuanTqarTana _ <strong>da</strong> qarTvelobiT gamoeSua,<br />

misis sabaÁtonos wyalobaÁ eqna [xonTqars] <strong>da</strong> martSi<br />

mobrZan<strong>da</strong>“ 1 . vaxuSti batoniSvili `mesxuri matianis“ zemomoyvanil<br />

cnobas gadmogvcems Semdegnairad: `yuaryuaresaTÂs xonTqars falavani<br />

erkina, yuaryuares <strong>da</strong>eca. amisTÂs qristeanobiT gamoeSva <strong>da</strong><br />

svaniZe m., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSr., gv. 131-132.<br />

1 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 53.<br />

420 421

Tvisi sabatono moeca“ 1 qarTul istoriografiaSi qronikis es cnoba<br />

gagebulia ise, rogorc vaxuStim SemogvTavaza: yvaryvarem Wi<strong>da</strong>obisas<br />

<strong>da</strong>sca sulTnis falavani <strong>da</strong> amis gamo Seiwyales igi 2 .<br />

vfiqrob qronikis teqsti un<strong>da</strong> gavigoT ase: yvaryvare aTabagi<br />

RmerTTan ucodveli <strong>da</strong> kacTan falavani <strong>da</strong>eca sulTnis winaSe,<br />

raTa misTvis qarTveloba (qristianoba) SeenarCunebina. rodesac<br />

murad III yvaryvares udrek xasiaTs waawy<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>yola amjobina, yvaryvares<br />

<strong>da</strong>sjis SemTxvevaSi misi samflobeloebi manuCars un<strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>scemo<strong>da</strong>, rasac sulTnis gegma ar iTvaliswineb<strong>da</strong>. qristianad<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCenili yvaryvare IV-is mSvidobianad samSobloSi gamoSvebiT<br />

Zmebs Soris garkveul ZalTa wonasworobas Seiqmnebo<strong>da</strong> osmaleTisaTvis<br />

am mniSvnelovan regionSi.<br />

manuCaris ukmayofileba osmalTa mimarT gansakuTrebiT gaizrdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rodesac mas samflobeloebi kidev ufro Seumcires <strong>da</strong><br />

saaTabagoSi Tavisufali moqmedebis uflebac Seukveces, rac aisaxa<br />

sulTan murad III-is zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebul huqmSi. sulTani swers:<br />

`keTilSobilma desTurma, Cemma vezirma mustafa faSam... werili<br />

gamogzavna. manamde zemoxsenebuli Cemi veziri roca Tqvens mxareSi<br />

movi<strong>da</strong>, Sen <strong>da</strong> Seni Zma masTan mixvediT <strong>da</strong> radgan sruli morCileba<br />

gamoucxadeT, Tqveni mdgomareoba gamoasworeT. rodesac xelT<br />

mogces uavgustoesi firmani, Cemi bednierebis karze gamocxaddiT,<br />

vinai<strong>da</strong>n wmin<strong>da</strong> islamiT gapatiosndi, Cildiris saxeliT cnobili<br />

olqis beglarbegoba geboZa <strong>da</strong> Tqvenive karnaxiT zogierTi adgili<br />

Tqvens beraTSi CaawerineT. Cemi RvTiv<strong>da</strong>culi qveynis mier gmirulad<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobil adgilTagan zogierTSi SeWra, radgan ar gagvagebine,<br />

saWiro gax<strong>da</strong> Seni beraTis Secvla... erTi sityviT, zemoxsenebuli<br />

Cemi veziris mier gamogzavnil <strong>da</strong>vTarSi [Cawerili] adre<br />

<strong>da</strong>pyrobil xuT cixe-simagreSi _ Cildiris, Tmogvis, xerTvisis,<br />

aspinZisa <strong>da</strong> awyuris saxeliT cnobil livebsa <strong>da</strong> maTze <strong>da</strong>qvemdebarebul<br />

adgilebSi nu SeiWrebi <strong>da</strong> nu iomeb, roca <strong>da</strong>pyrobisa <strong>da</strong><br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 722-723.<br />

2 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 168; svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis<br />

urTierTo bis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 130.<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebis dro <strong>da</strong>gidgeba, Tqvens xelSi myofi 17 cixisa <strong>da</strong> 141<br />

soflis gar<strong>da</strong>, sxva cixeebsa <strong>da</strong> soflebSi nu Sexval <strong>da</strong> Tavs nu<br />

<strong>da</strong>esxmi“ 1 .<br />

amgvarad, kidev erTxel Tavi iCina osmaleTis saxelmwifos<br />

mier ganxorcielebulma `gaTiSe <strong>da</strong> ibatones“ <strong>politika</strong>m. is mamulebi,<br />

romelTa sazRvrebSi manuCars SeiaraRebuli ZaliT Sesvla<br />

ekrZalebo<strong>da</strong>, javaxeTSi mdebareob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> im ajanyebul feo<strong>da</strong>lebs<br />

ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>T, romelTa vinaobas, mTlad gasagebad ara, magram mainc,<br />

`samcxis matiane“ <strong>da</strong> vaxuSti batoniSvili gvamcnoben. eseni iyvnen<br />

SalikaSvilebi: varazas (dedisimedis mier moklulis) Svilebi _<br />

kokola <strong>da</strong> laSqara, maTi biZa gugaqi. SalikaSvilebs mxars uWerdnen:<br />

diasamiZe elia <strong>da</strong> misi Svilebi _ avTandili <strong>da</strong> Sermazani,<br />

amatakisSvilebi _ amatak, abulyafar, rostomi <strong>da</strong> amatakis Ze sexnia<br />

2 . isini orientirebulebi iyvnen yvela im Zalze, romelc maT<br />

interesebs <strong>da</strong>icav<strong>da</strong> aTabagis wnaaRmdeg brZolis dros. mniSvneloba<br />

ar qon<strong>da</strong> es Zala sparseTi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> Tu osmaleTi.<br />

Sah Tamazma Tavisi colis Zmis varaza SalikaSvilis mokvlisaTvis<br />

Suris saZieblad roca saaTabago aiklo, dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> misi<br />

Svilebi aWaraSi ga<strong>da</strong>ixvewnen, xolo Sahma samcxe sulTans <strong>da</strong>uTmo,<br />

vfiqrob, vaxuSti batoniSvils sworad aqvs SeniSnuli zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

samcxeli Tavadebis osmaleTis sulTanTan urTierTobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebis mcdeloba. maTi amgvari nabiji, ga<strong>da</strong>gmuli iyo jayelebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. maT aTabagis ojaxis srulad amowyveta sur<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

rogorc TviT SeTqmulni ikvexidnen 3 . magram SeTqmulTa gegmis Sesaxeb<br />

manuCarma Seityo <strong>da</strong> Tavis Zmas, aTabag yvaryvare IV-s gaagebina.<br />

jayelebma gaqceviT uSveles Tavs.<br />

ajanyebulebma marcxi ganicades, magram isini sabolood ar<br />

Seurigdnen aTabags. rogorc iTqva osmalebis saaTabagoSi SeWramde<br />

yvelam Tu ara, zogierTma maTganma mainc, lala faSasTan kavSiri<br />

1 abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 202-203.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 155; qarTlis cxovreba,<br />

IV, gv 719.<br />

3 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 44.<br />

422 423

<strong>da</strong>amyara <strong>da</strong> TavianTi cixeebis misTvis ubrZolvelad ga<strong>da</strong>cemiT,<br />

rogorc sulTnis oqmi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, sicocxle <strong>da</strong> mamulebic jayelebis<br />

xelyofisagan <strong>da</strong>icves 1 . huqmSi CamoTvlili adgilebi jayelebis<br />

mowinaaRmdegeTa cixe-simagreebia: Cildiri <strong>da</strong> Tmogvi _ SalikaSvilebis,<br />

xerTvisi _ amastakiSvilebisa, awyuri <strong>da</strong> aspinZa _ diasamiZeebis.<br />

sulTanma es feo<strong>da</strong>luri gvarebi Tavis xeldebulad<br />

gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>, rac erTis mxriv <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli Tavadebis mier sulTnis<br />

karisaken mimavali gzis moZiebaze migviTiTebs <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv,<br />

sulTnis karis mier energiuli beglarbegis _ manuCarisadmi<br />

undoblobaze, rac am ukanasknelis `ukmayofilebis fialas“ bolomde<br />

Seavseb<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sainteresoa, rodis gaigo manuCarma huqmSi Camoyalibebuli<br />

sulTnis ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba, romelic <strong>da</strong>TariRebulia 1579 wlis 9<br />

dekembriT. amgvarad, weli TiTqmis <strong>da</strong>srulebulia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />

samcxisa <strong>da</strong> misi samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleTis mimdebare teritoriebis<br />

reliefsa <strong>da</strong> klimatur pirobebs, savaraudoa saqmis msvleloba<br />

1580 wlis adreul gazafxulamde ver <strong>da</strong>iwyebo<strong>da</strong>. mxedvelobaSi<br />

miRebuli un<strong>da</strong> iqnes is procedurac, romelic huqmiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli:<br />

brZaneba gaegzavna lala mustafa faSasTan karahisar-<br />

Si, arzrumis muharrirs (mwerals, mdivans) _ omers <strong>da</strong> arzrumis<br />

devTer<strong>da</strong>rs. roca igi manuCaramde miaRwev<strong>da</strong>, mas sulTnis mier<br />

adre boZebuli `beraTi“ un<strong>da</strong> gaegzavna lala faSasaTvis, `raTa<br />

winaT SenTvis mizanSewonilad miCneuli uavgustoesi huqmis safuZvelze<br />

gacemuli Seni beraTi Seswordes <strong>da</strong> isev <strong>da</strong>ubrundes Cemi<br />

bednierebis karibWes, raTa imis mixedviT xelaxla gamovce wmin<strong>da</strong><br />

beraTi“ _ brZaneb<strong>da</strong> sulTani. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, savaraudoa,<br />

axali `beraTi“ manuCarmde sakmao drois Semdeg miaRwev<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amaze imitom vamaxvileb yuradRebas, rom gairkves, rodi<strong>da</strong>n iwyebs<br />

manuCari osmalebisagan gandgomas.<br />

manuCaris mier osmalebisagan gandgomis pirveli <strong>da</strong>ufaravi nabiji<br />

iyo qorwineba svimon I-is asul eleneze. manuCaris qorwineba<br />

1 ganxiluli masalebis sxvagvari Sefaseba ix. samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis<br />

masalebi, gv. 202<br />

orjer aris aRniSnuli `mesxur matianeSi“ _ erTxel 1581, meorejer<br />

ki _ 1583 wels.<br />

1581 wlis TebervalSi manuCaris qorwinebaze mematiane uaRresad<br />

mSralad gvamcnobs: `qBknsa sÁT patronman manuCar guirguini<br />

ikurTxa febervals“. isic ki ar aris miTiTebuli visze iqorwina<br />

manuCarma. qr. SaraSiZis varaudiT, matianeSi manuCarisa <strong>da</strong> svimon<br />

I-is asulis elenes im qorwinebaze un<strong>da</strong> iyos aRniSnuli 1 , romelzec<br />

naTqvamia `qBknsa s (200 _ e.m.) samoc<strong>da</strong>TerTmetsa (1583 w. _<br />

e.m.), marts kd (24 _ e.m.), kuiras dRes, bzobaÁsa patronma manuCar<br />

mefeT-mefis patronis sÂmeonis qali, patroni elene, moiyvana“ 2 .<br />

albaT marTalia qr. SaraSiZe, rom matianeSi aRniSnuli qorwineba<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> 1581 wels, magram patarZali, raRac mizezebis gamo samcxeSi<br />

moiyvanes 1583 wlis 24 marts. isic SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom manu-<br />

Caris ori sxav<strong>da</strong>sxva qorwineba iyos aRniSnuli.<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvili manuCaris <strong>da</strong> elenes qorwinebas aTari-<br />

Rebs 1582 wliT 3 . simarTle un<strong>da</strong> iyos 1581 w. radgan sxva cnobiT,<br />

imave 1581 welSi aRniSnulia manuCaris gandgoma osmalebisagan. ai<br />

ras vkiTxulobT frangi J. buasardos 1581 wels parizSi gamoqveynebul<br />

wignSi: `Turqebs Camoscil<strong>da</strong> moxuci qarTveli dedoflis<br />

vaJiSvili, romelmac arc ise didi xnis win mahmadianoba miiRo. man<br />

Tavis qarTvelebTan <strong>da</strong> sparselebTan erTad didi <strong>da</strong>rtyma miayena<br />

Turqebs“ 4 .<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong> sainteresoa, `mesxur matianeSi“ ratom aris gadmocemuli<br />

aTabagis ojaxisaTvis iseTi mniSvnelovani ambavi, rogoric<br />

iyo manuCaris qorwineba 1581 wels, ase mSralad gadmocemuli?<br />

isic ki ar aRniSnes visze iqorwina manuCarma, maSin, rodesac rogor<br />

garkveviT <strong>da</strong> sazeimod aris naTqvami dedisimedis sxva Svilis,<br />

manuCaris dis gaTxovebis Sesaxeb 5 . arc jayelebisTvis, <strong>da</strong> miTume-<br />

1 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 53.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 54.<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 413.<br />

4 tabaRua i., saqarTvelo evropis arqivebsa <strong>da</strong> wignsacavebSi, gv. 114.<br />

5 saerTod, `mesxur matianeSi~ qorwilebis Sesaxeb informaciebi Setanilia<br />

mok led magram gasagebad (samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi,<br />

424 425

tes osmalebisaTvis sasimovno ar iqnebo<strong>da</strong> osmalebis <strong>da</strong> renegatebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>uZinebeli mtris qarTlis mefe svimonisadmi manuCaris <strong>da</strong>siZeveba.<br />

es qorwineba maSin aRiqmebo<strong>da</strong> rogorc manuCaris<br />

politikuri orientaciis Secvla.<br />

J. buasardos TqmiT, manuCaris saqcieliT aRSfoTebul sul-<br />

Tans lala faSa Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>uyenebia <strong>da</strong> mis adgilas ferhad<br />

faSa <strong>da</strong>uniSnavs. murad III-m ferhad faSas ubrZana `nebismieri sa-<br />

SualebebiT, ZaliTa Tu eSmakobiT xelisuflebisagan Camoecilebina<br />

qarTveli dedofali (dedisimedi _ e.m.), xolo svimoni, revanis<br />

sulTani tokmaki, qarTveli mmarTvelebi, romlebic sparselebTan<br />

kavSirSi iyvnen, <strong>da</strong>exoca“ 1 .<br />

SeiZleba sulTnis brZanebis erTi nawilis ganxorcieleba iyo<br />

aRmosavleTis jaris sardlis mehmed faSas mier mowyobili SeTqmuleba,<br />

moekla mustafa (manuCari) moRalateobis braldebiT. mustafa<br />

(manuCaris) winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaze gvamcnoben `mesxuri<br />

matiane“, Saraf-xan bidlisi <strong>da</strong> minadoi.<br />

imis gamo, rom mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li sinan faSa stamboli<strong>da</strong>n wamosvlas<br />

aRar fiqrob<strong>da</strong>, mTavarsardlis uflebamosileba mas nominalurad<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>. amitom aRmosavleTis jaris mTavarsardlad <strong>da</strong>iniSna<br />

mehmed faSa, romelsac sulTanma arzrumis faSis tituli mianiWa<br />

<strong>da</strong> masve <strong>da</strong>uqvemdebara yaramaniis faSa, mustafa (manuCar) faSa,<br />

arzrumis mTeli laSqari <strong>da</strong> yvela sanjaxi. sul Seikriba 25 aTasi<br />

meomari.<br />

svimon mefis mier warmoebuli samxedro operaciebis gamo, Tbilisis<br />

osmalTa garnizoni uaRresad gaWirvebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

osmalo sardlis mTavari amocana Tbilisis garnizonisaTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmareba iyo.<br />

rogor ganviTar<strong>da</strong> movlenebi, yvelaze vrclad <strong>da</strong> sinamdvile-<br />

gv. 37, mx. 5; gv. 39, mx. 17); `oravJan<strong>da</strong>s Suili qaixosro aqaT ga moegzavna.<br />

qkBns sÁv, enkenisTuÀs oTxs, xuTSabaTs qorwili uyaviT, masTan patroniS vils<br />

Tamars. samebaman <strong>da</strong> saSinelma awyurisa RBismSobelman wBn qorwili bednierad<br />

mouÃdinos. Wama agurianSi iyo, TaTarTa SiSiTa. dia CBni ugunebo qorwili<br />

iyo~. samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 60.<br />

1 iqve.<br />

sTan axlos aRwera t. minadoim. amitom mis Txrobas mivyveT: 1581<br />

wlis agvistos bolos mehmed faSa arzrumi<strong>da</strong>n gavi<strong>da</strong>, gaiara yarsi<br />

<strong>da</strong> axalqalaqs mivi<strong>da</strong>, sa<strong>da</strong>c mustafa (manuCari) eaxla mTeli Tavisi<br />

jariT <strong>da</strong> bodiSi moixa<strong>da</strong>, rom arzrumSive ver SeuerT<strong>da</strong> osmalTa<br />

laSqars. mehmed faSam manuCari sixaruliT miiRo, xalaTi,<br />

fari <strong>da</strong> xmali uboZa. mehmed faSam manuCars sTxova, rom laSqari<br />

Tbilisisaken uxifaTo <strong>da</strong> mokle gziT waeyvana. manuCarma mas Tavis<br />

samflobeloze gavla urCia. mehmed faSam miiRo es rCeva. laSqarma<br />

yovelgvari Seviwroebisa <strong>da</strong> sursaTis naklebobis gareSe gaiara<br />

alTunyala <strong>da</strong> yarayala <strong>da</strong> gorisken aiRes gezi.<br />

svimon mefe qarTvelTa <strong>da</strong> qarTulad Cacmuli yizilbaSTa<br />

razmebiT gorTan elodebo<strong>da</strong> osmalTa jars. yizilbaSebi qarTul<br />

tansacmelSi imitom gamoawyes, rom am dros mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> sazavo<br />

molaparakeba sparseTsa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebi Si-<br />

Sobdnen maTi monawileoba svimonis jaris rigebSi, osmalebs molaparakebis<br />

CaSlis mizezad ar gamoeyenebinaT. rogorc Cans, yizilbaSebi<br />

sulTanTan molaparakebiT drois mogebas cdilobdnen <strong>da</strong><br />

undo<strong>da</strong>T, SeZlebis<strong>da</strong>gvarad, ufro myarad moekidebinaT fexi aRmosavleT<br />

saqarTveloSi.<br />

mehmed faSa qarTvelebTan omSi Cabmas eridebo<strong>da</strong>. man mosaTaTbireblad<br />

TavisTan miiwvia manuCari. sar<strong>da</strong>ls aintereseb<strong>da</strong> manuCaris<br />

azri, ga<strong>da</strong>suliyo mdinareze Tu dilamde <strong>da</strong>eca<strong>da</strong>. manuCarma<br />

urCia, umjobesi iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gaTenebamde <strong>da</strong>eca<strong>da</strong>, radgan mdinaris meore<br />

napirze mTeli jaris ucbad ga<strong>da</strong>yvana ver moxerxdebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> or<br />

nawilad gayofil jars mteri iolad <strong>da</strong>Zlev<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

minadois TqmiT, mehmed faSas manuCarTan TaTbiri imisTvis<br />

undo<strong>da</strong>, rom misi azri gaego <strong>da</strong> sruliad sawinaaRmdegod moqceuliyo.<br />

mehmed faSam `mtris <strong>da</strong>naxvis momenti<strong>da</strong>n mtkiced SeimuSava<br />

azri, rom mustafa (manuCarsa) <strong>da</strong> sparselebs Soris SeTanxmeba<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> rom mustafam mzakvruli ganzraxviT <strong>da</strong>ayena jari am<br />

gzaze. mehmed faSam brZana saswrafod <strong>da</strong>ewyoT ga<strong>da</strong>svla mdinareze.<br />

jaris erTi nawili ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> Tu ara, maSinve qarTvelebma Seuties<br />

1 Minadoi, p. 186-187<br />

426 427

<strong>da</strong> osmalebma didi marcxi ganicades. maT <strong>da</strong>hkarges jaris didi<br />

nawili, mTeli aRali <strong>da</strong> xazina. ga<strong>da</strong>rCenili jaris mcire nawilma<br />

Tbilisamde miaRwia 1 .<br />

mehmed faSam ganizraxa qarTvelebTan gancdili marcxi manuCaris<br />

RalatiT aexsna <strong>da</strong> am gziT emarTlebina Tavi sulTnis winaSe.<br />

mehmed faSam manuCaris mokvla Caifiqra 2 , magram kinaRam TviTon<br />

Seiqmna manuCaris msxverpli 3 .<br />

Tbilisi<strong>da</strong>n alTunyalaSi <strong>da</strong>brunebulma mehmed faSam `nawilobriv<br />

Tavisi, nawilobriv ki sxvisi CagonebiT ganizraxa mustafas<br />

(manuCari _ e.m.) mokvla, romelze<strong>da</strong>c eWvi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rogorc Tavis<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxebaSi <strong>da</strong>mnaSaveze. mas zogierT sxvasTan erTad miaCn<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

is iyo saidumlo kavSirSi mterTaNan ukidures SemTxvevaSi (rac<br />

SeiZleba Zalian sworec iyos, rogorc sxvebi fiqroben) sur<strong>da</strong><br />

(sulTani –e.m.) muradi miexvedrebina, rom yvela ubedureba gamomdinareob<strong>da</strong><br />

ara misi uvargisobiT, aramed am qarTvelis mzakvruli SegonebiT,<br />

<strong>da</strong> amiT bodiSi moexa<strong>da</strong> sulTnis winaSe Tavis marcxze. man<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo saSualebebis gamonaxva Canafiqris gansaxorcieleblad <strong>da</strong><br />

moigona aseTi ram: moewvia sabWo TiTqos miRebuli gankargulebis<br />

wasakiTxad. TaTbirze mis TanaSemwes, ramdenime TanaSemwiT, Tavi un<strong>da</strong><br />

moekveTa mowveuli mustafasaTvis. amgvarad, gaixsna TaTbiri saWurisi<br />

karaemiTis faSis, ramdenime arzrumis sanjaxis, kapijibaSis <strong>da</strong><br />

mehmedis TanaSemwis monawileobiT. maT saidumlo fici <strong>da</strong>des, mustafas<br />

Ralatis sakiTxi ganixiles <strong>da</strong> kaci gagzavnes mis mosayvanad.<br />

1 Minadoi T., p. 184-189. Saraf-xan bidlisi igive ambavs gadmogvcems Semdegnairad:<br />

`svimon gurjma yizilbaS amirebTan erTad... maT ga<strong>da</strong>uketa gza <strong>da</strong><br />

waarTva [Tbilisis] cixisaTvis aucilebeli ormoci xarvari oqro <strong>da</strong> sxva<br />

maragi, ramac Seadgina, <strong>da</strong>ax loebiT, 2 aTasi xarvari. brZolebisas <strong>da</strong>iRupa<br />

bevri xalxi~. Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 241.<br />

2 sainteresoa Saraf-xan bidlisis cnoba, rom manuCari meTaurob<strong>da</strong> ariergards<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi gaufrTxileblobiTa <strong>da</strong> waqezebiT gabedes osmalTa jarze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma.<br />

amitom sar<strong>da</strong>lma ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita manuCaris <strong>da</strong>patimreba <strong>da</strong> sulTnis karze<br />

gagzavna, sa<strong>da</strong>c mas <strong>da</strong>na SaulisaTvis <strong>da</strong>sjidnen.<br />

3 Minadoi, p. 194-197. manuCaris sawinaaRmdego SeTqmulebis arsebobas,<br />

rogorc iTqva, a<strong>da</strong>sturebs Saraf-xan bidlisi (с. 241-242). manuCaris sawinaaRmdego<br />

SeTqmulebaze gadmogvcems `mesxuri matiane~ (gv. 54)<br />

manuCari sargeblob<strong>da</strong> ra mraval [TurqTan] kargi urTierTobiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> imave dros frTxilic iyo, im droi<strong>da</strong>n rac miTqma-moTqma <strong>da</strong>iwyo<br />

jarSi misi misamarTiT, igrZno saiTken ixrebo<strong>da</strong> saqme <strong>da</strong> saidumlod<br />

imanac miiRo Tavisi zomebi.<br />

sabWoSi gamocxadebaze uaris Tqma ar SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong>, radgan mis<br />

iq ar yofnas SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> xazi gaesva misi <strong>da</strong>naSaulisaTvis <strong>da</strong> saqme<br />

iqamde misuliyo, rom misTvis <strong>da</strong>uswreblad miesajaT sasjeli,<br />

ris Semdeg mTeli misi samflobelo [Turqebis] <strong>da</strong>vla gaxdebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sabWoze wasvlis win [manuCarma] gamonaxa saSualeba Tavi <strong>da</strong>eRwia<br />

Turqebis xelyofisagan, SeiZleba ufro saSiSi TviT mehmedisaTvis,<br />

raTa yvelas uCvenos Tu visTan aqvT saqme. man gamoarCia 50 yvelaze<br />

erTguli jariskaci <strong>da</strong> uTxra, rom mas gahyolodnen sxdomis adgilas,<br />

romelic ukve mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> mehmedis [karavSi], <strong>da</strong>dgnen iq<br />

momzadebulni <strong>da</strong> yuradRebiT <strong>da</strong> misi pirveli <strong>da</strong>yvirebisTanave yvela<br />

swrafad Secvivdes karavSi. isini <strong>da</strong>icaven ra [manuCars], miscvivdebian<br />

Turqebs <strong>da</strong> aravis <strong>da</strong>indoben. isini sakmaod aRelvebulni Turqebis<br />

winaaRmdeg, <strong>da</strong>valebis Sesasruleblad moemzadnen. maT Tavis<br />

mxriv xalisiT moiwvies kidev ramdenime Tav<strong>da</strong>debuli kaci <strong>da</strong> gahyvnen<br />

mustafas mehmedis karvisaken. mustafa Sevi<strong>da</strong> karavSi <strong>da</strong> mehmeds<br />

hkiTxa, ris saTqmelad <strong>da</strong>ibara igi. mehmedma maSinve brZana waekiTxaT<br />

brZaneba. [manuCarma] yuradRebiT moismina ra is <strong>da</strong> radgan sxvebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>sxdnen (TurqebSi miRebulia zezeurad moisminon sulTnis firmani),<br />

is gamoeTxova <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong>, rom mzad iyo aramc Tu amis, aramed<br />

xelmwifis yvela brZanebis Sesasruleblad, rac un<strong>da</strong> Zneli yofiliyo.<br />

rodesac is gamodio<strong>da</strong>, kapijibaSim is saxeloTi moswia <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sajdomad<br />

miiwvia. maSin mustafam xmamaRla <strong>da</strong>iyvira, xmali gamostaca<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>artya mis win mdgom mehmedis TanaSemwes, romelsac xeliT fesi<br />

moxa<strong>da</strong> Tavi<strong>da</strong>n, marjveniT ki swrafad, saerTo gancvifrebaSi, erTis<br />

<strong>da</strong>rtymiT Sua gaupo Tavi <strong>da</strong> kiseri <strong>da</strong> mkerdi muclamde, ise rom<br />

araCveulebrivi sanaxaoba gamovi<strong>da</strong> kacisa, romelic kvdebo<strong>da</strong> orTave<br />

mxareze ga<strong>da</strong>kidebuli mxrebiT. man meored xmali <strong>da</strong>umizna sazakuris<br />

faSas Tavs, magram mas radgan Calma exura, xmali asxlta yurisaken<br />

<strong>da</strong> moaTala Calmis nawili, mTeli yuri <strong>da</strong> ybis nawili. mTlad ga-<br />

428 429

xurebuli [mustafa/manuCari] mivar<strong>da</strong> ukve fexze amdgar, gaognebul<br />

mehmeds <strong>da</strong> 5 sasikvdilo Wriloba miayena, romelTagan ori gansakuTrebiT<br />

Rrma, mas sikvdilis karamde miiyvan<strong>da</strong>, marjve xeliT rom<br />

ar ganekurnaT. sarwmunoebisagan gandgomili [mustafa/manuCaris] yvirilze<br />

Semocviv<strong>da</strong> misi xalxi. gamZvinvarebuli mustafas [manuCari]<br />

mier atexili saSinelebisa <strong>da</strong> mis mier aCexilTa ayalmayalisagan,<br />

banaki saswrafod aiyara <strong>da</strong> razmi gaemarTa yarsisaken, saiTac waiyvanes<br />

ori <strong>da</strong>Wrili faSa~ 1 .<br />

`mesxuri matianis“ 1582 wliT <strong>da</strong>aTariRebul CanawerSi Zalian<br />

mokled, magram sxva wyaroebTan mimarTebaSi sworad, naTqvamia:<br />

`qBkns sÁo patrons manuCars uRalates urumTa. patroni morCa.<br />

orniv faSa mZimed <strong>da</strong>ikodnes <strong>da</strong> gaiqces <strong>da</strong> Temi CBnve <strong>da</strong>gurCa“ 2 .<br />

samcxeSi manuCaris ajanyeba <strong>da</strong>iwyo. man uaryo mahmadianoba <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis Tavi gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> manuCar II aTabagad. manuCari osmalebis mimarT<br />

pasiuri winaaRmdegobis gzas ki ar <strong>da</strong>adga, aramed iaraRiT<br />

ebrZo<strong>da</strong> maT. manuCars oamalebis mier <strong>da</strong>pyrobili cixeebi gauTavisuflebia,<br />

romlebic SemdegSi isev osamlebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres 3 . iranis Sahma<br />

muhamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendem xelsayrelad CaTvala samcxeSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

ambebi <strong>da</strong> aTabagis ojaxs <strong>da</strong>ukavSir<strong>da</strong>. `<strong>da</strong> yaeni ganjas movi<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong><br />

patrons manuCars CalabuTi mosca <strong>da</strong> dedisimeds xuTi didi<br />

sofeli“ 4 .<br />

1 Minadoi T., p. 194-197. Saraf-xan bidlisi ramdenadme gansxvavebulad<br />

gadmoscems mehmad faSas karavSi <strong>da</strong>trialebul trgedias: beglarbegebma mustafa/manuCari<br />

<strong>da</strong>ibares <strong>da</strong> misi <strong>da</strong>Wera sur<strong>da</strong>T. man ki ico<strong>da</strong> maTi mzakvruli<br />

Canafiqris Sesaxeb, xmlis <strong>da</strong>kvriT <strong>da</strong>Wra sar<strong>da</strong>li mehmed faSa, diarbeqiris<br />

faSa mehmed faSa yadimi, Sem deg Tavisi aznaure bis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT mokla arzrumis<br />

mamasaxlisi mehmed faSa, romelmac manuCari welsaxveviT <strong>da</strong>iWira, TviTon<br />

ki moaxta cxens <strong>da</strong> ramdenime TanamebZoliT wavi<strong>da</strong> (Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с.<br />

242). erT-erTi osmalo istorikosis gadmocemiT, manuCari `990 wels(=1582),<br />

<strong>da</strong>gvifaros allahma, isev qristianobaSi moiqca. sursaT-sanovagis aR alis xelmZRvanelebi<br />

xadim meh medi <strong>da</strong> bosnieli mehmed faSebi karavSi <strong>da</strong>Wra <strong>da</strong> gaiqca.<br />

tyuil-ubralod <strong>da</strong>karga saaqaoca <strong>da</strong> saiqioca <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>iRupa (ibrahim feCevi, gv.<br />

115, Sen. 57).<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 54.<br />

3 Фарзалиев А. М. оглы, Ук. труд.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

gasagebia, rogori iqnebo<strong>da</strong> sulTnis karis reaqcia manuCaris<br />

moqmedebis gamo. igi Cildiris faSis Tanamdebobi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>yenebulad<br />

gamocxad<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mis adgilas <strong>da</strong>iniSna BTbilisis yofili beglarbegi,<br />

iusuf faSa 1 . magram man Tavi ver gaarTva <strong>da</strong>kisrebul movaleobas _<br />

verc manuCaris ajanyeba Caaqro <strong>da</strong> verc Tbilisis momarageba uzrunvelyo.<br />

iusuf faSa 1583 wels yarsis beglarbegad ga<strong>da</strong>iyvanes 2 .<br />

manuCaris ajanyeba imdenad seriozul safrTxes uqmni<strong>da</strong> osmal-<br />

Ta yofnas samcxeSi, rom sulTanma <strong>da</strong>Tmoba arCia. safiqrebelia,<br />

osmalebma urCies manuCars, sulTnis winaSe bodiSi moexa<strong>da</strong>, raTa<br />

sulTani <strong>da</strong>mcirebul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCeniliyo. mas Sewyalebas<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tavis rangSi aRdgenas hpirdebodnen.<br />

manuCars, jerjerobiT naadrevad miaCn<strong>da</strong> osmalebisagan sruli<br />

gandgoma. man `sulTans gaugzavna pataki yvela mis Tavze momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

ambis Sesaxeb, Cio<strong>da</strong> misTvis Seuracxmyofel, usafuZvlo eWvebze.<br />

man imdeni wera <strong>da</strong> ise [moxerxebulad] farav<strong>da</strong> Tavis grZnobebs<br />

monagoniT <strong>da</strong> monaWoriT, rom kmayofilma sulTanma saCuqrad fari<br />

<strong>da</strong> tanisamosic ki gamougzavna“ 3 .<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, sulTani manuCars ar endobo<strong>da</strong>. is axal mTavarsare<strong>da</strong>ls<br />

ferhad faSas (is osmaleTis aRmosavleTis jarebis mTavarsardlad<br />

<strong>da</strong>iniSna 1582 wlis 29 dekembers) urCev<strong>da</strong>, garkveul<br />

dromde Tavi Seekavebina manuCarisadmi mtrobaze, radgan igi miaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

erTaderT pirovnebad, romelsac SeeZlo <strong>da</strong>ubrkoleblad mietana<br />

garnizonisaTvis saWiro Tanxa TbilisSi. manuCaris SemorigebiT<br />

Tbilisisaken mimavali gza uxifaTo iqnebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> mTeli saqarTveloc<br />

morCilebaSi eyolebo<strong>da</strong>T“ 4 .<br />

osmalebTan `Serigebuli“ manuCari Semdgomi brZolisaTvis emzadebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

manuCarma ico<strong>da</strong>, rom mxolod Tavisi ZalebiT warmatebas<br />

ver miaRwev<strong>da</strong>. amitom iyo, rom rogorc iTqva, man colad SeirTo<br />

I-is asuli elene <strong>da</strong> amiT Seikra kavSiri qarTlis mefesa <strong>da</strong> sam-<br />

1 m. svaniZis varaudiT, iusuf faSa imereTis mefe giorgis Svili iyo.<br />

svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 141-142.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 153-154.<br />

3 Minadoi T., p. 197.<br />

4 Ibidem. p. 218.<br />

430 431

cxis aTabags Soris. osmalTa jaris sar<strong>da</strong>li SeaSfoTa am ambavma.<br />

mas Semdegi moaxsenes: mustafa (manuCari) <strong>da</strong> svimoni Tbilisis<br />

maxloblad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs. manuCars 30 aTasi dukati mihqon<strong>da</strong><br />

Tbilisis garnizonisaTvis ga<strong>da</strong>sacemad. svimoni didxans elaparakebo<strong>da</strong><br />

manuCars <strong>da</strong> sayvedurob<strong>da</strong>, rom man uRalata qristianobas,<br />

Tavs esxmo<strong>da</strong> qristianebs, magram mas sabolood osmalebi mainc<br />

<strong>da</strong>Rupavdnen. mefis mWermetyvelurma Segonebam gasWra, man Tavi<br />

mohkveTa Tavis mxleblebs, svimons erTguleba Sehfica <strong>da</strong> garnizonis<br />

xazinac gauyo. amis Semdeg manuCarma Tavi Seafara miuval adgilebs<br />

<strong>da</strong> iqi<strong>da</strong>n fiqrob<strong>da</strong> xeli SeeSala TbilisisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

yovelgvari mcdelobisaTvis. aRSfoTebulma ferhad faSam<br />

eqvsaTasiani razmi gaagzavna manuCaris mamulebis asaklebad vinme<br />

rezvanis meTaurobiT. man `gaiara mTeli es mxare, cecxls aZlev<strong>da</strong><br />

sacxovreblebsa <strong>da</strong> pureulobas <strong>da</strong> yvelaferze javrs iyri<strong>da</strong> TviT<br />

nargavebzec ki. mravali tyve <strong>da</strong> saqoneli waiyvana, waiRo bevri<br />

pureuli <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c ki gaivli<strong>da</strong> yvelafers spob<strong>da</strong>“ 1 .<br />

svimon mefem <strong>da</strong> manuCarma partizanuli brZola gaaCaRes osmalTa<br />

winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong> sa<strong>da</strong>c moixelTebdnen musrs avlebdnen. arc<br />

osmalebi aklebdnen <strong>da</strong> samcxe ganadgurebis piras mivi<strong>da</strong>. xelT<br />

gvaqvs ramdenime werilobiTi cnoba, romlebic naTels xdis ra<br />

saSineleba trialeb<strong>da</strong> manuCaris samflobeloSi.<br />

zamTris moaxloebis gamo ferhad faSa iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> yars-<br />

Si an arzrumSi <strong>da</strong>brunebuliyo. manamde ki man ganizraxa aeklo<br />

manuCaris samflobeloebi <strong>da</strong> javaxeTisaken gaeSura. magram axalqalaqisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> alTunyalas sanaxebi<strong>da</strong>n mTeli mosaxleoba gaxiznuli<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> sursaTi ver iSova. amis gamo jari did gasaWirSi aRmoC<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

don xuani <strong>da</strong> t. minadoi erTnairad amboben, rom <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

adgilebi<strong>da</strong>n osmalebi axalcixisaken wavidnen, magram isic <strong>da</strong>carielebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>T. minadois TqmiT, osmalebma axalcixeSi a<strong>da</strong>mianebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> pirutyvis sakvebi blomad iSoves 3 , don xuani ki sruliad<br />

1 Ibidem. p. 225-226.<br />

2 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v.<br />

3 Minadoi T., p. 236.<br />

sawinaaRmdegos ambobs. axalcixeSi osmalebs igive mdgomareoba <strong>da</strong>xv<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

rac axalqalaqsa <strong>da</strong> alTunyalaSio 1 .<br />

ferhad faSas axalcixeSi cixis ageba ganuzraxavs, magram ganawamebma<br />

jarma amis gagonebac ki ar isurva <strong>da</strong> saqme amboxebamde mivi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>ls mokvliT <strong>da</strong>emuqrnen, amitom igi iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong>,<br />

axalcixe <strong>da</strong>etovebina <strong>da</strong> artaans wasuliyo. osmalTa jarSi Seqmnil<br />

sagangaSo mdgomareobaze erTnairad gadmogvcems ramdenime wyaro 2 .<br />

gzad mimaval osmalebs didi zarali miayenes manuCar aTabagis<br />

razmebma. isic ki mox<strong>da</strong>, rom artaanSi `qarTvelebi Tavs <strong>da</strong>esxnen<br />

saWurisebs, etlebsa <strong>da</strong> qalebs <strong>da</strong> yvelaferi <strong>da</strong>itaces“. don xuani<br />

eWvs gamosTqvams, rom aseTi moqmedeba SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> ferhad faSaze<br />

ganawyenebul ianiCrebsac CaedinaT, raTa sardlisaTvis saxeli<br />

gaetexaT 3 . T. minadois TqmiT, zemoT aRniSnuli incindenti jariskacebis<br />

mowyobili iyo, magram ar gamoricxavs, rom igive qmedeba<br />

mezobel tyeebSi <strong>da</strong>malul qarTvelebsac CaedinaT 4 .<br />

manuCaris razmebi partizanuli brZoliT musrs avlebdnen osmalebs.<br />

isini yvelas xocavdnen, vinc ki jars mcire manZiliT CamorCebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

jovani miqelis gadmocemiT, ase mouvi<strong>da</strong> sami aTas Turqs,<br />

romlebic didi Tovlis gamo ZiriTad jars CamorCnen <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTvelebma amowyvites 5 . amgvarad, don xuan de persias <strong>da</strong> Sarafxan<br />

bidlisis cnobebs Tu <strong>da</strong>vumatebT jovani miqelis naTqvamsac,<br />

marTebuli iqneba, ferhad faSasTvis miyenebul zarals manuCars Tu<br />

mivawerT. sainteresoa, rom evropuli wyaroebi mraval cnobas Seicaven<br />

1584-1586 wlebSi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> mis mosazRvre raionebSi<br />

osmalebis mir gancdili mravali marcxis Sesaxeb, magram gamarjvebulebad<br />

zoga<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli arian qarTvelebi 6 . ueWvelia, rom<br />

am gamarjvebebis gmirebi qarTlis mefe I <strong>da</strong> samcxis aTabagi manuCar<br />

1 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v.<br />

2 Minadoi T., p. 240; Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v; Шараф-хан Бидлиси, с. 246.<br />

3 Don Juan de Persia, p. 86 v.<br />

4 Minadoi T., p. 243.<br />

5 Alberi E., Relacioni… serie III, v. II, p. 286<br />

6 <strong>da</strong>wvr. ix. mamisTvaliSvili e., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> politikuri<br />

urTierTo bani, gv. 225-231.<br />

432 433

II iyvnen. ueWvelia, mefes <strong>da</strong> aTabags osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi<br />

mxars uWer<strong>da</strong> adgilobrivi mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong> es iyo maTi warmatebis<br />

umTavresi piroba.<br />

1586 wlis Semodgomaze gaCenilma Savma Wirma arzrumTan <strong>da</strong>banakebuli<br />

osmalTa jari gaanaxevra 1 . qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> yizilbaSebs<br />

ferhad faSis banakze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxmis mSvenieri SesaZlebloba miecaT.<br />

osmalebi sruli ganadgurebisagan ixsna mokavSireebs Soris Camovardnilma<br />

uTanxmoebam. qarTvelebma yizilbaSebi miatoves <strong>da</strong> sam-<br />

SobloSi <strong>da</strong>brundnen 2 .<br />

ar vici riT iyo gamowveuli qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> sparselebs Soris<br />

uTanxmoeba, magram savaraudoa, rom amis mizezi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo<br />

manuCaris mier sulTanTan mosalaparakeblad mociqulis gagzavna,<br />

rogorc Tavisi korespondenti fugeris gazeTs 1586 wlis 31<br />

oqtombers, xolo venecii<strong>da</strong>n safrangeTis mefis agenti imave wlis<br />

4 noembers anri III-s acnobeb<strong>da</strong>, osmaleTis sataxto qalaqSi `mivi<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> patriarqi sulTanTan mosalaparakeblad. es amtkicebs<br />

seriozul winaaRmdegobis arsebobas qarTvelebsa <strong>da</strong> iranis<br />

Sahis vaJiSvils Soris“ 3 .<br />

stambolSi mociqulad gagzavnili `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> patriarqi“<br />

