fo lagaSis gaTxrebis dros, savaraudod miekuTvneba Cven
fo lagaSis gaTxrebis dros, savaraudod miekuTvneba Cven
fo lagaSis gaTxrebis dros, savaraudod miekuTvneba Cven
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edaqtoris winasityvaoba<br />
winamdebare krebulSi Tavmoyrilia statiebi, romlebic sxvadasxva <strong>dros</strong> da<br />
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ganxorcielebul ekonomikur re<strong>fo</strong>rmebs da maT dadebiT an<br />
uaryofiT Sedegebs exeba.<br />
garda amisa, aqve warmodgenilia ramdenime Teoriuli statia, sadac gaanalizebulia<br />
ekonomikuri politikis garkveuli modelebi da gamocdili re<strong>fo</strong>rmator-politikosis<br />
mowodebac moqmedebisken.<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi arsebuliT ukmayofilebas da ukeTesis Ziebas erTdroulad gulisxmobs.<br />
magram erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvla aras<strong>dros</strong> aris umtkivneulo.<br />
cvlilebebi, gansakuTrebiT politikuri gadawyvetilebebiT ganpirobebuli<br />
gardaqmnebi, erTi gegmis yvelaze gavrcelebas gulisxmobs. erTi zoma<br />
ki yvelas ar rgebs. viRaca igebs, viRaca agebs.<br />
Sesabamisad, re<strong>fo</strong>rmisTvis, romelic naklebi danakargebiT unda ganxorcieldes,<br />
saWiroa gonivruli, moqnili ideebi. magram xSirad ideebi usafuZvlo<br />
wanamZRvrebs efuZneba da amitom maT ganxorcielebas, keTili dapirebebis miuxedavad,<br />
didZali materialuri da adamianuri zarali mosdevs. zogjer ideebi<br />
sakmarisad SorsmWvretelia, rom sazogadoeba morigi centralizebuli socialuri<br />
eqsperimentis msxverplad ar aqcios.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gacilebiT gonivrulia, rom re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi sxvisi Secdomebisa<br />
da gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxorcieldes. miT umets, rom<br />
xSirad saukeTeso idea jer kidev ucnobi an gamouyenebelia. amitom, krebulis<br />
mizania, sxvaTa warmatebebsa da warumateblobebs Soris garkveuli gzamkvlevis<br />
funqcia itvirTos.<br />
paata SEeSeliZe<br />
axali ekonomikuri skola — saqarTvelo<br />
7
8<br />
mocemuli lursmnuli warwera Sumerul enaze niSnavs<br />
Tavisuflebas da gamoiTqmis, rogorc “ama gi”.<br />
aRmoCenilia SuamdinareTis antikuri qalaq-saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
<strong>lagaSis</strong> <strong>gaTxrebis</strong> <strong>dros</strong>, <strong>savaraudod</strong> <strong>miekuTvneba</strong> <strong>Cven</strong><br />
welTaRricxvamde 2300 wels da warmoadgens uZveles warweras<br />
am mniSvnelobiT.
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
Ria werili aSS-s prezdent klintons<br />
batono prezidento,<br />
saprezidento kampaniis dasawyisSive Tqven ganacxadeT, rom 21-e saukuneSi<br />
sapensio uzrunvelyofa uZrav qonebaSi pirad investiciebze unda iyos dafuZnebuli.<br />
mxolod am gziT SeuZlia socialuri dacvis sistemas ganaxorcielos<br />
is, rasac Tqven “amerikul ocnebas” uwodebT. me momwons Tqveni SorsmWvreteloba,<br />
gambedaoba da lideroba am umniSvnelovanes sakiTxSi.<br />
faqtia, aSS-s socialuri dazRvevis sistema, titanikis msgavsad, katastrofisken<br />
mieqaneba. Tu gemi kurss ar Seicvlis, adre Tu gvian, Tqven SeejaxebiT<br />
aisbergs, romelsac warmoadgens xanSi Sesuli mosaxleoba, romlis<br />
rCenac dasaqmebulTa fenas aRar SeuZlia. simarTle is aris, rom mxolod ori<br />
arCevani arsebobs: SeveguoT arsebuli sistemis agonias an “xars rqebSi vwvdeT”<br />
da pirad sapensio angariSebze dafuZnebuli sistemisaken daviZraT.<br />
xalxma aucileblad unda gaacnobieros, rom aSS-Tvis pirveli arCevanis Sedegebi<br />
damangreveli iqneba. am sistemis reanimirebis nebismieri mcdeloba kraxiT<br />
damTavrdeba: gaWirvebuli xanSi SesulebisTvis daxmarebis Semcireba sisastike<br />
iqneba; saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis gazrda axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas<br />
SeuSlis xels da dabalSemosavlian momsaxureebs mZime tvirTad daawveba, xolo<br />
sapensio asakis momateba gansakuTrebiT mZime iqneba dasaqmebulebisTvis da sa-<br />
Semosavlo gadasaxadebis masiur zrdas gamoiwvevs.<br />
1978 wels, rodesac me Ciles Sromis dacvisa da socuzrunvelyofis ministrad<br />
daviniSne, Cemi qveyanac swored im problemis winaSe idga, rasac dRes aSS<br />
ebrZvis. gadavwyviteT, <strong>Cven</strong>i socdazRvevis sistema gadagverCina TiToeuli dasaqmebulisTvis<br />
ori modelis, anu pay-as-you-go-sa (gadaxda wasvlis win) da pirad<br />
sapensio angariSebs Soris arCevanis micemis gziT (sxvaTaSoris, TqvenTvis SeiZleba<br />
saintereso iyos, rom es kanoni 1980 w. 4 noembers iqna miRebuli, zustad im<br />
DdRes, rodesac ronald reigani aSS-s prezidentad airCies). axla dasaqmebulebi<br />
konkurent kerZo kompaniebs Soris akeTeben arCevans, sadac abandeben imis ekvivalents,<br />
rac maT Zveli sistemis pirobebSi xelfasidan gadasaxadis saxiT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>sTvis<br />
unda gadaexadaT maRalfasian obligaciebsa da Cveulebriv aqciebSi.<br />
es dasaqmebulebs saSualebas aZlevs, rTuli procentis didi Zala gamoiyenon,<br />
rac bazris simdidris Semqmneli mTavari efeqtia da pensiaze gasvlis<br />
Semdeg maTi socialuri dacvis garantias warmoadgens.<br />
am re<strong>fo</strong>rmis erTaderTi Sedegi Cveulebrivi adamianis gaZliereba, anu Ti-<br />
Toeuli dasaqmebulis aqcionerad gadaqceva rom yofiliyo, es ukve piradi sapensio<br />
angariSebis sistemisTvis upiratesobis miniWebis sakmarisi mizezi iqneboda.<br />
magram Ciles magaliTi ufro met mizezs warmoaCens. am kursis aRebidan 21<br />
wlis Semdeg, rasac sxva mniSvnelovani sabazro re<strong>fo</strong>rmebic mohyva, investiciebis<br />
mozRvavebam didi sargebloba moutana rogorc individebs, aseve mTlianad<br />
ekonomikas.<br />
umuSevrobis SemcirebasTan erTad produqtiuloba mkveTrad gaizarda, danazogebma<br />
imata da ekonomikis zrdis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi orjer da metad gaizarda da<br />
7 procentian wliur ganakveTs miaRwia. es iyo namdvili socialuri da ekonomikuri<br />
revolucia, ramac qveyanas saSualeba misca ganaTleba, jandacva da ekologia<br />
warmoudgenel donemde gaeumjobesebina.<br />
9<br />
xose pinera<br />
Targmna paata SeSeliZem<br />
gamoCenili ekonomistisa da CileSi individualur danazogebze dafuZnebuli<br />
kerZo sapensio sistemis danergvis iniciatoris winamdebare<br />
mimarTvas, sagangebo gancxadebiT, mxari dauWira aSS-s 500-mde wamyvanma<br />
ekonomistma. maT Soris nobelis prizis mflebelmebma MmilTon fridmenma,<br />
gari bekerma, jeimz biuqenenma, vernon smiTma da sxvebma
10<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs politikuri dabrkolebebi, romelic gardauvalia<br />
yvela mniSvnelovani re<strong>fo</strong>rmis gzaze – gansakuTrebiT sazogadoebis mxardaWEeris<br />
mopoveba da gardamavali periodis marTva. neba momeciT, gagiziaroT is gakveTilebi,<br />
rac me Ciles gamocdilebidan miviRe.<br />
es Seexeba xalxs da ara cifrebs. qveyana darwmunebuli unda iyos,<br />
rom ga-dasvla Zveli sistemidan dafinansdeba. rogorc mravalma<br />
eqspertma gamoTvala, socdazRvevis gardaqmna sainvesticio<br />
aparatad gazrdis aSS-s ekonomikas, mag-ram es ver daaokebs<br />
amomrCevelTa fantazias. sazogadoebam unda gaigos, rom maTTvis<br />
momgebiania sabazro kapitalis floba, rac maT bevrad met<br />
damoukideb-lobas da Tavisuflebas mianiWebs. es re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
moqalaqeebis gaZlierebas exeba da ara mxolod makroekonomikur<br />
wonasworobas.<br />
ZiriTadad Raribebi rCebian mogebuli. maRalSemosavlianebs isedac<br />
yovel-Tvis SeuZliaT danazogi Seqmnan sapensio periodisTvis.<br />
magram saSualo da dabalSemosavlianebs ar aqvT imdeni Tavisufali<br />
fuli, rom sapensio danazo-gebi Seqmnan pirad angariSebze. isini<br />
yvelaze metad zaraldebian socdazRve-vis gadasaxadebis gamo,<br />
amitom yvelaze metad moigeben iseTi sistemisagan, ro-melic maT<br />
saSualebas aZlevs, adre saxelfaso gadasaxadebisTvis gankuTvnili<br />
Tanxebi uZrav qonebaSi daabandon. rasakvirvelia, unda arsebobdes<br />
garantia, romelsac zogadi sagadasaxado Semosavlebi<br />
uzrunvelyofs.<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rma revoluciuria, ganxorcieleba ki konservatiuli unda<br />
iyos. fi-nansuri simtkice, gonivruli wesebi da kanonebi wamyvani<br />
unda iyos axali siste-mis Seqmnisas. rodesac xalxi Seignebs, rom<br />
maTi fuli ar daikargeba, mxolod ma-Sin daafaseben im sixaruls,<br />
romelic moaqvs magaliTad saSualod 6 procentian ganakveTs,<br />
romelic maT pirad angariSSi Sromisunariani cxovrebis periods<br />
daericxeba.<br />
arCevani Tavisufalia. mieciT Tavisufleba maT, vinc ukve<br />
samTavrobo sis-temis wevria, rom airCion am sistemaSi darCena an<br />
axlisken wasvla.<br />
samarTlianobisa da gonierebis dacviT, me girCevT, moxucebs is<br />
sadazRvevo SeRavaTebi SeunarCunoT, romlebiTac isini amJamad<br />
sargebloben da igive gaav-rceloT maTzec, vinc samTavrobo<br />
sistemis dacvis qveS darCenas amjobinebs.<br />
amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia! marTalia, dasawyisSi, Tqvens ers<br />
mouwevs, rom saxelfaso gadasaxadebidan sabiujeto Semosavlebis<br />
Semcireba sxva Semosav-lebiT daabalansos, magram es danaxarjebi<br />
“faruli xarjebia” — maTi gadaxda unda moxdes imisda miuxedavad<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmirdeba Tu ara sistema. rodesac dasaq-mebuli samTavrobo<br />
sistemidan gamodis, saxelfaso sagadasaxado Semosavlebi<br />
Semcirdeba, magram momavali davalianebebic aseve Semcirdeba,<br />
radganac mom-saxures aRar eqneba SeRavaTebiT sargeblobis ufleba.<br />
grZelvadian perspeqti-vaSi sistemaze datvirTva moixsneba.<br />
mTeli amerikuli gamocdileba jansaR azrsa da adamianur<br />
Rirebulebebzea agebuli. ganaTlebul adamianebze demagogia ver<br />
imoqmedebs. warmoudgineT maT faqtebi da argumentebi. mimarTeT<br />
maT televiziiT, presiT, radioTi. gamoiye-neT axali<br />
SesaZleblobebi, romelsac interneti iZleva. politikuri mxardaWe<br />
-ra aucileblad mova, Tu xalxi kargad in<strong>fo</strong>rmirebulia. ukve<br />
arsebobs katonis saxelobis institutis vebgverdi misamarTiT:<br />
www.socialsecurity.org, romelic saSua-lebas iZleva gamoiTvalos<br />
samTavrobo programis mogeba da SedarebiTi mogeba bazarze
xose pinera, “Ria werili aSS-s prezident klintons”<br />
dabandebul ekvivalentur danazogebze. cinikosebma SeiZleba<br />
ignori-reba gaukeTon politikur gaTvlebs rogorc moesurvebaT,<br />
magram maTematiku-ri gaTvlebis ignorireba Znelia. es SeiZleba<br />
warmoudgenlad popularuli programa iyos da piradi sapensio<br />
angariSebi SeiZleba amerikuli politikis “mesame relsi” gaxdes.<br />
Carpe Diem. politikosebma unda gamoiyenon momenti. rac ufro<br />
didxans da-icdian isini, miT ufro gaZneldeba cvlilebebi.<br />
daufinansebeli davalianeba yovelwliurad izrdeba. qveynebi,<br />
romlebic auqmeben gadasaxadebisa da xarjvis socdazRvevis<br />
sistemas da miemarTebian investiciebze dafuZnebuli sqemebis-ken,<br />
ufro konkurentunarianebi xdebian mzardi kapitalbaziT, ufro<br />
dabali sa-muSao xarjebiT da TandaTan Semcirebuli gadasaxadebiT.<br />
Tqveni qveynis saukeTeso moazrovneebi am ideis mxares dganan,<br />
ekonomikis dargSi nobelis prizis sami yvelaze gamorCeuli<br />
laureatis CaTvliT: MmilTon fFridmeni, gari bekeri da jeims<br />
buqeneni. ufro metic, senatis sabiujeto komi-tetisTvis<br />
wardgenil Tavis <strong>Cven</strong>ebaSi federaluri rezervis Tavmjdomare alan<br />
grinspeni acxadebda: “zogadi, farTo principebi, romlebic,<br />
garkveulwilad, Ciles sistemis msgavsia, mesaxeba, rogorc gza,<br />
sadac azrTa damTxvevas aqvs ad-gili da win gadadgmuli pirveli<br />
nabijis gadadgma ukve gadawyvetilia”.<br />
batono prezidento, globaluri socdazRvevis krizisi qmnis SesaZleblobas,<br />
Seicvalos Sexedulebebi mTavrobis rolis Sesaxeb ara mxolod Tqvens<br />
qveyanaSi, aramed evropaSi, ruseTSi, iaponiasa da CineTSic.<br />
Tqvenma erT-erTma yvelaze gamorCeulma winamorbedma — Tomas jefersonma<br />
erTxel iwinaswarmetyvela, rom “Tavisuflebis burTi, mas Semdeg, rac<br />
erTxel amoZravdeba, mTel msoflios Semouvlis”. socialuri dazRvevis gardaqmna<br />
am saxiT WeSmariti liderobis demonstrirebas moaxdens da samudamod<br />
iqceva Tqvens memkvidreobad.<br />
11
12<br />
gamoqveynda 1936 wels<br />
ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi<br />
ekonomikis avstriuli skolis mTavari warmomadgeneli. Tanamedrove<br />
libertarianuli moZraobis inteleqtualuri mamamTavari. ekonomikaSi<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s Carevis, rogorc Zalmomreobis nairsaxeobis ukompromiso<br />
mowinaaRmdege. man jer kidev 1918-1920 wlebSi daasabuTa, rom nebismieri<br />
socialisturi ekonomikuri modeli ganuxorcielebelia<br />
avstriuli Teoria sameurneo ciklis Sesaxeb<br />
dResdReobiT ekonomikaSi, Cveulebriv, sameurneo ciklis avstriul Teoriaze<br />
saubroben. es ganmarteba gansakuTrebiT saamayoa <strong>Cven</strong>Tvis, avstrieli<br />
ekonomistebisTvis da didad vafasebT im pativs, romelic <strong>Cven</strong> gvxvda. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, yvela sxva mecnieruli wvlilis msgavsad, ekonomikuri krizisis Tanamedrove<br />
Teoria ar gaxlavT erTi romelime eris naSromi. <strong>Cven</strong>i amJamindeli<br />
ekonomikuri codnis yvela sxva elementis msgavsad, es midgoma yvela qveynis<br />
ekonomistebis erToblivi muSaobis Sedegs warmoadgens.<br />
sameurneo ciklebis monetaruli ganmartebis mcdeloba siaxle ar aris. jer<br />
kidev inglisurma “savaluto skolam” scada, rom ekonomikuri gamococxleba im<br />
sakredito eqspansiiT aexsna, romelic Zvirfasi liTonebis uzrunvelyofis gareSe<br />
gamoSvebuli banknotebiT xorcieldeboda.<br />
magram aRniSnuli skolis warmomadgenlebi ver amCnevdnen, rom is sabanko<br />
angariSebi, romlebic nebismier momentSi SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli maTze<br />
Cekebis gamoweriT, anu e.w. mimdinare angariSebi, iseTive rols TamaSobs sakredito<br />
eqspansiaSi, rogorsac banknotebi. Sesabamisad, sakredito eqspansia SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios ara mxolod zedmeti banknotebis gamoSvebam, aramed Zvirfasi<br />
liTonebis uzrunvelyofas moklebuli mimdinare angariSebis siWarbem. savaluto<br />
skolis mier es sakiTxi bolomde ar iyo gaazrebuli. maT sjerodaT, rom<br />
ekonomikuri krizisis axali gamovlenis SesaCereblad sakmarisi iqneboda kanonis<br />
miReba, romelic liTonis uzrunvelyofis gareSe fulis gamoSvebas krZalavda<br />
im <strong>dros</strong>, roca kreditebis zrda ukontrolo mimdinare angariSebiT<br />
kvlav SesaZlebeli iyo. 1844 wlis pilis aqtma bankebis Sesaxeb da sxva qveynebSi<br />
moqmedma msgavsma kanonebma dagegmil Sedegs ver miaRwia. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
CaTvales, rom inglisuri skolis daskvnebi mcdari iyo da sameurneo ciklebis<br />
mizezebis monetarul ganmartebas faqtebi uaryofda.<br />
savaluto skolis meore defeqti isaa, rom igi sakredito eqspansiis meqanizmebisa<br />
da Tanmdevi krizisis im SemTxvevas aanalizebs, rodesac krediti mxolod<br />
erT qveyanaSi izrdeba, xolo sxva qveynebis sabanko politika kvlav konservatiuli<br />
rCeba. viTareba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi iqmneba, sagareo vaWrobis<br />
gavlenis Sedegia. qveynis SigniT fasebis zrda axalisebs imports da aferxebs<br />
eqsports. liTonis fuli miedineba sxva qveynebSi. Sedegad, bankebi awydebian<br />
gazrdil moTxovnas yvela im finansuri instrumentis ganaRdebaze, romlebic<br />
maT mimoqcevaSi gauSves (rogorebicaa uzrunvelyofas moklebuli banknotebi<br />
da mimdinare angariSebi), rac maTi kreditebis SezRudvis aucileblobas ganapirobebs.<br />
sabolood, liTonis fulis qveynidan gadineba fasebis zrdas aCerebs.<br />
savaluto skolam mxolod es konkretuli SemTxveva gaaanaliza; is ar ganixilavda<br />
saerTaSoriso masStabis sakredito eqspansias, romelic, erTmaneTis<br />
msgavsi politikis gamo, yvela kapitalistur qveynas erTdroulad moicavs.<br />
me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi sameurneo ciklebis es Teoria uaryves da<br />
aRiares mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom sameurneo ciklebs aranairi kavSiri ar aqvT<br />
fulTan da kreditTan. vikselis 1 (1898) mcdeloba, rom savaluto skolis midgomebi<br />
aeRorZinebina, uSedego aRmoCnda.<br />
1 Knut Wicksell, Interest and Prices, R.F. Kahn, trans. (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1965).<br />
Targmna nino gorgaZem
ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi, “avstriuli Teoria sameurneo ciklis Sesaxeb”<br />
avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis damfuZneblebi karl mengeri, biom-baverki<br />
da vizeri sameurneo ciklebis TeoriiT ar dainteresebulan. am problemis analizi<br />
avstriuli ekonomikis meore Taobis warmomadgenlebis amocana gaxda. 2<br />
oqros uzrunvelyofis gareSe gamoSvebuli banknotebisa da oqros rezervebis<br />
gareSe gaxsnili mimdinare angariSebis meSveobiT bankebs mniSvnelovani<br />
sakredito eqspansiis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT. damatebiTi banknotebi maT saSualebas<br />
aZlevs, rom gaafarTovon kreditebi maTi kapitalisa da klientebis mier<br />
Semotanili danazogebiT dawesebuli bunebrivi limitis zemoT. amiT isini bazarze<br />
damatebiTi kreditis “mimwodeblebi” xdebian, rac saprocento ganakveTs<br />
im zRvarze dabla swevs, romelzec igi aseTi Carevis gareSe iqneboda. saprocento<br />
ganakveTis Semcireba ekonomikur aqtivobas aZlevs stimuls. proeqtebi,<br />
romlebic manamade momgebianad ar moiazreboda da, Sesabamisad, arc xorcieldeboda,<br />
amjerad momgebianad miiCneva da SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kidec. biznesis<br />
gaaqtiureba warmoebis saSualebebsa da Sromaze moTxovnis zrdas iwvevs.<br />
warmoebis saSualebebsa da Sromaze fasebi izrdeba, xelfasebis zrda ki samomxmareblo<br />
fasebis zrdas iwvevs. Tu bankebi Tavs Seikaveben kreditebis Semdgomi<br />
gafarToebisagan da Semoifarglebian imiT, rac ukve gaakeTes, bumi swrafadve<br />
gaCerdeba. magram bankebi TavianT samoqmedo gezs ar Secvlian, sakredito<br />
eqspansias sul ufro da ufro gaafarToeben da fasebic da xelfasebic Sesabamisad<br />
ganagrZobs zrdas.<br />
rac ar unda iyos, sakredito eqspansiiT gamowveuli es ekonomikuri gamococxleba<br />
usasrulod ver gagrZeldeba. arsebuli materialuri sawarmoo sa-<br />
Sualebebi da Sroma veRar gaizrdeba; erTaderTi, rac gaizrdeba, uzrunvelyofis<br />
gareSe gamoSvebuli banknotebis raodenobaa, rasac, saqonlis moZraobaze<br />
gavlenis TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlia igive roli iTamaSos, rac fulma. sawarmoo<br />
saSualebebi da Sroma, romlebic ukve axal proeqtebSi gamoiyeneba, sxva<br />
warmoebebs moaklda. sinamdvileSi, sazogadoeba ar aris sakmarisad mdidari,<br />
axali proeqtebi ise wamoiwyos, rom Zvels araferi moaklos. manam, sanam sakredito<br />
eqspansia grZeldeba es SeumCneveli rCeba, magram amgvari gafarToebis<br />
mudmivi mxardaWera SeuZlebelia. Tu amgvari ekonomikuri gamococxlebis (da<br />
fasebis matebis, rogorc Sedegis) swrafadve SeCerebas kidev ufro meti kreditis<br />
SeqmniT Seecdebian, amas fasebis kidev ufro meti zrda mohyveba. magram inflacia<br />
da ekonomikuri gamococxleba SeiZleba Tanmimdevrulad grZeldebodes<br />
mxolod manam, sanam xalxi fiqrobs, rom fasebis zrda axlo momavalSi Se-<br />
Cerdeba. rogorc ki xalxi mixvdeba rom inflacia ar SeCerdeba da fasebi zrdas<br />
ganagrZobs, daiwyeba panika. aravis moundeba fulis qona, radgan misi floba<br />
dRiTi dRe sul ufro met danakargs gulisxmobs; yvela iCqarebs, rom fuli saqonelze<br />
gadacvalos, xalxi maTTvis arasaWiro sagnebs fasze daufiqreblad<br />
yidulobs, oRond ki swrafad moiSoros fuli. aseT fenomens adgili hqonda<br />
germaniaSi da sxva qveynebSic, rac xangrZlivi inflaciuri politikis Sedegi<br />
iyo da romelic cnobilia, rogorc “srbola realur Rirebulebebs Soris”. hiperinflaciis<br />
Sedegad samomxmareblo produqciis fasebi da saerTaSoriso<br />
gacvliTi kursebi Zalian swrafad izrdeba, sanam adgilobrivi fulis fasi TiTqmis<br />
nulamde ar daecema da is yovelgvar Rirebulebas kargavs, rogorc es 1923<br />
wels moxda germaniaSi.<br />
2 sameurneo ciklis Teoriaze avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis fundamenturi naSromebi (1936<br />
wlisTvis) gaxlavT: Mises, The Theory of Money and Credit (New York: Foundation <strong>fo</strong>r Economic Education, 1971; meore germanuli<br />
gamocemis Targmani Sesrulda 1924 wels, originalSi gamoqveynda 1912 wels); Mises, Monetary<br />
Stabilization and Cyclical Policy (1928) xelaxla gamocemulia, rogorc On the Manipulation of Money and Credit, Percy L. Greaves,<br />
ed., Bettina Bien Greaves, trans. (Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Free Market Books, 1978; originali germanul enaze monografiis<br />
saxiT aris gamocemuli); Friedrich A. von Hayek, Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966;<br />
1933 wlis inglisuri gamocemis asli, originali gamocemulia germanulad 1929 wels); Hayek, Prices and<br />
Production (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1967; 1935 wlis meore ganaxlebuli inglisuri gamocemis asli,<br />
originali gamocemulia germanulad 1931 wels); Richard von Strigl, Capital and Production, mTargmnelebi: margaret<br />
rudelix hope da hans herman hope (Auburn, Al: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1995; 1934 wlis gamocemis Targmani);<br />
amJamindeli krizisis saukeTeso analizi ser lionel robinsma gaakeTa: Sir Lionel Robbins, The Great<br />
Depression (Freeport, R.I.: Books <strong>fo</strong>r Libraries Press, 1971; 1934 wlis gamocemis asli).<br />
13
14<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
piriqiT, Tu bankebi savaluto kolafsis aRsakveTad gadawyveten, rom sakredito<br />
eqspansia droulad SeaCeron da es gadawyvetileba sakmarisad didxans<br />
ar Seicvleba, rom inflaciiT gamowveuli gamococxlebis damuxruWeba moeswros,<br />
swrafad gamoCndeba rom, sakredito eqspansiiT Seqmnili “momgebianobis”<br />
mcdari STabeWdilebis Sedegad, gaumarTlebeli investiciebi iyo ganxorcielebuli.<br />
bevri sawarmo an saqmianoba, romlebic xelovnurad daweuli saprocento<br />
ganakveTis gamo iqna wamowyebuli da romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi<br />
xelovnurad mzardi fasebis wyalobiT suldgmulobdnen, ukve aRar<br />
iyvnen momgebianebi. zogierTma sawarmom Seamcira Tavisi saqmianobis masStabebi,<br />
danarCenebi daixura an gakotrda. fasebi daeca; ekonomikur gamococxlebas<br />
krizisi da depresia mohyva. krizisi da Sedegad ganviTarebuli depresiis<br />
periodi sakredito eqspansiiT gamowyveuli gaumarTlebeli investiciebis<br />
periodis kulminacias warmoadgens. proeqtebi, romlebic sakredito eqspansiiT<br />
Seqmnili xelovnuri mdgomareobis da, aqedan gamomdinare, fasebis zrdis<br />
pirobebSi “momgebiani” iyo, ukve “aramomgebiani” gaxda. aseT warmoebebSi dabandebuli<br />
kapitali dakargulia, radgan maTi dabruneba SeuZlebelia. ekonomikam<br />
am danakargebsa da axal viTarebasTan adaptireba unda moaxdinos. pirveli, rac<br />
am <strong>dros</strong> unda gakeTdes, momWirneobis gziT moxmarebis Semcirebaa, rac axali kapitaluri<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndebis, anu realuri moTxovnebis Sesabamisi produqtiuli aparatis<br />
warmoqmnas uwyobs xels, im xelovnuri moTxovnebis sapirispirod, romlebic<br />
verasodes CaiTvleba realur zrdad, radgan is “momgebianobis” sakredito<br />
eqspansiiT gamowveuli mcdari kalkulaciis Sedegs warmoadgens.<br />
xelovnuri ekonomikuri gamococxleba bankebis Carevis Sedegad kreditebis<br />
gafarToebam da saprocento ganakveTis dawevam gamoiwvia. kreditebis gafarToebis<br />
periodSi bankebi TandaTanobiT zrdidnen saprocento ganakveTebs,<br />
romelic martivi ariTmetikis TvalsazrisiT, ufro maRali gaxda vidre procesis<br />
dasawyisSi iyo. saprocento ganakveTis zrda bazarze wonasworobis aRsadgenad<br />
da arajansaRi aqtivobis SesaCereblad ukve sakmarisi aRaraa. bazarze, sadac<br />
fasebi ganuwyvetliv izrdeba, mTliani procenti unda Seicavdes procents<br />
kapitalze zusti gagebiT, anu procentis wminda ganakveTi. sxva elementic sesxis<br />
periodSi fasebis zrdis kompensacias warmoadgens. Tu fasebi ganuwyvetliv<br />
izrdeba da Tu msesxebeli nasesxebi fuliT nayidi saqonlis gayidviT iRebs damatebiT<br />
mogebas, mas ufro maRali saprocento ganakveTis gadaxdac uxdeba,<br />
vidre igi stabiluri fasebis pirobebSi gadaixdida. meore mxriv, aseT pirobeb-<br />
Si kapitalists ar eqneba sesxis gacemis SesaZlebloba, Tuki saprocento ganakveTi<br />
danakargebze kompensacias ar moicavs, rac kreditorebisTvis fulis<br />
syidviTunarianobas amcirebs.<br />
Tu bankebi moTxovnili mTliani saprocento ganakveTis gansazRvrisas am<br />
pirobebs ar iTvaliswineben, maTi ganakveTi CaiTvleba, rogorc xelovnurad<br />
dabali, maSinac ki Tu ariTmetikulad igi ufro maRali iqneba, vidre “normalur”<br />
pirobebSi iyo. amgvarad, germaniaSi 1923 wlis Semodgomaze, germanuli<br />
markis swrafi gaufasurebis gamo, saprocento ganakveTi, romelic samniSna<br />
cifrebSi gamoixateboda, ar CaiTvleboda dabal ganakveTad.<br />
sameurneo ciklis SeCereba sabanko politikaSi cvlilebebs iwvevs, romlis<br />
mixedviTac Zalian rTuldeba sesxebis gacema kreditebis saerTo SezRudvis<br />
gamo. saprocento ganakveTi, Sesabamisad, Zalian swrafad izrdeba, rogorc moulodneli<br />
panikis Sedegi. male igi kvlav daiwyebs dacemas.<br />
kargad cnobili fenomenia, rom depresiis periodSi ariTmetikuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
Zalian dabali saprocento ganakveTi araefeqtiania ekonomikuri aqtivobis<br />
stimulirebis TvalsazrisiT. individebisa da bankebis naRdi fulis<br />
danazogebi izrdeba, likviduri saSualebebi akumulirdeba, magram depresia<br />
jer kidev grZeldeba. amJamindel (1936) krizisSi “araaqtiuri” oqros rezervebis<br />
metobiT akumulirebas garkveuli mizezi gaaCnia. bunebrivia, kapitalists<br />
surs Tavidan aicilos danakargis riski sxvadasxva mTavrobebis mier Cafiqrebuli<br />
gaufasurebebisagan. faqtia, rom mosalodneli monetaruli riski, romelic<br />
aqciebis flobiT an sxva dividendebis momtani fasiani qaRaldebis qoniT
ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi, “avstriuli Teoria sameurneo ciklis Sesaxeb”<br />
da saprocento ganakveTis Sesabamisi zrdiT ar kompensirdeba, kapitalists ur-<br />
Cevnia Tavisi aqtivebi iseTi <strong>fo</strong>rmiT Seinaxos, romelic aseT SemTxvevaSi uflebas<br />
miscems mas daicvas Tavisi fuli danakargebisa da saboloo gaufasurebisgan<br />
swrafi gadaxurdavebiT iseT valutaSi, romelsac maSinve ar emuqreba gaufasureba.<br />
es Zalian martivi mizezia imisa, Tu ratom arian kapitalistebi iZulebulni<br />
permanentuli investiciebiT miaban sakuTari Tavi garkveul valutas.<br />
amis gamo, isini xels uwyoben TavianTi sabanko angariSebis gazrdas, Tundac<br />
Zalian mcire Semosavali mohqondeT, aseve Seinaxon oqro, romelsac ara mxolod<br />
pirdapiri Semosavali ar moaqvs, aramed piriqiT, Senaxvis xarjebi gaaCnia.<br />
Semdegi faqtori, romelic xels uwyobs depresiis periodis gagrZelebas,<br />
xelfasebis sixistea. xelfasebi zrdian eqspansiis periods. sakontraqto<br />
periodSi isini ecemian ara mxolod fulad gamoxatulebaSi, aramed realur gamoxatulebaSic.<br />
depresiis periodSi profkavSirebis politikis Sedegad SeCerebuli<br />
xelfasebis kleba umuSevrobas masobriv da xangrZliv movlenad aqcevs.<br />
garda amisa, es politika ganusazRvrelad welavs droSi aRorZinebis process.<br />
normaluri situacia ver dabrundeba, sanam fasebi da xelfasebi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli<br />
fulis raodenobis mimarT adaptacias ar moaxdens.<br />
sazogadoeba ekonomikuri gamococxlebis dasasruls da kriziss bankebis<br />
politikis Sedegad sruliad naTlad aRiqvams. bankebs uTuod SeuZliaT, rom<br />
arasasurveli Sedegis dadgoma garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gadadon. maT<br />
SeuZliaT, sakredito eqspansia garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gaagrZelon. magram,<br />
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, maT ar SeuZliaT ganusazRvrelad SeinarCunon aseTi<br />
mdgomareoba monetaruli sistemis absoluturi kolafsis riskis gareSe. gamococxleba,<br />
romelic moitana bankebis sakredito eqspansiis politikam, adre Tu<br />
gvian aucileblad unda damTavrdes. imis magivrad, rom TavianTi politikiT absoluturad<br />
daangrion monetaruli da sakredito sistema, Tavad bankebma unda<br />
SeaCeron sakredito eqspansia katastrofis moxdenamde. sakredito eqspansiis<br />
periodis gaxangrZlivebis da bankebis mier maTi politikis cvlilebis Seyovnebis<br />
Sedegi araswori investiciebisa da ekonomikuri gamococxlebis periodebisTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli Warbi garigebebis kidev ufro meti raodenoba iqneba.<br />
Sedegad, depresiis periodi ufro xangrZlivi iqneba, xolo aRorZinebis da normaluri<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis dabrunebis TariRi ki gaurkvevel momavalSi<br />
gadaideba.<br />
xSirad gvTavazoben ekonomikuri aqtivobis “stimulirebas” da “saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
dafinansebis gazrdas” damatebiTi kreditebis gacemiT, romelic bolos mou-<br />
Rebs depresias da Tu aRorZinebas ver ganapirobebs, sul mcire, normalur<br />
mdgomareobas mainc daabrunebs. am meTodis mimdevrebs daaviwydaT, rom amis<br />
Sedegadac ki SeiZleba garkveuli droiT dabrundes xsenebuli siZneleebi,<br />
romlebic, Sesabamisad, arcTu ise Sor momavalSi, kidev ufro gaauaresebs<br />
viTarebas.<br />
sabolood, Zalian mniSvnelovania imis codna, rom sakredito eqspansiis Sedegad<br />
bazarze warmoqmnili procentis xelovnurad dadablebis mcdelobas SeuZlia<br />
mxolod droebiTi Sedegis motana, sawyisi mdgomareobis aRdgenis process<br />
mohyveba ufro Rrma dacema, romelic gamomJRavndeba savaWro-samrewvelo<br />
saqmianobis sruli stagnaciis saxiT. ekonomika ver SeZlebs harmoniul da Tanmimdevrul<br />
ganviTarebas manam, sanam yvela xelovnuri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli, romelic<br />
fasebis, xelfasebis da saprocento ganakveTebis Camoyalibebaze axdens gavlenas,<br />
magram ganimarteba, rogorc ekonomikuri Zalebis Tavisuflebis Sedegi,<br />
erTxel da samudamod ar iqneba ukugdebuli.<br />
bankebis amocana ar aris gamoasworos kapitalis SezRudulobis an kreditebis<br />
gafarToebis araswori ekonomikuri politikis efeqtebi. rasakvirvelia,<br />
samwuxaroa, rom dRes normaluri ekonomikuri situaciis dabruneba yovndeba<br />
vaWrobis xelis SemSleli, damangreveli politikiT, gamalebuli SeiaraRebiT<br />
da omis gadaWarbebuli SiSiT, xelfasebis sixiste romc ar aRvniSnoT. magram es<br />
situacia mxolod sabanko RonisZiebebiTa da kreditebis gafarToebiT ver<br />
gamoswordeba.<br />
15
16<br />
gamoqveynda 1993 wels<br />
germaniis ekonomikuri “saswauli”<br />
devid r. hendersoni<br />
Targmna nino gorgaZem<br />
kali<strong>fo</strong>rniis q. sten<strong>fo</strong>rdis universitetis huveris institutis mecnier<br />
TanamSromeli da q. montereiSi arsebuli umaRlesi sazRvao skolis<br />
ekonomikis asocirebuli profesori. mTavari ekonomisti prezidentis<br />
ekonomikur mrCevelTa sabWoSi. enciklopediis redaqtori<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg germaniis ekonomika praqtikulad dangreuli<br />
iyo. omma, hitleris dedamiwis gadawvis politikis mixedviT, mTeli Senobebis 20<br />
procenti gaanadgura. 1947 wels erTeul mosaxleze warmoebuli produqciis<br />
raodenoba 1938 wlis donis mxolod 51 procenti iyo. saokupacio Zalebis mier<br />
dawesebuli sakvebis oficialuri racioni Seadgenda 1,040 da 1,550 kalorias<br />
dReSi. 1947 wels samrewvelo warmoebis Sedegebi 1938 wlis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis mxolod<br />
mesamedi iyo. garda amisa, Sromisunariani germaneli mamakacebis didi nawili<br />
daixoca. eqspertebs ki miaCndaT, rom germania aSS-s keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
sarCeni gaxdeboda. magram, oci wlis Semdeg germaniis ekonomika msoflios udidesi<br />
nawilis Surs iwvevda. xolo omidan aT welze ufro naklebi drois Semdeg<br />
xalxi ukve germaniis ekonomikur saswaulze laparakobda.<br />
ram gamoiwvia es e.w. saswauli? amis mizezi ori ZiriTadi faqtori gaxda: savaluto<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rma da fasebis kontrolis gauqmeba, orive moxda 1948 wels, sul<br />
ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. Semdegi faqtori 1948 da 1949 wlebSi gadasaxadebis<br />
zRvruli donis mniSvnelovani daweva iyo.<br />
cvlilebebamde<br />
1948 wlamde, 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi, germaneli xalxi fasebis kontrolis pirobebSi<br />
cxovrobda. aseTi reJimi maT 1936 wels adolf hitlerma dauwesa, am<br />
gziT mis mTavrobas sabrZolo masalebis xelovnurad dabal fasebSi SeZena<br />
SeeZlo (ruzveltma da CerCilma aseve daaweses fasebze kontroli). 1945 wlis<br />
noemberSi mokavSireTa saokupacio administraciam, romelic SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis, britaneTis, safrangeTis da sabWoTa kavSirisagan iyo dakompleqtebuli,<br />
hitleris mier dawesebuli fasebis kontrolis SenarCuneba<br />
gadawyvita.<br />
yoveli mokavSire saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> germaniis teritoriis gansazRvrul “zonas”<br />
akontrolebda. 1948 wels SeerTebuli Statebis zonaSi kontrolirebul faseb-<br />
Si daTvlili cxovrebis Rirebulebis indeqsi 1938 wlis analogiuri ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis<br />
mxolod 31 procenti iyo. jer kidev 1947 wels, germaniis ekonomikaSi arsebuli<br />
fulis raodenoba – naRd valutas damatebuli danazogebi moTxovnaze –<br />
1936 wlis ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebelTan SedarebiT xuTjer iyo gazrdili. fulis masis mkveTri<br />
zrda, nawilobriv gazrdil fasebTan erTad, deficitis mizezi gaxda.<br />
sakvebze fasebis kontrolma warmoqmna deficiti, Sedegad qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa<br />
garkveulma nawilma Tavad daiwyo sakvebis moyvana, xolo nawili<br />
dasvenebis dReebSi soflebisken mieSureboda, rom barteruli gacvlis gziT<br />
produqtebi moepovebina. ielis universitetis ekonomisti henri voliki<br />
(federaluri sarezervo sistemis yofili mmarTveli) 1955 wels gamocemul<br />
wignSi saxelwodebiT “germaniis aRorZinebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi”, werda:<br />
“yoveldRe, gansakuTrebiT ki dasvenebis dReebSi, adamianebis<br />
uzarmazari nakadi miemarTeboda soflebisken glexebisgan sakvebis<br />
mosapoveblad barteruli gacvlis gziT. mwyobridan<br />
naxevradgamosuli rkinigzis vagonebSi, saidanac yvelaferi karga<br />
xnis moparuli iyo, mSieri adamianebi mgzavrobdnen saxuravebiT da
Ddevid r. hendersoni, “germaniis ekonomikuri “saswauli”<br />
gverdiTa safexurebiTac, zogjer gadiodnen asobiT mils im<br />
adgilisken, sadac mcireodeni sakvebis Sovnis imedi hqondaT. maT<br />
mihqondaT TavianTi nivTebi: piradi sagnebi, Zveli tansacmeli,<br />
avejis nawilebi, dabombili saxlebidan gadarCenili nivTebi da<br />
ukan mcire raodenobis kartofiliT brundebodnen, romelic maT<br />
erTi an ori kvira unda emyofinaT.“<br />
barteri farTod iyo gavrcelebuli aseve biznesgarigebebSi da umetes<br />
firmebSi axali samuSao adgilic ki Seiqmna saxelwodebiT “kompensatori”.<br />
kompensatori iyo specialisti, romelic barteriT cvlida firmis produqts<br />
saWiro nedleulze da amis gansaxorcieleblad mravaljerad garagebebSi<br />
uwevda Cabma. 1947 wlis seqtemberSi aSS-s samxedro eqspertebma gamoTvales,<br />
rom britanul-amerikul zonaSi yvela biznesgarigebis mesamedidan-naxevramde<br />
barteris <strong>fo</strong>rmiT xorcieldeboda.<br />
barteri Zalian araefeqturi <strong>fo</strong>rma iyo produqtis da momsaxurebis fuliT<br />
pirdapir yidvasTan SedarebiT. germaneli ekonomisti uolter oikeni ambobda,<br />
rom barteri da TviTkmaroba SeuTavsebeli iyvo Sromis eqstensiur danawilebasTan.<br />
is werda: “ekonomikuri sistema daqveiTebulia primitiul donemde”.<br />
amas cifrebic adasturebs. 1948 wlis martSi britanul-amerikuli zonis produqcia<br />
1936 wlis analogiuri ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis mxolod 51 procents Seadgenda.<br />
debatebi<br />
oikeni germaniis fraiburgis universitetSi dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri<br />
azrovnebis skolis lideri iyo. skolas “Soziate Marktwirtschaft”, anu “socialurad<br />
pasuxismgebeli Tavisufali bazari” (sadReisod ufro gavrcelebulia<br />
termini “socialuri sabazro ekonomika”. red. SeniS.) erqva. am skolis warmomadgenlebs<br />
sZuldaT totalitarizmi da hitleris reJimis <strong>dros</strong>, garkveuli<br />
riskis qveS, propagandirebdnen TavianT Sexedulebebs. henri voliSi werda: “nacizmis<br />
periodSi skola warmoadgenda inteleqtualuri winaaRmdegobis moZraobas,<br />
romelic moiTxovda uzarmazar pirovnul siZlieres iseve, rogorc azrovnebis<br />
damoukideblobas”. skolis wevrebs sjerodaT Tavisufali bazris, sazogadoebis<br />
TanxmobiT saSemosavlo gadasaxadis umniSvnelo zrdis umtkivneulobisa<br />
da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier monopoliebis SezRudvis aucileblobis (omamde<br />
kartelebi germaniaSi absoluturad legaluri iyo). socialurad pasuxismgebeli<br />
bazris idea Zalian moswondaT Cikagos skolis warmomadgenlebsac, romlis<br />
imedis momcem wevrebs milTon fridmensa da jorj stiglers aseve sjerodaT<br />
Tavisufali bazris udidesi mniSvnelobis, sagadasaxado sistemis meSveobiT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
mier mcired gadanawilebisa da monopoliebis aRsakveTad antimonopoliuri<br />
kanonmdeblobis aucileblobis.<br />
am ekonomikuri skolis wevrebi iyvnen vilhelm riopke da ludvig erhardi.<br />
Oomis Semdgomi ekonomikuri qaosis aRmosafxvrelad riopke fasebze kontrolis<br />
gauqmebasa da fulad re<strong>fo</strong>rmas, anu fulis garkveuli raodenobis saqonlis<br />
garkveul raodenobasTan Sesabamisobis aucileblobas emxroboda, igi fiqrobda,<br />
rom es orive aucilebeli iyo inflaciis aRsakveTad. fulad re<strong>fo</strong>rmas wertili<br />
unda daesva inflaciisTvis. fasebis kontrolis gauqmebas unda daesrulebina<br />
represia.<br />
ludvig erhardi eTanxmeboda riopkes. erhardma Tavisi xedvis dasafiqsireblad<br />
jer kidev omis <strong>dros</strong> dawera memorandumi sabazro ekonomikis Sesaxeb. misi<br />
memorandumidan Canda rom mas nacistebis damarcxeba surda.<br />
debatebSi meore mxares social-demokratiuli partia (sdp) warmoadgenda,<br />
mas saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba surda. sdp-s mTavarma ekonomikurma<br />
ideologma dr. kreisigma, 1948 wlis ivnisSi gamoacxada, rom fasebis da fulis<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rma ar iqneboda warmatebuli. is mxars uWerda centraluri xelisuflebis<br />
kursis cvlilebas. sdp-s eTanxmebodnen aseve profkavSirebis liderebi,<br />
britaneTis saokupacio administracia, germaneli mwarmoeblebis umravlesoba<br />
da amerikuli administraciis garkveuli nawili.<br />
17
18<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
cvlilebebi<br />
debatebSi ludvig erhardma gaimarjva. radganac mokavSireebs germaniis axal<br />
mTavrobaSi ara-nacistebis xilva surdaT, amitomac erhardi, romlis antinacisturi<br />
Sexedulebebi cxadi iyo, 1945 wels bavariis finansTa ministrad dainiSna.<br />
1947 wels is gaxda britanul-amerikuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ofisis<br />
direqtori da, Sesabamisad, aSS-s zonis samxedro mmarTvelis, aSS generlis,<br />
lucius d. kleis mrCeveli. erhardi fulad re<strong>fo</strong>rmasa da fasebis gamoTavisuflebas<br />
uwevda propagandas. mas Semdeg, rac ruseTi mokavSireTa makontrolebeli<br />
sabWodan gamovida, kleim, mis frang da britanel kolegebTan erTad, 1948<br />
wlis 20 ivniss, kviras, fuladi re<strong>fo</strong>rma gaatara. ZiriTadi idea raixs markis<br />
ufro cota raodenobis sxva legaluri valutiT SecvlaSi mdgomareobda —<br />
axal valutas germanuli marka ewodeboda. amis Semdeg, fulis miwodeba<br />
mniSvnelovnad SeizRudeboda da kontrolirebuli fasebis pirobebSic ki,<br />
germanul markebSi naklebi deficiti iyo mosalodneli. fuladi re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
uaRresad kompleqsuri iyo. uamrav adamians, romelsac is Seexo, wminda aqtivebi<br />
mniSvnelovnad Seumcirda. saerTo masStabiT fulis miwodeba daaxloebiT 93<br />
procentiT SeizRuda.<br />
imave kvira dRes germanuli britanul-amerikuli ekonomikis sabWom, ludvig<br />
erhardis daJinebuli TxovniTa da social-demokratebis wevrebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
fasebis gaTavisuflebis dadgenileba gamosca. es kanoni erhards fasebze<br />
kontrolis gauqmebis uflebas aZlevda.<br />
erhards sakmaod “mxiaruli” zafxuli hqonda. niu-iorkis federaluri<br />
sarezervo bankis ekonomisti klopstoki werda, 1948 wlis ivnisidan agvistos<br />
bolomde “dadgenilebas mohyva fasebis, resursebis ganawilebisa da racionis<br />
regulirebis gauqmeba.”<br />
bostneuli, xili, kvercxi da TiTqmis yvela samomxmareblo produqti kontrolisgan<br />
sruliad gaTavisuflda, xolo sxva produqtebze sakontrolo fasebis<br />
zeda zRvarma mniSvnelovnad aiwia. male SemorCenili regulirebebic gauqmda.<br />
erhardis slogani iyo “usaqmod nu ijdebi — gaauqme rame!”.<br />
fulad re<strong>fo</strong>rmasa da fasebis gamoTavisuflebasTan erTad, mTavrobam aseve<br />
sagrZnoblad Seamcira sagadasaxado ganakveTi. axalgazrda ekonomistma volter<br />
helerma, romelic im <strong>dros</strong> germaniaSi aSS-s samxedro StabSi muSaobda, xolo<br />
Semdeg prezident kenedis ekonomikur mrCevelTa sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda,<br />
1949 wlis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebs statia miuZRvna. igi werda: eqstremalurad maRali ganakveTebis<br />
damTrgunveli efeqtis aRsakveTad, samxedro mTavrobis #64-e dadgenilebam,<br />
fuladi re<strong>fo</strong>rmis paralelurad, germaniaSi arsebuli gadasaxadebis<br />
didi nawili gaauqma. korporatiuli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (mogebis gadasaxadi),<br />
romelic progresuli iyo da 35-dan 65 procentmde icvleboda, wrfivi<br />
gaxda da 50 procents gautolda. miuxedavad imisa, rom individualuri saSemosavlo<br />
gadasaxadis umaRlesi ganakveTi 95 procenti darCa, igi mxolod 250<br />
000 germanuli markis zemoT wliur Semosavalze vrceldeboda. kontrastis-<br />
Tvis, 1946 wels mokavSireebma 60 000 raixs markis zemoT (daaxloebiT 6 000<br />
germanuli marka) Semosavlebi 95 procentiT dabegres. 1950 wels saSualo Semosavlebis<br />
mqone germanelisTvis, romlis wliuri Semosavali 2 400 germanul<br />
markaze odnav meti iyo, zRvruli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 18 procenti iyo.<br />
igive adamiani, romelic 1948 wels ekvivalent Tanxas raixs markebSi iRebda, 85<br />
procentiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreboda.<br />
Semdeg<br />
am yvelaferma germaniis ekonomikaze katalizatoris efeqti moaxdina. voliSi<br />
werda: “qveynis suli uecrad Seicvala. uRimRamo, mSieri, mkvdrebis msgavsi<br />
figurebi, romlebic quCaSi lukmapuris mosapoveblad maTxovrobdnen —<br />
cxovrebas daubrundnen”.<br />
21 ivniss, orSabaTs, maRaziebis daxlebi savse iyo produqciiT da xalxi mixvda<br />
rom axal fuls bevrad ufro meti Rirebuleba gaaCnda, vidre Zvels. vol-
Ddevid r. hendersoni, “germaniis ekonomikuri “saswauli”<br />
ter heleri werda: re<strong>fo</strong>rmebma “swrafad aRadgines fuli, rogorc gadaxdis<br />
upiratesi saSualeba da savaluto stimulebi, rogorc ekonomikuri aqtivobis<br />
warmmarTveli Zala”.<br />
absentizmi (uaris Tqma valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze — mTargmnelis SeniSvna)<br />
aseve daZleuli iyo. 1948 wlis maisSi muSebi samsaxurs kviris ganmavlobaSi<br />
saSualod 9,5 saaTiT acdendnen, rac nawilobriv imiT iyo gamowveuli,<br />
rom isini metad ar afasebdnen maT mier gamomuSavebul fuls da nawilobriv<br />
imiTac, rom maT produqtis saSovnelad an barteriT gasacvlelad uwevdaT gasvla.<br />
oqtombrisTvis absentizmma kviris ganmavlobaSi saSualod 4,2 saaTamde<br />
daiwia. 1948 wlis ivnisSi britanul-amerikuli zonis industriuli produqciis<br />
indeqsi 1936 wlis analogiuri ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis mxolod 51 procenti iyo. dekembrisTvis<br />
indeqsi gaizarda 78 procentmde. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, industriuli<br />
produqcia 50 procentze metiT gaizarda.<br />
1948 wlis Semdeg warmoeba ganagrZobda naxtomiseburad zrdas. 1958 wlis-<br />
Tvis samrewvelo warmoebis wliuri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli oTxjer gaizarda 1948 wels Catarebuli<br />
fulis re<strong>fo</strong>rmamde eqvsi Tvis periodis ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebelTan SedarebiT, sawarmoo<br />
produqcia erT sul mosaxleze samjer gaizarda.<br />
radgan erhardis ideebi muSaobda, axali germaniis federaluri respublikis<br />
pirvelma kanclerma konrad adenauerma is germaniis ekonomikis ministrad<br />
daniSna. am Tanamdebobaze igi 1963 wlamde iyo, iqamde sanam Tavad ar<br />
daikava kancleris posti, romelzec 1966 wlamde imyofeboda.<br />
marSalis gegma<br />
aRniSnul angariSSi jer ar iyo naxsenebi marSalis gegma. SeiZleba germaniis<br />
aRorZineba ZiriTadad mas rom mivaweroT? pasuxia – ara. mizezi martivia:<br />
marSalis gegmis mixedviT, germaniisTvis gaweuli finansuri daxmareba arcTu<br />
ise didi iyo. 1954 wlis oqtombramde jamuri daxmareba marSalis gegmidan da<br />
sxva daxmarebis programebidan 2 miliard dolars Seadgenda. 1948 da 1949<br />
wlebSic ki, roca daxmarebebis raodenoba piks aRwevda, marSalis gegmis<br />
daxmareba germaniis nacionaluri Semosavlis 5 procentze nakleb Tanxas<br />
Seadgenda. sxva qveynebs, romlebmac marSalis gegmis mixedviT daxmarebis ufro<br />
didi wili miiRes, ufro dabali ekonomikuri zrda hqondaT, vidre germanias.<br />
garda amisa, rodesac germania daxmarebebs iRebda, igi ixdida reparaciul<br />
da aRdgeniT gadasaxdelebs, romlebic 1 miliard dolarze mets Seadgenda.<br />
dasasrul, yvelaze mniSvnelovania is, rom mokavSireebma germanelebs<br />
yovelwliurad 7,2 miliardi germanuli markis odenobiT (2,4 miliardi dolari)<br />
gadasaxadi dauweses, maT mier germaniaSi ganlagebuli saokupacio Zalebis<br />
xarjis anazRaurebis saxiT (ra Tqma unda, es saokupacio xarjebi gulisxmobda<br />
imas, rom germanias sakuTar Tavdacvaze xarjebi ar esaWiroeboda).<br />
daskvna<br />
is, rac zogierT eqsperts saswaulad miaCnia, namdvilad ar iyo saswauli.<br />
aseT Sedegs ludvig erhardi da fraiburgis skolis sxva warmomadgenlebic elodnen.<br />
maT esmodaT, rom inflacias, fasebis kontrolsa da maRal gadasaxadebs<br />
didi zianis motana SeuZlia, xolo maRali produqtiulobis miRweva inflaciis<br />
SeCerebiT, fasebis kontrolis aRkveTiT da maRali gadasaxadebis zRvruli<br />
ganakveTis SemcirebiTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
19
20<br />
gamoqveynda 1997 wels<br />
ra daemarTa SvedeTs?<br />
nils-erik sendbergi<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
SvedeTis yoveldRiuri wamyvani gazeTis “Dagens Nyheter” saredaqcio<br />
werilebis avtori da ekonomikuri sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili ocamde<br />
wignis Tanaavtori<br />
erT <strong>dros</strong> ori, erTmaneTis msgavsi, Zalian patara qveyana arsebobda. orive<br />
qveyana orive msoflio oms gadaurCa; mravali saukunis manZilze orive damoukidebeli<br />
iyo; orives erTnairi, sxva qveynebisgan gamorCeuli, samrewvelo<br />
struqtura hqonda da iq ganlagebuli kargi reputaciis mqone kompaniebi mxolod<br />
maRalxarisxovan produqcias uSvebdnen.<br />
am or qveyanas Soris erTaderTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba bunebrivi simdidreebi<br />
iyo. erTi madneulis sabadoebs, xe-tyisa da hidroenergoresursebis<br />
did marags flobda, meores ki patara, sul ramdenime Zroxis samyofi saZovris<br />
garda araferi gaaCnda, mosaxleobas mxolod bejiTi SromiTa da gamWriaxobiT<br />
gahqonda Tavi.<br />
SvedeTisa da Sveicariis Sedarebidan aSkarad Cans, rom 1970 wlidan SvedeTis<br />
ekonomikaSi raRac Seicvala. meore msoflio omis Semdeg orive qveyana<br />
mSvenier mdgomareobaSi iyo. orivem neitraliteti SeinarCuna im TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rom saomar moqmedebebSi uSualod ar CarTulan da meomar mxareebTan<br />
aqtiur vaWrobas awarmoebdnen. 1945 wels SvedeTisa da Sveicariis<br />
samrewvelo struqturebi srul wesrigSi iyo da dangreuli evropis rekonstruqciisTvis<br />
marSalis gegmiT gamoyofili TanxiT Seqmnili xelsayreli bazris<br />
asaTviseblad emzadebodnen. bunebrivi simdidris gamo SvedeTs aSkara upiratesoba<br />
GgaaCnda.<br />
orive qveyanas mrewvelobis TiTqmis erTnairi struqtura hqonda _ didi<br />
saerTaSoriso kompaniebis sakmaod farTo qseli. gansxvaveba is iyo, rom SvedeTis<br />
mrewveloba umetesad warmoebis iseT saSualebebze amaxvilebda yurad-<br />
Rebas, romelic evropis qveynebis aRorZinebas esaWiroeboda. SvedeTis ekonomikas<br />
aras<strong>dros</strong> hqonia iseTi brwyinvale sastarto pirobebi, rogorc 1945 wels.<br />
omis Semdeg Sveicariuli frankis Rirebuleba 0.9 Svedur kronas udrida.<br />
dRes ki (1997 wlis ivnisi) misi Rirebuleba 5.65 Sveduri kronaa. 1970 wels Svede-<br />
Ti ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis reitingul siaSi erT sul<br />
mosaxleze mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT mesame adgilze iyo, Sveicaria ki<br />
meoreze da axlac imave adgilzea, magram SvedeTi me-17 adgilze CamoqveiTda.<br />
Sveicariis mimdinare angariSebi yovelwliurad dadebiTi saldoTi xasiaTdeba,<br />
SevedeTis ki 1965 wlidan ganuxrelad deficituria.<br />
korporacia ABB-s ekonomistebma am ori qveynis mier bolo 25 wlis manZilze<br />
warmoebuli TiTo kilogrami eqsportis fasebi Seadares. xvedriTi Rirebuleba<br />
ase ganisazRvra: erTi kilogrami jarTi Rirs 0.5 Sveduri krona, erTi kilogrami<br />
sahaero xomaldi 10 000 Sveduri krona. bolo 25 wlis manZilze Sveicariis<br />
saeqsporto fasebi ise gaizarda, rom eqsportis 90 procentma wina saSualo<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebels gadaaWarba. Seveduri eqsportis safaso struqtura ki arsebiTad<br />
ucvleli darCa, garda ori mniSvnelovani gamonaklisisa: eriqsonis mobiluri<br />
tele<strong>fo</strong>nebi da astras medikamentebi.<br />
Sveicarias yvelaze dabali saprocento ganakveTi aqvs dasavleT evropaSi,<br />
SvedeTs ki erT-erTi yvelaze maRali, gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg, rac 1985 wels<br />
saprocento ganakveTis kontroli gauqmda.<br />
samociani wlebidan gadasaxadebi da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjebi SvedeTSi ufro<br />
swrafad gaizarda vidre sadme sxvagan. axla gadasaxadebi mSp-s 55 procents
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