`mesxur matianeSi“ moxseniebuli mawyvereli episkoposi un<strong>da</strong> iyos.<br />

manuCarma episkoposs Tan gaayola mZevlebic. `aqa mawyuEreli gagzavnes<br />

kostantinopoles <strong>da</strong> sapatoni mZevlad: SalikaSvili ediSer,<br />

SalikaSvili elia <strong>da</strong> amilaxoriSvili qoiar“ 4 . matianis am cnobas<br />

qr. SaraSiZe 1587 wliT aTariRebs, rac saeWvo Cans. vfiqrob, manu-<br />

Caris mier elCisa <strong>da</strong> mZevlebis gagzavna un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo 1586<br />

wlis seqtember-oqtomberSi, mis mier sulTnis karze mociqulis<br />

gagzavnis Sesaxeb cnobebs evropul wyaroebSi, rogorc zemoT iT-<br />

1 tardi l., ungreT – <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba, gv. 150.<br />

2 Tardy L., Le Roi Svimon I er á la lumére des sources d’ Europe Centrale contemporaines<br />

de son époque, I partie. `Bedi Kartlisa. Revue de Kartvélolodie~, vol.<br />

XXXI, Paris, 1973, p. 192.<br />

3 Charriére E., Negociations de la France <strong>da</strong>ns le Levant et correspodences,<br />

memoires et actes diplomatiques, IV, Paris, 1860.<br />

4 samxr. saq. ist. masalebi, gv. 55.<br />

qva, pirvelad vxvdebiT 31 oqtombers, meored ki, imave wlis 4<br />

noembers.<br />

sainteresoa, manuCarma ratom gaugzavna sulTans mZevlebad<br />

aTabagis ojaxis <strong>da</strong>uZinebeli mtrebi _ SalikaSvilebi <strong>da</strong> amilaxoriSvili?<br />

maTi gagzavna sulTnis kars xom ise un<strong>da</strong> gaego, rogorc<br />

manuCaris mier maTi motyuebis mcdeloba <strong>da</strong>, asec gaiges. albaT,<br />

amitomac aris imave `mesxur matianeSi“ naTqvami, rom osmaleTSi<br />

`mZevlebi <strong>da</strong>iWires; patroni manuCar veRar miendo“ 1 . mawyverelis<br />

Semdgomi bedi ucnobia.<br />

sulTnis ganrisxebis sxva mizezic arsebob<strong>da</strong>. aTabag manuCaris<br />

mier stambolSi episkoposis gagzavna osmaleTis mTavrobis pir<strong>da</strong>piri<br />

gamowveva iyo. Tvis droze ukve iTqva manuCaris sazeimo<br />

win<strong>da</strong>cveTasa <strong>da</strong> gamuslimanebis Sesaxeb. exla mis mier qristianuli<br />

eklesiis, kerZod, samcxis eklesiis meTauris – mawyvereli<br />

episkoposis mociqulis rangSi gagzavna sulTnis karze, logikurad<br />

<strong>da</strong> faqtobriva<strong>da</strong>c niSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom manuCari oficialurad <strong>da</strong>ubrun<strong>da</strong><br />

qristianobas. savsebiT sworad SeniSnavs m. svaniZe, rom `stambol-<br />

Si episkoposisa <strong>da</strong> mZevlebis gagzavna imaze miuTiTebs, rom manuCari<br />

sulTnisagan moiTxov<strong>da</strong>, ecno igi qristianobiT aTabagad <strong>da</strong><br />

samcxesa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris <strong>da</strong>mokidebulebis politikuri forma<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebuliyo moxarkeobis safuZvelze“ 2 .<br />

osmaleTis xelisuflebas saaTabagos bedi ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetilad miaCn<strong>da</strong><br />

_ is osmaleTis saxelmwifos nawili un<strong>da</strong> gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo <strong>da</strong><br />

aTabagis sasargeblod raime koreqtivis Setana sulTans saWirod<br />

ar miaCn<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1587 wels kaxeTis samefos mier ruseTis mfarvelobis miRebam<br />

SeaSfoTa osmaleTi, radgan amas SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> gamoewvia misi mdgomareobis<br />

garTuleba, ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel amierkavkasiaSi.<br />

amitom osmaleTis mTavrobam ganizraxa, ra<strong>da</strong>c ar un<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>jdomo<strong>da</strong>, qarTlis samefos <strong>da</strong> saaTabagos winaaRmdegoba gaetexa.<br />

ferhad faSam jer aWara <strong>da</strong>ipyro <strong>da</strong> mTeli ZalebiT (mas exmarebo-<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osamleTis urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 164.<br />

434 435

<strong>da</strong> guriis mTavari) <strong>da</strong>iwyo brZola manuCaris winaaRmdeg. manuCarma<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis mimarTa Tavis simamrs svimon I-s, romelic <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv<br />

gaeSura samcxisaken, magram osmalebis goris <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad<br />

wasvlis ambavi rom Seityo iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> ukan gabrunebuliyo.<br />

osmalebma axalcixe <strong>da</strong>ipyres <strong>da</strong> Cildiris safaSos SeuerTes.<br />

samcxeSi osmalebis warmatebam aTabagis mowinaaRmdege feo<strong>da</strong>lebis<br />

gaaqtiureba gamoiwvia <strong>da</strong> ferhad faSa maTi <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT manu-<br />

Carisa <strong>da</strong> misi momxreebis gandevnas cdilob<strong>da</strong>. rodesac ferhad<br />

faSam gori <strong>da</strong>ipyro, masTan gamocxad<strong>da</strong> gamuslimanebuli kokola<br />

varazas Ze SalikaSvili (is axla dirazis Ze mahmud xanis saxels<br />

atareb<strong>da</strong>) <strong>da</strong> svimon mefis Sepyrobas <strong>da</strong>hpir<strong>da</strong>. osmalo sar<strong>da</strong>lma<br />

<strong>da</strong>akmayofila misi Txovna <strong>da</strong> igi goris beglarbegad <strong>da</strong>niSna 1 .<br />

1587 osmalebis waqezebiTa <strong>da</strong> mxar<strong>da</strong>WeriT, Sinauri moRalateebis<br />

xeliT, miRweuli iqna is, rasac mteri mTeli aTi wlis<br />

ganmavlobaSi ver axerxeb<strong>da</strong> saaTabagoSi. samTavros <strong>da</strong> mTavris tragedia<br />

Zalian mokled, magram naTlad gadmocemulia `mesxur matianeSi“:<br />

`bevr rigi moRalate Semoadges patrons manuCars; veRar<br />

<strong>da</strong>udgna <strong>da</strong> axal<strong>da</strong>bas coli waiyuana <strong>da</strong> wavi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

patroni dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> patronis yBryBres Svili _ patroni<br />

qaixosro sakanafes cixeSi <strong>da</strong>dges.<br />

<strong>da</strong> diasamiZe elia demoTias cixes savalinSvili saRalatod<br />

Seuyena. uRalates, cixe waarTueÀs <strong>da</strong> bevri saqoneli <strong>da</strong> salaro<br />

<strong>da</strong>iWires.<br />

<strong>da</strong> gogoriSvilma beJan cixijuari ukuiWira <strong>da</strong> misca faSas.<br />

Semogviyenes moRalateni <strong>da</strong> veRarc CBn <strong>da</strong>udgeniT <strong>da</strong> CavediT<br />

axal<strong>da</strong>bas marts naxevar...<br />

merme patroni manuCar veRar miendo; Rone veRar moigona ra.<br />

<strong>da</strong>gviwyes mociquloba. patroni dedisimedi <strong>da</strong> patroni Cemi SvilisSvili<br />

patroni qaixosro gamougzavnes axalcixes faSasTana,<br />

Sobis wina dRes“ 2 .<br />

amgvarad, osmalebma Eisargebles saaTabagos qarTvel feo<strong>da</strong>l-<br />

1 iqve, gv. 164-167.<br />

2 samxreT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis masalebi, gv. 55-56.<br />

Ta mniSvnelovani nawilis aTabag manuCarTan <strong>da</strong>pirispirebiT, agreTve,<br />

manuCarsa <strong>da</strong> yizilbnaSebs Soris uTanxmoebiT, ramac, bunebrivia<br />

friad Seasusta osmalebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli Zalebi. ferhad<br />

faSam SeimuSava gegma, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelo<strong>da</strong>n un<strong>da</strong> ganedevnaT<br />

is gavleniani a<strong>da</strong>mianebi, vinc osmalebs eurCebodnen.<br />

ra Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, osmalebisaTvis, pirvel rigSi ki ferhad faSisTvis<br />

arasasurvel <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gavlenian a<strong>da</strong>mianebSi igulisxmebodnen<br />

manuCar II aTabagi <strong>da</strong> qarTlis mefe svimon I. osmaleTis mTavrobam<br />

ganixila ferhad faSas gegma <strong>da</strong> mas mxari <strong>da</strong>uWira 1 .<br />

ferhad faSas gegmis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />

Sedegi iyo is, rom manuCar II-es mouspes svimon mefisagan <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

miRebis imedi <strong>da</strong> SesaZlebloba. misi mdgomareoba un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emZimebina,<br />

agreTve, aTabagis ojaxis mtris, kokola SalikaSvilis sparselTagan<br />

gandgomas <strong>da</strong> osmalTa samsaxurSi ga<strong>da</strong>svlas. radgan<br />

manuCars saqarTveloSi aRar <strong>da</strong>edgomebo<strong>da</strong>, sxva gza aRar rCebo<strong>da</strong><br />

gar<strong>da</strong> imisa, rom kvlav sparseTSi eZia <strong>da</strong>xmarebac <strong>da</strong> TavSesafaric.<br />

Sahis karis misadmi keTilganwyobaSi mniSvneloba eqnebo<strong>da</strong> mis<br />

brZolas osmalebis winaaRmdeg svimon mefesTan erTad, romelic<br />

didi avtoritetiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> sparseTSi.<br />

Znelia <strong>da</strong>dgena, rodis <strong>da</strong>iwyo manuCarma Sah abasis karTan <strong>da</strong>axloeba<br />

<strong>da</strong> misi samsaxuri. SeiZleba frTxili varaudis <strong>da</strong>Sveba, rom<br />

manuCar aTabagi igulisxmeba isqander munSis mier orjer <strong>da</strong>saxelebul<br />

manuCar begSi 2 .<br />

isqander munSi Tavis TxzulebaSi asaxelebs Sahis karis moxeles<br />

vinme manuCar begs. XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze sxva begis<br />

titulis matarebeli manuCari, CemTvis cnobil sparsul wyaroebSi,<br />

ar Cans. manuCari Sahis karzea 1597/8 wels <strong>da</strong> mas eSikaRasibaSis<br />

sakmaod maRali Tanamdeboba ukavia. aRniSnul wels is indoeTis<br />

xelmwifis jelal ed-din mohamed aqbaris karze elCad gaigzavna.<br />

1 tardi l., ungreT_<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba, gv. 153-154.<br />

2 un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom isqander munSi sxvagan asaxelebs manuCar-xans,<br />

<strong>da</strong> iqve mi uTiTebs, rom is svimon-xanis siZea. sruliad mosalodnelia, rom<br />

manuCar-begi (gv. 41-42) <strong>da</strong> manuCar-xani (svimon mefis siZe) (gv. 29, 44, 71, 73)<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva pirovnebebia.<br />

436 437

savaraudoa, manuCarma maRal doneze Seasrula masze <strong>da</strong>kisrebuli<br />

movaleoba, radgan is imave Tanamdebobazea XVIUI s. <strong>da</strong>sawyisSic.<br />

sainteresoa, rom isqander munSi masze mogviTxrobs maSin, rodesac<br />

kvlav indoeTis xelmwife aqbaris elCi 1602/3 w. modis Sahis karze.<br />

am dros yizilbaSebs erevnis cixisaTvis alya hqon<strong>da</strong>T Semortymuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sahic iq imyofebo<strong>da</strong>. manuCarma indoeTis elCi erevnis<br />

cixesTan miiyvana. `erTi sityviT, xsenebuli elCi Zlevamosil urdoSi<br />

movi<strong>da</strong> erevnis cixis Zirze <strong>da</strong> manuCar-begis TanxlebiT mejlisSi<br />

iqna pativiT miRebuli“ 1 .<br />

sainteresoa, sad imyofebo<strong>da</strong> manuCari 1603/4 wels, im dros,<br />

rodesac isqander munSi mogviTxrobs Sahis mier saaTabagoSi saTareSod<br />

jaris gagzavnis Sesaxeb: `hasan-xani zogierT amirTan erTad<br />

gaigzavna saTareSod mesxeTis axalcixeze, romelic svimon-xanis<br />

siZis manuCar-xanis `olqa“ iyo <strong>da</strong> osmalebs hqon<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong>kavebuli.<br />

man (hasan-xanma _ e.m.) es samsaxuri sasurvelad Seasrula, mravali<br />

qali <strong>da</strong> bavSvi urjulo qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong>atyveva <strong>da</strong> uvneblad <strong>da</strong><br />

keTilad <strong>da</strong>abruna“ 2 . istorikosisi naTqvamidna gamomdinare axalcixis<br />

mxare iseTi upatrono <strong>da</strong> mitovebuli Cans, rom eWvi Cdeba,<br />

cocxali iyo Tu ara am dros manuCari 3 . vfiqrob am kiTxvaze pasuxis<br />

gacema SeiZleba isev isqander munSis Txzulebis Semdegi cnobebis<br />

moSveliebiT. <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT Cans, rom manuCari 1609 wels<br />

cocxali aRar aris. isqander munSi, roca aRniSnul wels momx<strong>da</strong>r<br />

ambebze ixsenebs, ambobs: `sanam manuCar-xani cocxali iyo, is cdilob<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebo<strong>da</strong> svimon-xans. mis Semdeg osmalebi im qveyanaSi<br />

gabatondnen <strong>da</strong> svimon xanis qaliSvili, romelic manuCar-xanis<br />

meuRle <strong>da</strong> energiuli mandilosani iyo, Tavis patara vaJiSviliT<br />

<strong>da</strong> maTi ojaxis erTguli msaxurebis mcire ricxviT im qveynis<br />

tyeebsa <strong>da</strong> mTebSi afareb<strong>da</strong> Tavs“ 4 . manuCari cocxali aRar aris im<br />

1 isqander munSi, gv. 41-42.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 44.<br />

3 manuCaris gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT ix. m. svaniZe, <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi,<br />

gv. 295-is sqolio.<br />

4 isqander munSi, gv. 71.<br />

dros, rodesac Sah abass alyaSi mouqcevia erevani, rac sakmaod<br />

didxans gagrZel<strong>da</strong> _ 1603 wlis noembri<strong>da</strong>n 1604 wlis ivlisamde.<br />

isqander munSis mixedviT viciT, rom erevnis cixis alyis dros<br />

Sahis banakSi imyofebodnen qarTlis mefe giorgi X <strong>da</strong> kaxeTis mefe<br />

aleqsandre II 1 . erevnis cixis alyaze <strong>da</strong> qarTvel mefeebze Txrobis<br />

<strong>da</strong>mTavrebis Semdeg, istorikosi gadmogvcems, imave alyis dros,<br />

rogor aikles yizilbaSebma axalcixis mxare 2 . isqander munSi hasanxanis<br />

mier axalcixis <strong>da</strong>laSqvris ambavs kvlav ixsenebs 1609 wlis<br />

ambebze Txrobisas: `im xanebSi, roca uavgustoesma [Sahma] azerbaijanSi<br />

gamoilaSqra <strong>da</strong> erevnis cixes Semoadga, Sah iusuf faSa,<br />

romelic axalcixis erTi gamuslimanebuli batoniSvili iyo <strong>da</strong><br />

osmaleTis sulTnisagan faSis xarisxi hqon<strong>da</strong> miRebuli, im velaieTis<br />

zogi adgilis mmarTveli iyo. erTbaSad erTi razmi yizilba-<br />

STa Zlevamosili jarisa, hasan-xan usTajlus meTaurobiT, rogorc<br />

im wlis ambebSia aRwerili, xsenebul velaieTze Tav<strong>da</strong>sasxmelad<br />

gagzavnes... Sah iusuf faSas <strong>da</strong> osmalebis saqme wax<strong>da</strong>“ 3 . yizilbaSebis<br />

warmatebiT imedmocemulma manuCar II-is meuRlem Sahis kars<br />

mimarTa, misTvis <strong>da</strong>ebrunebinaT `Tavisi <strong>da</strong>karguli qveyana“. Sah<br />

abasma TbilisSi, zagemsa <strong>da</strong> ahsanabadSi myof Tavis amirebs <strong>da</strong>avala<br />

manuCar II-is memkvidre manuCar III-sa <strong>da</strong> misi dedisaTvis <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

<strong>da</strong> Tanadgoma gaewiaT.<br />

Sahis brZanebis aRsruleba SesaZlebeli gax<strong>da</strong> 1607 wli<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

`roca didebuli almebi (e.i. Sahi) Sirvanze laSqrobdnen, im Tavgamodebulma<br />

mandilosanma (elenem-e.m.) yizilbaSTa amirebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavis ojaxis erTgul msaxurebTan erTad iwyo brZola xsenebuli<br />

qveynis <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad, gailaSqra Sah iusuf faSaze, <strong>da</strong>amarcxa, <strong>da</strong>i-<br />

Wira is as ormoc<strong>da</strong>aT kac osmalosTan erTad <strong>da</strong> axalcixis cixe,<br />

romelic im velaieTis udidesi simagrea, xelSi Caigdo“ 4 . axalcixis<br />

gar<strong>da</strong> gamarjvebulebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres saaTabagos didi nawili. <strong>da</strong><br />

1 iqve, gv. 41, 44.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 44.<br />

3 iqve, gv. 72.<br />

4 iqve.<br />

438 439

amis Semdeg, aTabagis qvrivma elenem Tavisi warmomadgenlebi SahTan<br />

SemaxaSi gagzavna, TviTon ki Tavis Teqvsmeti wlis vaJTan, manuCar-<br />

Tan (isqander munSi mas aTabeg-xans uwodebs) erTad axalcixeSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa 1 . elenes mociqulebi, 1607 wlis 29 ivliss, Sahs eaxlnen <strong>da</strong><br />

mopovebuli warmatebebis Sesaxeb moaxsenes 2 .<br />

saeWvoa, rom elenes mociqulebi Sah abasTan mxolod amis mosaxseneblad<br />

misuliyvnen. maT raime mniSvnelovani saTxovaric eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

SeiZleba manuCar meoris memkvidre manuCar mesamis aTabagad<br />

aRdgenac <strong>da</strong> sxva ramec eTxovaT, magram amis Sesaxeb, dReisaTvis<br />

cnobili wyaroebi arafers gvamcnobs 3 . sxvaTaSoris, isqander mun-<br />

Sis aqvs erTi Zalian saintereso cnoba: rodesac sparseli istorikosi<br />

manuCar II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebaze <strong>da</strong> misi svimon I-sadmi mudmiv<br />

Tanadgomaze gadmogvcems, iqve imasac aRniSnavs, rom mas Semdeg rac<br />

osmalebi samcxeSi gabatondnen misi qvrivi <strong>da</strong> mcirewlovani vaJi,<br />

erTgul msaxurebTan erTad tyeebsa <strong>da</strong> mTebSi afarebdnen Tavs. `im<br />

oc<strong>da</strong>xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, roca mTeli saqarTvelo osmalebis<br />

qveSevrdomi <strong>da</strong> moxarke iyo, xsenebuli mandilosani bevrs eca<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rom rogorc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva mxareebSi osmalebi qarTvel<br />

mmarTvelebs uTmobdnen [qveyanas] <strong>da</strong> xarkis aRebiT kmayofildebodnen,<br />

ise misi vaJisTvisac, romelic aTabagad iwodebo<strong>da</strong>, <strong>da</strong>eTmoT<br />

1 vaxuSti batoniSviliT am dros manuCar II isev cocxali iyo. `aman<br />

manuCar mZlavrobisaTÂis osmalTa waruvlina (erevanTan mdgom – e.m.) Saabazs<br />

Ze TÂsi manuCar, raTa mwe eyos, <strong>da</strong> misca xerTvisi <strong>da</strong> romelnime cixeni <strong>da</strong><br />

Seayena yizilbaSni mwed TÂsad~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 724). Sah abazi<br />

vidre erevanTan idga manuCar manuCaris Ze Ta visTan hyav<strong>da</strong>, xolo roca erevans<br />

gaecala igi erevnis gamgebel amir gune xanTan <strong>da</strong>tova `<strong>da</strong> zrdi<strong>da</strong> igi~.<br />

manuCar II-is gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebis Semdeg, rac vaxuStiT mox<strong>da</strong> 1614 wels,<br />

manuCar III, os maleTis sulTnis brZanebiT erevni<strong>da</strong>n wamoiyvanes `<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>sues<br />

aTabagad. aman manuCar <strong>da</strong>ipyra qonebani mamisa TÂsisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, IV,<br />

gv. 725-725).<br />

2 iqve, gv. 72.<br />

3 am cnobi<strong>da</strong>n (yovel SemTxvevaSi misi qarTul Targmani<strong>da</strong>n) ar Cans, rom<br />

Sahma <strong>da</strong> akmayofila elenes Txovna <strong>da</strong> misi vaJi manuCari scno samcxe-saaTabagos<br />

gamgeblad moxarkeobis safuZvelze, rogorc m. svaniZe fiqrobs imave wyaroze<br />

<strong>da</strong>myarebiT (svaniZe m., saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierToba, gv. 295. ix. agreTve,<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tb., 1973, gv 254)<br />

[qveyana] <strong>da</strong> xarki aeRoT. osmalebi ar <strong>da</strong>Tanxmdnen amaze. mxolod<br />

erTi nakveTi misces im velaieTSi mas <strong>da</strong> de<strong>da</strong>miss cxovrebis saxsrad<br />

<strong>da</strong> isic gaWirvebiT atareb<strong>da</strong> cxovrebas“ 1 .<br />

zemoT moyvanili amonaridi mravalmxriv sainteresoa, magram<br />

amjerad imas un<strong>da</strong> mieqces yuradReba, rom isqander munSi arafers<br />

ambobs Sahis mier manuCar III-saTvis aTabagobis arc miniWebisa <strong>da</strong><br />

arc am rangSi misi <strong>da</strong>mtkicebis Sesaxeb. manuCar II-is memkvidre<br />

cnobili <strong>da</strong> aRiarebuli iyo aTabagad (`aTabagad iwodebo<strong>da</strong>“),<br />

qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong>, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sparselebis mier mainc. ase<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gavigoT isqander munSis naTqvami.<br />

osmalebis winaaRmdeg SetevisaTvis mokavSireebs moxerxebuli<br />

dro SeurCeviaT. am dros anatoliaSi `jelailebis“ ajanyeba mimdinareob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

osmalTa sar<strong>da</strong>lma murad faSam, mxolod maTi <strong>da</strong>marcxebis<br />

Semdeg SeZlo ferhad faSis <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad yirimeli salamaT-girei-xanis<br />

TaTrebis marbieli laSqris gagzavna <strong>da</strong><br />

ga mus limanebuli mesxi feo<strong>da</strong>lis mohamed faSas Svilis, `romelic<br />

mesxeTis gamuslimanebul ufliswulTagani <strong>da</strong> osmalTa Soris<br />

gazrdili <strong>da</strong> faSas xarisxsa <strong>da</strong> xelisuflebas miRweuli iyo,<br />

axalcixeSi gagzavna“. 1608 wels aTabeg-xanma (manuCar III) <strong>da</strong> elenem<br />

winaaRmdegoba ver gaswies <strong>da</strong> qarTlSi ga<strong>da</strong>vidnen. axalcixe<br />

kvlav osmalebma <strong>da</strong>ipyres. mamidis <strong>da</strong> manuCaris <strong>da</strong>saxmareblad<br />

qarTlis mefe luarsab II-m axalcixeze gailaSqra<br />

<strong>da</strong> did warmatebasac miaRwia, Tumca axalcixis ganTavisufleba<br />

ver SeZlo. qarTvelTa tyveobaSi, sxva mraval faSasTan<br />

erTad, aRmoCndnen ferhad faSa <strong>da</strong> zemoxsenebuli gamuslimanebuli<br />

mohamed faSas Svili. `ferhad faSas qarTveli batonebis<br />

TxovniT apaties [<strong>da</strong>naSauli], mohamed faSas Svili ki sikvdiliT<br />

<strong>da</strong>sajes“ 2 .<br />

manuCari III ase Tu ise viTarebas akontroleb<strong>da</strong> 1619 wlamde,<br />

manamde vidre osmaleT-iranis zaviT axalcixe osmaleTs ga<strong>da</strong>ecemo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

osmalebma axalcixeSi Zlieri cixe aages, Sig mecixovneebi<br />

1 isqander munSi, gv. 71.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 72-73.<br />

440 441

Caayenes <strong>da</strong> qveynis gamgeblad zemoxsenebuli gamuslimanebuli axalcixeli<br />

didebuli iusuf faSa <strong>da</strong>niSnes. Tan<strong>da</strong>TanobiT, ganuxrelad,<br />

mimdinareob<strong>da</strong> qristiani mesxebis gamuslimaneba <strong>da</strong> qarTuli miwaTmflobelobis<br />

osmaluriT Secvla. vaxuSti gadmogvcems imis Sesaxeb,<br />

osmalTa Zaladobis an calkeuli a<strong>da</strong>mianebis warmatebis surviliT,<br />

rogor icvlebo<strong>da</strong> mesxeTSi a<strong>da</strong>T-wesebi, aTabagTa odindeli<br />

qveSevrdomebi axla urCoben, manuCari ki aseT mdgomareobas ar<br />

egueba <strong>da</strong> ebrZvis maT. manuCar aTabagi rogorc SeeZlo ise ebrZo<strong>da</strong><br />

osmalebs, magram dro <strong>da</strong> saerTaSoriso viTareba mis sawinaaRmdegod<br />

moqmedeb<strong>da</strong>. isic iZulebuli gax<strong>da</strong> Tavisi mamis gzas <strong>da</strong>dgomo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri gagebiT, <strong>da</strong> imanac erTi piroba (1624 wels) Tavi Seafara<br />

axal<strong>da</strong>bas 1 . imave wels samcxe-saaTabagos cixeebi sparselTa<br />

xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, rac manuCars Tavis samTavroSi <strong>da</strong>brunebis saSualebas<br />

uspob<strong>da</strong>. amitom, rodesac man gaigo marabdis brZolisaTvis<br />

mzadebis Sesaxeb, maSinve gaeSura Tavisi 300 mxedriT <strong>da</strong> monawileoba<br />

miiRo sparselTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi (1625 w.). qarTvelobis<br />

mier gancdili marcxis Semdeg manuCari axal<strong>da</strong>baSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> osmalebTan morigeba ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita: `movi<strong>da</strong> axal<strong>da</strong>basve, ezraxa<br />

osmalTa, zav-hyo maT Tana, movi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyro samcxe“. magram man ver<br />

SesZlo qvyanaSi mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>myareba <strong>da</strong> amxedrebuli qveSevrdomebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCileba. radgan mas meti Zala aRar Seswev<strong>da</strong>, stambols<br />

wavi<strong>da</strong> xonTqarTan. osmaleTis mbrZanebelma Seiwynara manuCari <strong>da</strong><br />

qristianobis SenarCunebiT aRadgina aTabagad. saaTabagoSi momaval<br />

manuCars Semoxv<strong>da</strong> Tavisi biZa beqa, manuCar II-is Zma, romelmac mowamla<br />

ZmisSvili <strong>da</strong> TviTon wavi<strong>da</strong> stambols, gamusliman<strong>da</strong>, „(sul-<br />

Tanma – e.m.) mosca aTabagoba <strong>da</strong> yoveli sazRvari samcxe-saaTabagosi<br />

<strong>da</strong> uwodes safar faSa <strong>da</strong> pativsces oriTa TuRiTa 2 . merme<br />

warmoavlines <strong>da</strong> movi<strong>da</strong> samcxes“. vaxuStis mixedviT, es mox<strong>da</strong><br />

1625 wels 3 .<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 725<br />

2 TuRi _ osmalo faSebis win satarebeli bairaRi cxenis Zuisagan <strong>da</strong>mzadebuli<br />

(CubinaSvili n., qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984, sv. 571).<br />

3 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 724-725.<br />

safar faSas gamgeblobis dros (1625-1635) <strong>da</strong> mis Semdgom,<br />

<strong>da</strong>iwyo axalcixis safaSos (ase iwodebo<strong>da</strong> am droi<strong>da</strong>n yofili<br />

samcxe-saaTabago) ganuxreli gamuslimanebisa <strong>da</strong> osmaluri wesebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> kanonebis <strong>da</strong>nergva, eklesia-monastrebis Zarcva <strong>da</strong> gauqmeba,<br />

`xolo morwmuneni hfarvidnen <strong>da</strong> malvidnen xatTa, juarTa <strong>da</strong> nawilTa<br />

wmi<strong>da</strong>TaTa <strong>da</strong> sxuaTa waraqun<strong>da</strong>T pirvelisaebr imereTs <strong>da</strong><br />

qarTls <strong>da</strong> ivltodianca warCinebulni, romelni sZulobdnen mahmadianobasa,<br />

rameTu ganageb<strong>da</strong> safar faSa nebiTa osmalTasTa yovelsave“.<br />

radgan safar faSam axalcixis faSoba memkvidreobiT miiRo,<br />

amitom misi memkvidreni stambolSi midiodnen xolme <strong>da</strong> qrTamis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xdiT faSis tituls ipovebdnen <strong>da</strong> safaSos ganagebdnen 1 .<br />

amgvarad, safar faSas mmarTvelobiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong> samcxe-saaTabagos<br />

istoria. amis Semdeg saaTabagos miwebi, qarTuli kulturis <strong>da</strong><br />

qristianobis umniSvelovanesi kera, osmaleTis erT-erT safaSod<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>iqca.<br />

1 iqve, gv. 726-727.<br />

442 443

odiSis samTavros <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobebis<br />

istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

1. odiSis samTavros genuis respublikasTan<br />

urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

XIV s. <strong>da</strong>mdegisaTvis monRolTa batonobam saqarTvelo<br />

ekonomikurad <strong>da</strong>aqveiTa <strong>da</strong> politikurad <strong>da</strong>Sala. giorgi<br />

brwyinvalem (1318-1346) umniSvnelovanesi RonisZiebebi gaatara<br />

qveynis erTianobisa <strong>da</strong> ekonomikuri gaZlierebisaTvis.<br />

1329 w. gar<strong>da</strong>icvala imereTis mefe miqel narin <strong>da</strong>viTis Ze.<br />

amiT isargebla mefe giorgim, imereTSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, quTaiss <strong>da</strong>eufla<br />

<strong>da</strong> bagrat miqelis Zes Sorapnis erisTavoba misca. giorgis<br />

siZlieris mnaxvelma mamia <strong>da</strong>dianma, gurielma, svanTa erisTavma<br />

<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis erisTavma ServaSiZem morCileba gamoacxades 1330<br />

wels. mefem Semdeg gaiara odiSi, afxazeTSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong>, `ganagna<br />

muneburni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyra cixeni TÂsad <strong>da</strong> misca cxomis saerisTo<br />

bediels~ 1 . vaxuSti batoniSvilis es fraza bundovani <strong>da</strong>, amdenad,<br />

gaugebaria. ram aiZula mefe giorgi, miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom afxazeTis erisTavi mas <strong>da</strong>emorCila, mainc jariT Sesuliyo<br />

afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong>, faqtobrivad, <strong>da</strong>epyro igi.<br />

albaT, saeWvo araa, rom bedieli (bediani), igive <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

2 , rogorc Cans, giorgi brwyinvalis mefobis pirvel periodSi<br />

erTmaneTis tolfasi es ori tituli paralelurad<br />

arsebob<strong>da</strong> 3 . giorgis mefobis Semdeg igi aRar gvxvdeba 4 . <strong>da</strong>dian-bediani<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erT-erTi msxvili feo<strong>da</strong>li<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong>, savaraudoa, Tvali eWira cxumis saerisTavoze.<br />

man isargebla mefis kargi ganwyobilebiT <strong>da</strong> cxumis saeri-<br />

1 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 258.<br />

2 vaxuStisTan vxvdebiT ormag tituls _ <strong>da</strong>dian-bedieli, bediel-<strong>da</strong>diani.<br />

3 z. anCabaZe bediels <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dians sxvadsxva erisTavebad miiCnev<strong>da</strong>. Анчабадзе<br />

З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Сухуми, 1959, c. 237.<br />

4 Тамже, с. 177, 197.<br />

sTavo gamosTxova. mefem misi Txovna <strong>da</strong>akmayofila. amave<br />

dros, ise Cans, rom bedians raRac uflebac ki hqon<strong>da</strong> masze.<br />

vaxuSti gadmogvcems: `misca (mefem _ e. m.) cxomis saerisTavo<br />

bediels, viTarca pirvel cxomisa iyo~. igulisxmeba,<br />

rom bediani adre cxomis erisTavi iyo? SeiZleba istorikoss<br />

imis Tqma undo<strong>da</strong>, rom adre cxomis saerisTavo calke iyo<br />

afxazeTis saerisTavosa gan? Tamar mefis dros cxumis saerisTavo<br />

xom calke iyo 1 . ase iyo Tu ise, giorgi mefe ratom-<br />

Rac gauwyra ServaSiZes <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ipyro afxazeTis cixeebi, adgilobrivi<br />

saqmeebic TviTon moagvara (`ganagna muneburni~),<br />

cixeebs TviTon <strong>da</strong>epatrona (`<strong>da</strong>ipyrna cixeni TÂsad~) <strong>da</strong><br />

bedians ga<strong>da</strong>sca cxumis saerisTavo, romelic, rogorc vaxuStis<br />

Txzulebi<strong>da</strong>n SeiZleba ga vigoT, giorgi V-is mier<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SemoerTebis win afxazeTis saerisTavos<br />

SemadgenlobaSi iyo. cxumis maSindeli kaTolike episkoposis<br />

petre geraldis naTqvami<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom giorgi V-m<br />

bedians <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> amirspasalarobac uboZa. petre geraldi<br />

inglisSi kenterberiis arqiepiskoposs swer<strong>da</strong>: `am<br />

qveynis (odiSis samTavro _ e. m.) mbrZanebeli mTeli <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

jaris mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavaric aris~ 2 .<br />

imave vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, cxumis saerisTavo<br />

<strong>da</strong>dians <strong>da</strong>umtkica, agreTve, giorgi VII-m, magram <strong>da</strong>dianebi<br />

mTeli afxazeTis <strong>da</strong>py robas lamobdnen. XIV s. <strong>da</strong>mlevs vamey<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianma ilaSqra ServaSiZis wi naaRmdeg, afxazeTi aiklo <strong>da</strong><br />

ori erTmaneTis siaxloves arsebuli si ma greebi _ uRaRno<br />

<strong>da</strong> gagra <strong>da</strong>angria 3 . 1412 wels mamia <strong>da</strong>dianma `ineba <strong>da</strong> mor-<br />

Cileba afxazTa~. magram afxazebi mtkiced <strong>da</strong>xvdnen <strong>da</strong>dians,<br />

mok les, misi jari ki ukuaqcies 4 .<br />

1 Тамже, с. 172.<br />

2 kiknaZe v. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, `mnaTobi~,<br />

1982, #9, gv. 157.<br />

3 TayaiSvili e., arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi. Zveli saqarTvelo,<br />

III, 1912-1913, gv. 133, 154.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 278.<br />

444 445

aleqsandre I-ma (1412-1442) Sehyara jari <strong>da</strong> odiSSi<br />

mivi<strong>da</strong>. mefes <strong>da</strong>Ru puli mamias vaJi lipariti miegeba <strong>da</strong> mamis<br />

codvebis miteveba iTxova. aleqsandrem mas erisTavoba<br />

<strong>da</strong>umtkica <strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi waiyvana, sa<strong>da</strong>c Ser vaSiZem maSinve<br />

morCileba gamoacxa<strong>da</strong> `<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>emorCila brZanebasa missa vi-<br />

Tarca pirvelTa mefeTasa~. aleqsandrem adgilobrivi saqmeebi<br />

moawesriga, xalxi <strong>da</strong>amSvi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> quTaiss wavi<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

sainteresoa, afxazeTSi mimavalma mefe aleqsandrem Tan<br />

ratom waiy vana liparit <strong>da</strong>diani? an ra un<strong>da</strong> vigulisxmoT<br />

mefis brZanebaSi ServaSiZis mimarT? vfiqrob, mefem Serva-<br />

SiZes <strong>da</strong>dianisadmi morCileba ubr Zana, magram rogorc beri<br />

egnataSvili sxva periodTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT SeniS nav<strong>da</strong> `ese<br />

ServaSiZe morCileb<strong>da</strong> ara yovelsave brZanebasa <strong>da</strong>dianisasa~<br />

2 .<br />

ServaSiZeebi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobisaTvis ibrZodnen. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad<br />

imisa, rom isini zogjer garkveul warmatebasac aRwevdnen,<br />

sabolood mainc iZulebulni iyvnen bedian-<strong>da</strong>dianis xelisuflebas<br />

<strong>da</strong>morCilebodnen. am umsxviles feo<strong>da</strong>ls<br />

xSirad mefe uWer<strong>da</strong> mxars, romelsac, rogorc Sem degSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, Tavisi interesebi hqon<strong>da</strong> afxazeTSi.<br />

amgvarad, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT,<br />

XIV-XV saukuneebSi arsebob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli afxazeTis saerisTavo,<br />

xolo cxumis saerisTavo odiSis saerisTavoSi<br />

Sedio<strong>da</strong>. am mosazrebas gansakuTrebiT aviTareb<strong>da</strong> z. anCabaZe,<br />

magram imave periodis ucxour wyaroebs Tu movix mobT, sxvagvari<br />

suraTi warmogvidgeba.<br />

XV s. pirveli meoTxedi<strong>da</strong>n gvaqvs germaneli hans Siltbergeris<br />

erTi cnoba afxazeTis Sesaxeb. is <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

`qveynebs“ Soris asaxelebs afxazeTis qveyanas 3 , romlis<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 349.<br />

3 `Es ist ein Land und heist Abkas~. mamisTvaliSvili e. saqarTvelo hans<br />

Siltbergeris `mogzaurobis wignSi, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1980, #2, gv.<br />

108.<br />

de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi iyo cxumi (Zuchum). Siltbergeris naTqvami<br />

sainteresoa imdenad, ramdena<strong>da</strong>c mTeli afxazeTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqad<br />

soxums _ cxums asaxelebs 1 <strong>da</strong> afxazeTi gaazrebuli aqvs<br />

erT mTliano baSi.<br />

sainteresoa josafat barbaros naTqvami samegrelos Sesaxeb:<br />

`es samegrelo esazRvreba kaitakebs, romlebic kaspiis<br />

mTis maxloblad cxov roben, Sav zRvas <strong>da</strong> mTagrexils,<br />

romelic CerqezeTamdea ga<strong>da</strong>Wimuli. igi nawilia <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>i<br />

2 . maSasa<strong>da</strong>me, barbaros dros odiSis samTavros SemadgenlobaSi<br />

Sedio<strong>da</strong> mTeli afxazeTi CerqezeTamde. barbaros<br />

cnobis si namdviles azustebs genueli jorjo<br />

interiano (XV s.), romelic kargad icnob<strong>da</strong> CerqezeTs <strong>da</strong><br />

sa fuZvliana<strong>da</strong>c aRwera.<br />

interianos mixedviT, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvari CerqezeTTan<br />

gadi o<strong>da</strong> angaqsiasTan. es un<strong>da</strong> iyos XIV_XV saukuneTa<br />

italiur rukebze ga gris maxloblad CrdiloeTiT aRniSnuli<br />

geografiuli punqti: Avobaxia – pietro veskontes (1318<br />

w.), Anogasia – graciozo benikazas (1480 w.), Avogassia –<br />

fre duCes (1497 w.) rukebze, Anogasi – XVI saukynis ukanaskneli<br />

meoTxedis ru kaze, romelic <strong>da</strong>rTuli aqvs jovani<br />

tomazo minadois Txzulebas 3 . an gaqsia interianos TqmiT,<br />

kolxeTis nawils Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 4 . am brojo kontarinis gadmocemiT<br />

avogaziasTan gaZarcves papis elCi lu doviko bolonieli<br />

<strong>da</strong> uzun-hasanis elCi 5 . un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos erTi saintereso<br />

de tali: freduCes rukaze mcire monakveTi moniSnulia,<br />

rogorc avogaziis sanapiro (costa Avogassia), xmeleTis SigniT<br />

ki, iq sa <strong>da</strong>c kavkasionis qedi un<strong>da</strong> vigulisxmoT, kidev<br />

meordeba igive saxel wodeba _ ufro msxvili SriftiT. avo-<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 XV saukunis italieli mogzaurebis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 55.<br />

3 Minadoi G. T. Historia della guerra fra Turchi et persiani, Venezia, 1588.<br />

4 «qvivi confi nano con Angaxia, cioe parte di Colchide» (Interiano G., La vita<br />

et sito de Zichi, chiamati Circass. His toria nobile, Venezia, Aldus, 1502, p. 4)<br />

5 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119v.<br />

446 447

gasis samxreTiT <strong>da</strong> gagris (Caccarj) CrdiloeTiT, e.i. am or<br />

punqts Soris <strong>da</strong>tanilia kidev erTi geografiuli punqti<br />

(asea sxva rukeb zec) _ laiaco-aiaco (Laiazo, Lenazo, Aiazo),<br />

romelic p. ingoroyvam q. tuafses Zvel saxelTan gaaigiva 1<br />

p. ingoroyvas mosazrebas Tu gaviziarebT, maSin afxaze-<br />

Tis loka lizeba mogvixdeba ara iq, sa<strong>da</strong>c dRevandeli afxazeTia,<br />

aramed bevrad Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleTiT, magram zemoT<strong>da</strong>saxelebuli<br />

rukebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, maSin ufro<br />

swori iqneba laiaco dRevandeli adleris mi<strong>da</strong> moebSi gvevarau<strong>da</strong>,<br />

xolo rac Seexeba avogazias, Tu aseTi saxel wodebis<br />

qalaqi arsebob<strong>da</strong> 2 , maSin igi m<strong>da</strong>bareob<strong>da</strong> dRevandeli adleris<br />

siaxloves, sa<strong>da</strong>c interianos mixedviT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

jiqeTTan sazRvari gadio<strong>da</strong>. <strong>da</strong>bolos, un<strong>da</strong> gavixsenoT XIV<br />

s. arabi istorikosi al-muhibi (gard. 1384 w.), romelic<br />

wer<strong>da</strong>: `<strong>da</strong>diani ganagebs suxumsa <strong>da</strong> abxazs~ 3 . amasve aRniSnav<strong>da</strong><br />

meore arabi istorikosi al-kalkaSandi 4 .<br />

ganxilul wyaroebze <strong>da</strong>yrdnobiT SeiZleba koreqtivi SevitanoT<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobebsa <strong>da</strong> qarTul istoriografiaSi<br />

gaba tonebul mosazrebaSi (afxazeTis saerisTavoze<br />

TiTqos ar vrcelde bo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dian-be dianis xelisufleba)<br />