Seadgens, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjebi ki 65 procents ascda. igive monacemebi<br />
SveicariaSi Sesabamisad 33 da 37 procentia.<br />
1973-77 wlebSi SvedeTi evrokavSiris savaluto sistemis monawile iyo. iq<br />
ramdenjerme moxda devalvacia da 1976 wlis Semdeg Sveduri krona TiTqmis<br />
yvela valutasTan mimarTebaSi gaufasurda. Sveicarias mcocavi savaluto<br />
kursi aqvs da misi valuta sxva qveynebis valutasTan mimarTebaSi gamudmebiT<br />
myardeba. 1963-95 wlebSi Sveicariiis inflacia SvedeTis inflaciis 40 procents<br />
Seadgenda.<br />
magram Sveicarias iseTi xelsayreli pirobebi ar aqvs, rogorc SvedeTs.<br />
piriqiT, SvedeTs ufro erTgvarovani mosaxleoba hyavs da, rac mTavaria,<br />
didZali bunebrivi simdidre da grZeli sanapiro zoli gaaCnia (sazRvao fraxti<br />
ufro iafia vidre saxmeleTo).<br />
Tu Zlieri politikuri xelmZRvaneloba da didi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtori raime<br />
upiratesobas niSnavs, SvedeTi uaRresad mdidari unda iyos, Sveicaria ki Camor-<br />
Cenili, radgan 1521 wlidan moyolebuli (mas Semdeg,Erac Zalaufleba gustav<br />
vasam aiRo xelSi) SvedeTs mudmivad uaRresad Zlieri centralizebuli xelisufleba<br />
hyavda da droTa ganmavlobaSi iq gacilebiT didi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtori<br />
Camoyalibda vidre sxva romelime qveyanaSi. meore mxriv, Sveicarias Zalian<br />
susti centraluri mTavroba da mcire saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtori gaaCnia. referendumis<br />
sistema umciresobaTa dacvas uzrunvelyofs da adgilobrivTa azrs<br />
iTvaliswinebs.<br />
SvedeTisa da Sveicariis Sedareba cxadyofs, rom samociani wlebis bolodan<br />
SvedeTis ekonomikam (SvedeTis politikamac) seriozuli cvlileba ganicada.<br />
am statiaSi SevecdebiT avxsnaT ra moxda da ratom.<br />
II. dawyeba dagvagvianda<br />
,,Sualeduri gza” — mSvenieri kompromisi sabWour centralizebul mmar-<br />
Tvelobasa da amerikul kapitalizms Soris — ase daaxasiaTa SvedeTi amerikelma<br />
Jurnalistma markis Caildsma 1936 wels gamoqveynebul amave saxelwodebis<br />
wignSi. Tumca es daxasiaTeba arc SvedeTis industrializaciis dasawyiss<br />
Seesabameba da arc 1970-iani wlebis Semdgom periods.<br />
mrewvelobis ganviTareba SvedeTSi gvian daiwyo. mecxramete saukunis Sua<br />
xanebidan erToblivi saaqcio sazogadoebebis, mewarmeobis sruli Tavisuflebisa<br />
da Tavisufali sakredito bazris Sesaxeb mTeli rigi kanonebi miiRes,<br />
rasac mrewvelobis ganviTareba mohyva. Svedebis gamWriaxobisa da racionalurobis<br />
safuZvelze mTeli rigi sawarmoebi gaixsna. es iyo mewarmeobis ayvavebis<br />
xana. 1892_1911 wlebSi kerZo pirebis mier gaxsnili TerTmeti sawarmo mogvianebiT<br />
msxvil saerTaSoriso korporaciebad iqca: Sandvik, Nobel, Atlas Copco, SCA,<br />
Ericsson, Alfa Laval, Munksjö, Facit, Bahco, SKF, AGA, ASEA, Electrolux, STAB, SAAB.<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg SvedeTSi mxolod oTxi didi kompania daarsda: IKEA,<br />
Tetra-Pak, Gambro da Hennes & Mauritz.. am sami novatoruli kompaniidan ori Svede-<br />
Tidan wavida. novatoruli kompaniebi swrafad gaizarda da male saerTaSoriso<br />
kompaniebad iqca. es, rasakvirvelia, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom SvedeTis<br />
bazari Zalian patara iyo, radgan saSualo ojaxuri Semosavali msoflios sxva<br />
qveynebisas ver Seedreboda. masStaburi ekonomikidan sruli mogebis misaRebad<br />
kompaniebs eqsporti unda ewarmoebinaT. 1876 wels daarsebulma eriqsonma 1900<br />
wels Tavisi produqciis 90 procenti sazRvargareT gaitana.<br />
amave faqtoris gamo sxva kompaniebmac daiwyes sazRvargareT savaWro qselis<br />
Seqmna, mere ki sawarmo-filialebic daaarses. didi Sveduri korporaciebi<br />
male saerTaSoriso kompaniebad iqcnen, 50 wliT adre vidre saerTaSoriso mimomxilvelni<br />
am termins (multinational) gaigonebdnen da mis gagebas (amaod)<br />
Seecdebodnen. amas paradoqsuli, magram logikuri axsna aqvs: SvedeTi Zalian<br />
patara iyo da Tu kom-paniebs gafarToeba da mzardi saerTaSoriso<br />
konkurenciis pirobebSi Tavis ga-darCena surdaT, sazRvargareT unda<br />
damkvidrebuliyvnen.<br />
21
22<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
magram sakiTxavia, saukuneebis gasayarze ram gamoiwvia SvedeTSi axali kompaniebis<br />
aseTi didi nakadis warmoSoba? SvedeTs ar gaaCnda iseTi upiratesobani,<br />
rogoric maRalganviTarebuli sakredito bazari an mowinave saganmanaTleblo<br />
sistemaa. piriqiT, iq sxva qveynebze gvian daiwyo ganviTareba. garkveuli<br />
teqnikis importi, romlis saSualebac maSin iyo (Tumca im <strong>dros</strong> amdagvar<br />
imports Zalian mcire masStabi hqonda), kompaniebis zrda-ganviTarebis mTavar<br />
mizezad ver gamodgeba.<br />
amis mizezi nawilobriv sagadasaxado sistema iyo. pirvel msoflio omamde<br />
sagadasaxado tvirTi daaxloebiT 8 procents udrida. gadasaxadebma omis<br />
dawyebis Semdeg aiwia, magram 1920-ian wlebSi is mainc Semosavlis mxolod 12 _<br />
13 procents Seadgenda, rac dRevandeli fasebiT 4 _ 5 milion Svedur kronamde<br />
aRwevs. es imas niSnavs, rom warmatebul sawarmos SeeZlo Tavisi Semosavlebis<br />
udidesi nawili SeenarCunebina da sakuTri Sexedulebisamebr ganekarga. sxva<br />
sityvebiT, kompaniebis gaxsnis, muSaobisa da investirebis Zlieri ekonomikuri<br />
stimuli arsebobda.<br />
meore mizezi industrializaciis dawyeba iyo. axali teqnologiebis ganvi-<br />
Tareba nulidan iwyeboda da SedarebiT nela vrceldeboda. amitom, adamians,<br />
romelsac idea mouvidoda da mas komerciuli mizniT gamoiyenebda, droebiT<br />
monopolia hqonda masze da did fuls Soulobda.<br />
asi wlis manZilze, 1870-dan 1970 wlamde, SvedeTs ekonomikuri zrdis ufro<br />
maRali ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli hqonda vidre sxva industriul qveynebs. ratom? amasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
oTxi faqtori SeiZleba gamoiyos:<br />
a) SvedeTSi mrewvelobis ganviTareba gvian daiwyo, amitom, teqnikis da, rac<br />
mTavaria, kapitalis importis SesaZlebloba arsebobda;<br />
b) gamogonebaTa da novatoruli ideebis nakadi axlad aRmoCenil energiis<br />
wyaros – eleqtroenergias ukavSirdeboda. bunebrivi resursebis, magaliTad,<br />
hidroenergiis, gamoyeneba axal teqnologiebs warmoSobda, maT Soris erT-er-<br />
Ti iyo Sveduri samrewvelo kompaniis “ASEA”-s mier gamoSvebuli maRalZabviani<br />
mudmivi denis gadamcemi;<br />
g) uaRresad liberalurma ekonomikam dabalSemosavliani soflis meurneobidan<br />
muSaxelis mrewvelobisa da momsaxurebis maRalanazRaurebad sferoSi<br />
migracia gamoiwvia, ramac didi manZilebisa da meCxeri mosaxleobis miuxedavad,<br />
mSeneblobasa da infrastruqturaSi sakmaod didi investiciebi mimarTa;<br />
d) Sida bazris simciris gamo aucilebeli gaxda eqsportis warmoeba da<br />
ucxouri kompaniebis gaxsna-gafarToeba. mrewvelobis ganviTarebam Svedebs<br />
swrafad Camouyaliba sistematuri azrovnebis stili da didi, moqnili organizaciebis<br />
marTvis unari, rac maTi konkurentunarianobis mniSvnelovan iaraRad<br />
iqca. magaliTad, aviRoT oTxi qveyana _ SvedeTi, aSS, safrangeTi da (SesaZloa)<br />
ruseTi; aqedan SvedeTi yvelaze patara qveyanaa imisTvis, rom sakuTari samxedro<br />
aviacia ganaviTaros.<br />
garda amisa, ormocdaaTian-samocian wlebSi dasavleT evropas SvedeTis<br />
mrewveloba ZiriTadad rekonstruqciisTvis saWiro warmoebis saSualebebs awvdida.<br />
saeqsporto seqtori SvedeTSi, mogvianebiT, 1949 wlis agvistoSi gaizarda,<br />
britaneTis msgavsad, xolo Svedurma kronam dolarTan mimarTebaSi 30 procentiani<br />
devalvacia ganicada. yvela ucxour valutasTan mimarTebaSi devalvaciis<br />
saSualo done 15 procents Seadgenda. samrewvelo saqonlis sagareo vaWroba<br />
1950-iani wlebidan yovelwliurad 8 procentiT izrdeboda.<br />
III. 1970 wlidan “Sualeduri gza” daRma daeSva<br />
1950-ian wlebSi SvedeTis saSualo zrdis tempi 3,4 procenti iyo. 1960-ian<br />
wlebSi 4,6 procenti, 1970-ian wlebSi 2 procenti, 80-ian wlebSi ki kidev ufro<br />
mcire.<br />
ratom?<br />
albaT imitom, rom dasavleT evropis omis Semdgomi rekonstruqciis dasrulebis<br />
gamo SvedeTma saxarbielo mdgomareoba dakarga savaWro bazarze. Sve-
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
deTma 1974 da 1980 wlebSi ori navTobkrizisi gamoiara, Tumca maTi zegavlena<br />
ise mZime ar iyo, rogorc sxva qveynebSi, iafi hidroenergiis SedarebiT didi<br />
xvedriTi wilis gamo.<br />
1970 wlamde SvedeTi msoflios sxva qveynebs TiTqmis fexdafex mihyveboda.<br />
is breton vudsis savaluto sistemis wevri iyo. magram 1973 wlidan, mas Semdeg,<br />
rac breton vudsis xelSekruleba sabolood gauqmda, SvedeTma xelaxali krizisi<br />
ganicada. eqvsi wlis manZilze, 1976-82 wlebSi, xuTmagi devalvacia moxda,<br />
ris Sedegadac kronas Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 45 procentiT Semcirda. magram<br />
SvedeTSi fasebi ufro mkveTrad izrdeboda vidre msoflios sxva qveynebSi.<br />
bolos, 1989 wels, SvedeTma valutaze kontroli gaauqma. saprocento ganakveTi<br />
axla saerTaSoriso doneze ganisazRvreboda, ramac, bunebrivia,<br />
saprocento ganakveTebis mkveTri ryeva gamoiwvia, radgan Sin da gareT ukve yvelam<br />
icoda, rom SvedeTSi fasebis krizisi maSinve devalvacias gamoiwvevda. 1992<br />
wels “riksbankma” (SvedeTis centraluri banki) erTi dRiT 500 procentiani<br />
saprocento ganakveTis dawesebiT uimedo TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis gatareba<br />
scada, magram kronas savaluto kursis SenarCuneba ver SeZlo. savaluto kursi<br />
Tavis nebaze miuSves da man maSinve 30 procentiT daiwia.<br />
mTlianad dasavleT evropam 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi namdvili Soki ganicada.<br />
inflacia Semcirda, magram saprocento ganakveTi gaizarda, nawilobriv<br />
germanuli saprocento ganakveTis zrdis gamo, rasac kvlav unificireba mohyva.<br />
iseT mdidar qveyanasac ki, rogoric dasavleT germania iyo, uzarmazari Zalisxmeva<br />
dasWirda, rom yofili germaniis demokratiuli respublikis mierTebis<br />
SeMdeg socialisturi diqtaturis mier ganadgurebuli meurneobisTvis suli<br />
STaebera.<br />
magram saprocento ganakveTi SvedeTSi ufro metad gaizarda, vidre sxva<br />
qveynebSi, ramac qonebisa da fulis bazris gacilebiT mZime kraxi gamoiwvia vidre<br />
sazRvargareT. xuTmagi gakotreba moxda. umuSevrobam mkveTrad imata _<br />
daaxloebiT 8 procentamde. umuSevrobis SemweobaTa dasafarad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
fuls sesxulobda. aman saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtoris davalianebis warmoSoba (biujetis<br />
deficiti) gamoiwvia, ramac mSPPPpPP-s<br />
10 procentze meti Seadgina. oTx weliwadSi<br />
erovnuli vali gaoTxmagda.<br />
Sida krizisi<br />
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSiP SvedeTis saxelfaso xarjebma mkveTrad imata.<br />
1973-76 wlebSi samrewvelo xelfasebi 59 procentiT gaizarda. imave periodSi<br />
riksdagma, SvedeTis parlamentma saxelfaso <strong>fo</strong>ndis dabegvra 109 procentiT<br />
gazarda. amis Semdeg premier-ministrma olof palmem gamoacxada, rom saxelfaso<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndis dabegvriT riksdagma ,,sagadasaxado Semosavlis axali wyaro” aRmoaCina,<br />
magram axali re<strong>fo</strong>rmebisTvis riksdags ufro meti fuli sWirdeboda.<br />
sam weliwadSi saxelfaso xarjebi 80 procentiT gaizarda. am xarjebs firmebi<br />
fasebis zrdiT ver inazRaurebdnen, radgan saeqsporto fasebs msoflio<br />
bazari gansazRvravda, Svedur kompaniebs ki fasebis regulirebaSi wamyvani roli<br />
ar hqondaT. amgvarad, korporaciuli mogebis wyaro gaqra.<br />
1973 wels, breton vudsis xelSekrulebis sabolood gauqmebisas, SvedeTi<br />
evrokavSiris imdroindeli wevri qveynebis savaluto sistemis “sneikis” asocirebuli<br />
wevri gaxda. es imas niSnavda, rom SvedeTs valutis fiqsirebuli kursi<br />
unda SeenarCunebina germanul markasTan mimarTebaSi. sxva sityvebiT, produqtiulobis<br />
zrdis mizniT aweuli saxelfaso xarjebi SvedeTSi ufro maRali ar<br />
unda yofiliyo vidre dasavleT germaniaSi.<br />
sakiTxavia, Svedi politikosebi an kompaniis mmarTvelebi, an profkavSirebi<br />
Tu xedavdnen am SezRudvis Sedegebs?<br />
1976-81 wlebSi SvedeTma oTxjer moaxdina devalvacia sul 30 procentiT.<br />
magram es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. misi saeqsporto mrewveloba kvlav kargavda<br />
xvedriT wils bazarze.<br />
23
24<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
SvedeTis socuzrunvelyofisa da daxmarebis programebi Zalian didia, rac<br />
mTlianad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Semosavlidan finansdeba. rodesac kompaniebi, romlebic<br />
gadasaxadebs veRar ixdidnen, warmoebas xuravdnen da muSebs samsaxuridan<br />
iTxovdnen, gadasaxadebiT miRebuli Semosavlebis araadekvaturad izrdeboda<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjebi. 1976-81 wlebSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjebi mSp 50 procentidan 60<br />
procentamde gaizarda. msoflio omSi Cabmul qveynebsac ki ar ganucdiaT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
xarjebis aseTi zrda.<br />
1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi SvedeTis mTavrobam ucxouri sesxebis aReba<br />
daiwyo. es axali ar iyo. SvedeTi fuls sazRvargareT XIX saukunis bolosac<br />
sesxulobda, ZiriTadad imisaTvis, rom rkinigzis mSenebloba daefinansebina.<br />
1970-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan SvedeTis mTavrobam daaxloebiT 600 000 milioni<br />
Sveduri krona isesxa sazRvargareT. es sesxi rom investiciebisTvis yofiliyo<br />
gamiznuli, rogorc XIX saukuneSi, maSin SvedeTSi investicia mniSvnelovnad<br />
didi iqneboda da Sesabamisad, misi Sedegic. magram, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ucxouri<br />
valebis zrdis kvalobaze, sainvesticio koeficienti mcirdeboda: 1975-<br />
61 wlebis sainvesticio koeficientma 21-dan 14 procentamde daiwia.<br />
kapitalis importisa da investiciis dabali koeficientebi gvafiqrebinebs,<br />
rom SvedeTis ekonomikaSi yvelaferi rigze ar iyo. zrda-ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi<br />
meqanizmi aRar moqmedebda.<br />
nasesxebi 600 milioni Sveduri marka saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m sami wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
daxarja. magram Sedegi is iyo, rom umuSevroba gaizarda, investiciebi ki Semcirda.<br />
erT mexuTedze meti Sromisunariani adamiani Sromis bazridan ganidevna<br />
— zogi aSkarad umuSevari darCa, zogi dasaqmebis sxvadasxva programebSi CaerTo<br />
“Sromis bazriT gamowveuli” umuSevrobis programis farglebSi, zogi ki _<br />
rogorc ltolvili. amgvarad, namdvilma umuSevrobam, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,<br />
20 procents gadaaWarba.<br />
ra meqanizmebi iwvevs ganviTarebuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sawarmoo bazis aseT<br />
Sesustebas?<br />
IV. ras niSnavda socializmi?<br />
1. politikis prerogativa<br />
1932 wels SvedeTma social-demokratiuli mTavroba airCia. mas Semdeg (1991<br />
-94 wlebis garda) social-demokratiuli politika ganagebs qveyanas da mas Tavisi<br />
kvalic daaCnia. aman mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia SvedeTSi politikuri<br />
azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze.<br />
a) social-demokratiuli partia profkavSirul moZraobasTan Tanaarsebobs.<br />
orive organizacias arsebiTad erTi da igive wevrebi hyavs da erToblivi<br />
interesebisTvis ibrZvian rogorc riksdagSi (parlamenti), ise mis gareT. profkavSirebi<br />
finansurad uWeren mxars mmarTvel partias da saarCevno kampaniis<br />
<strong>dros</strong> maTi saarCevno meqanizmis funqcias asruleben. samagierod, partiam kanonmdemlobis<br />
gamoyenebiT profkavSirebs yvelaze privilegirebuli mniSvneloba<br />
mianiWa. profkavSirebis moTxovniT mmarTvelma partiam SemoiRo kanoni,<br />
romelic damsaqmeblebTan mimarTebaSi profkavSirebis pozicias amyarebs. saqme<br />
exeba SvedeTis Sromis kanonmdeblobas. profkavSirebis aqtiuri qmedebis TiTqmis<br />
usazRvro uflebebi adamianis uflebebis ganuyofeli nawilis saxiT aris<br />
konstituciaSi Setanili.<br />
am simbiozma profkavSirTa konfederaciisa da social-demokratiuli partiis<br />
Tanavarskvlavedi (LO-SAP) Seqmna, romelic SvedeTis politikaSi gabatonebuli<br />
Zalaa. mewarmeoba, romelic profkavSirebTan ver rigdeba, SesaZloa<br />
mTavrobasac daupirispirdes;<br />
b) social-demokratiul partias TiTqmis monopolia aqvs sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebaze. sxva partiebisgan gansxvavebiT, social-demokratebs mkafiod<br />
aqvT warmodgenili rogori unda iyos sazogadoeba yoveli moqalaqisTvis.<br />
liberalizms poperisa da haiekis Teoriebze agebuli Ria sazogadoeba surs,
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
socializms ki ukiduresad obieqturi ganviTareba da erTxel da samudamod<br />
gamokveTili da Camoyalibebuli sazogadoeba. farTod Carevis gziT socialdemokratiuli<br />
partia Tavisi miznebis Sesabamis institutebs qmnis qveyanaSi.<br />
yvela xvdeba, rom, moswonT Tu ar moswonT, social-demokratiul sazogadoebaSi<br />
cxovroben;<br />
g) social-demokratia aTwleulebis manZilze monopolias axorcielebda,<br />
rodesac ekonomikis daCqarebuli zrda mimdinareobda da, masTan erTad, cxovrebis<br />
donisac. yovelive amis Semdeg am partiis politikis gamarTleba Zalian<br />
Znelia. 30-ian wlebSi Sveduri mrewvelobis aseTi warmatebiT gafarToebis mizezi<br />
20-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli swori racionalizacia iyo, romelmac mas<br />
saSualeba misca saerTo depresias evropis yvelaze efeqtiani sawarmoo meqanizmiT<br />
daxvedroda. amas daemata mcire devalvacia da 1931 wels SvedeTis oqros<br />
standartis sistemidan sxva qveynebze adre gamosvla.<br />
1950-60-ian wlebSi SvedeTis ekonomika warmatebiT viTardeboda, rasac xeli<br />
Seuwyo dasavleT evropaSi sawarmoo saSualebebis eqsportma da muSaxelis soflis<br />
meurneobidan mrewvelobaSi gadasvliT gamowveulma sawarmoo mogebam.<br />
magram, dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis zrdis gamo, social-demokratia sistematurad<br />
iwerda qulebs. ganviTarebas mudam mmarTvel partias ukavSirebdnen.<br />
ai, es aris social-demokratiis gabatonebisa da politikuri kulturis<br />
erTgvarovnebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi. partiam ,,problemis <strong>fo</strong>rmulirebis<br />
prerogativa” moipova da, rac mTavaria, problemebis gadaWris monopoliac.<br />
saarCevno debatebidan dawyebuli, saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebiT damTavrebuli,<br />
yvelaferSi igrZnoboda, rom sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela mTavari problema<br />
politikuri seqtoris CareviT wydeboda.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi aseTi mentaliteti partiis zogierTi oponentisTvisac<br />
misaRebi gaxda. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtoris gafarToebas SigadaSig winaaRmdegoba<br />
xvdeboda. zogierTma ,,opoziciurma” partiam social-demokratebs gaaswro,<br />
rodesac sistematurad iTxovda axali valdebulebis aRebas “sazogadoebisgan”,<br />
raSic centraluri da adgilobrivi mTavrobis uflebamosilebebis gazrda<br />
igulisxmeboda.<br />
rodesac social-demokratiam Tanasworobis radikaluri idea wamoayena,<br />
opoziciam yvela materialuri stimulis gauqmebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi gaakritika,<br />
magram TviTon Tanasworobis ideas, rac am princips edo safuZvlad, inteleqtualurad<br />
ver daupirispirda.<br />
social-demokratiam SvedeTSi politikuri azrovnebis Camoyalibebaze<br />
gavlenis moxdena moaxerxa da yvela problemis gadaWris politikur berketebs<br />
daeufla.<br />
2. marqsis memkvidreoba<br />
social-demokratia marqsis qmnilebaa. marTalia, Tavad revolucia partiam<br />
maleve dagmo, magram warmoebis saSualebebis nacionalizacia didxans rCeboda<br />
mis mTavar idead, bolos da bolos ideologiurad mainc. ganaxlebul programaSi,<br />
romelic partiis 1920 wlis kongresze miiRes, naTqvamia “warmoebis saSualebebis<br />
kerZo-kapitalisturi sakuTrebis gauqmebis, masze sazogadoebrivi<br />
kontrolis dawesebisa da misi sazogadoebis kuTvnilebad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb,<br />
agreTve, arsebuli daugegmavi warmoebis sazogadoebis realuri moTxovnilebis<br />
mixedviT dagegmili da gafarToebuli perspeqtiuli socialisturi<br />
warmoebiT Secvlis” Sesaxeb.<br />
magram partiam male ukuagdo swrafi nacionalizaciis moTxovna. amas ori<br />
mizezi hqonda, orive pragmatuli.<br />
partiaSive bevri Tvlida, rom nacionalizaciis ganxorcieleba ioli ar iyo.<br />
partias ar hqonda mza gegma, rac u<strong>Cven</strong>ebda, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> an profkavSirebi,<br />
an axali “sawarmoo sabWoebi” rogor unda gaZRolodnen bizness da rogor<br />
unda daegegmaT warmoeba.<br />
25
26<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
partiis Sida debatebis erT-erTi mTavari figura, parnils karlebi, mesakuTris<br />
sxvadasxva funqciis TandaTan “sazogadoebaze” gadatanas moiTxovda.<br />
oficialuri nacionalizacia saxifaTo da uadgilo iyo. kanonmdeblobiT<br />
kapitalistebis ganiaraReba da maTi sakuTrebis nawilis dabegvris gziT Camor-<br />
Tmevac SeiZleboda. pragmatulma politikam ajoba. partiam, wminda pragmatuli<br />
mizezebis gamo, ukan waiRo sruli nacionalizaciis moTxovna. araviTari pirdapiri<br />
da aSkara kavSiri saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebasa da maRal Semosavlebs Soris ar<br />
arsebobda. Tumca, nacionalizaciis koncefcia ideologiurad mainc ganagr-<br />
Zobda arsebobas.<br />
magram praqtikuli amocanebi mtkice iyo. partiis mTavar amocanas warmoadgenda<br />
warmoebis ise gafarToeba uaxloes momavalSi, rom muSaTa klasis Semosavlebi<br />
gazrdiliyo. industrializaciis pirvel dekadaSi Semosavalebi ukiduresad<br />
araTanabrad nawildeboda. marTalia, xalxis soflis meurneobidan<br />
mrewvelobaSi gadasvliT maTi Semosavlebi gaizarda, magram axali sawarmoo<br />
gaerTianebebis mier warmoqmnili dovlaTi sawarmos mflobelTa xelSi rCeboda.<br />
es xels uwyobda gafarToebas, radgan mdidrebis reinvestireba xdeboda.<br />
magram Semosavlebi rom ufro Tanabrad ganawilebuliyo, moxmareba investiciebis<br />
xarjze gaizrdeboda da dRevandel Taobas cxovrebis ufro dabali done<br />
eqneboda.<br />
saukunis mijnaze aTeuli wlebis manZilze grZeldeboda Semosavlebis ara-<br />
Tanabari ganawileba, magram am aspeqtze post-faqto kritikosebi dumdnen.<br />
3. Svedi superkeinzianelebi<br />
Svedebis SedarebiT uvneblad gamosvlas 30-iani wlebis depresiidan axali<br />
social-demokratiuli politikis did warmatebad, anu keinzianuri ideebis<br />
swraf danergvad miiCneven. es aris post-faqto konstruqcia. 1931 wlis seqtemberSi<br />
Svedebma pirvelebma Tqves uari oqros standartze. amis Sedegad maTi<br />
valuta gaufasurda. oficialurma diskontma (,,riksbankis” saprocento ganakveTi)<br />
1933 wels 8 procentidan 2.5 procentmde daiwia. sruliad SemTxveviT,<br />
1933 wlis gazafxulze sterlingTan mimarTebaSi Sveduri kronis ukiduresad<br />
dabali kursi Camoyalibda. krona Zalian gaufasurda, rasac saeqsporto mrewvelobaSi<br />
SekveTebis, mogebis da dasaqmebis zrda mohyva. ai, es iyo is mTavari<br />
mizezi, ris gamoc SvedeTma depresias ufro swrafad daaRwia Tavi vidre sxva<br />
qveynebma. gadasaxadebisa da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjebis pirobebSi ekonomikuri politika<br />
Zalian cotas niSnavda. piriqiT, 1930-iani wlebis Sua xanebSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
xarjebi mSp-s procentebis mixedviT odnav Semcirda, magram partias ekonomikis<br />
naciolizaciis an, sul cota, gakontrolebis ambicia mainc isev hqonda. amis<br />
gamo iyo, rom SvedeTma sxva qveynebze ufro ukeT SeiTvisa ekonomikis fluqtuaciis<br />
kontrolis keinziseuli recepti.D<br />
1930-ian wlebSi yvela ekonomisti fiqrobda imaze, Tu ra gziT SeeZlo<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s umuSevrobis mospoba da ekonomikis kvlav aRorZineba, magram fiqri<br />
sul ar iyo saWiro. milTon fridmeni da ana Svarci (A Monetary History of the<br />
United States) amtkiceben, rom 1930-33 ww. federalurma sarezervo sistemam fulis<br />
maragi erTi mesamediT Seamcira; depresiis ZiriTadi mizezi swored es iyo.<br />
meore mTavari mizezi farTod gavrcelebuli proteqcionizmi gaxldaT. 1930<br />
wels kongresma smut-holis aqti daamtkica, rac 25 000 dasaxelebis saqonelze<br />
savaWro SezRudvebis nebas iZleoda. proteqcionizmi swrafad gavrcelda. amis<br />
gamo, 1930-33 wlebSi msoflio savaWro fasi erTi mesamediT Semcirda da mravalma<br />
qveyanam saeqsporto mrewvelobis didi nawili dakarga.<br />
amgvarad, depresia ZiriTadad politikuri gadawyvetilebebidan momdinareobda<br />
da ara Sromis bazris politikis gamo.<br />
SvedeTma ukiduresi keinzianuri kursi airCia. es nawilobriv imis gamo moxda,<br />
rom Svedi ekonomistebis erTi Taoba, e.w. stokholmis skola, umTavresad<br />
keinzis receptSi mocemul saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> stimulis ideas uwevda rekomendacias.
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
meore da yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezi is iyo, rom keinzi social-demokratias<br />
ekonomikuri kontrolis axal arguments sTavazobda, rac partiis mTavari<br />
sazrunavi iyo.<br />
Semdeg omi atyda da SvedeTma Tavisi ekonomika omis saWiroebebze aago, Tan<br />
Zlieri centralizebuli kontroli ar Seuwyvetia. omis Semdeg perioduli<br />
fluqtuacia ganaxlda da, masTan erTad, keinziseuli kontrolis ekonomikur<br />
argumentebsac axali asparezi mieca. magram, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, yvelam<br />
daiviwya, rom keinzis stabilizaciis recepti arsebiTad izolirebuli<br />
ekonomikisTvis iyo dawerili, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> stimulis Sedegebi qveynis farglebs<br />
ar unda gascileboda. keinzma Tavis receptSi importisa da eqsportis<br />
kontroli gaaerTiana.<br />
iseT patara da Ria qveyanaSi, rogoric SvedeTia, sadac mTeli simZime sagareo<br />
vaWrobaze modis, keinzis politikam cudad imuSava. rodesac aseTi qveyana<br />
sagareo vaWrobas imisTvis gamoiyenebs, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m ekonomikuri fluqtuacia<br />
akontrolos, sagareo vaWrobis dakargviT imdens izaralebs, rasac<br />
Sida, ufro stabiluri bazari ver aanazRaurebs. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebul samTamadno kompanias Tavisi rkinis madnis<br />
90 procenti saeqsportod gaaqvs. davuSvaT, saerTaSoriso moTxovnileba<br />
rkinis madanze Semcirda. es sagareo vaWrobis deficits gamoiwvevs. davuSvaT,<br />
SvedeTis mTavrobam bavSvTa Semweobebis gazrdiT ekonomikaSi saerTo<br />
moTxovnis zrda waaxalisa. magram amas rkinis madnis moxmareba SesaZloa ar<br />
mohyves, radgan Svedi mSoblebi adgilobrivi warmoebis rkinis madnisgan<br />
damzadebuli saqonlis moxmarebis gafarToebis nacvlad, <strong>savaraudod</strong>, iaponur<br />
televizorebs ufro didi xalisiT SeiZenen, rac sagareo vaWrobis deficits<br />
kidev ufro gazrdis.<br />
4. mirdalis mier dagegmili ekonomika<br />
social-demokratebma fundamenturi nacionalizaciisa da regulirebis ambiciebi<br />
1944 wels kidev erTxel gamoavlines.<br />
pirveli msoflio omis magaliTze Teoriulad mosalodneli iyo, rom meore<br />
msoflio omsac depresia mohyveboda. depresiis Tavidan asacileblad socialdemokratiuli<br />
partiis komisiam omis Semdgomi RonisZiebebis programa Seadgina.<br />
programa iTvaliswinebda ekonomikis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kontrolis meTodebis<br />
gamoyenebas: dazRvevis nacionalizacias, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ekonomikis<br />
sxva sferoebis nacionalizacias, investiciebis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> dagegmvas, fasebis<br />
kontrolis gagrZelebas, valutisa da sagareo vaWrobis kontrols.<br />
magram sayuradReboa, rom es RonisZiebebi mxolod depresiis aRmosafxvrelad<br />
ki ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, aramed mudmivi xasiaTi eqneboda.<br />
mosazrebaTa umetesobas naklebi kavSiri hqonda im sirTuleebTan, rac SeiZleboda<br />
mosalodnel depresias mohyoloda. Oomis Semdgomi socialdemokratiuli<br />
programa mxolod socialistur perspeqtivaSi ganxilvis<br />
SemTxvevaSi iyo gonivruli. marTalia, partiam qveynis saerTo nacionalizaciaze<br />
uari Tqva, magram sakvanZo seqtorebis nacionalizacia da mTeli<br />
ekonomikis kontroli kvlav faqtad rCeboda. 1948 wels saarCevno debatebi um-<br />
Tavresad ekonomikis dagegmvaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. social-demokratebs<br />
arCevnebis wageba emuqrebodaT, ris gamoc uari Tqves TavianT programaze. 1950<br />
wlis Semdeg SvedeTis mrewvelobaze saerTaSoriso moTxovna arsebobda.<br />
amgvarad, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kontrolis pragmatuli argumenti gamoiricxa.<br />
5. meidneris <strong>fo</strong>ndebi<br />
1975 wels profkavSirebis (LO) komisiam, romelsac misi mTavari ekonomikuri<br />
mrCeveli rudolf meidneri xelmZRvanelobda, mrewvelTa profkavSirebis<br />
saSualebiT nacionalizaciis winadadeba wamoayena. mokled, aseTi sqema iyo:<br />
mogebaze momuSave yvela kompanias yovelwliurad profkavSiris <strong>fo</strong>ndSi axlad<br />
gamoSvebuli aqciebis safasuri unda gadaericxa, rac maTi mogebis 20 procents<br />
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Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
Seadgenda. es gegma Tu ganxorcieldeboda, profkavSirebis <strong>fo</strong>ndi male Svede-<br />
Tis momgebian sawarmoTa umetesobis sakontrolo pakets moipovebda. amiT SvedeTma<br />
unikaluri ekonomikuri sistema miiRo: kerZo sakuTrebas is <strong>fo</strong>ndebi<br />
CamoarTmevdnen, romelic erTdroulad profkavSirebis, damsaqmebelTa — kompaniis<br />
mmarTvelTa da mepatroneTa funqcias Seasrulebda. amis Sedegad moxdeboda<br />
Zalauflebisa da sakuTrebis gaerTianeba da sul male qveynis yvela momgebiani<br />
koncerni erTaderTi organizaciis xelSi aRmoCndeboda.<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndis Seqmnis winadadeba 1976 wlis saarCevno debatebis mTavari Tema iyo,<br />
ramac social-demokratebs erTpirovnuli Zalaufleba daakargvina. 1982 wels<br />
xelisuflebaSi dabrunebis Semdeg partiam sruliad gansxvavebuli saxis <strong>fo</strong>ndi<br />
SemoiRo, romelsac uSualod nacionalizaciis funqcia ar ekisreboda.<br />
magram meidneris sqema sainteresoa da seriozuli, radgan profkavSiruli<br />
moZraobisa da mmarTveli partiis umTavres motivsA asaxavs. profkavSirebis (LO)<br />
mTavari ekonomikuri mrCeveli mTeli seriozulobiT acxadebda, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
xelSewyobiT profkavSirebma qveynis yvela biznessawarmos konfiskacia<br />
unda moaxdinoso. aseTi winadadeba ver gavidoda xalxis ZiriTadi masis mxardaWeris<br />
gareSe, romelic kerZo sakuTrebas ar swyalobda da sabazro ekonomikis<br />
fundamenturi wesebis araferi gaegeboda.<br />
social-demokratebs rom ufro Zlieri eleqtorati hyolodaT _ davuSvaT<br />
55 procenti _ meidneris winadadeba gavidoda, firmebs <strong>fo</strong>ndebi daepatroneboda<br />
da profkavSirebi gaakontrolebda. socialisturi qveynebis ekonomikis<br />
magaliTze SegviZlia warmovidginoT ra dRe daadgeboda SvedeTis ekonomikas.<br />
albaT, zogierTi Zlieri mepatronis momgebiani firma, rauzingebis msgavsad,<br />
qveynidan wavidoda.<br />
6. Semosavlebis nacionalizacia<br />
Svedma social-demokratebma ukan waiRes TavianTi moTxovna sawarmoTa<br />
nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb. albaT, im martivi mizezis gamo, rom didi korporaciebi<br />
umTavresad saerTaSoriso donis iyo. aba rogor moaxerxebda SvedeTis<br />
mTavroba ucxouri filialebis nacionalizacias?<br />
meore mxriv, social-demokratebma Semosavlebis nacionalizacia moaxdines.<br />
SvedeTSi 1970 wlidan gadasaxadebma mkveTrad aiwia. sagadasaxado re<strong>fo</strong>rmam<br />
gadasaxadebi Seumcira mcireSemosavlian sferos, samagierod ufro progresuli<br />
gaxada: anu gadasaxadebis masStabi ufro gafarTovda. gaizarda gadasaxadebis<br />
zRvaric. mcireSemosavlian sferoSic ki, gadasaxadebis gamo xelfasis<br />
zrda arc ki igrZnoboda.<br />
SvedeTSi saSualo donis samrewvelo sawarmos muSa uSualo Semosavlis 28<br />
procents gadasaxadebSi ixdis. ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis<br />
organizaciis (OECD) Sesabamisi saSualo ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli 16 procentia. Sesabamisad,<br />
orjer meti Semosavlis mqone muSa-mosamsaxureebis gadasaxadebi 39 da 24 procentia.<br />
amas emateba arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> 1970-iani wlebis<br />
Semdeg erTavad zrdida egreT wodebul “damsaqmebelTa Sewirulobas,” Tumca<br />
ufro swori iqneba Tu mas saxelfaso gadasaxads davarqmevT — anu saxelfaso<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndis gadasaxads. garda amisa, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samomxmareblo gadasaxadsac zrdida,<br />
gansakuTrebiT energogadasaxadebs da yvelaze metad ki dRg-s.G specifikuri<br />
gadasaxadebi da dRg aras<strong>dros</strong> ar aisaxeba SvedeTis fasebSi, amitom,<br />
momxmarebelma ar icis fasebi ramden gadasaxads Seicavs. im mraval mizezTagan,<br />
ris gamoc SvedeTSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi aseT did zewolas urigdebian,<br />
erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom isini gadasaxadebs ver xedaven. xelfasis uwyissa<br />
da gadasaxadis qviTarze isini mxolod saSemosavlo gadasaxads xedaven, magram<br />
es mTliani gadasaxadis mxolod 40 procentia.<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiisas parlamentis wevrebi da ministrebi<br />
moqalaqeTa mmarTvelni ki ar arian, aramed maT interesebs emsaxurebian. mTavari<br />
figura moqalaqea. magram gadasaxadebis gamWvirvalobisgan Tavis aride-
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
biT warmomadgenlebi xalxis dezin<strong>fo</strong>rmacias axdenen. SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
mqone kompaniaSi aseTi ram warmoudgenelia.<br />
uxeSad rom vTqvaT, dabalxelfasianTa Semosavlis daaxloebiT 60 procenti<br />
da ukeTesi anazRaurebis mqoneTa Semosavlis 65 procenti gadasaxadebs miaqvs.<br />
oficialurad “damsaqmebelTa Sewiruloba” socuzrunvelyofis nawils<br />
afinansebs, mag., pensiebs, umuSevarTa Semweobas da janmrTelobis dazRvevas.<br />
magram Sewirulobasa da miRebul daxmarebebs Soris Zalian mcire kavSiria.<br />
7. koleqtivizmi<br />
daaxloebiT 1970-iani wlebidan SvedeTi sul ufro da ufro mimarTavda<br />
problemebis koleqtiuri mogvarebis gzas pirad cxovrebaSic ki. egreT wodebuli<br />
“socuzrunvelyofa”, romelic umuSevrobisa da avadmyo<strong>fo</strong>bis <strong>dros</strong>, agreTve<br />
moxucebulobis asakSi Semosavals uzrunvelyofda, ZiriTadad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
mier kontrolirebadi koleqtiuri sistemis saxiT iyo awyobili da naklebi<br />
kavSiri hqonda gadaxdil gadasaxadebTan/SewirulobebTan da sadazRvevo<br />
daxmarebebTan.<br />
a) saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pensiebi<br />
dasabamidan, 1913 wlidan, SvedeTis sapensio sistemas mTlianad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
marTavda. gafarToebuli sistemac, romelic 1960 wels SemoiRes, mTlianad sam-<br />
Tavrobo iyo da wmindad redistribuciul bazaze agebuli. sapensio Sewiruloba,<br />
usasrulo ,,wminda werilebis” qselis msgavsad, momaval pensiebs afinansebda.<br />
sapensio sistemis dapirebebis safuZvelze piradi danazogebidan CamoWris<br />
gziT garkveuli nawilis konsolidacia saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> <strong>fo</strong>ndSi xdeboda. amgvari<br />
gziT sapensio sistema koleqtiuri danazogebis nawili gaxda.<br />
axla sapensio sistemam mcireodeni re<strong>fo</strong>rma ganicada. sapensiod dakavebuli<br />
xelfasis 11 procenti individualuri sapensio danazogis programaSi gadairicxeba<br />
mudmivi sadazRvevo mosakrebelis saxiT. magram es Zalian mcire<br />
procentia im Tanxis, rac kerZo sapensio TanxebTan erTad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> angariSze<br />
Cairicxeba da erovnuli biujetis kreditSi Sedis. mmarTvel partiasTan<br />
asocirebuli organizaciebi mkacrad ewinaaRmdegebian yovelgvar individualur<br />
sapensio danazogs.<br />
b) bavSvTa municipaluri socuzrunvelyofa<br />
1960-ian wlebSi SvedeTis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m da municipalitetma bavSvTa saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
socuzrunvelyofis sistema SeimuSava. es sistema miznad isaxavs samuSao<br />
pirobebis Seqmnas yvela mSoblisTvis, nebismieri asakisa da nebisieri raodenobis<br />
bavSvebis mSoblebisTvis. kanoniT municipaliteti valdebulia bavSvebze<br />
izrunos, Tu mSoblebs xelsayreli samsaxuri aqvT. bavSvTa municipaluri socuzrunvelyofa<br />
ukiduresad Zviria. pirdapiri gadasaxadi, romelsac mSobeli<br />
ixdis, namdvili Rirebulebis mxolod 10_20 procents udris. danarCens saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
da municipaliteti gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebisgan iReben. didi xnis<br />
yoymanis Semdeg, 1991-94 wlebSi xelisuflebaSi mosulma arasocialisturma<br />
mTavrobam mSoblebisTvis mcire socuzrunvelyofis Semweoba SemoiRo, rac<br />
mSoblebs saSualebas aZlevda TviTonve gadaewyvitaT rogor mouvlidnen saku-<br />
Tar bavSvebs. es Semweoba social-demokratebma gaakritikes, ZiriTadad imis<br />
gamo, rom bavSvebi sxvadasxva ojaxSi sxvadasxvagvarad gaizrdebodnen. 1994<br />
wels xelisuflebaSi dabrunebisas social-demokratebma gaauqmes es Semweoba.<br />
bavSvTa municipalur socuzrunvelyofas safuZvlad edo is azri, rom yvela<br />
bavSvze municipalitets unda ezruna da ara maT mSoblebs. amitom, bavSvebis<br />
socuzrunvelyofis Semweobam mSoblebis grantis nacvlad didi subsidiebis<br />
mqone municipaluri sabavSvo baRebis saxe miiRo. orive mSobels SeuZlia samu-<br />
Saod wasvla da gadasaxadis gadamxdelis saxiT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtorSi Tavisi<br />
wvlilis Setana. gadasaxadebSi gadaxdili Semosavlis wili imdenad didia, rom<br />
normaluri Semosavlis mqone mSoblebs SesaZlebloba ar aqvT saxlSi darCnen<br />
Tavis bavSvebTan an ZiZa daiqiraon. politikosebi mSoblebs iribad eubnebian,<br />
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30<br />
rom sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT bavSvebze zrunva imdenad mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom mSoblebs ver andoben. es politikosebma unda gaakeTon. parlamentis wevrTa<br />
umravlesoba didi winaaRmdegia, rom mSoblebma miiRon granti da sakuTar<br />
bavSvze TviTonve izrunon. isini amtkiceben, rom municipaluri sabavSvo baRebi<br />
bavSvebs sazogadoebisTvis amzadeben, mokled, karg moqalaqeebad zrdian. amas<br />
ufrosi Taobis politikosebi amboben, romlebsac TviTon ar uvliaT municipalur<br />
sabavSvo baRebSi, amitom, am mowodebiT ori kurdRlis daWeras cdiloben!<br />
g) saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> socuzrunvelyofa<br />
yvela qveyanaSi adamians ubeduri SemTxvevis mimarT dazRveva sWirdeba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
avadmyo<strong>fo</strong>bisa da umuSevrobis mimarT. garda amisa, yvelas sWirdeba<br />
sapensio danazogi. avadmyo<strong>fo</strong>bisa da umuSevrobisgan gansxvavebiT, moxucebulobis<br />
winaswar gaTvaliswineba, rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia.<br />
amgvar dazRvevas SvedeTSi koleqtiurad agvareben. pensiebs ZiriTadad<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Semowirulobebidan arigeben, kerZo sapensio danazogebis pirobebs<br />
ki mTavroba sistematurad auaresebs: Tu vinme dadgenili dabali gadasaxadis<br />
garda, damatebiT Tanxas Seitans kerZo sapensio <strong>fo</strong>ndSi, mas am Tanxaze orjer<br />
meti saSemosavlo gadasaxadi ekisreba.<br />
janmrTelobis dacva ZiriTadad municipaluri gadasaxadidan finansdeba.<br />
janmrTelobis dazRveva, romelic umuSevrobasac faravs, mTlianad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
daqvemdebarebaSia. mas faqtobrivad socuzrunvelyofa hqvia, magram<br />
riksdagma gasacemi daxmarebebis odenoba Seamcira da “SemowirulobaTa” didi<br />
nawili daxmarebebis garda sxva rameebsac afinansebs, amitom, es Semowiruloba<br />
ki ara wminda gadasaxadia.<br />
umuSevrobis dazRveva profkavSirul moZraobas ukavSirdeba. 1930-ian<br />
wlebSi Zlier musirebda azri umuSevrobis universaluri dazRvevis Sesaxeb.<br />
social-demokratiuli mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT umuSevrobis dazRveva<br />
profkavSirebs unda moegvarebina da profkavSirebis wevrobasTan unda yofiliyo<br />
dakavSirebuli, rac imas niSnavda, rom yvela iZulebuli iqneboda profkavSiris<br />
wevri gamxdariyo. profkavSirebSi amgvarad gawevrianebuli adamianebi<br />
koleqtiurad gaxdebodnen social-demokratiuli partiis wevrebi da maTi sawevro<br />
gadasaxadi partiis xazinas aavsebda.<br />
SvedeTSi umuSevrobis dazRveva kvlav am principzea agebuli. axla umu-<br />
Sevrobis dazRvevis Tanxis miReba profkavSirebis rigebis datovebis SemTxvevaSic<br />
SeiZleba, magram am uflebiT Zalian cota sargeblobs. umuSevrobis<br />
dazRvevis sawevro gadasaxadi Zalian dabalia da umuSevrobis dazRvevis Tanxebis<br />
95_98 procenti erovnuli biujetidan finansdeba. egreT wodebuli<br />
“umuSevrobis dazRveva” faqtobrivad Semweobaa, romlis 98 procenti gadasaxadebiT<br />
finansdeba.<br />
8. Tanasworobis damyareba<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
1960-iani wlebis dasasruls profkavSirebma (LO) TanasworobisTvis gaaCaRa<br />
brZola, rac anazRaurebaTa Soris gansxvavebis mospobas isaxavda miznad.<br />
kampaniam mediis masiuri mxardaWera moipova. erTi mxriv es imiT aixsneba,<br />
rom im <strong>dros</strong> industrializebul qveynebs marqsizmiT STagonebuli axalgazrdobis<br />
ajanyebebi moedo. male Tanasworoba politikosebis, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
mediis, mTavari sazrunavi gaxda. yvela movlenas, yvela problemas Tanasworobis<br />
WrilSi aRwerdnen da ganixilavdnen.<br />
politika da debatebi urTierTmxardamWeri da urTierTgamomdinare gaxldaT.<br />
yvela statiis, yvela satelevizio programis gansaxilveli umniSvnelovanesi<br />
Tema Tanasworobis aspeqti iyo. xSir SemTxvevaSi ugunurebis dasafarad<br />
rTuli urTierTdamokidebulebis gaanalizebis nacvlad “meti Tanasworobis”<br />
martivi moTxovna gaismoda.<br />
SvedeTSi Tanasworobis koncefcia mxolod araTanabar anazRaurebas an<br />
“usamarTlobas” ki ar ebrZoda, aramed yovelgvari gansxvavebulobis Seuwyna-
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
reblobaSi gadaizarda. “seriozuli” presa uWers mxars yovelgvari gansxvavebis<br />
aRmofxvras da “uTanasworobis” yovelgvar gamovlinebas akritikebs. es<br />
sabinao standartebsac ki exeba, Tundac am gansxvavebas sxvadasxva arCevani ganapirobebdes,<br />
magaliTad, axalgazrdebs ufro iafi bina urCeviaT, rom swavla<br />
da mogzauroba SeZlon, bavSvebiani ojaxebi ki ufro farTo sivrces aniWeben<br />
upiratesobas.<br />
axla SvedeTis mTavroba kanonis SemoRebas apirebs mokle samuSao dRis<br />
Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze pasuxismgebeli ministris mTavari argumenti is aris, rom<br />
yvelas Tanabari samuSao saaTebi unda hqondes. Tanasworobis koncefcia iqamde<br />
mivida, rom daJinebiT moiTxoven yvelaferi erTnairi iyos, rac sruliad spobs<br />
adre arsebul sxvadasxva individualuri arCevanis SesaZleblobas.<br />
profkavSirebis wyalobiT (LO) xelfasebi gadasaxadebis gadaxdamde da gadaxdis<br />
Semdeg Tanabaria. saxelfaso struqturaSi ZiriTadi saxelfaso nixrisa<br />
da “minimaluri xelfasebis zrdis” angariSebi erTmaneTs Seerwya. yvela profkavSiruli<br />
organizacia anazRaurebis imave gzas daadga. yoveli SeTanxmebis<br />
Semdeg xelfasebis zrdisTvis gamoyofili Tanxebis didi nawili minimaluri<br />
xelfasis CarCoebSi eqceoda. Tavdapirvelad, garkveuli samuSaosTvis Sesabamisi<br />
anazRaureba iyo gamiznuli, magram male yvelas Tanabari anazRaureba<br />
hqonda, imisda miuxedavad Tu ra saxis samuSaos asrulebda.<br />
dabalkvalificiur da maRalkvalificiur samuSaoTa anazRaurebas Soris<br />
sxvaoba Semcirda. sakvalifikacio premia — anu erTwliani gadamzadebis an<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis gamo micemuli damatebiTi anazRaureba — 1960-iani<br />
wlebis Semdeg ganaxevrda. amas daemata progresulad zrdadi gadasaxadebi da<br />
inflacia. 1971 wlidan gadasaxadebis progresuli zrda gaZlierda. inflaciis<br />
donemac maSinve aiwia. inflacias xelfasebic mihyva. problema is iyo, rom gadasaxadebis<br />
masStabebi inflaciasTan SesabamisobaSi ar iyo _ Tu Semosavals<br />
inflaciis kvaldakval gazrdidnen, gadasaxadi Semosavlis proporciulad imatebda.<br />
fiqsirebuli Tanxis SemTxvevaSi Semosavali ucvleli rCeboda, magram<br />
gadasaxadi am SemTxvevaSic izrdeboda.<br />
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) monacemebis<br />
Tanaxmad, SvedeTs am organizaciis wevr qveynebs Soris yvelaze mkacrad<br />
gaTanabrebuli Semosavlebi aqvs. minimalur Semosavalzedac ki SvedeTis gadasaxadis<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli 50 procents mainc Seadgens. amave <strong>dros</strong>, socuzrunvelyofis<br />
sistemidan miRebuli gadaricxvebi da socialuri daxmarebebi Zalian didia.<br />
es ki muSaobisa da investiciebis stimulis mospobas niSnavs.<br />
9. qveyana, romelic ar zogavs<br />
saukunis dasawyisidan moyolebuli, investiciebis koeficienti – anu investicia,<br />
rogorc mSp-s procenti — SvedeTSi gamudmebiT zeviT miiwevda. 1960iani<br />
wlebidan ki kleba daiwyo da 24 procentidan dReisTvis ukve 14<br />
procentamde Camovida. investiciebis didi nawili moZvelebuli kapitalis<br />
Secvlaze modis. ZiriTad kapitalze dabandebuli da, Sesabamisad, warmoebaSi<br />
Cadebuli axali investiciebi 1970 wels mSp-s 16 procents Seadgenda, 1998 wels<br />
ki 2 procentamde Camovida. es imas niSnavs, rom SvedeTis keTildReoba<br />
mcirdeba. didi xnis manZilze ojaxis danazogi SvedeTSi sxva qveynebTan<br />
SedarebiT saSualoze dabali iyo da 1970 _ 1990 wlebSi arsebuli Semosavlis 3-<br />
4 procents Seadgenda. daDnazogis dabali done mrewvelobisa da<br />
binaTmSeneblobisTvis problemas warmoadgens, radgan mSenebloba da warmoeba<br />
garkveuli raodenobis sakuTar kapitals moiTxovs. rac ufro mcirea danazogi,<br />
miT ufro rTuli xdeba biznesis wamowyeba. minimaluri danazogiT bevri ojaxi<br />
ver SeZlebs sakuTari saxlis SeZenas.<br />
minimaluri danazogebi logikuri Sedegia, radgan SvedeTma danazogis stimulic<br />
mospo da SesaZleblobac. pensiebic da socialuri dazRvevac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
xelSia, rac imas niSnavs, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> uzrunvelyofs pensias, avadmyo-<br />
31
32<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
<strong>fo</strong>bisa da umuSevrobis Semweobas da a.S. aravis aRar sWirdeba Savi dRisTvis ramis<br />
gadanaxva.<br />
maRali gadasaxadebi im Tanxebis konfiskacias axdens, rac ojaxs SeeZlo<br />
daezoga. Aamitom, danazogebs Semosavlis im nawilidan inaxaven, rac aucilebeli<br />
xarjebis dafarvis Semdeg rCeba, anu Semosavlis ukidures nawils. am Semosavals<br />
SvedeTis maRali gadasaxadi emuqreba, romelic adre 70_80 procenti iyo,<br />
axla ki daaxloebiT 60 procentia.<br />
saxlis SeZenas danazogi sWirdeba. omis Semdeg saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> didi sesxebiT<br />
exmareboda binaTmSeneblobas. adamianebs saxlis yidvisas didi danazogebi ar<br />
sWirdebodaT, radgan inflaciis <strong>dros</strong> maTi valebi avtomaturad Camoiwereboda.<br />
amitom, fulis sesxeba ioli iyo da ojaxs arc SeeZlo da arc sWirdeboda<br />
fulis dazogva.<br />
magram axla inflacia aRar aris. valebi avtomaturad ar Camoiwereba. bankebi<br />
pirad danazogebs moiTxovs da radgan Svedebs mniSvnelovani danazogebi ar<br />
aqvT, binaTmSeneblobam iklo _ 1997 wlis pirvel kvartalSi meoce saukunis<br />
yvelaze dabali ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli aRiniSna.<br />
social-demokratiuli mTavrobebi sistematurad cdilobdnen kerZo danazogebis<br />
Semcirebas da mis nacvlad koleqtiuri danazogebis gazrdas. 1960 wlis<br />
sapensio re<strong>fo</strong>rma arsebiTad danazogTa koleqtivizacias niSnavda. gadasaxadebis<br />
zrdam 1970 wlidan sruliad mospo kerZo danazogis SesaZlebloba. piradi<br />
sapensio danazogisTvis pirobebi gauaresda. albaT SvedeTi erTaderTi samrewvelo<br />
qveyanaa, romlis mTavroba Tavis moqalaqeebs moxucebulobisTvis danazogis<br />
Senaxvis saSualebas ar aZlevs.<br />
10. sajarimo gadasaxadebi aqciebze<br />
SvedeTSi saaqcio danazogebze mudam gacilebiT ufro maRal gadasaxads<br />
axdevinebdnen, vidre sxva <strong>fo</strong>rmis danazogebsa da Semosavlebze. 1991 wels dividendebis<br />
wils ormagi dabegvra mouwia: pirveli kompanias, xolo meore aqcionerebs<br />
daekisra. mTlianma gadasaxadma ganawilebul mogebaze 85_92 procenti<br />
Seadgina. es ormagi gadasaxadi 1993 wels arasocialisturma mTavrobam gaauqma,<br />
magram 1994 wels social-demokratiulma mTavrobam isev SemoiRo. saaqcio sazogadoebebi<br />
gacilebiT ufro mZimed ibegreba vidre sxva aqtivebi.<br />
aseTi sajarimo gadasaxadebis dakisreba sawarmoo danazogebze mxolod da<br />
mxolod imiT aixsneba, rom SvedeTis social-demokratiuli mTavroba veras<strong>dros</strong><br />
ver urigdeboda kerZo sakuTrebis arsebobas. social-demokratTa orive<br />
Zlieri ideologi _ nils karlbi da vilhelm landStedti — kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebul argumentebs uaryofs. orive egreT wodebul<br />
funqcionalur nacionalizacias moiTxovs. isini sakuTrebas ramdenime funqciad,<br />
anu sakuTrebis sxvadasxva uflebad yofen da am funqciebis nacionalizacias<br />
moTxoven. aqedan gamomdinare, sakuTrebis Tavdapirveli mflobeli am sakuTrebis<br />
srulfasovani gamoyenebisa da misi SemosavliT sargeblobis yvela<br />
SesaZleblobas kargavs. mas Tavisi sakuTreba mxolod finansuri gadasaxadebis<br />
valdebulebasa da zaralsRa moutans.<br />
funqcionaluri nacionalizacia ZiriTadad kerZo saxlebis rentisTvis gamoiyeneba.<br />
is ar SeiZleba srulad Seexos did korporaciebs, radgan maT ucxoeTSi<br />
gadasvla SeuZliaT.<br />
korporaciuli mogebis 90-procentianma konfiskaciurma dabegvram biznesis<br />
momgebianobas wertili dausva, radgan miRebuli mogebidan aqcionerebs<br />
Semosavali aRar rCebodaT.D Sesabamisad, mogeba kompaniaSi rCeboda, rac gulisxmobda,<br />
rom investiciebi istoriulad momgebian firmebSi iyrida Tavs.<br />
magram istoriuli momgebianoba avtomaturad ver migviyvans momaval mogebamde.<br />
ekonomikaSi mogeba bazarze unda dagrovdes da misi xelaxali investireba<br />
im seqtorebSi, firmebsa da proeqtebSi unda moxdes, romlebic umaRles<br />
mogebas moitanen. magram SvedeTis sagadasaxado sistema amas SeuZlebels xdis.<br />
mogeba Zvel firmebs darCa, maTi momavali ki gaurkvevelia.
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
saaqcio dividendebis konfiskatoruli dabegvra Sveduri samrewvelo<br />
struqturis dakonservebas uwyobs xels. mrewveloba, romelic specialur<br />
ganaTlebas moiTxovs, mag., farmacevtika da eleqtronika, karg mdgomareobaSia,<br />
magram saerTaSoriso standartebiT es mxolod mrewvelobis mcire nawils Seadgens.<br />
amis mizezi is aris, rom dabegvra mogebis Zveli mrewvelobidan axalze<br />
gadatanas SeuZlebels xdis. es gadasaxadebi mesakuTreobis, kerZod, aqcionerebisadmi<br />
mtrulad ganwyobis Sedegia, ramac Sesabamisi samrewvelo struqtura<br />
Camoayaliba. distribuciuli politikiT nakarnaxevi aqcionerebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
kampania mniSvnelovnad gasaTvaliswinebeli gaxda.<br />
11. Zalauflebis konstituciuri koncentracia<br />
1970 wlidan SvedeTs erTpalatiani parlamenti _ riksdagi _ hyavs. yvela<br />
sakiTxi ubralo umravlesobiT wydeba. umciresobis konstituciuri usafr-<br />
Txoeba Zalian sustia. <strong>fo</strong>rmalurad sakuTrebis uflebebs kanoni icavs, magram<br />
is ise bundovnad aris dawerili, rom saparlamento umravlesobas SeuZlia<br />
kerZo sakuTrebas rogorc moesurveba ise moeqces.<br />
saparlamento umravlesobis 51 procentiT mTavrobas SeuZlia Tavisi<br />
survilisamebr imoqmedos. SvedeTis saparlamento sistemaSi kontrolisa da<br />
balansis meqanizmi ar arsebobs. umravlesobis 51 procenti yvelafers wyvets.<br />
Svedebs konstituciuri sasamarTlo ar gaaCniaT. mTavrobis xelSi uzomod didi<br />
Zalauflebaa Tavmoyrili.<br />
sxva qveynebs lobirebis sistemebi aqvT, riTac parlamentze gavlenis moxdenas<br />
cdiloben. studentebs aswavlian, rom SvedeTSi lobistebi ar arseboben,<br />
magram, sinamdvileSi, lobistebma Tavad parlamentSi gadainacvles. dainteresebulma<br />
organizaciebma aliansi Seqmnes social-demokratebTan da am<br />
gziT TavianTi warmomadgenlebi gaiCines parlamentSi. didi xnis manZilze miRebuli<br />
iyo, rom soflis meurneobis mudmivmoqmedi komitetis Tavmjdomare<br />
fermeri unda yofiliyo da mSenebelTa profkavSirebis Tavmjdomare _ binaTmSeneblobis<br />
mudmivmoqmedi komitetis Tavmjdomare.<br />
mmarTveli partiis, social-demokratiuli partiis mTavari<br />
damfinansebeli SvedeTis profkavSirebia. <strong>fo</strong>rmalurad profkavSiris yvela<br />
wevri koleqtiurad miiRes partiaSi (da sawevro gadasaxadebs ixdian). axla<br />
profkavSiris wevrebi partiis wevrebic arian, magram partia Semosavlis did nawils<br />
profkavSirebidan Rebulobs.<br />
isini droulad da srulad ixdian Tanxas, samagierod ki sxva sargeblobas<br />
elian. es gulisxmobs im kanonebs, rac maT mraval uflebas aniWebs, mag., patara<br />
firmebis daCagvris, saxelfaso xelSekrulebebiT faswarmoqmnis monopoliis,<br />
kompaniis mier muSaxelisTvis privilegiebis micemaze vetos dadebis uflebas<br />
da sxv.<br />
SvedeTis konstitucia sakuTrebis uflebas naklebad icavs. konstituciuri<br />
aqtis me-2 Tavis me-14 seqciaSi am uflebas aseTi <strong>fo</strong>rmulireba aqvs:<br />
“yoveli moqalqis sakuTrebis ufleba uzrunvelyofilia imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
dauSvebelia sakuTrebis iZulebiT gasxviseba eqspropriaciis gziT an sxva<br />
msgavsi wesiT; dauSvebelia miwis an SenobiT sargeblobis SezRudva garda im<br />
SemTxvevisa, rodesac amas saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> interesebis dacvis aucilebloba<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
iZulebiTi eqspropriaciiT an sxva wesiT CamorTmeuli qoneba Sesabamisi safasuriT<br />
anazRaurdeba... safasuri dadgindeba kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT”.<br />
aq ori ram sruliad gaugebaria.<br />
konstitucia ar ganmartavs ras gulisxmobs “saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> interesebis dacvis<br />
aucilebloba”, rac individis pirad sakuTrebaSi Carevis uflebas iZleva.<br />
kompensaciis kanonSi naTqvami ar aris, rom individs sruli Rirebuleba<br />
unda gadauxadon. piriqiT, dadgenilebebSi uamrav mizezs asaxeleben, Tu ratom<br />
ar iZleva kanoni sakuTrebis sabazro Rirebulebis kompensaciis garantias.<br />
33
34<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
gamoTqma ,,kerZo sakuTreba” konstituciis teqstSi arsad ar gvxvdeba.<br />
ufro metic, konstitucia gadasaxadebis zRvars ar awesebs. saparlamento<br />
umravlesobas araferi ar abrkolebs, rom gadasaxadebi Tundac Semosavlis 100<br />
procentamde an ufro zeviT aswios (dResac ki, SvedeTSi uamravi mdidari<br />
adamiani gadasaxadebSi imaze mets ixdis, vidre Semosavali aqvs). am gziT gadasaxadebs<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis dasusteba SeuZlia.<br />
sakuTrebis dacva kerZo investiciebis ZiriTadi prerekvizitia. amgvari saimedo<br />
dacvis gareSe veravin gabedavs investirebas.<br />
V. umuSevroba permanentuli gaxda<br />
_ Sromisunariani mosaxleobis 20 procenti, anu erTi milioni adamiani ar<br />
muSaobs an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Sromis bazridan aris gaZevebuli, rac mZime<br />
tvirTad awevs mSromel xalxs.<br />
ratom?<br />
umuSevrobis SemcirebaSi SvedeTs sami faqtori uSlis xels:<br />
1. maRali minimaluri xelfasebi. profkavSirebma saxelfaso faswarmoqmnis<br />
monopolia aiRes xelSi da aTwleulebis manZilze minimalur xelfass zrdidnen<br />
da maqsimalurs zRudavdnen. amis gamo, minimaluri xelfasebi Zalian gaizarda<br />
(,,damsaqmebelTa SemowirulobebiT” riksdagma muSaxelis saxelfaso xarjebi<br />
kidev ufro gazarda). profkavSirebi da riksdagi iseT politikas atareben, rom<br />
mraval adamians, gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdobas, samuSaos Sovnis SesaZlebloba<br />
ar aqvs. maTi Sromis sufTa Rirebuleba gacilebiT dabalia imaze, rac<br />
damsaqmebels maTi dasaqmeba daujdeba. amasTan erTad, yovelgvar momsaxurebaze<br />
25 procentiani dRg-s dawesebam sagadasaxado veqtori kidev ufro metad<br />
gadaxara, anu ufro didi gansxvavebaa klientis mier gadaxdil Tanxasa da<br />
muSebis anazRaurebas Soris;<br />
2. minimalur Semosavlebze imdenad maRali gadasaxadebia, rom aseTi xelfasebis<br />
farglebSi xalxi verc ki gaigebs xelfasi rom Seumciron;<br />
3. ZiriTadi xelfasebi Zalian maRalia. isini, vinc samuSaos ver Souloben an<br />
dabal anazRaurebaze muSaoba ar surT, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> daxmarebebiT arseboben,<br />
rac samuSaos Zebnis stimuls ukargavT.<br />
VI. zrdis stimuli Sesustda<br />
SvedeTis ekonomikis ZiriTadi problema is aris, rom zrda Semcirda, da<br />
ekonomikam moqniloba dakarga. miuxedavad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sesxis sayovelTao xelmisawvdomobisa,<br />
umuSevroba mainc 20 procents Seadgens. 1921-22 wlebSi SvedeTma<br />
Soki ganicada. omisdroindeli ayvavebis periodi moulodnelad dasrulda.<br />
warmoeba, dasaqmeba da xelfasebi 15_20 procentiT Semcirda. ekonomikas<br />
Ziri gamoecala.<br />
magram 1923 wlidan yvelaferi waRma Setrialda. 1920-iani wlebis dasasruls<br />
yovelwliuri zrda 5_10 procents Seadgenda. Zveli gakotrebuli firmebi<br />
axlebma Secvala. amis erT-erTi mizezi is iyo, rom sagadasaxado koeficienti<br />
10 procents Seadgenda, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis maqsimaluri done ki 17<br />
procents. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, axali kompaniis gaxsna xelsayreli iyo.<br />
sakiTxavia, 1922 wels sagadasaxado tvirTi 70 procenti rom yofiliyo, ramdeni<br />
axali firma gaixsneboda?<br />
konkurenciisa da teqnologiebis internacionalizacia mkacrad ayenebs<br />
cvlilebebisa da Sesworebebis aucileblobis sakiTxs. SvedeTs patara, Ria<br />
ekonomika aqvs, rac mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sagareo vaWrobasTan. amitom,<br />
konkurencias rom gauZlos, regulirebis kargi meqanizmebi unda hqondes.<br />
problema is aris, rom sagadasaxado da saerTo proteqcionistulma kanonmdeblobam<br />
iseTi mtkice barierebi Seqmna, rom misi Secvla Znelia.<br />
Tu saqme waxdeba, Svedebma mxolod sakuTar Tavs unda daabralon.
nils-erik sendbergi, “ra daemarTa SvedeTs?”<br />
cxrilebi<br />
yovelwliuri mogeba<br />
ganaTlebaze, procentebSi<br />
avstralia 1976 21.2<br />
safrangeTi 1976 20.0<br />
germania 1978 10.5<br />
didi britaneTi 1978 23.0<br />
iaponia 1976 8.8<br />
SvedeTi<br />
wyaro: ekonomikuri<br />
1974 6.9<br />
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis<br />
organizaciis (OECD) ekonomikuri<br />
gamokiTxva, parizi, 1995.<br />
inveticiebis koeficienti,<br />
anu mTliani investicia,<br />
rogorc mSp-is procenti<br />
weli investicia<br />
1950 18.50<br />
1955 20.70<br />
1960 22.80<br />
1965 24.80<br />
1970 22.30<br />
1975 20.80<br />
1980 20.00<br />
1985 19.30<br />
1990 21.80<br />
1995 13.60<br />
ekonomikis wminda danazogebi da wminda<br />
investiciebi mSp procentebSi<br />
weli wminda danazogi wminda investicia<br />
1970 16.30 16.10<br />
1975 13.60 14.10<br />
1980 8.90 9.00<br />
1985 8.20 6.80<br />
1990 8.30 8.20<br />
1995 4.90 2.90<br />
wyaro: SCB, KI<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ucxouri vali,<br />
miliardi Sveduri krona (BNSEK)<br />
zRvruli gadasaxadi 1921-1996 wlebi. Semosavlebi 1996 wlis<br />
fasebis mixedviT.<br />
weli investicia<br />
Sveduri krona 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981<br />
150000 13.7 14.7 40.8 49.5 82.6<br />
250000 16.1 18.1 40.9 60.6 74.6<br />
400000 17.6 17.9 3.3 60.8 80<br />
1977 10.43<br />
1980 43.33<br />
1985 139.00<br />
1990 116.00<br />
1992 381.00<br />
35
36<br />
gamoqveynda 1998 wels<br />
Hrojer duglasi<br />
Targmna paata SeSeliZem<br />
rojer duglasi 1984 -1988 wlebSi axali zelandiis leiboristuli<br />
mTavrobis finansTa ministri iyo da Tanamedrove msoflio istoriaSi<br />
erT-erT yvelaze radikalur sabazro urTierTobebze orientirebul<br />
ekonomikur re<strong>fo</strong>rmaze agebda pasuxs. warmatebebisa da damsaxurebiTvis<br />
mieniWa “ser”-is tituli<br />
warmatebuli ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi<br />
sakiTxi, romelsac dRes minda Sevexo, mokled rom vTqva, aris mdgomareoba,<br />
romelSic axali zelandia aRmoCnda 1984 wlisTvis. amasTanave, Sevexebi imas, Tu<br />
rogor movaxerxeT gamovsuliyaviT im qaosidan. davaxasiaTeb politikas, romelic<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> ganvaxorcieleT mTeli am problemebis gadasaWrelad. ufro detalurad<br />
ki im Sedegebze SevCerdebi, romlebic am politikis ganxorcielebam moitana.<br />
bolos im politikur da ekonomikur gakveTilebs gagacnobT, romlis<br />
swavlac SeiZleba axali zelandiis gamocdilebidan.<br />
mokled axali zelandiis warsuli ekonomikuri problemebis Sesaxeb<br />
1984 wlamde ganvlil aTwleulSi axali zelandiis ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli saSualod iyo ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis<br />
saSualo monacemis naxevris toli, xolo inflacia _ amave monacemebis<br />
saSualoze 1,5-jer maRali. samTavrobo xarjebi Sida erovnuli<br />
produqciis 29 procentidan 39 procentamde gaizarda, romlis didi nawilic<br />
sxvadasxva samTavrobo biznessaagentoebSi iyo dafaruli. sufTa saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
davalianeba 6-jer gaizarda da am valebis momsaxurebis fasma 6,5 procentidan<br />
daaxloebiT 20 procentamde aiwia. umuSevroba gaizarda 5 000-dan 132 000-mde<br />
da ar arsebobda misi SeCerebis araviTari niSani. Tuki ufro grZelvadian<br />
perspeqtivaSi ganvixilavT movlenebs 1984 wlamde ganvlili 25 wlis manZilze,<br />
axali zelandiis produqtiulobis saSualo yovelwliuri zrda yvelaze dabali<br />
iyo ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris. axali zelandiis cxovrebis SedarebiTi<br />
standarti msoflioSi mesame adgilidan, romelic mas eWira 1950-ian wlebSi,<br />
sadRac 20-mde Camovida. sxvagvarad rom SevxedoT, 1960 wlidan 1990 wlamde<br />
axal zelandias rom moexerxebina mieRwia ganviTarebuli msoflios zrdis<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblisTvis, <strong>Cven</strong>i cxovrebis standarti 1990 wels iqneboda orjer ufro<br />
meti vidre is iyo realurad. es miuTiTebs Tu ramdenad mZime iyo qveynis<br />
mdgomareoba im periodSi. amis kidev erTi ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebelia is, rom 1967 wels 1 axalzelandiuri<br />
dolari udrida 1,43 aSS dolars. 1984 wlisTvis is 43 aSS centis<br />
tolfasi iyo.<br />
ra iyo ekonomikuri reJimis kontrolis ZiriTadi elementebi rodesac <strong>Cven</strong><br />
movediT xelisuflebaSi 1984 wels? dadgenilebebiT gayinuli iyo yvela xelfasi,<br />
fasebi, dividendebi, renta da saprocento ganakveTebi. aseve gayinuli iyo<br />
yvela samTavrobo momsaxurebis fasi da gadasaxadebi. <strong>Cven</strong> kontroli gvqonda<br />
dawesebuli valutis gadacvlaze, romelic sarezervo bankis mier dadgenili<br />
wesebiT zRudavda yvela gadaricxvas ucxour valutaSi. aseve gvqonda dawesebuli<br />
raodenobrivi licenzireba importze, raTa dagvecva erovnuli bazari da<br />
dagveTmo igi adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebisTvis. <strong>Cven</strong> gvqonda mniSvnelovani<br />
subsidireba yvela didi saeqsporto seqtorisTvis. gvqonda Zalian maRali tarifebi<br />
im produqciaze, romelic adgilobriv bazarze iwarmoeboda da _ dabali<br />
an nulovani tarifebi <strong>Cven</strong>i industriisTvis. gvqonda moTxovnebi finansuri<br />
organizaciebis mimarT, SeenarCunebinaT samTavrobo obligaciebi bazarze<br />
arsebulze dabali saprocento ganakveTebiT.<br />
arsebobda akrZalva, rom sazogadoebrivi seqtoris sapensio <strong>fo</strong>ndebi arsad<br />
ar dabandebuliyo samTavrobo aqciebis garda. <strong>Cven</strong> gvqonda farTomasStabiani
ojer duglasi, “warmatebuli ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi”<br />
sakanonmdeblo dacva da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> mflobelobaSi iyo arasabazro seqtorebi:<br />
transporti, energia, komunikaciebi, finansebi, mSenebloba da sxv.<br />
rogor aRmoCnda axali zelandia am tipis struqturul disbalansSi? pirvel<br />
rigSi, rac samTavrobo politikam daamaxinja, iyo msoflio ekonomikuri<br />
procesebidan momdinare fasebis signalebi resursebis saukeTesod gamoyenebis<br />
Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT es Seexeboda tarifebisa da importis kontrols.<br />
resursebis efeqtianad gamoyenebiT ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevis magivrad<br />
makroekonomikuri politika koncentrirebuli iyo stabilurobis Senar-<br />
Cunebaze. maregulirebeli politika, romelSic me vgulisxmob Sromis, vaWrobis<br />
da komerciuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb kanonebs, mimarTuli iyo efeqtianobisa<br />
da inovaciis sawinaaRmdegod. isini gamoyenebuli iyo proteqciisa da<br />
stabilizaciisTvis. inflaciam da sagadasaxado politikam resursebi riskiani<br />
anda araproduqtiuli saqmianobisken mimarTa. finansurma kontrolma gamoiwvia<br />
kapitalis araefeqtiani bazris Camoyalibeba. socialurma politikam Sedegad<br />
moitana maRali zRvruli sagadasaxado ganakveTebi da ZviradRirebuli<br />
yovelmxrivi privilegiebi. samTavrobo saagentoebis mmarTveloba iyo Zalian<br />
dabalkvalificiuri, eqvemdebareboda proteqcias, xorcieldeboda subsidiebi<br />
da gavlenas axdenda qveynis resursebis didi nawilis gamoyenebaze. mTavrobis<br />
administraciuli saqmianoba ver pasuxobda cvalebad prioritetebs da araadekvaturi<br />
iyo efeqtianobis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
ra politika gavatareT axal zelandiaSi rom migveRwia struqturuli<br />
cvlilebisTvis 1984 wlis Semdeg?<br />
visTvisac sruliad ucnobia ra cvlilebebi moxda axal zelandiaSi, jobs ar<br />
scadon momxdari cvlilebebis yvela detalSi garkveva. sanacvlod me gTavazobT<br />
yuradReba miaqcioT cvlilebis masStabur xasiaTs da logikurobas, romelic<br />
axasiaTebda cvlilebebs.<br />
politikis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi: Sida savaWro sazRvris dacvis moxsna, Sida savaWro<br />
sazRvris dacva, sabaJo tarifebi da importis licenzireba miznad isaxavda<br />
saSinao produqciis zrdas. amis magivrad, maTi ZiriTadi efeqti iyo produqciis<br />
SesaZlo speqtris Semcireba da fasebis gazrda. amas Sedegad mohyva axali<br />
zelandiis konkurentunarianobis Semcireba da msoflio vaWrobis procesSi<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>i monawileobis Semcireba.<br />
ra politika gavatareT <strong>Cven</strong> situaciis gamosasworeblad?<br />
pirveli nabiji iyo Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba axal zelandiasa da<br />
avstralias Soris, rac gulisxmobda Tavisufal vaWrobas erTmaneTis bazarze.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> gavauqmeT importis licenzireba 1980-iani wlebis SuaSi. SevamcireT tarifebi<br />
da dagegmilia maTi sruli gauqmeba 2003 wlisTvis.<br />
cvlilebebis Semdegi sfero iyo mrewvelobisadmi daxmarebis likvidacia.<br />
gazrdili saSinao xarjebis kompensaciisa da Sida savaWro sazRvris dacvis Sedegad<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> ganviTarebuli gvqonda subsidiebis mzardi speqtri da eqsportis<br />
daxmarebis garantiebi. es subsidiebi vrceldeboda fermerul sferoSic ki, iseve,<br />
rogorc Semosavlebis mxardaWerasa da Semowirulobebis subsidirebaze. ra<br />
zomebi miviReT am sferoSi? gavauqmeT fasebisa da Semosavlebis maregulirebeli<br />
kanonebi. 5_ 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi gavauqmeT fermeruli subsidiebi. gavauqmeT<br />
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi eqsportiorebisTvis. gavauqmeT yvela saeqsporto<br />
garantia da dabalprocentiani sasesxo valdebulebebi. amJamad axali zeladiis<br />
rogorc fermeruli, ise industriuli sferoebi msoflio sabazro fasebze<br />
dayrdnobiT izrdeba da farTovdeba.<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis mesame sfero iyo sagadasaxado re<strong>fo</strong>rma. <strong>Cven</strong> gavauqmeT savaWro<br />
gadasaxadebi ise, rom yvela produqcia Tanabrad dabegriliyo. axal zelandiaSi<br />
arsebuli sabiTumo savaWro gadasaxadi Zalian arasrulyofili iyo. <strong>Cven</strong><br />
SemovitaneT produqciisa da momsaxurebis gadasaxadi, anu, Tu gnebavT dRg<br />
yvela produqtze Tanabari ganakveTiT mTeli qveynis masStabiT, finansuri servisebis<br />
garda. <strong>Cven</strong> SevamcireT saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis zRvari erT<br />
37
38<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
dolarze 66 centidan 33 centamde, xolo axali zelandiis mosaxleobis umetesoba<br />
ibegreba 19,5 centiT. amJamad kompaniisa da kerZo piris gadasaxadebi gaTanabrebulia.<br />
Zveli yavlgasuli reJimi, romelic zogierTi industriis mimarT<br />
favoritizmiT gamoirCeoda, sabolood Cabarda istorias.<br />
infrastruqturis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo<br />
mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganxorcielda transportisa da<br />
komunikaciebis sferoSi. rkinigzis mimarT yvela proteqcionistuli meqanizmi<br />
moixsna. manamde axal zelandiaSi rkinigza sruli proteqciis qveS imyofeboda.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> SevwyviteT portebis regulireba da movaxdineT maTi privatizacia.<br />
tvirTis fasebi da saporto xarjebi realurad 50 procentiT Semcirda.<br />
saSinao bazarze aviakompania Air New Zealand-is monopolia Seicvala avstraliis<br />
aviakompania ANZI-sTan konkurenciiT. mogvianebiT moxda Air New Zealand-is privatizacia.<br />
konkurentul da tenderul safuZvelze gadavida saavtobuso mimosvlac.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> davuSviT Tavisufleba taqsebis momsaxurebaSi. aq aRar aris arc gadasaxadi<br />
da arc licenzia.<br />
aseve gaiyida satelekomunikacio kompania Telecom New Zealand-ic. yovelive amis<br />
Sedegi ki is iyo, rom fasebma dabla daiwia. Sida komunikaciebi gaxda ufro<br />
swrafi, zogierT SemTxevaSi imas, rasac manamde sWirdeboda 1 Tve, dRes 1 dRe<br />
sWirdeba. Sromis saministro, romelsac monopolia hqonda _ aeSenebina yvela<br />
Senoba axal zelandiaSi da a.S., jer korporaciad gadakeTda da Semdeg<br />
privatizda. tele-radio speqtri auqcionze gaiyida maTze, vinc yvelaze Zviri<br />
gadaixada. <strong>Cven</strong> albaT yvelaze meti radiosadguri gvaqvs vidre sadme mTel<br />
msoflioSi.<br />
konkurentuli politika<br />
msoflios bevr qveyanaSi arseboben eqspertebi, romlebic detalurad swavloben<br />
sxvadasxva monopoliebis an servisebis dominanturi mimwodeblebis moRvaweobas.<br />
maT saqmianobaSi igulixmeba monopoliebis operaciebis Seswavla da<br />
manipulirebisagan bazris dacva. magram axal zelandiaSi ar gvyavs aseTi eqspertebi.<br />
samagierod <strong>Cven</strong> veyrdnobiT konkurencias, romelsac icavs bazarze<br />
Sesvlis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi wesebi, romelic ar uSvebs, rom bazarze<br />
monopolisturi kontroli dawesdes. mTavroba arc erTi sawarmos privatizacias<br />
ar axdenda vidre ar darwmundeboda, rom am sferoSi realuri konkurencia<br />
iqneboda. zustad konkurencias eyrdnoba mTavroba, rogorc ZiriTad<br />
wyaros fasebis mkveTri zrdis profilaqtikisTvis. jerjerobiT es ndoba amar-<br />
Tlebs. amis ZiriTadi dadasturebaa fasebis Semcireba warsulSi mTavrobis mier<br />
kontrolirebadi sawarmoebis produqciaze da konkurenciis gaumjobeseba<br />
axali zelandiis ekonomikis TiTqmis yvela seqtorSi.<br />
finansuri bazrebis cvlilebebi<br />
finansur bazrebze Sesvlis kontroli gauqmda. axla msoflios nebismier<br />
banks, romelsac SeuZlia daadasturos Tavisi finansuri simyare, SeuZlia ai-<br />
Ros licenzia axal zelandiaSi. <strong>Cven</strong> gavauqmeT <strong>fo</strong>rmaluri kontroli bankebsa<br />
da finansur Suamavlebze, rogoricaa magaliTad, procentis specialuri normebi<br />
an investiciebis SezRudva gansazRvrul seqtorebSi. inflaciis kontrolis<br />
amocanaa misi SenarCuneba 0-dan 3 procentamde da am miznis misaRwevad arsebobs<br />
sajaro kontraqti finansTa saministrosa da sarezervo bankis mmar-<br />
Tvels Soris.<br />
sarezervo banks aqvs moqmedebis damoukidebloba. sxvadasxva saxis politika,<br />
romelic <strong>Cven</strong> Sromis bazarze gavatareT, iyo: ufro sworxazovani sagadasaxado<br />
skalis SemoReba; socialuri dacvis gadaxdebis Semcireba da maTi<br />
mimarTva imaTze, visac es marTla sWirdebodaT. adresatebi ganisazRvreba ufro<br />
mkacri kriteriumebiT; sawvrTneli kursebi da swavleba umuSevrebisTvis.
ojer duglasi, “warmatebuli ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi”<br />
sawarmoo urTierTobis kanoni<br />
adre <strong>Cven</strong> gvqonda sawarmoo urTierTobis mkacrad regulirebuli da<br />
centralizebuli sistema. kanoni inarCunebda savaldebulo wevrobas profesiul<br />
kavSirebSi, erovnul saxelfaso normebs sxvadasxva profesiebisTvis,<br />
rasac <strong>Cven</strong> premiebs veZaxdiT da savaldebulo arbitraJs sakamaTo SemTxvevebSi.<br />
dasaqmebis sferoSi Zalian SezRuduli iyo moqniloba da samuSaoebis Sefardebebi<br />
Zalian xisti iyo. amdenad, xelfasebi erTmaneTze iyo gadajaWvuli.<br />
1990-ian wlebSi mTeli rigi cvlilebebi gatarda, magram 1991 wels miRebuli<br />
dasaqmebis kontraqtebis kanoni maT Soris albaT umniSvnelovanesi iyo.<br />
dRes ukve gvaqvs Tavisufali profkavSiri. axalma kanonma gaauqma savaldebulo<br />
profkavSirebi. sanacvlod kanoni gulisxmobs, rom mosamsaxure individualurad<br />
awarmoebs molaparakebas damqiravebelTan. is nebas aZlevs mosamsaxures<br />
daiqiraos agenti xelfasis pirobebis SesaTanxmeblad. es agenti SeiZleba<br />
iyos, da ZiriTadad aris kidec, profkavSiri, Tumca es ar aris erTaderTi<br />
SesaZlo agenti.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> gvaqvs sawarmoo SeTanxmebebic. aseve gavauqmeT erovnuli sapremio sistema.<br />
sanacvlod, xelfasebis SeTanxmeba xdeba samuSao kontraqtebis mixedviT.<br />
damqiraveblebs da maT personals pirvelad miecaT saSualeba sakontraqto molaparakeba<br />
awarmoon maTi konkretuli samsaxuris pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
ukve aRar aris savaldebulo erTi da imave profesiis adamianebs mTeli qveynis<br />
masStabiT erTnairi xelfasebi mieceT. aseTma moqnilma sistemam mniSvnelovnad<br />
gazarda samuSao adgilebi axal zelandiaSi. axla ukve gvaqvs myari sakontraqto<br />
pirobebi. yvela kontraqtSi gaTvaliswinebulia garkveuli vada, romelsac<br />
gansazRvraven kontraqtori mxareebi. kontraqtis moqmedebis vadaSi gaficva<br />
an sawarmos daxurva kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
arakanonier qmedebad iTvleba. aman ganapiroba samewarmeo urTierTobebis<br />
simyare.<br />
mTlianobaSi yvela es cvlileba xels uwyobs axali stimulebis da SesaZleblobebis<br />
gaCenas produqtiulobis gazrdisa da dasaqmebis saSualebiT.<br />
samTavrobo re<strong>fo</strong>rma — cvlilebis meoTxe mimarTuleba<br />
bevrisTvis samTavrobo administrireba aris raRac ezoTeruli sagani, romelsac<br />
ar Tvlian ekonomikuri menejmentis centralur nawilad. axal zelandiaSi<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba gvaqvs. vTvliT, rom SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri<br />
procesis efeqtianobis miRweva, Tuki ekonomikuri urTierTobebis udidesi<br />
monawile, mTavroba, araefeqtiania. samTavrobo danaxarjebi axali zelandiis<br />
biujetSi Seadgens 30 procentze mets. amdenad eqsportiorebisTvis SeuZlebelia<br />
saerTaSoriso konkurenciis SenarCuneba, Tu amisTvis saWiro samTavrobo<br />
momsaxureba araefeqtiania. axali zelandiis mTavari re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi mTavrobasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi sam sferoSi ganxorcielda: pirvel rigSi <strong>Cven</strong> gavakeTeT<br />
samTavrobo departamentebis korporatizacia da Semdeg privatizacia. magali-<br />
Tad, rkinigzis sitemaSi tvirTgadazidvis xarjebi Semcirda 50 procentiT. 1984<br />
wels am sistemaSi muSaobda 22 000 adamiani. dRes ki maTi ricxvi 4 500-ia da<br />
tvirTgadazidvac mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. igive exeba portebsac da mTel rig<br />
yofil samTavrobo struqturebs. mogvianebiT am sakiTxs isev davubrundebi.<br />
meore sfero aris dasaqmeba sazogadoebriv seqtorSi. samTavrobo menejmentis<br />
cvlilebebi ganxorcielda instituciur struqturebsa da dasaqmebis<br />
sistemaSi. manamde <strong>Cven</strong> gvqonda sistema, romelSic mTeli sicocxlis vadiT daniSnuli<br />
momsaxureebi muSaobdnen administratorebad da atarebdnen samTavrobo<br />
politikas. isini iyvnen MmTeli sicocxlis vadiT imdenad, ramdenadac maTi<br />
gaTavisufleba ver xerxdeboda. <strong>Cven</strong> gadavediT sistemaze, sadac mTavari Stati<br />
muSaobs araumetes 5 wliani kontraqtis safuZvelze da xelfasi ganisazRvreba<br />
Sesrulebuli samuSaos mixedviT. maRali rangis momsaxureebisTvis <strong>Cven</strong><br />
vakansiebs vacxadebT mTeli msoflios masStabiT. magaliTad, <strong>Cven</strong> mier gamocxadebuli<br />
xazinis Tavmjdomarisa da jandacvis departamentis Tavmjdomaris va-<br />
39
40<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
kansiebze yvela msurvelis gancxadeba ganixileboda. es iyo udidesi cvlileba.<br />
sajaro momsaxureebs eniSneba premiebi da ar mgonia, rom romelime departaments<br />
dRes gadaWarbebuli xarjebi hqondes. departamentis xelmZRvanels ar<br />
unda misi premiis dakargva.<br />
cvlilebis kidev erTi sfero, romelzec me SevCerdebi, aris samTavrobo<br />
finansuri menejmenti. <strong>Cven</strong> gadavediT angariSebis sistemidan, romelic iwyeboda<br />
martSi da eyrdnoboda naRdi fulis sabuRaltro meTods da <strong>fo</strong>kusirdeboda<br />
Senatanebis sistemaze, romelic iwyeboda ivnisSi da eyrdnoboda daricxvis me-<br />
Tods da orientirebuli iyo Sedegebze. es iyo dramatuli cvlileba sabuRaltro<br />
saqmeebSi da mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxis yvela aspeqtSi. amis<br />
simboluri gamoxatva aris mTavrobis balansi da mogeba-wagebis angariSi. me ver<br />
SevZleb ise detalurad visaubro am sakiTxze, rogorc es msurs, magram, neba momeciT<br />
Sevexo erT an or aspeqts. sajaro dawesebulebebis sabuRaltro sistemis<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis siRrmiseuli mizezi aris qonebis gamoyenebisa da menejmentis da<br />
produqciis warmoebisa da servisebis Sesaxeb in<strong>fo</strong>rmaciis miRebis srulyofili<br />
saSualebis Seqmna.<br />
mTlianobaSi, finansuri reglamentacia Tavidan Seiqmna, raTa pasuxi gascemoda<br />
mTel rig SekiTxvebs menejmentis safuZvlebis sferodan. ras vyidulobT?<br />
Zveli sistemis pirobebSi <strong>Cven</strong> viRebdiT xarjebs, magram warmodgena ar gvqonda<br />
Tu risTvis viRebdiT am xarjebs. <strong>Cven</strong> aseve vikiTxeT ra Rirda es? Zveli sistemis<br />
pirobebSi <strong>Cven</strong> vicodiT ramdeni gadavixadeT yvela mocemuli wlisTvis,<br />
magram ar gagvaCnda raime sazomi mimdinare fasebisTvis. risTvis gamoiyeneba kapitali?<br />
vin aris pasuxismgebeli? es iyo is kiTxvebi, romelic <strong>Cven</strong> davsviT da<br />
pasuxic gaveciT.<br />
ra cvlilebebi gavatareT <strong>Cven</strong>? axla gvaqvs kontraqtebi SedegisTvis.<br />
gvaqvs kontraqtebis sistema ministrTan. politikosebi ukavSirdebian departaments<br />
Sedegis miRebis mizniT. is, Tu ra socialuri miznis miRwevaa dasaxuli,<br />
aris ministris gadasawyveti. masve evaleba SearCios Tu ra Sedegis miReba surs<br />
departamentisagan. xazinis SemTxvevaSi, romlis ministric me viyavi, yvela sferoSi,<br />
iqneboda es warmoeba, socialuri politika Tu sagadasaxado, <strong>Cven</strong> gavake-<br />
TeT CamonaTvali Tu ra esaWiroeboda sxva an <strong>Cven</strong>s departaments. momdevno svetSi<br />
CamovwereT ra midgoma iqneboda saWiro TiToeuli sakiTxisadmi, raTa es<br />
yvelaferi qveynis interesebSi yofiliyo. Semdeg svetSi mivuTiTeT ra dro<br />
daWirdeboda xazinas yvela am politikis gatarebisTvis, raTa SegverCia maTi<br />
vadebi. amis Semdeg ki gamovTvaleT ra daujdeboda qveyanas am politikis ganxorcieleba.<br />
Semdeg davsviT kiTxva, ra daujdeboda es qveyanas an aris Tu ara<br />
SesaZlebeli es da rogor unda gaiyidos? magaliTad, portebis re<strong>fo</strong>rma im<br />
droisTvis. <strong>Cven</strong> vfiqrobdiT, rom portebi Rirda axali zelandiis mTliani Sida<br />
produqtis sul cota 1 procenti, ase rom, is movaTavseT siis dasawyisSi. me<br />
vfiqrob <strong>Cven</strong> miviReT imis 90 procenti, rasac velodiT. aseTi midgoma koncentrirebuli<br />
iyo ufro imaze, Tu risi miRweva gvindoda da ara risi miRweva<br />
SegveZlo. <strong>Cven</strong> gvaqvs mTavrobis balansi da mogeba-wageba. albaT <strong>Cven</strong> erTader-<br />
Ti qveyana varT msoflioSi, romelic yovel 6 TveSi aqveynebs mogeba-wagebis<br />
angariSs da balanss daricxvis meTodiT. amdenad, angariSgeba da pasuxismgebloba<br />
axla mkveTrad aris gansazRvruli.<br />
ra iyo am politikis Sedegebi? ra miviReT?<br />
samTavrobo xarjvis wilma mTlian Sida produqtSi piks miaRwia 1991 wels<br />
da daaxloebiT Seadgina 43 an 44 procenti. DdRg Semcirda 33 procentamde da<br />
MmTavrobas dagegmili aqvs misi Semcireba 30 procentis qvemoT. mTavrobam 17<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad fiskalur gadaWarbebas miaRwia 1995 wels.<br />
rodesac vlaparakob fiskalur gadaWarbebaze mxedvelobaSi ar maqvs qonebis<br />
gayidvidan Semosuli mogeba. Tuki amas gaviTvaliswinebdiT, maSin fiskaluri<br />
gadaWarbeba 1985 wlidan gvqonda.<br />
wminda saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> davalianeba amJamad Seadgens mTliani Sida produqtis<br />
25 procents, romlis pikic — 50 procentze meti _ 1991 wels dafiqsirda. va-
ojer duglasi, “warmatebuli ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi”<br />
lebis momsaxurebis wili samTavrobo SemosavlebTan mimarTebaSi 20 procentidan<br />
10 procentamde Semcirda. rogorc ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis<br />
organizacia acxadebs, <strong>Cven</strong>i sagadasaxado sistema yvelaze nakleb<br />
mankieria mTel msoflioSi.<br />
kidev ra Sedegebi iyo? pirveli da umTavresi iyo inflaciis Semcireba. meore<br />
— ekonomikuri zrda iq, sadac manamde es ar gvqonda. re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis dawyebis<br />
momentidan man miaRwia 2-3 procents Tavdapirvelad, Semdeg avida 4-6 procentamde<br />
garkveuli periodis manZilze da axla kvlav daubrunda 2-3 procents.<br />
eqsportis zrda aRiniSneboda warmoebis produqtebis sferoSi, romelic yovelwliurad<br />
realurad izrdeboda daaxloebiT 15 procentiT. erT-erTi saintereso<br />
ram, raze laparakis droc ar maqvs samwuxarod, aris gaZlierebuli da<br />
trans<strong>fo</strong>rmirebuli ekonomikis regionuli suraTi axal zelandiaSi. 70_ 80iani<br />
wlebis stagnaciis periodSi axal zelandiaSi iyo ramdenime regioni, romelic<br />
gansakuTrebiT mwvave kriziss ganicdida. amJamad ki isini yvelaze swrafad<br />
mzardi regionebis rigebSi arian. maTi aRmavloba Sedegia samuSao bazarze<br />
arsebuli moqnili politikis, Semcirebuli satransporto xarjebis, sawarmoo<br />
saSulebebis dabali fasebis da gaumjobesebuli konkurenciis. am faqtorebma<br />
saSualeba misca movaWreebs saeqsportod ewarmoebinaT produqcia da gaeyidaT<br />
msoflio bazrebze, rac SeuZlebeli iyo 70_ 80-ian wlebSi. faqtobrivad ekonomikuri<br />
aRmavloba ganapiroba zustad am regionebma da ara didma qalaqebma oklendma<br />
da vilingtonma.<br />
rac Seexeba infrastruqturas. re<strong>fo</strong>rmis Sedegad fasebi Semcirda Ziri-<br />
Tadi infrastruqturebis momsaxurebaze. es zemoTac vaxsene. portis eqspluataciis<br />
fasebi Semcirda 60 procentiT. sarkinigzo fraxti realuri zomebiT<br />
Semcirda 50 procentiT. samTavrobo administracia, iseT samTavrobo departamentebSi,<br />
rogoric aris jandacva, xazina, Tavdacva, Semcirda. saStato er-<br />
Teulebis ricxvi 88 000-dan 34 000-mde Semcirda da isini bevrad efeqtiania.<br />
ra politikuri da ekonomikuri gakveTilebis swavla SeiZleba axali<br />
zelandiis gamocdilebidan struqturuli cvlilebebis sferoSi?<br />
pirveli, rac minda aRvniSno, aris sxvadasxva politikis interaqtiuloba,<br />
rasac ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre calkeul politikas. ar arsebobs raime<br />
jadosnuri politika, romelic uzrunvelyofda qveynis aRmavlobas. <strong>Cven</strong><br />
SemTxvevaSi cxadi iyo, rom politika, romelic gavatareT produqciis bazarze,<br />
SeTanxmebulad muSaobda Sromis bazarze gatarebul politikasTan, iseve,<br />
rogorc finansuri bazris da samTavrobo seqtoris re<strong>fo</strong>rmebTan. <strong>Cven</strong> rom gagvetarebina<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rma sasaqonlo bazarze, calke aRebuli es politika namdvilad<br />
ar iqneboda warmatebuli. meore, rac minda aRvniSno, aris is, rom Tu Tqven apirebT<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis dawyebas, is unda iyos masStaburi. azri ar aqvs zogierTi sferos<br />
gaumjobesebas maSin, rodesac sxva sferoebi xeluxlebeli rCeba. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi gaurkvevloba, romelsac SeqmniT, ufro saziano iqneba, vidre is<br />
sargebloba, romelic mcireoden cvlilebebs mohyveba Sedegad.<br />
kidev ori ram, rasac minda Sevexo. politikosebma arasworad ar unda Seafason<br />
moqalaqeebis adaptaciis unari. 1984 wels axal zelandiaSi fermerebis Semosavlis<br />
3-dan 1 dolari modioda mTavrobisgan. dRes es cifri 0-s udris. ma-<br />
Sin, rodesac isini kargavdnen mTavrobis mxardaWeras, <strong>Cven</strong>i valutis kursi maRla<br />
iwevda. maxsovs gaerTianebuli fermerebis prezidenti movida CemTan Sexvedraze<br />
1985 wlis 1 martis Semdeg, anu mas Semdeg, rac <strong>Cven</strong>ma dolarma 43 aSS<br />
centidan 48-mde aiwia, da miTxra: “43 centze fermerebs Zlivs gahqondaT Tavi,<br />
48 centi ki saerTod nonsensia”. <strong>Cven</strong> wynarad visaubreT da gansxvavebuli<br />
poziciebis dafiqsirebis Semdeg man datova Cemi kabineti. daaxloebiT 6 Tvis<br />
Semdeg is kvlav movida. maSin ukve <strong>Cven</strong>i dolari 55 centis toli iyo da man miTxra:<br />
“48 cents ara uSavda, 55 sasaciloa”. sami Tvis Semdeg is 60 centi gaxda da<br />
man miTxra rom 55 kidev, magram 60 SeuZlebeli iyo. rodesac is 70 centi gaxda da<br />
me ofls vRvridi, man miTxra rom 60 cents ara uSavda. ase rom, geTayva, nu Sea-<br />
41
42<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
fasebT arasworad xalxis unars _ adaptireba moaxdinos cvlilebebTan, Tu isini<br />
realuria.<br />
Semdegi, rac minda giTxraT, aris is, rom re<strong>fo</strong>rmas Rupavs ara siCqare, aramed<br />
gaurkvevloba. xalxma unda icodes, rom mTavrobas mtkiced aqvs gadawyvetileba<br />
miRebuli. Tu maT sjeraT, rom SeuZliaT Tqveni gadarwmuneba, maSin<br />
mTeli maTi mcdeloba mimarTuli iqneba TqvenTvis azris Secvlasa da Zveli wesrigis<br />
aRdgenaze. re<strong>fo</strong>rma mxolod maSin aris warmatebuli, Tu xalxs sjera,<br />
rom Tqven mas bolomde miiyvanT. maSin isini namdvilad adaptirdebian.<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori nebismieri re<strong>fo</strong>rmisTvis aris efeqtianoba.<br />
politikam unda uzrunvelyos efeqtianoba. amaSi me vgulisxmob: produqcia<br />
da saqonlis da servisis moxmareba maqsimizebuli unda iyos resursebis minimizaciasTan<br />
erTad. es mizani akmayofilebs yvelas, bunebis damcvelebis CaTvliT.<br />
magaliTad, Cem pirvel biujetSi gavzarde eleqtroenergiis fasi 28 procentiT,<br />
gzis moxmarebis xarji 48 procentiT. yovelive es iyo mimarTuli iqiTken,<br />
rom efeqtianad dawyebuliyo resursebis moxmareba. rodesac eleqtroenergiaze<br />
davaweseT sabazroze dabali fasi, investorebma fuli daabandes sawarmoebSi,<br />
romlebic eleqtroenergiis didi momxmareblebi iyvnen, magram, romel-<br />
Tac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, SesaZloa, ar moetanaT SedarebiTi sargebeli.<br />
gzis moxmarebis xarjis gazrda 48 procentiT sruliad sxva — neitralurobis<br />
principze iyo dafuZnebuli. gzis momxmareblebi ixdidnen srul fass<br />
yvela sagzao dazianebisTvis. amave <strong>dros</strong> <strong>Cven</strong> gavauqmeT privilegiebi, an, Tu<br />
gnebavT proteqcia, romelic rkinigzas gaaCnda da SemovitaneT Ria konkurencia.<br />
gavauqmeT gzebze moZraobis siCqaris 40-miliani limiti. amis Sedegi iyo is,<br />
rom tvirTgadazidvis xarjebi 50 procentiT Semcirda. Statebi 22 000-dan 4 500<br />
-mde Semcirda. meore mxriv, bevrma mewarmem, romlebsac adre didi xarjebis gamo<br />
ar SeeZloT sazRvargareT gaeyidaT produqcia, ucbad aRmoaCines, rom es SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxda. amis Sedegad gaizarda ara mxolod regionuli aRmavloba, aramed<br />
samuSao adgilebis raodenobac.<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani gakveTili axali zelandiis gamocdilebidan, aris<br />
gamWvirvaloba.<br />
es cvlis rogorc politikosebis, aseve samoqalaqo momsaxureebis xedvas.<br />
moviyvan erT magaliTs. rodesac sajaro sawarmoebi gadavaqcieT korporaciebad,<br />
romelTa ricxvi 10 iyo, <strong>Cven</strong> maT vuTxariT “momavalSi, rogorc korporaciebs,<br />
Tqven gevalebaT erTi ram, Tqven imoqmedebT kerZo seqtorSi da daeqvemdebarebiT<br />
imave wesebs da kanonebs, rasac kerZo seqtoris subieqtebi eqvemdebarebian.<br />
dReidan gaqvT mxolod erTi mizani: miiRoT mogeba. mTavroba<br />
Tqvengan moelis imave mogebis motanas TqvenSi <strong>Cven</strong> mier investirebuli kapitalis<br />
xarjze, ramdensac kerZo seqtori. Tu Tqven gaatarebT socialur politikas,<br />
da maT yvelas hqonda amis pretenzia, rac, rogorc isini acxadebdnen, iyo<br />
imis mizezi, rom isini mogebas ver qmnidnen, maSin unda moxvideT <strong>Cven</strong>Tan da SegviTanxmdeT<br />
gvinda Tu ara, rom gaagrZeloT es saqmianoba. Tu gvinda, maSin gadagixdiT,<br />
Tu ara unda SewyvitoT”.<br />
da iciT ra moxda?<br />
Tavdapirvelad 10-dan mxolod erTi korporacia movida da moiTxova subsidireba.<br />
mizezi, ris gamoc danarCenebi ar movidnen, is iyo, rom maT aRmoaCines<br />
— Ria konkurenciis pirobebSi is, rasac isini socialur momsaxurebas eZaxdnen,<br />
faqtobrivad iyo kargi biznesi. is erTi ki, romelic movida, iyo <strong>fo</strong>sta. maT<br />
Tqves, “<strong>Cven</strong> gvaqvs 467 sa<strong>fo</strong>sto ofisi mTeli qveynis masStabiT, rac biznesis 8<br />
procents iZleva. isini ar aris momgebiani. <strong>Cven</strong> xvalve davxuravT maT<br />
komerciuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare. gindaT rom ase moxdes, Tu gindaT<br />
subsidireba?”. vkiTxeT ramdeni iyo saWiro, gvipasuxes _ 80 mln. dolari, <strong>Cven</strong><br />
SevTavazeT 20 mln. sabolood SevTanxmdiT 40 mln-ze. 5 Tvis Semdeg, rodesac<br />
biujets vadgendiT, gadavwyviteT, rom am 40 mln-is daxarjva ajobebda ganaT-
ojer duglasi, “warmatebuli ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi”<br />
lebasa da jandacvaze. davxureT 467 sa<strong>fo</strong>sto ofisi erT dReSi. es SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxda gamWvirvalobis saSualebiT. es ar iyo popularuli svla, magram amis gakeTeba<br />
jobda erT dReSi, vidre 467 dReSi. Zalze saintereso faqtia _ 10 wlis<br />
gadasaxedidan Cans, rom sa<strong>fo</strong>sto ofisebi amJamad ufro metia – 500, im 467-is<br />
nacvlad, romelic <strong>Cven</strong> davxureT. axla isini kerZo seqtorSi momuSave saagentoebia<br />
da dasaqmebuli hyavT xalxi.<br />
Semdegi sakiTxi aris saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> dakveTebis kerZo seqtorSi gadatana<br />
es aris privatizaciis kargi <strong>fo</strong>rma. magaliTad, <strong>Cven</strong> gvqonda samTavrobo<br />
stamba, romelsac monopolia hqonda samTavrobo departamentebis yvela sabeWd<br />
samuSaoze, rac <strong>Cven</strong> gavauqmeT. Semdeg gavyideT es stamba da amJamad samuSaoebi<br />
sruldeba kerZo seqtorSi. Sedegi iyo ufro dabali fasebi, maRali xarisxi da<br />
mravalferovneba.<br />
bevri meubneba “Tqven leiboristi politikosi xarT. Tqven partias mxari<br />
dauWira profkavSirebma, rogor SegeZloT am yvelafris gakeTeba?”. me maT<br />
vpasuxobdi, rom Tu moindomebT SeajamoT yvela is politika, romelic <strong>Cven</strong> ganvaxorcieleT<br />
1984–87 wlebSi, me SemiZlia es gadmovce sami sityviT: <strong>Cven</strong> gavauqmeT<br />
privilegiebi. mTavroba ar aris arCeuli kerZo jgufebis interesebis<br />
dasacavad. mTavroba gaxda ufro efeqturi. garigeba aseTi iyo: Tqven dakargeT<br />
privilegiebi, magram mogebuli xarT, radganac yvelas privilegiebi gauqmda.<br />
dasasrul, minda vTqva, rom mxolod xarisxian gadawyvetilebas moaqvs sasurveli<br />
Sedegi.<br />
yoveli cvlilebis win <strong>Cven</strong> Tavs vekiTxebodiT, iyo Tu ara es axali zelandiis<br />
interesebSi? politikuri problema, romelsac Tqven SexvdebiT aseTi gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebis <strong>dros</strong>, aris is, rom danaxarjebi yovelTvis win wamoweulia<br />
da advilad dasanaxia. Sedegebis danaxvas ki dro sWirdeba da yovelTvis<br />
iseTi naTeli ar aris. me SemiZlia vTqva, rom <strong>Cven</strong> davkargeT 18 000 samuSao adgili<br />
rkinigzaSi, magram ver getyviT saidan movida axali 100 000 samuSao.<br />
sadac ki xarisxiani gadawyvetileba iyo miRebuli, politikuri problemebi<br />
sabolood wydeboda. magram sadac kompromisebi davuSviT, sadac Sua gzaze Sev-<br />
CerdiT da uxarisxo gadawyvetileba miviReT, iq problemebi kvlav rCeba. gansakuTrebiT<br />
es exeba jandacvas, ganaTlebas da socialur uzrunvelyofas.<br />
vfiqrob, aq SemiZlia SevCerde. mgoni bolo SeniSvnebSi mivuTiTe, rom axal<br />
zelandiaSi yvela problema jer ar gadagviwyvetia. naTelia, rom jer kidev<br />
bevri daumTavrebeli saqmea. ZiriTadad isini socialuri politikis sferodanaa,<br />
anu jandacva, ganaTleba da socialuri uzrunvelyofa. aq me vgulisxmob<br />
pensiebs, janmrTelobis sakiTxebs pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, umuSevrobis daxmarebas,<br />
avadmyo<strong>fo</strong>bis da ubeduri SemTxvevebis xarjebs da a.S.<br />
es is sferoa, romelic <strong>Cven</strong> ar mogvigvarebia. es is sferoa, sadac mTavrobas<br />
surs SeinarCunos monopolisti mimwodeblis pozicia. vidre ar daviwyebT am<br />
sferoebis marTvas iseve, rogorc es gavakeTeT rkinigzisa da <strong>fo</strong>stis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> problemebs ver gadavWriT.<br />
CemTvis pasuxi SedarebiT naTelia. <strong>Cven</strong> kvlav unda mivmarToT TiToeul<br />
axal zelandiels. fuli, romelsac mTavroba axla xarjavs maTi saxeliT<br />
jandacvaze, ganaTlebasa da socialur uzrunvelyofaze, unda darCes xalxs,<br />
raTa uzrunvelyon TavianTi Tavi.<br />
faqtobrivad me vTvli, rom dazRvevis biznesi am sferoebis umravlesobaSi<br />
sakmaod kargad imuSavebda.<br />
didi madloba.<br />
43
44<br />
gamoqveynda 1999 wels<br />
inflacia, deflacia da momavali<br />
frenk Sostaki<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
mizesis institutis mowveuli swavluli. fiuCersebiT movaWre<br />
sabrokero kompania MF Glob-is wamyvani ekonomisti<br />
sityva “deflacia” axla mraval ekonomists akeria pirze. iaponiis bankis<br />
mmarTvelma masaru haiamim parlaments kidev erTxel ganucxada, rom centraluri<br />
banki ucvlelad gaagrZelebs iafi fulis politikas manam, sanam deflaciis<br />
safrTxe ar gaivlis. SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri rezervebis direqtorTa<br />
sabWos Tavmjdomarem alan grinsfenma ki Tavis ramdenime gamosvlaSi aRniSna,<br />
rom centraluri banki movalea ekonomika inflaciisganac daicvas da<br />
deflaciisganac.<br />
ekonomistTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom deflacia sayovelTao keTildReobis<br />
mTavari safrTxea, radgan, maTi azriT, swored deflacias mihyavs ekonomika<br />
depresiisken. garda amisa, ekonomistebis umravlesoba ver xvdeba, rom<br />
ekonomikuri siduxWiris TavidaTavi ara deflacia, aramed inflaciaa. mcdari<br />
warmodgena deflaciis bunebis Sesaxeb inflaciis araswori gagebidan momdinareobs.<br />
inflacia ara fasebis, aramed fulis masis zrdaa, rac centraluri bankis<br />
mier warmoebuli e.w. iafi fulis upasuxismgeblo monetaruli politikisa (aRniSnuli<br />
politika centraluri bankis mier komerciul bankebze gacemuli moklevadiani<br />
sesxebis saprocento ganakveTebis xelovnur Semcirebas gulisxmobs,<br />
maTi xelmisawvdomobis gazrdis mizniT, rasac, CanafiqriT, ekonomikuri<br />
aqtivobis waxaliseba unda mohyves _ red. SeniSvna) da sabanko depozitebis<br />
nawilobrivi rezervirebis Sedegia. centraluri bankis mier fulis miwodebis<br />
zrda, anu inflacia realuri resursebis araracionalur xarjvas ganapirobebs,<br />
danazogebis Semcirebis safuZvels qmnis da Sedegad deflacias iwvevs.<br />
amasTanave, depresias ara deflacia, aramed centraluri bankis iafi fulis<br />
politika iwvevs.<br />
dasasrul, krizisis simwvavesac ara davalianebebis siWarbe, aramed centraluri<br />
bankis iafi fulis politika ganapirobebs. daujerebelia, magram SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis ekonomika erTob Sorsaa Awonasworobisgan. vfiqrob, amas Rrma<br />
ekonomikuri krizisi mohyveba.<br />
fasebis zrda inflaciaa?<br />
mizesis Tanaxmad (Human Action, p. 432), “is, rasac dRes zogierTebi inflacias<br />
da deflacias uwodeben, fulis miwodebis didi zrda an Semcireba ki aRaraa,<br />
aramed am qmedebaTa gardauvali Sedegi, samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebisa da<br />
xelfasebis zrda an kleba.”<br />
amgvarad, Tuki inflacias fasebis zrdas davarqmevT, maSin yvelaferi, rac<br />
fasebis zrdas uwyobs xels, inflaciis gamomwvevi unda iyos, amitom, unda<br />
vufrTxildeT. mokled, gamodis rom, inflaciis wyaro centraluri banki an sabanko<br />
depozitebis nawilobrivi rezervireba ki ar yofila, aramed sul sxva<br />
faqtorebi. ese igi, centraluri banki xels ki ar uwyobs inflacias, piriqiT,<br />
Turme ebrZvis mas. maSasadame, umuSevrobis kleba da ekonomikuri aqtivobis<br />
zrda inflaciis potenciuri xelSemwyobi faqtorebi yofila, da, aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
centraluri bankis politikam xeli unda SeuSalos. zogierTi sxva xel-<br />
Semwyobi faqtori, magaliTad, samomxmareblo saqonlis fasebis kleba an muSaTa
frenk Sostaki, “inflacia, deflacia da momavali”<br />
xelfasebis zrda, agreTve potenciurad saSiSi yofila, amitom, centraluri<br />
banki mudam fxizlad unda iyos am sakiTxebis mimarT.<br />
ekonomistTa umravlesobas sjera, rom inflacia fasebis saerTo donis<br />
zrdaa, ris SeCerebac samomxmareblo fasis indeqsiT SeiZleba (CPI), magram isini<br />
inflaciis mizezebze ver Tanxmdebian. erTi mxriv, monetaristebi amtkiceben,<br />
rom fulis masaSi momxdari cvlileba samomxmareblo fasis indeqsis cvlilebas<br />
iwvevs, meore mxriv, arian iseTi ekonomistebic, romlebic amtkiceben, rom inflacias<br />
sxvadasxva realuri faqtori iwvevs. es ekonomistebi eWvoben, rom samomxmareblo<br />
fasis indeqsis cvlilebas fulis masis cvlileba iwvevdes. maT miaCniaT,<br />
rom aq raRac sxva mizezi unda arsebobdes. amgvarad, Tu inflacia fulis<br />
masis zrdaa, amaSi cudi ra aris? bolos da bolos, Tu inflacia mxolod fasebis<br />
zrdaa, maSin misi Sedegebis kompensireba fulis masis zrdasTan erTad<br />
xelfasebisa da anazRaurebebis gazrdis gziT SeiZleba. amave <strong>dros</strong>, zogierTi<br />
ekonomisti milTon fridmenis azrs iziarebs da sjera, rom inflaciis pirobeb-<br />
Si sabazro ekonomika efeqtianad imuSavebs, Tuki SezRudvebs ar dauSveben da<br />
Tavisufal fasebs ar moSlian.<br />
inflacia fulis masis zrdiT an sxva realuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli fasebis<br />
zrda ki ar aris, aramed TviTon fulis masis zrda. yuradReba miaqcieT,<br />
monetaristebisgan gansxvavebiT, <strong>Cven</strong> (“avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis”<br />
warmomadgenlebi _ red. SeniSvna) ar vambobT, rom inflacia fulis masis<br />
zrdiT gamowveuli fasebis zrdaa, <strong>Cven</strong> mxolod imas vambobT, rom inflacia<br />
fulis masis zrdas niSnavs. Tu inflacias am kuTxiT SevxedavT, naTeli gaxdeba,<br />
ratom aris es cudi. rodesac fulis masa matulobs, fulis pirvel<br />
recipientebs SeuZliaT jer kidev ucvleli fasebiT didi raodenobis saqoneli<br />
an momsaxureba SeiZinon. fulis meore recipientebi agreTve sargebels<br />
naxuloben aqedan. magram momdevno recipientebi TandaTan nakleb sargebels<br />
naxaven, radgan saqonlis da momsaxurebis fasebi zrdas daiwyebs.<br />
momdevno recipientebmac SeiZleba sargebeli naxon, Tuki im saqonlis fasebi<br />
ufro swrafad aiwevs, romelsac isini yidian, vidre im saqonlis, romelsac<br />
yiduloben. dazaralebuli aRmoCndeba is, vinc yvelaze bolos miiRebs fuls an<br />
sul ver miiRebs, Tuki im saqonlis fasebi, romelsac isini yiduloben, mkveTrad<br />
aiwevs, xolo im saqonlis da momsaxurebis fasi, romelsac yidian _ umniSvnelod.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, fulis masis mateba, anu inflacia simdidris xelaxal gadanawilebas<br />
iwvevs. Rrmad Tu gavaanalizebT naTeli gaxdeba, rom fulis emisia<br />
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnas warmoSobs, warmoeba ki mis dakmayofilebas<br />
ver uzrunvelyofs, rac gulisxmobs, rom fulis masis zrda ekonomikis<br />
gaCanagebas iwvevs. garda amisa, fulis inflacia ekonomikuri aRmavalobisa da<br />
daRmavlobis ciklis warmoSobis safrTxes qmnis.<br />
marTalia, fulis masis zrda (anu inflacia) TiTqosda fasebis zrdaSi gamoixateba<br />
da samomxmareblo fasis indeqsiT aRiricxeba, magram es mudam ase ar aris.<br />
fasebs realuri da fuladi faqtorebi gansazRvravs. isec SeiZleba moxdes,<br />
rom, Tu realuri faqtorebi fuladi faqtorebis sapirispirod moqmedebs, am<br />
SemTxvevaSi fasebSi aSkara cvlileba ar moxdeba. sxva sityvebiT, miuxedavad<br />
fulis masis didi matebisa, e.i. maRali inflaciisa, fasebma SesaZloa mxolod<br />
odnav moimatos. cxadia, Tu inflacias samomxmareblo fasis indeqsis zrdad<br />
ganvixilavT, ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mcdar daskvnebs miviRebT.<br />
amis Sesaxeb roTbardi werda (America’s Great Depression, p. 153) _ “is faqti, rom<br />
1920-ian wlebSi fasebi zogadad ase Tu ise stabiluri iyo, ekonomistTa umravlesobas<br />
afiqrebinebda, rom inflacia ar emuqrebodaT. amitom, didi depresiis<br />
movlenebma isini saxtad datova.”<br />
aris ki deflacia yvela ubedurebis mizezi?<br />
amgvarad, raki inflacia fulis masis zrdaa, deflacia SeiZleba mis sapirispiro<br />
movlenad, anu fulis masis Semcirebad ganvixiloT, an SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT, rom fulis eqspansia bums warmoSobs, fulis nakleboba ki bums<br />
45
46<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
acxrobs. aqedan gamomdinare, gve<strong>Cven</strong>eba, rom deflacias uTuod inflacia unda<br />
uswrebdes.<br />
ekonomistTa umravlesoba deflacias uaryofiTad afasebs. magaliTad, irving<br />
fiSerma deflacias yvela ubedurebis saTave uwoda (Irving Fisher, Booms and depressions,<br />
London: George Allen, p. 39); magram deflacia ekonomikuri gajansaRebis procesis<br />
dasawyisia. deflacia misi winmswrebi fulis inflaciiT gamowveuli gaRatakebis<br />
process aCerebs. aqedan gamomdinare, fulis deflacia dovlaTis SemqnelTa<br />
momZlavrebas iwvevs, rac ekonomikis aRorZinebas uwyobs xels.<br />
amis Sesaxeb roTbardi werda (AGD, p. 24), — “jer kidev ucnobia rogor,<br />
magram kreditis deflaciuri Semcireba didad uwyobs xels daregulirebis<br />
procesis dawyebas da, aqedan gamomdinare, biznesis aRorZinebas”.<br />
cxadia, gverdiTi movlenebi, romelic fulis deflacias axlavs, mudam usiamovnoa,<br />
magram cud Sedegebs deflacia ki ar iwvevs, aramed fulis inflacia,<br />
romelic mas win uZRvis. deflacia mxolod da mxolod aqrobs fulis inflaciiT<br />
Seqmnil iluzias. is gavrcelebuli azri TiTqos fulis masis kleba saerTo<br />
ekonomikur siduxWires iwvevdes, im Tvalsazrisidan momdinareobs, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac ekonomikis zrdas TiTqos fuli uwyobs xels. magram ekonomika<br />
maSin izrdeba, roca TiToeul sul mosaxleze ufro meti sawarmoo saSualebaa<br />
da ara maSin, rodesac fulia ufro meti. amasTan erTad, is ekonomistebi, romlebic<br />
fasebis saerTo vardnas depresiis mniSvnelovan wyarod ganixilaven, im<br />
faqts ver amCneven, rom biznesisTvis fasebis saerTo mdgomareoba ki ar aris<br />
mTavari, aramed yidva-gayidvis fasebs Soris sxvaoba.<br />
fasebis saerTo vardna mudam deflaciis brali ar aris. magaliTad, mocemuli<br />
fulis masis SemTxvevaSi fulze moTxovnis zrda SesaZloa ekonomikis<br />
zrdisa da cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebis gamo moxdes. es, Tavis mxriv, fasebis<br />
saerTo vardnas gamoiwvevs, rasac deflacias daarqmeven. magram aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi fasebis vardna gana cudia? sabazro ekonomikaSi realuri dovlaTis<br />
zrdiT gamowveuli fasebis vardna is meqanizmia, risi saSualebiTac dovlaTis<br />
warmoebas mTeli ekonomika iwyebs. fulis msyidvelobiTi unaris zrdis<br />
pirobebSi xalxs SeuZlia didi raodenobis saqoneli da momsaxureba miiRos. ase<br />
vTqvaT, aq mTavari meqanizmis arsi isaa, rom fulis masa ucvleli rCeba.<br />
iwvevs fulis gaqroba depresias?<br />
Tavis naSromebSi milTon fridmeni “didi depresiis” gamowvevas federaluri<br />
sarezervo sistemis politikas abralebs. fridmenis Tanaxmad, federalurma<br />
rezervma sabanko sistemas sakmarisi rezervebi ver miawoda fulis masis<br />
krizisis SesaCereblad. fridmenis azriT, federaluri sarezervo sistemis<br />
brali is ki ar aris, rom fulis masis zrda gamoiwvia, aramed is, rom bumis dacxroba<br />
dauSva. mari roTbardi, marTalia, eTanxmeba fridmens, rom fulis masa<br />
mimoqcevaSi mkveTrad Semcirda, magram asabuTebs, rom es procesi federaluri<br />
rezervis mier sabanko sistemisadmi fulis aqtiuri miwodebis miuxedavad<br />
mimdinareobda. fridmenis azris sapirispirod, fulis masis mkveTri kleba imis<br />
gamo ki ar moxda, rom federalurma rezervma fulis masis miwodeba ver SeZlo,<br />
aramed imis gamo, rom centraluri bankis upasuxismgeblo monetaruli politikis<br />
Sedegad danazogebi Semcirda.<br />
arsebiTad, ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikaSi finansuri <strong>fo</strong>ndebi momavali produqciis<br />
sawarmoeblad arsebuli saqonlis fuladi masaa. magaliTad, davuSvaT,<br />
kunZulze gariyuli adamiani saaTSi 25 vaSls krefs. sakrefi iaraRis daxmarebiT<br />
mas SeuZlia Sedegi gazardos da saaTSi 50 vaSli mokri<strong>fo</strong>s. iaraRis damzadebas<br />
dro sWirdeba (mokrefis periodis garda). manam, sanam es adamiani iaraRis<br />
damzadebiT iqneba dakavebuli, vaSlis krefas ver SeZlebs. amitom, vidre am saqmes<br />
Seudgeba, jer imdeni vaSli unda moimaragos, rac iaraRis damzadebis <strong>dros</strong><br />
dasWirdeba. misi finansuri <strong>fo</strong>ndi am xnis manZilze saWiro saarsebo saSualebaa,<br />
anu, am SemTxvevaSi vaSlis is raodenoba, rac, man am mizniT gadainaxa. am <strong>fo</strong>ndis<br />
sididezea damokidebuli ramdenad daxvewili warmoebis saSualebis damzadebas
frenk Sostaki, “inflacia, deflacia da momavali”<br />
SeZlebs is. Tu am adamians am iaraRis dasamzadeblad erTi weli sWirdeba , saarsebod<br />
ki mxolod erTi Tvis samyofi vaSli aqvs, maSin is iaraRs ver daamzadebs<br />
da Sromis nayofierebis amaRlebasac ver SeZlebs (es magaliTi mocemulia ri-<br />
Card <strong>fo</strong>n striglis wignSi _ “kapitali da produqcia”). ufro rTul SemTxvevasTan<br />
gveqneba saqme Tu davuSvebT, rom kunZulze erTi ki ara, ramdenime adamiania,<br />
romlebic erTmaneTSi vaWroben da fuls iyeneben, magram azri igive darCeba:<br />
ufro nayofieri, magram xangrZlivi warmoebis danergvas danazogebis odenoba<br />
abrkolebs.<br />
problema swored maSin Cndeba, rodesac sabanko sistema viTarebas ise warmoaCens,<br />
TiTqos sasaqonlo maragebi imaze metia, vidre realurad arsebobs. rodesac<br />
centraluri banki fulis masas zrdis, es dovlaTis dagrovebas ki ar uwyobs<br />
xels, aramed mis moxmarebas, rasac saarsebo saSualebebis deficiti mosdevs.<br />
sanam sasaqonlo maragebi jer kidev zrdas ganagrZobs, iafi fulis politika<br />
iseT STabeWdilebas qmnis, TiTqos ekonomikuri aqtivoba izrdeba, magram<br />
es rom ase ar aris, maSinve cxadi gaxdeba, rogorc ki dagroveba Sewydeba an danazogebi<br />
Semcirebas daiwyebs. rogorc ki es moxdeba, ekonomikaSi recesia daiwyeba.<br />
fulis damatebiTi emisia daRmasvlas ver SeaCerebs (radgan fuli vaSls ver<br />
Secvlis).<br />
bankebi, rogorc Suamavlebi, realuri dovlaTis warmoqmnis procesSi mniSvnelovani<br />
xelSemwyobi faqtorebia. maTi meSveobiT xdeba <strong>fo</strong>ndebis, anu saarsebo<br />
saSualebebis dagroveba da momwodeblebidan momxmareblebze gadacema.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> mier ganxilul magaliTSi fulis Semotana im faqts ver Secvlis, rom<br />
mTavari mainc saarsebo saSualebaTa maragis arsebobaa. rodesac danazogis patroni<br />
fuls gaasesxebs, faqtobrivad mevales im saqonlis moxmarebis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs, romelic man ar gamoiyena. maSasadame, krediti gulisxmobs, rom erTi mewarme<br />
meores gamouyenebel dovlaTs droebiT uTmobs im imediT, rom momavalSi<br />
ainazRaurebs.<br />
centraluri bankis arseboba da sabanko depozitebis nawilobrivi rezervireba<br />
komerciul bankebs iseTi kreditis warmoSobis saSualebas aZlevs, rasac<br />
realuri danazogebi ar umagrebs zurgs, anu krediti, romelic “haeriT” aris<br />
uzrunvelyofili. raki aseTi krediti warmoiSoba, is iseT Sedegebs iwvevs, rasac<br />
Tavisufali bazari ver egueba: esaa realuri dovlaTis moxmareba misi warmoebis<br />
magier. sanam maragebi jer kidev izrdeba da bankebi kreditis gazrdisken<br />
iswrafvian, mravali uyairaTo proeqti Cndeba xolme. magram rodesac “haeridan”<br />
motanili dakreditebis Sedegad arsebuli dovlaTis moxmarebis tempi<br />
misi warmoebis temps gaaswrebs, realuri dagroveba wydeba da danazogebi klebas<br />
iwyebs. sxvadasaxva saqmianobis warmadoba uaresdeba da bankebis gaunaRdebeli<br />
sesxebi izrdeba. bankebi sesxebis ukan dabrunebas iTxoven, ris gamoc,<br />
mimoqcevaSi naklebi fulis masa rCeba.<br />
amgvarad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom depresias fulis masis mimoqcevis Semcireba<br />
ki ar iwvevs, aramed danazogebis Semcireba, rac “haeridan” Seqmnili fulis<br />
mimoqcevidan amoRebasac iwvevs. amitom, Tu danazogebi klebulobs, centraluri<br />
banki rac ar unda warmatebiT ebrZodes fulis mimoqcevidan amo-<br />
Rebas, depresiis aRkveTas igi mainc ver SeZlebs. amasTanave, Tu danazogebi klebulobs,<br />
upasuxismgeblo monetaruli politikis Sedegad fasebisa da inflaciuri<br />
molodinis SenarCuneba romc moxerxdes, ekonomika mainc ver gamococxldeba.<br />
garda amisa, swored centraluri bankis iafi fulis politika da nawilobrivi<br />
sabanko rezervireba iwvevs resursebis araswor ganawilebas, rac, Tavis<br />
mxriv, dagrovebis process anelebs da, amdenad, danazogis Seqmnas aferxebs.<br />
es ki imas niSnavs, rom depresiis mizezi centraluri bankis iafi fulis politika<br />
da sabanko depozitebis nawilobrivi rezervirebis praqtikaa.<br />
SeiZleba deflacia erTi qveynidan meores gadaedos?<br />
farTod aris gavrcelebuli mosazreba, rom erT qveyanaSi arsebuli deflacia<br />
sxva qveynebisTvisac saSiSia. amtkiceben, rom deflacia virusiviT<br />
47
48<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
vrceldeba mTel dedamiwaze da, amitom, ekonomikis deflaciis virusisgan dacva<br />
centraluri bankebis valia.<br />
magram es Teoria moZvelebulia. magaliTad, davuSvaT, A qveyanas aqvs Tavisufali<br />
sabazro ekonomika da ucvleli fulis masa. meore mxriv, B qveynis centraluri<br />
bankis iafi fulis politikam resursebis metad araracionaluri gamoyeneba<br />
gamoiwvia, rasac, Tavis mxriv, realuri dovlaTisa da danazogebis Semcireba<br />
mohyva. ekonomikuri saqmianobis klebam bankebi aiZula sesxebis ukan<br />
dabruneba moeTxovaT, aman ki, Tavis mxriv, fulis masis kleba da saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis fasebis vardna ganapiroba.<br />
zemoxsenebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, B qveyanaSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
fasebis vardnis Sedegad biznesma SesaZloa am qveynidan deflaciis eqsporti<br />
moaxdinos A qveyanaSi, Tuki maT dabal fasad SesTavazebs saqonels. aman ki, SesaZloa,<br />
Tavis mxriv, zewola moaxdinos saerTo fasebis ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebelze AA qveyanaSi,<br />
rac iq deflacias da depresias gamoiwvevs.<br />
magram, rogorc vnaxeT, deflacia fasebis vardna ki ar aris, aramed fulis<br />
masis kleba. vinaidan A qveyanaSi fulis masa ucvleli rCeba, iq araviTari deflacia<br />
ar warmoiSoba. garda amisa, radgan A qveyanaSi fulis masa ucvleli rCeba,<br />
danazogebs araviTari ziani ar miadgeba da, Sesabamisad, araviTari depresia<br />
ar moxdeba. B qveynis mewarmeebi TavianT saqonels dabal fasad gaitanen A qveyanaSi,<br />
riTac am qveynis momxmareblebs mxolod sargeblobas moutanen. amgvarad,<br />
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom romelime konkretul qveyanaSi deflacias<br />
amave qveynis centraluri bankis upasuxismgeblo monetaruli politika iwvevs<br />
da sxva qveynidan importirebuli ver iqneba.<br />
vali da deflacia<br />
zogierTi ekonomisti irving fiSeris azrs iziarebs da amtkicebs, rom deflacia<br />
da misi momdevno depresia Warbi davalianebis Sedegia. fiSeri Warb davalianebas<br />
iseT viTarebad ganixilavs, sadac vali gansakuTrebulia, anu sxva<br />
ekonomikur faqtorebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT didia. is amtkicebs, rom “Tu<br />
movales didi sesxi ar auRia, normalur pirobebSi mas iolad SeuZlia am Secdomis<br />
gamosworeba da damatebiTi sesxis aReba. magram Tu is Zalian Rrmad aris<br />
Cafluli valebSi, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man sworad ver gansazRvra<br />
valis gadaxdis TariRi, SesaZloa, Secdomis gamosworebis saSualeba aRar mieces<br />
da xafangSi gaebas.”<br />
fiSeri amtkicebs, rom valis likvidacia yvela saxis Soks SeuZlia moaxdinos,<br />
rasac, Tavis mxriv, fulis masis Semcireba da saqonlis fasebis daweva<br />
mohyveba. es movlenebi ki, Tavis mxriv, depresias iwvevs. fiSeris Tanaxmad, Warb<br />
davalianebas Semdegi cxra etapi sdevs Tan, rac deflaciasa da depresias<br />
uwyobs xels:<br />
valebis likvidacia Sokis Sedegad, mag., saaqcio fasebis bumis dacxrobiT<br />
gamowveuli Sokis Sedegad. valebis salikvidaciod xalxi iZulebulia<br />
qoneba Calis fasad gayidos;<br />
valebis likvidacia fulis masis klebas iwvevs da fulis brunva mcirdeba;<br />
fasebi iklebs;<br />
qonebis Rirebuleba ecema, valebis Rirebuleba ki ucvleli rCeba. kapitalis<br />
Rirebuleba mcirdeba da gakotrebisken midis;<br />
mogeba mcirdeba da zarali izrdeba;<br />
warmoeba, vaWroba da dasaqmeba mcirdeba;<br />
zarali, gakotreba da umuSevroba pesimizmsa da rwmenis dakargvas uwyobs<br />
xels;<br />
xdeba fulis dagroveba da fulis brunva mcirdeba;<br />
nominaluri saprocento ganakveTi mcirdeba da realuri saprocento<br />
ganakveTi izrdeba.