<strong>da</strong> vTqvaT, rom XIV-XV saukuneebSi afxazeTis orive saerisTavo<br />

odiSis saerisTavoSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amgvarad, odiSis saerisTavos sazRvrebi XIV-XV saukuneebSi<br />

mdi nare bzifamde ki ar vrceldebo<strong>da</strong>, rogorc z. an-<br />

CabaZe fiqrob<strong>da</strong> 5 , aramed ufro CrdiloeTiT, mdinare fsou-<br />

1 ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. qarTveli mwerali meaTe saukunisa, naw.<br />

I, Tb., 1954, gv. 123.<br />

2 veskontes, benikazas <strong>da</strong> freduCes rukebze avogazia iseTive pirobiTi<br />

niSniT aris aRniSnuli, rogorc Savi zRvispireTis mniSvnelovani qalaqebi.<br />

3 XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. arabuli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo d. goColeiSvilma,<br />

Tb., 1981, gv. 53.<br />

4 iqve, gv. 54<br />

5 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 240.<br />

mde (mZimTa) <strong>da</strong> mTeli afxazeTi odiSis sam TavroSi<br />

Sedio<strong>da</strong>.<br />

odiSis mTavris amgvari gaZlierebis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad (mas<br />

emorCilebo<strong>da</strong> guriis samTavro), rogorc imdroindeli<br />

wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, is mainc me fis uzenaes xelisuflebas<br />

cnob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> emorCilebo<strong>da</strong>. mefe gansa kuTrebul SemTxvevaSi<br />

samTavros saqmeebSi ereo<strong>da</strong>. es garemoeba sakmaod naTlad<br />

ais axa qarTul (vaxuSti batoniSvili, beri egnataSvili) <strong>da</strong><br />

ucxour wyaroebSi. iv. javaxiSvili kontarinisa <strong>da</strong> barbaros<br />

cnobebze <strong>da</strong>myarebiT aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: `bedianis samTavro am dros<br />

Seadgen<strong>da</strong> calke politikur erTeuls, romelsac Tavisi<br />

sazRvrebi <strong>da</strong> marTva-gamgeoba hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> saku Tari jari hyav<strong>da</strong>,<br />

mainc <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefes uzenaesi ufleba am samTavroze<br />

SenarCunebuli hqon<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi is am<br />

samTavros saqmeebSic ereo<strong>da</strong> xolme~ 1 . marTlac kontarini,<br />

rogorc TviTmxilveli, gadmogvcems, rom saqarTveloSi yofnisas,<br />

1475 w. ivlisSi, samegrelos sazRvrebTan igi Sexv<strong>da</strong><br />

bagrat mefis jars, romelic samegreloSi iyo bedianis gar<strong>da</strong>cvalebasTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>kavSire biT momx<strong>da</strong>ri raRac uTanxmoebis<br />

gamo 2 .<br />

isic un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom bedians, msgavsad aTabagisa,<br />

antios maluri koaliciis Sesaqmnelad evropaSi sakuTari<br />

elCi ar gaugzavnia. rogorc Cans, mas XV saukunis 50-iani<br />

wlebis <strong>da</strong>sasrulisaTvis jer kidev ar mou povebia politikuri<br />

uflebebi imdenad, rom mefisagan <strong>da</strong> moukidebeli <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

<strong>politika</strong> ewarmoebina.<br />

bedianis avtoritetis zr<strong>da</strong>ze metyvelebs giorgi VIIIisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> yvarey vare aTabagis 1459 w. romsa <strong>da</strong> burgonSi gagzavnil<br />

werilebi, romlebSic CamoTvlilia vin gamoTqva<br />

koaliciaSi Sesvlis survili. maTSi samegrelos mTavari<br />

mefed moxsenieba. eseni iyvnen: yvaryvare II, giorgi sparseTis<br />

1 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 104.<br />

2 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 119r.<br />

448 449

mefe, <strong>da</strong>viT trapezuntis imperatori, bendia samegre los<br />

mefeman, rabia anakosiis (afxazeTis) mTavarma, <strong>da</strong> berdebeg<br />

mcire somxeTis batonma 1 . rogorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, `es<br />

garemoeba, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba Sefase buli iqnes, rogorc<br />

giorgi VIII-is miswrafeba ganedidebina koaliciis wevrebi,<br />

raTa <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis mbrZaneblebze, romelTaganac <strong>da</strong>xmarebis<br />

miRebas cdilob<strong>da</strong>, mniSvnelovani STa beWdileba moexdina,<br />

magram, meore mxriv, es faqti ueWvelad imaze miu-<br />

TiTebs, rom bediani <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> erT-erTi umsxvilesi <strong>da</strong><br />

gav leniani mTavari iyo~ 2 .<br />

aucileblad un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos erTi mniSvnelovani momenti,<br />

kerZod is rom werilis laTinur teqstSi afxazeTi ar weria.<br />

igi m. Tama raSvilma Caamata <strong>da</strong> frCxilebSi moaTavsa<br />

anakosiis ganmartebis mizniT _ afxazeTs niSnavso. es varianti,<br />

rogorc SeiZleba vifiqroT, misaRebad CaTvala z. an-<br />

CabaZem 3 <strong>da</strong> man, Tavis mxriv, laTinur teqstSi mcire Sesworeba<br />

Seitana, romliTac anokazia (Anocasia) apokasiad<br />

(Apocasia) mogvev lina <strong>da</strong> man mkvlevrisaTvis sasurveli JReradoba<br />

(apokazia/afxazeTi) SeiZina. magram <strong>da</strong>namdvilebiT<br />

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc m TamaraSvilis mier gamoqveynebul<br />

laTinur werilSi <strong>da</strong> arc mis fondSi <strong>da</strong>cul masalebSi arsad<br />

ar weria Apocasia. yvelgan aris Anocasia an Angosia 4 .<br />

iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT anakoziis mTavari igive anakofiis<br />

mTa vari iyo. adre, rodesac am sakiTxs vexebodi,<br />

gaviziare iv. javaxiSvilis mosaz reba <strong>da</strong> mxolod misi <strong>da</strong>zustebis<br />

mizniT moviSvelie z. anCabaZis naSromi <strong>da</strong> vTqvi,<br />

rom rabia afxazebiT <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli mTeli teritoriis erisTavi<br />

ki ar iyo, aramed mxolod im nawilisa, romelic sa-<br />

1 TamaraSvili m. gv. 595-596.<br />

2 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), Сухуми,<br />

1959, c. 239; Анча бадзе З. В., Очерк истории Абхазской АССР, ч. I, Сухуми,<br />

1960, с. 90-91.<br />

3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, с. 253.<br />

4 m. TamaraSvilis fondi, #1053.<br />

bedianos Semadgenlo baSi ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>, mas afxazeTis saerisTavo<br />

erqva <strong>da</strong> XV s. meore naxevarSi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobas<br />

inarCuneb<strong>da</strong>. igi anakofii<strong>da</strong>n nikofsiamde iyo ga<strong>da</strong>Wimuli 1 .<br />

es saiontereso sakiTxi maSin kvlevis sagnad ar gamixdia<br />

<strong>da</strong> mxolod arsebul gamokvlevebs veyrdnobodi. ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, arc is iyo marTali, rodesac Anocacia <strong>da</strong> Angosia<br />

anakofiasTan gavaigive. vfiqrob, Ra bia dux Anoca siae iyo jiqe-<br />

Tis (afxazTa monaTesave) mTavari <strong>da</strong> ara afxazeTisa. erTi<br />

Sexed viT, amgvari mosazreba TiTqos saeWvoa maSin, roca<br />

giorgi mefis mier burgonis dukasaTvis gagzavnil werilSi<br />

cal-calke vxe<strong>da</strong>vT `samegrelos mefe bendias~@ <strong>da</strong> `anikasiis<br />

mTavar rabias~. am werilSi afxazeTi naxsenebic ki ar<br />

aris. magram roca vecnobiT 1460 wels <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> elCe bis<br />

mier papisaTvis wardgenil@mokavSireebis sias, sa<strong>da</strong>c bediani<br />

moixsenieba samegrelos <strong>da</strong> afxazeTis mefed (Ben<strong>da</strong>s Megreliae<br />

et Abasiae Rex) <strong>da</strong> iqve mainc <strong>da</strong>saxelebulia Fabia (igive<br />

Rabia dux Anogasiae), araviTari sa fuZveli ar rCeba imisaTvis,<br />

rom angoziaSi afxazeTi vigulisxmoT. es asec un<strong>da</strong><br />

yofiliyo, radgan, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT <strong>da</strong> SemdegSi kidev<br />

ufro <strong>da</strong>vrwmundebiT, aRniSnul periodSi afxazeTis teritoriaze<br />

<strong>da</strong> dianisagan <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli sxva romelime politikuri<br />

erTeuli ar arse bob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

qarTuli samefo kari <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo odiSis samTavros<br />

sam flobeloebSi moqceuli soxumis, igive sevastopolisis<br />

saSualebiT monawileoba mieRo saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi,<br />

romelsac ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d genuelebi axorcielebdnen yirimis mTavari<br />

savaWro faqtoriis kafas meTaurobiT.<br />

genuis respublika adreve <strong>da</strong>interes<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTTan<br />

vaWrobiT. man mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula jvarosnul<br />

laSqrobebSi <strong>da</strong> savaWro privilegiebi moipova axlo aRmosavleTSi.<br />

1 mamisTvaliSvili e. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> politikuri urToerTobani,<br />

gv. 45-47.<br />

450 451

veneciis mier inspirirebuli meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis<br />

(1204 w.) Sedegad bizantiis imperiis mospobiT <strong>da</strong> mis<br />

teritoriaze e. w. laTinTa im periis@ warmoSobiT, gaZlier<strong>da</strong><br />

venecia. mis xelSi ga<strong>da</strong>vi<strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT Tan vaWroba.<br />

magram genua ar urigdebo<strong>da</strong> Secvlil viTare bas <strong>da</strong> bizantiis<br />

imperiis aRdgenas cdiolob<strong>da</strong>, rac ganaxorciela kidec<br />

1261 wels. genuelebma Sav zRvaSi ubaJo vaWrobis ufleba<br />

miiRes, maSin, rodesac ve necielebs saerTod aekrZalaT iq<br />

Sesvla. mcire xnis Semdeg (1266 w.), genuelebma oqros urdos<br />

yaenTan SeTanxmebiT, yirimis naxevarkunZulze miiRes<br />

qalaqi feodosia, romelsac kafa ewo<strong>da</strong>. es qalaqi gadiqca<br />

genuelebis mTavar <strong>da</strong>sayrdrnad Sav zRvaSi.<br />

mokle droSi genuelebma aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi,<br />

tana<strong>da</strong>n sevastopolisamde (cxumi) <strong>da</strong>arses 39 kolonia <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>saxleba. aqe<strong>da</strong>n Svidi kolonia iyo <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SavizRvispireTSi,<br />

romlebic mniSvnelovan eko nomikur, politikur<br />

<strong>da</strong> kulturul rols TamaSobdnen mimdebare qveynebisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> xalxebis cxovrebaSi XIV-XV saukuneebSi.<br />

cxumis vaWroba ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d genuelebis xelSi iyo. es<br />

qalaqi, rogorc barbaro aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, bedianis samflobeloeb-<br />

Si Sedio<strong>da</strong>. cxumi, germaneli mecnieris v. heidis TqmiT,<br />

erT-erTi mtkiced nagebi cixe-sima gre iyo <strong>da</strong> amave dros<br />

kavkasiis Savi zRvispira qveynebisaTvis um niSvnelovanes<br />

`saqonlis sawyobs~ warmoadgen<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

bedians ekuTvno<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, zRvispiras mdebare didi Tu<br />

mcire <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli adgilebi. sainteresoa, rom graciozo<br />

benikazas mier 1400 wels Sedgenil rukaze, freduCes 1497<br />

w. rukaze <strong>da</strong> XV saukunis ucnobi kar tografis rukaze cxumis<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, mcire <strong>da</strong>SorebiT, iq sa <strong>da</strong>c md.<br />

kelasuri zRvas erTvis, aRniSnulia Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT naklebmniSvnelo-vani<br />

punqti `megrelebis navsadguri~ (Porto<br />

Megrello). am navsadguris aRmocenebas X saukuneSi (adrin-<br />

1 Heyd W., Geschichte des Lenantehandels im Mittelalter, S. 695.<br />

del rukebze igi ar Cans) z. anCabaZe Sav zRvaSi genuelTa<br />

koloniuri sistemis likvi<strong>da</strong>cias <strong>da</strong> mas Tan erTad cxumis<br />

<strong>da</strong>sustebas miawer<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

XIV@saukuni<strong>da</strong>n cxumSi ukve iyvnen genuis respublikis<br />

konsulebi 2 . cxumis pirveli konsuli Cans 1354 wli<strong>da</strong>n. igi<br />

iyo ambrojo de pietro 3 . cxumSi konsulis yofna, genuelTa<br />

savaWro faqtoriis arsebobaze mi uTiTebs.<br />

genuis analebi<strong>da</strong>n (1424 w.) vigebT, rom am qalaqSi,<br />

iseve, rogorc Savi zRvis sxva faqtoriebSi, genuis mTavroba<br />

adgilobriv mflobel Tan, e.i. bedianTan SeTanxmebiT<br />

niSnav<strong>da</strong> konsuls, ga<strong>da</strong>mwerebs <strong>da</strong> sxva moxeleebs 4 . aqve iyo<br />

romis kaTolike episkoposis rezidencia.<br />

cxumSi pirveli kaTolike episkoposi <strong>da</strong>iniSna 1318 wels.<br />

moR weuli cnobebi am qalaqis sami kaTolike episkoposis<br />

vinaobas aRniS navs. zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebuli petre geraldis<br />

werili<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom cxumSi iyo qarT veli marTlmadidebeli<br />

episkoposis rezidenciac. imave werili<strong>da</strong>n gamomdi nare<br />

ver gaviziareb TiTqos cxumSi <strong>da</strong> ara biWvin TaSi iyo <strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kaTalikosis samyofeli. werilSi naTqvamia:<br />

`zemoT naTqvami sasaflaos micemiT Zalian ganawyenebuli<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa sqizmatikosi (qarTveli marTlmadidebeli – e.m.)<br />

episkoposi <strong>da</strong> samRvdeloeba~. cota qvemoT aR niSnulia: `mesamed<br />

aRmarTuli (jvrebi, qvebi) sqizmatikos episkoposTa<br />

episkoposTan waiRes~ 5 . amonaridi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, rom episkoposTaepiskoposis,<br />

e.i. <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> kaTalikosis rezidencia,<br />

sadRac sxvagan, albaT, biWvinTaSi iyo.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom 1318 w. cxumSi ukve imyofebo<strong>da</strong><br />

kaTolike episkoposi, 1330 w., rogorc episkoposi geraldis<br />

1 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 243.<br />

2 Donaver , La storia della republica di Genova, 1913, p. 160.<br />

3 Heyd W., Geschichte des Levantehandels im Mittelalter, S. 192.<br />

4 Annali della repubvlica di Genova, 1854, p. 304.<br />

5 kiknaZe v., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, `mnaTobi~,<br />

1982, #9, gv. 157.<br />

452 453

werili<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, ka Tolikebs jer kidev ar hqon<strong>da</strong>T TavianTi<br />

eklesia, episkoposic us axlkarod imyofebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavs<br />

irCen<strong>da</strong> qarTvelebisagan Sewirulobe biT 1 . aseT viTarebaSi<br />

saeWvod meCveneba imis Tqma, rom kaTolikuri saek lesio kaTedra<br />

Tbilisis gar<strong>da</strong> cxumSic arsebob<strong>da</strong> 2 .<br />

cxumi Tavisi kargi mdebareobis gamo didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />

kavkasiis SavizRvispireTis vaWrobis centrad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

cxumSi gacxovelebul savaWro urTierTobebze miu-<br />

TiTebs 1449 wels genuaSi miRe buli <strong>da</strong>dgenileba Savi zRvis<br />

faqtoriebisaTvis. masSi Cans cxumis konsu lis uflebebi<br />

eqsport-importze Rirebulebis erTi procentis ga<strong>da</strong>xdevinebis<br />

Sesaxeb, rac TavisTavad am qalaqis savaWro<br />

mniSvnelo baze metyvelebs 3 .<br />

cxumze bedianis xelisufleba vrceldebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>, ra Tqma<br />

un<strong>da</strong>, mas vaWrobi<strong>da</strong>n miRebul qalaqis Semosavalze pretenzia<br />

eqnebo<strong>da</strong>. savarau doa, amis gamo xdebo<strong>da</strong> bediansa <strong>da</strong><br />

kolonist xelisufalT Soris kon fliqti 4 , romlis TavianT<br />

sasargeblod mogvarebiT genuelebi di<strong>da</strong>d <strong>da</strong>interese bulni<br />

iyvnen.<br />

genueli vaWrebi cxumSi iZendnen adgilobrivi warmoebis<br />

sagnebsa <strong>da</strong> produqtebs: xe-tyes 5 , cvils, bewveuls, soflis<br />

meurneobis produ qtebs. genuelebs Semohqon<strong>da</strong>T marili, fufunebis<br />

sagnebi, iaraRi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT evropis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nawarmi.<br />

cxumi iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>, agreTve, monebiT vaWrobis erT-erT<br />

mniSvnelovan centrad. monaTvaWroba uZvelesi <strong>da</strong> mtkivneuli<br />

problema iyo mTeli Savi zRvispireTis mosaxleobisaTvis.<br />

1 iqve.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 158.<br />

3 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей, X, c. 809.<br />

4 Nuovo Archivio Veneto. Nuovo serie – anno XIV, t. XXVIII, parte I, Venezia,<br />

1914, p. 392.<br />

5 afxazeTis teritoriaze xe-tyiT vaWrobis centri iyo biWvinTis maxloblad<br />

mdebare kavo buqso. Ibidem.<br />

didi mwuxarebiT wer<strong>da</strong> cxumis kaTolike episkoposi petre<br />

geraldi 1330 wels cxumSi <strong>da</strong> sxva adgilebSi adgilobrivi<br />

didkacobis mier qristianTa muslimebze gayidvis gamo.<br />

episkoposs mohyavs erTi aseTi magaliTi: `amgvarad, aq aris<br />

pativmoyvare qalaqi (cxumi – e.m.), sa<strong>da</strong>c <strong>da</strong>umsaxureblad<br />

<strong>da</strong>niSnuli var umaRlesi mRvdelmTavris (papis – e.m.) nebasurviliT.<br />

rogorc xma <strong>da</strong>dis, erT dros aq asi qristiani<br />

mihyides sarkinozebs. maT es qristi anebi sarkinozTa qveyanaSi<br />

waiyvanes <strong>da</strong> iq sarkinozebad aqcies... miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom aq mbrZaneblebi qristianebi arian, arc am sakiTxsa <strong>da</strong><br />

arc sxvaSi ar migone ben~ 1 .<br />

monebiT vaWroba genuelebTan sruli TavisuflebiT<br />

sargeblob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am saqmis iniciatorni <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelo-<br />

Si TviTonve iyvnen. rogorc z. anCabaZe aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>: isini<br />

`Semdegi drois Turq monaTvaWre bis Rirseuli winaprebi<br />

iyvnen 2 .<br />

Savi zRvispireTSi arsebuli genuis koloniebis 1449<br />

wlis wesde baSi <strong>da</strong>kanonebuli forma aqvs monebiT vaWrobas.<br />

masSi vkiTxulobT: `TiToeuls ra wodebisac ar un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

igi, ufleba aqvs sruliad Tavisu flad, konsulis mxriv<br />

raime SezRudvis gareSe, pira<strong>da</strong>d an sxvebis Sua mavlobiT<br />

SeiZinos mamuli, saqoneli <strong>da</strong> a<strong>da</strong>mianebi. Tu konsuli myidvels<br />

an gamyidvels SeuSlis xels, yvela SemTxvevaSi <strong>da</strong>jarimdeba<br />

5 somniT~ 3 . monebiT vaWrobaSi genuelebs arc<br />

venecielebi Ca morCebodnen, rogorc yirimis savaWro koloniebis<br />

istoriis cnobili italieli mkvlevari j. kanale<br />

SeniSnav<strong>da</strong>, venecielebs yvelaze metad izi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> vaWroba<br />

qarTveli bavSvebiT, `romlebic egvipteSi mihyav<strong>da</strong>T, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

SiSis zaris <strong>da</strong>mcem mamlu qTa brboebs qmnidnen~ 4 .<br />

1 kiknaZe v., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 157.<br />

2 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 246.<br />

3 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей, V, c. 396.<br />

4 Canale G., Della Crimea, p. 65.<br />

454 455

XV s. meore naxevari, iseve, rogorc italielebis Savi<br />

zRvispire Tis sxva koloniebisaTvis, cxumisTvisac sabediswero<br />

aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom genuis koloniebze<br />

Steva osmalebma cxumis aklebiT <strong>da</strong>iwyes. italiuri wyaroebis<br />

mixedviT, 1454 w. ivlisSi 1 osmaleTis floti (52 galera)<br />

Sav zRvaSi Sevi<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> genuis koloniebze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />

monkastroTi (dRevandeli akermani) <strong>da</strong>iwyo, magram igi ver<br />

aiRes. amis Semdeg cxums <strong>da</strong>ecnen <strong>da</strong> gaZarcves 2 . aqe<strong>da</strong>n kafasken<br />

gae Surnen <strong>da</strong> yirimis xanis <strong>da</strong>xmarebiT scades am<br />

qalaqis aReba, magram ver SeZles. osmalebi imiT <strong>da</strong>kmayofildnen<br />

kafas konsulma yovelwliuri xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong><br />

rom ikisra 3 .<br />

osmalebis samxedro moqmedebaze Crdilo-<strong>da</strong>savleT Savi<br />

zRvispireTSi zogierT <strong>da</strong>matebiT cnobas gvawvdis vaxuSti<br />

batoniSvili, Tumca es ambavi <strong>da</strong>TariRebuli aqvs 1451 wliT.<br />

sulTnis floti 50 katar RiT (rogorc zemoT iTqva, sxva<br />

cnobiT osmalebs 52 galera hyav<strong>da</strong>T) <strong>da</strong> sakmaod didi jariT<br />

miadga afxazeTis sanapiros <strong>da</strong> aRaoÃrnes <strong>da</strong> moswyÂdnes<br />

cxomi <strong>da</strong> afxazeTi <strong>da</strong> zRvis pirni.. ukun iqcnen <strong>da</strong> warvidnen~.<br />

mefe giorgi VIII saswrafod gaeSura afxazeTSi Se-<br />

Wrili mtris mosagerie blad, magram <strong>da</strong>igviana. osmalebi ukan<br />

gabrunebuliyvnen. mefem gaxiznuli xalxi ukan <strong>da</strong>abruna, mxare<br />

gaamagra, saqmeebi moawesriga <strong>da</strong> geguTSi <strong>da</strong>brun<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />

amgvarad, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, osmalebma mxolod<br />

cxumi ki ar gaZarcves, aramed afxazeTis sanapiroxe<br />

arsebuli genuis sxva kolo niebic.<br />

osmalTagan aklebis Sedegebs jer kidev ar gaevlo,<br />

rodesac 1455 wlis 28 ivliss cxumma axali Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma<br />

1 m. svaniZis gamokvleviT osmalebma cxumi aiRes 1454 w. ivnisis <strong>da</strong>saruls<br />

an ivlisis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi. svaniZe m. saqarTvelo-osmaleTis istoriis narkvevebi,<br />

Tb., 1990, gv. 112.<br />

2 Записки Одесского Общества Истории и Древностей,, VIII, c. 114.<br />

3 Тамже.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 284.<br />

ganica<strong>da</strong>. amasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebiT gvaqvs erTaderTi laTinuri<br />

wyaro _ werili cxumis maSindeli konsulis gerardo<br />

pinelisa. werilSi naTqvamia: `me Cavibare sevasto polisis<br />

konsu loba... <strong>da</strong>vyavi iq mcire xani... moulodnelad mas Tavs<br />

<strong>da</strong>esxnen avogazebi <strong>da</strong> mosaxleoba erTianad gaiqca Tavis ga<strong>da</strong>sarCenad.<br />

mec maTsaviT moviqeci. [avogazebs] sur<strong>da</strong>T [mosaxleobis]<br />

didi nawilis <strong>da</strong>tyveveba. amis Semdeg me, <strong>da</strong>vkarge<br />

ra yvelaferi, <strong>da</strong>vbrundi kafaSi~ 1 . ga momcemelma a. viniam am<br />

wer ils <strong>da</strong>urTo mcire anotacia, romelSic avogazebi afxazebad<br />

CaTvala. anotaciaSi weria, Semdegi: `gerardo pin eli,<br />

sevastopolisis konsuli pro teqtorebs moaxsenebs afxazebis<br />

mier koloniis gaZarcvaze <strong>da</strong> iTxovs mfarvelobas~ 2 .<br />

avogazebSi jiqebi rom un<strong>da</strong> igulisxmebodnen, amaze ukve<br />

iTqva.<br />

z. anCabaZe, eyrdnobo<strong>da</strong> ra f. brunis gamokvlevas, cxumze<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>msxmelebad afxazebi miaCn<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> am faqts gaiazreb<strong>da</strong>,<br />

rogorc afxazebis ajanyebas genuelebis winaaRmdeg. imis<br />

<strong>da</strong>samtkiceblad, rom afxazebi cxumSi adrec ibrZodnen eqsploatatorTa<br />

winaaRmdeg, z. anCabaZe imowmebs ukve ramdenjerme<br />

xsenebul kaTolike episkoposs petre geralds,<br />

romelic TiTqos ambobs, rom cxumSi genuelebi sistematur<br />

Seviwroebas <strong>da</strong> saSiSroebas ganicdian am qalaqSi mcxovrebi<br />

`aRmosav leTis qristianebis gan~ 3 . gansvenebuli mecnieri `aRmosavleTis<br />

qristi anebSi~ afxazebs xe<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong>. Znelia amgvari<br />

mosazrebis gaziareba, radgan petre geraldi afxazebs saer-<br />

1 `A qua inrecognitionem laborum susceperam consulatum Savastopolis. In<br />

quo loco dum me repo suis... lattu ilo fun...paucissimo spatio ibidem commorano inopinate<br />

locum Auogasij. Cuntispue fugientibus ut saltem saluas facerant per sonas.<br />

Ego ceteros sum secutius. Qvo actum est ut perdiderimus oppidum et plures duxerint<br />

in captiulatem. Sic puod expilianus omni facultate Caffam redij~ (Atti della<br />

societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. I, Genova, 1868, doc. 129, p.318).<br />

2 `Gerardo Pinelli console di Savastopolli notifi ca al protettori il sacco <strong>da</strong>to<br />

alla colonia <strong>da</strong>gli Abasii e loro si raccoman<strong>da</strong>~ (Ibidem, p. 317)<br />

3 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 247<br />

456 457

Tod ar axsenebs, albaT, imitom, rom is ini maSin cxumSi<br />

saerTod ar cxovrobdnen. igi Tavis werilSi mxolod erTxel<br />

miuTiTebs `aRmosavleTis qristianebze~, roca <strong>da</strong>savle-<br />

Tis qristianul samyaros mi marTavs: `SeibraleT aRmosavle-<br />

Tis qristianebi, romlebic iCagrebian <strong>da</strong> TavianT<br />

gaWirvebaze tirian~ 1 .<br />

rac Seexeba jiqebis (Tun<strong>da</strong>c afxazebi vigulisxmoT),<br />

rogorc TviTmxilvelis naTqvami<strong>da</strong>n Cans, cxumze Tav<strong>da</strong>sxma,<br />

ajanyebulTa SurisZiebis gamoxatuleba ki ar iyo, aramed<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis agan gansxvavebul ucxotomelTa<br />

mier na<strong>da</strong>vlisa <strong>da</strong> tyveebis xelSi Cag debis mizniT qalaqis<br />

akleba.<br />

adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ukmayofilo iyo genuelebis<br />

koloniza toruli moqmedebiT. genuelebi TavianT faqtoriebs<br />

qalaqis teritori aze qmnidnen <strong>da</strong> zogjer maT xelSi qalaqis<br />

mTeli kvartalebi aR moCndebo<strong>da</strong> xolme. isini TavianTi<br />

a<strong>da</strong>TebiTa <strong>da</strong> kanonebiT cxovrobdnen <strong>da</strong> angariSs ar uwevdnen<br />

mosaxleobis ZiriTadi masis interesebs. mkvidri<br />

mosaxleo bisTvis ucxo iyo kaTolicizmic, romelsac ZaliT<br />

ax vevdnen marTlmadide bel qarTvelebs. mravlis mTqmelia<br />

cxumis kaTo like episkoposis petre geraldis werili, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

Cans, rom mis dros cxumSi qarTvelebTan er Tad cxovrobdnen<br />

muslimanebi 2 <strong>da</strong> ebraelebi. roca <strong>da</strong>dianma kaTolikebs<br />

calke sasaflao gamouyo, aman cxumelebis didi<br />

ukmayofileba gamoiwvia. aRSfoTebulma xalxma laTinTa sasaflaos<br />

SuagulSi amarTuli jvari amoglija <strong>da</strong> 15 sasaflaos<br />

qvac <strong>da</strong>amtvria. `laTinebma xelaxla aRmarTes isini,<br />

1 kiknaZe v., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 157.<br />

2 cxumSi mcxovrebi muslimanebi, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d rumis sasulTno<strong>da</strong>n mosuli<br />

Turq-seljukebi iyvnen. isini did rols asrulebdnen saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi.<br />

am mosazrebis safuZvels warmoadgens <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva regionSi, maT<br />

Soris, zRvispireTSi aRmo Cenili rumis sasulTnoSi moWrili monetebi. beraZe<br />

T. zRvaosnoba <strong>da</strong> sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi (sadoqtoro<br />

disertacia), Tb., 1985, gv. 110.<br />

aqaurma sqizmatikosebma, Rvdlebma <strong>da</strong> xalxma, sarkinozTa <strong>da</strong><br />

iude velTa xelis SewyobiT, mesamed aRmarTuli (jvrebi, qvebi)<br />

sqizmatikos episkoposTa episkoposTan waiRes~ 1 .<br />

adgilobrivi marTlmadidebeli qarTveloba ukmayofilo<br />

iyo <strong>da</strong> dianis keTilganwyobiT laTinebis mimarT. `am qveynis<br />

mbrZanebeli, _ wers episkoposi geraldi, _ romelic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

jaris mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTava ric aris, mzad aris mTeli Tavisi<br />

laSqriT, <strong>da</strong>savleTis qristianebTan erTad (muslimanebis winaaRmdeg<br />

– e.m.) gasalaSqreblad. igi ase iqceva: romauli<br />

eklesiisadmi morCilebasa, kaTolikobis miRebaze <strong>da</strong> sarwmunoebis<br />

erTianobaze Tanaxmaa. aqaur ka Tolikebs sasaflaoc<br />

misca~ 2 .<br />

laTinebisa <strong>da</strong> qarTvelebis <strong>da</strong>pirispirebaSi garkveul<br />

rols asruleb<strong>da</strong> genuelTa qedmaRloba. petre geraldi <strong>da</strong>ufaravad<br />

wers qarT velTa Semwynareblobaze, isini ar asxvavebdnen<br />

marTlmadideblebsa <strong>da</strong> ka Tolikebs, winaaRmdegni<br />

ar iyvnen qono<strong>da</strong>T saerTo sasaflao. ma gram genuelebi<br />

ukadrisobdnen <strong>da</strong> TavianT micvalebulebs qarTvelTa sasaflaos<br />

gareT marxavdnen.<br />

genuelTa sawinaaRmdego ganwyobilebas aRvivebdnen cxumSi<br />

mcxovrebi muslimanebi <strong>da</strong> iudevelni, romlebic, albaT,<br />

ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, savaWro saqmianobas eweodnen <strong>da</strong>, bunebrivia, cxumSi<br />

genueli vaWrebis mo kalaTeba maTs interess laxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

amitom isini marTlmadidebeli qarTvelebis mokavSireebad<br />

gamodiodnen genuelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.<br />

cxumis zedized orjer aklebis Semdeg genuelTa mdgomareoba<br />

uaR resad arastabiluri Seiqmna: 1454 wlis 23 oqtombers<br />

genuaSi airCies Sem degi, 1455 wlis, konsulebi Savi<br />

<strong>da</strong> azovis zRvebis koloniebisaTvis. cxumis konsulad air-<br />

Cies filipo klaverenca. konsulebi arCeuli iyvnen, Cveulebriv,<br />

genuaSi gabatonebuli patriciebis rigebi<strong>da</strong>n, magram<br />

1 kiknaZe v. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, gv. 157<br />

2 iqve.<br />

458 459

maT uari sTqves ficis <strong>da</strong>debaze, radgan ar sur<strong>da</strong>T zemoT<strong>da</strong>saxelebul<br />

adgilebSi wasvla saSiSi mdgomareobis gamo. am<br />

dros genuasa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTs Soris im denad <strong>da</strong>Zabuli mdgomareoba<br />

iyo, rom genuis floti Sav zRvaSi veRar Sedio<strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> koloniebTan kavSirs xmeleTiT axor cieleb<strong>da</strong>. proteqtorebi<br />

iZulebulni gaxdnen konsulebad <strong>da</strong>bali warmoSobis<br />

a<strong>da</strong>mianebi aerCiaT. cxumis konsuli gax<strong>da</strong> xsenebuli gerardo<br />

pineli.<br />

1456 w. 6 Tebervals genuaSi kvlav Catar<strong>da</strong> Savi zRvis<br />

faqtoriebis konsulebisa <strong>da</strong> sxva moxeleebis arCeva. cxumis<br />

konsulad airCies franCesko lomelino 1 , magram man iseve,<br />

rogorc Savi zRvis sxva koloniebis axlad arCeulma konsulebma,<br />

uari ganacxa<strong>da</strong> am Tanamdebo bis <strong>da</strong>kavebaze. imave<br />

wlis 23 Tebervals xelaxla moewyo arCevnebi. am jerad konsulad<br />

airCies kaspare de kolunus alberti 2 . me ar vici<br />

<strong>da</strong>i kava Tu ara man Tanamdeboba, magram erTi ram cxadia, Semdgomi<br />

drois dokumen tebSi (romelTa naxvac SevZeli), mTeli<br />

17 wlis ganmavlobaSi araviTari cnoba ar aris cxumis konsulis<br />

arCevaze.<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom genuelebma SemdegSi mainc SeZles<br />

afxazeTsa <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sxva adgilebSi <strong>da</strong>bruneba<br />

3 , Zveli poziciebi veRar aRidgines. am droi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba<br />

cxumis <strong>da</strong>cema <strong>da</strong> SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom erT dros ayvavebuli<br />

savaWro <strong>da</strong> adminis traciuli centri, imave sau kunis<br />

70-ian wlebSi barbaros mier mxolod cixe-simagredRa ixsenieba<br />

4 .<br />

XV s. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi sabedianos gavlenis<br />

qveS arsebuli teritoriebi imdenad Semcirebula,<br />

1 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. 529.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 532. m. volkovis mixedviT, 1456 w. cxumis konsulad airCies<br />

oliver kalvi, magram wyaros ar uTiTebs. ix. Записки Одесского Общества<br />

Истории и Древностей,, VIII, 1882, c. 137.<br />

3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, №№ 129, 658, 670, 790, 1032.<br />

4 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 55.<br />

rom kontarinis TqmiT, misi gavla sam dReSi SeiZlebo<strong>da</strong> 1 .<br />

imave kontarinis cnobi<strong>da</strong>n irkveva, rom bedi ans <strong>da</strong>ukargavs<br />

baTumi <strong>da</strong> misi mimdebare teritoria, romelic aTabagis xel-<br />

Si ga<strong>da</strong>sula. magram kontarins ar aviwydeba aRniSnos, rom<br />

baTumi `me grelebis qveyanas ekuTvnis~ 2 .<br />

XV s. 70-iani wlebis <strong>da</strong>sawyisSi, msgavsad samcxe-saaTabagosi,<br />

arc sabediano Cans antiosmaluri koaliciisadmi<br />

keTilganwyobili. Tumca am mosazrebis <strong>da</strong>mamtkicebeli raime<br />

pir<strong>da</strong>piri sabuTi ar Cans. magram is ma salebi, romlebic maSindel<br />

viTarebas asaxavs, aseTi varaudis <strong>da</strong>Svebis safuZvels<br />

namdvilad iZleva.<br />

XV s. 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi Savi zRvis sanapiroebis<br />

mTel rig punqtebSi jer kidev genuelebi batonoben.<br />

aseve iTqmis sevastopo liszec (cxumi), romelic, rogorc<br />

barbaro aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, bedianis samflobeloebSi Sedio<strong>da</strong>. aseve<br />

ekuTvno<strong>da</strong> bedians saqarT velos Savi zRvispiras mdebare<br />

didi Tu mcire <strong>da</strong>saxlebuli adgilebi 3 , romlebTanac genuelebi<br />

met-naklebad <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyvnen <strong>da</strong> savaWro urTierTobac<br />

hqon<strong>da</strong>T.<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>Tan vaWrobas kafas genueli xelisufalni<br />

gansa kuTre bul yuradRebas uTmobdnen <strong>da</strong> ufrTxildebodnen.<br />

kanonmdebloba ibrZo<strong>da</strong> kafasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Soris vaWrobis<br />

saqmeSi calkeuli pirebis raime monopoliuri uflebis<br />

winaaRmdeg. juzepe kanale aRniSnav<strong>da</strong>, rom am principuli<br />

miznis ganxorcielebas emsaxurebo<strong>da</strong> genuis respublikis<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgenilebebi 1382-1434 wlebSi 4 . gansakuTrebuli yuradReba<br />

eqceo<strong>da</strong> ima sac, rom vaWroba Seuferxeblad warmarTuliyo.<br />

kafas xelisufleba cdilob<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecva, rogorc saqarTvelo-<br />

Si komer ciiT <strong>da</strong>kavebuli genuelebis interesebi, iseve im<br />

1 Ramusio G. B., Op. cit., p. 118r.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 114v.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 96v.<br />

4 Canale G., Della Crimea, del suo commercio e dei suoi dominatori <strong>da</strong>ll origini<br />

fi no al di nostri, v. II, Genova, 1856, p. 352, 374.<br />

460 461

qarTveli vaWrebis in teresebic, romlebic kafaSi <strong>da</strong>iarebodnen<br />

an mudmivad iq cxovrobdnen.<br />

saqarTvelo afxazeTSi <strong>da</strong>, saerTod, Crdilo <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleT<br />

SavizRvispireTis genuis savaWro koloniebs ukavSirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

saxmeleTo gziT, romliTac, imave dros, Crdilo<br />

kavkasiasTan <strong>da</strong> ruseTTan urTierToba xorcieldebo<strong>da</strong>. am<br />

saqaravno gzas, romliTac qarTvelebs gar<strong>da</strong> sargeblobdnen<br />

mezoblebic, misi av-kargianoba aRwera barbarom 1 .<br />

saqarTvelo genuis respublikasTan kavSirs axorcieleb<strong>da</strong><br />

kafas saSualebiT. am urTierTobas asaxavs XIV s. bolos<br />

kafas sabWos mier miRebuli <strong>da</strong>dgenilebebi, romlebSic sxva<br />

qveynebTan erTad (trapizonis imperia, oqros urdo <strong>da</strong> sxv.)<br />

moxseniebulia saqarTvelo 2 .<br />

1398 wlis erTi sabuTi<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom giorgi VII-sa<br />

trapizonis imperators saCivari aRuZravT maTi qveSevrdomebis<br />

kafaSi Seviwrovebis gamo. raTa gamoerkviaT samarTliani<br />

iyo Tu ara kafas konsulisa <strong>da</strong> sab Wos moqmedeba, genuaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgines, Seqmniliyo komisia oTxi kacis Se madgenlobiT<br />

(ori vaWari, ori iuristi). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu konsulisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> sabWos mier qarTvelebisa <strong>da</strong> trapezunelebis SemzRudveli<br />

kanonebi usamarTlod iqnebo<strong>da</strong> miCneuli, maSin isini<br />

un<strong>da</strong> gauqmebuliyo 3 .<br />

kafasa <strong>da</strong> <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Soris rom gacxovelebuli<br />

savaWro urTier Toba arsebob<strong>da</strong>, amaze metyvelebs Cvenamde<br />

moRweuli ramdenime sabuTi. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs<br />

1468 w. 15 maisis erTi werili, ro melic genui<strong>da</strong>n<br />

kafaSia gagzavnili. masSi laparakia im <strong>da</strong>vis Sesaxeb, romelic<br />

wamoiWra, erTis mxriv, kafas moqalaqeebsa _ avram beisa.<br />

xoja ko tulsasa, amirbeis vaJebsa <strong>da</strong>, meores mxriv, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefes Soris. es <strong>da</strong>va imdenad seriozuli iyo, rom<br />

1 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 60.<br />

2 Canale G., Op. cit., p. 352, 374.<br />

3 Ibidem, p. 352.<br />

genuis proteqtorebi misi SeswavliT <strong>da</strong>kavebulni iyvnen<br />

mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi. saqme imaSi mdgo mareob<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis erT-erTma qveSevr domma, quTaiselma giorgi<br />

kecaZem (gvaris zustad <strong>da</strong>dgena Znelia), zemoT <strong>da</strong>saxelebul<br />

kafe lebs zarali miayena, romlis saerTo Rire buleba<br />

TanxebSi ga<strong>da</strong>yvanili Seadgen<strong>da</strong> 83.191 kafas vercxlis aspers.<br />

werili<strong>da</strong>n ar Cans, ra formiT ganicades kafelebma zarali<br />

(valis ar <strong>da</strong>bruneba, qonebis miTviseba Tu sxv.), magram faqtia,<br />

rom im droisaTvis es uzarmazari Tanxa iyo.<br />

werili<strong>da</strong>n gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs is ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba,<br />

romelic kafas konsuls miuRia: kafaSi mcxovrebi<br />

qarTvelebis qonebis konfiskaciiT moexdinaT zaralis kompensacia.<br />

kafas konsulma Tavisi es ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetileba genuis proteqtorebs<br />

acnoba <strong>da</strong> imedi hqon<strong>da</strong>, rom iqi<strong>da</strong>n Tanxmobas miiReb<strong>da</strong><br />

cxovrebaSi misi gatarebisaTvis. magram genuis <strong>sagareo</strong><br />

mdgomareobis seriozulad ganxilvis Semdeg, pro teqtorebma<br />

<strong>da</strong>adgines: ar <strong>da</strong>eSvaT kafaSi qarTvelebis Seviwroeba, radgan<br />

es gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong> urTierTobis gamwvavebas <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefes-<br />

Tan. genuaSi aucileblad CaT vales masTan mSvidobis SenarCuneba.<br />

`umjobesia fulis <strong>da</strong>kargva,- werdnen proteqtorebi,vidre<br />

omi mezobel sinior Tan~. isini <strong>da</strong>zaralebulebs imiT<br />

amSvidebdnen, rom <strong>da</strong>dgebo<strong>da</strong> xel sayreli dro <strong>da</strong> maSin Seecdebodnen<br />

maTi qonebis <strong>da</strong>brunebas. imave dros masariebs 1 ubr-<br />

Zanes, rom zaralis nawilobriv anazRaurebis mizniT 26.393<br />

aspri waerTmiaT giorgi kecazes kreditori somxebisaTvis 2 .<br />

saqarTveloSi genuelebisaTvis miyenebul zaralze laparakia,<br />

agreTve, Semdgomi periodis (1472 w. 18 ivnisi) werilSi,<br />

magram, amjerad, saqme ise mogvarebula, rom genuelebi<br />

kmayofilni <strong>da</strong>rCenilan 3 .<br />

1 masariebi _ sazogadoebrivi Semosavlis ze<strong>da</strong>mxedveli moxeleebi.<br />

2 Canale, v. I, Genova, 1855, p. 352, 374; Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p.<br />

534-535.<br />

3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. VI, p. 875.<br />

462 463

kafaSi rom mravlad iyvnen qarTveli vaWrebi, amaze miu-<br />

TiTebs erTi cnoba, romelic kafas <strong>da</strong>cemisa <strong>da</strong> misi mosaxleobisadmi<br />

os malebis mopy robis ambavs asaxavs. `1475 wlis<br />

6 ivniss qalaqi mters <strong>da</strong>neb<strong>da</strong>, xolo 7 <strong>da</strong> 8 ricxvebSi<br />

yvela qristiani _ valaxebi, polonelebi, rusebi, qarTvelebi,<br />

Cerqezebi <strong>da</strong> sxvani <strong>da</strong>atyveves, qoneba waarTves, maTi<br />

nawili monebad gay ides, nawilsac borkilebi gauyares~ 1 .<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom genuelebs sevastopolisSi konsuli<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva moxeleebi hyav<strong>da</strong>T, rogorc Cans, am qalaqis<br />

sruli batonpatroni mainc bediani iyo. amaze pir<strong>da</strong>pir miu-<br />

TiTebs barbaro 2 . Tavisi amgvari mdgo mareo bis gamo sevastopolisi<br />

sagrZnoblad gansxvavdebo<strong>da</strong> Savi zRvispira sxva<br />

savaWro faqtoriebisagan, romlebSic genuelebi sruliad<br />

<strong>da</strong>moukideblad grZnobdnen Tavs. sevastopolisSi <strong>da</strong> bedianis<br />

sxva samflobeloebSi isini iZulebulni iyvnen angariSi<br />

gaewiaT bedianis pretenziebisaTvis. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad amisa, genuelebs<br />

mainc xSirad uxdebo<strong>da</strong>T masTan konfliqti, rac<br />

uaryofiT gavlenas axden<strong>da</strong> maTs savaWro saqmianobaze 3 .<br />

genuelebi bedianTan kargi urTierTobiT <strong>da</strong>interesebulni<br />

iyvnen, radgan sevastopolisi kavkasiasTan vaWrobis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

centri iyo. genuel vaWrebs aq didi mogeba hqon<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

xolo TviT genua mniSvnelovan ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebs iReb<strong>da</strong> 4 .<br />

genua Tavisi umTavresi konkurentis, veneciis <strong>da</strong>sustebiT<br />

imdenad <strong>da</strong>interesebuli iyo, rom saqristianos <strong>da</strong>uZinebel<br />

mterTan, mehmed II-sTan, kavSirsac ki ar eridebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

genuelebisaTvis kargad cnobili iyo venecielebis antiosmaluri<br />

saqmianoba <strong>da</strong> yovelnairad uSlidnen xels. genuelebma,<br />

albaT, isic kargad icodnen, rogori urTierToba<br />

1 Canale G., Della Crimea, p. 350<br />

2 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 55.<br />

3 Heyd W. Geschichte des Lenantehandels im Mittelalter, II B., Stuttgart,<br />

1879, S. 392.<br />

4 Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А. Очерки по истории генуэзских колоний на<br />

Западном Кавказе. «Исторические записки», #3, Л., 1936, с. 85.<br />

arsebob v<strong>da</strong> veneciasa <strong>da</strong> antiomalurad ganwyobil qveynebs<br />

Soris <strong>da</strong> isini yvelafers akeTebdnen antiosmaluri koaliciis<br />

sazianod. vimeoreb, amgvari varaudis <strong>da</strong>ma<strong>da</strong>sturebeli<br />

raime pir<strong>da</strong>piri cnoba ar gagvaCnia, ma gram aq ar SeiZleba ar<br />

gavixsenoT is momenti, rodesac XV s. 60-iani wlebis Sua<br />

xanebSi genuis respublika bedianTan kavSirs amyareb<strong>da</strong> kafas<br />

konsulis meSveobiT.<br />

bediansa <strong>da</strong> genuelebs Soris urTierTobis gamwvaveba<br />

XV s. Sua xanebi<strong>da</strong>n iwyeba. yovel SemTxvevaSi sabuTebi am<br />

periodi<strong>da</strong>n gvaqvs, romlebsac qvemoT gavecnobiT.<br />

kafis konsulis rafaele monterosis 1464 w. 14 <strong>da</strong> 17<br />

seqtembris werili<strong>da</strong>n vigebT, rom bedianma Zaladoba gamoiCina<br />

kafel vaWrebze, ri Tac kafas xelisufalTa <strong>da</strong>, ra<br />

Tqma un<strong>da</strong>, TviT <strong>da</strong>zaralebulTa didi ukmayo fileba gamoiwvia.<br />

kafas konsulma <strong>da</strong>uyovnebliv saCivriT mimarTa genuis<br />

san-jorjos bankis proteqtorebs <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>xmareba sTxova<br />

`samar Tli anobis~ aRsadgenad 1 .<br />

genuis proteqtorebi kargad grZnobdnen Secvlil vi-<br />

Tarebas, maT ar Seswev<strong>da</strong>T unari iaraRiT <strong>da</strong>ecvaT TavianTi<br />

moqalaqeebis sicocxle <strong>da</strong> qoneba <strong>da</strong> kafas mesveurebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>zaralebul qveSevrdomebs ubrZanes: SurisZiebisaTvis nu<br />

aCqardebian, xelsayrel dros <strong>da</strong>elodnon, manamde ki bedians<br />

Tavi moaCvenon megobrad.<br />

vaWrobis gar<strong>da</strong>, genuelebi bedianTan kargi urTierTobis<br />

Sesanar Cuneblad samxedro TvalsazrisiTac <strong>da</strong>interesebulni<br />

iyvnen 2 .<br />

genui<strong>da</strong>n gagzavnili rCeva-<strong>da</strong>rigeba kafelebs WkuaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>uj<strong>da</strong>T <strong>da</strong> SurisZiebis nacvlad bedians megobroba Ses-<br />

Tavazes. magram bedianis gulis mogeba kafelebisaTvis ioli<br />

1 Atti della societa Ligurie, p. 321.<br />

2 Ibidem, p. 335, 338-339. werili Sedgenilia 1465 w. 15, 18 <strong>da</strong> 25 maiss.<br />

rogorc werili <strong>da</strong>n Cans, igi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros iwerebo<strong>da</strong>, imis<strong>da</strong> mixedviT,<br />

rogori Tanmimdev robiT ganixilavdnen genuaSi kafasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebul sakiTxebs.<br />

werili sakmaod vrceli <strong>da</strong> Si naarsiT mravalferovania.<br />

464 465

ar un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo. 1465 w. 1 dekembers genua<strong>da</strong>n kafas konsulisaTvis<br />

gagzavnil werilSi naTqvamia, rom `Cven kmayofilni<br />

varT mengreliis baton bendianosTan saqmeebis kargad<br />

SeTanx mebiT. magram ukeTu raime xarjebi iqneba gaweuli,<br />

gibrZanebT, mTlianad an nawilnawil <strong>da</strong>akisroT im genuelebs,<br />

vinc mis teritorize vaWroben an droebiT cxovroben~ 1 .<br />

zemoT moyvanili werili<strong>da</strong>n, marTalia, ar Cans, magram,<br />

saeWvoa, rom genuisaTvis iseTi rTuli <strong>sagareo</strong> viTarebis<br />

dros bedianTan <strong>da</strong>debul xelSekrulebaSi mxolod<br />

vaWrobasTan <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli sa kiTxebi yofiliyo gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />

rogorc Semdgomi drois werili<strong>da</strong>n Cans, genuas ar akmayofileb<strong>da</strong><br />

bedianTan arsebuli urTierTobis done. igi<br />

ufro mWidro kavSirisaken miiswrafo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

1472 w. 15 dekembers kafas konsulisaTvis gagzavnil<br />

oficialur werilSi genuis proteqtorebi did kmayofilebas<br />

gamosTqvamdnen imis gamo, rom konsuli cdilob<strong>da</strong> mSvidobiani<br />

urTierToba <strong>da</strong>emyarebina yvela im xalxTan <strong>da</strong> mTavarTan,<br />

romlis teritoriazec mdebareob<strong>da</strong> re spublikis<br />

faqtoriebi: `aseve kmayofilni varT imiT,- werdnen isini,-<br />

rasac Tqven gvwerdiT sevastopolisis mTavar bendianTan<br />

mtkice mSvidobis <strong>da</strong>myarebis imedebze~ 2 .<br />

rogorc imave wlis 18 ivlisis erT-erTi vrceli werili<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Cans, kafas konsuls gofredo lerkaris proteqtorebis<br />

imedebi gaumarTle bia <strong>da</strong> bedianTan saqme ise mougvarebia,<br />

rom Tavi<strong>da</strong>n aucilebia SeiaraRebuli konfliqti 3 .<br />

un<strong>da</strong> vifiqroT, rom bedianTan `mtkice mSvidoba~,<br />

romelzec pro teqtorebi ase did imeds amyarebdnen, antios-<br />

1 Ibidem, p. 357. Sdr. Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А., Очерки по истории<br />

генуэзских колоний на Запад ном Кавказе, c. 114; Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории<br />

средневековой Абхазии (VI-XVII вв), c. 246.<br />

2 Зевакин Е.С. и Пенчко Н.А., Ук. труд, c. 112-113; Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории<br />

средневековой Абхазии УК. труд, c. 246.<br />

3 Atti della societa Ligurie, v. II, parte I, p. 875.<br />

maluri koaliciis wevrebTan samegrelos mTavris kavSirs<br />

gamoricxav<strong>da</strong>.<br />

cxumis <strong>da</strong>cema, ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d, <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli iyo Sav zRvaSi<br />

osmalebis moqmede basTan. osmalebisagan Seviwroebulma genuelebma<br />

Tan<strong>da</strong>Tan miatoves TavianTi koloniebi. z. anCabaze<br />

varaudob<strong>da</strong>, rom genuelebs cxumi un<strong>da</strong> mietovebinaT kafas<br />

<strong>da</strong>cemamde (1475 w.) ori wliT adre, e. i. 1473 wels 1 . magram<br />

genuelebis cxumi<strong>da</strong>n wasvlis TariRis ufro <strong>da</strong>zusteba Sei-<br />

Zleba, radgan aRniSnul wels cxumis konsulia qristoforo<br />

de kanevale 2 . amde nad, ufro swori iqneba Tqma imisa, rom<br />

kafas <strong>da</strong>cemasTan er Tad genuelTa koloniam cxumSi arseboba<br />

Sewyvita.<br />

1474 wlis gazafxulze, rodesac veneciis elCi katerino<br />

Zeno uzun hasanis <strong>da</strong>valebiT evropaSi brundebo<strong>da</strong>, man,<br />

rogorc iTqva, poloneTi<strong>da</strong>n werili gaugzavna `samegrelos<br />

mefe melikos~ 3 . am dros odiSis mTavari iyo Sama<strong>da</strong>vle <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

(1474-1477), liparit <strong>da</strong>dianis Ze. Zenom mas osmalebis<br />

winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad mouwo<strong>da</strong>. magram genuelTa zemoqmedebiTa<br />

<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> Tavisi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve<br />

50-60-ian wlebis mijnaze <strong>da</strong> 70-iani wlebis pirvel naxevar-<br />

Si arsebuli erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli viTarebebis<br />

Sefasebis Semdeg, is mxars aRar uWer<strong>da</strong> antios maluri<br />

koaliciis Seqmnis ideas, romlis ganxorcieleba axlo<br />

aRmosav leTsa <strong>da</strong> amierkavkasiaSi mxolod ay-yoiunlus saxelmwifos<br />

poziciebisa <strong>da</strong> gavlenis gaZlierebas gamoiwvev<strong>da</strong>. gansxvavebuli<br />

politikis gatareba miT ufro gamarTle buli<br />

Can<strong>da</strong>, rom genuis poziciebi Savi zRvispireTSi sustdebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

osmaleTi ki jerjerobiT odiSis samTavros raime seriozul<br />

safrTxes ar uqmni<strong>da</strong>. osmalebis mier Savi zRvispireTis ak-<br />

1 Анчабадзе З. В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии, c. 248.<br />

2 Canale G., Della Crimea, II, p. 338.<br />

3 XV saukunis italielTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb, gv. 35. `meliqi~<br />

arabu lad niSnavs mflobels, gamgebels, mefes.<br />

466 467

lebas bediani, albaT naklebad angariSgasawev epizo<strong>da</strong>d Tvli<strong>da</strong>,<br />

maSin, rodesac yvela qarTvelisaTvis zedmiwevniT kargad<br />

cnobili iyo uzun hasanTan `megobrobis~ Sedegebi.<br />

2. odiSis samTavros osmaleTTan<br />

urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

(XVI s. 50-iani wlebi)<br />

osmaleTis gavlena <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi ise myari ar<br />

iyo, rogorc iranisa aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. imereTis<br />

samefosa <strong>da</strong> samTavroebis Sinaur saqmeebSi Carevis xelsayrel<br />

pirobebs qmni<strong>da</strong> maTi swrafva gankerZoebisaken. odiSisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> guriis mTavrebi jer kidev amasiis zavamde (1555 w.)<br />

atarebdnen iseT <strong>politika</strong>s, romliTac isini sulTnis<br />

morCile baSi aRmoCndnen.<br />

sainteresoa erTi anonimi venecielis cnoba, sai<strong>da</strong>nac<br />

vigebT, rom odiSis mTavari osmaleTs xarks ar uxdi<strong>da</strong>.<br />

rogorc sulTnis vasali, igi valdebuli iyo, 30 (!) aTasi<br />

mxedriT emsaxura sulTnis jarSi, yov elTvis roca sparselebis<br />

winaaRmdeg saomrad wavido<strong>da</strong>. `qarTvelebi berZnuli<br />

rwmenisani, Tavisufalni <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>uxarkavni arian, maT mTavars<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani hqvia. yovelTvis, roca sulTani sparselebis winaaRmdeg<br />

saomrad midis, <strong>da</strong>diani 30 aTasi mxedriT emsaxureba<br />

sulTans~ 1 .<br />

saeWvoa, rom maSin amxela samxedro Zala hyolebo<strong>da</strong><br />

samegrelos samTavros. magram, am SemTxvevaSi imas ki ara<br />

aqvs ga<strong>da</strong>mwyveti mniSvneloba ramdeni jari hyav<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>dians,<br />

aramed <strong>da</strong>dianis sulTnisadmi valdebulebis faqts. <strong>da</strong>dianisaTvis<br />

amgvari valdebulebis <strong>da</strong>kisreba, vfiqrob, amasiis<br />

zavis Semdeg un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo.<br />

1 Archivio storico italiano, ossia raccolta di opera e documenti fi nora inediti e<br />

divenuti. La storia d’Italia, t. VIII, parte I, Firenze, 1843, p. 314.<br />

amasiis zavamde, rom odiSis samTavrosa <strong>da</strong> osmaleTis<br />

saxelmwi fos Soris urTierToba winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, kargad<br />

Cans ungreli diploma tis anTal veranCiCis mier konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

mefe ferdian disaTvis gag zavnili moxsenebiTi<br />

baraTi<strong>da</strong>n. veranCiCis cnoba exmaureba e. alberis im<br />

cnobasac, romelSic gadmocemuli iyo qarTvel-sparselTa<br />

jaris mier os malebisaTvis miyenebul zianze kapadokiaSi.<br />

anTal veranCiCis 1554 w. 3 maiss konstantinopoli<strong>da</strong>n mefe<br />

ferdinandisTvis gagzavnil moxsenebiT baraTSi naTqvamia,<br />

rom `sulTani gagzavnis 10 galeras Sav zRvaSi, raTa maTi<br />

saSualebiT ga<strong>da</strong>iyvanos yirimeli TaTrebi kapadokiaSi<br />

qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg, romelTa ricxvi, rogorc amboben,<br />

50.000-s Zlivs adgens~ 1 . imave wlis agvistosTvis gairkva,<br />

rom `is samniCbian galerebs, romlebic Sav zRvaSi TaTrebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>sayvanad iqnen gagzavnilni, kolxeTis CrdiloeTiT mcxovrebma<br />

megrelebma... mdi nareSi moZraobis saSualeba ar<br />

misces <strong>da</strong> axla am galerebs arc win <strong>da</strong> arc ukan ar Seu-<br />

ZliaT svla. axla kidev sam xomalds amzadeben am galerebis<br />

gamosaxsnelad, Tumca STabeWdileba iseTia, rom maTi gagzavna<br />

Se<strong>da</strong>rebiT ufro nela iqneba ganxorcielebuli~ _ aRni-<br />

Snavs a. veranCiCi 2 . rogorc a. veranCiCma 1454 wlis seqtemberSi<br />

gaark via, `gasul zafxuls sulTnis brZanebiT Sav<br />

zRvaSi gavidnen samniCbiani (triremi) galerebi, _ pirvelad<br />

xuTi, xolo mogvianebiT ki sami, magram ara im <strong>da</strong>niSnulebiT,<br />

rac zRvaSi gasvlisas iyo gamocxadebuli. saqme ima Sia, rom<br />

Turqebi arafers ar akeTeben dezorientaciis <strong>da</strong> dezinformaciis<br />

gareSe. pirveli xuTi galera imisTvis ki ar iyo<br />

gagzavnili, yirimis TaTarTa aziaSi ga<strong>da</strong>yvana <strong>da</strong>ecvaT <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>narCeni sami galerac imisaT vis rom saCqarod <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

gaewiaT md. rionze saxifaTo mdgomareobaSi mox vedril<br />

winamorbed galerebisaTvis, ara, sulac ara, radganac isini<br />

1 tardi l., anTal veranCiCis moxsenebiTi baraTebi, gv. 139.<br />

2 iqve, gv. 137-138.<br />

468 469

xom mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi srulebiTac ar imyofebodnen<br />

saSiS mdgomareobaSi. mTavari mizezi mdgomareob<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxadi aeRoT me grelebisgan <strong>da</strong> kolxeTis miwaze mcxovreb<br />

sxva qarTvelebisagan, Tan yuradReba mieqciaT iqauri<br />

sanapiro wylebisaTvis, raTa evropelebs ar miscemo<strong>da</strong>T SesaZlebloba<br />

rom sparselTaTvis zarbaznebi ga<strong>da</strong>ecaT. saqme<br />

imaSia, rom Turqebma marTlac miiRes amgvari saxis cnoba,<br />

rom mzaddeba aseTi aqcia q. kafaSi mcxovrebi komersantebis<br />

meSveobiT. swored es iyo pirveli xuTi galeris gagzavnis<br />

mTavari mizezi. momdevno sami galera gagzavnili iyo azovis<br />

zRvaSi kazakebisa <strong>da</strong> rusebis winaaRmdeg, raTa yirimis<br />

TaTrebs <strong>da</strong>xmarebodnen~ 1 .<br />

rogorc moyvanili vrceli amonaridi<strong>da</strong>n Cans, megrelebs<br />

md. ri onSi marTlac moumwyvdeviaT osmaleTis galerebi <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebis gad ax<strong>da</strong>zec uars ambobdnen.<br />

zemoTqmuli<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, gasagebia, Sah Tamazis <strong>da</strong>intereseba<br />

odiSis samTavros <strong>da</strong>sustebiT <strong>da</strong> mezoblebTan misi<br />

cudi urTierTobiT. amitom iyo, rom Sahi imereTis mefes<br />

aqezeb<strong>da</strong> odiSis samTavros <strong>da</strong>sapyrobad 2 . rogorc Cans iranis<br />

diplomatebis amgvarma agitaciam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong>diansa <strong>da</strong> mefes Soris urTierToba uaRresad <strong>da</strong>i Zaba.<br />

1557 wels odiSis mTavarma levan I-ma (1532-1572) <strong>da</strong>dianma<br />

sulTans xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> aRuTqva <strong>da</strong> ZRvnad Zvirfasi<br />

qvebi gaugzavna. samagierod mTavars osmaleTis flotiT imereTis<br />

(`kolxeTis~) mefe bagrat III-isaT vis angariSis gasworeba<br />

sur<strong>da</strong> 3 . <strong>da</strong>diani amgvarad cdilob<strong>da</strong> Tavisi <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis<br />

SenarCunebas. ai rogor agviwers marino kavali<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianis os maleTTan urTierTobas 1560 wels: `megrelebi,<br />

miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa, rom es marTlmadidebeli qristianebi, osmalebTan<br />

<strong>da</strong>axloebulni <strong>da</strong> maTi qve Sevrdomni arian, cdiloben<br />

1 iqve gv. 139.<br />

2 Magyar diplomáczial emlekek Mátyas király korából 1458-1490, p. 249.<br />

3 Ibidem.<br />

yvelaferi maT gareSe gaakeTon. oTxi Tu xuTi wlis win 1 .<br />

maTi mefe Tu mTavari <strong>da</strong>diani, romelsac sisx lismRvreli<br />

omi hqon<strong>da</strong> CerqezebTan, pira<strong>da</strong>d wavi<strong>da</strong> konstantino polSi<br />

sulTanTan <strong>da</strong>x marebis saTxovnelad 2 <strong>da</strong> eqvsi galera miiRo.<br />

ma gram osmalebi ise <strong>da</strong>ex marnen, rom misTvis naTeli Seiqmna,<br />

sulTnis mona <strong>da</strong> masze ufro <strong>da</strong>mokidebuli xdebo<strong>da</strong>, vidre<br />

<strong>da</strong>xmarebas iReb<strong>da</strong>. es mterTan brZolaze mZime iyo. amitom<br />

Semdeg wels, man madloba moaxsena sulTans gaweuli <strong>da</strong>xmarebisaTvis,<br />

Cerqezebs mourig<strong>da</strong>, romlebTanac meti samarTlianoba<br />

naxa, vidre TurqebTan~ 3 .<br />

qarTulma wyaroebma ician levan I <strong>da</strong>dianis stambolSi<br />

mog zaurobis ambavi, magram zogierTi detali mainc <strong>da</strong>zustebas<br />

moiTxovs.<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianis viziti sulTanTan, vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT,<br />

un<strong>da</strong> momx<strong>da</strong>riyo 1568-1572 wlebs Soris 4 . marTalia, arc<br />

marino kavali iZleva zust TariRs, magram naTelia, levani<br />

1560 wlamde (ufro swori iqnebo<strong>da</strong> gveTqva XVI saukunis<br />

50-iani wlebis meore naxevari) yofila stambolSi. <strong>da</strong>dianis<br />

stambolSi yofnis dros <strong>da</strong>zusteba <strong>da</strong> zogierTi sxva informaciis<br />

mopoveba SeiZleba ungreTis mefis stamboleli elCis<br />

anTal veranCiCis 5 `angariSebi<strong>da</strong>n~. 1557 w. 16 Tebervals veranCiCi<br />

wer<strong>da</strong>, rom stam bolSi samegrelos mTavars eliano.<br />

veranCiCis imave wlis 1 martis moxsenebaSi naTqvamia, rom<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani ukve stambolSia. `ukve gvaqvs zusti cnobebi samegrelos<br />

mTavris Camosvlaze, _ swers veran CiCi, _ igi Camo-<br />

1 albaT, 1557 wels.<br />

2 habsburgebis elCis konstantinopolSi busbekis mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>diani 1560<br />

wels Casula osmaleTis sataxtoSi. The turkish letters of Ogier Chiselin de Busbecq<br />

imperial ambasciador at Constantinople 1554-1564. Newly translated from the<br />

latin of the elzevir edition of 1633 by S. Foster, Oxford, 1937, p. 223.<br />

3 Alberi E., p. 279.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816.<br />

5 anTal veranCiCi (1504-1573) _ ungraTis humanitaruli istoriografiis<br />

gamoCe nili warmomadgeneli, cnobili diplomati <strong>da</strong> poeti. orjer (1553-1557<br />

<strong>da</strong> 1567-1568) iyo un greTis mefis elCad konstantinopolSi.<br />

470 471

Zan<strong>da</strong> zRviT, Cveni 16 Tebervlis angariSis gamogzav nis<br />

meore dRes. mis Camosvlasa <strong>da</strong> mdgomareobaze imitom gatyobinebT,<br />

rom Cvenma xlxma mTavris avtoritetulobaze imaze<br />

meti warmodgena ar iqonios, vidre si namdvileSi Tavad aris.<br />

igi Camovi<strong>da</strong>, rogorc `mefe sruliad samegre losi~. man es<br />

tituli sul axlaxan miiRo, magram amis miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad am Cvens<br />

mters did mniSvnelobas nuravin nu mianiWebs. <strong>da</strong>e, Tqvenma<br />

udidebulesobam icodes, rom am pirze ver ityviT egviptis<br />

ro melime nebismier patara me feze mets. miuxe<strong>da</strong>vad imisa,<br />

rom igi vrcel mamulebs flobs <strong>da</strong> saTaveSi udgas sakmaod<br />

mravalricxovan xalxs, didi simdidris patroni mainc ar<br />

aris. ise iqceva, rogorc Cveulebrivi xalxis wri<strong>da</strong>n gamosuli<br />

ubralo a<strong>da</strong>miani. tituli rom ar hqondes, aravin<br />

ifiqrebs mis mefobas. ar icavs sasaxlis ceremonialebs <strong>da</strong><br />

wesebs. Tavisi qceviT ifuWebs avtoritets, araviTar yuradRebas<br />

ar aqcevs sakuTari Rirsebis warmoCenas. SevecadeT moeyvanaT<br />

CvenTan misi amalis romelime wevri, raTa Segvetyo<br />

raime same grelos Sesaxeb. rodesac amis Sesaxeb acnobes, man<br />

ganacxa<strong>da</strong>, rom mzad iyo aramcTu sxva vinme, aramed TavaT<br />

mosuliyo, Tuki qalaqis guberna toris nebarTva iqnebo<strong>da</strong>.<br />

saqme isaa, rom igi CvensaviT mkacri <strong>da</strong>cvis qveS imyofeba.<br />

aRsaniSnavia, rom samegrelos mTavari TviTon Camovi<strong>da</strong><br />

elCis saxiT, Tumca man es gaakeTa mezobel Cerqezebze SurisZiebis<br />

mizniT 1 , radganac maT mouklavT mamamisi 2 . am mizniT<br />

mefes maT winaaRmdeg gaugzavnia jari, ma gram man migvaxvedra,<br />

rom misi saxmeleTo samxedro nawilebi ver gauZlebdnen<br />

Cerqezebis Zlier laSqars. igi <strong>da</strong>rwmunebula, rom sazRvao<br />

flotis gareSe verafers gaxdebo<strong>da</strong> mtris winaaRmdeg. man<br />

1 beri egnataSvilis mixedviT, levan I <strong>da</strong>diani sulTans jariT <strong>da</strong>xmareba<br />

sTxova imereTis mefe giorgi II-isa <strong>da</strong> giorgi gurielisagan Tav<strong>da</strong>cvisaTvis<br />

(qarTlis cxovreba, II, gv. 361; qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816).<br />

2 levan I <strong>da</strong>dianis mama giorgi <strong>da</strong>diani marTlac jiqebTan brZolaSi<br />

<strong>da</strong>iRupa 1533 wels (iqve). amasve gadmogvcems vaxuSti batoniSvili (qarTlis<br />

cxovreba, IV, gv. 811.<br />

sulTans saCu qrad Camoutana Zvirfasi qvebiT moWedili Tasi,<br />

raTa sTxovos mas niCbiani galerebi. am Txovnis Sesrulebis<br />

SemTxvevaSi mefem ga<strong>da</strong>saxadebic ki ikisra, romlisganac igi<br />

aqamde Tavisufali iyo~ 1 .<br />

rac Seexeba <strong>da</strong>dianis mogzaurobis mizans, vis winaaRmdeg<br />

sWirde bo<strong>da</strong> mas osmalTa <strong>da</strong>xmareba, marino kavalic Cerqezebs<br />

asaxelebs. <strong>da</strong> dianis stambolSi Casvlis mizezsa <strong>da</strong><br />

mizanSi ver garkveula bus bekic 2 , roca am bobs: `erTni amtkiceben,<br />

rom samegrelos mTavari konstantinopolSi suleimanis<br />

mopatiJebiT Camovi<strong>da</strong> TurqeTTan samxedro kavSiris<br />

<strong>da</strong>sadebad. es awyobT am ukanasknelT sparseTis wi naaRmdeg<br />

omis sawarmoeblad. meo reni irwmunebian, rom igi aq Camovi<strong>da</strong><br />

suleimanisaTvis ramdenime xomaldis saTxovnelad, mezoblebTan<br />

omis <strong>da</strong>wyebis SemTxvevaSi gamosyeneblad. ima sac<br />

amboben, rom man suleimans xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong>c ki aRuTqva, Tuki<br />

Txovnas Seusruleb<strong>da</strong>~ 3 @vaxuSti baton iSvilis mixedviT, <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

imereTis mefe giorgi II-s (1564-1585) <strong>da</strong> giorgi guriels<br />

(1564-1583) ebrZo<strong>da</strong>. qarTuli wyaroebiT, sulTani<br />

<strong>da</strong>dians xomaldebiT ki ar <strong>da</strong>exmara, rogorc kavali ambobs,<br />

`aramed mwe eyo <strong>da</strong>dians xonTqari, mosca azrum-trapizonis<br />

spani~ 4 . kavalis cnobas un<strong>da</strong> miesa<strong>da</strong>gebodes e. TayaiSvilis<br />

mier gamoqveynebuli sigeli, romelic, marTalia, levan II<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianis (1611-1657) xanas ganekuTvneba (e. TayaiSvili sabuTs<br />

aTariRebs 1639-1657 wlebiT), magram levan I-is mmarTvelobis<br />

erT epizods asaxavs. `papa Cueni lion <strong>da</strong>diani stambols<br />

wasula, _ wers levan II, _ ... <strong>da</strong> qristekoCi 5 stambols<br />

warutania, <strong>da</strong> iq papa Cuens gamarjvebia, <strong>da</strong> imaTi ZaliT<br />

1 tardi l. ungreT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierToba XVI saukuneSi, gv. 77.<br />

2 auherius busbeki elCobis wevri iyo anTal veranCiCTan erTad.<br />

3 tardi l., <strong>da</strong>sax. naSromi, gv. 85.<br />

4 qarTlis cxovreba, IV, gv. 816; qarTlis cxovreba II, gv. 361; <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

isto riis narkvevebi, IV, gv. 124.<br />

5 waCxuris mTavarangelozisaTvis Sewiruli yma.<br />

472 473

gamarjvebuli mo sula, <strong>da</strong> cxra xomaldi 1 bedniers xvanTqars<br />

wyalobad mieca, <strong>da</strong> maTs aqeT wa mobrZanebula, qristekoCi iq<br />

stambols <strong>da</strong>ugdia xomaldebis winamZRu arad, <strong>da</strong> mdivnobac<br />

uboZebia, <strong>da</strong> ufrosobai xomaldis~ 2 .<br />

qarTul wyaroSi gadmocemul ambavs, marTalia, TariRi<br />

ar uzis <strong>da</strong> arc imazea miTiTebuli, ra mizniT sWirdebo<strong>da</strong><br />

lavan I-s sulTnis xomaldebi <strong>da</strong> arc am xomaldebiT miRweul<br />

Sedegzea raime naTqvami, ma gram vfiqrob, levan II <strong>da</strong><br />

marino kavali levan I-is stambolSi erTsa <strong>da</strong> igive mogzaurobaze<br />

gadmogvcemen. levan II-s sigelis Sedgenis dros ar<br />

sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> vrclad SeCerebuliyo amjerad saintereso sakiTxze.<br />

mas sur<strong>da</strong> waCxurulis ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> misi Zmis, qristekoCis,<br />

eklesiisaTvis Sewirulobis <strong>da</strong>dgena, raTa kvlav gaeaxlebina<br />

maTze eklesiis ufleba. amisaTvis `es Zveli wignebi<br />

vnaxeT lion <strong>da</strong>dianis, mamias <strong>da</strong> manuCaris <strong>da</strong> mamis Cvenis<br />

(manuCar I <strong>da</strong>diani _ e.m.), <strong>da</strong> mokiTxuli vqeniT <strong>da</strong> wignebicai<br />

vnaxeT, asre Sewiruli ga movi<strong>da</strong>~ 3 .<br />

SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>rwmunebiT iTqvas, rom levan I <strong>da</strong>diani mxolod<br />

erTxel ar eaxla sulTans samxedro <strong>da</strong>xmarebis saTxovnelad.<br />

levan II <strong>da</strong> marino kavali gadmogvcemen levan I-is<br />

Casvlaze <strong>da</strong>axloebiT 1557 wels. busbekis mixedviT, igi<br />

stambolSi yofila 1560 welsac 4 , xolo vax uSti batoniSvili,<br />

rogorc ukve iTqva, mis mogzaurobas aRniSnavs 1568-<br />

1572 wlebs Soris pe riodSi.<br />

rodesac marino kavalis cnobas va<strong>da</strong>rebT masze adre<br />

moyvanil un greTis istoriuli wyaroebi<strong>da</strong>n amoRebul cnobas,<br />

ise Cans, rom 1557 wels <strong>da</strong>dianma levan I-ma jer despani<br />

gagzavna sulTanTan, xarkis ga<strong>da</strong>x<strong>da</strong> aRuTqva <strong>da</strong> Zvirfasi<br />

1 marino kavalis mixedviT, sulTans <strong>da</strong>dianisaTvis 6 xomaldi miucia.<br />

2 <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> siZveleni, t. II, e. TayaiSvilis re<strong>da</strong>qtorobiT, tf., 1909,<br />

gv. 79.<br />

3 iqve.<br />

4 The turkish letters of Ogier Chiselin de Busbecq imperial ambasciador at<br />

Constantinople 1554-1564, p. 223.<br />

saCuqrebic miarTva imereTis mefis winaaRmdeg <strong>da</strong>x marebis<br />

sanacvlod. magram safiqrelia, rom <strong>da</strong>dianis de spani stamboli<strong>da</strong>n<br />

uariT gamoistumres. amitom iZulebuli <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

pira<strong>da</strong>d wavi<strong>da</strong> stambols <strong>da</strong> sulTans azri Seacvlevina.<br />

levan II amitom ambobs: `iq papa Cuens ga marjuebia, <strong>da</strong> imaTi<br />

ZaliT gamarjvebuli mosula~, e. i. xomaldebi moiy vana.<br />

magram imis garkveva, levan I-s imereTis mefe bagratTan<br />

Tu Cerqezeb Tan sabrZolvelad sWirdebo<strong>da</strong> osmalTa xomaldebi,<br />

amis <strong>da</strong>dgena <strong>da</strong>matebiTi wyaroebis mopovebis gareSe<br />

ver xerxdeba. SeiZleba mxolod va raudi, rom stambolSi,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c levan I-is agentebi, albaT, imyofebodnen, Segnebulad<br />

avrcelebdnen xmas, TiTqos levan I <strong>da</strong>dians xomaldebi Cerqezebis<br />

winaaRmdeg sWirdebo<strong>da</strong>. am gziT un<strong>da</strong> gaCeniliyo<br />

marino kavalis informaciaSi cnoba samegrelos mTavris Cerqezebis<br />

wi naaRmdeg omisaTvis mzadebis Sesaxeb.<br />

474 475

wyaroebi <strong>da</strong> literatura<br />

abubeqr bin abdulahi, gamarjvebaTa wigni. Turquli teqstri<br />

qarTuli Targ maniT, SesavliTa <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT gamosacemad moamza<strong>da</strong> m.<br />

iluriZem, Tb., 2006<br />

abulaZe c., oTxi Turquli dokumenti imereTis mefis solomon<br />

II-is Sesaxeb, Tsu-s Sromebi, t. 121, Tb., 1967<br />

abulaZe c., samcxe-saaTabagos istorii<strong>da</strong>n (XVI s. 80-iani wlebi).<br />

`mra valTavi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, Tb., 1989<br />

araqel <strong>da</strong>vriJecis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. Targmani,<br />

Sesavali <strong>da</strong> komen tarebi k. kuciasi, Tb., 1974<br />

arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Targmani italiuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

al. Wyoniasi. meore gamocema l. asaTianis winasityvaobiT,<br />

re <strong>da</strong>qciiT <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT, Tb., 1938<br />

beraZe T., zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi. Tb., 1981<br />

beraZe T., zRvaosnoba <strong>da</strong> sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebis<br />

saqarT veloSi (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1985<br />

berZeniSvili n., ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n<br />

XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze. `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriis<br />

sakiTxebi~, IV, Tb., 1967<br />

bocvaZe T., Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebi ruseT-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

urTier TobaSi (XVI-XVII ss.). `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> feo<strong>da</strong>luri xanis<br />

istoriis sakiTxebi~, II, Tb., 1972<br />

brose m., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoria, naw. I, Tb., 1895<br />

gabaSvili v., qarTuli feo<strong>da</strong>luri wyobileba (Se<strong>da</strong>rebiTi Seswavlis<br />

c<strong>da</strong>), Tb., 1956<br />

gabaSvili v., qarTuli diplomatiis istorii<strong>da</strong>n (saqarTvelo<br />

<strong>da</strong> antiosmaluri koaliciebi XV-XVII ss.). „masalebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong> kavkasiis istoriisaTRvis“, nakv. 31, Tb. 1964<br />

gabaSvili v., XVI-XVIII ss. <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> qalaqebi maxlobeli<br />

aRmosavleTis savaWro urTierTobaTa Suqze. krebulSi:<br />

narkvevebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istorii<strong>da</strong>n, Tb., 1966<br />

gelaSvili n. iran-<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> urTierTobis istorii<strong>da</strong>n,<br />

T., 1995<br />

georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb,<br />

VIII. berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca<br />

<strong>da</strong> ganmartebebi <strong>da</strong>urTo s. yayxCiSvilma, Tb., 1970<br />

giorgaZe b., venecieli avtoris marino sa nutos cnobebi<br />

saqarT veloze (XV-XVI ss. mijna). krebulSi: evropis istoriis<br />

problemebi, II, Tb., 1978<br />

dumbaZe m., aRmosavleT kaxeTis (saingilo) istorii<strong>da</strong>n, Tb.,<br />

1953<br />

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turquli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna,<br />

komen tarebi <strong>da</strong> gamokvleva <strong>da</strong>urTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. I, qarTuli<br />

Targmani, Tb ., 1971<br />

evlia Celebis `mogzaurobis wigni~. Turquli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna,<br />

komen tarebi <strong>da</strong> gamokvleva <strong>da</strong>urTo g. fuTuriZem. nakv. II,<br />

gamokvleva, komentarebi, Tb., 1973<br />

vaTeiSvili d., nikifore irbaxis kval<strong>da</strong>kval. gaz. `komunisti~,<br />

#175, 177, 178, 1983<br />

TamaraSvili m. istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTa Soris,<br />

tf., 1902<br />

TamaraSvili m., qarTuli eklesia <strong>da</strong>sabami<strong>da</strong>n dRemde. re<strong>da</strong>qcia<br />

gaukeTes, winasityvaoba <strong>da</strong>urTes <strong>da</strong> gamosacemad moamzades<br />

z. aleqsiZem <strong>da</strong> j. odiSelma, Tb., 1995<br />

TayaiSvili e., sami istoriuli qronika, tf., 1890<br />

TayaiSvili e., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> siZveleni, III, tf., 1910<br />

TayaiSvili e. arqeologiuri mogzauroba samegreloSi.<br />

Zveli saqarT velo, III, 1912-1913<br />

Toma mewofeli. Targmani, Sesavali werili <strong>da</strong> komentarebi<br />

prof. l. meliqseT-begisa, Tb., 1937<br />

TurqeT-sparseTis omi <strong>da</strong> qristiani qarTvelebi. 1577-1581. italiuri<strong>da</strong>n<br />

Targ mna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi <strong>da</strong>urTo e.<br />

mamisTvaliSvilma, Tb. 1987<br />

476 477

Turquli wyaroebi XVI s. I meoTxedis samcxe-saaTabagos<br />

istori isaTvis. Turquli dokumentebi qarTuli TargmaniT,<br />

gamokvleviTa <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebiT gamosca c. abulaZem, Tb., 1983<br />

ibrahim feCevis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a <strong>da</strong> kavkasiis Sesaxeb.<br />

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca, Sesavali <strong>da</strong> SeniSvnebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>urTo s. jiqiam, Tb., 1964<br />

ingoroyva p. giorgi merCule. qarTveli mwerali meaTe saukunisa,<br />

naw. I, Tb., 1954<br />

isqander munSis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb. sparsuli<br />

teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTa <strong>da</strong> SesavliTurT gamosca v. fu-<br />

TuriZem, Tb., 1969<br />

kandelaki n., qarTuli saelCo mWermetyveleba, Tb., 1966<br />

kasraZe t., romis propagan<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> kaTolikuri misiebi saqarTveloSi<br />

(sadisertacio naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kandi<strong>da</strong>tis<br />

xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 1947, gv. 79.<br />

kacitaZe d. XVI-XVII saukuneTa sparsuli dokumenturi<br />

wyaroebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> istoriisaTvis. `kavkasiur-axloaRmosavluri<br />

krebuli~, II, Tb., 1962<br />

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kucia k., grigol <strong>da</strong>ranaRcis cnoba svimon I-is stambolSi<br />

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wignSi, `macne~, istoriis seria, 1980, #2<br />

mamisTvaliSvili e., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>. sgareo politikuri<br />

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mamisTvaliSvili e., saqarTveloSi kaTolicizmis gavrcelebis<br />

cdebi <strong>da</strong> qarTvelTa <strong>diplomatia</strong> XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi.<br />

`qarTuli <strong>diplomatia</strong>~, weliwdeuli, #8, 2001<br />

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XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

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XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> Sesaxeb.<br />

ara buli<strong>da</strong>n Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi <strong>da</strong> saZieblebi<br />

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morTaza mehdi faTemi, sparsuli masalebi XVI-XVII saukuneebis<br />

qarTvel moRvaweTa Sesaxeb, Tb., 1982<br />

naTaZe gr., saukunis siRrmi<strong>da</strong>n. XVI saukunis germaneli misionerimog<br />

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niniZe d., <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> saxelmwifos <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

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Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa <strong>da</strong> aRmosavleTis sxva<br />