frenk Sostaki, “inflacia, deflacia da momavali”<br />
depresiis mizezebis fiSeriseuli axsna mxolod Teorias ki ar eyrdnoba,<br />
aramed istoriul movlenebsac. Mmagram, mxolod monacemebi arafers niSnavs. mizezebis<br />
axsna ekonomikur faqtad ar ganixileba manam, sanam Teoriul CarCoebSi<br />
ar moeqceva. mizesisa da roTbardis TvalsazrisiT, ama Tu im movlenaTa dakvirvebebi<br />
realobis umTavres faqtebamde unda daviyvanoT, rom maTi arsis dadgena<br />
SevZloT. es igivea, rac dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul monacemebsa da im utyuar<br />
aqsiomebs Soris kavSiris dadgena, rac ekonomikur Teorias udevs safuZvlad.<br />
mizesma da roTbardma deduqciuri meTodi gamoiyenes da am gziT daadgines,<br />
rom mkveTri awev-dawevis cikli da aqedan gamomdinare inflacia da deflacia<br />
Tavisufali kapitalisturi ekonomikis ganuyofeli nawili ki ar aris, aramed<br />
centraluri bankis inflaciuri politikis Sedegi.<br />
raki fiSers Warbi davalianebis namdvili mizezebis dadgenaze ar ufiqria,<br />
gasakviri ar aris misi mxardaWera im mosazrebisadmi, rom depresia iafi fulis<br />
politikas unda SeeCerebina. ufro Rrmad rom dakvirveboda, SeamCnevda rom,<br />
rogorc mizesma da roTbardma daadgines, Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaSi e.w.<br />
saerTo Warbi davalianeba ar xdeba, radgan saerTo Warbi davalianeba gulisxmobs,<br />
rom mevaleTa umravlesoba ekonomikur mdgomareobas sworad ver afasebs.<br />
mizesis da roTbardis Tanaxmad, es SeiZleba mxolod centraluri bankis<br />
iafi fulis politikam gamoiwvios, ris Sedegadac biznesmenebi erTianad mcdar<br />
biznesgadawyvetilebebs iReben. es imas niSnavs, rom Warbi davalianeba ar aris<br />
im arastabilurobis mTavari mizezi, rac ekonomikur kriziss iwvevs.<br />
fiSeris Tanaxmad, depresiis simwvaves valis odenoba gansazRvravs. amgvarad,<br />
man SeamCnia, rom 1929 wlis oqtomberSi saaqcio bazris kraxis Sedegad gamowveulma<br />
depresiam ufro didi gavlena moaxdina realur xarjvaze, vidre<br />
1929 wlis deflaciam, radgan nominaluri vali 1929 wels ufro didi iyo. magram<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> vamtkicebT, rom regresis simZafres valis sidide ki ar ganapirobebs,<br />
aramed centraluri bankis upasuxismgeblo monetaruli politikis intensivobis<br />
xarisxi. centraluri bankis iafi fulis politika resursebis araracionalur<br />
xarjvas da danazogebis gamofitvas iwvevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, SesaZloa<br />
Warb davalianebaSi gamoixatos. amgvarad, depresiis gamomwvev mTavar faqtorad<br />
valis odenobis miCneva igivea, rom maRali temperatura Termometrs<br />
davabraloT.<br />
gvaswavla Wkua didma depresiam ?<br />
dRes gavrcelebulia mosazreba, rom centralurma bankebma da xelmZRvanelma<br />
organoebma sakmaod kargad ician, rogor aicilon Tavidan mwvave ekonomikuri<br />
krizisi. zogs miaCnia, rom raki centralur banks fasebis stabilizacia<br />
SeuZlia, ekonomikas araferi emuqreba. garda amisa, amtkiceben, rom 1930-ian<br />
wlebSi, oqros standartis gamo, centralur bankebs didi depresiis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad saWiro moqniloba akldaT. magram axla centralur bankebs es<br />
problema ar aqvT. Tu perspeqtivebis Seqmna monetaruli politikis moqnilobas<br />
moiTxovs da mets arafers, maSin ratom ganicdis mravali qveyana mwvave ekonomikur<br />
siduxWires, axla xom yvela centralur banks SeuZlia “moqnili” monetaruli<br />
politikis gatareba.<br />
rogorc Cans, keinzis mibaZviT bevrma ekonomistma daijera, rom fuls ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis xelSewyoba SeuZlia. es Teoria daaxloebiT ase JRers: meti fuli<br />
met moTxovnas warmoSobs saqonelze, rac, Tavis mxriv, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
miwodebas gazrdis da ekonomikac TavisiT ayvavdeba. aviwydebaT, rom<br />
meti fuli ekonomikas ki ar gaaZlierebs, aramed mxolod daasustebs. politikosebs<br />
da centraluri bankis mmarTvelebs mouqneli oqros standarti ar moswonT,<br />
magam axla swored es sWirdeba msoflio ekonomikas, maT Soris Seer-<br />
Tebuli Statebis ekonomikasac, rom aRorZindes.<br />
daujerebelia, magram SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomika Zalian daubalansebelia.<br />
amis mizezi SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri sarezervo sistemis mier<br />
xangrZlivad warmoebuli iafi fulis upasuxismgeblo monetaruli politikaa.<br />
49
50<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
federaluri <strong>fo</strong>ndebis done, romelic 1980 wlis aprilSi 17 procents Seadgenda,<br />
axla 5 procentamde Camovida. erT xans, kerZod 1992 wels, is 3 procents Seadgenda.<br />
fulis masa M3, romelic 1980 wlisTvis 1224 miliardi dolari iyo,<br />
1999 wlisTvis 6152 miliardi dolari gaxda. aTi wlis manZilze is 200 procentmde<br />
gaizarda. fulis masis zrdis meore udidesi ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli SeerTebuli Statebis<br />
federaluri sarezervo sistemis valia, romelic 1980 wlis pirvel kvartalSi<br />
117 miliard dolars Seadgenda, 1999 wlis pirvel kvartalSi ki 465 miliard<br />
dolaramde avida, anu 300 procentiT aiwia. cxadia, fulis masis aSkara<br />
zrdam da, masTan erTad, saprocento ganakveTis xelovnurma dawevam resursebis<br />
masiuri araracionaluri xarjva gamoiwvia, ramac TandaTan mwvave<br />
ekonomikuri krizisis saxiT miaRwia kulminacias. resursebis araracionaluri<br />
xarjvis intensivoba kidev ufro gaZlierda 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisis finansuri<br />
Caurevlobis politikis Sedegad, rac miznad isaxavda finansuri sistemis<br />
gaTavisuflebas centraluri bankis zedmeti kontrolisgan. gavrcelebulia<br />
mosazreba, rom finansuri bazris gaTavisufleba ekonomikis iSviaTi resursebis<br />
ufro efeqtiani ganawilebis saSualebas iZleva da amiT adamianis keTildReobis<br />
zrdas uwyobs xels. zogierTebi amtkicebdnen, rom mTavrobebis mier<br />
kontrolirebadi monetaruli sistema ufro met arastabilurobas ganaprobebs.<br />
magram “gaTavisuflebulma” sistemam meti stabilurobis nacvlad meti<br />
Soki gamoiwvia.<br />
1980-ian wlebSi finansuri Caurevlobis politikis Sedegad centraluri<br />
bankis zedamxedveluri uflebebi Semcirda. centraluri bankis mxridan kontrolis<br />
Sesustebam finansur seqtorSi ufro met konkurencias misca biZgi,<br />
ramac, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo nawilobrivi sabanko rezervebiT SeuzRudavi<br />
kreditisa da “haeridan” motanili fulis warmoSobas, “haeridan” mosuli fuli<br />
ki SemoqmedebiTma mewarmeebma sxvadasxva finansur produqciad aqcies, ramac<br />
fulis ufro farTo masStabiT mimofantva gamoiwvia.<br />
finansuri Caurevlobis politikis marcxi TiTqosda adasturebs Carevis<br />
momxreTa da Tavisufali bazris mowinaaRmdegeTa mosazrebas, rom realoba bazris<br />
mkacr zedamxedvelobas moiTxovs. magram, gvaviwydeba, rom yvela am re<strong>fo</strong>rmas,<br />
anu finansuri Caurevlobis politikas, araferi aqvs saerTo WeSmaritad<br />
Tavisufal bazarTan, radgan, rogorc mizesi amtkicebs, WeSmaritad Tavisufal<br />
bazarze veranairi qaRaldis fuli ver iarsebebs sasaqonlo fulisgan, oqrosgan<br />
damoukideblad, romelic fulad TviTon bazarma airCia. amasTan erTad, Tavisufal<br />
bazarze centraluri bankisTvis adgili ar moiZebneba.<br />
iaponiis da samxreT aRmosavleT aziis ekonomikis uecarma krizisma eWvqveS<br />
daayena centraluri bankebisa da samTavrobo politikis potenciali. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, ekonomistTa umravlesoba mxars uWers centraluri bankebis aucileblobas.<br />
isini Zalian kritikulad uyureben avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis<br />
im Tvalsazriss, rom ekonomikuri depresiiis saukeTeso mkurnali mTavrobisa<br />
da centraluri bankebis Caurevlobis politikaa. magaliTad, gamomcemloba “baronis”<br />
ekonomikis ganyofilebis redaqtorTan jin efSteinTan interviuSi mil-<br />
Ton fridmenma Tqva, rom arsebuli ekonomikuri krizisis mosagvareblad iaponiam<br />
fuli unda miawodos azias. intervius <strong>dros</strong> milTon fridmenma Zlieri SeS<strong>fo</strong>Teba<br />
gamoxata avstriuli ekonomikuri skolis Caurevlobis politikis Sesaxeb.<br />
analogiurad, keinzi Tavis nawerebSi akritikebda da “egreT wodebul ekonomistebad”<br />
moixseniebda maT, vinc 1930-iani wlebis did depresiasTan mimar-<br />
TebaSi Caurevlobis politikas uWerda mxars.<br />
amgvarad, mosalodnelia, msoflio finansuri bazris qaosuri mdgomareoba<br />
kvlav gauaresdes, Tuki valutis rolis Sesruleba oqros ar daekisreba. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom axlandeli ekonomikuri klimatis pirobebSi optimizmis safuZveli<br />
naklebad gvaqvs, naTeli sxivi mainc Cans. es naTeli sxivi im faqtis gacnobierebaa,<br />
rom axlandel qaosur monetarul sistemaSi erTaderTi Zlieri<br />
alternativa WeSmaritad Tavisufali bazaria.
gamoqveynda 1999 wels<br />
iaponuri saswauli<br />
1943 wels jon meinard keinzi acxadebda _ “centraluri bankis sakredito<br />
eqspansia saswaulebs axdens, qvas purad aqcevso”.<br />
xangrZlivi krizisis Semdeg iaponiis mTavrobam da centralurma bankma Zalebis<br />
aRdgena scades da meoce saukunis ukanaskneli keinziseuli eqsperimenti<br />
Caatares. samwuxarod, es eqsperimenti marcxiT damTavrda. Aara marto iaponiis<br />
istoria, aramed mTeli XX saukunis ekonomikuri istoria mowmobs, rom keinzis<br />
mier dapirebuli saswauli siyalbe aRmoCnda. man cxovrebis maRali standartebi<br />
ki ara, krizisi da depresia moitana.<br />
ekonomikur zrdas realuri kapitalis dagroveba sWirdeba, anu kapitalis<br />
farTo struqturis Seqmna danazogebiTa da investiciebiT. centraluri bankis<br />
fuladi inflaciis yalbi saswauli mxolod ciklur ryevebs ganapirobebs. Tavidan<br />
sakredito eqspansia ekonomikur zrdas uwyobs xels. saprocento ganakveTi<br />
mcirdeba, kapitalis Rirebuleba izrdeba, mewarmeebi kapitaluri infrastruqturis<br />
SeqmniT mogebas iReben. magram kapitalis srulyofili infrastruqturis<br />
Seqmna ver xerxdeba, radgan realuri danazogebis sakmarisi<br />
raodenoba ar arsebobs. ekonomikuri aRmasvla siyalbeze, kerZod, xelovnurad<br />
daweul saprocento ganakveTzea agebuli. rogorc ki siyalbe gamoaSkaravdeba,<br />
ekonomikuri aRmavloba wydeba da daRmasvla iwyeba.<br />
bolo 150 wlis manZilze iaponiam ori saswauli ixila: bazris namdvili saswauli<br />
da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier provocirebuli fsevdosaswauli. dasavleTTan saerTaSoriso<br />
vaWroba 1850-iani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo. 1868 wels re<strong>fo</strong>rmatorma<br />
mTavrobam Zveli feodaluri sistema kerZo sakuTrebis uflebis, Tavisufali<br />
vaWrobis, mewarmeobisa da gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis daSvebiT Seaviwrova.<br />
1880-ian wlebSi iaponiam saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoTa umetesoba kerZo seqtors<br />
mihyida, ris Semdegac misi ekonomika swrafad CaerTo Sromis saerTaSoriso<br />
danawilebaSi. momWirne iaponelebma sakuTari danazogebiT didZali kapitali<br />
daagroves. realuri zrdis sapirispirod, mTavrobam transportisa da komunikaciis<br />
subsidireba moaxdina, banki da mZime mrewveloba kartelebSi gaaerTiana<br />
da centraluri banki daaarsa. mokled, iaponia didi britaneTis merkantilistur<br />
sistemas baZavada, rac regionuli imperiis SeqmiT dasrulda. britaneTis<br />
msgavsad, iaponiis imperiac Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebas eyrdnoboda<br />
da es urTierTobebi mis aziel mezoblebze, maT Soris manjuriaze, <strong>fo</strong>rmozasa<br />
da koreaze vrceldeboda. magram iaponiis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> vali da fuladi inflacia<br />
samxedro miznebs xmardeboda. amgvarad, pirvel msoflio omamde iaponiis<br />
did samrewvelo Zalad Camoyalibeba nawilobriv realuri ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis, nawilobriv saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mSeneblobis da nawilobriv cikluri ryevebis<br />
Sedegi iyo.<br />
pirveli msoflio omis <strong>dros</strong> amerikis msgavsad, iaponiis ekonomikur ganvi-<br />
TarebaSi udidesi roli misma politikurma neitralitetma Seasrula. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac yofili savaWro partniorebi erTmaneTTan omSi Caebnen, iaponiis savaWro<br />
urTierToebebi aziis qveynebTan mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. omis <strong>dros</strong>, amerikis<br />
msgavsad, iaponiac inflacias axorcielebda, rac mzardi savaWro mogebis<br />
Sedegad dagrovebul oqros uzarmazar marags eyrdnoboda. inflaciuri<br />
aRmasvla 1920 wlamde gagrZelda, rasac deflaciuri krizisi mohyva. 1923 wlis<br />
51<br />
jefri herbneri<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
grouvis kolejis profesori da ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesis institutis<br />
ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli
52<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
umZlavres miwisZvras inflaciis meore talRa mohyva, rac iaponiis bankis mier<br />
aRdgeniTi samuSaoebis xarjebis dafinansebiT iyo gamowveuli. 1927 wels, rodesac<br />
oqros didi odenobiT gadinebam deflaciuri krizisi gamoiwvia, ekonomikuri<br />
aRmasvla dasrulda da Tanmdevi depresia 1931 wlamde gagrZelda. im<br />
<strong>dros</strong>, rodesac dasavleTSi didi depresia ikrebda Zalebs, iaponiam samTavrobo<br />
xarjebis zrdis, valebis dagrovebisa da fuladi inflaciis morigi raundi<br />
daiwyo. amjerad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> eqspansia armiisa da flotis agebas emsaxureboda.<br />
meore msoflio omis monawile yvela qveyanaSi ekonomikis samxedro relsebze<br />
gadasvla centralizebisa da politikuri kontrolis gamkacrebas gulisxmobda.<br />
iaponiisTvis es 1930-ian wlebSi wamowyebuli samxedro warmoebis<br />
modernizaciis bunebrivi gagrZeleba iyo, rac am dargSi iseTive kartelis SeqmniT<br />
damTavrda, rogorc manamde es mZime mrewvelobasa da sabanko saqmeSi moxda.<br />
omis <strong>dros</strong> iaponiis sabanko sistema kidev ufro metad daeqvemdebara centraluri<br />
bankis kontrols da iaponiis samrewvelo banki samxedro warmoebis finansur<br />
agentad iqca.<br />
amgvarad, iaponiis ekonomika mTlian samxedro meqanizmad gardaiqmna da,<br />
rodesac omi damTavrda, mas samomxmareblo saqonlis warmoebis unari aRar Seswevda.<br />
samwuxarod, omis Semdgomi periodis iaponiis okupaciuri xelisufleba<br />
xels uSlida ekonomikis samSvidobo produqciis gamoSvebaze gadasvlas. xelisuflebam<br />
maRali, praqtikulad sadamsjelo gadasaxadebi daawesa, xolo profkavSirebma<br />
kartelebi daSala da miwis konfiskacia moaxdina. ufro metic, 1945-<br />
49 wlebSi amerikam ucxouri daxmarebis saxiT 1,6 miliardi dolari gamouyo<br />
iaponias, ramac iaponiis banks omis dasasrulisTvis isedac uzomod gaberili<br />
fulis masis kidev ufro metad gazrdis saSualeba misca. hiperinflaciis Sedegad<br />
1946 wlis aprilidan 1949 wlis martamde sabiTumo saqonlis fasebi cametjer<br />
gaizarda. samrewvelo warmoebam farTomasStabiani ekonomikuri reorganizacia<br />
veRar SeZlo da 1948 wels 1937 wlis warmoebis mxolod 40 procenti<br />
Seadgina, xolo soflis meurneoba mniSvnelovnad CamorCa omamdel dones.<br />
1949 wels iaponia amerikis mier kontrolirebad axal saerTaSoriso<br />
sistemaSi Caeba. breton-vudsis fulad-sakredito sistemam ieni-dolaris<br />
gacvlis kursi 360:1 daafiqsira da sakredito eqspansiis saerTaSoriso doneze<br />
gansaxorcieleblad iaponiis banks ienis inflaciis donis federaluri<br />
sarezervo sistemis mier ganxorcielebuli dolaris inflaciasTan<br />
koordinireba mosTxova. civma omma iaponiis samxedro saSualebebze moTxovna<br />
warmoSva. amerikuli samxedro daniSnulebis materialur-teqnikuri<br />
momaragebis Sedegad misi samxedro meqanizmi kvlav gamococxlda da,<br />
sabolood, 1951 wels samrewvelo warmoebam omamdel dones gadaaWarba.<br />
iaponiis mTavroba saimedo mokavSire aRmoCnda da 1952 wlis gazafxulze<br />
suvereniteti aRidgina.<br />
1953 wels okupaciuri xelisuflebis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi gauqmda. profkavSirebi Sesustda,<br />
gadasaxadebi Semcirda, kartelebma re<strong>fo</strong>rma ganicada da centralizebuli<br />
dagegmva gaZlierda. iaponiis ganviTarebis bankSi, eqsport-importis<br />
banksa da satrasto <strong>fo</strong>ndis biuroSi, romelic sa<strong>fo</strong>sto-Semnaxvel angariSebs<br />
zedamxedvelobda, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> ise mkacrad akontrolebda kreditebs, rogorc<br />
aras<strong>dros</strong>. ZalaSi mxolod miwis re<strong>fo</strong>rma darCa. mokled, iaponiam ienis regionnuli<br />
savaWro blokis garda, omamdeli merkantilisturi ekonomikuri sistema<br />
mTlianad aRadgina. amgvari midgoma ar warmoadgenda Caurevlobis politikis<br />
recepts ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobisa da namdvili saswaulis mosaxdenad.<br />
iaponia 1950-ian da 1960-ian wlebSi amerikul sistemaSi iseve iyo CarTuli,<br />
rogorc indonezia 1980-ian da 1990-ian wlebSi. amerikuli dolarebis Semodinebam<br />
da iaponiis mTavrobis mier sa<strong>fo</strong>sto-Semnaxvel angariSebze Tavmoyrili<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndebis gamoyenebam, am ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi saSualo wliuri mSp P9,6 procentamde<br />
gazarda, 1925—39 wlebis 4,6 procentTan SedarebiT TiTqmis orjer.<br />
magram es Zalisxmeva ZiriTadad mTavrobis da ara momxmareblebis moTxovnilebebis<br />
dasakmayofileblad warimarTa. samxedro produqciis warmoeba da
jefri herbneri, “iaponuri saswauli”<br />
infrastruqturis mSenebloba momxmareblebis xarjze dafinansda. sagareo vaWrobam<br />
omamdelTan SedarebiT gansxvavebuli prioritetebi SeiZina da iaponiis<br />
mTavari partniori eqsportSic da importSic amerika gaxda. iaponiam, romelmac<br />
Sromis regionTaSoris danawilebaSi Tavisi adgili dakarga, Sida warmoebis<br />
xelovnuri gafarToeba daiwyo. iaponiis mTavrobam iafi importuli nedleulis<br />
nacvlad, romelsac adre manjuriidan iRebda, ZviradRirebuli sinTeturi Semcvlelebis<br />
warmoebaze gamoyo subsidiebi. sakvebis iaffasiani importi Semcirda,<br />
samagierod, xelovnurad Seqmnilma soflis meurneobis seqtorma Zvirad-<br />
Rirebuli produqciis warmoeba gaafarTova. <strong>fo</strong>ladis, eleqtroxelsawyoebis,<br />
avtomobilebis warmoebasa da gemTmSeneblobaze didi subsidiebi gamoiyo.<br />
amave <strong>dros</strong>, omis Semdgomi ekonomikuri saswauli nawilobriv siyalbe iyo.<br />
amerikelTa samxedro materialur-teqnikuri momarageba koreis omisTvis 3,4<br />
milion dolaramde dajda da 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Sida bazarze ekonomikuri<br />
aRmasvla gamoiwvia. omis <strong>dros</strong> mSp weliwadSi 12,1 procentiT izrdeboda.<br />
magram iaponiis bankma ienis zeinflacia ganaxorciela, ramac rezervebis gamocarieleba<br />
gamoiwvia. breton-vudsis sistemis fiqsirebuli savaluto gacvlis<br />
kursis pirobebSi misi SeCereba mxolod deflaciiT iyo SesaZlebeli. 1954 wels<br />
xanmokle krizisi daiwyo, rasac 1955 wels isev aRmasvla mohyva. igive ganmeorda<br />
1958 welsac. iaponiis bankis fuladi inflaciiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri zrda<br />
1959—61 wlebSi mSp-s 15 procentian yovelwliur matebaSi gamoixata da 1961<br />
wels oqros maragis amowurviT dasrulda. 1962 wels xanmokle krizisi daiwyo,<br />
romelsac 1963—64 wlebSi isev aRmasvla mohyva da 1965 wels krizisiT dasrulda.<br />
momdevno xuT wels mSp weliwadSi 10 procentze metiT izrdeboda.<br />
gardauvali ryevebis miuxedavad, iaponiis bankma, breton-vudsis xelSekrulebis<br />
pirobebis Sesabamisad, ienis inflaciis federaluri sarezervo sistemis<br />
mier dolaris inflaciis kursTan koordinireba moaxerxa da ien-dolaris gacvlis<br />
kursi ucvleli darCa — 360:1. magram gacvlis kursis stabilurobisTvis<br />
ienis ufro swrafi inflacia iyo saWiro, vidre dolaris. 1960-ian wlebSi iaponiis<br />
ekonomikam amerikasTan SedarebiT samjer gaafarTova warmoeba, rac amerikis<br />
6,4 procentis sapirispirod weliwadSi 19 procents Seadgenda. 1960-iani<br />
wlebis meore naxevridan da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ienis inflacia weliwadSi<br />
18,8 procents Seadgenda da gacvlis imave kurss inarCunebda dolarTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, romlis inflaciac weliwadSi mxolod 5,4 procents Seadgenda.<br />
1971 wels, rodesac breton-vudsis sistema daiSala, federalurma sarezervo<br />
sistemam dolaris inflacia, romelic 1970 wels 4,4 procents Seadgenda,<br />
gaasammaga da 12,1procentmde aswia. “iaponiis banki” morCilad dahyva mas iseve,<br />
rogorc meore msoflio omis Semdeg, magram amas ienis inflacia mniSvnelovnad<br />
ar auCqarebia. miuxedavad amisa, 1971-73 wlebSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli ienis masa<br />
weliwadSi 22,4 procentiT izrdeboda. 1971-74 wlebSi dolarTan mimarTebaSi<br />
ieni 20 procentiT gaZvirda. 1973-74 wlebSi fasebis inflaciam ifeTqa, ramac<br />
Sesabamisad samomxmareblo fasebis 11,7 da 23,1 procentiani zrda gamoiwvia.<br />
sakredito eqspansiiT gamowveul aRmasvlas mwvave krizisi mohyva.<br />
am marcxis Semdeg iaponiam gacilebiT damoukidebeli savaluto politikis<br />
gatareba gadawyvita. TandaTan iaponiis bankma ienis inflaciis done im zomamde<br />
Seamcira, rom 1977 wels is dolaris inflaciis doneze dabali iyo. magram amas<br />
kidev erTi sakredito eqspansia mohyva: momdevno ori wlis manZilze ienis wliurma<br />
inflaciam 11 procenti Seadgina, xolo “iaponiis bankis” diskontis ganakveTma<br />
1978 wels 3,5 procentamde daiwia, maSin rodesac is 1977 wels 4,25 procents<br />
Seadgenda. 1980 wels fasebis inflaciam mniSvnelovnad moimata. sabiTumo<br />
fasebi 17,8 procentiT gaizarda, ramac “iaponiis banki” aiZula 1980 wels<br />
diskontis done 7,25 procentamde, anu orjer da ufro metad gaezarda. amis<br />
gamo, saprocento ganakveTebi swrafad gaizarda, ramac sakredito eqspansias<br />
zRvari daudo da ekonomikaSi recesia daiwyo.<br />
rac ar unda iTqvas, omis Semdgomi iaponuri saswauli 1970 wels dasrulda.<br />
1971-79 wlebSi mSp-s saSualo wliuri zrda 4,6 procenti iyo, 1980-90 wlebSi ki<br />
mxolod 4,1 procenti.<br />
53
54<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
iaponiam dolaris savaluto politikis orientirad gamoyenebaze uari Tqva<br />
da 1980-ian wlebSi ienis savaWro blokis aRdgena scada, oRond aRmosavleT da<br />
samxreT-aRmosavleT aziuri aliansi Crdilo aziuri aliansiT Secvala. 1980iani<br />
wlebis pirvel naxevarSi man mizans ver miaRwia, radgan saerTaSoriso<br />
moTxovna dolarze ufro meti iyo vidre ienze. miuxedavad imisa, rom “iaponiis<br />
bankma” ienis inflaciis done dolaris inflaciis doneze qvemoT daswia, ieni<br />
dolarTan mimarTebaSi 24 procentiT gaufasurda. 1981—84 wlebSi samomxmareblo<br />
saqonlis fasebi weliwadSi 2,7 procentiT izrdeboda.<br />
magram, 1985 wels axali strategia amoqmedda, rodesac “plazas SeTanxmebis”<br />
safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac wamyvani samrewvelo qveynebi ienis gaZlierebasa<br />
da dolaris dasustebaze SeTanxmdnen, ienis regionTaSoris savaluto<br />
inflaciasa da sakredito eqspansias meti sivrce mieca. Yyovelwliurad “iaponiis<br />
banki” ienis 10,5 procentian inflacias axorcielebda, ris gamoc diskontis<br />
donem, romelic 1985 wels 5 procents Seadgenda, 1987 wels 2,5 procentamde<br />
daiwia. pirdapiri investiciebis gziT iaponiam samxreT-aRmosavleT aziasa da<br />
samxreT koreaSi sakredito eqspansiis eqsporti moaxdina. aziaSi iaponiis eqsport-importis<br />
banki sainvesticio da savaWro saqmianobaze gacemuli sasesxo<br />
garantiebiT sagangebod axorcielebda masiur iaponur investiciebs. Aam<br />
aJiotaJis dasasruls iaponia msoflios umsxvilesi kreditori iyo, rac imaSi<br />
gamoixateboda, rom msoflios udides bankebsa da umsxvilesi kapitalis mqone<br />
sa<strong>fo</strong>ndo birJas flobda.<br />
miuxedavad masiuri inflaciisa, 1985 wlis dasawyisidan 1988 wlis dasasrulamde<br />
ieni dolarTan mimarTebaSi 50 procentiT gaZvirda da samomxmareblo saqonlis<br />
fasebi iaponiaSi weliwadSi mxolod 0,5 procentiT gaizarda, sabiTumo<br />
saqonlis fasebi ki weliwadSi 4,5 procentiT Semcirda, rac imaze miuTiTebs,<br />
rom, rogorc qveynis farglebs gareT, ise qveynis SigniT, ienze mzardma moTxovnam<br />
savaluto inflacia STanTqa. magram ienis zeoba xanmokle aRmoCnda. 1988<br />
-89 wlebSi ienze moTxovna Sewyda, ramac dolarTan mimarTebaSi misi 16<br />
procentiani devalvacia da Sida fasebis inflaciis zrda gamoiwvia. “iaponiis<br />
bankma” savaluto muxruWebi aamuSava da fuladi inflacia mkveTrad Seamcira.<br />
Tu 1990 wels inflaciis done 12,1 procents Seadgenda, 1991 wels 4,1<br />
procentamde Camovida, 1992 wels ki 1,2 procentamde. diskontis done 1988 wels<br />
2,5 procenti iyo, 1990 wels ki 6 procentamde aiwia. sakredito eqspansiis<br />
dasasruls saprocento ganakveTi gaormagda da ienis inflaciiis Sedegad 1989-<br />
93 wlebSi ien-dolaris 22 procentiani gacvlis kursi gaizarda.<br />
Tavis droze, breton-vudsis SeTanxmebis kraxis Sedegad, amerikam aRmoa-<br />
Cina, rom: saerTaSoriso sakredito eqspansia manamde grZeldeba, sanam fasebis<br />
inflacia fulze moTxovnilebis zrdas Seesabameba. iaponiaSic swored ase moxda.<br />
amerikuli dolari xelaxla gabatonda kanadaSi, meqsikaSi, laTinur amerikasa<br />
da samxreT amerikaSi, agreTve, aziaSi da aRmosavleT da centralur evropaSi,<br />
ramac iaponias ienis savaWro blokis aRdgenaSi SeuSala xeli. msoflio sarezervo<br />
valutasTan SedarebiT iens naklebi SesaZlebloba gaaCnda, amitom,<br />
ienze agebuli sakredito eqspansia 1990 wels kraxiT dasrulda.<br />
iaponia krizisidan gamosvlas keinzis rekomendaciebiT Seecada, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom ekonomikur CixSi swored misi rekomendaciebis wyalobiT aRmoCnda.<br />
1990 wlis Semdeg iaponiam 888 miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis cxra saxis<br />
mastimulirebeli saSualeba mosinja. cxrave sxvadasxva <strong>fo</strong>rmis da zomis iyo,<br />
magram mTavrobis xarjebi da sesxebi, daxmarebebi da reflacia yvelas erTnairad<br />
axasiaTebda. uaresi is iyo, rom 1989 wlis Semdeg gadasaxadebi ramdenjerme<br />
gaizarda. Tu 1965 wels mTavrobas mSp-s 18 procenti mihqonda, amjerad<br />
gadasaxadebi ukve mSp-s 30 procents ascda. am tendenciis ukusaqcevad 1998<br />
wels gadasaxadebi odnav Seamcires, magram Tundac didad SeemcirebinaT, sam-<br />
Tavrobo xarjebis Sekvecis gareSe mxolod minimaluri Sedegi eqneboda. depresia<br />
manamde grZeldeba, sanam araswori investiciebis zrdis likvidacia da kapitalis<br />
bunebrivi struqturis aRdgena ar moxdeba momxmareblis moTxovnilebebis<br />
Sesabamisad. fiskaluri xarjebi likvidacias da gajansaRebas afer-
jefri herbneri, “iaponuri saswauli”<br />
xebs, radgan mTavrobis xarjebi mudam warmoebis arsebuli struqturis daxmarebas<br />
da subsidirebas iTvaliswinebs.<br />
mzradi xarjebis gamo iaponiis erovnuli vali swrafad gaizarda. aseTma<br />
politikam kidev ufro daasusta isedac darRveuli sakredito bazari. axla iaponiis<br />
vali misi mSp-s 100 procentze metia, 1993 wels ki 60 procents Seadgenda.<br />
1999 wels iaponia qveynis mTeli samrewvelo Semosavlis 90 procentis<br />
Rirebulebis axal obligaciebs gamouSvebs, rac daaxloebiT 352 miliard<br />
dolars Seadgens. mTlianad 1999 wels gamoSvebuli obligaciebi 517 miliard<br />
dolars Seadgens, rac iaponias msoflioSi udides sasesxo valdebulebas<br />
akisrebs. mzardi sasesxo datvirTvis gamo sareitingo saagento “mudizinvestor-servisma”<br />
ama wlis aprilSi iaponiis suverenuli sakredito reitingi<br />
CamoaqveiTa, iseve, rogorc gasul wels saukeTeso iaponuri bankebis da<br />
korporaciebis sakredito reitingi.<br />
keinzis prognozebis miuxedavad, mTavrobis didi odenobis sesxma ekonomika<br />
ver gamoacocxla da verc kerZo seqtors Seumsubuqa vali. 1998 wels mSp 28<br />
procentiT Semcirda. ama wlis martis xarjTaRricxviT, kerZo biznesis uimedo<br />
valebi 720 miliardi dolaris odenobiT ganisazRvra, rac, miuxedavad Camowerisa,<br />
wina wlisaze mxolod 0,7 procentiT naklebs Seadgenda. 1998 wlis agvistoSi<br />
iaponur bankebs 600 miliardi dolari aSkara uimedo valebad ericxebodaT<br />
da 625 miliardi dolari — de<strong>fo</strong>ltis Cveulebrivze maRali riskis sesxebad.<br />
1998 wlis ivlisSi bankebs 1,56 trilioni dolari isev uZravi qonebis sesxis<br />
saxiT ericxeboda, romlis umetesi nawili naxevrad damTavrebuli sastumroebis,<br />
mitovebuli golfis moednebis da naxevrad dangreuli saijaro qonebis<br />
saxiT iyo gacemuli developerebze im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac uZravi qonebis fasebi<br />
1991 wlidan 1998 wlamde 80 procentiT Semcirda. iaponiis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> fasian<br />
qaRaldebSi bankebis saxiT isev didi investiciebia Cadebuli, magram nikeis indeqsma<br />
1991 wlidan 1998 wlamde 64 procentiT daiwia.<br />
finansuri kraxis gamo mTavrobam daxmarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndebi Seqmna. 1998 wlis bolos<br />
514 miliard dolariani daxmarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndi Seiqmna. es <strong>fo</strong>ndebi “depozitebis<br />
dazRvevis korporacias” zogierTi bankis saaqcio wilis SeZenasa da warumatebeli<br />
bankebis nacionalizaciaSi, rekonstruqciasa da likvidaciaSi exmareba.<br />
Tu bankebs mTavrobasTan partnioroba surT, saxelfaso Tanxebi unda<br />
Sekvecon, sazRvargareTis sawarmoebi Seamciron da uimedo valebi Camoweron.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, iaponiis saukeTeso bankebi daxmarebis mimRebTa rigSi Cadgnen.<br />
SesaZloa maT ukeTesi bedi ewiaT (an SesaZloa piriqiT moxda), vidre<br />
“grZelvadiani kreditebis banksa” da “niponis sakredito banks”, romelTa nacionalizaciac<br />
1998 wlis bolos ganxorcielda.<br />
daxmarebebi korporaciebzec vrceldeboda. 1998 wlis noemberSi “nisan-motorsma”<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>-kontrolirebadi “iaponiis ganviTarebis bankidan” 833 milioni<br />
dolari sesxi moiTxova, xolo “mcire biznesis safinanso korporaciam“<br />
mcire biznesis sesxebi 1997 wels 15 procentiT gazarda, 1998 wels ki 11 procentiT,<br />
ramac 8,1 miliardi dolari Seadgina.<br />
mTavrobam daxmarebebis gacema Tavis korporaciebze samxreT-aRmosavleT<br />
aziasa da samxreT koreaSic scada, romlebic ekonomikuri aRmasvlis periodSi<br />
wamoiCitnen. jer kidev 1997 wels indoneziaSi gadauxdeli ucxouri korporaciuli<br />
valebis 38 procenti iaponur bankebs ekuTvnoda, rac 58,4 miliard dolars<br />
Seadgenda. tailandSi iaponuri bankebi 37,5 miliardi dolaris valis<br />
mflobelebi iyvnen im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac amerikuli bankebi mxolod 5 miliard dolars<br />
flobdnen. samxreT koreis sawarmoebma iaponiis bankebidan 25 miliardi<br />
dolari isesxes. amis gamo, iaponiam tailandis, indoneziis da samxreT koreis<br />
korporaciebis sabanko sesxebis uzrunvelsayofad 20 miliardi dolari<br />
daxmareba gamoyo.<br />
1990-ian wlebSi iaponiis bankma reflacia scada. diskontis donem, romelic<br />
1991 wels 6 procents Seadgenda, 1997 wels 0,5 procentamde daiwia. magram bankebma<br />
uari Tqves kreditis gazrdaze da, amis nacvlad, axali Tanxebi ubralod<br />
55
56<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
rezervebad Seinaxes uimedo valebis uzrunvelsayofad. raki iaponiis bankma sa-<br />
Sinao sakredito eqspansia ver moaxerxa, sazRvargareT iaponuri sabanko kreditis<br />
gazrda ienis gayidviT scada. investorebma dabal procentad isesxes ieni<br />
da dolarsa da sxva valutaSi gadacvales, riTac sazRvargareT momgebiani aqtivebi<br />
SeiZines. aman ienis zewola Seasusta da strategia momgebiani gamodga.<br />
ieniT vaWroba aqtiurad mimdinareobda 1995 wlis Sua xanebidan 1998 wlis Sua<br />
xanebamde, rodesac ienis kursma dolarTan mimarTebaSi 83 procentiT daiwia,<br />
magram 1998 wlis ivlisSi ienis kursma isev aweva daiwyo, rasac Sedegad zarali<br />
mohyva da vaWroba Sewyda. kreditebis samwliani didi eqspansiis Semdeg misma<br />
aseTma uecarma SeCerebam aziaSi finansuri krizisi gaamwvava. aziis finansurma<br />
krizisma iaponuri bankebi kidev ufro meti uimedo sagareo valebiT daamZima.<br />
amis gamo, 1998 wlis pirvel kvartalSi maT ucxouri sesxebi 244,3 miliardi dolariT,<br />
anu 12 procentiT Seamcires. es Semcireba im daRmavali tendenciis dasasruli<br />
iyo, romlis <strong>dros</strong>ac odesaRac gabatonebul iaponur bankebs globaluri<br />
bazris igive wili darCaT, rac 1980-ian wlebSi hqondaT.<br />
aseT arajansaR viTarebaSi bankebs unari ar SeswevT, rom finansuri Suamavlis<br />
funqciebi Seasrulon. nebismieri damatebiTi rezervi, rasac isini Sei-<br />
Zenen, kreditebis gazrdis nacvlad uimedo valebis gadasaxdelad unda gamoiyenon.<br />
1995—1998 wlebSi bankebis Camowerilma uimedo valebma 300 miliardi<br />
dolari Seadgina im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac maT 1997 wlis seqtembridan 1998 wlis seqtembramde<br />
2,7 procentiT Seamcires sesxebi. 1997 wlis maisidan 1998 wlis maisamde<br />
ki — 5,4 procentiT. amitom, fuladi bazris uCveulo zrdam (10 procentiani<br />
zrda 1997 wlis Sua xanebidan 1998 wlis Sua xanebamde) naklebi gavlena<br />
moaxdina farTo fulad agregatebze, rac mxolod 3,5 procentiT gaizarda.<br />
keinzianelebs tyuilad miaCndaT, rom iaponiis bankis dasusteba likvidurobas<br />
SeaCerebda. reflaciam rom sakredito eqspansia ver moaxdina, imis gamo ki ar<br />
moxda, rom investorebma fuli daagroves, radgan saprocento ganakveTebis<br />
zrdas moelian, aramed imis gamo, rom bankebs uzarmazari uimedo valebi aqvT,<br />
rac aiZulebT kreditebis gazrdis nacvlad naRdi fuli Seinaxon. amasTan er-<br />
Tad, investiciebis ganxorcielebaSi biznesmenebs cxoveli interesis nakleboba<br />
ki ar uSliT xels, aramed mZime valebi, tvirTad akidebuli Warbi, araswori<br />
kapitaldabandebebi da kapitaluri infrastruqturis rekonstruqciis gaurkveveli<br />
bedi.<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi, 1997 wels “iaponiis banki” ukve im kurss mihyveboda, rac<br />
mogvianebiT, 1998 wlis Sua xanebSi, pol krugmanmac urCiaT, is axlad emitirebuli<br />
ieniT, bankebis gverdis avliT, uSualod kerZo mflobelebisgan iZenda<br />
obligaciebs. 1997 wlis oqtombridan 1998 wlis oqtombramde iaponiis bankis<br />
mflobelobaSi arsebuli komerciuli qaRaldebis fasi nulidan 117 miliard<br />
dolaramde avida. dRes “iaponiis banki” komerciuli qaRaldebis udidesi<br />
mflobelia iaponiaSi — is mTeli maragis erT mesameds flobs. finansTa saministrom<br />
da iaponiis bankma saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> obligaciebic uSualod kerZo mflobelebisgan<br />
SeiZines, rac axla iaponiis obligaciebis 2,22 trilion dolariani<br />
bazris 53 procents Seadgens, magram bankebi mainc paralizebulia da ekonomika<br />
isev gaCerebuli.<br />
amas garda, frTxilma meanabreebma TavianTi Tanxebi bankebidan sa<strong>fo</strong>sto danazogebis<br />
sistemaSi gadaitanes, ramac mTavrobas bankebis motyuebis ufro didi<br />
SesaZlebloba misca. bolo wlebSi am sistemaSi arsebuli <strong>fo</strong>ndebi weliwadSi<br />
9 procentiT izrdeboda da dRes mTavroba 2 trilion dolars akontrolebs,<br />
rac bankebSi arsebul mTel danazogebze meti da iaponiaSi arsebuli mTeli<br />
danazogebis erTi mesamedia. gasakviri ar aris, rom biurokratebma <strong>fo</strong>ndebi<br />
gaflanges. magaliTad, 1997 wels mTavrobam 5,3 miliardi dolari tokios yure-<br />
Si maRalteqnologiuri gvirabis mSeneblobaze gadaisrola, romelic, mTavrobisave<br />
xarjTaRricxviT, 2038 wlamde zaralze iqneba. zaraliani sawarmoebis<br />
ageba depresiis saSveli ver iqneba.<br />
mTavrobis xarjebi, daxmarebebi da reflacia mxolod ekonomikuri gamococxlebis<br />
<strong>dros</strong> warmoebuli araswori investiciebis mxardaWeras emsaxureba
jefri herbneri, “iaponuri saswauli”<br />
da kapitaluri infrastruqturis rekonstruqciis Seferxebas iwvevs, arada, sabazro<br />
ekonomikaSi kapitaluri infrastruqturis rekonstruqcia gardauvalia,<br />
radgan is momxmareblis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. araswori investiciebis<br />
salikvidaciod bazari iseT saSualebebs iyenebs, rogoric aris, magaliTad,<br />
gakotreba, gaerTianeba, Sesyidvebi, restruqturizacia da deflacia.<br />
bolo ori wlis manZilze am saSualebebidan zogierTi gaizarda. 1998 wels<br />
TveSi saSualod 1600 SemTxveva dafiqsirda, 1999 wels ki Serwyma-SeZenamac imata.<br />
aprilis TveSi meore msoflio omis Semdeg mokavSireebis mier SemoRebuli<br />
antitrastuli kanonmdeblobiT didi xniT SeCerebuli holdingi kompaniebi<br />
aRdga. 1998 wlis dasasruls ucxour da iaponur bankebs Soris aliansi Sedga.<br />
Serwyma ZiriTadad mcire da regionul bankebs Soris moxda, romlebsac daxmarebis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndTan xeli ar miuwvdebodaT, magram bolo Tves mega-gaerTianebac<br />
gamocxadda, romelmac sami didi iaponuri banki 1,3 trilioni dolaris aqtivebis<br />
mqone msoflio donis koncernad gaaerTiana. miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavrobam<br />
maTi SerwymisTvis subsidia gamoyo 8,7 miliardi dolaris zaralis aRmosafxvrelad,<br />
romelic samive bankma gasuli wlis martis bolomde ganicada, axal<br />
banks Zireuli restruqturizacia da muSaxelis 17 procentiT Semcireba<br />
sWirdeba.<br />
daqiravebuli TanamSromlebis dasaTxovnad restruqturizaciis sxva gegmebic<br />
arsebobs. kompaniam “NEC electric Co.” ama wlis TebervalSi 11 600 muSa daiTxova.<br />
saerTod, iaponiaSi 1998 wels 480 000 samuSao adgili Semcirda. amasTan<br />
erTad, mTel iaponiaSi muSebs iZulebuls xdian “sakuTari surviliT” vadaze<br />
adre gavidnen pensiaze an kompensaciebis Semcirebas daTanxmdnen. SesaZloa, magaliTad,<br />
asakovan moxeles SeSis daWra daavalon.<br />
ekonomikuri gamococxlebis <strong>dros</strong>, kapitalis msgavsad, muSaxelic arasworad<br />
nawildeba da recesiis <strong>dros</strong> isev xelaxla unda gadanawildes. kapitali<br />
SedarebiT specifikuria, muSaxeli ki araspecifikuri, amitom, ufro iolad<br />
egueba sxva saxis samuSaos. iaponiaSi Warbwarmoebam 30 procents miaRwia.<br />
gansakuTrebiT mwvaved iseT sferoebSi iCina Tavi, rogoric aris <strong>fo</strong>ladis warmoeba,<br />
liTondamuSaveba, mSenebloba, avtomobilebi, navTobi, sadac aRmasvlis<br />
<strong>dros</strong> araswori investiciebis koncentracia moxda.<br />
samagierod, umuSevroba 1980-iani wlebis 2,5 procentTan SedarebiT mxolod<br />
4,9 procentiT gaizarda. iaponuri Sromis bazris elastiuroba sabazro<br />
kompensaciis moqnilobazea damokidebuli. profkavSirebs imdeni Zala ar Seswevs,<br />
rom biznesis zaralis <strong>dros</strong> xelfasebis SenarCuneba SeZlos, gansakuTrebiT,<br />
saSualo da mcire sawarmoebSi. marTalia, xangrZlivi muSaobis gamocdilebas<br />
umuSevrobisas didi mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, magram mTavrobis mier im<br />
kompaniebisTvis gamoyofili “dasaqmebis daregulirebis subsidiebi”, romlebic<br />
muSebs “sa<strong>Cven</strong>eblad” unarCuneben xelfasebs, umuSevrobis suraTs alamazebs<br />
da oficialuri umuSevrobis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebs amaxinjebs. bankisa da<br />
biznesis daxmarebebis msgavsad, es subsidiebi warmoebis reorganizacias aferxebs<br />
da depresias axangrZlivebs.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, umuSevrobis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi damaxinjebulia Tu ara, iaponiis<br />
gamocdileba aSkarad gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom depresiis keinziseuli axsna mcdaria.<br />
magaliTad, krugmeni amtkicebs, rom depresia maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac sa<strong>fo</strong>ndo<br />
birJa kraxs ganicdis da moxmareba iklebs. es ki warmoebas amcirebs da<br />
umuSevrobas iwvevs, ris gamoc Semosavali mcirdeba da moxmareba kidev ufro<br />
iklebs da a. S. magram iaponel muSebs umuSevrobiT gamowveuli Semosavlebis<br />
Semcireba ar unaxavT.<br />
mcire moxmarebisa da Warbi danazogebis Sesaxeb keinziseuli mosazrebebis<br />
sapirispirod, bolo aTwleulebis manZilze iaponiaSi danazogebis done klebulobs,<br />
ase iyo depresiis <strong>dros</strong>ac. wminda ojaxuri danazogi 1997 wels 13 procenti<br />
iyo, 1998 wels — 12,2 procenti da mimdinare wels ki — 11,5 procenti.<br />
marTalia, iaponiis mTavroba zogierT sabazro Zalebs TiTqosda sruli<br />
moqmedebis uflebas aZlevs, magram deflaciaze is mtkiced acxadebs uars. “ia-<br />
57
58<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
poniis banki” amaod cdilobs reinflacias bankebis motyuebis gziT, rac mTavrobis<br />
simtkiceze miuTiTebs. Tumca, es politikac keinziseuli ekonomikis bundovan<br />
logikazea agebuli, romlis Tanaxmadac, fasebis klebas mTliani moTxovnis<br />
kleba iwvevs. da, rodesac fasebis daweva ar xerxdeba, zarali warmoiSoba,<br />
rac warmoebis Semcirebas da umuSevrobas iwvevs. magram depresiis<br />
<strong>dros</strong> fulis deflacia da kreditebis Semcireba ekonomikuri gamococxlebis<br />
<strong>dros</strong> ganxorcielebuli araswori investiciebis aucilebeli finansuri<br />
aspeqtebia, rasac fulis deflacia da sakredito eqspansia iwvevs. ekonomikuri<br />
ryevebis epicentri sabanko sistemaa. vinaidan araswori investiciebic da araswori<br />
ganawilebac fuladi inflaciisa da sakredito eqspansiis Sedegad dar-<br />
Rveuli momgebianobis politikas mosdevs, fuladi deflaciisa da kreditis<br />
SemcirebiT gamowveuli fasebis kleba araswori investiciebis da xelaxali<br />
gadanawilebis gziT mogebisa da zaralis koreqtirebas axdens. centraluri<br />
banki cdilobs zarali reflaciiT gadafaros, rac xels uSlis realizacias,<br />
bankebis muSaobis paralizebas iwvevs da sxva bazrebis salikvidacio Zalebis mimarT<br />
mTavrobis modunebuli yuradRebis <strong>dros</strong> uaryofiTad muSaobs.<br />
deflaciis <strong>dros</strong> saerTo moTxovnilebis Semcireba ki ar iwvevs zarals, rogorc<br />
keinzi miiCnevs, aramed konkretul moTxovnilebaTa, konkretuli saqonlis<br />
momxmarebelTa da konkretuli warmoebis saSualebebis mewarmeTa Seusabamoba<br />
warmoebis arsebul fasebTan warmoebis iseT struqturaSi, sadac araswori<br />
investiciebi da araswori ganawileba Warbobs. fasebis klebiT gamowveuli zarali<br />
fasebis zrdis dawyebisas miRebuli im uzarmazari mogebis sapirispiro<br />
procesia, romelic muSaxelis xelSi ki ar grovdeba, aramed kapitalis mflobelTa<br />
xelSi, radgan yvela saxis warmoebaSi warmoebis saSualebebis fasebi SedarebiT<br />
ufro mcirdeba (miwis fasebi naklebad) vidre xelfasebi. samomxmareblo<br />
saqonelze fasebi romc iklebdes, sabazro ekonomikaSi mogebis miRebis<br />
an SenarCunebis mizniT warmoebis Rirebuleba mcirdeba. Tu mTavroba kapitalis,<br />
miwis da muSaxelis fasebs gazrdis, maSin zarali gaiyineba, gaCndeba uqmi<br />
sawarmoebi, umuSevroba, Seferxdeba likvidacia da gadanawileba.<br />
miuxedavad deflaciasTan dakavSirebuli miTqma-moTqmisa, iaponiis banki<br />
milTon fridmenis rCevas mihyva da fulis maragi imdenad gazarda, ramdenic<br />
sakmarisi iqneboda imisTvis, rom fasebi arc gazrdiliyo da arc Semcirebuliyo.<br />
1991-98 wlebSi ienis maragi weliwadSi 2,8 procentiT izrdeboda da<br />
samomxmareblo fasis indeqsi stabiluri iyo. 1997 wlis dekemberSi, rodesac<br />
fridmenma fulis inflaciis gazrda moiTxova, “iaponiis banki” ukve zrdida<br />
fulis masas, romelic 1994 wlidan weliwadSi 3 procentiT izrdeboda, 1997<br />
wels 5 procentiT gaizarda da 1998 wels 4 procentiT, ris Sedegadac 1997 wels<br />
mSp 0,5 procentiT Semcirda, 1998 wels kvlav 2,8 procentiT Semcirda, magram<br />
1996 wels fulis inflaciis ufro naklebi kursis <strong>fo</strong>nze 5,4 procentiT gaizarda,<br />
1995 wels ki 2,5 procentiT. amasTan erTad, “iaponiis bankis” 1990-iani<br />
wlebis pirvelma reflaciam 1990 wlis dasawyisidan 1993 wlis dasasrulamde samomxmareblo<br />
saqonlis yovelwliuri 2,4 procentiani zrda gamoiwvia, rac 1985<br />
wlis dasawyisidan 1988 wlis dasasrulamde dafiqsirebuli ekonomikuri gamococxlebis<br />
fasebis inflaciasTan SedarebiT samjer metia. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
sabiTumo fasebi weliwadSi 0,8 procentiT mcirdeboda im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac<br />
1980-iani wlebis dasasruls weliwadSi 3,75 procentiT iklebda. Tu amerikis<br />
1920-iani wlebis gamocdileba ar kmara, iaponiis 1980-iani wlebi kidev<br />
erTxel gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom fasebis stabiluri ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi fasebis zrdisa da<br />
klebis ciklisTvis panaceas ar warmoadgens.<br />
imedi viqonioT, rom iaponiis krizisis gamocdileba magaliTad gamogvadgeba.<br />
ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi jer kidev 1912 wels ambobda: centraluri bankis savaluto<br />
inflaciisa da sakredito eqspansiis keinziseuli saswauli siyalbea da<br />
mas krizisi da depresia mosdevso.