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JuJunaZe o. XV saukunis pirveli naxevris <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

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<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis<br />

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* * *<br />

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MAMISTVALISHVILI ELDAR<br />

FOREIGN POLICY AND DIPLOMACY OF GEORGIA<br />

IN 15 th - 16 th CENTURIES<br />

Georgia, one of Christian countries of the East has held the attention<br />

of Europe from the military point of view, since the time of<br />

the crusades. However this interest became keener in the period of<br />

pre<strong>da</strong>tory wars waged by Turkey, which brought some European<br />

coun tries to an eco nomic and others to a political catastrophe. Together<br />

with some Moslem coun tries who were in jeopardy of Turkish<br />

sggression. Georgia was considered in Europe as a po tential ally.<br />

In Europe some information about Georgia began to be accumulated<br />

which nowa<strong>da</strong>ys serves as an important source for research into the<br />

foregn policy of Georgia of that period.<br />

Western politicians followed the developments in the Near East<br />

with great interest. They wei all eyes as regards possible allies and<br />

enemies of Turkey and the military potential of Iran, the main rival<br />

of Turkey. In the sources refl ecting Iranian-Turkish interrelation we<br />

can fi nd some in formation about Georgia. From these sources it is<br />

clear that the Europeans considered Georgia an irreconcialable and<br />

might enemy of Turkey. Military actions of the Georgian people<br />

and reference to them in offi cial and private letters and raports had<br />

a cer tain propagandistic purpose: to shou how Christian Georgia together<br />

with Iran fought against Tur key while other great Christian<br />

powers failed to organize joint operations against Turkey. In connection<br />

with this some of the information which was in European<br />

sources is exaggerated and is not suffi ciently reliable for us to reconstruct<br />

the real picture of the foreign relations of Georgia of that<br />

period.<br />

The present monograph is an attempt to study foreign relations<br />

of Georgia in the 15 th -16 th centuries. The author studies the relations<br />

496 497

of the Georgian states with Iran, Turkey, Russia and a number of<br />

West-European countries and shows how the political fi gures of<br />

Georgia tried to use the contradictions betwen Iran and Turkey in<br />

favour of their country. In the work the author also shows the most<br />

important moments of the Georgian people’s fi ght against foreign<br />

invaders.<br />

In the 15 th -16 th centuries there was no inited Georgia. It consisted<br />

of sewparate politi cal units, whose foreign policy was conditioned<br />

by their resations with the two agressive neighbouring countries<br />

– Iran and Turkey.<br />

According to the Amassia Paece Treaty in 1555 Georgia was<br />

partitioned in twain Iran and Turkey (Nou Kartli, Kakheti and the<br />

East of Samtskhe-Saatabago belonged to Iran, but Western Georgia<br />

– Imereti, mengrelia, Guria and the West of Samtskhe – Saatabago<br />

be longed to Turkey).<br />

In fact this partition had been done much earlier – since the<br />

reign of the Safawi Dinasty began. Though some of these separate<br />

political units recognized the pover of both the Sah and the Sultan,<br />

they nevertheless preserved the right to pursue independent home<br />

and foreign pol icy.<br />

The political infl uense of Turkey and Iran on Georgia was not<br />

always the same. They often were in diffi culty themselves and the<br />

kingdoms and principalities of Georgia tried to use such situations<br />

to set them against each other or both of them against the a third<br />

force. For the scarcity or lack of the proper sources it is diffi cult to<br />

determine what course of for eign policy each king dom and principality<br />

of Georgia pursued during this or that period of time, but on<br />

the whole we may say that some of Georgia’s feu<strong>da</strong>tory states mantained<br />

con tacts with Iran and others – with Turkey. But it does not<br />

mean that thies partnership was permanent. They changed their<br />

partners according to situations, though there existed some regularity:<br />

during wars between Iran and Turkey the Georgian kingdom<br />

and principalities tended to side with Iran but during peace between<br />

these two countries they ware inclined to Turkey.<br />

Georgian political fi gures tried to keep the balance of power between<br />

Iran and Tur key constant and yet tense so as not to give them<br />

a possibility to attack Georgia. It was a wellknown fact that one of<br />

the reasons of their confl ict was their desire to rule over Georgia.<br />

The political line of Georgian diplomats attracted the attention<br />

of Europe. The Main aim of policy of Habsburg dynasty, of Hungary<br />

and the Venician Republics was to keep consistant tension between<br />

Iran and Turkey: therefore they considered Georgia their<br />

natural ally. In the same period the French diplomacy was interested<br />

in directing the Turk ish aggression towards the West, in particular,<br />

against the Holy Roman Empire. That’s why the activities of those<br />

Georgian diplo mats who paid visits to Istanbul to induoe the Sultan<br />

to act against Iran hurt the interests of France.<br />

All she above mentioned facts aroused a lively interest in Georgia<br />

and in the ac tivities of Georgian diplomats, which was refl ected<br />

in secret diplomatic correspondence of the politicians and statesmen<br />

of that time, in literary memoirs and in the press. The interest in<br />

Georgia particularly increased in the periods of Iranian-Turkish<br />

wars and we observe abun<strong>da</strong>nce of Euro pean meterials about Georgia<br />

just at that time.<br />

From the sources partaining to the period of Iranian-Turkish<br />

wars we see that East Georgia was involved in anti-Turkish wars.<br />

Maybe it was caused by the infl uence of Iran, which needed Georgia<br />

for the sake of her own military and political purposes: I. The armies<br />

of Georgia’s king doms and principalities could play an important<br />

part in the war against Turkey-a sworn enemy of Iran. 2. Georgia, as<br />

an Eastern christian power was always es teemed in Euro pean<br />

states.<br />

The efforts of Georgian politics was to create an anti-osman<br />

coalition (in the 50-ies of 15 th century up to 60-ies of the 16 th cen-<br />

498 499

tury) were taken under the infl uence of Iran and served her inmterests.<br />

Georgia wanted neither Iran nor Turkey to be strengthened,<br />

because no matter which of them took the upper hand, the victor<br />

would rule Georgia. Therefore Georgian diplomats strove to maintain<br />

the balance of power and constant tension between those two<br />

countries.<br />

Iran and Turkey tried to comoufl age their aggressive intentions<br />

against Georgia and had to confi ne themselves to the necesaity of<br />

having Georgia as an `ally~ or al `vassal~ while using still the letter’s<br />

economical and military resources in the fi ght against each<br />

other.<br />

Judging by the European sources Georgians ware especialli activ2<br />

in their struggle against Turkey; hence we can fi nd the abun<strong>da</strong>nce<br />

of relevant materials there. Maybe the Geor gian politi cians of<br />

the period in qvestion considered that the easter policy of the European<br />

countries was mainly determined by their relations with Turkey.<br />

Iran was considered one of the most potential enemies of Turkey<br />

and at the same time qvite a desirable partner in commerce. This<br />

accounts for the fact that Georgia failed to fi nd anti-Iranian powers<br />

in Europe. In this respect Moscow deserves particular interest as it<br />

paid a certain attention to Georgia from the commercial and political<br />

point of view. But Turkey was Moscow’s main enemy in the<br />

Caucasus. It could render Georgia only moral support.<br />

The fall of Constantinople was an event of greatest importance<br />

for Georgia. The Cris tian cultural Byzantium with which Georgia<br />

had been maintaining economic, political and cultural ties, now<br />

gave place to the aggresive mighty Osman Empire. It became diffi -<br />

cult to continue contects with Europe which impaired a leter devolepment<br />

of Georgia<br />

Georgia had long-standing commercial contacts with Europe<br />

particularly with state-touns of North Italy Genoa end Venice. The<br />

commercial roads crossing Georgia played a great part in this com-<br />

merce, which was in the interests of both the western and eastern<br />

coun tries.<br />

The idea of a crusade against Turkey was put forvard by the<br />

Pope. The European and the papal courts knew that in the East there<br />

still existed Christian countries who would fi ght against Turkey.<br />

At the call of the Pope (the mission of Lodovico di Bologna in<br />

Georgia) the whole of Georgia rose to fi ght against Turkey (King<br />

George VIII, atabag Kvarkvare II, the Prince of Men grelia, the<br />

Prince of Guria). Besides, the Georgian King and prince, the Emperor<br />

of Trebi sond, the Prince of Minor Armenia, the Amir of Karamania<br />

and Padishah of the state of Ak-koiunlu just taking shape at<br />

that time were to form a coalition.<br />

Georgians hed their own plans of utter defeat of Turks which<br />

they offered to the futyre allies and they also promised them to provide<br />

a large army.<br />

Georgian ambassadors together uith those of the eastern allied<br />

countries visited the courts of the the European countries (Hungary,<br />

the Holy Roman Empire, Venice, Flor ence, Rome, France, Flandres),<br />

but without ang result. The economic and political contradictions<br />

among European countries, were so grave that their alliance<br />

turned out to be impossible.<br />

The court of The Sultan appraised the situation properly and<br />

continued its aggressive policy. The Eastern ambassadore were still<br />

in europe (1461) when the turke conquered the Tre bizond Empire,<br />

which meant a defeat of the Eastern allies.<br />

In 1463 the Venetian-Turkish war broke out. The fi rst diplomatic<br />

contacts of Ven ice and Ak-koiunlu state were esteblished.<br />

The King Usun-Kasan considered Turkey his main en emy. The war<br />

between these two states was inevitable and Usun-Kasan considered<br />

Georgia a very im portant ally in casa of war with Turkey.<br />

The sources of the 70-ies of the 15 th century state that not all the<br />

kingdoms of Georgia were for the anti-Osman coalition. Samtske-<br />

500 501

Saatabago and Sabediano did not support this idea. For Samtske-<br />

Saatabago Usun-Kasan became a more <strong>da</strong>ngerous enemy than the<br />

Sultan. Samtske only paid tribute to the Sultan.<br />

The Prince of Megrelia was under an economic and political infl uence<br />

of Genoa, which was interested in a foreign political orientation<br />

of the Prince due to their commercial interests. Genoa knew about the<br />

activities ov Venice to create an antiosman coalition and tried its best<br />

to in fl uence on the Prince of Megrelia to act against this coalition.<br />

The disintegration of Georgia into different kingdoms and princiopalities<br />

put an end to the cource of joint foreign policy. This fact<br />

became ostensible in the 90-ies of the 15 th cen tury. The kingdom of<br />

Kakheti sought ties with Moscou, while Kartli – with , the West-<br />

Euro pean countries. But their attempts had no result.<br />

The formation of the Safawi Stats in Iran marks a new stage in<br />

foreign interrelations of East Georgia. As is seen from the Persian<br />

and West-European sources, Shah Ismail I who usurped the throne<br />

intended to make Georgia (Kartli, Kakheti and Samtske-Saatabago)<br />

his vas sal _ i.e. rec ognize his power, pay him annual tribute and<br />

supply troops for his aggressive pur poses. Sah Is mai’s measures towards<br />

East Gaorgia determined the norms of relations be tween<br />

Georgia and Iran in the course of a whole century. Sah Ismail’s policy<br />

towards Geor gia was aimed at deepening the political decentralization<br />

of our country.<br />

The Georgians played an important part in the formation and<br />

strengthening of the Sa fawi khizilbash state. The Georgian political<br />

fi gures regarded the Safawi state a poten tial opponent of Turkey.<br />

Before the beginning of the fi rst Iranian-Turkish war (1514)<br />

Saatabago, pro ceed ing from the imternal situation in Georgia, rendered<br />

Turkey economic support.<br />

Having been defeated by Turkey, Sah Ismail decided to create<br />

an anti-osman league which comprised Iran, Egypt, Kartli and<br />

Kakheti, though this league proved to be still-born.<br />

The dynastic strif in Samtske-Saatabago caused Iran’s and Turkey’s<br />

interference into its internal affairs, but shift of the Turkish<br />

aggression to West Europe strengthened Iran’s positions not only in<br />

Samtske-Saatabago but also in the whole East Georgia. The Sultan<br />

eculd not stand the Shah’s success in Georgia and in 1553 the war<br />

fl ared up again.<br />

After the Amasia Peace Treaty in 1555 the defeated and weakened<br />

Iran’s positions in East Georgia ware no longer strong; therefore<br />

Georgia now became the main point of his ac tive foreign policy.<br />

He often had to use the Kizilbash troops to suppress uprisals in the<br />

king dom of Kartli.<br />

Neither were the Sultan’s positions strong in West Georgia. The<br />

Sultan’s inerference into the internal affairs of Imereti and other<br />

principalities caused their decentralization. Owing to their wrong<br />

policy the Princes of Odishi and Guria found themselves under the<br />

power of sultan before the Amasia Peace Treaty.<br />

The relations between Turkey and West Georgia differed from<br />

those between Iran and East Georgia. In West Georgia Turkey didn’t<br />

have to overcome any obstacles. A Peace Treaty with Iran was necessary<br />

for Turkey to arrange their affairs in Europe.<br />

During the ensuing peace (1555-1578), in the course of the diplomatic<br />

relations with Iran, Turkey alwais stressed that the qvestion<br />

of East georgia was always the subject of his in terest and tried to<br />

play the part of her protector. In fact, Turkey wanted to conquer the<br />

whole of Georgia and the Caucasus.<br />

Kartli became the main fi eld of the Iranian-Turkish war of 1578-<br />

1590. During this war the real intentions of Turkey were revealed.<br />

Kartli and Kakheti faced great <strong>da</strong>nger. Headed by King Swimon I<br />

Kartli began to fi ght against the Turkish aggression in alliance the<br />

Khizil bashs, bat the king of Kakheti alexander II tried to stave off<br />

<strong>da</strong>nger by means of diplomatic manoeres.<br />

In the 80-ies of The16 th century the aggressive policy of Turkey<br />

502 503

and the Crimean khannate speasrheaded against the nations of Transcaucasia<br />

compelled them to turn to neighbouring states for help<br />

against Turkey. Iran could not be counted on because it was wakened<br />

at this period. At tention was drawn to the Moscow kigdom<br />

which had long been advancing to the Caspien Sea and the North<br />

Caucasus. In 1556 Moscow conqvered Astra khan and established<br />

direct commercial contacts with Iran. Under such circumstances<br />

con quest of the Caucasus by Turkey and weakening of Iran was not<br />

acceptable to Moscou.<br />

Moskaw begins to look for allies in the Caucasus. Moskaw had<br />

more information about than about other Kingdoms. Kakheti wes involved<br />

in the international trade in silk and was now conected with<br />

Moscow trough Astrakhan. Tes way lay trough Dagestan and Sashamkhlo.<br />

The Prince of Sashamkhlo was the Sultan’s vassal and acted<br />

under his instructions. Detach ments of Samkhal troops often raided<br />

frontier regions of Kakheti. That’s why Russia’s entering the Nort Caucasus<br />

was of vital importance for Kakheti. This wiould tear Sashamkhlo<br />

off Tur key and plased it between two Christian countries.<br />

In 1586 King Alexander II asked the King of Moskaw to protect<br />

his state from the at taks of Sashamkhlo and the expected aggression<br />

on the part of Turkey. The diplomatic move’s of the king of Kakheti<br />

became known to Sashamkhlo and it bagan to act against Kakheti.<br />

Since that time entry of Russia troops into Sashamkhlo became a<br />

top-priority probleme of Kakhetian diplomacy.<br />

True, there is no direct information about contacts betveen the<br />

Georgians and the Cos sacks from the Don but some Russian and<br />

West European sources are indicative of the axistence of such contacts.<br />

The mere existence of contacts between Kakheti and Moscou<br />

was a fact of great im por tance for the whole Caucasus and near<br />

East. from now on those who wished to preserve good rela tions with<br />

Moscou had to obtain from hostilities with Kakheti. The Sultan was<br />

well aware of the fact that any procrastination in the setting the<br />

question of Kartli could bring about an analigous situation, all the<br />

more that Moscow desired to extend protection over Kartli too.<br />

But King of Kartli Swimon I was a realist in polities and realized<br />

that contact between Kartli and Moscow in the present situation<br />

was imposible. A man of common sence, knew that he could not<br />

accept any real help from Russia just then. Kartli was at war with<br />

Turkey and Swimon knew very well what a cerbal pledge of Russia<br />

to protect Kartli would intensify the Turkey’s mili tary operations.<br />

Neithep would the Shah favour this step of Swimon.<br />

The contacts between Kakheti and Moscow expedidet the peace<br />

treaty between Kartli and Turkey (1587). Kartli’s secession from<br />

the war assisted war Turkey in defeating Iran. Tran tried to use Russia<br />

as an ally in the war against Turkey but the question of Kakheti<br />

prevented normal re lations between Russia and Iran.<br />

The ties between Russia and Kakheti deterioraled the relations<br />

between Kakheti and Turkey, but increased the international signifi<br />

cance of Kakheti. It was obvious that Russian troops had entered<br />

the Caucasus not without encouragement from Kakheti, and both<br />

Iran and Turkey could not afford to disregard this fact. The court of<br />

Kakheti was aware of its in creased role in the Near East and tried to<br />

develop contacts with Russia.<br />

Alexander II knew that he could solve the question of Sashamkhlo<br />

only with the help of Russia, but he also knew that this question<br />

was closely con neeted with the question of Tur key; therefore<br />

during the talke with Russia the Georgian diplomatss put forward<br />

the question of Turkey and Sashamkhlo together.<br />

But Russia and Kakheti could not agree with question of Turkey.<br />

In the course of talks Moscow diplomats tried to convince the<br />

court of Kakheti that Turkey was not likely to attack that countri<br />

because Alexander II was a liegeman of Moscou Tsar. Ruissia could<br />

not share Kakheti’s plans of beginnig a war with Turkey. This was<br />

not desirable for Russia at that time.<br />

According to the Iranian-Turkish Peace Treaty of 1590 Turkey<br />

504 505

extended his `rights~ over East Georgia, but Kartli and Kakheti retained<br />

their rights to have interrelations with for eign coun tries. As<br />

Turkey directed her aggression towards the West the Holy Roman<br />

Em pire and the Pope began to muster antiosman powers.<br />

In this context Iran and Georgia attracted their attention as<br />

countries which would not accept the provisoion on the Istanbul<br />

Peace Treaty. In the anti-osman schemes of the Pope and the emperor<br />

Moscow featured prominently as a power capable of exerting<br />

some in fl uence over Geor gia another Christian Ortodox. However<br />

the political course of Russia did not plan a war with Turkey.<br />

Kakheti established contacte With European countries through<br />

Russia While King Swimon I of Kartli did the same through Iran or<br />

idependently.<br />

Anti-osman countries realized that greater success could be<br />

achieved if Kartli and Kakheti acted together. Both Moscow and<br />

Iran tried to solve this problem. They tried to spread their infl u ence<br />

over Kartli and Kakheti.<br />

Alexander II King of Kartli wa inclined to Moscow. In hiss<br />

opinion if Kakheti and Kartli joined under the infl uence of Moskow<br />

he should be King of united Georgia.<br />

Swimon I King of Kartli retained pro-Iranian orientation to end<br />

the of his <strong>da</strong>ys. As Kartli fought against Turkey together with Khizilbashes<br />

Swimon I could not pursue foreign policy unac ceptable to<br />

the Sah and therefore avoided contacts with moscow. He always<br />

acted under the Shah’s instructions and invariably described the<br />

Shah as the organizer of war of east ern countries against Turkey.<br />

In the 90-ies of the 16 th century Shah Abas increased his political<br />

infl uence on Kak heti and in 1595 he compelled Alexander II to<br />

join the Iran-Kartli alliance. In fact, he founded the Iran-Kartli-<br />

Kakheti League. According to the historical sources of that period,<br />

Alexander II did not ac cept all the purposes of this coalition. Kakhetians<br />

politicians could not reconcile to the secesions of Russia from<br />

the war against Turkey.<br />

When the members of East anti-osman coalition lost hope for<br />

real assistence from Europe they began to act. In 1597 the Shah began<br />

a war against Turkey’s allies and in 1598 Swimon I took advantage<br />

of Turkey’s weakness and, with the Shah’s approval resumed<br />

hos tilities against Turkey. According to the European scurces (but<br />

their objektivity is doubtful) Swimon I had a certain suc cess fi rst but<br />

in 1599 during one of the battles he was captured by the Turks.<br />

Swimon’s disappearance from the political and military arena<br />

cosderably weakened Georgia’s anti-osman might. This circumstance<br />

complicated Alexander’s position, because Tur key which<br />

had hitherto been fi ghting against Kartli abstained from drastic measures<br />

against Kak hreti. Alexander II decided to be mor active in<br />

pursuing Russian policy in the Caucasus and getti ung real assistence<br />

from his protector, but this effort remained fruitless. It should<br />

be supposed that Russia could not ignore Iran’s interests in Georgia.<br />

Besides it be came clear that the King of Poland and the Khan of the<br />

Crimea had talks about war against Russia (1601) . So, Russia did<br />

act want to complicate relations with Iran for the sake of Kar tli. The<br />

Shah decided to consoli<strong>da</strong>te his position in Georgia forever. In 1605<br />

King Alexander II was killed by his own son Konstantine, who had<br />

been brought up at the Shah’s court was Mohamme<strong>da</strong>n.<br />

The capture of Swimon I by the Turks and the murder of Alexander<br />

II by the Khizil bashs mark the end of Georgia’s participation<br />

in anti-osman coalition which had lasted a cen tury and a half.<br />

Oppressed by Iran and Turkey the fu<strong>da</strong>l kingdoms of Georgia fo<br />

for qvite a long time lost the power to pursue independet foreign<br />

policy. Kartli and Kakheti became an arena of san guinary feu<strong>da</strong>l<br />

wars and inroads by the Khizilbashs. But the foreign policy of the<br />

king doms and principalities of West Georgia was mainly confi ned<br />

to contacts with Turkey.<br />

From the XV century, while destroying the united feu<strong>da</strong>l monarchy<br />

it is seen that the patriarchs of Antioch tried to meddle with<br />

the church affairs of the South and West Georgia. The hearths of<br />

506 507

separatism appeared. Political units could be independent only by<br />

the support of church. In the XV century and later too the patriarchs<br />

of Antioch were encroaching the sovereignty of the country by meddling<br />

with internal affairs of Georgia.<br />

At fi rst the Patriarchy of Antioch paid attention to Samtskhe,<br />

where the separative movement started the earliest of all and the<br />

leaders were the bishops from Matskhvereli.<br />

The aspiration of the Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch for making<br />

Georgian Church their fl ock was known in Rome. That’s why<br />

the Pope’s administrative unit tried to infl uence on Georgia with the<br />

same way, to join its kingdom-principalities to antiosmanian coalition<br />

and to change the church into Catholicism.<br />

In 70s of the XV century Georgian church was divided into two<br />

parts - Eastern or Mtskheta Church and Western or Gelati Church.<br />

The division of the church fi nally fi nished the wholeness of the<br />

country.<br />

Samtskhe-Saatabago (Principality) became the independent political<br />

unit and had independent foreign policy. The aristocracy of<br />

Samtskhe was especially active towards the Shah of Iran, they were<br />

appointed on quite high posts. They became so strong that by the<br />

help of Iranian feu<strong>da</strong>l lords they intended to ascend the throne to the<br />

prince Hei<strong>da</strong>r-Mirza, who was Georgian by his mother. The struggle<br />

lasted several years and fi nally it ended with misfortune of the Georgians.<br />

In the II half pf the XVI century widow of Kaikhosro II, Dedisimedi,<br />

played a great role in the history Samtskhe- Saatabago.<br />

In her life like mirror - the overthrow of the Georgian Orthodox<br />

Church and the hearth of Culture of the ancient and the largest feu<strong>da</strong>l<br />

unit of Samtskhe- Saatabago and the tragedy of her separation<br />

by Turkey from Georgia was refl ected.<br />

Earlier the Republic of Genoa was interested in trade with the<br />

East. It played a great role in Crusades and gained trade privileges<br />

in the near East.<br />

In a shot term the Genuians established 39 colonies and settlements<br />

by the East Black Sea, from Tana to Sevastopol (Tskhumi). 7<br />

colonies from those 39 ones were by the Georgian Black Sea, which<br />

played great economical, political and cultural role in the life of<br />

people’s of the nearby countries in the XVI-XV centuries.<br />

In the XIV century the colonies of the Republic of Genoa already<br />

existed in Tskhumi. The fi rst consul is already seen from<br />

1354. He was Ambrojo De Pietro. The existence of a consul indicates<br />

to the existence of the trade colony of the Gentians.<br />

In spite of existence of the Catholic bishop in Tskhumi in 1318,<br />

the Catholics did not have their own church, the bishop was homeless<br />

too and lived on the donation by the Georgians.<br />

I doubt that the Catholic church pulpit existed somewhere except<br />

Tbilisi, even in Tskhumi.<br />

Tskhumi was governed by the ruler of Samegrelo and it would<br />

have had the pretention on the city income from trade. There was a<br />

confl ict between the ruler and the colonist rulers, and the Gentians<br />

were interested in solving it for their own profi t.<br />

In the II half of the XV century the Osmanians began the attack<br />

of the colonies of Genoa from routing of Tskhumi.<br />

The local population was dissatisfi ed by the colonizational behaviour<br />

of the Gentians. The Gentians used to establish their colonies<br />

on the territory of the city and sometimes they possessed the<br />

whole blocks. They used to live according to their traditions and<br />

laws and did not take into consideration the interests of the most<br />

part of the population. The Catholicism was unknown for the local<br />

population, but the Orthodox Georgian were dictated by force to it.<br />

The Muslims and Ju<strong>da</strong>ists living in Tskhumi kindled the opposite<br />

feelings of Gentians, who, maybe, mainly had a trade business<br />

and it is natural, that the settlement of Gentian traders living in<br />

Tskhumi humiliated their interests. That is why they were allies of<br />

the Orthodox Georgians in the struggle against the Genuians.<br />

508 509

МАМИСТВАЛИШВИЛИ Э.М.<br />

ВНЕШНЯЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ДИПЛОМАТИЯ<br />

ГРУЗИНСКИХ ЦАРСТВ И КНЯЖЕСТВ<br />

В XV-XVI ВЕКАХ<br />

Грузия, одна из xристианских стран Востока привлекала к<br />

себе внимание Ев ропы еще со времен крестовых походов, в основном,<br />

с военной точки зрения. Од нако, особый интерес к ней<br />

возникает во время захватнических войн Турции, которые привели<br />

одну часть европейских стран к экономической, а другую<br />

– политической ка та строфе Гру зия вместе с некоторыми мусульманскими<br />

странами, которым также уг рожала турецкая агрессия,<br />

рассматривалась европейцами как потенциональный<br />

союз ник. В Европе накапливалась информация о Грузии, которая<br />

в наши дни стала важ ным источником изуче ния внешней<br />

политики Грузии интересующего нас периода.<br />

Политические деятели Западной Европы с большим интересом<br />

следили за разви тием событий на Ближнем Востоке. Их<br />

интересовали возможные союзники и против ники Тур ции, а<br />

также военный потенциал Ирана, который являлся главным соперником<br />

Турции. В источниках, отражающих ирано-турецкие<br />

взаимоотношения, мы находим сведения о Гру зии. Из этих источников<br />

видно, что европейцы считали Грузию непримиримым<br />

врагом, а также важным противником Турции. Упоминания<br />

о военных акциях грузин в официальных и частных письмах,<br />

докладах и прессе слу жили определенным пропагандитским<br />

целям: по казать как христианская Грузия в союзе с Ираном боролась<br />

против Турции, в то время как крупные христианские<br />

госу дарства не смогли организовать совместные действия против<br />

той же Турции. В связи с этим многие сведения из европей-<br />

ских источников приувеличены и не дают возможности<br />

восстанов ления реальной картины внешних взаимоотношений<br />

Грузий того периода.<br />

Предлагаемый труд представляет собой попытку монографического<br />

изучения внеш них сношений Грузии XV-XVI вв. В<br />

нем изучены взаимоотношения грузинских государств с Ираном,<br />

Турцией, Россией и целым рядом западно-европейских<br />

стран, а также показано как политические деятели Грузии старались<br />

использовать противоречия между Ираном и Турцией<br />

на благо своего государства. Здесь же пока заны и важнейшие<br />

моменты борьбы грузинского народа против иноземных захватчиков.<br />

В XV-XVI веках единой Грузии не существовало. Она состояла<br />

из отдельных по литических единиц, внешняя политика<br />

которых была обусловлена их взаимоотноше ниями с двумя агрессивными<br />

соседями – Ираном и Турцией.<br />

Хотя раздел Грузии на сфери влияния между Турцией и<br />

Ираном de jure был объ явлен Амассийским мирным договором<br />

(Восточная Грузия – Картлийское и Кахе тин ское царства, а<br />

также восточная часть Самцхе-Саатабаго отходили к Ирану, а<br />

За падная Грузия – Имеретинское царство, Мегрельское и Гурийское<br />

княжества и запад ная часть Самцхе-Саа табаго – к Турции),<br />

фактический он был осуществлен со времен воцарения<br />

династии Сефеви дов в Иране. Несмотря на то, что отдельные<br />

политические единицы Грузии признавали власть иранского<br />

шаха и турецкого султана, они все-таки сохраняли способность<br />

проведения независимой внутренной и внешней поли тики.<br />

Политическое влияние Турции и Ирана на Грузию не всегда<br />

было одинаковым. У них самих нередко бывали периоды<br />

трудностей, чем неоднократно пользовались подвластные им<br />

царства и княжества Грузии. Они старались столкнуть Иран и<br />

Тур цию, или противопоставить им третью силу. Ввиду недо-<br />

510 511

статка источников, а чаще всего ввиду отсут ствия их, трудно<br />

установить внешнеполитический курс каждой от дельной политической<br />

единицы в разные промежутки времени, но в основном<br />

можно сказать следующее: из евро пейских источников<br />

следует, что одна часть грузинских царств и княжеств была<br />

связана с Ираном, а другая – с Турцией. Однако ж это вовсе не<br />

означало, что постоянным политическим партнером одной части<br />

политических единиц бил Иран, а другой – Турция. И тем не<br />

менее нельзя не отметить определенную закономерность: во<br />

время ирано-турецких войн они склонялись в сторону Ирана, а<br />

во время мира между этими двумя завоевателями в сторону<br />

Турции.<br />

Усилия грузинских политических деятелей были в основном<br />

направлены на то, чтобы между Ираном и Турцией не нарушалось<br />

равновесие сил, а взаимоотношения были постоянно напряжены.<br />

Это лишало их возможности нападения на Грузию. Грузины<br />

хорошо понимали, что одним из объектов столкновения<br />

интересов Ирана и Тур ции являлось гос подство над Грузией.<br />

Политическая линия грузинской дипломатии обратила на<br />

себя внимание евро пейцев. Ведь главной целью империи Габсбургов,<br />

Венгрии и Венецианской республики было сохра нение<br />

постоянных напряженных взаимоотношений между Ираном и<br />

Тур цией. Поэтому они считали Грузию своим естественным<br />

союзником. В то же время француз ская дипломатия была заинтересована<br />

в том, чтобы направить турецкую аг рессию на запад,<br />

в частности, про тив Свяшенной Римской империи. поэтому<br />

деятель ность тех гру зинских дипломатов, кото рые посещали<br />

Стамбул с целью побудить сул тана к действиям против Ирана,<br />

французское правительство расценивало как ущем ление интересов<br />

своего государства. Все это обусло вило живой интерес к<br />

Грузии и дея тельности грузинских ди пломатов со стороны руководителей<br />

европейских государств, что отразилось в тайной<br />

дипломатической пере писке, мемуарной литературе и прессе<br />

того иремени. Интерес к Грузии особенно оживлялся во время<br />

ирано-турецких войн. Этим вызвано обилие све дений европейских<br />

источников о Грузии в соответствующие периоды. Из источников<br />

эпохи ирано-турецких войн мы видим, что Грузия, в<br />

основ ном, ее восточная часть, была вовлечена в антиосманские<br />

войны. Можно предполо гать, что это было вызвано давлением<br />

Ирана, который хотел использовать Грузию в борьбе против<br />

Турции в собст венных военно-политических целях: 1. Вооруженные<br />

силы грузинских царств и княжеств могли сыграть значительную<br />

роль в борьбе про тив Турции – заклятого врага Ирана;<br />

2. С Грузией как с христианской страной Вос тока считались<br />

при дворах европейских монархов.<br />

Усиля руководителей грузинской политики-по созданию<br />

антиосманской коали ции (с 50-ых годов XV века до 60-ых годов<br />

XVI века) направлялись иранскими вла стями и слу жили<br />

интересам Ирана. Грузию не устраивало усиление Турции или<br />

Ирана. В случае по беды Ирана над Турцией Грузия оказывалась<br />

под непосредствен ным господством Ирана. Та же судьба<br />

ожидала страну и в случае победы Турции над Ираном. Поэтому<br />

усилия грузин ских государственных деятелей были направлены<br />

на со хранение равновесия и напряжения во взаимоотнощениях<br />

между ними. Иран и Тур ция, считая друг друга врагами,<br />

старались замаскировать свои агрессивные намерения по отношению<br />

к Грузии. Они вынуждены были довольствоваться<br />

«союз ничеством» или вас сальной зависимостью грузин и использовать<br />

военно-экономические ресурсы Грузии в борбе против<br />

друг друга.<br />

Судя по европейским источникам, особое усердие грузины<br />

проявляли в борьбе против турок. Поэтому их взаимоотношения<br />

с Европой отражаются лишь в этом ас пекте, в то время как<br />

для Грузии были одинакого опасны как Иран, так и Турция.<br />

512 513

Можно пред поло гать, что грузинские политические деятели<br />

принимали в расчет то обстоятельство, что вос точная политика<br />

европейских государств была обусловлена в основном их взаимоотношеннями<br />

с Турцией. В Европе Иран считался один из<br />

глав ных потенциальных про тивников Турцией. С Ираном считались<br />

и как с выгодным партнером в торговле. По этому найти<br />

антииранские силы в Европе грузинам было практический невозможно.<br />

В этом отно шении особое внимание привлекало<br />

Московское государство, которое исходя из своих тор говых и<br />

политических интересов, еще ранее устремило взоры на Кавказ.<br />

Однако, до тех пор, пока главным противником Московского<br />

царства на Кавказе оставалась Турция, Москва не могла<br />

активно высту пить в зашиту Грузии от насилия Ирана. Она<br />

могла лишь морально поддерживать грузин.<br />

Падение Константинополя было событием огромной важности<br />

для Грузии. Вме сто культурной и христианской Византии,<br />

с которой Грузия издавна поддерживала эко номиче ские,<br />

политические и культурные связи, воцарилась агрессивная и<br />

мощная Ос манская им перия. Затруднились взаимоотношения с<br />

Европой, что отрицательно сказалось на дальней шем развитии<br />

Грузии. Долгое время Грузия поддерживала тор говые связи с<br />

Европой, осо бенно северо-итальянскими городами-государствами<br />

– Ве нецией и Генуей, для которых торговые пути, проходящие<br />

через Грузию играли осо бую роль. В эксплоатации этих<br />

путей были заинтересованы как западные, так и восточные государства.<br />

Идея крестового похода против Турок исходила от Папы<br />

Римского. В середине XV века в Европе, особенно при папском<br />

дворе, было хорошо известно, что на Востоке еще су ществовали<br />

христианские государства, которые могли выступить против<br />

Тур ции.<br />

По призыву Папы (миссия Людовика Болонского в Грузию)<br />

на борьбу с Тур цией восстала вся Грузия (царь Георгий VIII,<br />

атабаг Кваркваре II, князь Мегрелии Дадиани, князь Гурии). В<br />

коалицию, кроме грузинских правителей, должны были объединяться<br />

также им ператор Трапезундской империи, князь Малой<br />

Армении, эмир Ка рамании и па дишах, нахо дящегося в стадии<br />

объединения, государства Ак-Коюнлу. Грузины имели<br />

свой собственный план разгрома Турции, который и предлагали<br />

воз можным союзникам в Европе с обещанием выставить довольно<br />

крупные военные силы. Грузины не довольствовались<br />

дипломатиче ской перепиской с Европой. Послы Грузии вместе<br />

с по слами восточных союзников посе щали дворы западно-европейских<br />

стран (Венгрии, Германии, Венеции, Флоренции,<br />

Рима, Франции и Фландрии), однако безрезультатно.<br />

Экономоческие и политические противоречия между европейскими<br />

странами того периода были настолько сильны, что<br />

объединения их для достижения общей цели невоз можным.<br />

Турецкий двор в должной мере оценил существующее положение<br />

и продолжал завоевательную политику. Восточные<br />

послы находились еще в Европе (1461 г.), когда турки завоевали<br />

Трапезундскую империю, что было равносильно поражению<br />

их вос точных про тивников.<br />

В 1463 году началось венециано –турецкая война. Особое<br />

значение придавалось объединению в антиосманской коалиции<br />

непосредственых соседей Турции. Именно в это время устанавливаются<br />

первые дипломатические контакты между венецией и<br />

го су дарством Ак-Коюнлу в связы с той же Турцией. Узун-Гассан<br />

считал своим главным со перником ту рецкого султана.<br />

Война между ними была неизбежна. В условиях войны с<br />

Турцией Узун-Гассан придавал особое значение Грузии.<br />

Как выясняется из источников 70-ых годов XV века, грузинские<br />

правители уже неодинакого относилиь к идее создания<br />

антиосманской коалиции. Ясно видно, что Самц хе-Саатабаго и<br />

514 515

Мегрельское княжество не оказывали более поддержки<br />

образова нию этой коалиции. Для Самцхе-Саатабаго Узун-Гассан<br />

превратилсся более опасного завоевателя, нежели султан.<br />

Турция, со своей стороны, довольствовалась взи манием дани с<br />

атабага.<br />

Правитель Мегрелии наxодидся под экономическим и политическим<br />

вля нием генуезцев, для которых, исходя из их<br />

собственных торговых интересов, большое значение имела<br />

внешнеполитическая ориентация князя Мегрелии. Генуэзцы<br />

хорошо знали о попыт ках создания венецианцами антиосманской<br />

коальции и всячески ме шали им. Они питались повлиять на<br />

правителя Мегрелии во вред венецианцам, а также антиосманской<br />

коалиции.<br />

Распад на отдельные царства и княжества положил конец<br />

единому внешнеполи тическому курсу Грузии, что получило<br />

наглядное проявление в начале 90-ых годов XV столетия. Кахетинское<br />

царство видела путь к свободе в союзе с Московским<br />

госу дарст вом, а Картли – с Западной Европой, но их попытки<br />

не увенчались успехом.<br />

Вместе с формированием государства Сефевидов в Иране<br />

начинается новый этап внешних взаимоотношении Грузии.<br />

Как следует персидских и западноевропейских источников,<br />

занявший иранский престол шах Исмаил I вознамерился превратит<br />

Грузию (Картли, Кахети, Самцхе-Саа табаго) в своего вассала,<br />

что предполагало признания власти шаха Исмаила и вы плату<br />

ежегодной дани, поставку определенных контигентов войск для<br />

осуществления широких захватниче ских планов Ирана.<br />

Можно сказать, что проводимые шахом по отношению с<br />

Восточной Грузии меры, определили нормы взаимоотношений<br />

Грузии и Ирана почти на протяжении всего века.<br />

Политика шаха Исмаила по отношению к Грузии ставила<br />

также целью дальней шее углубление политической децентрализации<br />

страны.<br />

Грузины сыграли большую роль в образовании и усилении<br />

кызылбашского госу дарства Сефевидов. Грузинские политические<br />

деятели видели в этом государстве силу, способную<br />

противостоять туркам.<br />

Перед началом первой ирано-турецкой войни (1514 г.)<br />

вследствие политиче ского положения, создавшегося в Грузии,<br />

и под влиянием Турции Самцхе-Саатабаго оказывало ей экономическую<br />

поддержку.<br />

Потерпев поражение в борьбе с турками, шах Исмаил решил<br />

создать антитурец кую лигу, в которую входили Иран, Египет<br />

и Восточная Грузия (Картли и Кахети). Од нако антитурецкая<br />

лига оказалась нежизнеспособной.<br />

Династическая борьба, проиcходившая в Самцхе-Саатабаго,<br />

способствовала вмеша тельству Ирана и Турции во внутренные<br />

дела княжества. Однако перемещение основного направления<br />

турецкой агрессии в Западную Европу вызвало усиление<br />

пози ции Ирана не только в Самцхе-Саатабаго, но и во всей<br />

Восточной Гру зии.<br />

Турция не могла примириться с усилением влияния Ирана<br />

в Грузии и в 1553 году возобновила войну с Ираном.<br />

После заключения Амассийского мирного договора 1555<br />

года Иран, обессилен ный в борьбе с Турцией, не имел устойчивых<br />

позиции в Восточной Грузии, главным объектом ак тивной<br />

внешней политики по-прежнему оставляет Грузию. Шах не<br />

смог достичь здесь же лаемого положения. Ему часто приходилось<br />

использовать вооруженные силы для подавле ния восставшего<br />

Картлийского царства.<br />

Позиции султана в Западной Грузии были также не особенно<br />

устойчивы. Тур ция не смогла окончательно покорить Западную<br />

Грузию. Вмешательство султана во внутренние дела имеретинского<br />

царства и княжеств Западной Грузии вызвало<br />

стрем ление этих кня жеств к децентрализации. Князя Одиши и<br />

516 517

Гурии, еще до Амассий ского мира, вследствие неверных политических<br />

действий, оказались под вдастью султана.<br />

Отношение Турции к Западной Грузии отличалось от отношения<br />

Ирана к Вос точной Грузии. Туркам не приходилось преодолевать<br />

каких-либо серьезных препятст вий в Запад ной Грузии.<br />

Мирный договор с Ираном Турции был необходим для<br />

упоря дочения своих дел Европе. Она удовлетворялась взиманием<br />

дани с грузинского цар ства и княжеств. В период мира<br />

(1558-1578 гг.), в ходе дипломатических сношений с Ираном,<br />

турецкий двор был за интересован вопросом Восточной Грузии,<br />

выступая ее защитником ради усиления своего влияния, что<br />

вызывало недовольство Ирана. В дей ствительности же Турция<br />

намеревалась захватить всю Грузию и Закавказье.<br />

Главной ареной ирано-турецких войн 1578-1590 годов становится<br />

Закавказье, в частности Картли. Именно во время этой<br />

войны ясно проявились намерения Турции по от ношению к<br />

Грузии. Она стремилась к полной инкорпорации Грузии. Царства<br />

Картли и Ка хетии оказались перед лицом большой опасности.<br />

Картлийское царство под предводи тельст вом Свимона I в<br />

союзе кызылбашами развернуло военные дейст вия против турок.<br />

Царь же Кахетии Александр II старался дипломатическими<br />

манев рами отвести от себя удар и избе жать судьбы Картли.<br />

В 80-ые годы XVI века агрессивная политика Турции и<br />

Крымского ханства по отношению к народам Закавказья, заставила<br />

последних искать помощи у соседних го су дарств. То, что<br />

Иран не мог быть такой силой, не вызывало сомнений. Иран не<br />

мог за щи тить даже себя, о помощи другим не могло быть и<br />

речи. Поэтому внимание было пе рене сено на Московское государство,<br />

которое все дальше продвигалось к Северному<br />

Кавказу и берегам Каспийского моря. С завоеванием Астрахани<br />

(1556 г.) Россия ус тановила непосред ственные торговые<br />

контакты с Ираном. В подобных условиях за хват Кавказа осма-<br />

нами и ослобление Ирана было неприемлемо для Московского<br />

го сударства.<br />

Московское царство начинает искать союзников на Кавказе.<br />

О Кахетии Москва была информирована лучше, нежели о<br />

других грузинских княжествах. Кахетия ак тивно участвовала в<br />

международной торговле шелком и имела путь в Москву через<br />

Ас трахан. До рога эта проходила через Дагестан и шамхальские<br />

владения. Шамхал яв лялся вассалом ту рецкого султана и действовал<br />

по его указанию. Отряды Шамхала разоряли пограничные<br />

районы Кахетии. Поэтому вступления России на Северный<br />

Кавказ имело жизненно важное значение для Кахетии.<br />

Наличие русских войск на Северном Кавказе способствовало<br />

отделению шам халь ских земель от Турции. Владения Шамхала<br />

оказывались между двумя христиан скими стра нами, что<br />

облегчало им обуздание шамхальства.<br />

Москва восстановила контакты с Кахетией. В 1586 году<br />

царь Кахетии Алек сандр II обратился за помощью к московскому<br />

государю, который должен был защи тить Грузию от набегов<br />

шамхальских отрядов и предполагаемой турецкой агрессии.<br />

Антишамхальская дипломтия кахетинского царя была известна<br />

шамхалу. По этому он активизировал действия против<br />

Кахетии. В подобных условиях вступление русских войск в<br />

шамхальские владения стало задачей первостепенной важности<br />

для ди пломатических отношений с Кахетией.<br />

Правда, точных сведении о связи грузин с донскими казаками<br />

нет, однако на по добный факт указывают некоторые сведения<br />

русских и западно-европейских ис точников.<br />

Установление контактов Кахетинского царства с Москвой<br />

имело огромное значе ние для всего Закавказья и Ближнего Востока.<br />

Отныне, кто не хотел портить отношений с Мос ковским<br />

царством, должен был избегать враждебных акций по отношению<br />

к Кахе тии. Сул тану было ясно, что малейшая задерж-<br />

518 519

ка в решении картлийского вопроса, мо жет привести к аналогичной<br />

ситуации, тем более, что Мо сква была заинтересована в<br />

принятии Картли под свою защиту.<br />

Однако царь Картли Свимон I был реалистом в политике и<br />

понимал, что в дан ный момент связь между Картли и Москвой<br />

была невозможна. Свимон приветствовал вступление русских<br />

войск в Кахетию, однако считал невозможным принятие помощи<br />

от русских в данных условиях. Картлийское царство находилось<br />

в состоянии войны с Турцией, и Свимон хорошо понимал,<br />

что словестное заявление России о принятии Картли под<br />

свою защиту могло иметь отрицательные последствия и вызвать<br />

усиление военных действий со стороны Турции. Подобный<br />

шаг мог быть отрицательно оценен и иранским шахом.<br />

Установление связей между кахетинским царством и Московским<br />

государством ускорило заключение мирного договора<br />

между Картлийским царством и Турцией (1587 г.). Выход Картлийского<br />

царства из войны сиграл большую роль в деле победы<br />

Турции над Ираном. Иран попытался исползовать Московское<br />

государство в войну против Тур ции. Од нако развитию<br />

нормальных взаймоотношений между Ираном и Россией препятствовал<br />

кахе тинский вопрос.<br />

Сближение России с Кахетинским царством ухудшило кахетино-турецкие<br />

отно шения, однако способствовало возрастанию<br />

международного значения Кахетии. Видно было, что Россия<br />

вступила на Кавказ при содействии Кахетии, и с этим не<br />

могли не счи татся могущественные агрессивные соседи. Кахетинский<br />

двор положительно оце нивал по вышение своей роли<br />

на Ближнем Востоке и старался поддерживать взаимоотношения<br />

с Рос сией.<br />

Александр II знал, что лишь посредством связи с Россией<br />

шамхальский вопрос мог быть решен в его пользу, но ему хорошо<br />

было известно также, что вопрос о шам хальстве был тесно<br />

связан с вопросом о Турции. Поэтому в ходе переговоров с Россией<br />

грузинские дипломаты ставили оба вопрса вместе.<br />

Между Московским государством и Кахетией не было согласия<br />

в вопросе поли тики по отнношению к Турции. Во время<br />

переговоров московские дипломаты стара лись убедить кахетинский<br />

двор в том, что Турция не нападет на Кахетию, так как<br />

Александр II был по данным московского царя. Россия не разделяла<br />

планов кахетинского царя о на чале войны с Турцией. На<br />

данном этапе война с Турцией была нежелательна для России.<br />

1590 году, после заключения мирного договора между Ираном<br />

и Турцией, «права» Турции были распространены и на восточную<br />

Грузию. Несмотрия на это, Ка хети и Картли сохранили<br />

взаимоотношения с другими странами. Вследствие новой агрессии<br />

Турции на За пад Священная Римская Империя и Папа<br />

Римский начинают моби лизовать антиосманские силы. Они обратили<br />

внимание на Иран и Грузию, кото рые не хотели мириться<br />

с условиями Стамбульского мирного договора. Антиосманских<br />

планах императора и папы значительная роль отводилась<br />

Московскому царству, каторое могло повлиять на единоверную<br />

ей Грузию. Однако при русском дворе был выработан свой курс<br />

во взаимоотношениях с Турцией, кото рый не предусматривал<br />

начала войны с ней.<br />

Кахетинское царство установливало связи с европейскими<br />

странами посредством Московского государства. Царь же Картли,<br />

Свимон, питался установить связи с теми же странами (иссключая<br />

Россию) вместе с Ираном или же самостоятельно.<br />

Все антиосмански настроеные государства понимали, что<br />

большего успеха в этой борьбе можно было достичь путем<br />

сближения Кахетинского и Картлийского царств. Раз решить<br />

эту задачу пытались и Иран и Московское царство. Таким образом<br />

они могли упро чить свое влияние в Кахетии и Картли.<br />

Кахетинский царь Александр II склонялся в сторону Моск-<br />

520 521

вы. По его расчетам, объединение Картли и Кахети под влиянием<br />

последней предполагало его воцарение в объе диненой Грузии.<br />

Свимон I как и во время ирано-турецких войн, так и по<br />

окончании их и до конца своих дней сохранил проиранскую<br />

ориентацию. Картлийское царство вмсте кы зылба шами принимало<br />

участие в борьбе с турцией, поэтому оно не могло проводить<br />

неприемлемую для шаха внешнюю политику и избегало<br />

контактов с Москвой. Даже в переговорах с евро пейскими странами<br />

картлийский царь действовал по указке шаха и неизменно<br />

называл иранского шаха организатором борьбы с Турцией на<br />

Востоке.<br />

В середине 90-ых годов XVI века шах Аббас усилил политическое<br />

влияние на Ка хетию и в 1595 году вынудил Александра<br />

присоединиться к союзу Картли и Ирана. Так об разовалась<br />

Ирано-Картлийско-Кахетинская лига. Источники этого периода<br />

указы вают, что Александр II не до конца разделял цели этой<br />

коалиции. Кахетинские политики не могли примириться с выходом<br />

России из борьбы с Турцией.<br />

Когда члены восточной антиосманской коалиции убедились,<br />

что ждать помощи со стороны Европы бесполезно, они приступили<br />

к активным действиям. В 1597 году шах начал войну с союзниками<br />

Турции, а в 1598 году, воспользовавшись бедственным<br />

поло жением Турции и с согласия шаха, возобновил войну с<br />

турками Свимон I . Если верить источникам того времени (их<br />

объективность сомнительна) Свимон достиг вна чале определенных<br />

успе хов, но в 1599 году был пленен турками в битве.<br />

Уход Свимона с политической и военной арены значительно<br />

ослабил антиосман ские силы Грузии. Это обстоятельство<br />

усложнило также положения царя Кахетии, Алек сандра, так<br />

как Турция, которая до сих пор боролась с Картли, избегал крутых<br />

мер по отношению к Кахетии.<br />

Александр II решил во что бы то ни стало активизировать<br />

московскую поли тику в Закавказье и добиться реальной помощи<br />

от своего покровителя. Попытка царя Кахетии не увенчалось<br />

успехом. Нужно предпологать, что Московское царство<br />

счита лось с инте ресами Ирана по отношению к Грузии. В это<br />

же время стало известно (1601 г.) о переговорах ко роля Речи<br />

Посполитой и крымского хана о начале военных дейст вий против<br />

России. Вслед ствие этого обострение отношений с Ираном<br />

из-за Кахетии не служило интересам Москвы.<br />

Шах аббас оценил создавшуюся ситуацию (в России началась<br />

иноземная интер венция и крестьянская война;Иран добивается<br />

успехов в борбе с Турцией) и решил окончательно упрочить<br />

свои позиции в Грузии. Александр II в 1695 году был убит<br />

сы ном, Константином, воспитанным при шахском дворе и принявшим<br />

мусульманство.<br />

Пленение Свимона I турками, затем гибелью Александра II<br />

от руки кызылба шей, заканчивается длительное, полуторавековое<br />

участье Грузии в антиосманских коалициях.<br />

В условиях насилия со стороны Ирана и Турции феодальные<br />

царства Грузии на долго теряют способность проведения<br />

независымой внешней политики. Картли и Кахети превращаются<br />

в арену кровопролитных феодальных бытв и набегов<br />

кызылбашей. Внешняя поли тика западных царств и княжеств<br />

Грузии в основном ог раничивается взаимоотношениями с Ираном<br />

иТурцией.<br />

522 523

abazi 308<br />

abas-mirza (muhamdis Svili)<br />

375<br />

abdulahi (Cildiris beglar<br />

begi) 262<br />

abubeqr bin abdulahi (osmalo<br />

istrikosi) 402<br />

abubeqri (istorikosi) 37, 405,<br />

417<br />

abulaZe c. 119, 187, 324, 403,<br />

408, 409, 420, 423<br />

avaliSvili z. (Àâàëîâ Ç.) 41,<br />

65, 71, 74, 87<br />

avTandili (diasamiZe elias<br />

Svili) 423<br />

avrambei (kafas moqalaqe) 462<br />

azimameti (elCi) 73, 74<br />

aTabeg-xani (manuCar III) 441<br />

aias faSa (arzrumis gamgebeli)<br />

151<br />

ai<strong>da</strong>r mirza 358<br />

al-aSraf said ad-din kaitbei<br />

(1468-496; egviptis mbr-<br />

Zanebeli mamluqi) 96<br />

alah-Tau Cerqezi 172<br />

alah-yuli-sulTan ijek oRlu<br />

(usTajlus gvaris umniS-<br />

* Seadgina m. inasariZem<br />

saZieblebi*<br />

I. pirTa<br />

vnelovanesi beladi) 353<br />

alah-yuli _ sulTani (ustajlus<br />

tomis beladi) 367<br />

alberi e. (Alberi E.) 176, 208,<br />

215, 239-241, 469, 471<br />

aleqsiZe z. 310<br />

aleqsandre VI (romis papi)<br />

99, 101<br />

aleqsandre I (1412-1442) 75,<br />

446<br />

aleqsandre I (1476-1511; kaxeTis<br />

mefe) 96, 105, 106<br />

aleqsandre II (kaxeTis mefe)<br />

96, 170, 172, 175, 191, 219,<br />

226, 230, 231, 246, 248,<br />

271, 274, 276, 277, 290,<br />

297, 300-302, 304, 306,<br />

308, 317, 320, 323, 330-332,<br />

339, 382, 439.<br />

aleqsandre (dedisimedis ufrosi<br />

Svili, minadoi yvaryvare<br />

aTabags ratomRac yovelTvis<br />

aleqsandres uwodebs)<br />

395<br />

aleqsandre (yvaryvare) 411,<br />

412<br />

aleqsandre sa<strong>da</strong>ri xayani (is-<br />

mail I- e. m.) 104<br />

aleqsandre begi ix. aleqsandre<br />

II kaxeTis mefe<br />

al-kaSkaSandi (arabi istorikosi)<br />

448<br />

al-muhabi 448<br />

alyas mirza (ismailis biZa)<br />

344<br />

aleqsandre 216, 217<br />

aleqsandre (levan xanis Ze)<br />

213<br />

aleqsandre II 214, 215<br />

aleqsandre mefe 210, 211<br />

aleqsandre (kaxTa mefe) 203<br />

aleqsandre xani (aleqsandre<br />

II) 213<br />

aleqsandre mefe (levan xanis<br />

Zes an aleqsandres Zes<br />

uwodeben) 209<br />

aleqsandre 212, 213<br />

aleqsandre 208, 209<br />

aleqsandre II 206, 207, 268<br />

aleqsandre I 48<br />

aleqsandre I-is asuli (colad<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong> imperator ioane IVs)<br />

48<br />

aleqsandre mefe 284, 288,<br />

289<br />

aleqsandre mefis diplomatebi,<br />

elCebi 286, 287<br />

aleqsandre mefe 255. 258,<br />

268<br />

aleqsandre xani 255. 276<br />

aleqsandre mefe 254-257<br />

aleqsandre (vinme somexi vaWari)<br />

278<br />

aleqsandre (kaxTa mefis levanisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamia gurielis<br />

asulis _ TinaTinis vaJi)<br />

170<br />

alvendi (`sparseTis mefe~)<br />

106-108<br />

alvendi (ay-yoinlus sulTani)<br />

105<br />

alvize filareto 135<br />

ali beg (haramxanis mcveli)<br />

370<br />

ali-begi (ismail II-is mowinaaRmdege)<br />

345<br />

ali-efendi (istorikosi) 187,<br />

193, 204, 206, 208, 209,<br />

213, 218, 219, 400, 408.<br />

ali-mirza 336<br />

ali-sulTan Taqalu (igi mokles<br />

kilbad (gulbaaT) gurjis<br />

vaJebma) 345, 360<br />

ali faSa 240, 244<br />

ali-yuli begi 239<br />

aliyuli-xan Samlu 337<br />

aliyuli-xani (jaris meTauri)<br />

199, 200, 222, 224, 225<br />

ali xani (mesxi ioTamiSvili)<br />

358<br />

ali-xan begi (qarTveli didebuli)<br />

372<br />

524 525

al-adil saif ad-din tumanbai<br />

(1500-1501; warmoSobiT<br />

Cerqezi 122<br />

ali-xani (hei<strong>da</strong>r mirzas dedis<br />

Zma) 341<br />

alixani (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335<br />

alixan-gurji (hei<strong>da</strong>r mirzas<br />

biZa; zaal begis Zma) 336,<br />

348, 355, 357, 361<br />

ali efendi, ali faSa 245,<br />

246<br />

alumuti (alvendi) 108<br />

amargune xani (erevnis gamgebeli)<br />

440<br />

amatakisSvilebi 423, 424<br />

amatakisSvili abulayafar 423<br />

amatakisSvili amatak 423<br />

amatakisSvili arfaqsad 409<br />

abrojio kontarini (veneciis<br />

elCi) 18, 51, 52, 73, 82,<br />

88, 449, 461<br />

ambrojo de pietro (cxumis<br />

pirveli konsuli) 453<br />

amilaxori 908. 433-435<br />

amir aslan begi (afSarebis<br />

beladi, mniSvnelovani<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>li <strong>da</strong> princ ahmadis<br />

aRmzrdeli) 354<br />

amir aslani 364<br />

amir al-ubara hasan faSa 240<br />

amirbeis vaJebi 462<br />

amir sunjaki 35<br />

amurati (Turqebis sar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

192<br />

ana xanumi (zeinab begumis de<strong>da</strong>)<br />

336<br />

andi-begi (iranis Sahis mohamed<br />

xo<strong>da</strong>bandes elCi) 280<br />

andrea kornaro (venecieli<br />

didebuli) 65, 79<br />

anTal veranCiCi 151<br />

anonimi venecieli 105, 107, 108,<br />

148, 152, 185, 186, 189, 190,<br />

207-213, 222, 223, 226,<br />

251, 256, 333, 377, 378,<br />

403, 468<br />

anri III (safrangeTis mefe) 186,<br />

188, 400, 434<br />

ansari (xalifa; kahkahes cixis<br />

gamgebeli) 363, 364, 371,<br />

372<br />

ansar fara<strong>da</strong>Rlu (alamuTis<br />

cixis ufrosi) 361<br />

`anikasia~, anakofia 451<br />

anakofia ix. `anikasia~<br />

antonio de govea 337<br />

antonovi (elCi) 284, 286<br />

anCabaZe z. (Àí÷àáàäçå Ç.Â.) 52,<br />

444, 448, 450, 453, 455, 457,<br />

466, 469<br />

anjol <strong>da</strong>tri (siciliis mefis<br />

elCi) 73<br />

anjolelo 90, 91, 117<br />

ardu eduardsi (nedli abre-<br />

Sumis kompaniis agenti)<br />

181<br />

arzrumis beglarbegi 254<br />

arzrumis faSa 383<br />

arqanjelo lamberti 191, 192<br />

arRun-yaeni (1284-1291) 10<br />

arCili (bagratis (barnabis) Ze)<br />

389, 390<br />

arCili (dedisimedis Zma) 387<br />

arCili (mefe konstantines Zis<br />

Ze) 419<br />

arCili (bagrat muxranbatonisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> elenes Zma, Zma dedisimedisa)<br />

419, 420<br />

asan faSa 251<br />

aslan-beg afSari 356, 369<br />

afSari (Turqmenebis tomi<strong>da</strong>n)<br />

354<br />

afxazeTis mTavari 50<br />

aqbari 438<br />

aSoTan bagratis Ze (barnab<br />

beris Ze) 389. 390<br />

aSoTani (dedisimedis Zma) 387<br />

aSoTan muxranbatoni 388<br />

ay-yoindus mbrZanebeli 47<br />

ay-Sahri 384<br />

ayTa huseini 348<br />

axmed-bei 212<br />

ahmad-mirza (Sah Tamazis Ze monasTan)<br />

336, 353<br />

ahmad jelaieri, jelairi 25,<br />

28, 34, 35<br />

ahmed-begi (arzrumis vilaieTis<br />

SavSeTis sanjaybegi) 187<br />

ahmedi (baR<strong>da</strong>dis sulTani) 24,<br />

26, 36<br />

ahmedi (vinme, <strong>da</strong>viT mefis SirvanSi<br />

mimavali jaSuSi)<br />

136, 137<br />

ahmed III (sulTani, 1603-1613)<br />

328<br />

ahmed faSa (ix. haji bin-zade)<br />

ahmed faSa (Tbilisis gamgebeli)<br />

229<br />

ahmedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335<br />

babingeri f. (Babinger Fr.) 126<br />

bagrat III (imereTis mefe 1510-<br />

1548), 45, 53, 142, 143, 152,<br />

153, 383, 470, 475<br />

bagrat V (1360-1393) 27<br />

bagrat VI (qarTlis mefe) 56,<br />

71, 86, 91, 92<br />

bakaki (bagrati _ imereTis<br />

mefis levanis Zmiswuli)<br />

262, 263<br />

bagrat miqelis Ze (misces<br />

Sorapnis erisTavoba) 744<br />

bagrat muxranbatoni 385, 419<br />

bagrati (Ze Teimurazisa, vaxtangis<br />

Zisa) 262<br />

bagrati (dedisimedis mama,<br />

aRikveca berad barnabes<br />

saxeliT) 389<br />

526 527

aiazi I (osmaleTis sulTani)<br />

18, 35, 36<br />

baiazid II (1481-1512) 111-113<br />

baiazid III (1389-1402) 17, 19<br />

baiazidi (ufliswuli) 161-163,<br />

169, 347<br />

bake-gramoni (istorikosi) ix.<br />

Jan lui bake gramoni<br />

baraTaSvilebi 90. 168<br />

baraTaSvili saCino 326<br />

barbaro ix. pavle II<br />

barbaro josafat 51, 52, 92,<br />

93, 447, 449, 452, 461,<br />

462, 464<br />

barkas Tuqali ix. barlas<br />

Tuqali<br />

barlas Tuqali, barkas Tuqali<br />

32, 34<br />

barnabe (dedisimedis mamis _<br />

bagratis saxeli berobaSi)<br />

389. 196<br />

bartolo kontarini (veneciis<br />

kviproseli elCi) 126<br />

bartolomio <strong>da</strong> mosto<br />

kviprosi<strong>da</strong>n 135<br />

barZim amilaxori 396, 420<br />

basTan jagiri (ardebilis gamo-<br />

Cenili mbrZanebeli) 32<br />

batista (naxWevanSi moRvawe wm.<br />

dominikes wesis mRvdeli)<br />

145<br />

batori iStvan (1576-1586)<br />

265-267<br />

batori zigmund (translvaniis<br />

mTavari) 287, 288. 302,<br />

309, 310)<br />

baSi aCuki ix. levani (imereTis<br />

mefe, igive baSiaCuki)<br />

bahram mirza (sulTan ibrahim<br />

mirzas mama, Sah Tamazis<br />

Zma) 354<br />

bediani, ben<strong>da</strong>, `bendia~ (samegrelosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> afxazeTis<br />

mefe) 50, 51, 53, 56, 86,<br />

444-446, 449-452, 461,<br />

464-466, 468<br />

bedfordi (hercogi) 46<br />

bei isaki (uzun hasanis mier warmogzavnili<br />

kaci) 73, 76<br />

bekari bernardino 322<br />

bekir begi 220<br />

Áåëèíåöêèé Ë. Ì. 336<br />

Áåëîêóðîâ Ñ. À. 160, 203<br />

ben<strong>da</strong>, ix. bediani<br />

`bendia~ ix. bediani<br />

bendiano 366<br />

benikaza ix. graciozo benikaza<br />

Áåð À. 13, 15<br />

beraZe T. 458<br />

berdebegi, berdbeki (mcire<br />

somxeTis mTavari) 54, 57,<br />

450<br />

beri egnataSvili 169, 200, 201,<br />

203, 262, 264, 338, 339,<br />

341, 358, 376, 380-382, 385,<br />

390, 446, 449, 472<br />

bertradon de la brokieri<br />

(bedfordis mrCeveli) 46<br />

berZeniSvili n. 83, 137, 138,<br />

255, 270, 284, 287-289,<br />

298, 300, 305, 308, 330<br />

Berchet G. 65, 66, 79, 85, 88, 115,<br />

247, 268, 303, 306, 316<br />

betruCio kontarini 76<br />

beqa (manuCaris biZa, manuCar IIis<br />

Zma) 342, 442<br />

bexrem-faSa (arzrumis gamgebeli)<br />

189<br />

behrem faSa (diarbeqiris beglarbegi)<br />

220, 221, 224<br />

birkin rodion (rusi elCi)<br />

269, 277, 289<br />

Bizarus P. 222<br />

bolotnikovi 331<br />

bocvaZe T. 160, 271, 298<br />

Breyer F. 55<br />

Brown E. G. 363<br />

brose mari (Brosset M.) 24-27,<br />

51, 82, 201, 321<br />

bruni f. 23, 457<br />

buasardo J. (istorikosi) 246,<br />

425<br />

buaCiZe g. 123<br />

bu<strong>da</strong>’ yazvini, bu<strong>da</strong> yazvini<br />

(sparseli istorikosi) 131,<br />

171, 361, 365, 371<br />

bu<strong>da</strong> yazvini ix. bu<strong>da</strong>’ yazvini<br />

budoviCi venclavi, venceslav<br />

budoviCi (avstriis elCi)<br />

414, 418<br />

burgoniis hercogi 49, 53, 55,<br />

65, 88, 451<br />

burgonis duka ix. burgonis<br />

hercogi<br />

busbeki (habsburgebis elCi<br />

konstantinopolSi, istorikosi)<br />

471, 473, 474<br />

butak begi (mohamed ho<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong>s<br />

elCi) 281<br />

Áóøåâ Ï. Ï. 296-298, 300, 305,<br />

331<br />

gabaSvili timoTe 3, 16, 139,<br />

173, 178, 292, 294, 304,<br />

307, 320<br />

gaiZvera reaOTagani (romelsac<br />

werili mihqon<strong>da</strong> aleqsandre<br />

mefesTan) 231<br />

Galibert L. 68<br />

gamezar<strong>da</strong>Svili z. 311, 312<br />

gamzid-begi (ufliswul su leimanis`saWurvelmtvirTveli~)<br />

370<br />

gacabeki (yvaryvare II-is mama _<br />

beqa II) 55<br />

geraldi petre (kenterberiis<br />

arqiepiskoposi, cxumis ka-<br />

Tolike episkoposi) 445,<br />

453, 455, 457-459<br />

gerardo pinedi 457, 460<br />

giorgi II (1564-1585; imereTis<br />

mefe) 186, 217, 472, 473<br />

528 529

giorgi II-is (imereTis mefis)<br />

elCi 190<br />

giorgi (persTa, didi armeniis<br />

<strong>da</strong> mcire iberiis mefe, romlis<br />

mama aleqsandre iyo)<br />

ix. giorgi VIII<br />

giorgi (ieses Zma, levan kaxTa<br />

mefisa <strong>da</strong> mamia gurielis<br />

asulis TinaTinis ufrosi<br />

vaJi) 166, 170, 174, 175<br />

giorgi brwyinvale (V; 1318-<br />

1346) 444, 445<br />

giorgi mefe (erTiani saq. mefe<br />

1446-1466 wlebSi, kaxeTis<br />

mefe (1466-1476 wlebSi)<br />

56<br />

giorgi (Soroso) 27, 28, 32, 50<br />

giorgi VII 30, 33, 35, 36, 38,<br />

445, 462<br />

giorgi XIII (saq. mefe) 45, 47,<br />

48, 54, 55, 75, 328, 440-<br />

451, 456, 473<br />

giorgi X 439<br />

giorgi (usufi, m. svaniZis varaudiT)<br />

229<br />

giorgi (kaxeTis mefis levanis<br />

Ze) 167, 171, 326-328<br />

giorgi kecaZe (qarTveli vaWari)<br />

463<br />

gelaSvili n. 132, 138, 171, 174,<br />

175, 200, 340, 341, 344,<br />

362, 365, 375, 376<br />

genuis san-jorjos bankis proteqtorebi<br />

463, 465<br />

gogoriSvili beJan 436<br />

godunovi boris 292, 296-298,<br />

300, 320, 330<br />

gorgaZe b. 109<br />

gorgijaniZe farsa<strong>da</strong>n (istorikosi)<br />

35, 168, 200, 204,<br />

222, 228, 259, 264, 377,<br />

385<br />

gorgora ix. yvaryvare II<br />

gotie (Ãîòüå Þ. Â.) 178<br />

gofredo lerkari (kafas konsuli)<br />

460<br />

goCa (batoniSvili) 323<br />

goColeiSvili d. 448<br />

graciozo benikaza (1480), benikaza<br />

447, 448, 452<br />

gregori ix. yvaryvare IV aTabagi<br />

(1574-1581)<br />

Ãðåêîâ Á. 29, 30<br />

grigori vasilCikovi (moskovis<br />

elCi iranSi) 256<br />

guagura beki (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mTavari. igi iyo Sah-iakubis<br />

bebiis Zmis simamri _ yvarvare<br />

II) 111<br />

gugaqi (SalikaSvilebis _ kokolasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> laSqaris biZa)<br />

429<br />

gulbaaTi 358, 360<br />

gurgura, mzeWabuki aTabag 196<br />

gurguram-beki ix. yvarvare II<br />

gurieli giorgi (1564-1583;<br />

guriis mTavari) 46, 47,<br />

143, 186, 188, 261, 262, 383,<br />

436, 444, 468, 473<br />

guCua v. 135<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani ix. levan I (odiSis<br />

mTavari 1532-1572)<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianis despani `ix. qristekoCi~<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianis vaJi (es un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

mamia II, levan I <strong>da</strong>dianis<br />

vaJi, 1572-1590) 183<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani (levan I, samegrelos<br />

mTavari, 1532-1572) 143,<br />

186, 383, 471<br />

<strong>da</strong>dian-bedieli 444<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani (samegrelos mTavari)<br />

47, 48, 448. 458, 459<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani giorgi (levan I <strong>da</strong>dianis<br />

mama) 472<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani vamey 445<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani liparit (mamia <strong>da</strong>dianis<br />

vaJi) 446<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani mamia IV 191, 261, 262,<br />

446<br />

<strong>da</strong>diani manuCar 24<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT-begi ix. <strong>da</strong>uT xani<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTi (ioane IV-is Zma) 48<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT komnenosi (trapizonis<br />

imperatori) 48, 50, 61, 62,<br />

78, 84, 450<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT ungandi (habsburgebis<br />

imperiis elCi) 343, 379<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT X 129, 134, 136-139<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT IX (<strong>da</strong>uTxani) 168, 197<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT batoniSvili (giorgi<br />

X-is Svili) 328, 329<br />

<strong>da</strong>viTi (zaal begis Zma) 355<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT I (kaxeTis mefe, imefa<br />

mcire xans, `hyvan<strong>da</strong> colad<br />

asuli aSoTan muxranis<br />

batonisa _ qeTevan, <strong>da</strong>O<br />

dedisimedisa~) 388<br />

<strong>da</strong>vriJeci araqel (somexi istorikosi)<br />

322, 326, 327<br />

<strong>da</strong>lilxan-begi (ramlus tomi<strong>da</strong>n)<br />

370<br />

<strong>da</strong>nilovi (elCi) 270<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> [kokatis<br />

(quTaisis patriarqi)<br />

(savaraudod, malaqia I<br />

baSiZe)] 146<br />

<strong>da</strong>uT-xani, <strong>da</strong>uT-begi, <strong>da</strong>viTi<br />

(svimon I-is Zma) 167, 170,<br />

173, 174, 177, 182, 183, 190-<br />

193, 197, 202, 217, 235,<br />

241, 244, 380<br />

debora ix. dedisimedi (bagrat<br />

muxranbatonis asuli)<br />

dedisimedi (bagrat muxranbatonis<br />

asuli, aTabag qaixosro<br />

II-is meuRle, aTabagebis _<br />

yvaryvare IV-isa <strong>da</strong> manuCar<br />

III-is de<strong>da</strong>) 339, 342, 382,<br />

385, 386, 387, 390-398,<br />

404, 407, 411-413, 417, 419,<br />

420, 426, 430<br />

530 531

de olivaresi (grafi don enrike<br />

de gusmani) espaneTis<br />

mefis elCi) 278, 279<br />

diakvniSvili (goreli vaWari,<br />

romelmac mefe svimonis<br />

neSti stambolSi Camoasvena)<br />

329<br />

diarbeqiris faSa 383<br />

diasamiZeebi 425<br />

diasamiZe elia 423, 436<br />

diasamiZe vaxuSti 385<br />

div-sulTan rumlu (osmaleTis<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>li) 128<br />

div-sulTani (Coxur saadis<br />

mmarTveli) 130<br />

doliZe i. 200<br />

dominike (naxWevanSi moRvawe wm,<br />

dominikes wesis mRvdeli)<br />

145<br />

donaldo <strong>da</strong> leZe 114<br />

don enrike de gusmani (espaneTis<br />

mefis elCi) ix. de<br />

olivaresi<br />

don xuan de persia (igive uluR<br />

beg baiaTi) 172, 188, 191,<br />

192, 197, 199-202, 211,<br />

229, 242, 335, 344, 345,<br />

348-350, 362, 363, 369,<br />

371, 374, 377, 378, 394,<br />

401, 404, 407, 409-411,<br />

432, 433<br />

dosiTeoz kaTalikosi 200<br />

duka (bizantieli istorikosi)<br />

62<br />

dumbaZe m. 166<br />

egviptis sulTani 124<br />

egnataSvili beri ix. beri egnataSvili<br />

edigei 30<br />

eduard klarki 180. 181<br />

evgeni IV (romis papi 1431-1447)<br />

21, 41<br />

evlia Celebi (Turqi istorikosi)<br />

192<br />

elene (dedisimedisa <strong>da</strong> qaixosros<br />

asuli; adre gar<strong>da</strong>icvala)<br />

385, 390, 399<br />

elene (bagrat muxranbatonis<br />

meuRle) 419<br />

elene (manuCar III-is meuRle)<br />

440, 441<br />

elene (svimon I-is asuli)<br />

424<br />

elizbar erisTavi 396, 420<br />

elimirza (kaxTa mefis levanisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamia gurielis asulis<br />

_ TinaTinis vaJi) 170<br />

emanguli (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335<br />

emin-aRa (kaxeTis mefis kaci)<br />

217<br />

eneas silvius pikolomini [sienas<br />

episkoposi, SemdegSi<br />

pius II (1458-1464)] 39<br />

enrike III (1390-1407; kastiliis<br />

mefe) 19<br />

enriko <strong>da</strong>ndolo (veneciis<br />

doJi) 12<br />

enriko jenkinsoni (`moskovis<br />

kompaniis~ agenti) 179<br />

erekle (aleqsandre II-is Ze)<br />

212-215, 255-258, 339, 382,<br />

390<br />

erekle bagratis (barnabe beris)<br />

Ze 389, 390<br />

erekle II 284<br />

erekle muxranbatoni 399<br />

erekle (vaJi muxranbatonisa)<br />

419<br />

erik VII (<strong>da</strong>niis mefe) 20<br />

efendievi o., Eôåíäèåâ Î. À.<br />

(istorikosi) 114, 365<br />

eCmiaZineli mRvdlebi 311<br />

eCmiaZineli somexi (romelic<br />

mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />

sparseTSi imyofebo<strong>da</strong> _<br />

e.m.) 312<br />

vali-beg avSari (sasaxlisa <strong>da</strong><br />

haramxanis meTauri), 354,<br />

361<br />

valter hainc (germaneli mecnieri)<br />

63<br />

vanteevi (rusi elCi) 295<br />

varaza (oTar SalikaSvilis Ze;<br />

Sah Tamaz I-is colisZma,<br />

mokla dedisimedma) 187,<br />

334, 338, 339, 381, 382,<br />

392, 399, 423<br />

varaza ogulari 187<br />

varawa oRlu kaikud xani ix.<br />

kikola SalikaSvili<br />

varkaCi nikolai (`romis saRmrTo<br />

imperiis~ elCi) 268,<br />

285, 295-297<br />

Âàñèëüåâà Ó. È. 125, 239<br />

vaCnaZe yaflan (qarTveli elCi)<br />

272<br />

vaxtangi (svimon I-is Zma) 259,<br />

326<br />

vaxtangi (arCil muxranbatonis<br />

vaJis _ erekles biZa) 419,<br />

420<br />

vaxtangi (dedisimedis Zma) 387,<br />

413<br />

vaxtang muxranbatoni 396<br />

vaxtangi (bagratis _ barnabe<br />

beris Ze) 389, 390<br />

vaxtang VI 284, 337<br />

vaxuSti batoniSvili 44, 89-91,<br />

134, 156, 170, 177, 201-203,<br />

209, 211, 213, 214, 262,<br />

290, 320, 321, 334, 338,<br />

340, 381, 388, 389, 391,<br />

398, 410, 411, 421-423, 425,<br />

440, 442, 444-446, 449,<br />

456, 471, 473, 474<br />

vaxuSti qarTveli (haqimi)<br />

384<br />

532 533

veli (armanis sanjaybegi) 323<br />

venclav budovici ix. budoviCi<br />

vanclav (avstriis elCi)<br />

venceslav budovici ix. budoviCi<br />

venclav.<br />

veranCiCi anTal (ungreTis<br />

mefis stamboleli diplomati)<br />

469, 471<br />

Âåñåëîâñêèé Í. 280, 298, 308,<br />

339<br />

veskonte (geografi) 448<br />

vetore soranco (veneciis warmomadgeneli)<br />

72<br />

Âèíòåð Ý. 265<br />

vinCenco deli aleqsandri<br />

(veneciis respublikis elCi<br />

Sah-Tamazis karze) 164<br />

violante (katerino Zenos<br />

meuRle, arqipelagis hercogis<br />

nikolo krespos<br />

qaliSvili) 78<br />

vitovci (litvis mTavari) 20<br />

viqtori (siri) 72, 77<br />

viRac somexi (1563 w. kaxeTis<br />

elCi) 182<br />

vladislav II (poloneTis mefe)<br />

46<br />

vladislav III (poloneT-ungre-<br />

Tis mefe) 21<br />

vlasievi aTanase (moskovis<br />

elCi) 320<br />

vlaheTis elCi 414<br />

volkovi m. 460<br />

Âîëèí Ñ. À. 23<br />

vsevolodski ivane (ruseTis<br />

elCi) 300<br />

zaal begi (Sahis karze aRzevebuli,<br />

qarTvelTa meTauri<br />

<strong>da</strong> amira, imamyuli _ mirzas<br />

biZa) 341, 348, 351, 355-357,<br />

360, 363, 368, 371, 372<br />

zaal-xani ix. zaal begi<br />

zaza-begi (es un<strong>da</strong> iyos saxl-<br />

Tuxucesi zaza fanaskertel-ciciSvili)<br />

ix. fanaskertel-ciciSvili<br />

zaza<br />

zahra baji 336<br />

Çåâàêèí Å. Ñ. 10, 354, 366,<br />

464<br />

zeinab begumi (Sah Tamazis<br />

qaliSvili qarTveli qalisagan)<br />

336, 337, 340<br />

zein ol-mirza 336<br />

zeixavandis gvari (qarTvelebi)<br />

354<br />

zvenigorodski andria (elCi)<br />

299<br />

zvenigorodski semion (ruseTis<br />

elCi) 273, 275, 284, 286<br />

zigmund III 331<br />

zigfridi 356<br />

TaTreTis imperatori 30<br />

TaleSis gvari (qarTvelebi)<br />

354<br />

Tamazi (Sah Tamaz I) 176<br />

Tamazi (zaal begis Zma) 355<br />

Tamar mefe 445<br />

Tamari (qaixosrosa <strong>da</strong> dedismedis<br />

asuli) 385, 390<br />

TamaraSvili m. 42-45, 47, 49-<br />

55, 57, 60, 61, 75, 100,<br />

304, 308, 310, 311, 318,<br />

326, 450<br />

TayaiSvili e. 205, 304, 390,<br />

445, 473, 474<br />

Taheri batoniSvili 27, 28<br />

Tevdore ivanes Ze (ruseTis<br />

mefe) 267, 269, 270, 272-<br />

274, 276, 281, 282, 284,<br />

285, 303, 306, 314<br />

Teimuraz I 278, 284<br />

Teodosi (imperatori) 328<br />

Teodora (ioane II-is qaliSvili)<br />

48<br />

Temurlengi 13, 17-20, 22-29,<br />

31, 33, 35-38, 79, 114<br />

TvalSvenieri ivane (qaixosrosa<br />

<strong>da</strong> dedisimedis Ze) 385,<br />

386, 390, 398, 441<br />

TinaTini (mamia gurielis asuli)<br />

170<br />

TinaTini (mefe svimonis ulamazesi<br />

SviliSvili, romelic<br />

sparsul <strong>da</strong> evropul wyaroebSi<br />

cnobilia gulCaras<br />

(gulCahras) saxeliT) 328,<br />

329<br />

Tokmak-xani ix. Toqmak sulTan<br />

xani (erevnisa <strong>da</strong> naxiCevanis<br />

gamgebeli)<br />

Tomas herberti 379<br />

Toma mewobeli (istorikosi)<br />

34<br />

Toqmak sulTan xani (erevnisa <strong>da</strong><br />

naxiCevanis gamgebeli) 189,<br />

401, 403, 405, 406<br />

Toqmak-xani (SaTamazis elCi<br />

konstantinopolSi) 350<br />

ToxTamiSi (oqros urdos yaeni)<br />

27, 29, 30<br />

TulaSvili (`mefe kimons cxeni<br />

wauqcia brZolasa Sina~)<br />

327<br />

TurmaniZe sulxan 325<br />

iagailo (poloneTis mefe) 20<br />

iakobi (1563 w. kaxeTis samefos<br />

elCi) 182<br />

ianoS huniadi (poloneT-ungre-<br />

Tis mefis vladislav III-is<br />

voevo<strong>da</strong>) 21<br />

ianoS huniadi (poloneTis mefe<br />

vladislav II-is <strong>da</strong> ungre-<br />

Tis voevo<strong>da</strong>) 46<br />

iauyb-yaeni (uzun-hasanis memkvidre)<br />

95<br />

ibn nasri (gilaneli eqimi)<br />

360<br />

ibrahim vali (Seixi) 32<br />

ibrahimi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335,<br />

379<br />

534 535

ibrahim feCevi (istorikosi)<br />

147, 155, 156, 186, 208-213,<br />

222, 224, 226, 229, 231,<br />

237, 238, 244-246, 248,<br />

266, 379, 400, 403, 404,<br />

430.<br />

ieronim laski (ungreTis mefe<br />

ferdinandis elCi) 143<br />

iese (kaxTa mefis _ levanisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> mamis gurielis asulis<br />

_ TinaTinis vaJi, isqander<br />

munSi ieses, SecdomiT,<br />

alixans uwodebs) 165, 170-<br />

173, 179, 204, 211, 257, 375,<br />

377, 380.<br />

iese (kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre<br />

II-is Zma, ufliswuli) 176,<br />

177, 201, 212, 235-277<br />

ieso qriste 100, 146, 195,<br />

196<br />

ivane aTabagi (mesxeTis mflobeli)<br />

38<br />

ivane III (1462-1505; moskovis<br />

mTavari) 96<br />

ivane IV (ruseTis mefe) 159,<br />

160, 180, 182<br />

izabela (espaneTis dedofali)<br />

99<br />

izma-xani (Sah Tamazis Svili)<br />

379<br />

iluriZe m. 402, 417<br />

imamyuli (dediT qarTveli<br />

ufliswuli), imam-yuli<br />

mirza 353-357, 372<br />

imam-yuli-mirza (Sah Tamazis<br />

vaJi qarTveli mona qalisagan)<br />

ix. imamyuli<br />

imamyuli-xani (yizilbaSTa<br />

jaris sar<strong>da</strong>li) 101, 219,<br />

222, 237, 238<br />

imerliSvili v. 151<br />

ingoroyva p. 448<br />

interiano j. (istorikosi),<br />

jorjo interiano 52, 447,<br />

448<br />

ioane galifanteli (episkoposi)<br />

19<br />

ioane IV (1446-1458, imperatori)<br />

48<br />

ioane VIII paleologosi (bizantiis<br />

imperatori) 20, 101<br />

ioane presviteri 60<br />

ioTamaSvil-SalikaSvilebi 355<br />

ioram-begi 206, 207<br />

iorga (Jorga N. rumineli istorikosi)<br />

65, 72, 87<br />

ioseliani avT. 252<br />

iranis Sahi (Sah abas I) 321<br />

iranis Sahis vaJiSvili ix. hamza<br />

mirza<br />

isa-beg Turqimanis qaliSvili<br />

(Sah Tamaz I-is coli)<br />

339<br />

isa-xani ix. iese<br />

islenievi <strong>da</strong>nila 295<br />

ismaili (sinopis batoni) 53<br />

ismaili (Sah Tamazis Ze, SemdegSi<br />

ismail II) 335<br />

ismail I 104, 105, 107-109, 114,<br />

116-118, 121-123, 125, 126,<br />

131, 134-141<br />

ismail II Sahi 151, 194, 197, 198,<br />

200-202, 204, 235, 239,<br />

334, 335, 339, 341, 343-346,<br />

350-352, 356, 358, 361-368,<br />

372-374, 376-382.<br />

isqander munSi (istorikosi)<br />

135, 148, 164, 166-168, 175,<br />

177, 201, 203, 204, 210,<br />

211, 231, 235, 256, 259, 351,<br />

352, 356-358, 362, 365, 384,<br />

406, 407, 437-441<br />

isqander faSa 147<br />

italieli diplomati romSi<br />

135<br />

iuzbaSi rumlu 371<br />

iusuf-begi (qurTi) 188<br />

iusuf faSa [Tbilisis yofili<br />

beglarbegi, imereTis mefe<br />

giorgis Svili (m. svaniZis<br />

varaudiT) iyo] 431<br />

iusuf faSa (gamuslimebuli axalcixeli<br />

didebuli) 442<br />

iStvan batori ix. batori<br />

iStvan<br />

iju Sarmazan 384<br />

kazimeJ IV (poloneTis mefe)<br />

72, 87<br />

kakabaZe s. 35. 168<br />

kaluli (uzun hasanis ufrosi<br />

vaJi) 85<br />

kaliqstus III (romis papi) 4,<br />

40, 44, 45<br />

kanale juzepe (Canale G., istorikosi)<br />

455, 461, 462,<br />

464, 466<br />

karabegi (maRris sanjaybegi)<br />

323<br />

karailiuki (mesopotamiis mefis<br />

mama, Turqmani) 55<br />

karl V (1519-1556; imperatori)<br />

139, 140<br />

karpovi s. (Êàðïîâ Ñ. Ï.) 46,<br />

47<br />

kasim bei 220, 224<br />

kaspare de kolunus alberti<br />

460<br />

kasraZe t. 21<br />

kastodinusi (metri, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong>a<br />