gamoqveynda 2000 wels<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba<br />
“rodesac qveyanaSi bevri akrZalvaa, mosaxleoba Raribdeba.<br />
rodesac matulobs kanonebi da brZanebebi, izrdeba qurdebisa da<br />
yaCaRebis ricxvi”.<br />
lao-Zi, dao de Zini, V saukune Zv.w.aR.<br />
saukuneebisa da aTaswleulebis, aseve umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirTa cvlileba<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>s qveyanaSi sakmaod kargi mizezia grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ruseTis<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis winaswari Sedegebis SejamebisTvis, misi garkveuli<br />
kanonzomierebis gansazRvrisa da ekonomikuri politikisTvis SesaZlo rekomendaciebis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>rmulirebisTvis.<br />
XIX _ XX saukuneebSi msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi<br />
tendenciebi da ruseTi<br />
drois monakveTi 1820 wlidan dRemde (1998 weli. red. SeniSvna), warmoadgens<br />
periods, romlis analizi SesaZlebelia, radganac arsebobs im epoqis umsxvilesi<br />
da yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri potencialis statistikurad<br />
ramdenadme misaRebi Sefasebebi. Sualedur TariRs am or wels Soris warmoadgens<br />
1913 weli, romelic TiTqmis Tanabradaa daSorebuli orive TariRidan<br />
da saanalizo periods or ZiriTad qveperiodad yofs, romlebic daaxloebiT<br />
emTxveva XIX da XX saukuneebis droiT sazRvrebs – 1820_1913 da 1913_1998<br />
wlebi. koordinatTa sistemas, romelSic SesaZlebelia aRniSnul periodsa da<br />
qveperiodebSi ruseTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis analizi, msoflio ekonomikis<br />
ganviTareba warmoadgens (cxr. 1 da 2).<br />
gasuli ori saukune manamde arnaxuli ekonomikuri zrdis periodi iyo.<br />
mTlianobaSi, 1820_1998 wlebSi msoflios jamuri mSp 831 miliardidan 36836 miliard<br />
dolaramde, anu 44-ze metjer gaizarda 1993 wlis fasebiT.<br />
XX saukuneSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempma SesamCnevad moimata. Tu periodisTvis,<br />
romelic ase Tu ise emTxveva XIX saukunis sazRvrebs (1820_1913<br />
wlebi), msoflio mSp 3,5-jer gaizarda, pirobiTad „ekonomikur“ XX saukuned<br />
wodebul periodSi ki (1913_1998 wlebi) – 12,5-jer, saSualo wliur tempebze<br />
gadaTvliT, ekonomikuri zrda XX saukuneSi, wina saukunesTan SedarebiT, daaxloebiT<br />
2,2-jer (1,37 procentdan 3,02 procentmde) aCqarda.<br />
msoflios mSp zrdis ZiriTadi faqtori gaxda msoflio mosaxleobis da erT<br />
sul mosaxleze warmoebuli mSp erTdrouli zrda (rac garkveuli gamartivebis<br />
Semdeg SeiZleba interpretirdes, rogorc ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli, romelic mowmobs msoflioSi<br />
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas). XX saukuneSi orive faqtoris zrda ufro<br />
meti iyo vidre XIX saukuneSi: mosaxleobis raodenoba 2,6-jer ufro swrafad<br />
izrdeboda (saSualo wliuri nametis tempebi Sesabamisad – 0,55 da 1,44%), mSp<br />
erT sul mosaxleze – 1,9-jer (0,82 da 1,56% Sesabamisad). Tu msoflios<br />
mosaxleobis raodenoba 5,6-jer gaizarda (1-dan 6 miliard adamianamde), mSp erT<br />
sul mosaxleze 8-jer gaizarda (778-dan 6189 dolaramde, 1993 wlis fasebSi).<br />
59<br />
andrei ilarionovi<br />
Targmna nino gorgaZem<br />
aSS-Si, q. vaSingtonSi mdebare katonis saxelobis institutis ufrosi<br />
mecnier-TanamSromeli da ruseTSi, q. moskovSi mdebare ekonomikuri analizis<br />
institutis damfuZnebuli da direqtori. ruseTis prezidentis<br />
(vladimer putinis) mrCevli ekonomikur sakiTxebSi 2000-2005 wlebSi
60<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomika uTanabrod viTardeboda.<br />
kumulaciuri zrdis masStabebi (an saSualo wliuri matebis tempebi) periodebis<br />
mixedviT am ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebis minimaluri da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobis<br />
mqone qveynebs Soris sakmaod mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba.<br />
im 50 qveyanas Soris, romlebzec Sesabamisi statistikuri monacemebi moipoveba,<br />
irlandiis ekonomika sxvebze nela izrdeboda – 1820 – 1998 wlebSi misi<br />
masStabebi mxolod 14,4-jer gaizarda. XIX saukuneSi msgavsi situacia CineTSi<br />
iyo (gaizarda mxolod 42 procentiT), xolo XX saukuneSi ruseTis ekonomika<br />
4,2-jer gaizarda. XX saukuneSi zrdis rekordsmeni iyo taivani (mSp gaizarda<br />
133-jer), xolo rogorc XIX, ise XX saukuneSi — avstralia (mSp zrda, Sesabamisad,<br />
TiTqmis 494-jer da 6833-jer). am periodebSi avstralia liderobda aseve<br />
mosaxleobis zrdis tempebiTac (Sesabamisad 146-jer da 568-jer), Tumca XX saukuneSi<br />
pirveli gana iyo (mosaxleoba gaizarda 9,2-jer). sxvebze nela aRniSnul<br />
periodsa da mis orive qveperiodSi irlandiis mosaxleoba izrdeboda. sinamdvileSi,<br />
misi mosaxleoba ar izrdeboda: aswleulze met xanSi — 1845-1960<br />
wlebSi mosaxleobis raodenoba Tanmimdevrulad klebulobda (4,9 milionidan –<br />
2,8 milion adamianamde) da mciredi mateba mxolod XX saukunis bolo oTx<br />
aTwleulSi daiwyo.<br />
rac Seexeba erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s dones, „rekordsmenebi“ XIX saukuneSi<br />
kanada (gaizarda 4,4-jer), XX saukuneSi taivani (20,8-jer), orive saukuneSi ki<br />
iaponia (26,8-jer) iyvnen. yvelaze nela XIX da orive saukuneSi mSp sul mosaxleze<br />
bangladeSSi izrdeboda (XIX s. – 9 procentiT, orive saukuneSi – 2,3jer).<br />
XX saukuneSi am ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebliT „lideroba“ kubas gadaeca: 1913_1998 wlebSi<br />
mSp sul mosaxleze mxolod 31 procentiT gaizarda.<br />
msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>nze ruseTis dinamika sakmaod araTanabaria.<br />
XIX saukuneSi misi absoluturi masStabebi sakmaod swrafad gaizarda<br />
da ruseTis ekonomikis SefardebiTi mniSvneloba msoflios mSp-sTan mimar-<br />
TebiT daaxloebiT 5-dan 9,3 procentmde gaizarda 1913 wlisTvis, xolo 2,6-dan<br />
4,9 procentamde 1998 wlisTvis. magram XX saukuneSi ruseTis mSp absoluturi<br />
zrdisas (mudmiv fasebSi 143 miliardidan 600 miliard dolaramde), misi wili<br />
msoflios mSp-Si samjer (4,86-dan 1,63 procentamde) Semcirda. rogoria XX s-Si<br />
ruseTis aSkara “ekonomikuri Cavardnis” mizezebi XIX saukeneSi mis “ekonomikur<br />
warmatebasTan” SedarebiT?<br />
rogorc 1 da me-2 cxrilebis monacemebidan Cans, XIX saukuneSi ruseTis, er-<br />
Ti SexedviT, savsebiT warmatebul ekonomikur ganviTarebaze gadamwyveti gavlena<br />
misi mosaxleobis swraf zrdas hqonda da gacilebiT naklebi _ erovnuli<br />
Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas. msoflio mosaxleobaSi ruseTis wilis<br />
cxrili 1. msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi XIX-XX saukuneebSi<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi/wlebi 1820 1913 1998<br />
mSp, miliardi aSS dolari 1993 wlis fasebSi<br />
sul msoflio 831 2941 36836<br />
ruseTi 1913 wlis periodis farglebSi 41 274<br />
ruseTi 1998 wlis periodis farglebSi 22 143 600<br />
% mTeli msoflios ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebisgan:<br />
ruseTi 1913 wlis periodis farglebSi 4.98 9.32<br />
ruseTi 1998 wlis periodis farglebSi 2.6 4.86 1.63<br />
mosaxleoba, mln. adamiani<br />
msoflios saSualo ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli 778 1660 6189<br />
ruseTi 864 1605 4081<br />
ruseTis %, msoflios saSualo donidan 111 96.7 65.9<br />
wyaro: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992. OECD, Paris, 1995
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”<br />
gaormagebam nawilobrivi kompensireba moaxdina erovnuli warmoebis 111-dan 97<br />
procentmde SemcirebiT msoflios saSualo donesTan SedarebiT. magram XX<br />
saukuneSi mosaxleobis wili msoflio mosaxleobaSi orjer da metad Semcirda,<br />
xolo mSp erT sul mosaxleze msoflioSi mSp-s saSualo donis miaxloebuli ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblidan,<br />
mis 2/3-mde Semcirda. Tu 1913 wels sulze warmoebuli mSp-iT ruse-<br />
Ti 23-e adgils ikavebda msoflioSi, 1999 wels igi 101 adgilze Camovida.<br />
XIX saukuneSi mSp saSualo wliuri nameti ruseTSi daaxloebiT erTnaxevarjer<br />
meti iyo vidre msoflio ekonomikaSi saSualod, xolo XX saukuneSi es ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli<br />
daaxloebiT orjer naklebi iyo. 1913_1998 wlebSi mSp zrda ruseTSi<br />
iyo yvelaze neli im 50 qveyanas Soris, romelTa Sesaxebac statistikuri monacemebi<br />
moipoveba. garkveulwilad aseTi imedgamacruebeli Sedegebi, ra Tqma<br />
unda, dakavSirebulia 90-iani wlebis bolos Rrma da xangrZliv ekonomikur krizisTan.<br />
garda amisa, 80_90-iani wlebis zRvramdec, ruseTis (da yofili sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris) ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempebi iyo sakmaod dabali vidre msoflio<br />
ekonomikisa mTlianobaSi. ratom?<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da ekonomikuri zrda<br />
xalxTa mier miRweuli simdidris donis da, aseve, misi zrdis tempebis mizezi<br />
keTildReobis arsebuli Teoriebis mixedviT aris:<br />
xelsayreli geografiul mdebareoba;<br />
kargi klimati;<br />
bunebrivi resursebis arseboba/ararseboba;<br />
mosaxleobis raodenoba (rogorc mcire, aseve didi raodenoba);<br />
fizikuri kapitali da misi dagroveba (danazogi da investicia);<br />
adamianuri kapitali (mosaxleobis janmrTeloba da ganaTleba), aseve<br />
misi dagrovebis tempebi;<br />
mosaxleobis kulturuli, moraluri da religiuri faseulobebi;<br />
samecniero-teqnikuri progresi;<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done da stadia;<br />
saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi monawileoba;<br />
sagareo eqspluataciisadmi midrekileba (an gare daxmarebis miReba);<br />
sabazro stiqiis “mecnieruli marTva” da bevri sxva.<br />
keTildReobis yoveli Teoria Taviseburad sainteresoa. magram verc erTma<br />
maTganma ver warmoadgina sakuTari sisworis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba. yovel<br />
magaliTze, romelic TiTqosda damajereblad amtkicebs SemoTavazebul<br />
hipoTezas, yovelTvis moiZebneba sxva – misi aranakleb damajereblad uarmyofi.<br />
statistikuri analizic ki ar a<strong>Cven</strong>ebda am faqtorebs da grZelvadian ekonomikur<br />
ganviTarebas Soris mdgrad kavSirebs. amrigad, XIX_XX saukuneebis<br />
udides nawilSi ekonomikur mecnierebasa da sazogadoebriv azrSi gabatonebul<br />
tradiciul ekonomikur Teoriebs ar gaaCnia unari, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis damakmayofilebeli axsna SemogvTavazos.<br />
amis axsna mogvca ekonomikurma liberalizmma. jer kidev adam smiTis klasikur<br />
naSromSi “xalxTa simdidris bunebis Sesaxeb” dasaxelebuli iyo qveynebis<br />
da maTi mosaxleobis ayvavebis ZiriTadi pirobebi: kargi kanonebi, gadasaxadebi,<br />
romlebic mZime tvirTad ar awveba mosaxleobas da mSvidoba — sameurneo saqmianobis<br />
Tavisuflebis kanonikuri gansazRvrebis ZiriTadi komponentebia. iqve<br />
iyo <strong>fo</strong>rmulirebuli ekonomikuri politikis mTavari wesi: rac ufro naklebad<br />
ereva saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> ekonomikur saqmianobaSi, miT ufro ukeTesia ekonomikisTvis.<br />
TumcaRa Tavis Teoriul warmodgenasa da praqtikul saqmianobaSi Tavad a. smi-<br />
Ti yovelTvis ar iyo Laissez-faire sistemis Tanamimdevruli momxre, rogorc amaze<br />
tradiciulad moaruli azri mogviTxrobs.<br />
Semdgomi orze meti saukunis ganmavlobaSi arcTu ise cota mkvlevarma Seitana<br />
Tavisi wvlili ekonomikuri liberalizmis ganviTarebaSi. yvelaze mniSvne-<br />
61
62<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
cxrili 2. ekonomikuri zrda ruseTsa da msoflioSi XIX_XX saukuneebSi<br />
1820-1913 1913-1998 1820-1998 1820-1913 1913-1998 1820-1998<br />
mSp, mlrd. aSS dolari 1993 wlis fasebSi<br />
sul msoflio 3.5 12.5 44.3 1.37 3.02 2.15<br />
qveyana minimaluri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebliT 1.4 4.2 14.4 0.37 1.7 1.51<br />
qveyana maqsimaluri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebliT 493.6 132.9 6832.5 6.9 5.92 5.09<br />
ruseTis % mTeli msoflios<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblidan<br />
ruseTi 6.6 4.2 27.8 2.05 1.7 1.89<br />
187 33.5 62.6 150 56.4 87.5<br />
msoflio sul 1.7 3.4 5.6 0.55 1.44 0.97<br />
qveyana minimaluri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebliT 0.6 1.1 0.7 -0.52 0.15 -0.2<br />
qveyana maqsimaluri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebliT 146.1 9.2 568.2 5.51 2.65 3.63<br />
ruseTis % mTeli msoflios<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblidan<br />
ruseTi 3.6 1.6 5.9 1.38 0.59 1<br />
214.8 49.1 105.5 252 41.1 103.1<br />
msoflio sul 2.1 3.7 8 0.82 1.56 1.17<br />
qveyana minimaluri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebliT 1.1 1.3 2.3 0.09 0.32 0.46<br />
qveyana maqsimaluri ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebliT 4.4 20.8 26.8 1.61 3.64 1.87<br />
ruseTis % msoflios<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblidan saSualod<br />
kumulaciuri zrda<br />
periodisTvis, jeradi<br />
mosaxleoba, mln. adamiani<br />
mSp erT sul mosaxleze, aSS dolari, 1993 wlis fasebSi<br />
saSualo wliuri namatis<br />
tempebi, erTeul mosaxleze,%<br />
ruseTi 1.9 2.5 4.7 0.67 1.1 0.88<br />
87.1 68.2 59.4 81.7 70.8 74.8<br />
lovani wvlili Seitanes avstriuli, Cikagosa da fraiburgis skolebis warmomadgenlebma.<br />
kerZod, “avstrielebi” (k. mengeri, f. <strong>fo</strong>n bem-baverki, f. <strong>fo</strong>n vizeri,<br />
l. <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi, f. <strong>fo</strong>n haieki, g. xaberleri, f. maxlupi, m. roTbardi, l. laxmani),<br />
“Cikagoelebi” (f. naiTi, j. vineri, g. saimonsi, m. fridmeni, j. stigleri, r.<br />
kouzi, j. biukeneni, g. beikeri, a. xaberleri, a. alCiani), neoliberalebi fraiburgis<br />
universitetidan (a. riustovi, v. ropke, v. oikeni, l. erxardi), maT SeimuSaves<br />
Rirebulebis, kapitalis, fulis, procentis, firmebis, grZelvadiani<br />
wonasworobis, inflaciis, saqmiani ciklebis, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> regulirebis, sazogadoebrivi<br />
arCevanis da saerTaSoriso fuladi sistemis Teoriebi, riTac faqtobrivad<br />
Seqmnes Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecniereba.<br />
XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis meore naxevarsa da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis TeoriaSi revoluciuri gadatrialeba moxda. egzogenuri<br />
zrdis modelebis axsnis unaris SezRuduloba, romelSic ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
tradiciuli faqtorebi (Sroma da kapitali) warmoadgens egzogenur (gare)<br />
faqtorebs modelTYan mimarTebaSi da romelTa ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSnebad<br />
gamodis maTi gamoyenebidan klebadi ukugeba, sicocxle Caberes modelebis<br />
axal klass, romlebmac endogenuri zrdis1 wyaro: Maddison A. Monitoring the World Economy 1820--1992. OECD, Paris, 1995.<br />
modelebis saxelwodeba miiRes. am<br />
modelebSi, Sromis danaxarjebis da kapitalis fiqsirebul doneze SenarCunebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri zrdis mudmivi anda periodulad mzardi<br />
tempis uzrunvelyofa. msgavs modelebSi ekonomikuri zrda arsebuli faqtorebis<br />
gamoyenebis efeqturobis zrdis xarjze miiRweva, sameurneo garemos<br />
1 msgavsi tipis pirveli naSromi iyo: Romer P.M. Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy,<br />
1986, October, p. 1002.1037.
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”<br />
saerTo pirobebis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. gadamwyvet rols am pirobebis cvlilebaSi<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ekonomikuri politika TamaSobs. mravalma empiriulma gamokvlevam<br />
a<strong>Cven</strong>a mdgradi uaryofiTi kavSiri ekonomikur saqmianobaSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
Carevasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris (ix. cxr. 3). saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ekonomikurma<br />
politikam rogori konkretuli <strong>fo</strong>rmebi da saxeebic ar unda miiRos (saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
mewarmeoba, sabiujeto, fuladi, sagareo savaWro politika), ekonomikaSi<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Careva ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas niSnavs.<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, Tanamedrove gagebiT, gulisxmobs xelSeuxebel<br />
kerZo sakuTrebaze dafuZnebuli warmoebis, vaWrobis, dagrovebis, investirebis,<br />
gamomuSavebis da Seqmnilis gamoyenebis, TanamemamuleebTan Yanda ucxoeleb-<br />
Tan ekonomikur kontaqtSi Sesvlis, fasebis dawesebis, kontraqtSi monawile<br />
pirTa urTierTTanxmobis Sedegad nebismieri fuladi erTeulis gamoyenebis<br />
Tavisuflebas.<br />
bazris monawileTa ekonomikur Tavisuflebas zRudaven saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> da aseve<br />
masTan konkurirebadi arasaxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pirebi. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> ekonomikur Tavisuflebas<br />
iseTi instrumentebis saSualebiT zRudavs, rogorebicaa kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
konfiskacia, kontraqtebis Seusrulebloba, sameurneo saqmianobis<br />
araTanabari da araprognozirebulad cvalebadi pirobebi, pirdapiri saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
gadasaxadebi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sesxebi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> inflaciuri gadasaxadebi,<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjebi, sabiujeto deficiti da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> valebi, inflacia,<br />
regresuli savaluto-fuladi politika, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> regulireba, proteqcionizmi.<br />
maRali gadasaxadebi zrdis warmoebis danaxarjebs, aZvirebs maT produqcias,<br />
xdis mas naklebad konkurentunarians, auaresebs erovnuli kompaniebis<br />
poziciebs axal da Zvel bazrebze. sxva Tanabar pirobebSi produqcia ufro ma-<br />
Rali gadasaxadebis mqone qveynidan ufro Zviria da, Sesabamisad, naklebad konkurentunariani.<br />
gadasaxadebis da sxva gadasaxdelebis Sedegad mogrovebuli ekonomikuri<br />
resursebis ukmarisoba mTavrobas sesxebis aRebas aiZulebs. Sida bazridan<br />
aRebuli sesxi erovnuli masStabiT amcirebs danazogebs da investiciebs,<br />
zrdis procentis ganakveTebs, aZvirebs komerciul kredits. gare bazridan sesxis<br />
aReba zrdis sagareo valebs, xolo saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s bankrotobiT da savaluto<br />
krizisiT emuqreba.<br />
tradiciuli sabiujeto Semosavlebis ukmarisobisas saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> mimarTavs<br />
fulad emisias da, Sesabamisad, inflaciur gadasaxadebs — ekonomikurad yvelaze<br />
arafeqtur da sabiujeto sferos muSakTaTvis, pensionerebisa da fiqsirebuli<br />
Semosavlis mqone yvela pirisTvis yvelaze damTrgunvel qmedebas.<br />
ekonomikuri procesebis regulirebisas saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> finansur resursebs<br />
biujetis gverdis avliT gadaanawilebs. normebis, wesebis, SezRudvebis, kvotebis,<br />
SeRavaTebis, nebarTvebis, gamonaklisebis da sxvaTa dawesebiT igi ekonomikuri<br />
resursebis moZraobis mimarTulebebsa da masStabebs cvlis, riTac<br />
maT naklebad efeqtians xdis. magaliTad, samomxmareblo saqonelze da “bunebriv”<br />
monopoliebad wodebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebze fasebis regulirebisas,<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> erTi saqonlis subsidirebas meore saqonlis gaZvirebis xarjze<br />
xelovnurad axdens, riTac momxmarebelTa upiratesobebis orientirebs amrudebs<br />
da moTxovnis struqturis adaptacias amuxruWebs.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> SezRudvebi sagareo vaWrobaze, savaluto-gacvliT operaciebze,<br />
kapitalis saerTaSoriso gadaadgilebaze aZnelebs adgilobrivi mwarmoeblebis<br />
adaptacias msoflio bazris pirobebis mimarT, mivyavarT kapitalis gadinebisaken,<br />
anelebs nacionaluri ekonomikis zrdas, aZlierebs sameurneo stagnacias.<br />
sabaJo tarifebi, arasatari<strong>fo</strong> barierebi zRudavs ucxouri saqonlis<br />
Semodinebas, mivyavarT msoflio bazridan Semosuli in<strong>fo</strong>rmaciuli signalebis<br />
Sesustebisaken, zrdis msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebisagan nacionaluri<br />
ekonomikis izolaciis xarisxs.<br />
63
64<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
ekonomikuri kanonmdeblobis mudmivi cvlilebebi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
umTavresi koordinatebis arastabiluroba (inflaciis tempebi, savaluto<br />
kursis saprocento ganakveTebi, gadasaxadebis raodenoba da ganakveTi,<br />
sabaJo tarifebi da sxva regulaciebi) zRudavs bazris monawileTa ekonomikur<br />
Tavisuflebas, amcirebs maT sameurneo aqtivobas, anelebs ekonomikur zrdas.<br />
sameurneo saqmianobis warmoebisTvis stabiluri da ganWvretadi pirobebi ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli komponentebia.<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvas arasaxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pirebis mier, romlebic<br />
konkurireben saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>sTan bazris monawileTa mimarT Zaladobis an<br />
muqaris sferoSi, <strong>miekuTvneba</strong> mosaxleobis fizikuri safrTxe (danaSauli), ker-<br />
Zo sakuTrebis daucveloba (reketi), kerZo pirebs Soris kontraqtebis Seusrulebloba<br />
(kreditorebis, aqcionerebis, meanabreebis uflebebis darRveva).<br />
arasaxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pirTa mier saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s kuTvnili Zaladobis gamoyenebis mo-
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”<br />
nopoliuri uflebebis uzurpacia mowmobs maT gardasaxvaze kvazisaxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ebriv<br />
pirobebSi. ruseTSi bolo aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi kerZo dacviTi<br />
struqturebis da kerZo arbitraJebis swrafi ganviTareba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s e.w. “Cavardnebis”<br />
aSkara dadasturebaa – misi pirdapiri da aSkara funqciebis Seusrulebloba.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s da arasaxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pirebis mxridan ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
SezRudva saSualebas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s umTavresi valdebulebebis<br />
amomwuravi CamonaTvalis <strong>fo</strong>rmulireba:<br />
bazris monawileTa Sida da gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
sameurneo cxovrebis erTiani, Tanabari, gamWvirvale da stabiluri wesebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa;<br />
kerZo pirTa mier kontraqtis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa;<br />
moqalaqeTa sameurneo cxovrebaSi monawileobis SezRudvebis likvidireba,<br />
konkurenciis xelSewyoba.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s aseTi funqciebi ganapirobebs mis mier uaris Tqmas gansakuTrebul<br />
ekonomikur interesebze, mis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi monawileobaze da<br />
masSi Caurevlobas.<br />
mkvlevarTa jgufis mier, romlebmac Seqmnes ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
mxardamWerTa msoflio asociacia, romelic aerTianebs msoflios 55 qveyanas<br />
(2007 wlisTvis ukve 141-s. red. SeniSvna), SemoTavazebuli iyo raodenobrivi sazomi<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier Tavisi pirdapiri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis unaris<br />
da liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobis ekonomikuri<br />
indeqsis 2 gasarkvevad.<br />
am indeqss yoveli qveynisTvis da yoveli wlisTvis standartuli meTodologiiT<br />
iTvlian: Tavidan ganisazRvreba 25 ZiriTadi ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis sidide, romelic<br />
axasiaTebs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis dones 7 ZiriTad sferoSi:<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sidide da misi wili ekonomikaSi;<br />
ekonomikis struqtura da sabazro meqanizmebis gavrceleba;<br />
fuladi politika da fasebis stabiluroba;<br />
sagareo valutis gamoyenebis Tavisufleba;<br />
kanonis mmarTveloba da kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba;<br />
sagareo vaWrobis Tavisufleba;<br />
kapitalis bazrebze saqmianobis Tavisufleba.<br />
yoveli ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis absolutur mniSvnelobas Semdgom eniWeba rangi 0-dan<br />
10-mde imgvarad, rom 0 Seesatyviseba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis umcires dones,<br />
xolo 10 — umaRless. dasasrul, krebsiTi Sedegis misaRwevad gamoiyeneba<br />
mTavari koponentebis meTodis statistikuri procedura.<br />
Sedegad yoveli qveyana (ufro sworad, yoveli qveynis ekonomikuri politika)<br />
iRebs misi moqalaqeebisTvis SeTavazebuli ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis raodenobriv<br />
Sefasebas.<br />
am Sefasebebis safuZvelze Sesrulebuli statistikuri analizi damajereblad<br />
a<strong>Cven</strong>ebs mdgrad urTierTkavSirs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis donesa da<br />
xalxTa keTildReobas Soris. im 119 qveynidan, romelTa mixedviTac 90-ian wleb-<br />
Si miRebul iqna ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis Sefasebebi, qveynebi, romlebic<br />
pirvel mexuTedSi Sediodnen (qveynebis saerTo raodenobis mexuTedi da<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis yvelaze maRali ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi), gaaCndaT erT sul<br />
mosaxleze mSp-s warmoebis yvelaze maRali ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli — TiTqmis 19 aTasi dolari<br />
da ekonomikuri zrdis yvelaze maRali tempebi — wliuri 2 procentze<br />
meti. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis donis SemcirebasTan erTad mcirdeba sula-<br />
2 Gwartney J., Lawson R., Block W. Economic Freedom of the World. 1975.1995.Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 1975; Gwartney J., Lawson R.<br />
Economic Freedom of the World. 1997 Annual Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 1997; Gwartney J., Lawson R.Economic Freedom of the<br />
World. 1998/1999 Interim Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver,1998; Gwartney J., Lawson R. with D.Samida. Economic Freedom of the<br />
World. 2000 Annual Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 2000.<br />
65
66<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
dobrivi Semosavali da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebic. qveynebs, romlebmac bolo<br />
mexuTe mexuTedi Seadgines (qveynebis 20 procenti ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
yvelaze dabali ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebiT), erT sul mosaxleze yvelze dabali ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi<br />
gaaCndaT — 200 dolarze odnav meti da ekonomikuri zrdis saSualod<br />
uaryofiTi ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi — wliurad —1,9 procenti.<br />
principulad mniSvnelovania mdgradi statistikuri kavSiris arseboba ara<br />
mxolod, erTi mxriv, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis da, meore mxriv, keTildReobis<br />
absolutur ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebs da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris, aramed<br />
maTi nametis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebs Sorisac. im qveynebSi, romlebic 90-ian wlebSi ekonomikur<br />
Tavisuflebas zrdidnen (miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori iyo misi sastarto<br />
mniSvneloba), ekonomikuri zrdis tempebma imata da yvelaze maRali gaxda. xolo<br />
iq, sadac mTavrobebi ekonomikur Tavisuflebas yvelaze Zalian zRudavdnen,<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi Senelda da yvelaze naklebi — faqtobrivad<br />
uaryofiTi gaxda (-1,0 procenti im qveynebSi, romlebmac bolo mexuTedi<br />
Seadgines).<br />
ekonomikurad Tavisufali qveynebi warmatebebs mxolod ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis sferoSi ar aRweven, praqtikulad, socialuri da adamianis ganviTarebis<br />
yvela tradiciulad gamoyenebadi ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli maTSi gacilebiT ukeTesia vidre<br />
ekonomikurad araTavisuflebSi (ix. cxr. 5). pirveli mexuTedis qveynebSi sicocxlis<br />
saSualo xangrZlivoba 20 welze metiT aRemateba bolo mexuTedis<br />
qveynebis analogiur ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebels — 76,4 da 55,2 weli Sesabamisad. Cvil bavSvTa<br />
sikvdilianoba ekonomikurad Tavisufal qveynebSi saSualod 11-jer naklebia<br />
vidre ekonomikurad araTavisufalSi (Sesabamisad 7,3 da 83,3 erT wlamde<br />
gardacvlil yovel 1000 dabadebulze).<br />
socialuri difrenciacia <strong>fo</strong>rmaluri kriteriumebis mixedviT ekonomikurad<br />
Tavisufal qveynebSi aseve mniSvnelovnad dabalia. saSualo gansxvaveba,<br />
skolaSi gatarebuli wlebis mixedviT, qalebsa da kacebs Soris minimaluria<br />
pirveli mexuTedis qveynebSi. ekonomikuri donis SemcirebasTan erTad igi izdeba<br />
da mexuTe mexuTedSi maqsimaluri xdeba, romelic ekonomikurad yvelaze<br />
araTavisufali qveynebisgan Sedgeba.<br />
ekonomikuri analizis institutSi ganisazRvra ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
indeqsis mniSvnelobebi 50 qveynisTvis, romelTaTvisac arsebobs maTi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis statistikuri monacemebi XX saukunis udidesi nawilis – 1913-<br />
98 wlebisTvis. am monacemebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs kacobriobis ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi kanonzomierebis <strong>fo</strong>rmulireba movaxdinoT.<br />
ekonomikurad Tavisufali qveynebi viTardebian ufro swrafad, vidre qveynebi,<br />
sadac mTavroba zRudavs ekonomikur Tavisuflebas da ereva sameurneo<br />
cxovrebaSi. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis dabali ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis mqone qveynebs<br />
(indeqsis mniSvneloba — 2-ze dabali) gaaCndaT araumetes 1 procentis toli<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi weliwadSi, ase rom, aswleulis ganmavlobaSi maT<br />
SeeZloT mSp-s sidide erT sul mosaxleze araumetes 5000 dolariT gaezardaT.<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis donis zrdasTan erTad SeimCneva ekonomikis zrdis<br />
aCqareba. yvelze maRali tempebiT — 2 procentze meti weliwadSi _<br />
izrdebodnen qveynebi, sadac mTavrobebi inarCunebdnen ekono-mikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis maRal ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebs da Tanamimdevrulad afarToebdnen mis<br />
sazRvrebs (indeqsis mniSvneloba — 7-ze meti). aseT qveynebSi mSp sul mosaxleze<br />
aswleulis ganmavlobaSi 17 000 dolariT da kidev ufro metiT gaizarda.<br />
aucilebelia gavamaxviloT yuradReba imaze, rom ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
indeqsis dabali ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis <strong>dros</strong> SeuZlebelia ekonomikuri zrdis ma-<br />
Rali tempebis miRweva. imavdroulad, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis ma-<br />
Rali ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi faqtobrivad gamoricxavs ekonomikuri zrdis dabali tempebis<br />
albaTobas.<br />
meore msoflio omis Semdeg sxvadasxva qveynebSi bazris monawileTaTvis<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovanma zrdam Seqmna yvelasaTvis cnobili<br />
magaliTebi, romlebmac SemdegSi “ekonomikuri saswaulis” saxeli miiRo.
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”<br />
cxrili 4. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis komponentebi<br />
komponentebi<br />
ruseTi<br />
1999<br />
wels<br />
67<br />
msoflios<br />
saukeTeso<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli<br />
1995-98<br />
I. moxmareba, transferebi, subsidiebi<br />
a. mTlian moxmarebaSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxmarebis wili, procenti 21,6 7,4<br />
a1. mSp-Si saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxmarebis wili, procenti 14,8 4,2<br />
b. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> transfertebisa da subsidiebis wili mSp-Si, procenti<br />
II. ekonomikis struqtura da sabazro meqanizmebis ganawileba<br />
13,9 1,7<br />
a. mSp-Si saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis da investiciebis xvedriTi wona,<br />
procenti<br />
-30 0<br />
b. fasebze kontroli:saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier dawesebuli daregulirebuli<br />
fasebis wili, procenti<br />
-25 0<br />
g. saSemosavlo gadasaxadis zRvruli done, procenti 30 0<br />
d.jaris savaldebuloba<br />
III. fuladi politika da fasismieri stabiluroba<br />
ki ara<br />
a. fuladi masis saSualo wliuri nameti bolo 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
minus realuri mSp-s nametis tempebi bolo 10 wlisTvis, procenti<br />
86,2 0<br />
b. bolo 5 wlisTvis inflaciis tempebis standartuli gadaxra 83,9 0<br />
g. bolo wlisTvis<br />
IV. alternatiuli valutebis gamoyenebis Tavisufleba<br />
85,9 0<br />
a. xalxis Tavisufleba _ qveynis SigniT iqonion angariSebi sagareo<br />
valutaSi<br />
ki ki<br />
b. xalxis Tavisufleba _ qveynis gareT iqonion angariSebi sagareo<br />
valutaSi<br />
ara ki<br />
g. nacionaluri valutis konvertireba ucxour valutaSi saerTaSoriso<br />
operaciebSi monawileobisTvis<br />
V. sakuTrebis uflebebis dacva<br />
ara ki<br />
a. kerZo sakuTrebis uflebebis iuridiuli uzrunvelyofis indeqsi<br />
(konfiskaciis riski)<br />
8,1 10<br />
b. kontraqtebis Sesrulebis indeqsi (saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier kontraqtebis<br />
darRvevis indeqsi)<br />
6,8 10<br />
g. kanonis uzenaesobis indeqsi<br />
VI. saerTaSoriso gacvla: saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Tavisufleba<br />
a. sagareo vaWrobis satari<strong>fo</strong> barierebi<br />
4 6<br />
- gare vaWrobaze gadasaxadebi, rogorc sagareo vaWrobis brunvis<br />
procenti<br />
6,4 0<br />
- saSualo satari<strong>fo</strong> ganakveTi, procenti - 12 0<br />
- satari<strong>fo</strong> ganakveTebis standartuli gadaxra<br />
b. gare vaWrobis arasatari<strong>fo</strong> barierebi<br />
... 0<br />
- sagareo vaWrobis wili, romelsac exeba satari<strong>fo</strong> SezRudvebi,<br />
procenti<br />
100 0<br />
- sagareo vaWrobis faqtobrivi sidide dagegmilTan SedarebiT,<br />
procenti<br />
62,5 265,4<br />
g. oficialur da Sav bazrebze arsebul savaluto kursebs Soris<br />
sxvaoba, procenti<br />
0 0<br />
VII. finansur da kapitalis bazrebze moqmedebis Tavisufleba<br />
a. kerZo bankebSi arsebuli depozitebis wili mTels depozitebSi,<br />
procenti<br />
26,7 100<br />
b. kerZo seqtoris kreditebis wili mTels kreditebSi, procenti 45,1 100<br />
g. saprocento ganakveTebze kontroli, sxva regulirebac, romelsac<br />
saprocento ganakveTis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba iwvevs<br />
d. moqalaqeTa Tavisuflebis SezRudva, imonawileon sazRvargareT<br />
kapitalur operaciebSi<br />
wyaro: Economic Freedom of the World. 2000 Annual Report. Fraser Institute, Vancouver, 2000, p. 7.<br />
ar aris ar aris<br />
aris ar aris
68<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
yvelgan — dasavleT germaniidan da italiidan, iaponiasa da taivanamde,<br />
Ciledan da mavrikiidan — irlandiasa da kontinentur CineTamde, liberaluri<br />
ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebas mihyavda STambeWdav, magram absoluturad<br />
kanonzomier Sedegebamde: izrdeboda ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi;<br />
maRldeboda cxovrebis done da xarisxi; mcirdeboda mosaxleobis socialuri<br />
diferenciacia; ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SedegebiT iwyebdnen sargeblobas<br />
mosaxleobis ufro farTo fenebi. mTel msoflioSi ar arsebobs arc erTi<br />
qveyana, sadac liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebas mniSvnelovnad<br />
dadebiT cvlilebebamde ar mieyvana. imavdroulad, msoflioSi ar arsebobs<br />
arc erTi qveyana, sadac liberaluris sawinaaRmdego politikis ganxorcielebas<br />
(intervencionisturis an populisturis) sakmaod uaryofiTi<br />
Sedegebi ar moetana.<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da ekonomikuri zrda ruseTSi<br />
Tu liberalur ekonomikur politikas aseT aSkara dadebiT Sedegebamde<br />
mivyavarT, maS ratom, rogorc amtkiceben, rom bolo aTwleulebSi mis ganxorcielebas<br />
ruseTSi Tan sdevda aseTi Rrma ekonomikuri krizisi warmoebisa da<br />
moxmarebis aseTi swrafi SemcirebiT da aseTi xangrZlivi stagnaciiT? pasuxi am<br />
SekiTxvaze isaa, rom liberaluri ekonomikuri politika ruseTSi ubralod ar<br />
arsebobda. liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis arsebobis Sesaxeb farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli miTi bolo aTwleulSi ganxorcielebul politikasTan mimar-<br />
TebaSi iseTi terminebis farTo gamoyenebas emyareba, rogoricaa — “bazari” da<br />
“ekonomikuri Tavisufleba”, “sabazro ekonomika” da “liberaluri ekonomika”,<br />
“sabazro politika” da “liberaluri politika”. maSin, roca es terminebi, iseve,<br />
rogorc sityvebi “bazris momxreebi”, “liberalebi”, “re<strong>fo</strong>rmatorebi” sazogadoebis<br />
masobriv azrovnebaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc sinonimebi, arada maT ukan principulad<br />
gansxvavebuli Sinaarsi imaleba.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia mravali saxis ekonomikuri politikis<br />
ganxorcieleba: Tanmimdevrulad intervencionistuli da populisturidan<br />
— Tanmimdevrulad liberaluramde. amgvarad, erTsa da imave <strong>dros</strong> SeiZleba<br />
qmnide sabazro ekonomikis sistemas da awarmoo araliberaluri ekonomikuri<br />
politika. zogierTi ekonomisti da politikosi SeiZleba sabazro ekonomikis<br />
momxreni iyvnen da, imavdroulad, populistebi, intervencionistebi,<br />
magram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara liberalebi. zustad es moxda ruseTSi. gegmiuri<br />
ekonomikidan sabazroze gadasvla xdeboda sabazro ekonomikis momxreebis, Tu<br />
gsurT re<strong>fo</strong>rmatorebis, magram ara liberalebis mier. bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ruseTis ekonomikuri politikis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs warmoadgenda<br />
ekonomikuri populizmi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> administraciis privatizacia da<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis SezRudva.<br />
ruseTis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s krizisi, romlis Sesaxebac amdeni iTqva bolo drois<br />
ganmavlobaSi, gamoixateboda, upirveles yovlisa, ekonomikur populizmSi. is<br />
warmoiqmna saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s uunarobiT _ moaxdinos Tavisi moTxovnebis adaptireba<br />
dinamiurad cvalebadi Sida da gare pirobebis mimarT, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s valdebulebebis<br />
mniSvnelovani gafarToebiT mis ZiriTad funqciebs gareT, misi<br />
mudmivi, magram warumatebeli mcdelobebi, Seasrulos es valdebulebebi (maT<br />
Soris misTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli da arasaWiro) kerZo seqtoridan maTi amo-<br />
Rebis xarjze da Semdgom misi gadanawileba im masStabebiT, romelic Seusabamoa<br />
rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan, aseve mis ekonomikur<br />
potencialTan.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier ekonomikuri resursebis gadanawilebis masStabebis<br />
zrdas paralelurad Tan sdevda misi wasvla iseTi sferoebidan, romlebic<br />
mTavrobis eqskluziur prerogativas warmoadgens. moxda saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s Ziri-<br />
Tadi funqciebis — Zaladobis aRsrulebasTan dakavSirebuli uflebamovaleobebis,<br />
aseve sameurneo saqmianobis normebisa da wesebis dadgenis procesis<br />
Rrma privatizacia. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m gamoamJRavna ara mxolod kerZo kont-
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”<br />
raqtebis Sesrulebis garantirebis uunaroba, aramed masobrivad arRvevda da<br />
arRvevs mis mierve dadebul kontraqtebs.<br />
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlas Tan sdevda saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier sameurneo<br />
cxovrebaSi Carevis masStabebis zrda Tavisi saqmianobis yvela mimarTulebiT –<br />
gadasaxadebi, regulireba, represiuli fuladi politika. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m gazarda<br />
ekonomikuri tvirTi kerZo seqtorze da SezRuda ruseTis moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisufleba. gafarToebuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s biujetis meSveobiT aTwleulis<br />
pirvel naxevarSi gadanawilda mSp-s naxevarze meti, xolo meore naxevarSi<br />
— daaxloebiT naxevari. inflaciis tempebma saSualod aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi<br />
gadaameta 20 procents. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> regulirebis masStabi (licenzireba,<br />
kvotireba, savaluto da sabaJo regulireba, biznesis registraciis nebarTviTi<br />
xasiaTi) mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis<br />
mniSvnelovani Semcirebisas, mosaxleobis da, aseve, ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa<br />
14 procentiT Semcirebisas — saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> struqturebSi momuSaveTa raodenoba<br />
gaormagda. adgili hqonda ara imdenad ekonomikis liberalizacias, aramed<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s liberalizacias. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis sididis<br />
mixedviT 90-ian wlebSi ruseTma daikava 110-e adgili 119 qveynidan da moxvda<br />
erT jgufSi iseT qveynebTan, rogoricaa zambia, gvinea-bisau, nigeria, burundi,<br />
madagaskari, ruanda. ori procesis erTdrouli moqmedebis Sedegad — ekonomikis<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s xelSi gadasvla da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s privatizacia — moxda rogorc<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s, aseve ekonomikis saqmianobis efeqtianobis mkveTri<br />
Semcireba.<br />
ekonomikuri politikis “wyvetil” temps, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo ruseTis-<br />
Tvis bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, garkveuli koreqtivebi Seaqvs ruseTis<br />
Tanamedrove ekonomikur istoriaSi gamefebul SexedulebebSi. aSkara faqtebiT<br />
dasturdeba is sazogado kanonzomierebebi, romlebic liberaluri ekonomikuri<br />
politikis donesa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs pirdapirproporciulad<br />
akavSirebs. es niSnavs imas, rom ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebi ruseTSi, iseve,<br />
rogorc msoflios sxva qveynebSi, SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis indeqsis dabali ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblisas.<br />
1993, 1995, 1999 wlebSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis gafarToebas Tan an ekonomikuri<br />
vardnis SeCereba an ekonomikuri zrdis aCqareba sdevda. imave <strong>dros</strong>,<br />
ekonomikuri politikis regress, romelic SeimCneoda e.w. “dakarguli wlebis”<br />
ganmavlobaSi (1994-96 wlebi), ekonomikuri vardnis tempebis gazrdis an misi<br />
SenarCunebisaken mivyavdiT. am <strong>fo</strong>nze aSkara xdeba, rom 1997 wels “axalgazrda<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmatorTa” mTavrobis saqmianoba, romelic sinamdvileSi, ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis gafarToebas xels ar uwyobda, ucxouri kapitalis masiuri Semodinebis<br />
gareSe ekonomikuri zrdis pirobebs TavisTavad ver aRadgenda. garda<br />
amisa, aSkaraa, rom 1992 wels warmoebis mkveTri Semcireba gamowveuli iyo ara<br />
imdenad gegmiuri ekonomikidan sabazroze gadasvliT, aramed ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani SezRudviT.<br />
XX saukunis umetes periodSi ruseTSi intervencionistuli da populisturi<br />
ekonomikuri politika xorcieldeboda. zustad es gaxlavT mTavari<br />
mizezi sabWoTa periodSi meurneobis ganviTarebis dabali tempebis, bolo aTwleulis<br />
ekonomikuri krizisis, <strong>Cven</strong>i qveynis sul ufro mzardi CamorCenis<br />
msoflios qveynebis udidesi nawilisagan. siRaribis da CamorCenilobis daZlevis<br />
erTaderT saSualebad gamodis swrafi da mdgradi ekonomikuri zrda.<br />
mxolod mis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli grZelvadiani periodis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Seiqmnas aucilebeli resursebi cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis amaRlebisTvis,<br />
mecnierebis dafinansebisTvis, kulturisTvis, misaRebi ekologiuri garemos<br />
da qveynis gare usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisTvis.<br />
am miznis miRweva praqtikulad SeuZlebelia verc intervencionistuli<br />
ekonomikuri politikis ganxorcielebiT, romelsac adgili hqonda sabWoTa<br />
kavSirSi 20-iani wlebis Suadan 80-iani wlebis Suamde, verc populisturi politikis<br />
gagrZelebiT, romelic xorcieldeba <strong>Cven</strong>s qveyanaSi 80-iani wlebidan<br />
69
70<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
dRemde. ekonomikuri Teoria, XX saukunis ruseTis ganviTarebis da msoflios<br />
gamocdileba mowmobs, rom mdgradi zrdis aRdgena SesaZlebelia mxolod liberaluri<br />
politikis Tanamimdevruli gatarebiT.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mTavari amocana xdeba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis dacva, mis<br />
mTavar movaleobad – moqalaqeTa ganuyofeli uflebebis uzrunvelyofa:<br />
pirovnebis, kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis, araZaladobrivi saqmianobis<br />
Tavisuflebis, sameurneo cxovrebis erTiani da stabiluri wesebi da normebi.<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis politika igivea, rac ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofisa<br />
da gafarToebis politika.<br />
cxrili 5<br />
1<br />
2<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi 1991-1998 wlebSi<br />
dabadebisas mosalodneli<br />
cxovrebis xangrZlivoba, weli<br />
15 wlis asakSi mosalodneli<br />
cxovrebis xangrZlivoba, weli<br />
eqimebis monawileobiT dabade-<br />
3<br />
bul bavSvTa wili, procent.<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
arasakmarisi woniT dabadebul<br />
bavSvTa wili, procent.<br />
cudi kvebis gamo fizikuri<br />
gadaxrebis mqone 5 wlamde<br />
bavSvebis wili, procent.<br />
qveynebis jgufi ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis indeqsis mixedviT<br />
minim. saS. zom. mniSv. Zalin<br />
didi<br />
saSualod<br />
yvela<br />
qveynis<br />
mixedviT<br />
qveynebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
76,4 69,8 68,8 59,7 55,2 66,4 118<br />
62,6 57,9 57,3 52,3 49,6 56,2 119<br />
98,5 85,9 79,3 50,6 51,6 72,4 86<br />
5,6 8,4 10,6 13,2 14,8 10,3 112<br />
- simaRlis mixedviT 5,4 20,5 19,4 30 34,4 26,1 65<br />
- wonis mixedviT 5,1 15,7 14,9 24 26,2 19,3 79<br />
kontracefciis saSualebis<br />
gavrceleba (15-49 wlis<br />
qalebSi,procent.)<br />
dedaTa sikvdilianoba (100<br />
aTas dabadebul bavSvze)<br />
Cvil bavSvTa sikvdilianoba (1<br />
wlamde, 1000 dabadebulze)<br />
bavSvTa sikvdilianoba (5<br />
wlamde, 1000 dabadebulze)<br />
68,2 52,8 46,6 29,9 29,6 39,4 53<br />
12,1 189,<br />
7<br />
353,<br />
2<br />
746,8 714,5 544,4 45<br />
7,3 27 32,2 67,1 83,3 42 118<br />
9 34 42,1 107,5 130,9 62,9 117<br />
sikvdilis albaToba 5 wlamde<br />
10 0,01<br />
asakSi, procent.<br />
3,2 4 10 13,2 6 119<br />
11<br />
sasmeli wylis misawvdomoba,<br />
95,8<br />
procent.<br />
77,9 77,2 61,6 54,1 72,9 93<br />
12<br />
sanitarul-higienur<br />
momsaxurebis misawvdomoba,<br />
96 77,5 71,3 51,2 53,5 70,7 105
Aandrei ilarionovi, “ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da xalxTa keTildReoba”<br />
13<br />
14<br />
15<br />
16<br />
17<br />
18<br />
19<br />
20<br />
21<br />
22<br />
23<br />
24<br />
jandacvis momsaxurebis misawvdomoba<br />
eqimebis raodenoba 1000 adamianze<br />
moswavleTa raodenoba erT<br />
maswavlebelze skolebSi<br />
100 87 87,4 59,6 70 76,7 25<br />
2,3 1,2 1,4 0,7 0,4 1,3 114<br />
17 25,5 24,8 36,3 42,6 29,2 94<br />
- pirveli safexuris 15,7 17,9 18,5 25,6 22,7 20,9 67<br />
- meore safexuris 93,9 62,6 63,2 37,3 38,6 60,4 112<br />
meore safexuris moswavleTa<br />
procenti saskolo asakis<br />
bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
wera-kiTxvis ucodinarTa<br />
done, 15 wlis da zemoT, procentebSi<br />
skolaSi naswavli qalebisa da<br />
kacebis raodenobas Soris<br />
sxvaoba, weli<br />
skolaSi swavlis wlebis<br />
raodenoba (1980-92 ww)<br />
gazeTebis tiraJi 1000 kacze,<br />
egzemplari<br />
7,4 13 16,5 47,6 45,5 28,7 79<br />
0,06 0,11 0,1 1,1 1,74 0,5 68<br />
- kacebi 13,2 10,8 11,4 8,4 7,8 10,8 68<br />
- qalebi 13,1 10,7 11,3 7,3 6 10,3 68<br />
351 90 95 36 12 128 108<br />
adamianuri ganviTarebis<br />
0,936 0,775 0,744 0,497 0,454 0,691 120<br />
indeqsi<br />
xarjebi jandacvaze rogorc<br />
mSp-s procenti<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjebi ganaTlebaze,<br />
rogorc mSp-s procenti<br />
xarjebi maRal teqnologiebze,<br />
rogorc mSp-s pro-<br />
8 5 4,9 4,2 3,3 5,5 92<br />
5,4 4,1 5 4 3,7 4,5 114<br />
1,8 0,7 0,8 0,7 0,4 1,1 59<br />
wyaro: gaTvlilia egi-s mier, msoflio bankis, iuneskos, gaeros monacemebze dayrdnobiT.<br />
71
72<br />
gamoqveynda 2000 wels<br />
q. ciurixis liberaluri institutis direqtori<br />
robert nefi<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
Sveicariuli modeli<br />
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba, Ria demokratia da sagadasaxado<br />
konkurencia SveicariaSi<br />
neba miboZeT, mokled agixsnaT, Tu ra ganapirobebs im faqts, rom SveicariaSi<br />
kantonaluri (saolqo) da municipaluri xelisufleba realurad muSaobs.<br />
Sveicariis aRmosavleT nawilSi erT-erTi municipalitetis mers vicnob, sadac<br />
5 000 mosaxle cxovrobs (mTlianad SveicariaSi sul sxvadasxva sididis 3000<br />
municipaliteti da 26 kantonaa. yvelaze patara municipalitetis mosaxleoba<br />
100-ze naklebia da yvelaze didis, qalaq ciurixis, 400 000-ze meti), amas winaT<br />
saubari mqonda am municipalitetis merTan imis Sesaxeb, unda Sevides Tu ara<br />
Sveicaria evrokavSirSi da Tu Seva, ra daujdeba es da ra sargebloba eqneba<br />
aqedan. sakiTxs wminda Sveicariuli kuTxiT mivudeqiT. skepticizmis mizezebi<br />
rom namdvilad arsebobs, orivem vaRiareT, man ki daamata, “Tu SevuerTdebiT, me<br />
10 Sveicariul frankze meti ar damijdebao.” rodesac mizezi vkiTxe ase amixsna:<br />
“kabinetSi ori didi sanagve yuTi maqvs, sadac oficialur werilebs vyri. yoveldRe<br />
uamrav werils vRebulob, magram maT wakiTxvaze <strong>dros</strong> aras<strong>dros</strong> vkargav,<br />
ufro xSirad pirdapir sanagveSi visvri. erTi sanagve kantonaluri xelisuflebisgan<br />
gamogzavnili <strong>fo</strong>rmularebis, dadgenilebebis da sxva qaRaldebis-<br />
Tvis maqvs, meore yvela im qaRaldisTvis, rasac bernidan migzavnis federaluri<br />
xelisufleba. rodesac evrokavSirs SevuerTdebiT, mesame sanagve damWirdeba<br />
briuselidan mosuli <strong>fo</strong>rmularebisa da dadgenilebebis Casayrelad. es daaxloebiT<br />
10 Sveicariuli franki damijdeba, radgan sakmaod didi sanagve<br />
damWirdeba...”.<br />
rasakvirvelia, is cotas azviadebda, magram misi municipaluri avtonomia<br />
finansur da fiskalur avtonomiazea agebuli, rasac Zalian didi mniSvneloba<br />
aqvs da, riTac aixsneba is faqti, rom mas centraluri xelisuflebidan mosuli<br />
werilebis ignorirebis ar eSinia. Sveicariuli sagadasaxado sistema sami<br />
donisagan Sedgeba. municipalur gadasaxadebs saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis erTi<br />
mesamedi miaqvs uSualod gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebisgan. amgvarad, municipalur<br />
xelisuflebas “sakuTari fuli” aqvs, rac adgilobrivi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxurebis<br />
xarjebze midis da rasac gadasaxadebis gadamxdelebi akontroleben,<br />
romlebic igive momxmareblebi da amomrCevlebi arian.<br />
Sesavali<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s struqturuli, finansuri da fiskaluri sistemis organizebis<br />
“saukeTeso gza” ar arsebobs. ise, rac ufro mcire zomis iqneba, miT ukeTesia.<br />
yvelaferi, rac axla gvaqvs, sxvadasxva istoriuli konteqstidan gamomdinare<br />
gamocdilebidan aris aRebuli. warsuls Cabarda is dro, rodesac “saswaulebrivi<br />
gadawyvetilebebis” brmad gadmoReba xdeboda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebidan.<br />
axla yvela qveyana, maT Soris evropac, sxvagan eZebs gzebs. didi interesiT<br />
vakvirdebiT, rogor xdeba problemebis gadaWra msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi,<br />
magaliTad, laTinur amerikaSi. axla, rogorc specialisti ise ki ar vsaubrob,<br />
aramed, rogorc rigiTi adamiani, romelsac ubralod azris gaziareba<br />
surs. “swori gza” ideebis, modelebis, mosazrebebisa da eqsperimentebis konkurencia<br />
unda iyos. Sveicariis politikuri da sagadasaxado sistema subsidirebis<br />
princips eyrdnoba.
obert nefi, “Sveicariuli modeli”<br />
subsidireba kargi koncefciaa, magram xSirad arasworad esmiT<br />
axla subsidirebis principi aqtualuria, radgan evrokavSiris “maastrixtisa<br />
da amsterdamis xelSekrulebis” qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. mis Sesaxeb<br />
bevrs laparakoben, magram sinamdvileSi aravin icis ras niSnavs.<br />
Sveicariis mTavrobis subsidiebis mimarT sakmaod skeptikurad var ganwyobili<br />
da radgan am sakiTxze Zalian Semtkiva guli, msurs ramdenime argumenti<br />
wamovwio wina planze. es principi pirovnebis, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>sa da sazogadoebis<br />
arsebiTad dacalkevebas efuZneba. misi klasikuri definicia SeiZleba jer kidev<br />
kaTolikur socialur moZRvrebaSi gvxvdeba: “adamianebi im amocanebs emsaxurebian,<br />
rac maT ainteresebT da ris Sesrulebac sazogadoebis an saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
daxmarebis gareSe SeuZliaT. sazogadoebas mxolod subsidireba SeuZlia.”<br />
igive iTqmis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Ta ierarqiul struqturebTan mimarTebaSic. rogorc<br />
wesi, yvelaze dabal da mcire eSelonebs pasuxismgebloba unda ekisrebodes<br />
da Zalauflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis qvemodan zeda ierarqiaSi gadacema<br />
gamarTlebuli unda iyos. ierarqiis qveda eSelonebs unda etyobodes, rom<br />
amocanis efeqtianad Sesruleba TviTon ar SeuZlia, sxva sityvebiT: subsidireba<br />
niSnavs, rom politikur, socialur da ekonomikur problemebs rac SeiZleba<br />
kerZo da lokalur farglebSi unda movunaxoT gamosavali.<br />
am <strong>fo</strong>rmulirebas iseTi tendencia aqvs, rac gvaiZulebs, gadawyvetilebebi<br />
rac SeiZleba viwro wreebSi movnaxoT. magram damatebiT axsnas saWiroebs frazebi<br />
“ar SeuZlia”, “rac SeiZleba viwro”, “efeqtianad Sesruleba”. arsebobs sa-<br />
SiSroeba, rom SesaZloa am principis pirobebsa da efeqtianobas “sxvadasxva interpretacia”<br />
mouZebnon, ris Tanaxmadac bolos da bolos maRali rangis mier<br />
erTgvari Zalauflebis aRebac ki gaamarTlon. centralizaciis gasamarTleblad<br />
egreT wodebuli “kargi mizezebi” yovelTvis moiZebneba.<br />
mravali konstitucia da kanoni xSirad simdidris uaRresad “erTgvarovan<br />
da Tanabar ganawilebamde” da problematuri an marginaluri sferoebis subsidirebamde<br />
midis. xelovnuri daxmareba, xelaxali gadanawileba regionul,<br />
struqturul <strong>fo</strong>ndebSi da masiuri subsidiebi centraluri mTavrobis erTerTi<br />
gamorCeuli rolia. amis gamo, politika brZolis vels emsgavseba, sadac<br />
yvela yvelas winaaRmdeg ibrZvis ufro meti da meti subsidiebisa da<br />
CarevisTvis. ai, ratom var skeptikurad ganwyobili centraluri mTavrobis<br />
mxridan yovelgvari xelaxali gadanawilebis mimarT, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es regionul doneze xdeba. mdidari regionebis<br />
SedarebiT cudi gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi gadasaxadebiT amoRebul fuls<br />
Raribi regionebis SedarebiT mdidar adamianebs uricxaven, romlebic am fuls<br />
isev mdidar regionSi abandeben. amgvarad, rogorc xedavT, saerTo gadasxadebidan<br />
miRebuli fulis mniSvnelovani nawili, romelic subsidiis saxiT gadaeca<br />
marginalur regionebs, isev centrSi brundeba. regionebs Soris xelaxali gadanawilebis<br />
erTaderTi Sedegi periferiebis centrze damokidebulebis gaZliereba<br />
da iurisdiqciaTa Soris yovelgvari sasargeblo konkurenciis CaxSobaa.<br />
magram es calke Temaa.<br />
drodadro politikur cxovrebaSi iseTi viTareba iqmneba, rodesac<br />
aqtiuri qmedeba da politika sul sxva mizans emsaxureba, magram sul sxva<br />
Sedegs gamoiRebs xolme. subsidirebis principsac xSirad borotad iyeneben,<br />
rom zeda eSelonebisTvis uflebamosilebis gadacema “gaamarTlon” viTomda<br />
ukeTesi gamosavlis povnis mizniT.<br />
saqme kidev ufro rTuldeba, rodesac zedmet centralizebulobas imiT<br />
“amarTleben”, rom qveda iurisdiqcias finansuri SesaZlebloba ar aqvs saWiro<br />
amocanebis Sesasruleblado. cxadia, centralizebuli sagadasaxado sistema<br />
Tu saolqo da municipalur gasadaxadebs aSkarad waarTmevs qveda safexurebs,<br />
gaRatakebuli qveynebi da regionebi sakuTari amocanebis Sesasruleblad<br />
gadasaxadebis Segrovebas veRar SeZleben. amgvarad, sagadasaxado sistemis centralizacia<br />
amocanaTa centralizacias iwvevs. rasakvirvelia, ucnauri iqneba<br />
iseTi sistema, romelic gadasaxadebs centralizebulad Seagrovebs da mxo-<br />
73
74<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
lod amocanebis decentralizacias moaxdens. aseT SemTxvevaSi centris mier<br />
federaluri sistemis qveda doneebs Soris Tanxebis xelovnuri ganawileba yvelaze<br />
uaresi gamosavali iqneba. saukeTeso gamosavali ki is aris, rom saerTod<br />
ar moxdes sagadasaxado sistemis centralizacia da qveda iurisdiqciebma Tvi-<br />
Ton izrunon xarjebzec da gadasaxadebzec. xSirad, warumatebloba subsidirebis<br />
principis diskreditacias axdens.<br />
am biurokratuli da centralizebuli saukunis dasasruls saWiroa subsidirebis<br />
arsi ufro dazustdes da radikalurad moergos axlandel garemos. am-<br />
Jamad es principi gulisxmobs, rom romelime maRalma iurisdiqciam Tavis kompetenturobaze,<br />
pasuxismgeblobasa da problemis winaSe mdgari ufro mcire<br />
iurisdiqciis dafinansebaze maSinve Tqvas uari, rogorc ki maRal iurisdiqciaSi<br />
amocanebis efeqtianad gadaWris an finansuri SesaZleblobis pirvelive<br />
problema gaCndeba. vici, rom es cota utopiaa. rodis yofila, rom<br />
centraluri xelisufleba “wesisamebr Tmobdes taxts?!” gulrwfelad<br />
gagimxelT egreT wodebuli Sveicariuli modelis sust mxareebs, magram imedi<br />
ar unda davkargoT. jerjerobiT ver SevZeliT Semweobebisa da xelaxali<br />
gadanawilebis tendenciis SeCereba verc pirovnebebs da verc regionebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. orive Zalian popularulia, gacilebiT popularuli, vidre<br />
decentralizaciis ritorika.<br />
sazogadoebrivi politikis qveda donis iurisdiqciebze gadatana da yvela<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxuris privatizacia SesaZloa yvelgan da yovelTvis optimaluri<br />
ar iyos, ganviTarebul qveynebSic ki. municipalitetebma, regionebma da<br />
olqebma SesaZloa zedmetad populisturi demokratiis gziT arasworad gamoiyenon<br />
TavianTi avtonomia, kerZo sawarmoebma ki SesaZloa arafrad Caagdon<br />
xalxis interesebi. adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisTvis iseve aucilebelia Zalauflebis<br />
SezRudva, rogorc centralurisTvis. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gaCndes<br />
usazRvro demokratiis SesaZlebloba, “umravlesobis tiraniis” zogierT<br />
<strong>fo</strong>rmas rom ar mieces gasaqani.<br />
marTalia, yovlismomcveli ver iqneba, magram im principebs Soris, rac adgilobriv<br />
doneze unda davicvaT, SeiZleba CavrToT “habeas corpus”, 1 sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba, Tavisufali vaWroba, pirovnebis dacva, agreTve<br />
iseTi principebi, rogoric aris: “fiqtiuri qmedebis akrZalva”, “keTilsindisieri<br />
qmedeba”, “in dubio pro liberate” 2 , “in dubio pro reo” 3 da sawinaaRmdego Zalis mqone kanonebis<br />
akrZalva.<br />
amocanaTa umetesoba, romelTa ukeT gadaWra regionalizaciis, fsevdoavtonomiuri<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis, finansuri gaTanabrebisa da centralizaciis<br />
gziT ukve scades, ufro efeqtianad unda gadaiWras privatizaciis<br />
gziT da ukeT warimarTos yvelas sasikeTod. dae devizi iyos: momxmarebeli<br />
ixdis, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ki minimaluri garantia ekisreba.<br />
sagadasaxado sistemis avtonomiuroba, regionalizmi da<br />
decentralizacia<br />
finansuri mosazrebani sxvadasxva amocanebisa da problemebis Sesaxeb mxolod<br />
mosazrebebad ki ar unda darCes, aramed maT mniSvnelobas saTanado Sefaseba<br />
unda mieces. vinc ixdis, man unda marTos; anu, inglisuri andazis Tanaxmad,<br />
“vinc ixdis, musikasac is ukveTavs.” vinc ixdis, gadawyvetilebac man unda mii-<br />
Ros. visac garkveuli xarisxis finansuri damoukidebloba ar gaaCnia, Zalian<br />
cota rames Tu gadawyvets. neba momeciT, isev SegaxsenoT sami sanagve yuTis<br />
ambavi.<br />
aravis ar uyvars gadasaxadebis gadaxda. sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa dargis<br />
mravali warmomadgeneli da ekonomisti saaTobiT fiqrobs cneba “fiskalurobis”<br />
Sesaxeb. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sagadasaxado sistema istoriulad<br />
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda, gasaocaria, rom yvelasTvis gasagebad masze Za-<br />
1 kanoni pirovnebis xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb.<br />
2 yvela Tavisufalia, sanam danaSauli ar daumtkicdeba.<br />
3 yvela udanaSauloa, sanam danaSauli ar daumtkicdeba.
obert nefi, “Sveicariuli modeli”<br />
lian cotas weren. biblioTekebSi uamravi masalaa, sadac mosaxleobisgan gadasaxadebis<br />
yvelaze efeqtiani da Semosavliani akrefis teqnologiebia aRwerili,<br />
meore mxriv ki detaluri instruqciebi gadasaxadebis amoRebis saukeTeso samarTlebrivi,<br />
naxevrad samarTlebrivi da arasamarTlebrivi gzebis Sesaxeb.<br />
Mmagram, Cveulebriv, SeumCneveli rCeba is faqti, rom mTeli politikuri istoria,<br />
yovel SemTxvevaSi 50 procenti mainc, gadasaxadebis istoriaa da, istoriulad,<br />
ajanyebaTa da revoluciaTa umetesoba Tavidan mudam sagadasaxado<br />
sistemis winaaRmdeg brZoliT iwyeboda. mSvidobian samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi<br />
SedarebiT naklebad gvxvdeba aSkara kanonebi da teqnikuri receptebi socialuri<br />
infrastruqturis Sesaxeb, sadac konfliqti damnaSavesa da dazaralebuls<br />
Soris konkretulad kanonis uzenaesobiT wydeba.<br />
didi Sroma gvmarTebs, rom arsebuli centraluri xelisufleba vaiZuloT<br />
iseTi amocanebis SesrulebiT Semoifarglos, rac marTla gvWirdeba, rogoric<br />
aris, magaliTad, mTavrobis SezRudva, rac SezRudul aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas,<br />
SezRudul gadasaxadebs da minimaluri raodenobis sa-xelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
samsaxurebs gulisxmobs. amiT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba cxad-yofs, ra<br />
gziT SeiZleba kerZo avtonomiis damyareba — kerZod, politikuri Zalauflebis<br />
mSvidobiani daTmobis gziT yvela sferoSi, sadac mSvidobian samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebas is ar sWirdeba. neba miboZeT, kidev erTxel gavimeoro,<br />
aseTi programa Zalian saWiro, magram naklebad popularulia. . .<br />
regionuli da adgilobrivi avtonomiisTvis brZola igivea, rac centraluri<br />
politikuri xelisuflebis uzarmazari sistemisa da finansuri sistemis<br />
winaaRmdeg brZola, romlebic mxolod imaze zrunaven, rom arsebuli <strong>fo</strong>rmiT<br />
SeinarCunon Tavi.<br />
rac ufro mets fiqrobT, miT ufro Sors midixarT. gadamwyveti sityva<br />
gadamxdels ekuTvnis<br />
“vinc ixdis, man unda marTos” – es devizi SeiZleba WeSmariti demokratiis<br />
fiskalur principad aviRoT. aravis ar unda daekisros gadasaxadi, Tuki Tvi-<br />
Ton ver gadawyvets mis odenobas da mizans. es principi sakmaod kargad muSaobs<br />
SveicariaSi da Zalian Sedegiania. im TvalazrisiT, rac avtonomiis Sesaxeb iTqva,<br />
arsebiTad izRudeba xelaxali gadanawilebis masStabi sxvadasxva regionebsa<br />
da sazogadoebebs Soris. yvela saxis gadasaxadis an sxva valdebulebebis<br />
dakisreba, akrefili gadasaxadebis xarjebis speqtri da agreTve xelaxali gadanawileba<br />
demokratiulad, xalxis xmis micemiT unda moxdes, rom legitimuroba<br />
moipovos. logikuri daskvniT, am demokratiuli principidan meore ase-<br />
Tive mniSvnelovani principi gamomdinareobs: rac ufro mets fiqrobT, miT ufro<br />
Sors midixarT, germanulad: “Je betrofener desto beteiligter”. 4<br />
avtonomiis yvela momxres es principi aqvs devizad. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
is pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba radikalurad demokratiul princips — “TiTo kacze<br />
TiTo xma”, rasac did socialur jgufSi gamoyenebisas sul sxva Sedegebi mosdevs.<br />
mravali eTnikuri erTeulisgan Semdgar araerTgvarovan jgufSi “TiTo<br />
kacze TiTo xmis” wesiT umravlesobas Zalian iolad SeuZlia nebismier umciresobas<br />
ajobos. gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT aman SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT SemaS<strong>fo</strong>Tebel<br />
dilemasTan migviyvanos: Tu mTel sazogadoebas or jgufad gavyofT<br />
— “gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi” da “gadasaxadis mWamelebi”, SesaZlebelia, da ara<br />
marto SesaZlebeli, aramed mosalodnelic, rom pirvel jgufSi ufro metni aRmoCndnen,<br />
vidre meoreSi. ufro seriozul problemasTan gveqneba saqme, Tu gadasaxadis<br />
gadamxdelebi sxva regionSi cxovroben da gadasaxadis mWamelebi<br />
sxvaSi. magaliTad, aviRoT italia, sadac CrdiloeTSi gadaxdil gadasaxadebs<br />
samxreTSi moixmaren.<br />
zemoxsenebul princips, rac ufro mets fiqrob, miT ufro Sors midixar,<br />
meore principi mosdevs: “araviTari gadasaxadebi warmomadgenlobis gareSe”.<br />
es Tamami azri Semdeg viTarebas exeba: romelime konkretuli regionis an<br />
wevri qveynis, magaliTad bundeslendis olqis specifikuri interesebis war-<br />
4 anu amomrCevlebs migraciis ufleba aqvT.<br />
75
76<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
modgena pirdapir kavSirSia sasurveli amocanebis Sesasruleblad saWiro gadasaxadebis<br />
akrefis Zalian arapopularul aucileblobasTan. sxva sityvebiT,L municipalitets,<br />
olqs, bundeslends an wevr qveyanas SeuZlia avtonomiurad<br />
iarsebos mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garkveuli xarisxis finansuri avtonomia<br />
eqneba, damoukidebeli da gare gavlenisgan Tavisufali. magram aseT SemTxveva-<br />
Si aucilebelia gadasaxadebis amoRebis uflebamosileba im xalxisgan, romlebic<br />
demokratiulad arian “ganwyobili” zogierTi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> davalebis<br />
Sesasruleblad.<br />
erTxel amerikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarem jef marSalma Tqva:<br />
“gadasaxadebis dakisrebis ufleba igivea, rac dangrevis uflebis micema.” es Zalian<br />
kargad gamoxatavs yvela saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> amocanis Sesrulebis yvelaze did da<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovan dilemas. yvela mTavrobas surs xalxis saxeliT xalxis<br />
samsaxurSi yofnis valdebuleba ikisros da xelaxali gadanawilebis sistema<br />
Camoayalibos. gadasaxadebis gareSe arc erT poltikur sistemas ar SeuZlia amis<br />
gakeTeba. magram xSirad gadasaxadebi gamanadgureblad moqmedebs mraval dadebiT<br />
ganzraxvaze, rogoric aris maRali mwarmoeblurobis miRweva, dazogva<br />
da qvelmoqmedeba, rac mtkice sazogadoebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
amocanebis, xarjebis da Semosavlebis optimizacia mxolod maSin gaxdeba<br />
SesaZlebeli, rodesac yvela samTavrobo doneze ukeTesi gamWvirvaloba iqneba<br />
da rodesac politikuri sistema am samive aspeqts Tanabar mniSvnelobas miani-<br />
Webs. rac ufro patara da martivia struqtura, miT ufro swrafad miRwevadia<br />
demokratiis pirobebSi. vidre ufro farTo Ria demokratiaze gadavidodeT,<br />
jer saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> amocanebisa da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxurebis da xelaxali gadanawilebis<br />
minimizacia unda davisaxoT miznad.<br />
Tavisi mosazrebani avtonomiis principebis Sesaxeb Carlz blankartma ase<br />
Camoayaliba: “avtonomiur politikaze agebuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sazogadoebis Tavisufal<br />
konglomeratad ki ar yalibdeba, rogorc xSirad hgoniaT xolme, aramed<br />
sxvadasxva amocanis Sesasruleblad sxvadasxva “federaluri” doneebi warmoiSoba.<br />
magram yoveli done, anu yoveli “wre” TviTon aris pasuxismgebeli Tavis<br />
finansur uzrunvelyofaze. am TvalsazrisiT ormxrivi SeTanxmeba unda moxdes<br />
maT Soris, vinc gadawyvetilebebs iRebs da vinc momsaxurebiT sargeblobs<br />
da amisTvis ixdis. Ggarda amisa, ar arsebobs gadawyvetilebis mimRebi, vinc amavdroulad<br />
TviTonac gadasaxadis gadamxdeli ar iqneba. amgvarad, erTgvari institucionaluri<br />
simetria iqmneba.” 5<br />
zemoxsenebuli gadasaxadis gadamxdelebisa da gadasaxadis mWamelebis kategoriebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia es principi ase CamovayaliboT: gadasaxadis<br />
gadamxdelebis gareSe gadasaxadis mWamelebi ver iarsebeben. rasakvirvelia,<br />
es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiToeuli moqalaqe, romelic gadasaxads ixdis,<br />
avtomaturad kargavs xmis micemis uflebas. es principi zogadad ufro ma-<br />
Ral doneze unda ganxorcieldes. unda vaRiaro, rom es principi SveicariaSic<br />
gaqra. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxurebis centralizaciis tendenciis SeCereba saolqo<br />
da federalur doneze verc <strong>Cven</strong> SevZeliT, miuxedavad imisa, rom <strong>Cven</strong>i politikuri<br />
sistema SedarebiT ukeTes institucionalur muxruWebs flobs.<br />
finansuri sistema politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
nawilia, romelsac xSirad saTanadod ver afaseben. saerTod, sagadasaxado<br />
sistemis mizans ar warmoadgens, rom wlidan wlamde sxvadasxva improvizaciis<br />
gziT Seakowiwos mocemuli wlisTvis saWiro <strong>fo</strong>ndebi. mis klasikur liberalur<br />
amocanas fiskaluri Semosavlis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
masStabis saukeTeso SesaZlo gziT Semcireba da, saerTod, ekonomikis gajansaReba<br />
warmoadgens. pirovnebebsa da regionebs Soris xelaxali gadanawilebis<br />
SezRudviT da municipalitetebis, olqebis, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ebisa da federaciebis<br />
fiskaluri konkurenciis gziT sagadasaxado tvirTis mniSvnelovnad<br />
Semsubuqeba SeiZleba.<br />
5 Charles Blankart, Offentliche Finanze in der Demokratie, 3rd edition, Munich, 1998, p. 514.
obert nefi, “Sveicariuli modeli”<br />
rodis miiRebs umravlesoba gadawyetilebas sakuTari gadasaxadebis<br />
Sesaxeb...<br />
gadasaxadis raodenobas SveicariaSi moqalaqeebi da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi<br />
demokratiuli gziT wyveten xmaTa umravlesobis wesiT. aseTi modelis<br />
sxva sistemebsa da sxva pirobebSi pirdapir gadatana ar SeiZleba. drodadro<br />
isev eWvqveS dgeba is sakiTxi, unda datovos Tu ara mTavrobam “gadasaxadebis<br />
ufleba” TviTon moqalaqeebis kompetenciaSi. is faqti, rom umravlesoba<br />
wyvets gadasaxadis raodenobas, institucionaluri ierarqiis yvela safexurze<br />
karg safuZvels qmnis imisaTvis, rom sagadasaxado sistema zedmetad progresirebadi<br />
ver gaxdes da speqtris mdidarma mxarem iZulebiT datovos iqauroba,<br />
Tuki tvirTis Semsubuqebas ver SeZlebs. konkurentul sistemaSi kargi safuZveli<br />
arsebobs imisaTvis, rom progresulad zrdis mxolod msubuqi <strong>fo</strong>rma arsebobdes.<br />
principi “TiTo wevrze TiTo xmis ufleba“ mxolod maSin imuSavebs, rodesac<br />
TiTo wevrze TiTo sagdasaxado kursis sistema iqneba.<br />
Sveicariis konkurentuli sagadasaxado sistema da sagadasaxado Semosavlebis<br />
samive (municipalur, saolqo da federalur) doneze ganawileba eqsperimentebis<br />
karg niadags qmnis. es SeiZleba savsebiT da yovelmxriv optimaluri ar<br />
iyos, magram kargad muSaobs da <strong>Cven</strong> SedarebiT dabali sagadasaxado donis kargi<br />
xarisxis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxurebsa da infrastruqturasTan Serwymis saSualeba<br />
gvaqvs. SveicariaSi arsebobs moZravi xmis micemis wesi, gansakuTrebiT mcire<br />
zomis iurisdiqciebis TvalsazrisiT, mTeli federaciis masStabiT. Dda, mainc,<br />
mdidari gadasaxadis gadamxdelis gamgzavreba romelime teritoriidan mediis<br />
did populistur kampanias iwvevs “mdidrebis sawinaaRmdegod” da axali, ufro<br />
centralizebuli sistemis sasargeblod, sadac aseTi xmis micemis araviTari SesaZlebloba<br />
ar iqneba. SesaZloa, iurisdiqciebisa da sagadasaxado kursis konkurenciaze<br />
agebuli sistema erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso sistemaa, magram demokratiuli<br />
gadawyvetilebebis zewolis qveS yvelaze popularuli da yvelaze<br />
mtkice ar aris. demokratias yovelTvis centralizaciis tendencia aqvs.<br />
sagadasaxado sistemis ltolvilebisadmi keTilganwyobis wyalobiT Sveicarias<br />
dovlaTis Semqmneli muSaxeli ar aklia da arc imaze ambobs uars, rom evropuli<br />
sagadasaxado sistemisgan, romelic mdidrebs Zalian did gadasaxadebs<br />
akisrebs, sargebeli naxos. SveicariaSi mdidari xalxisTvis kari mudam Riaa. amaSi<br />
cuds verafers vxedav...<br />
ar unda dagvaviwydes imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom “CamorCenili erisTvis” Teoriuli<br />
SesaZleblobebi ufro metia, vidre praqtikuli. aseT qveynebSi gadasaxadebisa<br />
da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> amocanebis nulamde dayvanis Zlieri tendenciaa. faqtobrivad,<br />
sazogadoebrivi dovlaTisa da infrastruqturis Zalian cudi uzrunvelyofa<br />
SeuZlebelia iseT sistemaSi, sadac yvela xedavs ra xdeba mezobel<br />
sistemaSi. amgvarad, garkveul doneze saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moTxovnilebebi rCeba, romlis<br />
qvemoTac Camosvla ar SeuZlia. mdidari gadamxdelisTvisac ki Zalian Cveulebrivi<br />
da bunebrivi ambavia, rom kontribuciis rogorme gazrdis motivi amoZravebdes,<br />
Tuki xedavs, rom mTlianobaSi es raRacas niSnavs.<br />
politikuri ekonomiis meqanizmi, ris Sesaxebac aq vsaubrob, municipalur,<br />
regionul Tu saerTaSoriso doneze sxvadasxva subsidiebiTa da struqturuli<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndebiT xelovnuri “gaTanabrebis” mcdelobam ar unda daamaxinjos. adgilobrivi<br />
da regionuli xelaxali gadanawileba Zalian popularulia, magram<br />
jansaRi sagadasaxado sistemisTvis, romelic saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xarjsa da gadasaxadebze<br />
da mis sanacvlod gaweuli momsaxurebis gamWvirvalobazea agebuli,<br />
momwamvlelia.<br />
rac ufro pirdapiria demokratia, miT ufro mwvave diskusiis sagani xdeba<br />
gadasaxadebi, maTgan miRebuli sargebeli da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxeleTa roli am<br />
orive aspeqtSi. amgvarad, zrdasruli gadasaxadis gadamxdeli hqvia yvela<br />
srulwlovan moqalaqes, romelic gamudmebiT akontrolebs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxuridan<br />
miRebuli fulis Rirebulebas, moiTxovs efeqtianobas, gamWvirvalobas<br />
da sistemaSi arsebul nebismier naklovanebaze reagirebs.<br />
77
78<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
rasakvirvelia, decentralizaciasac aqvs Tavisi uaryofiTi mxareebi. yvelaze<br />
naklebefeqtiani moTamaSe konkurenciis pirobebSi ufro uares mdgomareobaSia,<br />
vidre centralizebuli sistemis gasaSualoebuli keTildReobis<br />
“harmonizaciis” pirobebSi.<br />
magram liberaluri TvalsazrisiT, egreT wodebul ganviTarebad qveynebSi<br />
ar aris gamoricxuli arsebobdes marTlac mtkivneuli naklovanebanic, sadac<br />
uTanasworobis fasi SesaZloa Zalian maRali iyos. gansxvavebuloba mudam uTanasworobasTan<br />
aris dakavSirebuli. magram istoria gamudmebiT gvaxsenebs, rom<br />
es CamorCenili struqturebi ganviTardnen, Tanamedrove efeqtian qveynebad<br />
iqcnen da sasiamovno gamococxleba gamoiwvies saerTo keTildReobis gzaze.<br />
magram centralizaciis safrTxe kvlav arsebobs da “mecnierebisa da politikis<br />
ukanaskneli gadaxrebisa da Secdomebis tendencia yvela iurisdiqciis, federaluri<br />
sistemis yvela Semadgeneli nawilis gaerTianebis” safrTxes Seicavs.<br />
klasikosi liberalebi, Tavisufali vaWrebi, monopolias WeSmarit da swor<br />
praqtikul gadawyvetilebebze maRla ar ayeneben. magram isini mcire konkurentuli<br />
erTeulebis sistemas uWeren mxars, romelic bevr sxvadasxva saxis patara<br />
Secdomas da cdomilebas uSvebs. aseTi saxis sistemaSi Sedarebebis safuZvelze<br />
Seswavlis SesaZlebloba arsebobs. SesaZloa es ufro nakleb saxifaTo<br />
iyos, vidre Zlieri, centralizebuli sistema, sadac didi Secdomebi da cdomilebebi<br />
ufro saSiSia. praqtikuli gamocdileba da dakvirvebebi, riskze, Secdomebze<br />
da Secdomebis aRiarebaze swavla <strong>Cven</strong>i saerTo mizani unda iyos. am oromtrialSi<br />
rac ufro pataraa erTeuli, warmatebisa da Secdomebis Tavidan acilebis<br />
miT ufro ukeTesi SesaZlebloba arsebobs.
gamoqveynda 2001 wels<br />
savaluto sabWoebi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis<br />
(ibeWdeba pirveli Tavi)<br />
Tavi 1. savaluto sabWoebis sakiTxisTvis<br />
breTon vuudsis monetaruli sistemis sabolood daSlis Semdeg, 1973 wels,<br />
“naprali“, romelic arsebobda ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebis valutebs<br />
Soris, “ufskrulSi“ gadaizarda. breTon vuudsis sistemis moqmedebis<br />
<strong>dros</strong>, “klasikur“ periodSi 1914 wlamde, oqros standartis <strong>dros</strong> da, naklebi<br />
xarisxiT, aseve msoflio omebis <strong>dros</strong>, ganviTarebad da maT msgavs qveynebs, rogorc<br />
wesi, jansaRi valutebi hqondaT. jansaRi valuta stabilobas, sandoobas<br />
da srul konvertirebadobas niSnavs. stabiloba gulisxmobs imas, rom mimdinare<br />
wliuri inflacia SedarebiT dabalia, wesiT erT cifriani. sandooba niSnavs,<br />
rom valutis gamomSvebs momavalSi inflaciis dabal doneze SenarCunebis<br />
rwmuneba aqvs. srulad konvertirebadobaSi igulisxmeba, rom valutas SeuZlia<br />
adgilobrivi da ucxouri saqonlis da servisebis SeZena SezRudvis gareSe,<br />
sabazro kursiT ucxouri valutebis SeZenis CaTvliT.<br />
dRes umravles ganviTarebul qveynebs jer kidev jansaRi valutebi aqvT,<br />
TiTqmis iseTive stabiluri, rogorc oqros standartis <strong>dros</strong>. umravlesi<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis valutebi, amis sapirispirod, arajansaRia (Schuler, 1996).<br />
jansaRi valutebis dakargva dakavSirebulia centraluri bankebis poziciebis<br />
zrdasTan am qveynebSi. breTon vuudsis sistemis sabolood daSlamde periodis<br />
udides nawilSi umetes ganviTarebad qveynebs ar hqondaT Tanamedrove tipis<br />
centraluri bankebi. amis nacvlad, isini iyenebdnen komerciuli bankebis mier<br />
konkurenciaze dayrdnobili fulis gamoSvebas (laTinuri amerika, aRmosavleT<br />
azia da TviTmarTvadi britanuli koloniebi), kerZo komerciuli bankis mier<br />
fulis gamoSvebis monopolur sistemas (britaneTis garda, evropuli qveynebis<br />
koloniebi) an savaluto sabWoebs (araTviTmarTvadi britanuli koloniebis umravlesoba)<br />
(Conant, 1969 [1927], Schuler, 1992 a, b). umravlesi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis<br />
centraluri bankebi sruliad axali xilia. igi laTinur amerikaSi<br />
1920-ian wlebamde ver gavrcelda, afrikaSi, Sua aRmosavleTsa da samxreTaRmosavleT<br />
aziaSi — 1950-ian wlebamde. rogorc wesi, centraluri bankis Seqmnis<br />
pirveli dekadidan, ganviTarebad qveynebs maRali inflacia gauCndaT da<br />
maTi valutac ufro SezRudulad konvertirebadi gaxda, vidre manamde.<br />
maRalma inflaciam da arajansaRi valutebis SezRudulma konvertirebadobam<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebis progress xeli SeuSala. arajansaRi valuta xaliss<br />
ukargavs rogorc adgilobriv, aseve ucxour investirebas. bevr ganviTarebad<br />
qveyanas, romelsac koloniur periodsa da damoukideblobis wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
kapitalis wminda importi hqonda — am <strong>dros</strong> maTi valuta jansaRi iyo.<br />
xolo, rodesac maTi valutebi arajansaRi gaxda isini kapitalis wminda eqsportiorebad<br />
iqcnen. es qveynebi ucxouri kapitalisgan daicala da adgilobrivi<br />
kapitalic aralegalurad „gaiqca“, raTa inflaciuri konfiskaciisTvis daeRwia<br />
Tavi. Sedegad, ekonomikis ganviTareba Senelda, stagnaciaSi gadavida da,<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, ukanac wavida. istoriuli gamocdileba gveubneba, rom<br />
kapitalis isev misazidad da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Tavidan wasaxaliseblad,<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebs jansaRi valutebi sWirdebaT. Semdgom, ufro<br />
79<br />
sTiv henke da qurT Suleri<br />
Targmna gia jandierma<br />
aSS-Si, q. baltimorSi mdebare jonz hofqinzis universitetSi gamoyenebiTi<br />
ekonomikis profesori , q. vaSingtonSi mdebare katonis saxelobis<br />
institutis ufrosi mecnier-TanamSromeli, Jurnal “<strong>fo</strong>rbsis” avtori.<br />
1998 wels dasaxelda msoflios 25 yvelaze gavlenian pirTa Soris<br />
aSS saxazino departamentis ekonomisti da jonz hofqinzis universitetis<br />
mecnier TanamSromeli
80<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
detaluri saubrisas vnaxavT, rom istoriuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebSi centraluri bankis sistemis mier jansaRi valutis<br />
warmatebiT uzrunvelyofa naklebad savaraudoa.<br />
centraluri bankebis Seqmnamde arsebuli konkurentuli sistemebidan, savaluto<br />
sabWo gansakuTrebiT iyo gavrcelebuli: igi 70 qveyanaSi moqmedebda.<br />
savaluto sabWos sistemebi zog qveyanaSi dResac agrZelebs moqmedebas, maT Soris<br />
yvelaze aRsaniSnavia hong kongi. 1991 wlidan argentinam da zogma sxva qveyanamac<br />
aseve Seqmna savaluto sabWos msgavsi sistemebi, romelTac orTodoqsuli<br />
savaluto sabWos zogi, magram ara yvela Tviseba hqondaT. es kvleva savaluto<br />
sabWos sistemis ufro farTod danergvis potencials exeba ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi jansaRi valutebis moqmedebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
savaluto sabWo centraluri bankis sapirispirod<br />
centraluri banki adamianTa umravlesobisTvis, sul mcire praqtikul doneze,<br />
maTi qveynebis monetarul sistemad aris cnobili. centraluri banki<br />
monetaruli xelisuflebaa, romelsac aqvs diskreciuli monopolia, marTos<br />
komerciul bankTa rezervebi. es, rogorc wesi, gulisxmobs banknotebs (qaRaldis<br />
valuta) da monetebs. diskreciuli marTva niSnavs SesaZleblobas, monetaruli<br />
politika survilis mixedviT SeirCes, nawilobrivad mainc, wesebiT SeuzRudavad.<br />
rezervebi niSnavs saSualebas — medias, romelic gadaxdebisTvis<br />
gamoiyeneba. xSirad, gadaxdebisTvis monetaruli sistema ori tipis medias iyenebs:<br />
erTi, romelic mxolod adgilobrivad gamoiyeneba, rogoricaa adgilobrivi<br />
monetaruli xelisuflebis mier gamoSvebuli banknotebi da ucxouri rezervebi<br />
(bazisuri rezervebi), romelic saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi gamoiyeneba,<br />
rogoricaa oqro, ucxouri valdebulebebi (obligaciebi) an banknotebi, romelic<br />
gamoSvebulia ucxouri centraluri bankis mier. komerciuli bankebi, am<br />
terminis farTo gagebiT, centraluri bankisgan gansxvavebuli bankebia, maT Soris<br />
kooperatiuli, sainvesticio da Semnaxveli bankebi.<br />
miuxedavad bolo xanebSi savaluto sabWos sistemis mimarT interesis gaRvivebisa,<br />
igi bevrisTvis ucnobi rCeba. savaluto sabWo monetaruli institutia,<br />
romelic uSvebs banknotebsa da monetebs (da zogierT SemTxvevaSi depozitebsac),<br />
srulad mxardaWerils ucxouri „sarezervo“ valutiT da srulad konvertirebads<br />
ucxour valutaSi fiqsirebuli kursiT nebismieri moTxovnisas.<br />
sarezervo valuta unda iyos konvertirebadi valuta an saqoneli, SerCeuli<br />
misi mosalodneli stabilurobis gamo. qveyanas, romelic uSvebs sarezervo valutas,<br />
sarezervo qveyana hqvia (Tu sarezervo valuta aris saqoneli, TviTon<br />
is qveyana CaiTvleba sarezervod, romelsac savaluto sabWo aqvs.)<br />
rezervad savaluto sabWos aqvs aRebuli dabali riskis, momgebiani fasiani<br />
qaRaldebi da sxva aqtivebi, romlisTvis sarezervo valutas ixdian. savaluto<br />
sabWos aqvs rezervebi 100 procentis an cotaTi metis vidre gamoSvebuli banknotebi<br />
da monetebi cirkulaciaSi, zustad im odenobiT rogorc dadgenilia kanoniT.<br />
yvelaze martivi tipis savaluto sabWo ar iRebs depozitebs da ar uSvebs<br />
fasian qaRaldebs; Tu savaluto sabWo daeTanxmeba da depozitebs an fasian qa-<br />
Raldebs gamouSvebs, isinic 100 procentiT an cotaTi metiT mxardaWerili unda<br />
iyos likviduri aqtivebiT sarezervo valutaSi. savaluto sabWo mogebas<br />
iRebs sarezervo valutis fasiani qaRaldebis Semosavalsa da banknotebisa da<br />
monetebis cirkulirebis xarjebis sxvaobisagan. igi mTavrobas (an mis<br />
mesakuTres, Tu igi mTavroba ar aris) gadascems mogebas imis zemoT, rac mas<br />
sWirdeba imisaTvis, rom gadaixados sakuTari xarjebi da uzrunvelyofili<br />
hqondes rezervebis kanoniT dadgenili done. savaluto sabWos ar aqvs mis mier<br />
gamoSvebuli banknotebis, monetebisa da depozitebis raodenobis diskreciuli<br />
marTvis ufleba. maT raodenobas sabazro Zalebi gansazRvravs, miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom fuls savaluto sabWo awvdis.<br />
nebismier qveyanaSi, romelsac aqvs komerciuli bankebi da sxva finansuri<br />
institutebi, savaluto sabWo monetaruli sistemis mxolod nawilia. savaluto<br />
sabWos sistema moicavs savaluto sabWos, komerciul bankebs da sxva finansur
sTiv henke da qurT Suleri, “savaluto sabWoebi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis”<br />
institutebs. igi aseve moicavs maTi da mTavrobis qcevis wesebs, dakavSirebuls<br />
valutis gacvlis kursTan, valutis konvertirebadobasTan, mTavrobis finansebTan<br />
da ase Semdeg.<br />
cxrili 1.1 gvaZlevs tipuri savaluto sabWosa da tipuri centraluri bankis<br />
gansxvavebebis sias. es seqcia mokled aRwers am gansxvavebebs. wignis Semdgom<br />
TavebSi es gansxvavebebi detalurad ganixileba. vfiqrobT, es aRwerebi akuratulia<br />
arsebuli tipuri savaluto sabWoebis da tipuri centraluri bankebisTvis<br />
warsulsa da awmyoSi. savaluto sabWos es aRwera ver mogvcems Teoriulad<br />
idealur savaluto sabWos aRweras da verc gansakuTrebiT kargi savaluto<br />
sabWos aRweras. igi aRwers tipur arsebul savaluto sabWos, Tumca savaluto<br />
sabWoebis realuri saqmianoba axlosaa idealurTan, risTvisac isini Seiqmnen<br />
(ix. Tavi 2). amis msgavsad, centraluri bankebis aRwerac ar aris Teoriulad<br />
idealuri centraluri bankis. isic ar aris gansakuTrebiT kargi centraluri<br />
bankis aRwera, rogoricaa aSS federaluri sarezervo sistema an singapuris<br />
monetaruli xelisufleba. igi aRwers tipur centralur banks. es aRwera<br />
umravlesi centraluri bankis mdgomareobas asaxavs, maT Soris ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebisas, romlebic arsebiT umravlesobas warmoadgens msoflioSi arsebul<br />
centralur bankebs Soris.<br />
cxrili 1.1. tipuri savaluto sabWo tipuri centraluri bankis sapirispirod.<br />
SeniSvna: es CamoTvlili Tvisebebi axasiaTebs arsebul tipur savaluto sabWoebs da<br />
100% ucxouri rezervi gansxvavebuli zomis rezervebi<br />
sruli konvertirebadoba SezRuduli konvertirebadoba<br />
wesebze dayrdnobili monetaruli<br />
politika<br />
ar aris ukanaskneli imedis<br />
kreditori (gamsesxebeli)<br />
ar aregulirebs komerciul bankebs<br />
diskreciuli monetaruli politika<br />
ukanaskneli imedis kreditoria<br />
(gamsesxebeli)<br />
xSirad aregulirebs komerciul<br />
bankebs<br />
gamWvirvalea bundovania<br />
daculia politikuri zewolisagan politizebulia<br />
maRali sandooba dabali sandooba<br />
mogebas mxolod interesidan (sabanko<br />
sargebeli) iRebs<br />
igebs interesidan da inflaciisganac<br />
inflacias ver qmnis SeuZlia gamoiwvios inflacia<br />
ar SeuZlia daafinansos adgilobrivi<br />
mTavrobis xarjebi<br />
ar saWiroebs "winaswar pirobebs"<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmisTvis<br />
SeuZlia daafinansos adgilobrivi<br />
mTavrobis xarjebi<br />
saWiroebs "winaswar pirobebs"<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmisTvis<br />
swrafi monetaruli re<strong>fo</strong>rma neli monetaruli re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
mcire aparati didi aparati<br />
centralur bankebs, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, da ar warmoadgens<br />
Teoriulad idealuri an gansakuTrebiT kargi savaluto sabWos an centraluri bankis<br />
Tvisebebs.<br />
Tu daviwyebT cxrilis 1.1 dasawyisidan, savaluto sabWo, rogorc wesi,<br />
uzrunvelyofs banknotebisa da monetebis miwodebas, im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac centraluri<br />
banki aseve depozitebsac qmnis. zogierTma savaluto sabWom warsulSi<br />
depozitebic SemoiRo; dRes hong kongis monetaruli xelisufleba (Hong Kong<br />
Monetary Authority) da sxva savaluto sabWos msgavsi xelisuflebebi uSveben fasian<br />
qaRaldebs. tipuri savaluto sabWos depozitebi iseTive rezervis moTxovnebis<br />
qveSaa, rogorc banknotebi da monetebi. savaluto sabWos sakiTxis Seswavlis<br />
gasamartiveblad es kvleva savaluto sabWos iseT models ganixilavs, romelic<br />
mxolod banknotebsa da monetebs uSvebs. damatebiTi sirTuleebi, romelic<br />
momdinareobs depozitebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebisagan, mcirea da ar<br />
cvlis sagrZnoblad analizs, Tu isini erTmaneTSi gadacvladia maTi mflobe-<br />
81
82<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
lebisTvis da eqvemdebareba ucxouri rezervis moTxovnebs savaluto<br />
sabWosTvis.<br />
savaluto sabWos an centraluri bankis mier gamoSvebuli banknotebi da monetebi<br />
da komerciuli bankebis mier Seqmnili depozitebi savaluto sabWos an<br />
centraluri bankis sistemaSi monetarul bazas qmnian. monetaruli baza maSin<br />
iTvleba rezervad, rodesac igi komerciuli bankebis mflobelobaSia da ara<br />
xalxis (igulisxmeba depozitorebis — red.). sazogadoebis depozitebi komerciul<br />
bankebSi da banknotebi da monetebi, romelic maT ekuTvnis, fulis miwodebas<br />
Seadgens. banknotebi da monetebi cirkulaciaSi, xalxis xelSia isini Tu<br />
komerciuli bankebis, Seadgens naRd fuls.<br />
komerciuli bankebis depozitebi centralur bankSi maTi rezervebis mTavari<br />
<strong>fo</strong>rmaa tipuri centraluri bankis sistemaSi; komerciul bankebs ar aqvT<br />
depozitebi savaluto sabWos sistemaSi, amis nacvlad sarezervo-savaluto aqtivebi<br />
maTi rezervebis mTavar <strong>fo</strong>rmas warmoadgens. savaluto sabWos, aseve mis<br />
msgavs centraluri bankis sistemebSi, komerciuli bankebi inaxaven savaluto<br />
sabWos Tu centraluri bankis „sayrden naRd fuls“ — banknotebsa da monetebs,<br />
raTa daakmayofilon sakuTari depozitorebis moTxovnebi depozitebis banknotebsa<br />
da monetebSi gadasayvanad.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo qmnis namdvil fiqsirebul kurss sarezervo valutasTan.<br />
valutis kursi mudmivia, an, yvelaze uares SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba<br />
gansxvavdebodes dadgenili kursisagan mxolod sagangebo situaciebSi. gacvlis<br />
kursi SesaZlebelia Caiweros konstituciaSi, romelic aRwers savaluto<br />
sabWos iuridiul valdebulebebs. aseTi gawerili valdebuleba fiqsirebuli<br />
savaluto kursis Sesaxeb SesaniSnavad asrulebda Tavis funqcias (ix. Tavi 2).<br />
tipuri centraluri banki amis sapirispirod ufro metad pegirebul an motivtive<br />
savaluto kurss qmnis, vidre namdvilad fiqsirebul kurss. pegirebuli<br />
savaluto kursi sarezervo valutis mimarT garkveuli vadis periodisTvis<br />
mudmivia, magram ar iZleva aranair sando grZelvadian garantias am kursis SesanarCuneblad.<br />
motivtive savaluto kursi arc erTi sarezervo valutis mimarT<br />
ar aris mudmivi. centraluri bankis mier dadgenili savaluto kursi, rogorc<br />
wesi, ar fiqsirdeba kanoniT, SesaZlebelia varirebdes centraluri bankisa da<br />
mTavrobis nebis mixedviT. centraluri banki iZulebulia devalvacia moaxdinos,<br />
rodesac ganicdis mZime politikur Tu spekulaciur wnexs am mizniT. amis<br />
Sedegad, rogorc mogvianebiT davinaxavT, centraluri bankebis mier gacxadebuli<br />
fiqsirebuli kursi sinamdvileSi pegirebulia.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo sarezervo valutis fasian qaRaldebs, rogorc sarezervo<br />
aqtivs, inaxavs misi valdebulebebis sapirispirod (misi banknotebi da<br />
monetebi); mas aseve SeuZlia sabanko depozitebi da mcire odenobis banknotebi<br />
sarezervo valutaSi iqonios. igi inaxavs ucxour rezervebs sakuTari valutis<br />
banknotebis, monetebis da depozitebis 100 procentis an mcired meti odenobiT,<br />
rogorc aris dadgenili kanoniT. bevri savaluto sabWo, ucxouri rezervis<br />
dones maqsimum 105 an 110 procentis odenobiT adgens, raTa zRvruli<br />
usafrTxoeba hqondes sarezervo valutis fasiani qaRaldebis Rirebulebis dakargvis<br />
SemTxvevaSi. tipuri centraluri banki, amis sapirispirod, flobs sxvadasxva<br />
ucxour rezervebs: ar arsebobs valdebuleba, dadgindes raime fiqsirebuli,<br />
mibmuli Tanafardoba ucxouri rezervebisa adgilobriv valdebulebebTan.<br />
iqac ki, sadac minimaluri Tanafardoba arsebobs, tipur centralur<br />
banks SeuZlia hqondes masze zemoT nebismieri Tanafardoba. magaliTad, Tu<br />
centralur banks moeTxoveba hqondes sul mcire 20 procenti ucxouri rezervebi,<br />
mas SesaZlebelia hqondes 30, 130 an 330 procentic ki. tipuri centraluri<br />
banki aseve flobs adgilobrivi valutis aqtivebsac, rac savaluto sabWos<br />
saerTod ar aqvs.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWos valuta srulad konvertirebadia: igi SezRudvebis<br />
gareSe cvlis mis banknotebs da monetebs sarezervo valutaSi misi gamocxadebuli<br />
fiqsirebuli kursiT. nebismier pirs, visac aqvs sarezervo valuta,<br />
SeuZlia gadacvalos igi savaluto sabWos banknotebsa da monetebSi fiqsire-
sTiv henke da qurT Suleri, “savaluto sabWoebi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis”<br />
buli kursiT, da nebismier pirs, visac aqvs savaluto sabWos banknotebi da monetebi,<br />
aseve SeuZliaT gadacvalon igi sarezervo valutaSi fiqsirebuli kursiT.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, savaluto sabWoebi garantias ar iZlevian, rom komerciuli<br />
bankebis depozitebi konvertirebadi iqneba savaluto sabWos banknotebsa<br />
da monetebSi. komerciuli bankebi TviTon arian pasuxismgeblebi imis-<br />
Tvis, rom TviTon iqonion sakmarisi banknotebi da monetebi TadarigisTvis, ra-<br />
Ta daakmayofilon sakuTari saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi maTive depozitorebis<br />
mimarT — gadaiyvanon depozitebi banknotebsa da monetebSi<br />
moTxovnisTanave. Tu mTavroba ar daadgens minimaluri rezervis moTxovnas<br />
komerciuli bankebisTvis, komerciul bankebs SeuZliaT iqonion nebismieri<br />
sididis (an rezervisa da valdebulebebis Tanafardobis) rezervi, romelic maT<br />
miaCniaT misaRebad; maT ar moeTxovebaT hqondeT 100 procenti rezervi,<br />
rogorc es aris dadgenili savaluto sabWos SemTxvevaSi, arc 100 procenti<br />
savaluto sabWos banknotebisa da monetebis Tanafardoba depozitebis mimarT<br />
(sxva sityvebiT, savaluto sabWos SemTxvevaSi M0 100 procentiT mxardaWerilia<br />
ucxouri rezervebiT, Tumca ufro farTo fuli M1, M2 da M3 — ara.)<br />
depozitebi komerciul bankebSi denominirebuli savaluto sabWos valutaSi,<br />
srulad konvertirebadia fiqsirebuli kursiT savaluto sabWos banknotebsa<br />
da monetebSi, xolo savaluto sabWos banknotebi da monetebi mTlianad<br />
konvertirebadia fiqsirebuli kursiT sarezervo valutaSi. savaluto sabWos<br />
aranairi pirdapiri roli ar aqvs sxva ucxouri valutebis kursTan, romelic<br />
sarezervo ar aris. komerciuli bankebi bazarze dadgenili kursebiT vaWroben,<br />
romelic SesaZlebelia iyos fiqsirebuli, pegirebuli an motivtive sarezervo<br />
valutis mimarT da, Sesabamisad, savaluto sabWos valutis mimarT.<br />
tipuri centraluri bankis valutas, amis sapirispirod, SezRuduli konvertirebadoba<br />
axasiaTebs. centralur bankebs, TiTqmis yvela ganviTarebul<br />
qveyanaSi da zogierT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi srulad konvertirebadi valuta<br />
aqvs, magram ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobis centraluri bankebis valutebi<br />
nawilobriv konvertirebadia an arakonvertirebadi. isini zRudaven an<br />
krZalaven garkveul transaqciebs, konkretulad ki ucxouri fasiani qaRaldebis<br />
an uZravi qonebis SeZenas (ix. saerTaSoriso savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndis wliuri angariSi<br />
gadacvlis wesebsa da SezRudvebze).<br />
tipur savaluto sabWos aqvs wesebze damyarebuli politika. mas ar aqvs ufleba<br />
cvalos gadacvlis kursi, garda sagangebo viTarebebisa (me-4 Tavi gvaZlevs<br />
aseTi sagangebo viTarebis gansazRvris wessac.) savaluto sabWos aseve ar<br />
aqvs nebadarTuli cvalos rezervis Tanafardoba an regulirebebi, romlebic<br />
gavlenas axdens komerciul bankebze. savaluto sabWo ubralod gadacvlis<br />
banknotebsa da monetebs sarezervo valutaze fiqsirebuli kursiT im odenobiT,<br />
rogorc komerciuli bankebi da mosaxleoba moiTxovs. rodesac fulis<br />
moTxovna icvleba, savaluto sabWos roli pasiuria. sabazro Zalebi adgenen<br />
fulis miwodebis moculobas TviTdadgenis procesiT, romelic ganixileba me-3<br />
TavSi.<br />
tipur centralur banks, amis sapirispirod, nawilobriv an srulad diskreciuli<br />
monetaruli politika aqvs. centralur bankebs sakuTari nebiT an mTavrobis<br />
mxardaWeriT SeuZliaT cvalon valutis gadacvlis kursi, ucxouri<br />
rezervebis zoma da Tanafardoba, komerciuli bankebis maregulirebeli aqtebi.<br />
isini SezRudvebis obieqtebi ar arian, rogorc es savaluto sabWos SemTxvevaSia.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo ar aris ukanaskneli SesaZleblobis kreditori<br />
(gamsesxebeli), es niSnavs, rom igi ar gascems sesxebs komerciul bankebs an sxva<br />
firmebze, raTa ar gakotrdnen. komerciuli bankebi savaluto sabWos sistemaSi<br />
unda daeyrdnon ukanaskneli SesaZleblobis gamsesxeblis sxva alternativebs<br />
(ix. Tavi 5). tipuri centraluri banki, amis sapirispirod, warmoadgens ukanaskneli<br />
SesaZleblobis kreditors (gamsesxebels).<br />
83
84<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo ar aregulirebs komerciul bankebs. savaluto sab-<br />
Wos sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, mcire raodenobis maregulirebeli aqtebi moqmedebs<br />
da maT anxorcielebs an finansTa saministro, an sabanko regulirebis<br />
ofisi. tipuri centraluri banki, amis sapirispirod, xSirad aregulirebs<br />
komerciul bankebs. am regulirebis yvelaze Cveulebrivi <strong>fo</strong>rma komerciuli<br />
bankebisTvis sarezervo moTxovnebis dadgenaa. moTxovnili rezervebi, romlebic<br />
saTadarigo naRdi fulis saxiT centraluri bankis depozitebSi ganTavsdeba,<br />
tipurad aWarbebs gonier rezervebs, romelic komerciul bankebs eqnebodaT<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu oficialuri sarezervo moTxovnebi ar iarsebebda.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWos saqmianoba gamWvirvalea, radganac igi Zalian martivi<br />
institutia. igi ubralod wamoadgens sawyobis msgavs dawesebulebas sarezervo<br />
valutis fasiani qaRaldebisTvis, romelic amyarebs cirkulaciaSi arsebul<br />
sakuTar banknotebsa da monetebs. tipuri centraluri bankis saqmianoba<br />
bundovania. centraluri banki sawyobi ar aris; igi spekulaciuri institutia,<br />
romlis efeqtianoba nawilobriv imazecaa damokidebuli, rom xandaxan saidumlod<br />
imoqmedos.<br />
imis gamo, rom savaluto sabWo wesebze damokidebuli da gamWvirvale sistemaa,<br />
politikuri wnexisagan igi politikuri qcevis mkafio wesebiT aris daculi,<br />
an, ukeTes SemTxvevebSi, mkafio konstituciiT, iseTiT, rogorc danarTSia.<br />
tipuri centraluri banki politizebulia. zogierTi centraluri banki, iseTi,<br />
rogorc aSS federaluri rezervi an evropis centraluri banki, politikurad<br />
damoukidebelni arian maTi mmarTvelebis TvalsazrisiT — maT, erTxel<br />
daniSnulebs, aqvT monetaruli politikis erTpirovnuli kontrolis ufleba<br />
da ver gaTavisufldebian Tanamdebobidan aRmasrulebeli an sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebis mier maTTvis ofisSi yofnis fiqsirebul vadaSi, aseve, aRmasrulebels<br />
an sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas ar aqvs ufleba daaZalos centralur<br />
banks fulis gasesxeba. Tumca, politikurad yvelaze damoukidebel<br />
centralur banksac uwevs daTmobebi.<br />
tipur savaluto sabWos maRali sandooba aqvs. mis mimarT 100 procentiani<br />
ucxouri rezervebis moTxovna, misi wesebze dayrdnobili monetaruli politika,<br />
gamWvirvaloba da politikuri wnexisagan daculoba mas saSualebas<br />
aZlevs Seqmnas sruli konvertirebadoba da valutis fiqsirebuli gadacvlis<br />
kursi sarezervo valutasTan mimarTebaSi. mosalodnelia, rom koreqtulad ar-<br />
Ceuli sarezervo valuta stabiluri iqneba, amis Sedegad, valutac, romelsac<br />
savaluto sabWo gamouSvebs, stabiluri iqneba. tipuri centraluri banki, amis<br />
sapirispirod, dabali sandoobiT gamoirCeva. mcire raodenobis gansakuTrebulad<br />
kargi centraluri bankebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ganviTarebul qveynebSi<br />
arseboben, sargebloben maRali sandoobiT, magram sxvebi ara, vinaidan maT<br />
(centralur bankebs) diskreciuli ufleba aqvT monetarul politikaSi, arian<br />
bundovani, politizebuli, aqvT saSualeba da motivacia — ar Seasrulon dapirebebi<br />
gadacvlis kursis an inflaciis Sesaxeb, rodesac moesurvebaT.<br />
mkiTxvelebma SesaZloa ikiTxon, ramdenad sando iqneboda tipuri savaluto<br />
sabWo, Tu, rogorc es xdeboda umetesi savaluto sabWoebis SemTxvevaSi, misi sarezervo<br />
valuta (sxva) centraluri bankis mier iqneboda gamoSvebuli. ar gamoiwvevda<br />
sarezervo valutis centraluri banki monetarul arastabilobas, magaliTad<br />
savaluto sabWos qveyanaSi? inflaciasTan brZolis karg magaliTs verc<br />
erTi centraluri bankis istoria ver gvaZlevs. sarezervo valutis centralur<br />
banks sakuTari arastabilurobisa da inflaciis eqsporti savaluto<br />
sabWos qveyanaSi swored savaluto sabWos meSveobiT SeuZlia moaxdinos.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> vpasuxobT, rom yvelam unda ifiqros SedarebiTi sandoobis xedviT. sarezervo<br />
valuta (gamoSvebuli centraluri bankis mier) gansxvavebiT saqoneli<br />
fulisagan, SesaZlebelia gamonaklisad gansakuTrebiT kargi centraluri bankis<br />
mier iyos gamoSvebuli, iseTi, rogoricaa aSS federaluri rezervi, evropis<br />
centraluri banki an iaponiis centraluri banki. es bankebi ar arian srulyofili,<br />
magram maT ufro maRali sandooba aqvT, vidre sxva centralur bankebs
sTiv henke da qurT Suleri, “savaluto sabWoebi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis”<br />
axla an prognozirebad momavalSi. aSS dolari, evro da iaponuri ieni gansakuTrebiT<br />
kargi reputaciiT sargeblobs da kargi perspeqtivebi aqvs momavali stabilurobisTvis.<br />
magaliTad, ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris 1 milion adamianze meti<br />
mosaxleobiT, 90 procentze metma sakuTari valuta gaaufasura aSS dolaris<br />
mimarT 1970-dan 1993 wlebSi (Schuler, 1996: 33). savaluto sabWo gadascems sarezervo<br />
valutis qveynis sandoobas sakuTar savaluto sabWos qveyanas im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac<br />
tipuri centraluri bankis pirobebSi es efeqti ar xdeba. savaluto sab-<br />
Wos SeuZlia “importireba gaukeTos” gansakuTrebiT kargi centraluri bankis<br />
monetarul politikas fiqsirebuli valutis gadacvlis kursis saSualebiT,<br />
centraluri bankis mier gamoSvebul valutasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo Semosavals iRebs mxolod sargeblis senioraJidan<br />
(fulis gamoSvebis Semosavali). savaluto sabWo Semosavals iRebs sarezervo<br />
valutis fasiani qaRaldebis flobidan (misi mTavari aqtivebi), ar ixdis aranair<br />
interess (sargebels) sakuTar banknotebsa da monetebze (misi valdebulebebi).<br />
misi gros-senioraJi aris Semosavali naRdi fulis gamoSvebisagan. es SesaZlebelia<br />
gare interesis Semosavali an Sida Semosavali iyos fulis xarjvis Sedegad<br />
SeZenili saqonlis <strong>fo</strong>rmiT. wminda senioraJi (mogeba) aris gros-senioraJs gamoklebuli<br />
banknotebisa da monetebis cirkulaciaSi gaSvebis danaxarjebi.<br />
tipuri centraluri banki aseve iRebs Semosavlebs Sinauri da ucxouri fasiani<br />
qaRaldebis flobidan. igi Semosavals banknotebisa da monetebis<br />
cirkulaciis senioraJidanac iRebs da aseve, komerciuli bankebis depozitebisaganac.<br />
depozitebi, rogorc banknotebi da monetebi, rogorc wesi, sargebels<br />
ar ixdis. magram tipuri centraluri bankisTvis senioraJis ufro mniSvnelovani<br />
wyaro inflaciaa. inflaciis kargad gansazRvrisTvis — igi aris nominaluri<br />
fasebis saerTo zrda, tipurad gamowveuli nominaluri fulis miwodebis<br />
zrdiT, rac ar warmoadgens nebayoflobiTi anabrebis zrdis Sedegs. tipur<br />
savaluto sabWos ar SeuZlia gamoiwvios inflacia, radganac igi ar akontrolebs<br />
monetaruli sistemis rezervebs. magaliTad, hong kongis savaluto<br />
sabWos sistemis rezervebi aSS dolaris monetarul bazazea, romlis miwodeba<br />
xdeba aSS federaluri sarezervo sistemidan da ara hong kongis monetaruli<br />
xelisuflebisagan. fiqsirebuli kursis nebismieri sistemis msgavsad, valutis<br />
fiqsirebuli gadacvlis kursis saSualebiT savaluto sabWos SeuZlia sarezervo<br />
valutis qveynidan moaxdinos inflaciis gadmotana, magram mas ar SeuZlia<br />
TviTon Seqmnas inflacia, radganac sarezervo valutis qveynis monetaruli<br />
xelisuflebisagan damoukideblad monetarul bazas ver gazrdis. tipur centralur<br />
banks, amis sapirispirod, SeuZlia Seqmnas inflacia misi diskreciis<br />
farglebSi Sinauri monetaruli bazis zrdiT.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo ver daafinansebs mTavrobis xarjebs an saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sawarmoebs, radganac fulis gasesxebis neba ar aqvs. tipuri centraluri banki<br />
afinansebs mTavrobis xarjebs xan SedarebiT naklebi zomiT (rogorc aSS-Si), xan<br />
ufro didi zomiT (rogorc es bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi xdeba).<br />
tipur savaluto sabWos monetaruli re<strong>fo</strong>rmis mosaxdenad ar sWirdeba “wina<br />
pirobebis” Sesruleba. braldebebis sapirispirod, romelic wamoayena saer-<br />
TaSoriso savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndis kvlevebma (Baliño, Enoch da sxvebi 1997: 18; Enoch da<br />
Gulde, 1997: 26-7), mTavrobis finansebi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebi an vaWroba ar aris<br />
saWiro ukve re<strong>fo</strong>rmirebuli iyos manamde, sanam savaluto sabWo daiwyebdes<br />
jansaRi valutis gamoSvebas (HHanke, 1999). tipuri centraluri banki ver gamouSvebs<br />
jansaR valutas, sanam arsebobs “fiskaluri winapiroba” — mTavrobam<br />
aRar unda daafinansos biujetis deficiti inflaciis saSualebiT. rogorc ki<br />
mTavroba damokidebuli xdeba centralur bankze deficitis dasafinanseblad,<br />
maT, rogorc wesi, amis SeCereba uWirT.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo swrafi monetaruli re<strong>fo</strong>rmis gamtarebelia. mas<br />
SeuZlia swrafad Seqmnas da ganaxorcielos misi miznebi. tipuri centraluri<br />
banki monetaruli re<strong>fo</strong>rmisTvis Seferxebas warmoadgens.<br />
85
86<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
dasasrul, tipur savaluto sabWos sWirdeba mxolod mcire aparati mcire<br />
raodenobis TanamSromlebiT, vinc rutinul funqciebs asrulebs, romelic advilad<br />
Sesaswavlia. tipur centralur banks sWirdeba didi aparati, romelic<br />
ganswavluli iqneba monetarul Teoriasa da politikaSi. CineTis saxalxo banki<br />
150 000 adamians qiraobs, ruseTis federaciis centralur bankSi dasaqmebulia<br />
90 000, germaniiis bundesbanksa da safrangeTis bankSi — 16 000 TiToeulSi<br />
(Hanke, 2000).<br />
savaluto sabWo dolarizaciis, mravalerovani bankebis da Tavisufali<br />
sabanko saqmianobis sapirispirod<br />
rodesac am kvlevis originaluri versia gamoqveynda 1994 wels, savaluto<br />
sabWo farTod diskusirebadi erTaderTi meTodi iyo unificirebuli monetaruli<br />
politikis gasatareblad ganviTarebad qveynebSi. 1999 wlis Semdeg dolarizacia<br />
da mravalerovani centraluri bankebi aseve moxvdnen yuradRebis qveS,<br />
rogorc unificirebuli monetaruli politikis meTodebi. akademiuri interesi<br />
aRorZinda sxva monetaruli sistemis mimarTac rogoricaa, mag., Tavisufali<br />
sabanko saqmianoba — Tumca ki igi jer arsad arsebobs.<br />
dolarizacia xdeba, rodesac qveynis rezidentebi farTod iyeneben sxva<br />
ucxour valutas sakuTar valutasTan erTad an mis nacvlad. araoficialuri<br />
dolarizacia xdeba, rodesac individebs aqvT ucxouri valutis depozitebi an<br />
banknotebi (qaRaldis fuli) imisaTvis, rom Tavi daicvan sakuTari valutisagan.<br />
araoficialuri dolarizacia mraval qveyanaSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda.<br />
Tumca dolarizacia axlaxan gaCnda axal ambebSi, rac gamoiwvia oficialuri<br />
dolarizaciisadmi interesma, romelic Cndeba, Tu mTavroba eTanxmeba<br />
ucxour valutas, rogorc dominirebul an eqskluziur kanonier gadaxdis sa-<br />
Sualebas. wlebis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze didi qveyana, romelic dolarizebuli<br />
gaxda, panamaa, romelic aSS dolars oficialurad 1904 wlidan iyenebs. 1999<br />
wels argentinis mTavrobam gamoacxada, rom surda hqonoda aSS-sTan <strong>fo</strong>rmaluri<br />
SeTanxmeba, raTa oficialurad dolarizebuli yofiliyo. argentina an sxva<br />
qveyana dolarizebuli SeiZleba iyos <strong>fo</strong>rmaluri SeTanxmebis gareSec. argentinis<br />
moqmedebam sxva laTinur qveynebSic gaaCina diskusiebi oficialuri<br />
dolarizaciis Sesaxeb. 2000 wlis 9 ianvars ekvadoris prezidentma wamoayena<br />
dolarizaciis winadadeba, rac unda daxmareboda mis qveyanas, gamosuliyo Rrma<br />
recesiidan da politikuri areulobidan; radgan es wigni <strong>Cven</strong> 2000 wels davwereT,<br />
ekvadori Sua gzaze unda iyos dolarizaciis mimarTulebiT. 2000 wlis<br />
24 ivniss, gaeros administratorebma gamoacxades, rom am droisTvis dolari<br />
aRmosavleT Timoris valuta iyo, romelic sul axlaxan indoneziisagan<br />
damoukidebeli gaxda. dReisTvis dolarizacia 30 damokidebul da damoukidebel<br />
qveyanaSi aris ganxorcielebuli.<br />
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba dolarizaciasa da orTodoqsul savaluto sabWos Soris<br />
aris is, rom dolarizaciis <strong>dros</strong> ar arsebobs ganviTarebuli adgilobrivi<br />
valuta. Tu specialuri molaparakeba ar arsebobs, dolarizebuli qveyana kargavs<br />
Semosavals senioraJidan, romelic eqneboda savaluto sabWos SemTxvevaSi.<br />
dolarizacia qveyanas aseve akargvinebs politikur sargebels sakuTari adgilobrivi<br />
valutis qonidan. sxva mxriv, Tu praqtikuli arCevani iqneboda ara or-<br />
Todoqsul savaluto sabWosa da dolarizacias Soris, aramed savaluto sabWos<br />
msgavs sistemasa da dolarizacias Soris, dolarizacia mosalodnelia iyos ufro<br />
gamWvirvale, sando da sargebliani ekonomikisTvis, radganac ufro Znelia<br />
Seicvalos. dolarizaciis metma gamWvirvalobam da sandoobam gavlena moaxdina<br />
ekvadorze, wasuliyo dolarizaciaze da ara argentinis msgavs savaluto sab-<br />
Wosnair sistemaze, rac aseve ganixileboda.<br />
evropis centraluri bankis Seqmnam evros gamosaSvebad 1999 wels, aRmosavleT<br />
evropis da balkaneTis qveynebs Soris interesi gaaRviva evropis centralur<br />
bankTan misaerTeblad, rac maTi monetaruli politikis unificirebas moaxdenda<br />
evros zonis monetarul politikasTan. evropis centraluri banki
sTiv henke da qurT Suleri, “savaluto sabWoebi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis”<br />
dRes erT-erTi mravalerovani centraluri bankia — sxvebi arian: Banque Centrale<br />
des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (dasavleT afrikis qveynebis banki), Banque des Etats de<br />
l'Afrique Centrale (centraluri afrikis qveynebis banki), romlebic CFA franks<br />
uSveben sul 14 qveyanaSi, ZiriTadad yofil afrikul koloniebSi; aRmosavleT<br />
karibis centraluri banki, romelic uSvebs aRmosavleT karibis dolars 6<br />
yofil da 2 axlandel britanul koloniaSi. aRmosavleT karibis centraluri<br />
banki Tavidan Seiqmna, rogorc mravalerovani savaluto sabWo.<br />
mravalerovani centraluri bankis pirobebSi valutis gadacvlis kursi pegirebulia<br />
(rogorc es centraluri afrikis frankisa da aRmosavleT karibis<br />
dolaris SemTxvevaSia), an motivtive (rogorc evropis centraluri bankis<br />
SemTxvevaSi) da ara fiqsirebuli, rogorc es iqneboda savaluto sabWos<br />
SemTxvevaSi. valutis gadacvlis kontroli SesaZlebelia arsebobdes, rogorc<br />
es xdeba yvela mravalerovnuli centraluri bankis SemTxvevaSi, garda evropis<br />
centralri bankisa.<br />
Tavisufali sabanko saqmianobis sistema moqmedebs banknotebis da sxva valdebulebebis<br />
konkurenciis meTodiT gamoSvebiT da minimaluri regulirebiT.<br />
kerZod, sruliad Tavisufali sabanko saqmianobis sistemas ar aqvs centraluri<br />
banki, aranairi ukanaskneli SesaZleblobis kreditori, aranairi sarezervo<br />
moTxovnebi da aranairi kanonmdeblobiTi SezRudvebi sabanko portfelze, interesis<br />
ganakveTebze an filialebze. aseTi sistema arsebobda 60 qveyanaSi me-19<br />
saukuneSi da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi. zogadad, isini SedarebiT stabilurni<br />
arian da warmatebulni fiqsirebuli gadacvlis kursis SesanarCuneblad oqrosTan<br />
an vercxlTan, rogorc umetesobas hqonda dadgenili (DOWD 1992). savaluto<br />
sabWoebi an centraluri bankebi Caenacvlnen Tavisufali sabanko saqmianobis<br />
sistemas inteleqtualuri da politikuri survilebiT, raTa banknotebisa<br />
da monetebis gamoSvebis monopoliuri ufleba mTavrobis romelime organos<br />
gadascemoda, Sedegad, arc erTi Tavisufali sabanko saqmianobis sistema<br />
ar SemorCa. bolo 25 weliwadSi ekonomistebs Soris aseTi sistemis mimarT interesi<br />
isev gaRvivda, centraluri bankebis saqmianobis ukmayofilebis gamo da<br />
sul axlaxan ki eleqtronuli fulis SesaZleblobebis gaCenis Sedegad, romelmac<br />
banknotebi da monetebi moaZvela da bankebs saSualeba misca srulyofili<br />
konkurencia gaewiaT mTavrobis mier gamoSvebuli valutisTvis (Selgin and White<br />
1994, Rahn 1999).<br />
rogorc savaluto sabWo, Tavisufali sabanko sistemac, rogorc wesi, valutis<br />
fiqsirebuli gadacvlis kurss iyenebs da ar akontrolebs valutis gadacvlas.<br />
magram imis nacvlad, rom gansazRvruli iyos sarezervo qveyana, monetaruli<br />
politika bankebs Soris konkurenciiT <strong>fo</strong>rmirdeba. bankebs aqvT Tavisufleba,<br />
SesTavazon momxmareblebs nebismieri valuta. valutis kursi SesaZlebelia<br />
iyos fiqsirebuli, pegirebuli an motivtive. fiqsirebulia Tu pegirebuli,<br />
Ruza valuta SesaZlebelia iyos raime saqoneli an ucxouri valuta.<br />
momxmareblebis preferenciebi gadawyveten romeli valuta iqneba cirkulaciaSi<br />
da Sedegad romeli monetaruli politika iqneba warmatebuli konkurenciaSi.<br />
agreTve, gansxvavebiT savaluto sabWosagan, Tavisufali sabanko saqmianobis<br />
SemTxvevaSi wminda senioraJi, rogorc mogebis sxva <strong>fo</strong>rmebi, konkurenciis<br />
gamo nulisken mieqaneba da gadanawildeba momxmarebelTa Soris.<br />
radgan Tavisufal bankebs banknotebis da monetebis gamoSvebis monopolia ar<br />
aqvT, isini mas im raodenobiT uSveben, rom mogeba nuls uaxlovdebodes. es ar<br />
niSnavs, rom Tavisufali sabanko sistema, Cveulebriv, inflaciuria; fiqsirebuli<br />
gadacvlis kursis arseboba, romelic TiTqmis yvela Tavisufal sabanko<br />
sistemas axasiaTebs, Tavidan aicilebs inflacias.<br />
savaluto sabWoebi da farTo ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi<br />
savaluto sabWoebisadmi interesis xelaxla gaRvivebamde TiTqmis yvela<br />
ekonomisti martivad Tvlida, rom umravles qveynebs centraluri bankebi unda<br />
hqonodaT. centraluri bankebis araswori moqmedebisgan Tavis daRweva la-<br />
87
88<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
Tinuri amerikis qveynebis 1980-ian da yofili komunisturi qveynebis 1990-ian<br />
wlebSi ganxorcielebuli re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis erT-erTi mTavari problema iyo. savaluto<br />
sabWo SeiZleba ekonomikuri stabilizaciis alternatiuli midgomis<br />
nawili iyos, rac imis saSualebas iZleva, rom miznebi ufro efeqtianad iqnes<br />
miRweuli vidre centraluri bankis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
alternatiuli midgoma stabilizacias fasebisa da vaWrobis deregulirebis<br />
da valutis fiqsirebuli gadacvlis kursis mqone savaluto sabWos meSveobiT<br />
aRwevs. Cveulebrivi midgoma gulisxmobs stabilizaciis miRwevas fasebis<br />
da vaWrobis liberalizaciis gziT da centraluri bankis saSualebiT, pegirebuli<br />
valutis gadacvlis kursiT. saSualebebi msgavsi Cans, magram sakmaod<br />
gansxvavbuli efeqtebiT.<br />
alternatiuli midgoma mxars uWers fasebisa da vaWrobis deregulirebas.<br />
igi mTavrobas saSualebas aZlevs fasebis kontroli iseTi siswrafiT gaauqmos,<br />
rogorc es politikuradaa misaRebi. Cveulebrivi midgoma mxars uWers fasebisa<br />
da vaWrobis liberalizacias da ara deregulirebas. igi auqmebs bevri fasis<br />
kontrols, savaWro SezRudvebsa da tarifebs, magram inarCunebs sxvebs. Cveulebriv<br />
midgomaSi fasebis da vaWrobis sruli deregulireba ar aris SesaZlebeli,<br />
radganac centraluri banki saSualebas aZlevs mTavrobas da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sawarmoebs imoqmedon rbili sabiujeto SezRudvebiT. rbili sabiujeto<br />
SezRudvebi niSnavs imas, rom, vinaidan ekonomikuri agentebi subsidiebs iReben,<br />
maT SeuZliaT daxarjon ufro meti vidre maTi Semosavlisa da arasubsidirebuli<br />
sesxis jamia.<br />
alternatiuli midgomis <strong>dros</strong> savaluto sabWo mkacri sabiujeto SezRudvebis<br />
gasatarebel saSualebas warmoadgens, romelic sasicocxloa makroekonomikuri<br />
stabilizaciisTvis. tipuri savaluto sabWo cdilobs rbili sabiujeto<br />
SezRudvebi misi sawinaaRdego mkacri SezRudvebiT Secvalos, radgan mas<br />
ar SeuZlia inflaciis gamowveva samTavrobo biujetis deficitis dasafinanseblad.<br />
savaluto sabWo ar asesxebs fuls sakuTar mTavrobas an saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sawarmoebs arc pirdapir da arc komerciuli bankebis saSualebiT an mTavrobis<br />
biujetis gavliT. mkacri sabiujeto SezRudvebi, romelsac savaluto sabWo<br />
cdilobs ganaxorcielos mTavrobis mimarT, zRudavs subsidiebis nominalur<br />
da realur Tanxebs, romelsac mTavroba grantad aZlevs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebs.<br />
es qmnis zewolas mTavrobaze, raTa man restruqturizacia gaukeTos an<br />
daxuros aramomgebiani saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebi. es ki aZlierebs sabiujeto<br />
SezRudvebs. wminda ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, alternatiul midgomaSi fasebis<br />
centralizebuli kontroli saWiro ar aris. fasebis gansazRvris funqcia<br />
SeiZleba sabazro Zalebs davutovoT mkacri sabiujeto SezRudvebis CarCoebSi,<br />
vinaidan saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebi aramomgebiania da, sasurvelia, daixuros an<br />
restruqturizdes mTavrobis mier.<br />
Cveulebrivi midgomis pirobebSi, amis sapirispirod, sabiujeto Sez-<br />
Rudvebis misaRwev saSualebas warmoadgens centraluri banki, romlis valuta<br />
gaufasurebis subieqtia (bevr qveyanaSi prezidenti an kabineti, ufro metad,<br />
vidre centraluri banki, aRWurvilia uflebiT, miiRos gadawyvetilebebi<br />
valutis gadacvlis kursis Sesaxeb). gaufasureba arbilebs sabiujeto Sez-<br />
Rudvebs, radgan centralur bankebs uflebas aZlevs gaagrZelon mTavrobis biujetis<br />
deficitis dafinanseba ganusazRvreli nominaluri SezRudviT. rodesac<br />
centraluri bankis mier gasesxebuli fuli ise zrdis monetarul bazas,<br />
rom centraluri banki didi zomiT ucxour rezervebs kargavs pegirebuli kursiT,<br />
centralur banks SeuZlia gaaufasuros valuta, axali xelovnuri kursis<br />
SemoRebiT sanam isic ar Semcirdeba.<br />
orive, alternatiuli da Cveulebrivi midgomebi, eTanxmeba, rom makroekonomikuri<br />
stabilizaciis win mikroekonomikuri restruqturizacia unda daiwyos,<br />
magram gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mikroekonomikuri restruqturizaciis<br />
mimarTebiT makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis mimarT. alternatiuli<br />
midgoma ufro imisken ixreba, rom sabiujeto SezRudvebi swrafad iqnes Semo-
sTiv henke da qurT Suleri, “savaluto sabWoebi ganviTarebadi qveynebisTvis”<br />
Rebuli. alternatiul midgomaSi mTavroba imisken ixreba, rom daafinansos<br />
sakuTari Tavi gadasaxadebis saSualebiT da sesxebiT pozitiuri interesis realuri<br />
ganakveTiT. man SesaZlebelia ganagrZos zogierTi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmos<br />
subsidireba ise, rom maTi sabiujeto SezRudva rbili darCes, magram is iZulebuli<br />
iqneba airCios romeli aramomgebiani saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis subsidireba<br />
gaagrZelos da amjobinebs gaamkacros sabiujeto SezRudvebi sxvebze<br />
da/an daxuros isini. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> komerciuli bankebi cdiloben gazardon interesis<br />
ganakveTebi pozitiur realur donemde da iyvnen saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis<br />
subsidirebis arxi, vinaidan alternatiul midgomaSi ar arsebobs centraluri<br />
banki, rogorc ukanaskneli SesaZleblobis kreditori (gamsesxebeli),<br />
romelic subsidias miscemda saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> komerciul bankebs an saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebs.<br />
komerciuli bankebi amjobineben sawarmoTa saqmianobis meTvalyureebi<br />
gaxdnen, rac amis sapasuxod sawarmoTa gadaxras iwvevs ufro bazrisaken,<br />
magaliTad, xelfasis zrdis SezRudvas momuSaveTa produqtiulobis doniT.<br />
alternatiul midgomas ar aqvs raime winapirobebi, fiskaluri an sxva; metic,<br />
ufro mkacri SezRudvebis dawesebisaken gadaxriT igi adgens re<strong>fo</strong>rmis-<br />
Tvis saWiro fiskalur SezRudvebs da, imavdroulad, myisierad warmoadgens<br />
jansaR valutas. es aCens makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis ufro swrafad miRwevis<br />
SesaZleblobas da saSualebas iZleva sxva re<strong>fo</strong>rmebic ufro swrafad moxdes,<br />
vidre Cveulebrivi midgomisas. bolo xanebis savaluto sabWos msgavsi sistemebis<br />
da meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili zogierTi orTodoqsuli savaluto<br />
sabWos gamocdileba gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom alternatiuli midgoma SesaZlebelia<br />
warmatebuli iyos. Cveulebriv midgomas, amis sapirispirod, xSirad uWirs<br />
swrafad gaamkacros sabiujeto SezRudvebi, radganac igi centralur banks<br />
eyrdnoba. Sedegad, “anCxli“ inflacia xels uSlis miaRwios mis srul ekonomikur<br />
potencials.<br />
umetes qveynebs, romelTac ekonomikuri problemebi aqvT, monetarul stabilizaciasTan<br />
erTad re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi sWirdebaT. re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis kargi paketi SesaZlebelia<br />
gansxvavdebodes <strong>dros</strong>a da sivrceSi, magram inflaciis dabal doneze<br />
SenarCuneba da mkacri sabiujeto SezRudvebis SemoReba maT Soris xSiri Sem-<br />
Txvevaa. savaluto sabWo panacea ar aris da misi mTavari momxreebi arasodes ambobdnen<br />
amas. mkacri sabiujeto SezRudvebis SemoRebis tendenciiT, savaluto<br />
sabWo qmnis wnexs sxva ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebisTvis da zrdis xedvas, rom isini<br />
warmatebuli iqneba. ekonomikur politikaSi iSviaTad arsebobs gansazRvruloba;<br />
ufro metad ki, arsebobs warmatebis ufro maRali da ufro dabali Sansebi.<br />
tipuri savaluto sabWo warmatebis ufro maRal Sansebs iZleva vidre tipuri<br />
centraluri banki.<br />
89
90<br />
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba da dovlaTi<br />
sabadoTa sakuTrebis uflebis warmoSoba CileSi<br />
xose pinera<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZe<br />
sabazro ekonomikis momxre gamoCenili Cileli ekonomisti. general pinoCetis<br />
mTavrobaSi Sromis dacvis, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa (1978-<br />
80) da bunebrivi resursebis (1980-81) ministri. saxeli gaiTqva individualur<br />
danazogebze dafuZnebuli kerZo sapensio sistemis danergviT.<br />
katonis saxelobis institutis centris xelmZRvaneli<br />
1971 wels, Crdilo amerikis kompaniebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli spilenZis<br />
oTxi didi samTamadno sawarmos ukompensacio nacionalizaciis mizniT, marqsistma<br />
prezidentma salvador aliendem kongresis Tanxmoba miiRo konstitucionalur<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmaze, romlis Tanaxmadac, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s yvela sabados “absoluturi,<br />
eqskluziuri, xelSeuxebeli da uvado” sakuTrebis ufleba unda hqonoda.<br />
amgvarad, erT RameSi Seicvala saukunovani kanonieri tradicia, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac, memaRaroes ufleba hqonda Tavis maRaros “ise mopyroboda, rogorc<br />
sakuTars”. rasakvirvelia, samTamadno mrewvelobaSi Cadebuli yvela ker-<br />
Zo investicia maSinve gaufasurda.<br />
1973 wels mTavroba Seicvala, magram axali konstituciis molodinSi, romelsac<br />
WeSmariti demokratiisTvis saWiro institutebi unda daefuZnebina, vi-<br />
Tareba ucvleli rCeboda. arsebobda imedi, rom axali konstitucia kvlav aRadgenda<br />
sakuTrebis tradiciul uflebebs samTamadno mrewvelobis sferoSi. magram<br />
bevrisda gasaocrad, revoluciuri mTavrobis SigniT amtydari moulodneli<br />
uTanxmoebis gamo, 1980 wlis konstituciam mkafiod ver gansazRvra madneulis<br />
mopovebis uflebebi. axali konstituciis miRebidan meore dResve samTamadno<br />
mrewvelobis seqtorSi uCveulo gziT — “plebiscitiT” daiwyes konstituciis<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis an konstituciis ganmartebiTi kanonis gamoqveynebis moTxovna.<br />
amgvarad, qveynis winaSe ori mniSvnelovani problema warmoiSva: gaurkvevloba<br />
samTamadno mrewvelobis seqtorSi sakuTrebis uflebasTan mimarTebaSi<br />
da viTareba, romelsac axali konstituciis legitimurobis Sesusteba SeeZlo.<br />
1980 wlis 29 dekembers swored am krizisis dasaZlevad daviniSne samTamadno<br />
mrewvelobis ministrad. arcTu ise didi xniT adre ki, imave wlis 4 noembers<br />
sapensio re<strong>fo</strong>rma damtkicda, ris Sedegadac individualuri sapensio angariSebis<br />
safuZvelze kerZo sapensio sistema Seiqmna.<br />
Cemi amocana konstituciuri kanonproeqtis Sedgena iyo, romlis mizans sabadoTa<br />
sakuTrebis mtkice uflebebis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda. saWiro iyo<br />
kanonproeqtis damtkiceba prezidentisa da sakanonmdeblo organos mier, sakonstitucio<br />
sasamarTlosgan Tanxmobis miReba da adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso<br />
mewarmeebis darwmuneba mis racionalurobaSi, iseve, rogorc sazogadoebis<br />
darwmuneba, rom kanonproeqti erovnul interesebs daicavda. es yvelaferi<br />
im konstituciis legitimurobis modificirebisa da Sesustebis gareSe<br />
unda momxdariyo, romelic erovnuli plebiscitiT moiwones da romelic CileSi<br />
demokratiis damyarebisa da politikuri warmomadgenlobis arCevnebis<br />
TariRisa da pirobebis SerCevis gegmebs Seicavda.<br />
gordias kvanZi<br />
sul male davrwmundi, rom kerZo investiciebi bevrad ufro praqtikul da<br />
konkretul winadadebebs moiTxovda, vidre sxvadasxva politikuri da iuridiuli<br />
diskusiis monawileTa doqtrinaTa gacvla-gamocvlaa. sinamdvileSi<br />
maTTvis, vinc am seqtorSi investiciebis Cadebas gegmavda, didi mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda imas, Tu ramdenad Zlieri iqneboda koncesiis uflebebi, kerZod, eqspropriaciis<br />
SemTxvevaSi ra iqneboda kompensaciis kriteriumi.