<strong>da</strong> mesopotamiis<br />

mefis elCi) 59<br />

katerino Zeno (veneciis elCi)<br />

69, 71, 73, 74, 77-79, 81,<br />

85-87, 105, 106, 117, 121,<br />

467<br />

kafas konsuli 465<br />

kacitaZe d. 18, 38. 135, 151, 152,<br />

340, 355<br />

kaxaber yorRanaSvili ix. for-<br />

RanaSvili kaxaber<br />

536 537

kefarsa, igive `bei isaki~ `uzun<br />

hasanis elCi, erovnebiT<br />

espaneli, sarwmunoebiT<br />

ebraeli~, uzun hasanis<br />

mTavari eqimi 73, 76<br />

kvirini lazaro 65. 77<br />

kiknaZe v. 445, 453, 458, 459<br />

kiknaZe r. 33, 81, 92, 105, 174<br />

kilbad (gulbaaT) gurjis 358,<br />

360<br />

kilikiis mTavari 48<br />

kirile (kaxeTis mefis elCi<br />

moskovSi) 285<br />

kir-nilo, nilo (qarTlis mefe<br />

konstantines karis eklesiis<br />

moZRvari) 96, 97,<br />

98-101<br />

klavixo rui gonsales 25<br />

klementi VIII (romis papi)<br />

290-295, 299, 302, 306,<br />

311, 314<br />

kikola SalikaSvili (varaza SalikaSvilis<br />

vaJi _ kokola<br />

cnobili iyos rogorc<br />

mahmud xan dirazis Ze,<br />

Turquli wyaros mixedviT<br />

_ varaza oRlu kaikudxani)<br />

189, 190, 191, 399,<br />

409, 423, 436, 437.<br />

komnenosebi 48, 69, 84<br />

konstantine batoniSvili ix.<br />

konstantine I<br />

konstantine I (1407-1412, <strong>da</strong>iR-<br />

upa SavbatknianebTan brZolaSi<br />

1412 w.) 38<br />

konstantine II (1478-1501) 71,<br />

75, 90-92, 95-97, 99-101, 106,<br />

117, 332, 390, 419<br />

konstantine (kaxeTis ufliswuli,<br />

aleqsandre II-is Ze)<br />

235, 255, 256, 298, 300<br />

konstantine laskarisi (elCi)<br />

111<br />

kontarini toma sier (konstantinopolis<br />

bailo) 136<br />

kontarini ix. ambrojo kontarini<br />

(veneciis elCi)<br />

Cornet E. 72, 73, 75, 76<br />

kotetiSvili v. 195<br />

Êðûìñêèé Å. À. 308<br />

Krumbacher K. 20<br />

Kuntze E. 260<br />

kumuloviCi aleqsandre 294,<br />

301, 302, 306<br />

kuCena temriuk i<strong>da</strong>roviCis asuli,<br />

romelic SeirTo ivane<br />

IV-m, <strong>da</strong> moskovSi <strong>da</strong>arqves<br />

maria 180<br />

kucia k. 322<br />

laioS II (ungreTis mefe) 142<br />

lala mustafa faSa 185-192,<br />

201, 202, 206-212, 218,<br />

219, 222, 223, 224, 227,<br />

245, 257, 378, 393-396,<br />

400, 402, 404, 405, 408-<br />

410, 412, 413, 420, 423,<br />

424, 426<br />

lanua 46<br />

Lanoz K. 140<br />

laSqara (kokola SalikaSvilis<br />

Svili) 423<br />

levan av-giorgis Ze 131, 134<br />

levan I <strong>da</strong>diani (odiSis mTavari<br />

1532-1572) 470-473, 475<br />

levan II <strong>da</strong>diani (odiSis mTavari)<br />

192, 473-475<br />

levani (imereTis mefe, igive<br />

baSiaCuki, 1583-1590) 196,<br />

262, 263, 279<br />

levani (kaxeTis mefe; <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />

mefe), levan xani<br />

131, 137, 140, 141, 143, 146,<br />

164-166, 171, 178, 182, 192,<br />

246<br />

levani `<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefe~ ix.<br />

levan kaxTa mefe<br />

levan-xanis Svili ix. iese<br />

levan xani ix. levan kaxTa<br />

mefe<br />

Leo H. 69<br />

levanis asuli, romelic colad<br />

gahyva svimon I-s 164<br />

leonardo bembo 125<br />

Lanz K. 139, 140<br />

leunklaviusi, Leunclavius L.<br />

(istorikosi) 119, 120<br />

lion <strong>da</strong>diani ix. levan I <strong>da</strong>diani<br />

lipartiani 186<br />

liparit <strong>da</strong>diani 467<br />

Ëèñîâñêèé À. Â. 20<br />

luarsabi (ufliswuli, svimonis<br />

Ze) 235<br />

luarsab I (qarTlis mefe 1534-<br />

1556) 143-145, 147, 152, 156,<br />

157, 174, 194, 195, 201, 310,<br />

358, 359, 383, 387<br />

luarsab II (qarTlis mefe, 1606-<br />

1615( 441<br />

luarsab Sermazaan oRli 381<br />

ludoviko bolonieli (cnobili<br />

diplomati, franciskanelTa<br />

ordenis wevri) lui de<br />

bolonia 40-47, 54, 56. 59,<br />

61, 77, 88, 447<br />

lui de bolonia ix. ludoviko<br />

bolonieli<br />

lui XI 60<br />

luis xili fernandesi 278,<br />

280<br />

Ìàãèäîâè÷ È. Ï. 20<br />

maisuraZe g. 311<br />

makleri f. Macler F. 304, 309,<br />

310<br />

maksud-xani (Sahis elCi) 228,<br />

229<br />

Malcolm J. 361, 369<br />

malipiero alesandro (venecieli<br />

diplomati) 303, 306, 316<br />

538 539

malpiero hanibal 117<br />

malus armenieli (somxeTis<br />

batoni) 55<br />

mama iakobi (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mefis<br />

elCi romSi) 311, 314-318<br />

mamarti (raindi, somexTa elCi)<br />

59<br />

mama Cveni (manuCar I <strong>da</strong>diani)<br />

474<br />

mamedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335<br />

mametanacabi (Mametanazab, uzun<br />

hasanis elCi) 66<br />

mamia III <strong>da</strong>diani (1512-1532)<br />

444, 474<br />

mamia IV <strong>da</strong>diani (1572-1592<br />

188<br />

mamia (gurielis vaJi) 262<br />

mamia (giorgi II-is Zma, m.<br />

svaniZis gamokvleviT mamia<br />

giorgis Svili iyo <strong>da</strong> ara<br />

Zma) 217<br />

mamisTvaliSvili e. 19, 44, 69,<br />

93, 101, 123, 139, 185, 279,<br />

333, 393, 433, 446, 451<br />

mania (guriis erisTavi) 53<br />

Ìàíàíäÿí ß. À. 10<br />

manuel I (1143-1180, bizantiis<br />

imperatori) 12<br />

manuil II paleologi (1391-<br />

1425; imperatori) 17<br />

manuCar begi (romelsac osmale-<br />

Tis divanma <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> begoba<br />

uboZa) ix. manuCar II<br />

manuCari (yvaryvare I didis vaJi,<br />

yvaryvare III-is biZa, 1475-<br />

1487) 127<br />

manuCar II (manuCar-xani, aTabagi<br />

1582-1613), umcrosi Tavadi<br />

127, 128, 130, 191, 193, 218,<br />

233, 236-238, 241-243, 250,<br />

253, 385, 386, 390, 393,<br />

396-408, 410-421, 424-426,<br />

428-431, 433-442<br />

manuCar III (manuCar II-is Ze),<br />

aTabag xani, 439, 441<br />

manuCar xani ix. manuCar II<br />

margarita avstrieli (dedofali)<br />

172<br />

mariam sulTan xanumi 336<br />

marko rosi (ruseTis elCi)<br />

88<br />

marino kavali 470, 473-475<br />

matiaS korvini (1458-1490,<br />

ungreTis mefe) 55, 73,<br />

83, 87<br />

masum beg safavi (saxelmwifo<br />

mdivani) 345, 354<br />

maqsimiliane (avstriis erchercogi)<br />

312, 316<br />

mawyvereli 435<br />

Ìàõìóäîâ ß. Ì. 14, 17, 66,<br />

87, 88<br />

mahmadi (Sahi mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende)<br />

199<br />

mahmadi-sulTani (oficialuri<br />

wyaros mixedviT mahmadxani)<br />

401<br />

mahd-ulia (mahdi mazan<strong>da</strong>ranis<br />

gamgeblis qaliSvili) 349<br />

mahmud-mirza (Sah Tamazis meeqvse<br />

vaJi qarTveli mona<br />

qalisagan) 334, 353<br />

mahmud xan dirazis Ze ix. kokola<br />

varazas Ze SalikaSvili,<br />

romelic cnobili iyo am<br />

saxeliT<br />

mahoni [mcire TurqTa (ay-yoiunlus<br />

_ e.m.) elCi] 59<br />

mahumuti (Turqmani) 55<br />

mehmed aRa <strong>da</strong> misi amxanagebi<br />

189<br />

mehmed begi (Tbilisis gamgebeli,<br />

sxva cnobebiT kostomanis<br />

beglar-begi) 193<br />

mehmed girei (yirimis xani) 219,<br />

221, 225<br />

mehmed II (1444-1446, 1451-1481)<br />

39, 40, 58, 61-63, 66, 67, 80.<br />

85<br />

mehmad xani (`sparseTis mefis<br />

generali~) 401<br />

mehmed xani (arzrumis beglar<br />

begi) 143<br />

mehmed sokolu (didi veziri)<br />

224<br />

mehmed sokolus vaJi 224<br />

mehmed faSa (Tbilisis beglarbegi)<br />

222, 225, 246<br />

mehmed faSa 246<br />

mehmedi (osmalo vaWari) 269<br />

mehmedi (ufliswuli; SemdegSi<br />

mehmed II, 1595-1603) 233<br />

mehmed III (1595-1603) 323<br />

mehmedi (ovsilis sanjaybegi)<br />

323, 324<br />

mehmed xani (sulTani, murad<br />

xanis Ze) 324<br />

mehmed faSa (arzrumis mamasaxlisi)<br />

426-430, 464<br />

mgalobliSvili m. 197<br />

meliqseT-begi 34<br />

menabde l. 124<br />

mesxia SoTa 262<br />

mesir hansi (raindi, romelic<br />

iyo ioane presviteris<br />

elCi) 60<br />

mesopotamiis mefe (Tumca<br />

araqristiani, magram qristianebis<br />

megobari, romlis<br />

mama Turqmani karailuki<br />

iyo) 54<br />

metreveli el. 24<br />

Ìåöîïñêèé Ôîìà 34<br />

mehmed faSa (Tbilisis gamgebeli)<br />

220<br />

mehmed faSa (osmaleTis sar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

428-430<br />

mehmed faSa yadimi (diarbeqiris<br />

faSa) 430<br />

mehmed xani (sulTani, murad<br />

xanis Ze) 324<br />

540 541

mzeWabuk I aTabagi (1502-1515),<br />

janiki 106, 112, 115, 116,<br />

118<br />

mzeWabuki (qaixosrosa <strong>da</strong> dedisimedis<br />

Ze) 385, 390<br />

miguel de abrue de limasi<br />

(portugaliis elCobis me-<br />

Tauri) 375<br />

mikloS varkaCi (avstriis imperatorisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> ungreTis<br />

mefis elCi) 282<br />

milanis hercogi 67<br />

minado jovani tomazo (Minadoi)<br />

175, 176, 191, 194, 197, 199,<br />

201-204, 207, 210-212, 242,<br />

243, 344, 345, 348, 349, 351,<br />

362, 376, 394, 395, 405, 409,<br />

411, 412, 414, 415, 424, 428,<br />

430-433<br />

Minadoi T. 176, 197, 215. 217,<br />

221, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232,<br />

240, 241, 321, 335, 364-366,<br />

369, 371<br />

minorski m. (Minorsky V.) 25,<br />

26, 81, 91<br />

mirabeti ix. mirza beki<br />

miranSah batoniSvili 27<br />

miran Sahi 37<br />

mirza ali bei 212, 219<br />

mirza beki anu mirabeti 105<br />

mirza mohamed-xani 375<br />

mirza omari (Seqis erT-erTi<br />

mmarTvelis Svili) 215<br />

mirxondi (sparsulenovani istorikosi)<br />

32-35, 38<br />

miqaeli (raindi) 59<br />

miqel (narin <strong>da</strong>viTis Ze) 444<br />

mixai (valaxeTis voevo<strong>da</strong>)<br />

309<br />

mixeil aldigieri (trapizonis<br />

imperatori) 54<br />

moraki ix. xoja miraki<br />

mirati ix. xoja miraki<br />

moreas mirliva ali-beg bunavi<br />

(lores beglar-begi) 240<br />

morTaza mehdi faTemi 354,<br />

355<br />

mol<strong>da</strong>veTis elCi 414<br />

monpelie (safrangeTis venecieli<br />

elCi) 144<br />

Morley W. H. 175, 202, 375<br />

Ìîõîâ Í. 299<br />

mohamadi 344, 345<br />

mohamed faSa (gamuslimanebuli<br />

mesxi feo<strong>da</strong>li) 441<br />

mohamed-xanis vaJebi 345<br />

mohamed-xan lala 345<br />

mohamed mirza (Sah Tamazs hyav<strong>da</strong><br />

isa-beg isubeg Turqomanis<br />

qaliSvilisagan) 334, 339<br />

mohamed ho<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong> (iranis Sahi),<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bande 175-177,<br />

193, 200-202, 205, 211, 228.<br />

234, 235, 280,. 334, 337,<br />

340, 341, 343, 349, 362,<br />

374, 380-382, 386, 396,<br />

398, 407<br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bande ix. mohamed<br />

ho<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong><br />

mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>bendes de<strong>da</strong> 334<br />

muafi (halabis faSa) 232<br />

munejim-baSi (osmalo istorikosi)<br />

81, 113, 218<br />

murad-mirza 336<br />

muradi (uzun hasanis SviliSvili)<br />

108, 109<br />

murad III (1574-1595, sulTani<br />

185, 199, 219, 223, 227,<br />

260, 261, 324, 350, 378,<br />

395, 404, 412, 414, 422,<br />

426, 428<br />

murad xani ix. muradIII<br />

murad faSa (osmalTa sar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

441<br />

Ìóðçàêåâè÷ Í. 11<br />

murati (kaxeTis mefe, aleqsandre<br />

II-is mier moskovSi<br />

gagzavnili elCi) 96<br />

Ìuratori L. A. 67<br />

musa _ mirza 336<br />

mustafa naima (istorikosi)<br />

194, 195<br />

mustafa selianiqi (osmalo istorikosi)<br />

209, 233, 291-<br />

244, 255, 259, 304, 404<br />

mustafa faSa ix. lala mustafa<br />

faSa<br />

mustafa faSa (zulyadris<br />

beglarbegi) 220, 221<br />

mustafa (maraSis beglarbegi)<br />

223<br />

mustafa ali (Turqi istorikosi)<br />

231<br />

mustafa ix. manuCar II<br />

mustafa-mirza (dediT qarTveli<br />

ufliswuli, Sah Tamazs<br />

hyav<strong>da</strong> qarTveli mona qalisagan)<br />

334, 335, 349, 353,<br />

372, 379<br />

mustafa lala faSa 403, 406,<br />

411, 412, 415, 420, 422<br />

mustafa (manuCari) 426, 427,<br />

430, 432<br />

muxranbatonebi 389<br />

muxranbatoni arCili 419<br />

muhamedi (Sah Tamazis Ze) 379<br />

muhamedi (cru winaswarmetyveli)<br />

196<br />

muhamedi (Sah ismail II-is Zma)<br />

375<br />

muhamed xu<strong>da</strong>bende 430<br />

mcire somxeTis mTavari 47<br />

nabuT-aRa (iranis elCi) 232,<br />

233, 236<br />

naTaZe gr. 413, 418<br />

Íàêàøèäçå Í. Ò. 331<br />

nasrola falsafi (iraneli istorikosi)<br />

335, 336<br />

neapolitaniis mefe 312<br />

negroni (Tarjimani) 315<br />

542 543

Neck R. 141<br />

nestan <strong>da</strong>rejan (qarTlis dedofali)<br />

419<br />

nestan <strong>da</strong>rejani (kaxTa mefe<br />

levanis asuli) 157<br />

nizami (laCinis sanjaybegi)<br />

323<br />

nikoli (metri; frangi maswavlebeli,<br />

<strong>da</strong>mrigebeli) 59<br />

nikolo krespo (arqipelagis<br />

hercogi; misi qaliSvilebi<br />

colad hyav<strong>da</strong>T katerino<br />

Zenos <strong>da</strong> uzun hasans) 15,<br />

78<br />

nikolo (elCi) 73<br />

nikolo justiniani bailo 115-<br />

117<br />

nikoloz Tbileli 54, 75<br />

nikoloz V (romis papi) 40,<br />

41<br />

nilo ix. kir-nilo (qarTlis<br />

mefe konstantines karis<br />

eklesiis moZRvari)<br />

niniZe d. 28<br />

Íîâèêîâ Íèêîëàé 294<br />

Íîâîñåëüöåâ À. Ï. 113, 153<br />

Íîâîñåëüñêèé À. À. 331<br />

nuri ali (isboris sanjaybegi)<br />

323<br />

nusreT-name (ist.) 408<br />

odiSeli 310<br />

odiSis mTavari 262, 468<br />

ozbegebi 386<br />

ozdemir-oRlu 213<br />

omar Tobani 32-34, 37<br />

omar mirza 30, 32-34, 37<br />

omar mirzas mama 34<br />

omar mirzas Zma 34<br />

omar faSa 236, 252<br />

onibene paolo 86, 87<br />

osman faSa (Sirvanisa <strong>da</strong> nax-<br />

Wevanis gamgebeli) 193,<br />

213, 218-219, 226, 244,<br />

246-249<br />

oqros urdos yaeni 452<br />

pavle II [piero barbo; 1464-<br />

1471] barbaro 67, 90, 91<br />

pavle III (romis papi) 145<br />

paiWaZe d. 41, 44, 56, 60<br />

paleologi mixeili 8, 9<br />

pasinis begi 187<br />

petre geraldi (kenterberiis<br />

arqiepiskoposi) ix. geraldi<br />

petre<br />

petre maroniti (ismailis elCi,<br />

beri) 140<br />

petre I 284<br />

petro biZaro, pietro biZaro<br />

197, 208, 222, 404<br />

petro de negro (ferninand I-is<br />

elCi) 140<br />

petruSevski i.p. (Ïåòðóøåâñêèé<br />

È. Ï.) 36, 37, 74, 108, 336<br />

Ïåí÷êî Í. À. 10, 464, 466<br />

Ïèãóëåâñêàÿ Í. Â. 336<br />

pietro biZaro ix. petro bi-<br />

Zaro<br />

pietro barro ix. pavle II<br />

pietro veskonti (1318 w.)<br />

pietro miqele 246<br />

pivovi petre (rusi elCi) 269,<br />

277, 289<br />

pineli gerardo ix. gerardo<br />

pineli<br />

pius II (enea silvius pikolomini,<br />

romis papi 1458-1464)<br />

39, 45, 54, 57, 60, 319<br />

Ïëåøêîâà À. 7<br />

Porsilus H. henrix porSa (istorikosi)<br />

400, 406, 407,<br />

413<br />

poluxanovi stefane 277, 289<br />

portugaliis mefe 65<br />

posevino 265-267<br />

Jak keri (Sarl VII-is mrCeveli<br />

<strong>da</strong> xazina<strong>da</strong>ri) 7<br />

Jana d’ arki 46<br />

Jan de balbi (elCi, romelic<br />

karl V-m gagzavna sefianTa<br />

saxelmwifoSi) 139<br />

Jan lui bake gramoni, bake gramoni<br />

(istorikosi) 112, 127,<br />

128, 131, 137<br />

Jan Sardeni 197, 202<br />

Jirov-zasekin [aleqsandre Tevdoris<br />

Zis elCoba (1600-<br />

1601)] 331<br />

Jor<strong>da</strong>nia g. 102, 311<br />

Jor<strong>da</strong>nia T. 89, 419, 420<br />

Jofrua <strong>da</strong> tuzi 46<br />

Juie m. (frangi diplomati) 186,<br />

188, 400, 416, 417<br />

JuJunaZe o. 21, 101<br />

raba, rabia, fabia [anakosiis<br />

(anagosiiis) mTavari, xelmwife]<br />

49, 52, 450, 451<br />

raguzis elCi 414<br />

ramazi (<strong>da</strong>viT X-is Ze) 31<br />

Ramusio G. B. 18, 48, 51-53, 73,<br />

82, 83, 88, 105, 107, 108, 447,<br />

449, 461<br />

rafaele monterosa (kafis konsuli)<br />

465<br />

Ðàõìàíè À.À. 250<br />

rezvani (osmalo sar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

432<br />

rodvan faSa 240, 241<br />

rizvan faSa (diarbeqiris<br />

beglarbegi) 221<br />

Ðîìàñêåâè÷ À.À. 23<br />

romis saRvTo imperiis imperatori<br />

ferdinand I<br />

rosTem faSa (didveziri) 157,<br />

158<br />

rostom amatakisSvili 423<br />

rostomi (imereTis mefe 1590-<br />

1605) 262, 264, 320<br />

rudolf II (impetatori) 294,<br />

295, 300, 309, 311, 312,<br />

317, 320<br />

544 545

ui gonsales de klavixo,<br />

Ðþè Ãîíçàëåñ äå Êëàâèõî<br />

(<strong>da</strong>badebis weli ucnobia.<br />

gar<strong>da</strong>icvala 1412 wels;<br />

kastilieli didebuli,<br />

Tavisi droisaTvis kargad<br />

ganaTlebuli. kastiliis<br />

mefem erike III-m elCad<br />

gagzavna TemurlengTan samaryandSi)<br />

19, 28-37<br />

rumlu (Turqmenebis tomi<strong>da</strong>n)<br />

354<br />

rusin-<strong>da</strong>nilovi (astraxanis<br />

meTofeTa asisTavi, tolmaCi)<br />

269<br />

rustem faSa 240<br />

saam mirza (Sah-abas I-is Zma)<br />

204, 211<br />

saam-mirzis asuli 175<br />

saakaZe giorgi 259<br />

saakaZe siauS (giorgi saakaZis<br />

mama) 259<br />

sadr ad-din xani 372<br />

saveri (aleqsandre mefem gagzavna<br />

lala faSas banakSi)<br />

210<br />

sazakuris faSa 429<br />

salamaT-girei xani 441<br />

salamaT qarTveli (qarTveli<br />

mTavari) 404<br />

santa severini (kardinali)<br />

315<br />

sanuto marino (venecieli avtori)<br />

109, 111, 115-117, 126,<br />

135, 143<br />

san franCesko 77<br />

sara-xaTuni (uzun hasanis de<strong>da</strong>,<br />

romelic mehmed II-sTan<br />

mosalaparakeblad gagzavna)<br />

62<br />

satofbei 111<br />

safar faSa (beqa jayeli, aTabagi)<br />

442, 443<br />

safrangeTis elCi konstantinopolSi<br />

113<br />

seid-beg qamene 372<br />

seid sajadi (arabistanis gamgebeli)<br />

375<br />

selim I (1512-1520), Sah-zade<br />

selim-xani 112-120, 122,<br />

123, 125, 126, 128<br />

selim II (1566-1574) 161, 162,<br />

183<br />

selimi (ufliswuli) ix. selim<br />

II<br />

sevinduq-begi (sparseli didebuli)<br />

151<br />

semender begi 220<br />

serasqeri manuCar ix. manuCar<br />

II<br />

sefe al-din isxaki (1252-1334;<br />

sefianTa ordenis <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli)<br />

374<br />

`sefevidi princesa~ (Sahis Zmis<br />

saam-mirzas asuli) 204<br />

sexnia amatakis Ze 423<br />

svaniZe m. 113, 115, 147, 150, 152,<br />

190, 191, 206, 214, 217,<br />

222-224, 227, 229, 234,<br />

236-238, 245, 255, 259-261,<br />

306, 307, 321, 328, 329,<br />

336, 340, 393, 397, 408,<br />

416, 417, 421, 422, 431,<br />

435, 438, 440, 456<br />

svanTa erisTavi 444<br />

svimon de lili (ferdinand I-is<br />

elCi) 140<br />

svimon I (v. hincis TqmiT, islamis<br />

miRebis Semdeg mahmuds<br />

eZaxdnen) 124, 156, 157, 161,<br />

164-167, 169, 170, 173-175,<br />

177-179, 182, 183, 194-205,<br />

217, 218, 222-224, 227-229,<br />

232-234, 236, 241, 244,<br />

248-253, 258-265, 275-280,<br />

289, 290, 302-304, 306-318,<br />

320-326, 328, 329, 332,<br />

375, 377, 380, 396, 406,<br />

407, 410, 419, 420, 426-<br />

428, 432, 436-438, 440, 441<br />

svimon xani, svimon gurji<br />

aq arian Setanili.<br />

svimon mefis saidumlo agenti<br />

316, ix. agreTve svimon<br />

mefe.<br />

svimon xanis qaliSvili 438, ix.<br />

agreTve svimon mefe<br />

siaoS-beg (gamoCenili qarTveli<br />

mxatvari) 352<br />

sigizmundi (germaniis imperatori,<br />

romelic amave dros<br />

ungreTis mefec iyo) 20<br />

sinan begi (arbkeris mmarTveli)<br />

220<br />

sinan-faSa (didveziri, mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

127<br />

sinan faSa (jer mesame veziri,<br />

Semdeg didveziri, aRmosavleTis<br />

jarebis mTavarsar<strong>da</strong>li),<br />

xoja sinan faSa<br />

227-233, 254<br />

sinan faSas vaJi 254<br />

sinopis mTavari 48<br />

sincendorfi ioahim (germaniis<br />

elCi konstantinopolSi)<br />

414<br />

siqstus IV (romis papi) 75<br />

siqst V (romis papi 1585-1590)<br />

267<br />

siciliis mefe 65, 75<br />

Ñêðæèíñêàÿ Å. Ð. 9<br />

Ñìèðíîâ È. À. 180, 237<br />

Ñîêîëîâ Í.Ò. 13<br />

solaq-zade (XVII saukunis<br />

Turqi istorikosi) 112,<br />

113, 224<br />

soleimani (ufliswuli) 370<br />

soleiman xalifa Samlu (sul-<br />

Taniis gamgebeli) 354,<br />

363<br />

546 547

solimani (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335<br />

solomon II (imereTis mefe)<br />

324<br />

solomoni (kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre<br />

II-is warmomadgeneli)<br />

286<br />

soranco vetore ix. vetore<br />

soranco<br />

sorso mefe (giorgi VII) 29<br />

spandujino Teodoro (Spandugino<br />

T.) 109, 111, 117<br />

sparseTis Sahi ix. Sah-abas I<br />

spediari (kastimenes mama) 53<br />

sreznevski i. 5, 29<br />

stefnaZe j. 173<br />

Ñòðîåâà È. Â. 336<br />

suleiman I (1520-1565; sulTani)<br />

134<br />

suleiman II kanuni (1520-1566,<br />

sulTani) 139, 143, 150,<br />

153, 155, 156, 163, 383<br />

sulTan ibrahim-mirza (bahrammirzas<br />

vaJi <strong>da</strong> Sah Tamazis<br />

Zmis Svili, saxlTuxucesi,<br />

poeti, mxatvari, musikosi)<br />

350<br />

sulTani ix. suleiman II<br />

suleiman-begi 159<br />

Sah-Tamazs Svilebi hyav<strong>da</strong> Samxalis<br />

disa <strong>da</strong> Cerqezi xar-<br />

Webisagan 334, 379<br />

sulaiman-mirza<br />

axmad-mirza<br />

junaid-mirza<br />

suleiman faSa (osmaleTis didveziri)<br />

144<br />

sulTan zade xanumi (Sah Tamazis<br />

coli) 348<br />

sulTan ismaili ix. ismail II<br />

(Sahi)<br />

sulTan ismailis momxreTa<br />

moZule, 356, ix. agreTve<br />

ismail II (Sahi)<br />

sulTan muradi ix. murad III<br />

sulTan-mahmud-xani (gamuslimanebul<br />

svimons sulTanmahmud<br />

xani <strong>da</strong>arqves) ix.<br />

svimon I<br />

sulTan ziad oRli 159<br />

sulTan Taheri 26<br />

sulTan mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong><br />

surgulaZe i. 44<br />

suriano francisko (Suriano<br />

Franc) 124<br />

tabataZe k. 28, 112, 162, 170,<br />

174, 339, 340, 357, 360<br />

tabaRua i. 100, 146, 147, 173,<br />

309, 310, 414, 418, 425<br />

tardi li (Tardy L.) 55, 74, 79,<br />

80, 86, 99, 143, 151, 153, 155,<br />

161, 169, 183, 243, 244, 246,<br />

247, 249, 251, 252, 282, 285,<br />

293, 294, 296, 299, 301, 302,<br />

304, 306, 308, 311-316, 318,<br />

320-322, 379, 414, 434, 437,<br />

441, 469, 473<br />

tarsa (mefe aleqsandres warmomadgeneli)<br />

276<br />

taxiril (baR<strong>da</strong>dis mflobelis<br />

ahmedis Svili, hulaRuyaenis<br />

STamomavali) 24, 25<br />

temriuk i<strong>da</strong>roviCi 180<br />

ter-iakobi (svimon I-is elCi)<br />

157, 308, 310, 311, 313-314,<br />

316-318<br />

ter-iakobis vaJi 311<br />

tivaZe T.g. 96, 182, 281, 282,<br />

298, 311<br />

tokmaki (revanis sulTani)<br />

426<br />

torxi (diaki, ruseTis elCi)<br />

273<br />

trapizonis imperatori, trapezundis<br />

imperatori (<strong>da</strong>viTi)<br />

40, 47, 56-57, 59,<br />

463<br />

transilvaniis mTavari 299,<br />

310<br />

transilvaniis imperatori ix.<br />

transilvaniis mTavari<br />

uzun hasani (1453-1478; trapezuntis<br />

imperatoris siZe)<br />

48, 51, 53, 54, 61-66, 69-76,<br />

78-93, 95, 108, 110, 115,<br />

447, 467, 468<br />

uluR beg baiaTi ix. don xuan<br />

le persia<br />

umcrosi Tavadi ix. manuCar II<br />

aTabagi<br />

uspenski T. 54<br />

uruSaZe l. 174<br />

usTajlu (tomi) 353, 354,<br />

357<br />

fabia (anagoziis mTavari ix.<br />

raba<br />

falsafi 337<br />

falmeraieri (Fallmereyer Jac.<br />

PH) 48, 50, 55, 81<br />

fanaskertel-ciciSvili zaza,<br />

zaza-begi 171<br />

Ôàðçàëèåâ À. Ì. îãëû 186-189,<br />

191, 193, 207, 210, 214, 216-<br />

218, 220, 221, 229-231, 233,<br />

245, 399,405, 406, 446<br />

faraji (egviptis sulTani)<br />

36<br />

fari-beg yojlu qorCi Turqemani<br />

356<br />

faroxzad begi (qarTveli umaRlesi<br />

xazina<strong>da</strong>ri) 352,<br />

372<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n gorgijaniZe ix. gorgijaniZe<br />

farsa<strong>da</strong>n<br />

ferdinandi (neapolitaniis<br />

mefe) 67, 76, 77, 99<br />

548 549

ferdinan I (imperator karl<br />

V-is umcrosi Zma, ungre-<br />

Tis mefe, SemdegSi saRvTo<br />

romis imperiis imperatori<br />

1526-1529) 140, 141, 155,<br />

158, 284, 469<br />

feri-xan-xanumi (Sah Tamazis<br />

asuli) 335, 343, 348, 349,<br />

351-353, 363-365, 368-371,<br />

379, 380<br />

ferixan-xanumi (ismail II-is<br />

coli) 376<br />

ferhad-faSa 238, 243, 245, 250-<br />

254, 259, 263, 307, 321,<br />

426, 427, 431-435<br />

filipe II (espaneTis mefe) 271,<br />

295, 309, 311<br />

filipe III keTili (1419-1467;<br />

iyo burgundiis hercogi)<br />

46, 47, 50, 54, 60<br />

filipo klaverenca 459<br />

filipo s. (Filippo S.) 93<br />

fir axmedi (yaramaniis mTavari)<br />

65<br />

fir-mohamedi 348<br />

Fisher S. 112<br />

Foscarini 14, 65<br />

fransua I (1515-1547; safrange-<br />

Tis mefe) 140, 144<br />

Francesco Manuel Alves 202<br />

franCesko lomelino 460<br />

franCesko vendramini (veneciis<br />

elCi) 312<br />

freduCe (XV saukunis kartografi;<br />

1491) 447, 448,<br />

452<br />

fridrix III (1455-1493; imperatori)<br />

55, 56<br />

fugeri (gazeTis gamomcemeli)<br />

321-323, 434<br />

fuTuriZe g. 192, 209, 233,<br />

242-244, 255, 259, 404<br />

fuTuriZe v. 105, 171, 135<br />

qaixosro (yvaryvare III-is<br />

mcirewlovani memkvidre)<br />

113<br />

qaixosro II aTabagi (1535-1573)<br />

146, 147, 187, 338, 381-384,<br />

388-390, 403, 407, 408,<br />

416, 419, 426, 436, 439<br />

qaixosro II-is qvrivi 382, ix.<br />

agreTve dedisimedi<br />

qasqadin axalcixeli 55<br />

qeTevan dedofali, wamebuli<br />

388<br />

qemali (= Samxali) 363<br />

qoiar amilaxorisSvili 409<br />

qristekoCi (waCxuris mTavarangelozis<br />

yma, waCxurelis<br />

Zma, <strong>da</strong>dianis despani)<br />

473-475<br />

qristefori (veneciis doqi)<br />

79<br />

qristofore uZrugi (varkaCis<br />

msaxurTuxucesi) 296<br />

qristoforo de kanevale (cxumis<br />

konsuli) 467<br />

quCuqi (samanis sanjaybegi)<br />

323<br />

Razi girei (yirimis xanis adil<br />

gireis Zma) 219, 331<br />

Razi (selmasis sanjaybegi)<br />

323<br />

RvaberiZe c. 139<br />

Rolami (Cerqezi, vinc, SarafxaniT,<br />

mokla hei<strong>da</strong>r mirza)<br />

371<br />

yazi ahmed Rafari 171<br />

yara iaziCi (1599-1603; anatoliaSi<br />

osmaleTis sulTnis<br />

winaaRmdeg ajanyebulTa<br />

xelmZRvaneli) 322<br />

yaramaniis (kilikiis) mTavari<br />

47, 48, 53<br />

yaramaniis amira ix. yaramaniis<br />

mTavari<br />

yara-iusufi 34-36<br />

yaraxani (yizilbaSTa jaris<br />

meTauri) 222, 401<br />

yauxCiSvili s. 62, 63<br />

yaflani (kaxeTis mefis elCi<br />

moskovSi) 285<br />

yvaryvare II didi (1451-1498,<br />

aTabagi, gurgura, gurgu-<br />

ram-beki 43, 46-53, 55, 56,<br />

61, 80, 81, 93, 104-106, 111,<br />

121, 394, 449<br />

yvaryvare III aTabagi (1515-1535)<br />

127-133, 137, 143, 146, 187,<br />

383, 416<br />

yvaryvare IV aTabagi (1574-1581),<br />

gregori 187, 191, 218, 342,<br />

384, 386, 388, 390, 393,<br />

396, 398, 402, 403, 408,<br />

409, 411, 413, 414, 416,<br />

418-422, 449<br />

yizil-ahmad oRli mirza (mehmed<br />

mirza begi (baiburTis<br />

gamgebeli) 128-130<br />

yirimis xani 20, 293, 300<br />

yorRanaSvili kaxaber 183, 326<br />

yurSita (kaxeTis mefis elCi<br />

moskovSi) 285<br />

SalikaSvilebi 190, 342, 398,<br />

399, 423, 424<br />

SalikaSvilebis qali 202, 337,<br />

343, 389<br />

SalikaSvili ediSer 434<br />

SalikaSvili elia 434<br />

SalikaSvili varaza. ix. varaza<br />

SalikaSvili<br />

SalikaSvili kokola ix. kikola<br />

SalikaSvili<br />

SalikaSvili oTar (samcxis<br />

umsxvilesi feo<strong>da</strong>li) 143,<br />

334, 337, 338, 381, 386,<br />

387, 390<br />

550 551

Sama<strong>da</strong>vle <strong>da</strong>diani (1474-1477;<br />

odiSis mTavari, liparit<br />

<strong>da</strong>dianis Ze) 467<br />

Samxali, romelmac mokla hei<strong>da</strong>r<br />

mirza 371-373, 379<br />

Samxal sulTani, Cerqezebis<br />

beladi ferixan xanumisa <strong>da</strong><br />

suleiman mirzas biZa) 353<br />

Sarad ad-din ali iezdi 25<br />

Saraf-xan biTlisi (Øàðàôõàí<br />

Øàìñàääèí Áèäëèñè,<br />

istorikosi) 125, 131, 132,<br />

163, 201, 202, 219, 334,<br />

339, 346, 348, 354-356,<br />

360, 361, 367-373, 376, 381,<br />

388, 426, 428, 433<br />

Saraf-xani 347<br />

SaraSiZe q. 385, 401, 425, 434<br />

Sardeni ix. Jan Sardeni<br />

Sarl V valua<br />

Sarl VII 7, 46, 60<br />

Sah-abasi, Sah-abas I (1587-1529),<br />

172, 258, 280, 281, 283, 288,<br />

291, 296, 298, 304, 305, 307,<br />

312, 316, 317, 319. 320, 328,<br />

332, 336, 337, 375, 386, 437,<br />

439, 440<br />

Sah-abasi 312, 353, 355, 356,<br />

358-367, 369, 376-379, 381,<br />

382, 384, 386-388, 391, 392,<br />

398, 423, 470<br />

Sah-abasis Zmis saam-mirzas<br />

asuli (romelic colad<br />

SerTes ieses) 213<br />

Sah-zade selim-xani ix. selim I<br />

Sah-Tamaz I (1524-1576; ismail<br />

I-is vaJi) 139, 140, 143-145,<br />

147-153, 155-157, 161-163,<br />

165, 167, 169, 171, 173,<br />

185, 193, 195-198, 200,<br />

204, 205, 234, 255, 256,<br />

333-337, 339, 340, 342-<br />

350, 352<br />

Sah-iakubis bebia 111<br />

Sahverdi sulTani (yarabaxis<br />

gamgebeli) 155<br />

Sah-ismail I (1502-1524); sefianTa<br />

saxelmwifos <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli,<br />

sefianTa dinastiis<br />

pirveli warmomadgeneli)<br />

103, 110, 111, 115, 118, 119,<br />

124, 125, 127, 130, 131, 175,<br />

200, 201, 333<br />

Sah ismail II 341, 342, 374, 375,<br />

407, 409<br />

Sah iusuf faSa 439<br />

Sah-rostom luri 375<br />

Sahsevanebi (Sahis megobrebi)<br />

352<br />

Sah yulu bin hamza mira<br />

(sparseli didebuli ustajulus<br />

tomi<strong>da</strong>n) 151<br />

Sah-xu<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong> ix. mohamed xu<strong>da</strong>ban<strong>da</strong><br />

Seiban-xani (uzbekebis mbrZanebeli)<br />

109, 110<br />

ServaSiZe (afxazeTis erisTavi)<br />

444, 446<br />

ServaSiZeebi 446<br />

Sveigeri (germaneli misioneri)<br />

413<br />

Seixavende 357<br />

Sengelia n. 113, 218, 219, 223,<br />

224, 260, 262, 264, 325,<br />

326<br />

Sermazan oRli (haqimi) 381<br />

Sermazani (diasamiZe elias<br />

Svili) 423<br />

Sehsufar-ojli (zul-yadries<br />

begi) 127<br />

Sidraddin-xan (saxelmwifo mdivnis<br />

masum beg safavis vaJi,<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r-mirzas aRmzrdeli<br />

zei-xavandis gvari<strong>da</strong>n) 354<br />

Siltbergeri hans (raind raixartingenissaWurvelmtvirTveli)<br />

22-24, 279,<br />

446, 447<br />

Stefan rezvani (mol<strong>da</strong>veTis<br />

mTavari) 309<br />

SCelkaSi andrei (dumis anu sab-<br />

Wos mdivani, diaki) 273<br />

Caladini pietro (kunZul xvaris<br />

episkoposi) 295, 296<br />

CerqezeTis Samhali 256<br />

CerqezTa Samxalis <strong>da</strong> 353<br />

Cikali faSa 253<br />

ColayaSvili (`WkuiT suleli<br />

<strong>da</strong> uRmrTo~) 391<br />

ColoyaSvili beena 123, 124<br />

ColoyaSvili garsevan 137<br />

ColoyaSvili oTar (aleqsandre<br />

mefis saxlTuxucesi)<br />

339, 382<br />

CoCievi v.g. 113, 128, 139, 144,<br />

153, 165, 188, 258, 292<br />

CubinaSvili l. 442<br />

Öàãàðåëè À.À. 124<br />

Zwiedirek _ Sü denhorst H. 14<br />

cincaZe 96, 97, 178, 179, 275<br />

Zinkeisen I. W. 20, 68<br />

ciciSvili farsa<strong>da</strong>n 325<br />

cru dimitri I 331<br />

cru dimitri II 331<br />

wareci hovanes 322<br />

waCxuris mTavarangelozi 473<br />

waCxurulis ojaxi 474<br />

WiWinaZe z. 329<br />

Wyonia al. 129<br />

xadim mehmedi 430<br />

xalifa ansar fara<strong>da</strong>Rlu (ismailis<br />

satusaRos ufrosi)<br />

352, 353, 373<br />

552 553

Charrière E. 140, 144, 219, 226,<br />

252, 413, 414, 417<br />

xalkokondile laonike (Chalcocondilae<br />

L.) 62<br />

Õåííèã Ð. 20<br />

xvorostini andrei ivanes Ze<br />

297-298<br />

xolafa 370<br />

xolefa-begi (iraneli sar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

104, 105<br />

xondemiri (sparsi istorikosi)<br />

131, 132<br />

xose manuel floristani 278,<br />

280<br />

xotovi (yabardos mTavari)<br />

257<br />

xoja kostulsa (kafis moqalaqe)<br />

462<br />

xoja miraki (cnobili julfeli<br />

vaWari) ix. moraki, mirati<br />

xoja sinan faSa ix. sinan<br />

faSa<br />

xusrev faSa (mTavarsardlis<br />

movaleobis Semsrulebeli)<br />

227, 254<br />

javaxiSvili ivane 27, 29, 38,<br />

49, 50, 54, 92, 93, 145,<br />

157, 166, 171, 234, 257, 273,<br />

290, 291, 293, 402, 410,<br />

449, 450<br />

jakomo juliano 116<br />

jakomo (italiaSi mcxovrebi<br />

vinme somexi) 313<br />

janbaz Cukuri 189<br />

janiki ix. mzeWabuk I aTabagi<br />

jan feri xanumi (zaal begis<br />

asuli; Sah Tamazis pirveli<br />

coli) 355<br />

jargazi _ Samxal- avSari 373<br />

jafariZe g. 123<br />

jafar faSa (osmaleTis sar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

253, 323, 327<br />

jafar faSa (desTuris aRmsrulebeli)<br />

324<br />

jayelebi 342, 398, 400, 402,<br />

409, 410, 423-425<br />

jayelTa dinastia 338<br />

jayelTa ojaxi 218<br />

jayel-cixisjvrelebi 386, 399,<br />

416<br />

jahan-ara (istorikosi) 81<br />

jelal ed-din mohamed aqbari<br />

437<br />

jenkinsoni anton 173, 174,<br />

180-182<br />

jilberi 46<br />

jiqia sergi 194, 195, 209, 259,<br />

261, 324, 328<br />

jovani (ianoS) vitezi (episkoposi)<br />

39<br />

jovani maria anjolelo 82,<br />

115<br />

jovani meqeli (istorikosi)<br />

209, 240, 243<br />

jovani miqeli (veneciis sirieli<br />

elCi) 404<br />

jovio paolo (Giovio P.) 103,<br />

104, 112<br />

`jorjanebi~ (aleqsandro beks,<br />

gurguram beks, mirabets ase<br />

uwodeb<strong>da</strong> maT Zeno) 105<br />

jorjo interiano (ist.) ix.<br />

interiano jorjo<br />

josafat barbaro 18, 82, 84,<br />

85, 87, 88<br />

juzepe kanale ix. kanale j.<br />

hamza mirza (iranis taxtis<br />

memkvidre, Sah xo<strong>da</strong>bendes<br />

vaJi) 234, 250, 259, 375<br />

hamza (Sah Tamazis Svili) 379<br />

Hacluyt R. Voiages 181<br />

hameri i. (Hammer J.) 25, 26, 115,<br />

193, 229, 231-233, 306, 329,<br />

360, 372, 401-403, 408<br />

hanibal malapiero ix. malipiero<br />

hanibal<br />

hasan-beg rumlu [sefianTa xanis<br />

(XVI s.) istorikosi] 104,<br />

105, 128, 130, 138, 148, 159,<br />

165, 167, 171-174, 358, 384,<br />

385<br />

hasan faSa (osmaleTis sar<strong>da</strong>li)<br />

224, 225, 238-240, 244,<br />

246, 247, 252, 292<br />

hasan-xan usTajlu 439<br />

haji bin-zade (am saxeliT cnobili<br />

iyo ahmed-faSa) 220,<br />

221, 224, 285<br />

haji xosrovi (varkaCis mixedviT,<br />

xaji xosrovi warmo-<br />

SobiT litveli yofila.<br />

tyveobaSi Cavar<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> iranSi<br />

moxv<strong>da</strong>) 296, 298<br />

heidi v. (Heyd W.) 10, 57, 60,<br />

452, 453<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ri (Sah Tamazis Ze) 335,<br />

336, 343, 346-353, 355-358,<br />

360-364, 366, 368-375, 349,<br />

382<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>ris de<strong>da</strong> 341, 342<br />

hei<strong>da</strong>r faSa 245<br />

henri VI (inglisis mcirewlovani<br />

mefe) 46<br />

henrix porSa ix. Porsius H.<br />

herberti 343<br />

heqim Celebi 195<br />

hinci valter (Hinz W.) 70, 91,<br />

201, 204, 205, 335, 345, 353,<br />

356, 360, 363, 366, 368, 372,<br />

375<br />

hosein-beg iuzbaSi usTajlu<br />

356, 369, 371<br />

hulaRu-yaeni 24<br />

huseini (Turqi istorikosi)<br />

113<br />

husein faSa 220, 221, 321<br />

husein begi (<strong>da</strong>iniSna goris<br />

sanjaybegad) 217<br />

554 555

husein beg usTajlu (aseulis<br />

meTauri <strong>da</strong> amira, mustafamirzas<br />

aRmzrdeli) 353,<br />

366, 367, 372<br />

husein-yuli xolafa rumlu<br />

353, 356, 367-369, 372,<br />

373<br />

ßêóáîâñêèé Ë.Þ. 16, 17, 29, 30<br />

II. geografiuli saxelebi<br />

adleri 148<br />

adrianopoli 157<br />

avniki 142<br />

avogazia 447, 448<br />

avstria 6, 139, 142, 184, 265,<br />

268, 281, 294, 226-298,<br />

312<br />

avRaneTi 14<br />

azerbaijani 11, 15, 25, 30, 31,<br />

34, 37, 74, 103, 108, 109,<br />

142, 165, 187, 215, 291,<br />

411, 439<br />

azia 18, 73, 301, 322<br />

azovis zRva 9, 10, 470<br />

azovis zRvis koloniebi 459<br />

`azrum-trapizoni~ 473<br />

akermani (yofili monkastro)<br />

450<br />

akra 7<br />

ala-TaRis veli 32<br />

alamuTis cixe, kahkahes cixe,<br />

yalyalas cixe, yahyalas<br />

cixe 151, 165, 173, 193, 197,<br />

200, 202, 204, 209, 245,<br />

346, 350-351, 362, 363, 372,<br />

373, 375, 379, 407, 419<br />

algeTi 327<br />

alepo 66, 125, 126, 135, 176,<br />

246<br />

alTunyala, oqros cixe, dedisimedis<br />

koSki, 242, 395,<br />

402, 411, 427, 428, 432,<br />

433, 442<br />

alinja ix. alinji<br />

alinji, alinja, alinjis cixe<br />

22, 28<br />

alinjis cixe ix. alinja<br />

amasia, amasiis zavi 117, 121, 133,<br />

151, 153, 154, 158, 162, 184,<br />

185, 188, 189, 229, 250,<br />

346, 380, 387, 388, 398<br />

amasiis zavi ix. amasia<br />

amalfi 5<br />

amani 126<br />

amierkavkasia 13, 17, 31, 41, 94,<br />

154, 157, 183, 185, 208,<br />

210, 218, 219, 221, 227,<br />

229, 253, 282, 305, 329,<br />

330, 400<br />

anagozia 53<br />

anakosia (afxazeTi), anakofia<br />

52, 450, 451<br />

anakofia ix. anakosia<br />

anatolia 49, 53, 57, 148-150,<br />

158, 322, 441<br />

angaqsia 447<br />

angozia 451<br />

angora 19, 22<br />

antioqia 7, 59<br />

arabeTi 69<br />

arabkeri 220<br />

aragoni 6<br />

aragonis samefo 68<br />

aragui 213<br />

araqsi (md.) 28<br />

ardebili 103, 253, 363, 373,<br />

374<br />

arezispireTi 28<br />

areSi 212, 218<br />

arzrumi 31, 142, 143, 148, 185,<br />

189, 215, 217, 218, 222, 228,<br />

232, 233, 236, 242, 244,<br />

249, 322, 344, 346, 383,<br />

413, 424, 428, 432, 434<br />

armani 323<br />

armenia 62<br />

artaani 49, 112, 156, 190, 242,<br />

400, 402, 421<br />

artanuji 148<br />

apokasia (afxazeTi) 450<br />

astraxani 18, 266, 269-271,<br />

274, 280, 288, 301<br />

astraxanis saxano 159<br />

atika 17<br />

afrika 99<br />

afxazeTi 53, 56, 444, 446, 448,<br />

449, 456, 460, 462<br />

afxazeTis saerisTavo (masSi<br />

sabediano ar Sedio<strong>da</strong>) 52,<br />

448, 451<br />

aRmosavleTi (levanti) 7, 16<br />

aRmosavleTi amierkavkasia 179,<br />

212, 213, 225-238<br />

aRmosavleTi afrika 279<br />

aRmosavleTi evropa 10, 16,<br />

70<br />

aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo 93,<br />

102, 135, 153-155, 186, 187,<br />

280, 281, 296, 333, 427, 468<br />

aRmosavleTi somxeTi 291<br />

aRmosavleTi qveynebi 8, 10, 14,<br />

45, 47, 94<br />

aRmosavleTi SavizRvispireTi<br />

452, 462<br />

ay-yoiunlus (TeTrbatknianTa)<br />

saxelmwifo 14-16, 41, 42,<br />

46, 59, 61, 64, 66, 69, 70.<br />

75, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83-89,<br />

92, 95, 105, 108, 109, 319,<br />

467<br />

awefi 327<br />

awyueri 81<br />

awyuri 218, 422, 424, 426<br />

awyuri, awyuEri, awyuris sanjayi,<br />

awyuris cixe 393,<br />

395, 399, 401, 402, 405,<br />

410, 411, 416<br />

awyuEri ix. awyuri<br />

556 557

awyuris sanjayi ix. awyuri<br />

awyuris cixe ix. awyuri<br />

aWara 112, 143, 253, 392<br />

axal<strong>da</strong>ba 398, 436, 442<br />

axalqalaqi 191, 236, 383, 409,<br />

411, 427, 433<br />

axalqalaqi javaxeTis 383<br />

axalcixe, axalcixis vilaieTi<br />

242, 253, 406, 412, 432,<br />

433, 436, 440, 441<br />

axalcixis vilaieTi ix. axalcixe<br />

axalcixis safaSo [ase iwodebo<strong>da</strong><br />

yofili samcxe-saaTabago]<br />

443<br />

axalcixis mxare 438, 439<br />

axalcixis cixe 439<br />

axlo aRmosavleTi 9, 37, 42,<br />

94, 99, 120, 159, 160, 164,<br />

277, 283, 297, 301, 305,<br />

321, 329, 451<br />

axCis qvabis cixe 191<br />

ahlaTi 142<br />

ahsanobadi 439<br />

babiloni 23, 25, 163<br />

babiloni (baR<strong>da</strong>di) 23<br />

baTumi 22, 46, 51, 52, 253<br />

balkaneTi 6, 19, 39, 253<br />

baiazidi 163<br />

baiburTi 112, 113, 128<br />

baraTiani 90<br />

barselona 7<br />

basiani 104, 156, 168, 383<br />

baqo 237<br />

baqos zRva (kaspiis zRva) 104<br />

baR<strong>da</strong>di 17, 26, 35-36, 109, 126,<br />

142, 163, 169, 347<br />

bedianis samTavro 449<br />

belgradi 139<br />

beiruTi 14<br />

bizantia, bizantiis imperia<br />

7-9, 13, 12, 20, 35, 70,<br />

296, 452<br />

bizantiisa <strong>da</strong> trapizonis<br />

saxelmwifoebi 97<br />

biWvinTa 459, 454<br />

bosfori 19<br />

brabantis sahercogo 46<br />

bulgareTi 11, 21<br />

bu<strong>da</strong> (ungreTis de<strong>da</strong>qalaqi)<br />

139<br />

burgoni 54, 55, 60, 65, 449<br />

burgundia 46<br />

burgonia 51<br />

burgosas xelnawerTsacavi 99<br />

bursa (qalaqi) 14, 15, 53, 61<br />

gagra 445, 447, 448<br />

ganja 32, 159, 182, 228, 254,<br />

430<br />

geguTi 456<br />

gelaTi 383<br />

geliyaris klde 326<br />

genti 60<br />

genua 5-7, 10, 11, 15, 68, 460,<br />

462, 464, 466<br />

genuis kolonia 456<br />

genuis respublika 444, 451,<br />

453-455, 461, 462, 465<br />

genuis san-jorjos banki 454<br />

genuis SavizRvispireTis savaWro<br />

koloniebi 462<br />

germania 77, 94, 296, 317-319<br />

germaniis saamiro 6, 16-10, 39<br />

gilani 14<br />

golgoTa 123<br />

gorgora, gurgura (evropelebi<br />

yvaryvare II didis am<br />

saxeliT aRniSnavdnen samcxe-saaTabagos)<br />

394<br />

gori, Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli 92, 93, 130,<br />

166, 203, 216-218, 222, 223,<br />

236, 245, 246, 249, 253, 264,<br />

323, 326, 327, 427, 436<br />

goris cixe 195, 324, 325<br />

goris juari 203<br />

gremi 228<br />

gurgura ix. gorgora<br />

guria 56, 133, 134, 253, 436<br />

guriis samTavro 449<br />

gurjistani 187<br />

gurjistanis sabeglarbego<br />

213<br />

`<strong>da</strong>d-eli~ (anu tao) 130<br />

<strong>da</strong>masko 14, 125, 128, 220,<br />

229<br />

<strong>da</strong>nia 20<br />

<strong>da</strong>r<strong>da</strong>neli 19, 66, 84<br />

<strong>da</strong>rubandi 237, 275, 280, 287,<br />

288, 292, 308<br />

<strong>da</strong>rubandis gza 226<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi evropa 5, 10, 12, 41,<br />

58, 94, 95, 99, 135, 195,<br />

295, 277, 278, 450, 454<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi irani 291<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi samcxe 421<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTi saqarTvelo 112, 113,<br />

141, 146, 184, 264, 288,<br />

290, 291, 332, 445, 455,<br />

460, 468<br />

<strong>da</strong>savleTis qristianuli samyaro<br />

458<br />

<strong>da</strong>Restani 237, 266, 269, 280<br />

dedisimedis koSki ix. alTunyala<br />

demoTis cixe 436<br />

<strong>da</strong>rbaqiri 324<br />

diarbeqiri 283<br />

didi armenia 54<br />

didi iberia 55<br />

dmanisi 229, 231, 232, 240,<br />

245, 254<br />

dmanisis gza 225<br />

dmanisis viwrobebi 220<br />

dmanisis xeoba 225, 238<br />

doni (mdinare) 55<br />

dunai (mdinare) 47, 55<br />

dunaispireTi 20<br />

558 559

egeosis zRva 20<br />

egvipte 12, 34, 36, 74, 96, 121-<br />

124, 455, 472<br />

edirne (qalaqi) 114<br />

evropa 1, 8, 14-20, 22, 39, 40,<br />

42, 46, 47, 51, 64, 65, 70,<br />

71. 73, 86, 87, 89, 94, 95,<br />

99, 102, 106, 123, 139, 141,<br />

142, 179, 194, 223, 250,<br />

252, 268, 278, 287, 288,<br />

292-294, 299, 304, 307,<br />

311-314, 319-321, 467, 449<br />

evbea ix. negroponte<br />

evfrati (mdinare) 69, 85, 117<br />

eTiopia 41<br />

elbrusis mTebi 351<br />

enos sagrafo 46<br />

erayi 14, 109<br />

erevani 244, 247, 293, 385,<br />

405, 439<br />

erevnis olqi 130<br />

erevnis cixe 439<br />

erzinjani 62, 104, 112, 113,<br />

139<br />

erwo-TianeTi 89<br />

espaneTi 31, 94, 97-99, 141,<br />

172, 265, 279, 280, 287,<br />

295, 296, 300, 303, 309,<br />

311, 318, 319<br />

eCmiaZini 311<br />

valaxeTi 309<br />

vale 191<br />

vani 142, 316, 324<br />

vanis provincia 316<br />

vanis qvabi 384<br />

varna 21<br />

varZia 381<br />

velis cixe 400, 401<br />

vena 139, 312<br />

venecia 5-8, 12, 14, 15, 40, 56,<br />

57, 64-68, 71-74, 76-79, 83-<br />

88, 117, 125, 126, 142, 176,<br />

246, 265, 296, 300, 312,<br />

313, 404, 434, 452, 464,<br />

465, 467<br />

veneciis koloniuri imperia<br />

13<br />

veneciis respublika 13, 57, 110,<br />

142, 265, 268, 284, 310<br />

vlaxeTi 254, 294<br />

volga 288<br />

volgispireTi 159, 161<br />

volga-astraxanis magistrali<br />

160<br />

zagemi 439, 215<br />

zani (qalaqi) 316<br />

zelandiis sagrafo 46<br />

zenjani 291<br />

zulyadri 223<br />

zul-yadre 127<br />

Tavrizi 14, 15, 17, 26, 31, 32,<br />

34, 36, 38, 74, 86-88, 105-<br />

109, 116, 117, 119, 121, 147,<br />

155, 228, 239, 248-250,<br />

253, 268, 317, 324, 344,<br />

345, 351, 386<br />

Tbilisi, Tfilisi, tfilisi<br />

90-93, 136, 138, 139, 166-<br />

160, 174, 182, 191-194, 199,<br />

202, 206, 211, 213, 215-217,<br />

219-223, 227-230, 236, 238,<br />

240, 241, 246, 251, 252,<br />

276, 320, 321, 359, 387,<br />

410, 428, 431, 432, 439<br />

TeTrcixe 408<br />

TeleTi 138<br />

Tergi 270. 275, 280<br />

Tergis cixe 271<br />

Terjana ix. Terjani<br />

Terjani, Terjana 86, 88, 129<br />

Terjola 262<br />

Tmogvi, Tmogvis cixe 191, 342,<br />

384, 386, 392, 409, 410,<br />

422, 424<br />

Tmogvis cixe ix. Tmogvi<br />

TorTumi 112<br />

TurqeTi 74, 126, 143, 178, 273,<br />

279, 306, 312<br />

TuyaTi 84<br />

Tfilis ix. Tbilisi<br />

iaRlujis mTa 138<br />

`iberia~ (am saxeliT moixseniebdnen<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samefo-<br />

samTavroebad <strong>da</strong>nawilebul<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>) 298<br />

iedi kules cixe (mdebareob<strong>da</strong><br />

zRvis piras. Turqulad<br />

yedi niSnavs Svids, kule<br />

_ cixes, e.i. SvidkoSkiani<br />

cixe) 195, 327, 328<br />

iekbri (yazvini<strong>da</strong>n ori dRis<br />

savalzea) 313, 315<br />

ierusalimi 41, 97, 122, 134,<br />

139, 278, 307<br />

iveria 194, 298<br />

ikorTa 145<br />

imereTi 45, 56, 60, 82, 86, 92,<br />

93, 95, 142, 143, 150, 152,<br />

183, 186, 188, 196, 261-264,<br />

278, 290, 294, 383, 443,<br />

444, 470, 475<br />

imereTis samefo 468<br />

imierkavkasia 288<br />

inglisi 6, 141, 145<br />

indi (mdinare) 69<br />

indoeTi 10, 14, 41, 47, 301,<br />

437, 438<br />

indoeTis zRva 69<br />

iori (mdinare), kapri, kafuri<br />

29, 206, 209<br />

irani 15, 23, 34, 47, 77, 98,<br />

99, 103, 104, 111, 114, 118,<br />

127-129, 132-134, 136, 138,<br />

143, 147-149, 151-155, 158,<br />

159, 166, 175-179, 182-186,<br />

190-192, 195, 204, 206,<br />

560 561

211, 223, 228-230, 233, 234,<br />

250, 251, 253, 256, 259,<br />

265-269, 272, 273, 277,<br />

278, 280, 281, 284, 291-<br />

295, 297-300,. 302, 304-<br />

307, 311, 316-319, 330-334,<br />

346, 354-356, 360, 375, 378,<br />

379, 383, 386, 387, 392,<br />

396, 400. 419, 430, 434,<br />

441, 468<br />

iranis azerbaijani 27, 29<br />

iran-osmaleTi 329, 398<br />

isbori 323<br />

ispiri 112<br />

italia 5, 6, 8, 12, 40, 56, 64, 67,<br />

68, 296, 313, 317-319<br />

itriis eklesia 200, 205<br />

kavkasia 11, 55, 127, 134, 157,<br />

159-161, 184, 188, 194, 225,<br />

237, 253, 266, 267, 269,<br />

276, 281, 283, 290, 291,<br />

293, 301, 302, 305, 308,<br />

329, 331, 464<br />

kavkasiis SavizRvispireTi 454<br />

kavkasiis SavizRvispira qalaqebi<br />

452<br />

kavkasiis gadmosasvlelebi 29<br />

kavkasionis qedi 447<br />

kafo buqso 454<br />

kairo 96, 97, 124<br />

kalmarini (qalaqi mdebareob<strong>da</strong><br />

md. araqsze. rogorc<br />

varaudoben es un<strong>da</strong> iyos<br />

sumari) 28<br />

kapadokia 150, 151, 469<br />

kapri (mdinare) ix. iori (mdinare)<br />

karahisari 424<br />

kaspiis zRva 69, 159, 184, 269,<br />

288, 301<br />

kaspiis zRvis samxreT-<strong>da</strong>savleT<br />

sanapiro 281<br />

kaspiis zRvis Crdilo sanapiro<br />

281<br />

kaspiis mTa 447<br />

kastilia 6, 35<br />

kafa (feodosia) 10, 11, 41, 74,<br />

86, 451, 452, 457, 461-465,<br />

470<br />

kafuri (mdinare, s. jiqias<br />

gamokvleviT kafri igive<br />

ioria) ix. iori<br />

kaxeTi 83, 92, 95, 96, 103-106,<br />

118, 131, 134, 135, 138, 141,<br />

155-159, 161, 164-166, 175,<br />

203, 206-208, 210-215, 217,<br />

219, 226, 230, 233-235,<br />

238, 246, 248, 254, 255,<br />

257, 266, 268-274, 276,<br />

278, 280, 282-284, 246,<br />

289, 290, 292, 298, 300,<br />

302-308, 314, 315, 329, 330,<br />

332, 382, 388, 391, 435<br />

kahkahes cixe ix. alamuTis<br />

cixe<br />

kelasuri (mdinare) 452<br />

kexvis cixe 396, 413<br />

kviprosi (kunZuli) 135, 312<br />

kilikia 48, 53<br />

kioja 12<br />

klarjeTi 143<br />

klitxea 51<br />

kola (patara artaani) 112<br />

kolxeTi 63, 447, 470<br />

komo 265<br />

kompieni (qalaqi) 46<br />

konia 14<br />

konstantinopoli 5, 7, 9, 12,<br />

13, 17, 39, 56, 57, 60, 66,<br />

98, 115, 125, 126, 136, 143,<br />

155, 162, 169, 176, 288,<br />

294, 371, 413, 414, 417,<br />

418, 469, 473<br />

laTinTa imperia 6, 13, 452<br />

laiaco-aiaco 448<br />

laCini 323<br />

levanti, aRmosavleTi 7, 12, 16,<br />

142<br />

livonia 20<br />

limburgis sahercogo 46<br />

litva 20, 97, 265, 284, 294<br />

lore 92, 240, 245, 321, 323<br />

lores cixe 320, 321<br />

luristani 291<br />

luka 6<br />

lukis respublika 68<br />

luresTani 372<br />

luristani 14<br />

luqsemburgis sahercogo 46<br />

lucki (qalaqi) 20<br />

makedonia 11<br />

malaTia (md. mtkvris napirze)<br />

85<br />

mamluqTa egvipte 123<br />

mantua 56. 58<br />

mantuis samarkizo 68<br />

marab<strong>da</strong> 442<br />

maran<strong>da</strong> 33<br />

maraSi 243<br />

marko otobano 314, 315<br />

marmarilos zRvispiri 327<br />

maroko 10<br />

marseli 7<br />

maRzulangurji 32, 34<br />

maRranis cixe 134<br />

maRri 323<br />

maxlobeli aRmosavleTi ix.<br />

axlo aRmosavleTi<br />

mahmudi sof. 109<br />

mgelcixe 90, 388, 419<br />

`megrelebis navsadguri~ 452<br />

`meore romi~ (konstantinopoli)<br />

60<br />

mervi (qalaqi) 109<br />

merqiopes xidi (gadebulia md.<br />

sakijanze) 109<br />

562 563

mesopotamia 54, 59<br />

mesxeTi 38, 393, 442<br />

mesxeTis axalcixe 438<br />

milani 6, 61, 66, 67<br />

modenis sahercogo 68<br />

mol<strong>da</strong>veTi 254, 294, 309<br />

monkastro (dRevandeli akermani)<br />

456<br />

monkastros gza, akermani 77,<br />

82<br />

monpelie 7<br />

morea 11<br />

moskovi 160, 161, 170, 180, 182,<br />

252, 253, 256, 267-274,<br />

276, 277, 279-289, 292-<br />

306, 314, 320, 330, 331<br />

moskovis samefo, samTavro saxelmwifo<br />

95, 96, 159, 141,<br />

169<br />

mtkuari ix. mtkvari<br />

mtkvari (mdinare), mtkuari 193,<br />

213, 220, 236<br />

muxaTgverdi 167<br />

muxrani 90, 92, 411<br />

muxranis veli 237<br />

mcire azia 6, 9, 13, 22, 39,<br />

41, 109<br />

mcire iberia 54<br />

mcire somxeTi 54, 69, 450<br />

namiuris sagrafo 46<br />

narbona 7<br />

naxWevani 26, 32, 38, 130, 145,<br />

189, 226, 239, 240, 405<br />

neapoli 74, 76, 87<br />

neapolitania 67, 75<br />

negroponte, evbea (kunZuli)<br />

68<br />

niderlandebi 319<br />

nimfea 8, 9<br />

nikopoli 17, 22<br />

nokofsia 52, 451<br />

niqozia 117<br />

odiSi 133, 143, 183, 446, 447<br />

odiSis saerisTavo 448<br />

odiSis samTavro 444, 449, 451,<br />

467-469<br />

ovsili 323, 324<br />

olTisi, olTisis sanjayi 112,<br />

402, 405, 412, 416, 417,<br />

421<br />

orbeTi 90<br />

ormuzi 303<br />

osmaleTi 13, 15, 16, 18, 20-22,<br />

35, 36, 40, 42, 46-49, 55-<br />

58, 63-66, 68, 70, 71, 75,<br />

78-83, 86-88, 90-93, 96, 98,<br />

101-103, 110-112, 115, 121-<br />

123, 125, 127-129, 133, 134,<br />

136-143, 145, 147, 148, 151-<br />

155, 158, 159, 169, 176, 177,<br />

182, 184-186, 194, 201, 204-<br />

209, 213, 223, 227, 229,<br />

230, 232, 237, 244-246,<br />

248-251, 253-255, 257-261,<br />

265, 268, 269, 271, 272,<br />

275, 277-285, 287-289, 291-<br />

297, 299. 301, 304, 306,<br />

307, 311, 316-320, 330-332,<br />

346, 348, 380. 386, 387,<br />

393, 394, 398, 400, 407,<br />

409, 410, 420, 421, 423,<br />

427, 435-437, 441, 443,<br />

460, 467-470<br />

osmaleTis divani 128<br />

osmaleTis imperia 147<br />

osmaleTis sazRvrebi siriaSi<br />

136<br />

otrara 36<br />

oqros urdo 10, 17, 18, 27, 29,<br />

30, 69, 452, 462<br />

ofSkviTi 264<br />

oqros cixe ix. alTunyala<br />

oZrxe 411<br />

palestina 6, 124<br />

parizi 425<br />

pasinis begi 187<br />

peloponesi 17<br />

piza 5, 6, 8, 10<br />

pikardiis olqi 46<br />

poloneTi 20, 21, 46, 77, 86,<br />

87, 97, 254, 279, 284, 294,<br />

302, 311, 418, 469<br />

porta 414, 420<br />

portugalia 6, 141, 279, 375<br />

praRa 309, 317, 318<br />

prusia 20<br />

raguza (qalaqi) 116<br />

raWa 92<br />

reimsi 60<br />

rioni (mdinare) 191, 192, 469,<br />

470<br />

rodosi 66<br />

romi 42, 43, 53, 57, 61, 65, 77,<br />

87, 97, 101, 140, 146, 147,<br />

265, 278, 284, 287, 293,<br />

296, 306, 315, 318, 449<br />

rumelia 156, 159, 161<br />

rumis sasulTno 458<br />

ruseTi 39, 88, 134, 178, 180-<br />

182, 184, 203, 254, 257,<br />

265-267, 270, 273, 277,<br />

278, 280-292, 294-298,<br />

300-305, 307, 329-331,<br />

415, 462<br />

saaTabago 121, 130, 151, 342,<br />

383, 386, 391-394, 398. 401,<br />

402, 410, 439<br />

sabaraTiano 198, 326<br />

sabediani 93, 460<br />

save (qalaqi) 345<br />

savois sahercogo 60<br />

saTaTreTi 69<br />

sakijani (mdinare) 109<br />

saloniki 20<br />

564 565

samani 323<br />

samaryandi 31<br />

samegrelo (bendia) 22, 47, 49,<br />

51, 53, 56, 184, 233, 290,<br />

308, 447, 449, 451, 467,<br />

472, 475<br />

samegrelos samTavro 468<br />

samuri (mdinare) 165<br />

samcxe 46, 50-52, 56, 69, 81-83,<br />

93, 118, 119, 121, 127, 128,<br />

133, 138, 147, 148, 156, 170,<br />

190, 206, 237, 240, 251,<br />

293, 377, 385-388, 390,<br />

391, 392, 396-399, 408,<br />

411, 416, 421, 423-425, 430,<br />

431, 435, 436<br />

samcxe-saaTabago 80, 81, 83, 93,<br />

105, 111, 113, 115, 118, 121,<br />

127-131, 135, 186, 326, 334,<br />

338, 339, 381, 382, 384, 391,<br />

394, 397, 400, 442, 461<br />

samxreTi azerbaijani 36, 103<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropa<br />

145, 184<br />

samxreT-aRmosavleTi kavkasia<br />

398<br />

samxreT ruseTis velebi 51,<br />

55<br />

samxreTi saqarTvelo 112, 113,<br />

389, 397, 419<br />

samxreTi somxeTi 17<br />

sarai berqe 17<br />

sarTiWala 211<br />

safrangeTi 6, 7, 46, 58-60, 94,<br />

123, 140, 142, 144, 145, 218,<br />

318, 319, 434<br />

saqarTvelo 11, 14, 15, 27-32,<br />

36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44-48,<br />

50-52, 55-57, 59, 62-64,<br />

69-75, 77-79, 81-83, 86-90,<br />

92-95, 98, 99, 102-105, 110,<br />

111, 113, 114, 118-123, 125,<br />

127-130, 132-139, 141-147,<br />

149, 150, 152-158, 160-163,<br />

167, 172-174, 182, 184, 186,<br />

188-190, 192, 194. 196, 199,<br />

200-205, 215, 219, 221-225,<br />

228, 234, 240, 242-245,<br />

248, 249, 251, 253-255,<br />

257, 259, 265-268, 270,<br />

272, 276, 280, 284-286,<br />

288-292, 348, 355, 358, 384,<br />

387, 388, 394, 398, 400,<br />

401, 405-407, 409, 410,<br />

413, 414, 435, 437, 440,<br />

447-450, 461-463<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> sazRvari 190<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> SavizRvispireTi<br />

452<br />

saqarTvelo-CerqezeTis gza 53<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> jiqeTi 448<br />

saqsonia 6<br />

saSamxlo 269-275, 280, 281,<br />

283, 286, 305<br />

saSamxlo-<strong>da</strong>Restani 160<br />

sebastopolisi ix. soxumi<br />

sevastopolisi ix. soxumi<br />

selmasi 323<br />

sent-omeri (qalaqi) 60<br />

seuti (maroko) 10<br />

sefianTa irani 123, 136, 142<br />

sefianTa saxelmwifo 112, 125<br />

sefianTa yizilbaSuri saxelmwifo<br />

110-112, 125<br />

sienis respublika 68<br />

sivasi 188<br />

sinea 6<br />

sinopi 48, 53, 62<br />

siria 6, 7, 12, 36, 39, 125-128,<br />

136, 246, 312<br />

sionis mTa 124<br />

skan<strong>da</strong> 92, 93<br />

skutari 413<br />

sogmeni 115, 118<br />

somxeTi, somxeTi didi 13, 27,<br />

30-32, 34, 35, 41, 46, 55,<br />

74, 90, 91, 113, 147, 194<br />

somxeTi didi ix. somxeTi<br />

somxiTi 381, 420<br />

somxiT-sabaraTiano 167, 168<br />

soxoista 150, 383<br />

soxumi, cxumi, sevastopolisi,<br />

sebastopolisi 10, 11, 56,<br />

74, 86, 447, 451-458, 461,<br />

464, 467<br />

sparseTi 10, 11, 62, 104, 105,<br />

154, 155, 176, 185, 217,<br />

279, 306, 312, 314, 379,<br />

398, 402, 405, 407, 427,<br />

437, 473<br />

sparseTis yure 10, 11, 42<br />

stamboli, stambuli 127, 128,<br />

156, 157, 159, 214, 218, 228,<br />

229, 232, 233, 236, 237,<br />

242, 243, 247, 248, 250-<br />

253, 261, 262, 245, 276,<br />

291, 306, 317, 322, 327,<br />

329, 339, 382, 383, 391,<br />

396, 417, 434, 435, 442,<br />

471, 473-475<br />

stambuli ix. stamboli<br />

sulTania 354, 363<br />

sumari ix. kalmarini<br />

sunja-saCaCno-xunZaxi (Tergi<strong>da</strong>n<br />

kaxeTisken mimavali gza)<br />

270<br />

surami 130, 419<br />

tabaxmela 251<br />

tamani 11<br />

tana (q. azovi; azovis zRvis umniSvnelovanesi<br />

navsadguri)<br />

10, 11, 52, 55, 452<br />

tao 143<br />

tao-klarjeTi 387<br />

taSiri 321<br />

Òåðåê 274<br />

tiumeni 288<br />

togati 15<br />

toledo 140<br />

translvania 254, 309, 310<br />

trapezundi ix. trapizoni<br />

trapizoni, trapezunti, trapi-<br />

566 567

zonis imperia 16, 39, 45,<br />

47, 48, 50, 54, 57, 59, 61,<br />

63, 65, 69, 72, 84. 95, 98.<br />

111-113, 141, 293, 319, 450,<br />

462<br />

trapizonis sazRvrebi 107<br />

tripoli 7, 14, 125, 312<br />

tuafse 448<br />

turini 12<br />

tfilisi ix. Tbilisi<br />

ulusi 29<br />

ungreTi 17, 20, 21, 39, 47, 55,<br />

86, 87, 139-143, 145, 147,<br />

157, 158, 184, 191, 194,<br />

434<br />

uRaRno (cixe-simagre) 445<br />

fazisi (mdinare) 62, 192<br />

farsi 31<br />

farcxisi 326<br />

ferara (1437-1439 ww. Sedga<br />

florenciis kreba) 100,<br />

101<br />

feraris sahercogo 68<br />

feodosia ix. kafa<br />

flandria 60<br />

florencia 5, 6, 21, 57, 58,<br />

67, 68<br />

florenciis respublika 67,<br />

68<br />

foTi 191<br />

foTis cixe 191<br />

frangis qveyana 134<br />

fsou (mZimTa) 448-449<br />

qarTli 32, 83, 89, 92, 95,<br />

103-105, 112, 118, 123, 130,<br />

131, 134-138, 141-145, 147,<br />

148, 150, 152, 154, 158-161,<br />

164, 165, 171, 184, 202-205,<br />

223, 228, 260, 290, 292,<br />

294, 303, 304, 306, 314,<br />

315, 318, 320-322, 324, 226,<br />

360, 380, 383, 384, 387, 411,<br />

426, 437, 441, 443<br />

qarTl-kaxeTi 125<br />

qaSani 372<br />

qajTa cixe, SaiTanyala, Cildiris<br />

cixe 103, 105, 107,<br />

191, 308, 324, 342, 400,<br />

401, 406<br />

qvemo qarTli 169<br />

qoChisari 125<br />

quTaisi 11, 92, 93, 192, 344,<br />

444, 446<br />

qurTistani 125<br />

Raza 122<br />

yazbegi 351<br />

yazvini, yazmini 163, 167-169,<br />

171, 172, 174, 183, 196, 198,<br />

200, 209, 253, 300, 311-313,<br />

315, 339, 340, 343, 350,<br />

351, 358-360, 362, 363, 373,<br />

374, 377, 388, 419<br />

yazmini ix. yazvini<br />

yalyalas cixe ix. alamuTis<br />

cixe<br />

yarabaRi, yarabaxi 159, 160, 180,<br />

182, 188, 254, 257, 266,<br />

359, 382<br />

yarabaRis veli 30<br />

yrbaxi ix. yarabaRi<br />

yaramania 47, 48, 65, 69, 84, 85,<br />

111, 156, 237<br />

yaramaniis saamiro 95<br />

yarayaRa 427<br />

yara-yoiunlus (SavbatknianTa)<br />

saxelmwifo 38, 67<br />

yaraxani 399<br />

yaraja-ar<strong>da</strong>hani 130<br />

yarsi 38, 119, 142, 188, 194,<br />

221, 223-225, 228, 231, 242,<br />

247, 249, 253, 293, 295,<br />

412, 430, 432<br />

yahyahes cixe ix. alamuTis<br />

cixe<br />

yvelis cixe 392<br />

yivCaReTi 69<br />

yizilbaSebis saxelmwifo 103,<br />

108, 114<br />

yizilbaSuri irani 102<br />

yirimi 11, 73, 219, 225, 226,<br />

275<br />

yirimis naxevarkunZuli 452<br />

yirimis savaWro koloniebi<br />

455<br />

yirimis saxano 268, 274, 275<br />

yumi 372<br />

Savi zRva, SavizRvispireTi 9-11,<br />

51, 52, 135, 183, 447, 450,<br />

452, 455, 456, 461, 467<br />

Savi zRvis koloniebi 459<br />

SavizRvispireTi ix. Savi zRva<br />

Savi zRvis samxreTi navsadgurebi<br />

13<br />

Savi zRvis faqtoriebi 460<br />

Savi zRvis CrdiloeTiT mdebare<br />

qveynebi 13<br />

SavSeTi 387<br />

SaiTanyala ix. qajTa cixe<br />

Samaxia 103, 105, 107, 178, 308<br />

Saruri (sof.) 107<br />

Saqi 102, 171, 175, 182, 209,<br />

211, 211, 258, 384<br />

Si<strong>da</strong> qarTli ix. gori<br />

Sirvani 14, 15, 32, 101, 104, 107,<br />

136, 163, 170, 185, 187, 193,<br />

206, 207, 209-215, 219,<br />

225-227, 234, 281, 291,<br />

292, 393, 395, 411, 412<br />

Sirazi 198, 344, 419<br />

Siraqis veli 210<br />

Semaxa 410<br />

Semaxia 178, 181<br />

SvedeTi, Svecia 6, 265, 331<br />

Svecia ix. SvedeTi<br />

Sorapani 444<br />

Sua azia 14, 36<br />

SxeTis cixe 262<br />

568 569

Caldirani 125<br />

CaxruxaZis say<strong>da</strong>ri 325<br />

Ceremikis sadgomi 188, 189<br />

CerqezeTi 52, 180, 182, 267,<br />

302<br />

CerqezeTi _ xevi _ mTiuleTkaxeTi<br />

_ Tergi<strong>da</strong>n kolxeTisaken<br />

mimavali gza 270<br />

Cildiri, Cildiris veli 253,<br />

264, 400, 403-406, 408-<br />

410, 416-418, 420, 422,<br />

424, 431, 436<br />

Cildiris veli ix. Cildiri<br />

Cildiris cixe ix. qajTa cixe<br />

Cildir Cukuri 188<br />

CineTi 14, 37, 47<br />

Corumi 20<br />

Coxur-saadi (erevnis olqi _<br />

e.m.) 104<br />

CrdiloeTis qveynebi 45<br />

Crdilo <strong>da</strong>Restani 292<br />

Crdilo italia 8<br />

Crdilo kavkasia 184, 280,<br />

462<br />

cixedidi 170, 171<br />

cixijuari 436<br />

cxinvali 324<br />

cxumis saerisTavo 444-446<br />

waxuris zemo weli 165<br />

wm. franCeske 45<br />

570<br />

WaneTi 112, 143<br />

Woroxis yeli 421<br />

xaxuli 409<br />

xerTvisi 409, 422, 424<br />

xvarazmi 14<br />

xvari (<strong>da</strong>lmacos kunZuli) 295,<br />

296<br />

xmelTaSua zRva 6, 7, 11, 66<br />

xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleT<br />

nawili 12<br />

xorasani 19, 386<br />

javaxeTi 242, 342, 383, 423<br />

jvarcmis eklesia 124<br />

jvris monasteri 124<br />

jiqeTi 451<br />

`jorjania~ (am saxeliT moixseniebdnen<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva samefosamTavroebad<br />

<strong>da</strong>nawilebul<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong>) 106<br />

julfa 311<br />

habsburgebis imperia 142, 145,<br />

147<br />

hamatani 223, 247<br />

hasan-yala 291<br />

heraTi 344, 345<br />

holandiis sagrafo 46<br />

hormuzi 279<br />

el<strong>da</strong>r mamisTvaliSvili<br />

<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>sagareo</strong> <strong>politika</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

<strong>diplomatia</strong><br />

I<br />

(XV-XVI ss.)<br />

gamomcemloba `meridiani~<br />

Tbilisi 2009<br />

re<strong>da</strong>qtori neli neli elizbaraSvili<br />

elizbaraSvili<br />

teq. re<strong>da</strong>qtori inga inga navrozaSvili<br />

navrozaSvili

gamomcemloba `meridiani~,<br />

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