xose pinera, “sakuTrebis ufleba da dovlaTi”<br />
amave <strong>dros</strong>, me ar CaverTe saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari<br />
kompaniis – “kodelkos” sakuTrebis uflebaze gamarTul cxare diskusiebSi, romelic<br />
Ciles spilenZis produqciis daaxloebiT 85 procents awarmoebda da<br />
qveynis eqsportis Zalian did wils flobda. Cemi mxridan es Zalian uadgilo da<br />
arapraqtikuli iqneboda. me aras<strong>dros</strong> vyofilvar “kodelkos” an msgavsi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sawarmos Seqmnis momxre, magram faqti iyo, rom is arsebobda da Tanac<br />
samTamadno warmoebasa da ucxouri gacvlis seqtorSi monopoliis msgavsi<br />
adgili epyra. amitom, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im gansakuTrebul garemoebebs, ra<br />
garemoebaSic es mTavroba xelisuflebaSi movida da ra garemoebaSic “kodelko”<br />
warmoiqmna, misi privatizeba “saRmrTo oms” gamoiwvevda. es ki Zalian<br />
gaarTulebda progress im problemebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTa gadaWra prioritetuli<br />
iyo CilesTvis.<br />
gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovani iyo iseTi kanonmdeblobis SemoReba, romelic<br />
axali sabadoebis aRmoCenas da arsebulis gafarToebas Seuwyobda xels da<br />
spilenZis (da sxva sasargeblo wiaRiseulis) kerZo warmoebas gauxsnida gzas im<br />
zomamde, rom gabatonebuli adgili daeWira da axali dovlaTi Seeqmna.<br />
me sul mjera, rom problemis swori identifikacia pirveli mniSvnelovani<br />
nabijia mis gadasaWrelad. kerZo samTo warmoebis ganviTarebis xelSemSlel<br />
“kvanZs” eqspropriaciis SemTxvevaSi saTanado kompensacia warmoadgenda. Tu<br />
bunebrivi resursebiT mdidari qveynebis konfiskaciaTa istorias gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
kerZo investorisTvis es sasicocxlo sakiTxs warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT<br />
CileSi, sadac 1971 wels ucxoelebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli spilenZis<br />
warmoebis (“Big Copper”-is saxeliT cnobili) konfiskacia moxda.<br />
male im daskvnamde mivedi, rom gordias kvanZis gaxsna, rasac CilesTvis sam-<br />
Tamadno warmoeba warmoadgenda, SeuZlebeli iyo. saWiro iyo misi gakveTa. amis-<br />
Tvis saWiro “xmali” ekonomikuri mecnierebis koncefciaSi vipove. es iyo aqtivebis,<br />
anu kompaniis sufTa naRdi fulis nakadis arsebuli Rirebuleba, rac<br />
konkurentul da gamWvirvale bazarze aqtivebis, anu kompaniis sabazro fasis<br />
gamomxatvelia. Cemi azriT, es sruliad Seesabameboda konstituciis mTel filosofias,<br />
radgan mtkice koncesiis uflebas gansazRvravda, romelsac is uzrunvelyofda.<br />
am kriteriumis ukan martivi axsna imaleboda. nebismier qonebas<br />
— samrewvelo, sameurneo Tu samTamadno kompanias imdeni Rirebuleba aqvs, ramdeni<br />
mogebis warmoqmnac SeuZlia momavalSi (simartivisTvis davuSvaT, rom es<br />
mxolod naRdi fulis Semosavalia). amitom, rac ar unda dajdes mravalsar-<br />
Tuliani avtoparkis mSenebloba samxreT polusze, mas iq araviTari Rirebuleba<br />
ar eqneba. amave <strong>dros</strong>, nebismieri maRazia santiagos centrSi gacilebiT meti<br />
eRireba, vidre misi gaxsna dajdeba. magram momaval mogebas ubralod ver SevkrebT<br />
da SevajamebT, radgan is drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi warmoiqmneba. saWiroa<br />
is axlandeli Sesabamisi saprocento kursiT viangariSoT da Semdeg erTad<br />
SevkriboT. am <strong>fo</strong>rmulis samTamadno warmoebis koncesiis SemTxvevaSi gamosayeneblad<br />
koncesiis uflebaSi Cadebuli unda yofiliyo maRaros eqspluataciis<br />
ufleba. <strong>Cven</strong> swored aseTi kanonproeqti SevadgineT. vinaidan eqspropriacia<br />
mesakuTres momavali eqspluataciis koncesias da naRdi fulis Sovnis<br />
SesaZleblobas arTmevs, koncesiis eqspropriaciiT miyenebuli zarali im naRdi<br />
fulis arsebul Rirebulebas unda udrides, romlis warmoqmnac mas SeuZlia.<br />
samTamadno warmoebis ZiriTadi kanonebis srulad gansazRvrisTvis, samar-<br />
Tliani kompensaciis problemis mTlad logikuri da Tanmimdevruli gadaWris-<br />
Tvis da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tanxmobis misaRwevad iseT sakiTxze, rac<br />
adre aras<strong>dros</strong> yofila konstituciuri rigis kanonmdeblobaSi (CemTvis nacnob<br />
arc erT qveyanaSi), saWiro iyo ori sakiTxis didi sizustiT gansazRvra: a) koncesiis<br />
xasiaTi, romelic konstituciur kanons unda daedgina da b) is vadebi, ra<br />
vadiTac koncesiis mflobels koncesiis ufleba eqneboda.<br />
samTamadno warmoebis konstituciuri kanoni<br />
samTamadno warmoebis sakuTrebis amgvari xedva rom realobad qceuliyo,<br />
Cemi adrindeli TanamSromlebi moviwvie dasaqmebisa da socuzrunvelyofis sa-<br />
91
92<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
ministrodan, romlebic adre CemTan erTad muSaobdnen iseT mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxebze, rogoric iyo profkavSirebis kanoni da sapensio re<strong>fo</strong>rma. yvela savaraudo<br />
SesaZleblobaTa ganxilvis Semdeg gadawyda, rom samTamadno warmoebis<br />
uflebebis sruli ganmartebisTvis yvelaze Sesaferisi samarTlebrivi instrumenti<br />
ZiriTadi konstituciuri kanoni iyo, rasac TviTon konstitucia moiTxovda.<br />
sabados eqspluataciis koncesia, romelic <strong>Cven</strong> samTamadno warmoebis uflebebis<br />
sruli ganmartebisTvis CavrTeT konstituciur kanonSi, kerZo investoris<br />
garantiebisa da erovnuli interesebis dasacavad saWiro yvela samarTlebriv<br />
atributs Seicavs. <strong>Cven</strong> mas “sruli koncesia” davarqviT, romelmac unda<br />
uzrunvelyos: a) sakuTrebis uflebis dacva. es niSnavs, rom is arsebiTad ukav-<br />
Sirdeba im kanonebs, riTac kerZo sakuTreba xelmZRvanelobs. amis gamo, registrirebul<br />
mflobels SeuZlia Tavisuflad awarmoos misi eqspluatacia da ise<br />
gamoiyenos da gankargos, rogorc saWirod miiCnevs: SeuZlia gayidos, gaaqiraos,<br />
daagiraos an memkvidreebs gadasces. da kidev, eqspropriaciis garda, dauSvebelia<br />
misi CamorTmeva; b) saTanado kompensacia eqspropriaciis nebismieri<br />
aqtis Semdeg. sakuTrebis koncesiidan gamomdinare, eqspropriaciis <strong>dros</strong><br />
kompensaciaSi (naRdi fulis gadaxda, rasac 1980 wlis konstituciis momdevno<br />
kanoni ganapirobebs) unda aisaxos is raodenoba, ra raodenobiTac Semcirdeba<br />
mesakuTris sufTa Rirebuleba, romelsac arsebuli Rirebulebis mixedviT<br />
sufTa naRdi fulis nakadis saxiT miiRebda momavalSi misi eqspluataciis<br />
Sedegad; g) maRaroTa racionaluri muSaobis saSualeba. koncesiis mflobeli<br />
ar eqvemdebareba xelovnurad “gamoyenebis an dakargvis” muxls. mflobels<br />
SeuZlia wiaRiseulis mopoveba sakuTari meTodebis, procesebis, ritmisa da<br />
sawarmoo gegmis mixedviT ganaxorcielos, rasac rTuli da mudmivad cvladi<br />
saerTaSoriso bazris moTxovnebis mixedviT SeimuSavebs. samTamadno warmoeba<br />
arsebuli mTavrobis kontrols ar unda eqvemdebarebodes, radgan is Tavis<br />
mxriv mcdar valdebulebebs daakisrebs an korufciis SesaZleblobis xelSi<br />
Cagdebas Seecdeba; d) mudmivi ufleba. ar arsebobs uflebis CaemorTmevis vada:<br />
koncesiis SenarCuneba mxolod yovelwliur heqtarobriv gadasaxads (“la patente<br />
minera”) eqvemdebareba. moqmedi sabados Tavdapirveli koncesiis vadis Aamowurvisas<br />
koncesiis vadis ganaxlebis procesis SesaZlo politizaciisa da depozitis<br />
“gaukuRmarTebuli” eqspluataciis Tavidan asacileblad Zalian didi<br />
mniSvneloba hqonda mis gadacemas ganusazRvreli vadiT. e) politikuri warmonaqmni<br />
ar aris. misi Seqmna, mudmivi arseboba da dasasruli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s iuridiuli<br />
Stos xelSia da ara sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli nawilis xelSi. koncesia<br />
samarTlebliv proceduraSi warmoiSoba, sadac mosamarTle sabados aRmoCenis<br />
aqtiT miniWebuli uflebis arsebobas aRiarebs.<br />
1981 wlis 13 agvistos, prezidents warvudgine samTamadno warmoebis kanonebis<br />
konstituciuri kanonproeqti dawvrilebiT axsna-ganmartebiT moxsenebasTan<br />
erTad. moxseneba im wlis dekemberSi gamoqveynda Cem wignSi “samTamadno<br />
warmoebis koncesiis ZiriTadi konstituciuri kanoni” (Editorial Juridica, 1981; Economía<br />
y Sociedad Ltda, 2002). 1981 wlis dekemberSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebam (“Junta de<br />
Gobierno”) sabolood moiwona samTamadno warmoebis konstituciuri kanoni. momdevno<br />
dRes andebSi “El Indio”-s maRaros gaxsnisas im velis Tavze, sadac <strong>Cven</strong>i didi<br />
poetesa gabriela mistrali daibada, me sajarod ganvacxade, rom am saqmis gasa-<br />
Rebi kanons Cabarda.<br />
sakonstitucio sasamarTlom mTeli kanonproeqti “sakonstitucio ganxilvis”<br />
process gadaabara, 22 dekembers ki yvelam erTxmad miiRo, rasac gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba hqonda kanonis ucvlelad dasatoveblad. bolos, 1982<br />
wlis 21 ianvars is oficialurad gamoqveynda gazeTSi “Diario Oficial”, rogorc<br />
kanoni nomeri 18.097. samTamadno warmoebis konstituciur kanons gamoqveynebisTanave<br />
mohyva ekonomikuri Sedegebi, Tumca ZalaSi mxolod mas Semdeg<br />
Sevida, rac gazeTSi gamoqveynda Sesabamisi kanoni (samTamadno warmoebis<br />
kodeqsis saxeliT cnobili), romelic mTel rig procedurul sakiTxebs gansazRvravda.<br />
vinaidan samTamadno warmoebis konstituciuri kanoni koncesiis
xose pinera, “sakuTrebis ufleba da dovlaTi”<br />
yvela maxasiaTebels (misi xasiaTi, uflebebi da valdebulebani, xangrZlioba)<br />
gansazRvravda, misi miRebisTanave gamovlinda dadebiTi Sedegebi ekonomikasa<br />
da biznesSi gafarToebuli saZiebo da sawarmoo saqmianobis saxiT. aRsaniSnavia,<br />
rom ZiriTad konstituciur kanonSi nebismieri cvlileba sxdomaze damswre<br />
deputatebisa da senatorebis oTxi meSvidedis kvorums moiTxovs (uwin, 1980<br />
wlis konstituciis Tanaxmad, kvorumi sami mexuTedi iyo, rac 1989 wlis konstituciuri<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmiT Semcirda). mas Semdeg, rac samTamadno warmoebis konstituciuri<br />
kanoni miiRes, momdevno sami administraciis xelSi masSi arc erTi<br />
sityva ar Secvlila, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvelmoduri qristian-demokrati<br />
politikosebi 1983 wlis ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisis <strong>dros</strong> ukiduresad<br />
usamarTlo kampanias eweodnen mis winaaRmdeg.<br />
amgvarad, CileSi maRaroebis sakuTrebis uflebebTan dakavSirebuli gaurkvevlobis<br />
dekada dasrulda (1970-iani wlebi) da Ciles ekonomikis mTavar seqtorSi<br />
investiciebis, dasaqmebis da ganviTarebis axali horizonti gadaiSala.<br />
am kanonma sxva qveynebsac daanaxva, rom arsebobs gza, riTac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTreba<br />
nominaluri gaxdeba, rac maT “sruli koncesiis” sakuTrebis mtkice<br />
uflebasTan Tavsebad konstituciebSi weria, da riTac kerZo mewarmeobis sa-<br />
SualebiT dovlaTis Seqmnis axali asparezi gadaiSleba.<br />
kargi strategia, kargi politika<br />
“rogor iqmneba dovlaTi?” an sxva sityvebiT: “raSi mdgomareobs simdidris<br />
saidumlo?” am fundamentur kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas vlindeba mTavrobis,<br />
anu saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxeleTa ekonomikuri da politikuri xedvis logikuroba.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>i pasuxi am kiTxvaze samTamadno warmoebis konstituciuri kanoni iyo,<br />
romelmac qveynis yvelaze did da politikurad yvelaze mgrZnobiare sferoSi<br />
namdvili sakuTrebis ufleba Seqmna. am kanonis miRebisTanave Sinaurma Tu ucxoelma<br />
investorebma gaiges, rom CileSi kerZo sakuTrebam sruli garantiebi<br />
miiRo.<br />
1973-80 wlebSi mimdinare aRmoCenebisa da ekonomikuri liberalizaciis<br />
procesebma a<strong>Cven</strong>a, rom Ciles ganviTarebis axali strategia realisturi mikroekonomikuri<br />
politikisa da Tavisufali bazris ekonomikur principebs<br />
emsaxureba.<br />
axla msurs davamtkicoT, rom qonebis sruli sakuTrebis uflebam SesaZlebeli<br />
gaxada samTamadno warmoebis uprecedento gafarToeba da amiT didi<br />
dovlaTis Seqmna.<br />
Sedegebi gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom samTamadno seqtoris SemTxvevaSi dovlaTis Seqmnis<br />
saidumlo Tvisufali bazris ekonomikur CarCoebSi moqmedi konstituciuri<br />
kanoni iyo. man ganapiroba, rom bolo 20 wlis manZilze CileSi spilenZis<br />
warmoeba TiTqmis xuTjer da spilenZis kerZo warmoeba Teqvsmetjer gaizarda.<br />
axla Cile spilenZis erT-erTi udidesi mwarmoebelia msoflioSi, romelic weliwadSi<br />
xuT milion tona spilenZs awarmoebs, rac globaluri warmoebis 35<br />
procents Seadgens. amas garda, Cile bunebrivi nitratebis, iodisa da liTiumis<br />
udidesi mwarmoebelia msoflioSi, meore adgilzea molibdenis, mexuTeze vercxlis<br />
da mecameteze oqros warmoebiT.<br />
pirvelad moxda, rom Cilelma mewarmeebma didi investiciebi Cades am seqtorSi<br />
da ucxouri investiciebis uzarmazari nakadi — 20 000 milioni<br />
amerikuli dolari Semovida uSualod samTamadno warmoebaSi Casadebad.<br />
yvela es faqtori erTad qmnis potenciuri simdidris, axali da produqtiuli<br />
dasaqmebis, Zvirfasi teqnologiebis danergvis, mTeli rigi gadasaxadebis<br />
gadaxdis SesaZleblobas da stimuls aZlevs mniSvnelovani investiciebis<br />
Cadebas warmoebis da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, rogoric<br />
aris energomomarageba, transporti, wyalmomarageba, portebi, gzebi, manqanebi<br />
da sxva mravali.<br />
miuxedavad Tavdapirveli sirTuleebisa, samTamadno warmoebis konstituciur<br />
kanonSi Zalumad asaxulma sakuTrebis xelSeuxebelobis ideam inteleq-<br />
93
94<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
tualuri safuZveli gaamyara, rasac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli didi<br />
kompaniebis Semdgomi privatizacia eyrdnoba, gansakuTrebiT telekomunikaciasa<br />
da energoseqtorSi. 1990-ian wlebSi koncesiis sistema infrastruqturis<br />
sferoSic gavrcelda (gzebi, portebi, aeroportebi), romelic tradiciulad<br />
egreT wodebul “saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samuSaoebs” ganekuTvneboda da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
asrulebda.<br />
Aamavdroulad, samTamadno warmoebis konstituciurma kanonma mniSvnelovani<br />
wvlili Seitana ayvavebuli eris, Tavisufali sazogadoebisa da demokratiuli<br />
politikuri sistemis konsolidaciis saqmeSi. samTamadno warmoebis<br />
konstituciuri kanonis wyalobiT Ciles ekonomika 13 wlis manZilze saSualod<br />
7 procentiT gaizarda, mTeli eris cxovrebis done gaumjobesda, sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba ganmtkicda da 1980 wlis konstituciis Secvla an saTuo interpretacia<br />
saWiro aRar gaxda. imedi maqvs, am Zalisxmevis Sedegad cxadi gaxda, rom, rogorc<br />
bevri acxadebs, namdvili politika “SesaZlebloba” ki ar aris, aramed is,<br />
rac qveynis progresisa da potencialis gamosavlenad saWiro “aucileblobas<br />
SesaZleblad aqcevs”.
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
konfiskatoruli deflacia: argentina<br />
rCeuli finansuri mimomxilvelebi, politologebi, federaluri xelisufleba<br />
da makroekonomistTa nawilic ki, panikiT arian Sepyrobilni, radgan SeniSnes,<br />
rom bolo xuTi Tvis manZilze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ekonomikas<br />
fasebis deflacia siosaviT msubuqad arxevs. magram, is faqti, rom argentinaSi<br />
konfiskatoruli deflaciis qariSxali boboqrobs, maTi yuradRebis miRma<br />
darCa.<br />
konfiskatoruli deflacia deflaciis gansakuTrebul kategorias warmoadgens.<br />
mMas politikuri xelisufleba mimdinare sabanko-sakredito deflaciis<br />
SesaCereblad axvevs Tavs ekonomikas, rac, nawilobriv, sabanko rezervebze<br />
agebul arajansaR finansur sistemas likvidaciiT emuqreba. konfiskatoruli<br />
deflacia bankis meanabreebis mier maT mimdinare da Semnaxvel depozitebze<br />
Senaxul naRd fulze qonebrivi uflebis dakargvas niSnavs.<br />
amJamad argentinaSi arsebuli viTareba konfiskatoruli deflaciis aSkara<br />
magaliTia. 1992 wels, hiperinflaciis kidev erTi dartymis Semdeg, argentinam<br />
Tavisi axali valuta _ peso _ SeerTebuli Statebis dolars miaba kursiT:<br />
1 dolari _ 1 peso. pPeso-dolaris fiqsirebuli kursis am saxiT Sesanar-<br />
Cuneblad argentinis centraluri banki dapirebas iZleoda, rom pirvelive<br />
moTxovnisTanave Tavisuflad gadacvlida pesos dolarebze, an pesos banknotebsa<br />
da komerciul bankebSi arsebul pesos depozitebs 100 procentiT uzrunvelyofda<br />
dolaris rezervebiT.<br />
samwuxarod, am gegmam, romelic saerTaSoriso kreditorebs sarwmunod e<strong>Cven</strong>ebodaT,<br />
radgan is saerTaSoriso savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndma moiwona da farulad misi<br />
Tavdebobis garantias Seicavda, sabanko kreditis masiuri da inflaciuri eqspansia<br />
ver aRkveTa. rodesac investiciebSi Cadebuli dolarebi qveyanaSi didi<br />
raodenobiT dagrovda, maT centralur bankamde miaRwies da mas komerciuli<br />
bankebisTvis xelmisawvdomi rezervebis gazrdis saSualeba misces. Tavis mxriv,<br />
komerciulma bankebma, rogorc nawilobrivi rezervirebis praqtikis mqone institutebma,<br />
mogvianebiT, TiToeuli axlad Semosuli dolarisa Tu pesos depozitebis<br />
xarjze SeTanxmebulad moaxdines sabanko kreditis inflacia.<br />
amgvarad, 1991 wlidan 1994 wlis CaTvliT, argentinis fulis masa (M1) weliwadSi<br />
saSualod 60 procentiT izrdeboda 1 . 1995 wlisTvis fulis masa 5 procentze<br />
ufro naklebs Seadgenda, magram 1996 wels 15 procentamde, xolo 1997 wels<br />
ki TiTqmis 20 procentamde gaizarda. 1998 wels, rodesac sasaqonlo fasebis inflaciis<br />
Sedegad peso realurad mkveTrad gaufasurda da ucxoelma investorebma<br />
swrafad dakarges rwmena, rom pesos devalvacia aRar moxdeboda, dolaris<br />
Semodineba Sewyda da inflaciuri bumi avismomaswaveblad SeCerda, radgan<br />
amave periodSi fulis masa daaxloebiT 1 procentiT gaizarda da ekonomika<br />
krizisSi Cavarda. 1999 wels fulis masis zrda odnav negatiuri iyo, 2000 wels<br />
ki igi TiTqmis 20 procentiT Semcirda.<br />
2001 wlis ivnisis CaTvliT fulis masis wliuri done orniSna cifriT ganagrZobda<br />
klebas. 2001 wels adgilobrivma meanabreebma sabanko sistemisadmi<br />
ndoba dakarges da sabanko kreditis seriozuli deflacia daiwyo _ sabanko<br />
sistemam depozitebis 17 procenti, anu 14,5 miliardi dolari dakarga.<br />
95<br />
jozef salerno<br />
feisis universitetis ekonomikis profesori. mizesis institutis<br />
ufrosi mecnieri muSaki da yovelkvartaluri Jurnal “avstriuli<br />
ekonomikis” redaqtori<br />
1. Frank Shostak, Ord Minnett Jardine Fleming Futures Daily Report (July 20, 2001)<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem
96<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
mxolod 2001 wlis 30 noembers, paraskev dRes, argentinis bankebidan depozitorebma<br />
700 milionidan 2 miliard dolaramde (sxvadasxva monacemebiT) gaitanes.<br />
jer kidev paraskevamde, centralur banks 70 miliardi dolaris ekvivalenti<br />
dolarisa da konvertirebadi pesos depozitebis dasafarad mxolod 5,5<br />
miliardi dolaris maragi hqonda.<br />
Seqmnili viTarebis gamo, SabaTs, 1 dekembers, prezidentma fernando de la<br />
ruam da ekonomikis ministrma domingo kavaliom finansuri sistemis dasacavad<br />
da dolarze mibmuli kursis SesanarCuneblad iseTi strategia airCies, romelsac<br />
konfiskatoruli deflacia SeiZleba ewodos. kerZod, maT bankidan fulis<br />
gatana SezRudes. momdevno 90 dRis ganmavlobaSi TiTo meanabres bankidan<br />
kviraSi mxolod 250 dolaris gatana SeeZlo. 1000 dolarze meti naRdi fulis<br />
ucxouri transferebic mkacrad iyo SezRuduli. yvelas ekrZaleboda gemiT an<br />
TviTmfrinaviT naRdi fulis qveynidan gatana.<br />
bolos, bankebs sesxebis pesoTi gacemis uflebas aRar aZlevdnen, mxolod<br />
dolarSi unda gaecaT. dolari ki Zalian cota iyo. meanabreebs angariSsworebisTvis<br />
sabanko depozitebis gamoyeneba CekiT an sadebeto baraTebiT mainc<br />
SeeZloT, magram es politika mZime dartyma iyo Raribi argentinelebisTvis,<br />
romlebsac arc sadebeto da arc sakredito baraTebi ar gaaCndaT. isini umTavresad<br />
iseT depozitebs flobdnen, rasac CekiT ver gamoiyenebdnen.<br />
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, kavalios mkacrma da saSiSma konfiskatorulma<br />
deflaciam mZime dartyma miayena naRdi fuliT warmoebul biznessac da, erTerTi<br />
cnobis Tanaxmad, “sacalo vaWrobis paralizeba” 2 gamoiwvia. aman kidev<br />
ufro gaauaresa viTareba da male amboxi daiwyo, rasac, sabolood, 27 adamianis<br />
sicocxle Seewira da kerZo biznesis milionobiT dolaris zarali mohyva. am<br />
movlenebma sagangebo mdgomareobis gamocxadeba ganapiroba da, bolos, prezidenti<br />
de la rua iZulebuli gaxda vadamde ori wliT adre gadamdgariyo.<br />
6 ianvars argentinis mTavrobam, axla ukve prezident eduardo dualdes da<br />
ekonomikis ministris xorxe remes lenikovis meTaurobiT, aRiara, rom fiqsirebuli<br />
kursis SenarCuneba aRar SeeZlo da pesos 30 procentiani devalvacia<br />
ganaxorciela. axali kursiT 1 dolari 1,40 pesos gautolda.N magram es kursi<br />
realur viTarebas ar asaxavda _ realurad peso kidev ufro gaufasurebuli<br />
iyo, radgan ASav bazarze dolari gacilebiT Zviri Rirda.<br />
argentinis mTavroba amas mixvda, magram nacvlad imisa, rom winare inflaciisa<br />
da pesosadmi ndobis dakargvis Sedegad miRebuli viTareba eRiarebina da<br />
pesos oficialuri gacvliTi kursi realuris adekvaturi gaexada, ekonomikaze<br />
adre Tavsmoxveuli konfiskatoruli deflacia kidev ufro gaaZliera. mTavrobam<br />
3 000 dolarze zeviT yvela Semnaxveli angariSi gayina, rac, sul cota, 67<br />
miliard dolar sabanko depozits moicavda, romlidanac erTi mesamedi _ 43,5<br />
miliardi dolarebSi, xolo danarCeni pesos saxiT iyo ganTavsebuli.<br />
meanabreebs, visac angariSze 5000 dolarze meti ar hqonda, am gadawyvetilebidan<br />
erTi wlis Semdeg, 12 Tvis manZilze, nawil-nawil SeeZloT naRdi fulis<br />
gatana, xolo isini, visi depozitic ufro met Tanxas Seadgenda, fulis<br />
ganaRdebas 2003 wlis seqtembramde ver SeZlebdnen, mere ki mxolod nawilnawil<br />
miiRebdnen ori wlis manZilze. ufro liberalurad moeqcnen pesos depozitebs,<br />
romelTa Rirebuleba dolarTan mimarTebaSi erTi mesamediT Semcirda<br />
da, <strong>savaraudod</strong>, morigi devalvaciis safrTxe emuqreboda. meanabreebs TavianTi<br />
depozitebis gamotanis ufleba ori Tvis Semdeg miecaT, magram nawil-nawil.<br />
erT-erTi cnobis Tanaxmad, am periodis manZilze “iseTi martivi sabanko transaqciebi,<br />
rogoric Cekis ganaRdeba an sakredito baraTiT gadaxdaa, ubralo<br />
argentinelebisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli iyo” 3 .<br />
rogorc mister lenikovma aSkarad aRiara, faqtobrivad, konfiskatoruli<br />
deflaciis es ukanaskneli raundi nawilobrivi sarezervo sistemis gakotrebisgan<br />
damcavi iaraRi iyo. is acxadebda: “Tu bankebi gakotrdeba, veravin<br />
2 Reuters, "Riots and Looting in Argentina as Austerity Plan Bites," The New York Times on the Web, (December 19, 2001).<br />
3 Larry Rohter, "Argentina Is Still Shaky Despite Currency Measures," The New York Times on the Web, (January 11, 2002).
jozef salerno, “konfiskatoruli deflacia: argentina”<br />
veRar gaitans Tavis depozits. arsebuli fuli sakmarisi ar aris yvela meanabris<br />
gasastumreblad“ 4 . sabanko-sakredito deflacia, romlis SeCerebasac<br />
lenikovi cdilobda, mxolod pesos gaufasurebis safrTxes qmnida, xolo konfiskatoruli<br />
deflacia fulad mimoqcevas uqadis mospobas da ekonomikas ukiduresad<br />
araefeqtiani daN primitiuli gacvlisa da izolirebuli warmoebisken<br />
ubiZgebs, rac Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebas Zirs uTxris.<br />
maSin, rodesac akademiaSi, mediasa da nacionaluri biurokratiis maRal<br />
eSelonebSi arsebobdnen adamianebi, romlebic, deflaciis SiSiT, konfiskatorul<br />
deflaciaze Tvalebs xuWavdnen an mas saimedo “mkacr RonisZiebas”<br />
uwodebdnen, maTgan gansxvavebiT, konfiskatoruli deflaciis mravali rigiTi<br />
msxverpli sworad afasebda momxdars da politikuri elitis saqciels bankebis<br />
Zarcvas uwodebda, rac simarTle iyo.<br />
ramona ruizi, pensioneri feiqari cariel bankomats uyviroda: “Cemi fulia<br />
bankSi, Cemi!” 5 . erTi daudgeneli vinaobis qali ki mTavrobis warmomadgenels<br />
eCxubeboda: “rogor bedavT Cemi danazogis warTmevas?” xose valensuela, argentineli<br />
gamyidveli, amtkicebda: “es igivea, rom jibidan fuli amogacalon” 6 .<br />
erTi argentineli biznesmeni gamwarebuli yviroda: “<strong>Cven</strong>i Tavisufleba fexqveS<br />
iTeleba... vgrZnob, rom Cemi samoqalaqo uflebebi, Cemi kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba<br />
irRveva” 7 . bolos, argentinis profkavSirebis xelmZRvanelobamac ki mkacrad<br />
gaakritika “eris danazogebis mitacebis” aseTi politika 8 .<br />
samwuxarod, argentinis bankis bedSavi meanabreebisTvis saqme ufro gar-<br />
Tulda. 1 ianvars prezidenti dualde, rodesac Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebas<br />
Seudga, sajarod dapirda xalxs, rom bankebi kontraqtiT nakisr valdebulebebs<br />
Seasrulebda da dolaris depozitebs dolariTve gascemda, magram ianvris<br />
bolos man ganacxada, rom bankebs ufleba hqonda yvela saxis depoziti pesoTi<br />
gaeca. gamomdinare iqidan, rom im droisTvis Tavisufal bazarze peso dolar-<br />
Tan mimarTebaSi ukve 40 procentiT iyo gaufasurebuli, es niSnavda, rom daaxloebiT<br />
16 miliardi dolaris msyidvelobiTi unaris ekvivalenti dolaris depozitebis<br />
mqone meanabreebidan bankebze gadadioda 9 .<br />
raki konfiskatoruli deflacia kvlav moqmedebda da meanabreebs sakuTari<br />
qonebis ukan dabruneba ar SeeZloT, maTi zarali miT ufro izrdeboda, rac<br />
ufro ufasurdeboda peso. sabednierod, paraskevs, 1 Tebervals, argentinis<br />
uzenaesma sasamarTlom STambeWdavi da riskiani nabiji gadadga meanabreebis<br />
sasargeblod, rodesac erTsulovnad daadgina (xuTiT nulze, samma Tavi<br />
Seikava), rom sabanko gayinvebi arakonstituciuri iyo, argumentebad ki is<br />
faqtebi moiSvelia, rom is kerZo sakuTrebaze konstituciur uflebebs<br />
“arRvevda”. aman gza gauxsna sabanko-sakredito deflacias, rac Zalian saWiro<br />
iyo 10 .<br />
SabaTs, 2 Tebervals, dualde, romlis mdgomareobac ukve Seryeuli iyo, televiziiT<br />
gamovida da ganacxada, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miuxedavad,<br />
momdevno orSabaT-samSabaTs bankebi ar imuSavebda. gaRizianebuli da aRS<strong>fo</strong>Tebuli<br />
saSualo klasi xmauriT gamovida quCaSi. “Zirs yvela politikosi”, “dagvibruneT<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>i fuli”, yvirodnen isini 11 . magram dualde swrafad moego gons da<br />
orSabaTs demonstraciulad gamosca administraciuli dadgenileba 180 dRiT<br />
SeeCerebinaT yvela iuridiuli gadawyvetileba sabanko depozitebis gayinvis<br />
Sesaxeb, paralelurad ki kongresSi Tavis mokavSireebs “viTomda korufciisa<br />
4 I bid.<br />
5 Anthony Faiola, "Argentina Restricts Bank Withdrawals," washingtonpost.com (December 2, 2001), p. A30.<br />
6 David Luhnow, "Argentina Intensifies Defense of Peso-Dollar Link," The Wall Street Journal (December 3, 2001), p. A15.<br />
7 Knight Ridder Newspapers, "Argentina in Cash Chaos: Government Orders Use of Debit Cards over Currency," arizonarepublic.com<br />
(December 6, 2001).<br />
8 Faiola, "Argentina Restricts Bank Withdrawals."<br />
9 Marc Lifsher and John Hechinger, "Argentina Will Pay Bank Deposits in Pesos," The Wall Street Journal (January 21, 2002), p. A2<br />
10 Mayra Pertossi, "Argentine Bank Freeze Deemed Illegal," Associated Press (February 1, 2001), dailynews.yahoo.com<br />
11 BBC News, "Argentina `on brink of anarchy,' " (February 2, 2002), news.bbc.co.uk..<br />
97
98<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
da uvargisobisTvis” urCi uzenaesi sasamarTlos impiCmentis procesis daCqareba<br />
daavala 12 .<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi argentinis mTavrobis erTaderTi swori da efeqtiani gadawyvetileba<br />
iqneboda, rom mas Seqmnili realoba eRiarebina da Tavisi politika<br />
amis Sesabamisad Seecvala. realoba ki is iyo, rom sabanko depozitebi<br />
aRar (da arc aras<strong>dros</strong>) warmoadgenda realuri pesosa da dolarebis mimarT nominaluri<br />
Rirebulebis mqone qonebriv valdebulebebs zemoT aRniSnuli fiqsirebuli<br />
kursiT. nawilobrivi rezervebis sabanko sistemaSi aRar arsebobda<br />
valutis is raodenoba, rom depozitebi daefara.<br />
ekonomikur realobaSi, bankis depozitebi sesxsa da sainvesticio<br />
portfelze, maT Soris, naRdi fulis maragze uflebas niSnavs. amitom, yoveli<br />
banki dauyovnebliv unda gadaeces mis meanabreebs, anu erToblivi<br />
mmarTvelobis <strong>fo</strong>ndad unda gardaiqmnas. erToblivi mmarTvelobis <strong>fo</strong>ndSi<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba, anu ”qonebrivi wili” misi winamorbedi institutis<br />
sadepozito balansis mixedviT unda ganawildes yofil meanabreebs Soris.<br />
amas Sedegad sabanko kreditis deflacia mohyveba, rac fulis masis erTjerad,<br />
swraf da mkveTr Semcirebas gamoiwvevs da savaluto bazris donemde daiyvans,<br />
rac xalxis xelSi da bankebSi arsebuli pesosa da dolaris rezervebis toli<br />
iqneba.<br />
marTalia, nominaluri Rirebuleba da xelfasis done mkveTrad daiwevs, magram<br />
pesos Rirebuleba Sesabamisad gamyardeba, valutis gacvla da brunva aRdgeba<br />
da resursebisa da qonebrivi uflebebis ganawilebas isev sabazro procesebi<br />
warmarTavs.<br />
12 Michelle Wallin and Jonathan Karp, "In Argentina, It's Duhalde against Judges," The Wall Street Journal (February 5, 2002), p. A12.
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
laTinuri amerika: dRis wesrigSia Tavisufleba<br />
yvelaferi, rasac <strong>fo</strong>ndi “heriTiji” akeTebs, Tavisuflebas emsaxureba _<br />
Tavisufali vaWrobisa da ufro farTo ekonomikuri da politikuri<br />
uflebebisTvis brZolidan dawyebuli da Tavisuflebis mowodebiT<br />
damTavrebuli.<br />
dRes <strong>Cven</strong>i stumaria Tavisuflebis saerTaSoriso kampaniis erT-erTi udidesi<br />
mxardamWeri, espaneTis yofili prezidenti xose maria aznari.<br />
Tavis klasikur nawarmoebSi, “ana kareninaSi” tolstoi ambobs: ”yoveli bednieri<br />
ojaxi erTnairad bednieria, magram yoveli ubeduri ojaxi Taviseburad<br />
ubeduria”. yvela didebuli lideric aseve Taviseburad “didebulia”, magram<br />
ori ram yvelas saerTo aqvs: gambedaoba da Tavisi saqmisadmi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
grZnoba.<br />
prezidenti aznari iseT pasuxismgeblobas grZnobda Tavisi saqmisadmi, rom<br />
kvleviTi centris idiliuri cxovreba miatova da politikaSi gadavida. Tavisi<br />
politikuri karieris manZilze is mgznebared iltvoda ara marto arCevnebis<br />
mosagebad, aramed Tavisi qveynis da mTeli msoflios ukeTesobisken Sesacvlelad.<br />
rac Seexeba mis simamaces, SemiZlia faqtebi davasaxelo, rom im saqmis dasacavad,<br />
risic mas swamda, teroristebsac ki uSiSrad xvdeboda. mas politikuri<br />
gambedaobac eyo da erayis omis dawyebisas SeerTebuli Statebisa da GgaerTianebuli<br />
same<strong>fo</strong>s politika gaakritika, miuxedavad imisa, rom mis qveyanaSi es politikurad<br />
arapopularuli iyo.<br />
misi aseTi politikuri gambedaoba margaret tetCersa da ronald reigans<br />
magonebs, im or liders, romlebic kritikisda miuxedavad win miiwevdnen, imitom<br />
rom Tavisuflebaze ocnebobdnen da Zalac SeswevdaT mis dasacavad.<br />
tetCerisa da reiganis msgavsad, prezidentma aznarma realur Sedegebs miaRwia.<br />
1996 wels, rodesac is espaneTis prezidenti gaxda, umuSevrobisgan paralizebuli<br />
ekonomika da mSp-s 6 procentiani deficiti miiRo memkvidreobad. mis<br />
mier ganaxorcielebuli re<strong>fo</strong>rmis Semdeg, rac gadasaxadebis Semcirebasac gulisxmobda,<br />
ekonomika win wavida.<br />
misi prezidentobis rva wlis manZilze 5 milioni samuSao adgili Seiqmna,<br />
mSp 68 procentiT gaizarda da deficiti TandaTan Semcirda. 2002 wels man<br />
biujetis dabalanseba SeZlo da espaneTis ekonomikam msoflios udides<br />
ekonomikaTa Soris rigiT merve adgili daikava. man “Tavisufali bazris<br />
revolucioneris” saxeli moipova msoflioSi da xalxis axlobel da sayvarel<br />
adamianad iqca. mas Semdeg, rac 2004 wels prezidentma aznarma posti datova,<br />
globaluri TavisuflebisTvis brZolas miuZRvna sakuTari moRvaweoba da<br />
samuSaod dabrunda Tavisive daarsebul samecniero centrSi — “socialuri<br />
kvlevisa da analizis <strong>fo</strong>ndSi”, romelic Tavisufali bazris ideis xelSewyobas<br />
isaxavda miznad. iq muSaobis procesSi prezidentma aznarma mTeli rigi<br />
strategiuli gegmebi SeimuSava msoflioSi Tavisufali sazogadoebis<br />
Camoyalibebis xelSesawyobad.<br />
erT-erTi maTgani natos aliansis gaZlierebas da “atlantikis Tavisufali<br />
sivrcis” Seqmnas iTvaliswinebs SeerTebul Statebsa da evrokavSiris qveynebs<br />
99<br />
xose maria aznari<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
espaneTis premier-ministri 1996-2004 wlebSi. 2004 wlidan<br />
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa kvlevis <strong>fo</strong>ndis Tavmjdomare. News<br />
corporation-is direqtorTa sabWos Tavmjdomare
100<br />
xose maria aznari, “laTinuri amerika: dRis wesrigSia Tavisufleba ”<br />
Soris Tavisufali vaWrobisTvis. mTeli rigi sxva gegmebia SeerTebul Statebsa<br />
da laTinur amerikas Soris barierebis mosaxsnelad.<br />
prezident aznars sjera, da mec masTan erTad, rom laTinuri amerika calke<br />
regionad ki ar unda ganixilebodes, aramed dasavleTis Semadgenel nawilad.<br />
dasavleTi mxolod geografiuli cneba ki ar aris, aramed ufro meti. es aris<br />
Tavisuflebis principebze agebuli saerTo Rirebulebebisa da saerTo principebis<br />
sistema.<br />
prezidenti aznari jorjTaunis universitetis damsaxurebuli mecnieria,<br />
sadac is Tanamedrove evropis politikis kurss kiTxulobs da TviTonac aqtiurad<br />
aris Cabmuli politikaSi. is aris qristianul-demokratiuli internacionalis<br />
Tavmjdomare, agreTve espaneTis saxalxo partiis (Partido Popular)<br />
prezidenti.<br />
— qalbatonebo da batonebo, mivesalmoT xose maria aznars.<br />
profesori kim r. holmzi. <strong>fo</strong>ndis vice-prezidenti<br />
batonebo da qalbatonebo,<br />
gadawyvetili maqvs erT mSvenier dRes Cemi memuarebi gamovaqveyno. dRes<br />
bevrs verafers getyviT mis Sesaxeb (imedi maqvs ramdenime egzemplari<br />
gaiyideba), magram rodesac es dRe dadgeba, darwmunebuli brZandebodeT, rom<br />
Cems memuarebSi aucileblad SexvdebiT <strong>fo</strong>ndi “heriTijis” saxels.<br />
1989 wels, rodesac “socialuri kvlevisa da analizis <strong>fo</strong>ndi” davaarseT,<br />
modeli “heriTijis” <strong>fo</strong>ndidan aviReT. im adamianebis STagonebis wyaro, vinc<br />
arCevnebis sistemis dagegmvaSi damexmara, am <strong>fo</strong>ndis mier gamocemuli naSromi<br />
“lideris mandati” iyo. SemiZlia dagarwmunoT, rom <strong>Cven</strong>i mmarTvelobis rva<br />
wlis manZilze, ar dagvviwyebia, rom milionobiT espanelis ukeTesi momavlis<br />
imedi ar unda gagvecruebina.<br />
madlobeli var, rom “heriTijis” <strong>fo</strong>ndma dRes aq, TqvenTan momiwvia. vsargeblob<br />
SemTxveviT da msurs sajarod gamovTqva aRtaceba da madliereba am<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndis mimarT mis mier Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis ideebisa da Rirebulebebis<br />
dasacadad gaweuli muSaobisTvis.<br />
dRes <strong>Cven</strong> aq intensiuri muSaobis Sedegad Seqmnili naSromis prezentaciaze<br />
SevikribeT. es naSromi atlantis okeanis orive mxares mcxovrebi mravali adamianisa<br />
da institutis TanamSromlobis Sedegia, im xalxis TanamSromlobis Sedegi,<br />
visac <strong>Cven</strong>saviT swams, rom progresi Tavisuflebas moaqvs. yvela es adamiani<br />
Tavisuflebasa da dasavlur principebsa da Rirebulebebs emsaxureba.<br />
ratom warmoadgina “socialuri kvlevisa da analizis <strong>fo</strong>ndma” moxseneba<br />
laTinuri amerikis Sesaxeb maincdamainc axla da maincdamainc aq, filadelfiaSi,<br />
sadac <strong>Cven</strong>i megobrebi <strong>fo</strong>ndi “heriTijis” 30-e yovelwliur Sekrebaze<br />
(resurs banki), movidnen? Sevecdebi mokled agixsnaT.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> gvwams dasavluri Rirebulebebis. es universaluri Rirebulebebia,<br />
romelic pirovnebis, rogorc Tavisufali da pasuxismgeblobis mqone adamianis,<br />
specifikur gagebas eyrdnoba. misi Rirseba da fundamenturi uflebebi<br />
nebismier politikur sistemaze maRla dgas. demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba,<br />
adamianis uflebebi da pirovnebis Tavisufleba es is principebia, rasac dasavleTi<br />
eyrdnoba. dasavleTis fesvebi Sors — berZnul-romaul, iudeurqristianul<br />
memkvidreobamde midis. dasavleTma Sva ganmanaTlebloba da axla<br />
sabazro ekonomikis wyalobiT yvavis. dasavleTi mxolod geografiuli cneba ki<br />
ar aris, aramed Rirebulebebis sistema. es Rirebulebebi dasavleTSi iSva,<br />
magram uni-versaluria, radgan adamianur Rirsebas eyrdnoba.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> gvjera kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis. amitomac vakritikebT diskriminacias.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> mtkiced gvwams, rom qalebs iseTive uflebebi aqvT, rogoric mamakacebs,<br />
amitom vicavT maT uflebebs yvela qveyanaSi, ganurCevlad imisa Tu romel<br />
religias aRiareben isini. <strong>Cven</strong>i azriT, korufcia miuRebelia <strong>Cven</strong> qveynebSi.
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
amitom, mas laTinur amerikaSic unda vebrZoloT, radgan is siRatakis erTerTi<br />
mizezia. filadelfiaSi, londonsa Tu madridSi <strong>Cven</strong> damoukidebeli sasamarTloTi,<br />
sityvisa da religiis TavisuflebiT vsargeblobT. <strong>Cven</strong> es Tavisufleba<br />
karakassa da havanaSic unda davicvaT da xeli SevuwyoT.<br />
kubaze saubrisas unda aRvniSno, rom <strong>Cven</strong> naxevarsferoze kuba anomalias<br />
warmoadgens. amitom, aras<strong>dros</strong> ar unda SevwyvitoT brZola kubelebis gasa-<br />
Tavisufleblad da aras<strong>dros</strong> ar unda daviviwyoT is adamianebi, romlebic am<br />
kunZulze TavisuflebisTvis ibrZvian.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> demokratiuli gardaqmna gvsurs da ara tiraniis gagrZeleba. me kubis-<br />
Tvis igive msurs, rac Cemi qveynisTvis: Tavisufleba, demokratia da progresi.<br />
berlinis kedeli ronald reiganis, margaret tetCeris, papi ioane pavle meoris<br />
msgavsi adamianebis gambedaobis, simtkicisa da msoflmxedvelobis wyalobiT<br />
daingra. kubaSic igive moxdeba.<br />
Cemi dRevandeli gamosvlis ZiriTadi Temebia:<br />
laTinurma amerikam gadawyvetileba unda miiRos: man an Ria samyarosken,<br />
demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebisa da kanonis uzenaesobisken mimavali<br />
gza unda airCios, an Ria, Tavisufali da perspeqtiuli sazogadoebis<br />
nacvlad XXI saukunis socializis gzas daadges.<br />
droa, laTinurma amerikam ideuri iaraRi gamoiyenos da pirvel gzas daadges,<br />
keTildReobis, Tvisuflebis da demokratiisken mimaval gzas.<br />
dRevandeli msoflios gadasaxedidan <strong>Cven</strong>i Rirebulebebisa da Tavisuflebis<br />
gadasarCenad gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs laTinuri amerikis<br />
mWidrod dakavSirebas dasavleTTan.<br />
vaWroba Tavisuflebisa da progresis mSvenieri iaraRia. droa, amerikasa<br />
da evropas Soris vaWrobisTvis “atlantikis Tavisufali sivrce” Seiqmnas,<br />
romelic yvelasTvis Ria iqneba.<br />
dasavluri fesvebi<br />
es naSromi — “laTinuri amerika: dRis wesrigSia Tavisufleba” — erTaderT<br />
naTel wanamZRvars eyrdnoba: laTinuri amerika dasavleTis ganuyofeli<br />
nawilia.<br />
dRes am WeSmaritebas Ria da Tavisufali sazogadoebis mtrebi uaryofen.<br />
arseboben Zalebi, romlebic cdiloben mTeli es regioni progresul msoflios<br />
moswyviton da danarCen Tavisufal samyaros daupirispiron. zogierTebi evropasa<br />
da SeerTebul StatebSic uaryofen laTinuri amerikis dasavlur fesvebs.<br />
es saSiSi tendenciaa da mas unda vebrZoloT.<br />
amave <strong>dros</strong>, <strong>Cven</strong> gvjera, rom ideas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. darwmunebuli<br />
varT, rom Tavisuflebis idea Sedegs gamoiRebs. naSromi “laTinuri amerika:<br />
dRis wesrigSia Tavisufleba” ramdenime ideas gvTavazobs im mTavar problemeb-<br />
Tan sabrZolvelad, rac am regions emuqreba da rac mis ganviTarebas aferxebs.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> gvjera, rom Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis ZalmosilebiT laTinuri<br />
amerika SeZlebs Tavisi adgili daimkvi<strong>dros</strong> msoflios wamyvan demokratiul da<br />
Tavisufal qveynebs Soris.<br />
Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan <strong>Cven</strong>i Rirebulebebisa da Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs laTinuri amerikis mWidrod dakav-<br />
Sirebas dasavleTTan.<br />
es evropisa da SeerTebuli Statebis saerTo interesebSi unda Sediodes da<br />
saerTo mizans unda warmoadgendes.<br />
ramdenad efeqtiani iqneba laTinuri amerikis dakavSireba dasavleTTan,<br />
upirveles yovlisa, TviT laTinoamerikeli xalxis nebazea damokidebuli. Tumca,<br />
laTinuri amerikis mowinave demokratiul qveyanaTa jgufSi gaerTianebisTvis<br />
mTavari mokavSireebisa da partniorebis aqtiur muSaobasac aranaklebi<br />
mniSvneloba aqvs.<br />
101
102<br />
xose maria aznari, “laTinuri amerika: dRis wesrigSia Tavisufleba ”<br />
perspeqtiuli gzis arCeva<br />
istoria mowmobs, rom laTinur amerikas unari Seswevs keTildReobisa da<br />
Tavisuflebis iseT dones miaRwios, rac ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesobas<br />
axasiaTebs. dRes laTinurma amerikam gadawyvetileba unda miiRos. mas ori gza<br />
aqvs xsnili da orive sapirispiro mimarTulebiT midis.<br />
erTi gza Ria samyarosaken, demokratiis, Tavisuflebis da kanonis uzenaesobisken<br />
midis. es is gzaa, romelic warmatebulma qveynebma gaiares. es aris<br />
investiciebis mozidvis, biznesis ganviTarebis, samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis da<br />
siRaribis daZlevis gza. es gza xalxs karg SesaZleblobebsa da perspeqtivebs<br />
hpirdeba. mokled es gza warmatebis, progresis, demokratiisa da Tavisuflebisken<br />
midis.<br />
meore gza Ria, demokratiul, Tavisufal da ayvavebul sazogadoebas scildeba.<br />
istoriam sakmaod bevrjer dagvanaxa da viciT, saiTac midis is. isini, vinc<br />
am gzas uWeren mxars, im Zvel ideebs iziareben, romelmac XX saukuneSi tanjva<br />
da ubedureba moitana. maT surT “XXI saukunis socializmi” daamyaron, swored<br />
im socializmis memkvidre, romelmac XX saukuneSi Cagvra da ubedureba moitana.<br />
es idea kidev erTxel amotivtivda laTinur amerikaSi, Tanac arCevnebis<br />
procesSi.<br />
me mjera, rom droa, laTinur amerikaSi ideuri iaraRi gamoviyenoT pirveli<br />
gzis asarCevad, im gzis asarCevad, romelic warmatebis, Tavisuflebis da demokratiisken<br />
midis.<br />
myari institutebi da kanonis uzenaesoba<br />
laTinur amerikas stabilur fundamentze agebuli stabiluri demokratia<br />
sWirdeba. amiT is sxva qveynebisgan ar gansxvavdeba: Tavisufali da ayvavebuli<br />
qveynebis progresi Tanxmobas eyrdnoba, romelic saukuneebis manZilze arsebobs.<br />
Tavisuflebisa da keTildReobis garantia Zlieri, myari institutebis<br />
sistemaSi Zevs, rac adamianebisTvis ioli xelmiswvdomia. aseTi institutebis<br />
Sesaqmnelad Tanxmoba da mkafio, stabiluri kanonebia saWiro. xelisufleba<br />
swored am kanonebis produqti unda iyos da ara piriqiT.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi mxolod is qveynebi aRweven ekonomikur zrdas da mtkice<br />
ganviTarebas, romlebsac jansaRi institutebi aqvT. ar arsebobs mizezi, Tu<br />
ratom ar unda SeiZlebodes amis miRweva laTinur amerikaSic, romelic, marTalia,<br />
Raribi, magram Zlieri saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>a da unari Seswevs Tavisi mTavari amocana<br />
Seasrulos: laTinoamerikel moqalaqeebs uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis<br />
garantiebi misces.<br />
laTinur amerikaSiG siRaribis daZleva iolad SeiZleba. es qveyana istoriulad<br />
dawyevlili ar aris, rom dovlaTi da Semosavali an kidev samarTali aras<strong>dros</strong><br />
ar eRirsos.<br />
mtkice ekonomikur ganviTarebas Zlieri makroekonomika sWirdeba. amJamad<br />
laTinur amerikaSi aris aseTi viTareba, magram es warmatebis mxolod nawilia.<br />
saWiroa sxva aseTive an ufro mniSvnelovani pirobebis Sesrulebac. saWiroa<br />
kanonmdebloba, romelic sakuTrebis uflebis garantiebsa da kontraqtebis<br />
pativiscemas danergavs.<br />
laTinuri amerikis qveynebis ekonomikam kari unda gauRos msoflios, rac<br />
konkurencias, siaxleebs da efeqtianobas moitans.<br />
iuridiuli usafrTxoeba keTildReobis aucilebeli pirobaa. yvela moqalaqesa<br />
da biznesmens sakuTrebis uflebis garantiebi unda hqondes da xelmowerili<br />
kontraqtebi unda sruldebodes.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> eqspropriacia did winaaRmdegobaSia investiciebTan. Tu xalxs<br />
uflebebis garantia ar eqneba, isini TavianT danazogebs ar daabandeben iseT<br />
qveyanaSi, sadac warsulSi maTi an sxvebis qonebis eqspropriacia moxda. ndoba<br />
ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa.
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
konstitucionaluri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi idealuri variantia, rac gulisxmobs, rom<br />
TviTon kanonSive (“magna kartaSive”) iqneba Cadebuli sakuTrebis uflebisa da<br />
kontraqtebis pativiscemis efeqtiani meqanizmebi.<br />
brZola naTeli momavlisTvis<br />
laTinuri amerikis momavali udavod TviTon laTinoamerikelebis xelSia.<br />
maT megobar qveynebTan erTad unda iRvawon naTeli momavlisTvis. dRes <strong>Cven</strong> mier<br />
warmodgenili dokumentis erT-erTi mTavari amocana es gaxlavT.<br />
zogs aviwydeba, rom samoqalaqo sazogadoeba — demokratiuli qveynis ideali<br />
— laTinuri amerikis yvela qveynis idealicaa. es is principia, romelic<br />
mTel dasavlur samyaros aerTianebs.<br />
amitom, me mimaCnia, rom laTinurma amerikam kidev ufro axlo kavSiri unda<br />
daamyaros SeerTebul StatebTan. me agreTve mxars vuWer evropasa da amerikas<br />
Soris Tavisufal vaWrobas “atlantikis Tavisufal sivrceSi”, romelic mTeli<br />
msofliosTvis Ria iqneba.<br />
vaWroba Tavisuflebisa da progresis SesaniSnavi gzaa. me mivesalmebi prezident<br />
buSis Zalisxmevas laTinur amerikasTan komerciuli kavSirebis gafar-<br />
Toebis mimarTulebiT.<br />
laTinur amerikasTan Tavisufali vaWroba es iseTi politikaa, sadac Rirs<br />
kapitalis dabandeba. Tavisufal vaWrobas laTinoamerikeli populistebi da<br />
SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis memarcxeneebi ewinaRmdegebian. magram <strong>Cven</strong><br />
viciT, rom Tavisufali vaWroba swori gzaa. Tavisufali arCevanis gziT mas<br />
progresi moaqvs. SeerTebuli Statebi mTavari partniori unda iyos da regionis<br />
ekonomikuri da demokratiuli winsvlis garanti. laTinur amerikaSi Tavisuflebis,<br />
demokratiisa da Tavisufali vaWrobis ganviTareba SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis ormxrivi politikis sagani unda iyos.<br />
warmatebuli politika warmatebul ideas unda eyrdnobodes.<br />
Tavisuflebaze ukeTesi politikuri idea me ar meguleba.<br />
ideas zurgs unda umagrebdes efeqtiani politika: politika da Tavisuflebis<br />
idea, dasavluri Rirebulebebi, amerikis qristianuli fesvebi, ganviTarebis<br />
gziT siRatakis daZleva da, rac mTavaria, Seupovari brZola<br />
imisaTvis, rom demokratiulma sazogadoebam populizms sZlios.<br />
“XXI saukunis socializmis” winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dRis wesrigis saerTo<br />
amocana pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas moiTxovs. mTavaria is, rac gagvaerTianebs<br />
da ara is, rac dagvacalkevebs.<br />
laTinuri amerikis politikurma Zalebma, romlebic am principebs iziareben,<br />
am regionis qveynebs axali tipis TanamSromlobisa da gafarToebuli integraciis<br />
gzebi da mimzidveli demokratiuli alternativebi unda gadauSalon.<br />
Tu laTinuri amerika dasavleTis nawilia, Tavs imis uflebas ver mivcemT,<br />
rom es regioni totalitaruli reJimis qveS davtovoT. Zalebi unda gavaer-<br />
TianoT maT winaaRmdeg samoqmedod, visac Tavisufali sazogadoebis idea ar<br />
swams. evropelebs da amerikelebs moraluri valdebuleba akisriaT mxari<br />
dauWiron yvela iniciativas, rac demokratiis saukeTeso mxares warmoaCens.<br />
kolumbiis magaliTze SegviZlia warmovidginoT, ra safrTxe emuqreba la-<br />
Tinur amerikas. kolumbia demokratiuli qveyanaa, romelsac Rirseuli mTavroba<br />
hyavs. kolumbiiis demokratias safrTxe emuqreba rogorc teroristuli<br />
dajgufebebis, ise narkomafiis mxridan. kolumbias <strong>Cven</strong>i mxardaWera sWirdeba.<br />
es <strong>Cven</strong>i moraluri valic aris da <strong>Cven</strong>s interesebSic Sedis, Tuki Tavisufleba<br />
gvinda.<br />
margaret tetCeris da ronald reiganis transatlantikuri sivrcis idea,<br />
romelic mTeli kacobriobis Tavisuflebas emsaxureba, kvlav aqtualuria. am<br />
ideam simxneve unda Segvmatos da laTinuri amerika ar unda daviviwyoT.<br />
es regioni mudmivi safrTxisa da riskis qveS aris da misi uyuradRebod<br />
datoveba Zalian didi Secdoma iqneba. laTinuri amerikisTvis Zalian mniSvne-<br />
103
104<br />
xose maria aznari, “laTinuri amerika: dRis wesrigSia Tavisufleba ”<br />
lovania <strong>Cven</strong>i daxmareba iseTi qselis SeqmnaSi, romelic im politikur institutebs,<br />
partiebsa da adamianebs gaaerTianebs, visTvisac Tavisufleba udidesi<br />
Rirebulebaa.<br />
Tu am amocanis Sesrulebas SevZlebT, warmatebas uTuod mivaRwevT. istoria<br />
mowmobs, rom is, visac WeSmaritad swams Tavisuflebis da am mimarTulebiT<br />
saTanado nabijebsac gadadgams, aucileblad SeZlebs miznis miRwevas.<br />
laTinur amerikas araferi ar uSlis xels. <strong>Cven</strong> viciT, rom jer kidev bevri<br />
ram aris gasakeTebeli. warmatebis misaRwevad mokle gza ar arsebobs. isic viciT,<br />
rom mTeli laTinuri amerikis Tavisufleba da progresi SesaZlebelia da<br />
Tu <strong>Cven</strong>s muSaobas Ria ideologiis, demokratiis da Tavisuflebisken warvmarTavT,<br />
warmatebas mivaRwevT. darwmunebuli varT, rom am proeqtis ganxorcieleba<br />
SesaZlebelia. am patara wignSi <strong>Cven</strong>i gegmebia mocemuli.<br />
“socialuri kvlevisa da analizis <strong>fo</strong>ndSi” kargad ician, rom ideebis ganxorcielebas<br />
da Sedegis miRwevas Tavdadebuli adamianebi sWirdeba. amitom, gadavwyviteT<br />
laTinur amerikaSi, da am regionis farglebs gareTac, <strong>Cven</strong>s megobrebTan<br />
erTad vimuSaoT, gansakuTrebiT ki “heriTijis” <strong>fo</strong>ndTan erTad, rom Tavisuflebis,<br />
demokratiis da samarTlianobis ideam izeimos amerikis mTel<br />
kontinentze.
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
estoneTis ekonomikis saswauli<br />
estoneTi CrdiloeT evropis patara qveyanaa, romelic baltiis zRvis<br />
piras, aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis gzajvaredinze<br />
mdebareobs. samuel hantingtonis Tanaxmad, estoneTi dasavluri civilizaciis<br />
sazRvaria, sazRvari, sadac civilizaciebi erTmaneTs ejaxeba 1 . amis gamo,<br />
estoneTi istorikosebis did interess iwvevs, magram iqaur xalxs rTul pirobebSi<br />
uwevs cxovreba.<br />
istoriulad, estonelebs TavisuflebisTvis uxdebodaT brZola. 1918 wels<br />
estoneTma damoukidebloba gamoacxada, 1940 wels ki, meore msoflio omis<br />
<strong>dros</strong>, is sabWoTa kavSirma daipyro.<br />
omis <strong>dros</strong> komunistur terorizms vebrZodiT, magram davmarcxdiT. okupaciis<br />
Sedegad qveyanam mosaxleobis 29 procentamde dakarga, magram far-xmali<br />
ar dagviyria. 1980 wels axali SesaZlebloba mogveca da gamoviyeneT kidevac.<br />
estoneTi erT-erTi pirveli qveyana iyo, romelmac sabWoTa imperiidan gaRweva<br />
scada da 1991 wels, 50 wliani okupaciis Semdeg, kvlav Tavisufleba moipova.<br />
komunisturi mmarTvelobisgan qveyana ise iyo ganadgurebuli, rom<br />
Tavisuflebis meti araferi gvqonda. 1939 wels, Tavisuflebis dakargvamde,<br />
estoneTSi cxovrebis done met-naklebad iseTive iyo, rogorc mezobel fineT-<br />
Si. im periodSi fineTma, marTalia, teritoriebi dakarga, magram Tavisuflebis<br />
SenarCuneba moaxerxa. ori gansxvavebuli politikuri sistemis pirobebSi cxovrebam<br />
estoneTi da fineTi sxvadasxvagvarad ganaviTara. fineTis yuris orive<br />
mxares xalxi bejiTad swavlobda da Sromobda, magram mxolod fineTi yvaoda.<br />
Tavidan orive erT doneze iyo, magram 1987 wlisTvis fineTSi mTliani Sida<br />
produqti erT sul mosaxleze 14 370 dolaramde gaizarda, estoneTSi ki optimisturi<br />
gaTvlebiT mxolod 2 000 dolars Seadgenda.<br />
amasTanave, xSirad TviTon komunizmis mowinaaRmdegenic ki ver amCnevdnen<br />
socialisturi azrovnebidan momdinare realur ekonomikur problemebs.<br />
xalxis umravlesobas egona, rom komunisturi xelisuflebis Tavidan moSoreba<br />
da ekonomikis gaTavisufleba sakmarisi iqneboda imisTvis, rom qveyana swrafad<br />
dasweoda dasavleT evropis cxovrebis dones. isini ver xvdebodnen realurad<br />
ra CamorCenili da ganuviTarebeli iyo komunisturi ekonomika. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
Tavisufal samyaroSi dabruneba ufro rTuli da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda<br />
vidre warmoedginaT.<br />
xelsayreli momenti<br />
1992 wlis ianvarSi Zalian cioda estoneTSi. qveyanaSi komunizmis dasasruls<br />
namdvili qaosi mohyva. maRaziebi sul dacarielebuli iyo da rusul<br />
rubls araviTari Rirebuleba aRar hqonda. 1992 wlisTvis samrewvelo produqciam<br />
30 procentiT iklo, gacilebiT metad, vidre 1930-iani wlebis didi depresiis<br />
<strong>dros</strong>. realuri xelfasebi 45 procentiT Semcirda im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac inflacia<br />
1 000 procents aRwevda da sawvavis fasebma 10 000 procentze metiT aiwia.<br />
xalxi sakvebis sayidlad saaTobiT idga rigSi. puri da rZis produqtebi<br />
normirebuli iyo. gaTbobisTvis gazi ar iyo, amitom, mTavrobam mosaxleobis q.<br />
105<br />
mart laari<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
estoneTis premier-ministri 1992-94 da 1999-2002 wlebSi. estoneTis<br />
parlamentis wevri, propatriisa da respublikis kavSiris fraqciis<br />
Tavmjdomare<br />
1 Samuel P. Huntingtion, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1996), p. 158.
106<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
talinidan soflebSi gaxizna gadawyvita. erTaderTi moqmedi “instituti” araoficialuri<br />
bazari iyo.<br />
estoneTi TiTqmis mTlianad ruseTze iyo damokidebuli _ sagareo vaWrobis<br />
92 procenti ruseTze modioda. estoneTs Zalian cota ram gaaCnda iseTi,<br />
rac msoflio bazarze gaiyideboda. sabWoTa mmarTvelobis ekonomikam estoneTis<br />
ekologia gaanadgura da infrastruqtura katastroful mdgomareobamde<br />
miiyvana. ucxoel eqspertTa umravlesobisTvis estoneTi mxolod “erTerTi<br />
yofili sabWoTa respublika” iyo, romelsac ukeTesi momavlis didi perspeqtiva<br />
ar gaaCnda.<br />
TviTon estonelTa Sorisac bevrs ar sjeroda ukeTesi momavlis. xalxi<br />
xedavda, ramxela ufskruli iyo estoneTis realobasa da maT warmosaxvaSi<br />
arsebul normalur cxovrebas Soris. isini mixvdnen, rom patara nabijebiT<br />
Sors ver wavidodnen. am ufskrulis gadasalaxad giganturi naxtomi iyo sa-<br />
Wiro. drois dakargva aRar SeiZleboda. swraf moqmedebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda qveynis Zirfesviani re<strong>fo</strong>rmisTvis. amitom, 1992 wlis seqtemberSi, meore<br />
msoflio omis Semdgom pirvel demokratiul arCevnebze, estonelma xalxma xma<br />
misca maT, vinc sabWoTa warsulTan kavSiris gawyvetis yvelaze radikaluri gza<br />
da re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis yvelaze damajerebeli programa SesTavazaT.<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmaze orientirebul mTavrobas bevri dro ar aqvs saWiro nabijebis<br />
gadasadgmelad. xalxis mier politikosebisadmi gamocxadebul ndobasa da im<br />
tkivils, ris gadasatanadac isini mzad arian, garkveuli zRvari aqvs. am zRvaris<br />
gadaWarbebam SesaZloa re<strong>fo</strong>rmatorebisa da maT mier SeTavazebuli re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis<br />
mimarT seriozuli uaryofiTi reaqcia gamoiwvios. l. balceroviCi, poloneTis<br />
ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmis erT-erTi arqiteqtori, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWebda “eqstraordinarul politikas”. balceroviCis Tanaxmad,<br />
gadatrialebisTanave dawyebuli radikaluri ekonomikuri programa ufro<br />
iolad gava, vidre sxva romelime dagvianebuli radikaluri programa an araradikaluri<br />
alternativa, romelic mZime RonisZiebebs nel-nela gaatarebs.<br />
misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, “mware wamlis erTbaSad miReba ufro iolia, vidre<br />
xangrZlivad, ramdenime dozad” 2 .<br />
balceroviCis Teoria im varauds eyrdnoba, rom nebismier qveyanaSi ucxouri<br />
batonobisgan gaTavisufleba gansakuTrebul ganwyobilebas da Sesabamis<br />
politikur SesaZleblobebs warmoSobs. aqedan gamomdinare, mTavrobas iseTi<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleva, rasac normalur politikur<br />
da ekonomikur viTarebaSi ver miiRebs.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, krizisi imdenad krizisi ar aris, ramdenadac xelsayreli<br />
SesaZlebloba. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis gamocdileba cxadyofs,<br />
rom socialur ukmayofilebaTa gamoxatvis (demonstraciebi da gaficvebi) intensivoba<br />
mimdinare ekonomikur programasTan arafer SuaSia. sinamdvileSi,<br />
nagvianevad miRebul saWiro gadawyvetilebas SesaZlebelia seriozuli uaryofiTi<br />
reaqcia mohyves, rac droulad gadawyvetis SemTxvevaSi ar moxdeba.<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis <strong>dros</strong> drois faqtori yvelaze mTavaria.<br />
droulad miRebulma sworma gadawyvetilebam SeiZleba qveynis warmateba<br />
ganapirobos da swrafi ganviTarebis Sedegad eleqtoratis didi kmayofileba<br />
gamoiwvios. dagvianebuli swori gadawyvetilebebi sworive rCeba, magram Sedegebi<br />
xSirad iseTive warmatebuli aRar aris.<br />
xelsayreli momenti xangrZlivi ar aris. is swrafad aZlevs gzas mopaeqre<br />
partiebisa da dainteresebuli jgufebis im politikas, romelic ufro realuria.<br />
es ki demokratiis pirobebSi sruliad bunebrivia. partiebi yovelTvis<br />
iseT dRis wesrigs, iseT ideologiur profils eZeben, romelic amomrCevelTa<br />
praqtikul interesebs ufro metad daicavs. am <strong>dros</strong> radikaluri gadawyvetilebebis<br />
gatana Zneldeba da, bunebrivia, re<strong>fo</strong>rmis tempic neldeba.<br />
Tu gardamavali qveynebi, eqstraordinaruli politikis periods<br />
radikaluri ekonomikuri programebis dasawyebad ver gamoiyeneben, maT<br />
2 Lescek Balcerowicz, Understanding Postcommunist Transitions, Journal of Democracy, Vol.5, No 4 (October 1994).
Mmart laari, “estoneTis ekonomikis saswauli”<br />
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis SesaZlebloba mainc miecema, magram ufro<br />
rTul ekonomikur pirobebSi. im qveynebs, romlebic am SesaZleblobas xelidan<br />
gauSveben, makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis, gadaWarbebuli da qaosuri<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> mmarTvelobisa da masiuri korufciis safrTxe emuqrebaT.<br />
am qveynebs meore SesaZlebloba mxolod mas Semdeg miecemaT, rodesac xelisuflebaSi<br />
mosuli partiebi sabolood damarcxdebian. magram Tu am SesaZleblobasac<br />
xelidan gauSveben, Zalian gaWirdeba xalxis dayolieba, rom orjer<br />
uSedegod gadatanil tanjva-wamebas kidev erTxel gauZlon.<br />
Tu ZiriTadi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi SedarebiT mokle droSi unda gatardes, mosamzadebeli<br />
periodic xanmokle iqneba. amitom, SemoRebuli kanonebi ukiduresad<br />
unda gamartivdes. konkretuli gadawyvetilebebis gasatareblad saWiro resursebi<br />
SezRudulia. anders aslundi gardamavali qveynebis ekonomikis kvlevisas<br />
dabejiTebiT imeorebs, rom es SezRudvebi simartives moiTxovs. 3<br />
estoneTi cdilobda yvela es gamocdileba gamoeyenebina. ori mTavari gakveTili<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>ive re<strong>fo</strong>rmis procesSi viswavleT. erTi is, rom jer politikaze unda<br />
vizrunoT da mere ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rma gavataroT. meore ki is, rasac cnobili<br />
sareklamo slogani ambobs: “Just do it” (mxolod gaakeTe). sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, re<strong>fo</strong>rmis dasawyebad da bolomde misayvanad gadamwyvet moqmedebas<br />
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tundac es cota mtkivneuli iyos.<br />
pirvel rigSi politikisTvis unda migvexeda, radgan radikaluri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi<br />
rom wamogvewyo da gagvetarebina, legitimuri konsensusi gvWirdeboda<br />
clilebebisTvis. konsensusi mxolod demokratiis gziT miiRweva, romelic regularuli<br />
pasuxismgeblobis mqone institucionalur struqturebs da Tavisufal<br />
da patiosan arCevnebs eyrdnoba. am mimarTulebiT warmatebis misaRwevad<br />
saWiro iyo kavSiris gawyveta aSkarad totalitarul warsulTan, mis struqturebTan<br />
da mis warmomadgenlebTan.<br />
pirveli nabijebi: savaluto re<strong>fo</strong>rma da makrostabilizacia<br />
estoneTSi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi iseve daiwyo, rogorc centraluri da aRmosavleT<br />
evropis sxva qveynebSi (romlebsac “gardamaval qveynebsac” uwodeben), Tumca<br />
zogan SesaZloa gacilebiT uaresadac. centraluri evropis qveynebSi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi<br />
ufro adre daiwyo _ 1989–90 wlebSi, estoneTSi ki 1991-92 wlebSi. drois<br />
dakargvas kritikuli mniSvneloba hqonda, amitom, estoneTis ekonomika kidev<br />
ufro ganadgurda.<br />
estoneTSi pirveli realuri re<strong>fo</strong>rma 1992 wlis zafxulSi gatarebuli<br />
savaluto re<strong>fo</strong>rma iyo. sakuTari valutis SemoRebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda.<br />
Tavidan es Zalian Soreul ocnebad gve<strong>Cven</strong>eboda. savaluto re<strong>fo</strong>rmis<br />
momxreebi re<strong>fo</strong>rmis sxvadasxva gzas gvTavazobdnen, magram yvela maTgani sam<br />
rames isaxavda miznad: aRmosavleTis inflaciiis zegavlenis aRmofxvra, moTxovna-miwodebaze<br />
dafuZnebuli gawonasworebuli savaluto kursis garantia da<br />
naRdi fulis krizisis daZleva.<br />
estoneTma savaluto re<strong>fo</strong>rma 1992 wlis ivnisSi daiwyo, rodesac yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebidan pirvelma SemoiRo sakuTari valuta. savaluto<br />
sistemis daxmarebiT estonuri krona germanuli markiT iyo gamyarebuli da<br />
pirvelive dRidan srulad konvertirebadi. gacvlis kursis iseT myar valutasTan<br />
mibmam, rogoric germanuli marka iyo, estoneTis ekonomikisadmi ndoba<br />
aRZra. magram savaluto sistema rom sargebliani yofiliyo, estoneTs biujetic<br />
unda daebalansebina. erT-erTi politikuri sloganis ar iyos, biujetis<br />
dabalanseba popularuli iyo, magram misi ganxorcieleba ara. centraluri da<br />
aRmosavleT evropis mraval qveyanaSi pirveli “Sokuri Terapia” fasebis ga-<br />
Tavisufleba iyo, estoneTSi ki — 1992 wlis biujetis dabalanseba. biujetis<br />
deficitis aRmofxvraze agebuli prioriteti ara marto ekonomikuri Teoriis<br />
TvalsazrisiT iyo swori, aramed praqtikulad uimedo mdgomareobidan gamosvlis<br />
erTaderT gzas warmoadgenda. centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis ram-<br />
3. Anders Aslund, Possible Future Directions <strong>fo</strong>r Economies in Transition, in Joan M. Nelson, Charles Tilly, and Lee Walker, eds., trans<strong>fo</strong>rming<br />
Post-communist Political Economies (washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1998), pp. 455- 479.<br />
107
108<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
denime sxva qveyanaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi miuTiTebda, rom savaluto re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
warmatebas ver miaRwevda Tu biujeti mkacrad ar gakontroldeboda.<br />
1992 wlis seqtemberSi axlad arCeulma mTavrobam swored es daisaxa miznad.<br />
mTavroba, romelsac “Pro Patria Union” edga saTaveSi, im jgufebisa da partiebisgan<br />
Sedgeboda, romlebic sabWoTa okupaciis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi monawileobdnen<br />
da, amitom, komunistur warsulTan kavSiris gawyveta mtkiced hqondaT gadawyvetili.<br />
mTavrobis wevrebi Zalian axalgazrdebi iyvnen. me, rogorc estoneTis<br />
axlad arCeuli premier-ministri, 32 wlis gaxldiT, bevri ministri ki Cemze<br />
axalgazrda iyo. sxva axalgazrdebis msgavsad, arc <strong>Cven</strong> vicodiT ra iyo SesaZlebeli<br />
da ra ara, amitom SeuZlebels vakeTebdiT.<br />
mTavrobis samoqmedo gegmis SemuSaveba koaliciuri mTavrobis Seqmnis Semdeg<br />
daiwyo. radikaluri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis programis dawyeba “rigikogu”-Si (estoneTis<br />
parlamenti) mtkice da stabiluri umravlesobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo.<br />
umravlesobis raodenobas mniSvneloba ar hqonda, radgan “pro patrias” mTavrobas<br />
erTi xmis upiratesoba hqonda. mTavari iyo, mas emuSava. amisTvis ki koaliciis<br />
wevrebs Tavisi amocana da mTavrobis dRis wesrigi unda scodnodaT.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>i mTavari amocana koaliciuri SeTanxmebis miRweva iyo, ris Sedegadac<br />
koaliciis wevrebma ara marto adgilebi gainawiles mTavrobaSi aramed,<br />
samoqmedo gegmac naTlad warmoadgines. koaliciis yvela wevrma moawera xeli<br />
SeTanxmebas, rasac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda estoneTis ekonomikuri<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis asamoqmedeblad. maSinac ki, rodesac mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebs<br />
mZafrad utevda opozicia, mTavrobas sakmarisi uravlesoba hyavda parlamentSi<br />
saWiro kanonmdeblobis gasatanad.<br />
amomwuravi gegmis SemuSavebas ramdenime kvira dasWirda, raSic estonelebs<br />
ramdenime ucxouri arasamTavrobo samecniero centri daexmara: “heriTij<br />
faundeiSeni”, saerTaSoriso respublikuri instituti, adam smiTis instituti<br />
da SevedeTis “timbro”. amave <strong>dros</strong>, didi mniSvneloba hqonda estoneTis pirvel<br />
arasamTavrobo samecniero centrebs, romlebic ufro adre Seiqmna imave partiebis<br />
mier, romlebic is-is iyo mTavrobaSi movidnen. am organizaciebis mier organizebul<br />
Sexvedrebze umTavresad am institutebma warmoadgines da ganixiles<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis gegma da xalxs detalebi gaacnes. am centrebis gareSe albaT SeuZlebeli<br />
iqneboda mTavrobis samoqmedo gegmis swrafad da efeqtianad SemuSaveba.<br />
swrafi da gadamwyveti nabijebis gadasadgmelad vemzadebodiT da amis SesaZleblobac<br />
mogveca. biujetis balansi subsidiebisa da mTavrobis radikalur<br />
Semcirebas moiTxovda. es Semcirebebi arapopularuli iyo, magram maTi ganxorcieleba<br />
SevZeliT, radgan koaliciuri SeTanxmebis wylobiT koalicia biujetis<br />
balanss umniSvnelovanes amocanad ganixilavda.<br />
biujetis ganxilvaSi opoziciis CarTvac vcadeT, magram, rogorc sxva demokratiul<br />
qveynebSic xdeba, maT TanamSromloba ar isurves. amis nacvlad,<br />
saparlamento barierebiTa da quCis aqciebiT aqtiurad gamodiodnen Semcirebebis<br />
winaaRmdeg. aseT viTarebaSi mTavrobas garantiebi sWirdeboda, rom<br />
umravlesobidan yvela mxars dauWerda. amitom, zedmet diskusiebze dro aRar<br />
dagvikargavs (erTxel, mniSvnelovani kanonmdeblobisTvis xmis misacemad<br />
partiis erT-erTi wevri, romelmac is-is iyo imSobiara, samSobiarodan pirdapir<br />
parlamentSi gadaviyvaneT).<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi nawil-nawil ki ar unda gatardes, aramed rac SeiZleba didi doziT.<br />
politikuri amtanoba didi da patara re<strong>fo</strong>rmis <strong>dros</strong> erTnairia. ramdenime<br />
TveSi uamravi saWiro kanoni SemoviReT da biujeti davabalanseT. amis Semdeg<br />
davadgineT, rom estoneTis parlamentSi mxolod dabalansebuli biujeti unda<br />
Sesuliyo. aman saSualeba misca mTavrobas momdevno dabalansebuli biujetebi<br />
ufro iolad gaetana. dabalansebuli biujeti estoneTis erT-erTi safirmo<br />
niSani gaxda.<br />
makroekonomikuri stabilurobis miRweva estoneTma upirveles amocanad<br />
daisaxa. am miznis miRweva savaluto politikas, valutis kursis xelovnurad<br />
Sekavebis mkacrad SezRudvas da dabalansebul biujets gulisxmobda. mkacri
Mmart laari, “estoneTis ekonomikis saswauli”<br />
finansuri SezRudvebis pirobebSi mTavroba ufro iolad wyvetda, rogor unda<br />
emoqmeda. mTavrobas mxolod xarjebis SemcirebiT SeeZlo biujetis dabalanseba,<br />
radgan arc fulis dabeWdva SeeZlo da verc sxvagvarad gazrdida fulis<br />
masas. biujetis dasabalanseblad saerTaSoriso savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndma sesxi SesTavaza,<br />
magram mTavrobam gadawyvita estoneTis momavali radikalur re<strong>fo</strong>rmebze<br />
aego da ara sesxebze.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli kompaniebis subsidiebi cud politikad<br />
miiCnies da gaauqmes. amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda axali kerZo kompaniebis<br />
gasaviTareblad, radgan subsidiebi Zvel, zogjer dromoWmuli warmoebis<br />
struqturebs arsebobas uxangrZlivebs da ekonomikaSi struqturuli<br />
cvlilebebis gatarebas xels uSlis. subsidiebis gauqmeba martivad da naTlad<br />
atyobinebda sabWoTa sawarmoo dinozavrebs, rom Tu ar amoqmeddebodnen, ver<br />
iarsebebdnen. rogorc Semdgom ganviTarebulma movlenebma gvi<strong>Cven</strong>a, umravlesobam<br />
amoqmedeba irCia.<br />
koaliciuri SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb molaparakebebis <strong>dros</strong> partniorebTan da<br />
sazogadoebasTan gulwrfelobas Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda. <strong>Cven</strong> ar dagvimalavs,<br />
rom re<strong>fo</strong>rmis pirveli xuTi weli uaRresad rTuli iqneboda, amitom,<br />
im parlamentis wevrebs, vinc aseTi zomebis gatarebas xmas miscemda, unda scodnodaT<br />
ra moxdeboda. am gziT koaliciam sul cota weliwadnaxevris manZilze<br />
erTsulovneba SeinarCuna.<br />
samTavrobo koalicias kargad esmoda, rom erTaderT gamosavals <strong>Cven</strong> mier<br />
dasaxuli gegmis ganxorcieleba warmoadgenda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi xalxi<br />
amaod moiTmenda im gaWirvebas, rac ekonomikis stabilizacias axlavs Tan.<br />
estoneTSi cxovrebis done gauaresda, samrewvelo warmoebam da soflis meurneobis<br />
produqciam iklo, mSp Semcirda. amitom, TiToeuli warmatebuli nabijis<br />
gadasadgmelad Zveli, araefeqtiani, xelovnurad gaxangrZlivebuli ekonomikis<br />
ngreva da sabazro ekonomikis “uxilavi xelis” damkvidreba iyo saWiro.<br />
1993 wels am RonisZiebaTa pirveli Sedegebi gamoCnda. makroekonomikuri<br />
viTareba dastabilurda. 1992 wels Tu inflaciis done 1000 procents Seadgenda<br />
1993 wels is 89.8 procentamde Camovida, 1995 wels ki _ 29. ekonomikam aRmosavluridan<br />
dasavlurisken aiRo gezi da eqsporti swrafad gaizarda. am sasikeTo<br />
Zvrebma re<strong>fo</strong>rmis meore etapze gadasvlis didi SesaZlebloba mogvca da<br />
estoneTi xangrZlivi realuri ganviTarebis gzaze daayena.<br />
sajarooba<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis pirveli etapidan meoreze gadasvla erT-erTi gadamwyveti momenti<br />
iyo. pirvel etapze mTavrobis amocanebi SedarebiT martivi iyo da umetesad<br />
arsebuli rTuli viTarebiT ganpirobebuli. meore etapze arCevanis Tavisuflebac<br />
gaizarda da am arCevanis Sedegebic. pirvel etapze makroekonomikuri<br />
stabilizaciis miRweva nebismier patara gunds SeeZlo re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis zemodan qvemoT<br />
ganxorcielebis gziT, meore etapze ki procesi ufro meti xalxis Cabmas,<br />
gulmodginebas da damokidebulebis Secvlas moiTxovda.<br />
makroekonomikis Sokurma Terapiam xalxi gamoafxizla. am meore etapze sa-<br />
Wiro iyo maTTvis axali imedis Casaxva, axali perspeqtivebis da axali SesaZleblobebis<br />
gadaSla. damokidebulebis Secvlis gareSe postkomunisturi sir-<br />
Tuleebi maxed iqceoda da xalxi verc winsvlas SeZlebda da verc kanonis uzenaesobas<br />
daqvemdebarebuli Tavisufali mTavrobisa da Tavisufali bazris mqone<br />
“normalur” qveynad gadaqcevas.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris mier Tavsmoxveuli socializmis <strong>dros</strong> xalxi damoukidebel<br />
azrovnebas, iniciativis gamoCenas da riskis gawevas ar iyo miCveuli.<br />
bevrs dasWirda im iluziidan gamoyvana, rom maTi problemebi sxvebs unda gadaeWra,<br />
rac postkomunisturi qveynebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. saWiro iyo<br />
xalxis damuxtva, amoZraveba, iZuleba, rom gadawyvetileba TviTon mieRoT da<br />
pasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavzec aeRoT. es principi arapopularuli aRmoCnda,<br />
magram man xalxis damokidebuleba Secvala.<br />
109
110<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
aAmitom, estoneTs gza unda gamoenaxa, rom xalxs biznesis warmoebis sxva SesaZlebloba<br />
miscemoda. amisTvis saWiro iyo msoflio bazris kari gagveRo, konkurenciisTvis<br />
xeli Segvewyo da ucxouri investiciebi mogvezida. zogs aseTi<br />
Ria ekonomika aSinebda. Aamitom, mTavrobas unda e<strong>Cven</strong>ebina gza.<br />
estoneTis mcire, Ria ekonomika istoriulad vaWrobaze iyo agebuli. sabazro<br />
ekonomikaze umtkivneulod da swrafad gadasasvlelad Ria ekonomikas<br />
bevri upiratesoba gaaCnia. is xels uwyobs bazarze resursebis ganawilebis orientirebul<br />
racionalur procesebs, nergavs konkurencias, qveyanas prioritetebis<br />
mixedviT specializaciis saSualebas aZlevs da gamarjvebulis gamovlenis<br />
uflebas ki bazars aniWebs da ara mTavrobas. Ria politika gamWvirvale<br />
garemos qmnis, rac mwarmoeblebs bazarze aSkara orientaciis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
amasTn erTad, is xels uwyobs saijaro xelSekrulebebis SemoRebas, rac<br />
gardamaval qveynebSi kvalificiuri, magram dabalanazRaurebadi muSaxelis-<br />
Tvis xelsayrelia.<br />
amasTanave, estoneTma satari<strong>fo</strong> da arasatari<strong>fo</strong> barierebi Seamcira da yvela<br />
saeqsporto SezRudva gaauqma, ramac qveyana Tavisufali vaWrobis zonad<br />
aqcia. Tavisufali vaWrobis zonis Seqmna, erTi mxriv, im faqtma ganapiroba, rom,<br />
rogorc davinaxeT, tarifis dacva ZiriTadad im seqtorebisTvis aris xelsayreli,<br />
romelic politikurad aris mowyobili da ara im seqtorebisTvis, romelic<br />
yvelaze metad aris saWiro.<br />
Ria politika metad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, ramac xeli Seuwyo konkurencias,<br />
rekonstruqcias da zrda-ganviTarebas. aseTma politikam bevri axali kompania<br />
SesZina estoneTs, romlebmac axali, eqsportze orientirebuli qarxnebi<br />
gaxsnes. rasakvirvelia, aseT politikas mwvave protesti, demonstraciebi da<br />
“ekonomikis startegiuli nawilisa” da “adgilobriv mewarmeTa” dacvis moTxovnebi<br />
mohyva.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> did yuradRebas ar vaqcevdiT aseT protests da swrafad vaxorcielebdiT<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmas. raki Ria politikis pirveli Sedegebi gamoCnda, re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis ukuqceva<br />
ukve Zneli iyo. Ria politika mudam arapopularulia, magram aravis surs<br />
im sistemis SeCereba, rac muSaobs.<br />
iseTi qveynisTvis, rogoric estoneTia, ucxouri investiciebis mozidva<br />
ukeTesi alternativa iyo vidre sesxis aReba iseTi saerTaSoriso institutebidan,<br />
rogoric msoflio banki da saerTaSoriso savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndia. jer erTi,<br />
ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis daxmareba rom agveRo, qveyana isev CamorCenilTa rigebSi<br />
unda darCeniliyo. ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis daxmareba SesaZloa dromoWmuli teqnologia<br />
an dromoWmuli rekomendaciebi yofiliyo, rac Tanamedrove qveynebs<br />
ukve verafers Svelis. aseTi daxmarebebi gardamaval qveynebs SesaZleblobas<br />
arTmevs CamorCeniloba ganviTarebis placdarmad gamoiyenon.<br />
pirdapir getyviT, Tu daxmareba gindaT, vaWrobaSi SegviwyeT xeli da meti<br />
araferi. opoziciam es gadawyvetileba mwvaved gaakritika, magram amisTvis didi<br />
yuradReba ar migviqcevia, radgan saparlamento umravlesobam mxari dagviWira.<br />
rodesac gadawyvetileba xalxs gavacaniT, yuradReba erovnul siamayeze gavamaxvileT<br />
da maT mSvenivrad gagviges.<br />
marTalia, ucxouri investiciebi yvela gardamaval qveyanas erTnairad ainteresebs,<br />
magram yvela sxvadasxva Sedegs aRwevs. zogierTi qveyana cdilobs ucxoeli<br />
investori nebismieri satyuaraTi miizidos, magaliTad gadasaxadebisgan<br />
gaTavisuflebis, privilegiebis, gansakuTrebuli uflebebis SeTavazebiT.<br />
alternatiulia iseTi biznesgaremos Seqmna, romelic erTnair sargeblobas<br />
moutans adgilobriv investiciebsac da ucxoursac.<br />
estoneTma meore gza irCia. Tavidan bevri laparaki iyo aseTi midgomis Sesaxeb,<br />
magram radgan koaliciis SeTanxmebaSi ase gvewera, saqme swrafad gadawyda.<br />
ramdenime weliwadSi dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoCnda da aravis aRar surda misi<br />
Secvla.<br />
miwis gayidvis kanonis miRebam ucxoeli investorebis usafrTxoebis meti<br />
garantiebi da sakuTrebis uflebis dacva uzrunvelyo. amasTanave, gauqmda zo-
Mmart laari, “estoneTis ekonomikis saswauli”<br />
gierTi ucxoeli investoris gansakuTrebuli privilegiebi, ramac stimuli misca<br />
sxva investiciebs. maleve, 1993_94 wlebSi, estoneTi, romelsac manamde ucxoeli<br />
investorebi sul ar icnobdnen, yuradRebis centrSi moeqca. mTavroba<br />
sistematurad zrunavda estoneTis reputaciis amaRlebaze, ramac agreTve xeli<br />
Seuwyo ucxouri investiciebis zrdas.<br />
amis Sedegad, 1990-ian wlebSi estoneTma erT sul mosaxleze gacilebiT meti<br />
ucxouri investicia miiRo, vidre centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis sxva<br />
romelime qveyanam. ucxouri investiciebis didma nakadma axali samuSao adgilebis<br />
Seqmna ganapiroba, moxda Zveli qarxnebis rekonstruqcia, axali cnobiereba<br />
da axali teqnologiebi Semovida da estoneTi ufro Tamedrove da ufro<br />
konkurentunariani gaxda.<br />
mMagram qveyanam namdvil warmatebas rom miaRwios, gardamaval epoqaSi mxolod<br />
msoflios ki ar unda gauRos bazari, aramed sakuTar xalxsac da demokratiisa<br />
da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Senebas unda Seuwyos xeli. am mimar-<br />
TulebiT didi mniSvneloba hqonda iseTi nabijebis gadadgmas, rogoric aris<br />
sazogadoebaSi dialogisa da partniorobis danergva. faqtobrivad es sammxrivi<br />
dialogi iyo saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s, damsaqmebelTa da dasaqmebul adamianebs Soris. 1992<br />
-93 wlebSi mTavrobam mxari dauWira sabWoTa kavSiris droindeli profkav-<br />
Sirebis Tavisufal profkavSirebad gardaqmnas. aman xeli Seuwyo mTavrobasa da<br />
xalxs Soris dialogis gamarTvas da Tavidan agvacila didi protestebi da<br />
demonstraciebi, gansakuTrebiT, re<strong>fo</strong>rmis pirvel mtkivneul periodSi.<br />
sammxrivi molaparakebebis <strong>dros</strong> mTavrobam danarCen or mxares estoneTis<br />
arsebuli viTareba gaacno. molaparakebebis <strong>dros</strong> didi mniSvneloba hqonda<br />
yvelaze rTuli prolemebis yuradRebis centrSi moqcevas da axali prioritetebis<br />
Seqmnas. magaliTad, rodesac SevTanxmdiT, rom <strong>Cven</strong>i mTavari amocana umu-<br />
Sevrobis winaaRmdeg brZola iyo, Zalian advili gasagebi gaxda, Tu ra nabijebis<br />
gadadgma iyo saWiro.<br />
profkavSirebi gagebiT moekida im sakiTxs, rom, marTalia, bevri samuSao adgili<br />
daikargeboda, magram privatizacia arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamosvlis<br />
erTaderTi gza iyo, radgan Tu sawarmoebis privatizeba da rekonstruqcia ar<br />
moxdeboda, sawarmos yvela muSa dakargavda samuSaos.<br />
samagierod, profkavSirebs saprivatizacio SeTanxmebis erT-erT pirobad<br />
privatizebul sawarmoSi ama Tu im raodenobis samuSao adgilebis garantiebis<br />
moTxovnis saSualeba eZleoda. Zalian didi mniSvneloba hqonda profkav-<br />
SirebisTvis kargad aexsnaT, rom maT mTavrobaSi SeRweva da mTavrobasTan regularuli<br />
dialogis SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT.<br />
am nabijebis gadadgmam Zireulad Secvala xalxis mentaliteti da damokidebuleba,<br />
ramac mtkice safuZveli moumzada estoneTis samoqalaqo sazogadoebis<br />
Camoyalibebas. xalxi sakuTari azris gamoTqmas da gadawyvetilebebis mi-<br />
Rebaze aqtiuri zemoqmedebis moxdenas mieCvia. isini mixvdnen, rom maTi<br />
momavali sakuTar aqtivobaze iyo damokidebuli. mniSvnelovania Tavisufali<br />
mediis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, Tundac isini xSirad akritikebdnen<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmator mTavrobas. presis Tavisuflebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs<br />
Tanamedrove sazogadoebisTvis. mis gareSe sazogadoebas funqcionireba ar<br />
SeuZlia. gardaqmnis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia demokratiis<br />
damyareba sazogadoebis yvela doneze. Mmxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia<br />
vTqvaT, rom gardaqmnis Sedegebi ukuRma aRarasodes Setrialdeba.<br />
kKanonis uzenaesoba<br />
Eekonomikuri sivrcis maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobis gareSe radikaluri<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi ver ganxorcieldeba. marTalia, kanonis uzenaesoba mudam iyo da<br />
axlac aris Tanamedrove dasavluri civilizaciis erT-erTi sayrdeni, magram<br />
zogierT gardamaval qveyanaSi droulad ver mixvdnen mis mniSvnelobas. zogs<br />
miaCnda, rom gadamwyveti re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis ganxorcieleba saTanado kanonmdeblobis<br />
gareSec moxerxdeboda, mxolod mTavrobis dadgenilebebis safuZvelze an,<br />
111
112<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
ubralod, Zveli struqturebi TavisiT daiSleboda axali kanonmdeblobisa da<br />
institutebis Seqmnis gareSe.<br />
samwuxarod, zogierT gardamaval qveyanaSi politikosebs sjerodaT, rom<br />
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika saswaulebrivad Seqmnida dovlaTs mkafio<br />
kanonmdeblobis Seqmnisa da mTavrobis mier aseTi kanonmdeblobis amoqmedebis<br />
gareSe. xSirad isini saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobdnen mTavrobis ganaxlebas<br />
da gaZlierebas (da ara gazrdas).<br />
Tumca mxolod kargi kanonmdebloba ar kmara. yvela gardamavalma ekonomikam<br />
efeqtiani institutebi unda SemoiRos, rom maTi axali kanonmdebloba<br />
qaRaldze ki ar darCes, aramed praqtikulad amoqmeddes. oficialuri samar-<br />
Tlebrivi sistemebi kanonmdeblobis interpretacias da sisruleSi moyvanas<br />
mosamarTleebs, prokurorebs, arbitrebs, sasamarTlo moxeleebs da kerZo samarTlis<br />
specialistebs akisrebs. am sistemebis ganviTareba da dacva uaRresad<br />
mniSvnelovania re<strong>fo</strong>rmis warmatebisTvis, radgan is efeqtian samoqalaqo<br />
samsaxurs qmnis.<br />
kanonis uzenaesobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs korufciasTan,<br />
gardamavali ekonomikis erT-erT yvelaze saSinel mankierebasTan brZolisTvis.<br />
Kkorufcia im <strong>dros</strong> yvavis, rodesac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxeles an kerZo pirs qrTamis<br />
aRebiT ufro meti sargebeli aqvs, vidre dasakargi, zustad aseTi viTarebaa<br />
gardamavali qveynebis umravlesobaSi. bundovani an gaumWvirvale kanonebi,<br />
mZime debulebebi da yovlismomcveli kontroli oficialur pirebs udides<br />
Zalauflebas, qrTamis aRebis mraval SesaZleblobas da sazogadoebrivi<br />
simdidris miTvisebis farTo masStabs sTavazobs.<br />
estonelTa gamocdileba gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom korufciasTan da organizebul<br />
damnaSaveobasTan brZolis yvelaze efeqtiani gza sabazaro ekonomikis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis<br />
ganxorcieleba, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba da kanonis uzenaesobaa.<br />
nebismieri re<strong>fo</strong>rma, romelic ekonomikur konkurecias zrdis, korufciul<br />
qmedebas amcirebs. sagareo vaWrobaze kontrolis Semcireba, kerZo mrewvelobaze<br />
SemzRudveli barierebis moxsna da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kompaniebis privatizacia<br />
konkurencias warmoSobs da xels uwyobs korufciasTan brZolas. Tu kanonebi<br />
gamWvirvale da naTelia, Tu saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s uflebamosilebaSi ar Sedis biznes<br />
licenziebis gacema da eqsport-importis SezRudva, maSin am sferoebSi qrTamis<br />
micemis araviTari SesaZlebloba ar iqneba. subsidiebis, “SeRavaTiani” sesxebis<br />
da sxva msgavsi privilegiebis gauqmebac meqrTameobis stimuls mospobs.<br />
aseTi meTodebisa da politikis gamoyenebiT estoneTi warmatebiT ebrZoda<br />
korufcias da organizebul damnaSaveobas. nacionalur ekonomikaSi konkurenciisTvis<br />
gzis gaxsna da realuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis ganxorcieleba saukeTeso gzaa<br />
nacnob-moyvareobaze agebuli kapitalizmis Tavidan asacileblad. SesaZloa,<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis pirvel wlebSi zogierTi sfero Zalian saWirod ar gve<strong>Cven</strong>ebodes,<br />
magram Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom yuradReba da resursebi ar moakldes<br />
iuridiul re<strong>fo</strong>rmas, kanonmdeblobisa da policiis re<strong>fo</strong>rmas da efeqtiani da<br />
gamWvirvale administraciis Camoyalibebas. es sferoebi estoneTma re<strong>fo</strong>rmis<br />
prioritetul siaSi Seitana, ris Sedegadac gardamaval qveynebs Soris yvelaze<br />
nakleb korumpirebul qveynad iqca da korufciis saerTaSoriso indeqsis mixedviT<br />
gacilebiT ukeTesi ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli aqvs vidre evrokavSiris sxva wevrebs.<br />
bolos, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces sabanko re<strong>fo</strong>rmas. bankebi<br />
ekonomikis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawils warmoadgens. Tu iq organizebuli damnaSaveoba<br />
moikidebs fexs, is male mTel msoflioSic gavrceldeba. fulis ga-<br />
TeTreba, Savi fuli da yovelgvari TaRliTuri operacia rac SeiZleba swrafad<br />
unda CamoSordes sabanko sistemas. mTavroba uaRresad fxizeli da Seuvali unda<br />
iyos am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, radgan bneli warmomavlobis fuls mudam bneli<br />
xalxi mosdevs.
Mmart laari, “estoneTis ekonomikis saswauli”<br />
estoneTma yvela saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> banki gaauqma da kerZo bankebs gauxsna gza. bankebi<br />
erTmaneTTan konkurenciaSi unda yofiliyvnen da, Tu saWiro iyo, maTi gakotrebis<br />
ufleba unda hqonodaT. aseTi sufTa damokidebulebis Sedegad estoneTis<br />
sabanko sistema saukeTesoa baltiispireTSi da gacilebiT naklebad korufciuli<br />
vidre evrokavSiris sxva axali wevri-qveynebis sabanko sistemebi.<br />
sakuTrebis re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
ekonomikuri gardaqmnis safuZveli kerZo sakuTrebaze gadasvlaa. kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
gareSe sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla ver moxerxdeba. usafrTxo,<br />
Zlieri sakuTrebis uflebis mqone Tavisufal ekonomikaze gadasvlis sxvadasxva<br />
gza arsebobs: sakuTrebis Zveli mflobelebisTvis dabruneba, arsebuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
qonebis privatizacia da kerZo biznesis xelaxla warmoqmna. re<strong>fo</strong>rmatorebisTvis<br />
mTavari privatizaciis raodenoba ki ar iyo, aramed is, Tu rogor<br />
da rodis unda momxdariyo privatizacia.<br />
realurad privatizacia popularuli ar aris. is xmebs ver agrovebs. es imas<br />
niSnavs, rom privatizacia rac SeiZleba swrafad unda moxdes. opoziciasTan molaparakebebis<br />
dro ar aris, Tanac sulerTia, isini mainc winaaRmdegi iqnebian.<br />
sakuTrebis re<strong>fo</strong>rmas da privatizacias gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs,<br />
radgan naTlad Camoyalibebul sakuTrebis uflebas arsebiTi mniSvnelba aqvs<br />
ekonomikis WeSmariti re<strong>fo</strong>rmisTvis. es ori re<strong>fo</strong>rma aucilebeli winapirobaa<br />
bazris funqcionirebisTvis da erTaderTi gza xalxisa da biznesis damokidebulebis<br />
Sesacvlelad. is maT umniSvnelovanesi struqturuli cvlilebebis<br />
dasawyebad aZlevs biZgs. faqtobrivad privatizaciis umniSvnelovanesi amocana<br />
mogebis maqsimizacia ki ar aris aramed ekonomikaSi aseTi cvlilebis dawyeba.<br />
es rom ase moxdes, sakuTrebis uflebis aSkara garantiebi da saTanado samarTlebrivi<br />
pirobebisa da institutebis Seqmnaa saWiro. sakuTrebis kanonmdeblobas<br />
interpretacia aRar unda sWirdebodes. magram am amocanis Sesruleba<br />
ioli ar aris, radgan qonebrivi urTierTobani kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi<br />
urTulesi sakiTxia mudam. situacias kidev ufro arTulebs is viTareba, rom aseTi<br />
kanonebi swrafad aris misaRebi, Zveli qonebrivi urTierTobani winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
rom ar movides axalTan.<br />
estoneTSi pirvelad 1990 wels miviReT kanoni sakuTrebis re<strong>fo</strong>rmis Sesaxeb,<br />
sadac jer komunisturi xelisuflebis mier CamorTmeuli da nacionalizebuli<br />
qonebis Tavdapirveli, kanonieri mflobelebisTvis dabrunebaze vamaxvilebdiT<br />
yuradRebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu uSualod sakuTrebis dabruneba SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo, xalxs kompensacias vaZlevdiT, magram fulads ki ara, aramed saprivatizacio<br />
vauCerebis saxiT. am vauCerebiT maT privatizebuli kompaniis an<br />
miwis minoritaruli (sakontrolo paketis gareSe) wilis yidva SeeZloT. danar-<br />
Ceni qonebis privatizacia mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac gairkva romeli qoneba unda<br />
daebrunebinaT kanonieri mflobelebisTvis. miwisa da binebis privatizaciisas<br />
is vauCerebi gamoiyenes, romelic adre dauriges xalxs. uamravi adamiani ucbad<br />
iqca kerZo sakuTrebis mflobelad.<br />
es rTuli procesi iyo. memarcxene partia mwvaved aprotestebda aseTi zomebis<br />
gatarebas da mitingebs marTavda, magram <strong>Cven</strong> simtkice gamoviCineT da<br />
procesi davaCqareT. raki xalxi sakuTrebis mflobeli gaxda, am procesis ukuqcevas<br />
mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT Tu SeZlebdnen. rogorc yvela re<strong>fo</strong>rmaSi, sakuTrebis<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis <strong>dros</strong>ac siswrafes didi mniSvneloba aqvs. amave <strong>dros</strong> iseTi<br />
kanonebis miRebaa saWiro, rac sakuTrebis uflebis realur dacvas ara mxolod<br />
Teoriulad uzrunvelyofs, aramed praqtikuladac.<br />
msxvili obieqtebis privatizacia estoneTis saprivatizacio saagentom Ria<br />
auqcionze ganaxorciela. umetes SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli kompaniis sakontrolo<br />
paketis mqone wili erT mTavar myidvels gadaeca, minoritaruli aqciebi ki<br />
calkeul vauCerebze gaiyida. amiT kompaniebma kanonieri mflobelebi iSoves,<br />
Tanac privatizaciaSi yvelam miiRo monawileoba. privatizaciis mizani mTavrobisTvis<br />
mogebis motana ki ar iyo, aramed saWiro investiciebis da priva-<br />
113
114<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
tizebul qarxanaSi garkveuli periodis manZilze muSaTa mcire raodenobis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
aseTi politikis Sedegad privatizaciam umtkivneulod da swrafad<br />
Caiara da estoneTi mesakuTreTa qveynad iqca.<br />
wrfivi gadasaxadi<br />
estoneTis ganviTarebaSi saboloo gardatexis mosaxdenad arsebiTi mniSvneloba<br />
hqonda xalxis damuxtvas. am amocanis Sesasruleblad kerZo sawarmosTvis<br />
aucilebeli xelsayreli ekonomikuri pirobebis Seqmna iyo saWiro da<br />
xalxis STagoneba, rom sakuTar momavalze TviTon aeRoT pasuxismgebloba.<br />
meore amocana umetesad Sokuri TerapiiT Sesrulda, magram pirveli gacilebiT<br />
rTuli aRmoCnda. is nawilobriv ekonomikis liberaluri, anu SezRudul<br />
kontrolze agebuli kanonmdeblobis miRebis gziT Sesrulda, riTac biurokratias<br />
Carevis, anu axali kompaniebisTvis Ziris gamoTxris SesaZlebloba<br />
waarTves.<br />
magram mmarTvelobis SezRudva ar kmaroda. rodesac adamianebi, romlebmac<br />
sakuTari kompaniebi gaxsnes, mixvdnen, rom sagadasaxado sistema warmtebisTvis<br />
jarimas axdevinebda, maT yovelgvari enTuziazmi daekargaT. aseTma viTarebam<br />
niadagi moumzada Zveli tradiciuli sagadasaxado sistemidan axal<br />
radikalurad gansxvavebul sistemaze gadasvlas.<br />
radikaluri sagadasaxado re<strong>fo</strong>rma mxolod maSin aris popularuli rodesac<br />
Teoriuli msjelobis nawils warmoadgens. rodesac politikosebi maT SemoRebas<br />
iwyeben, re<strong>fo</strong>rma maSinve kargavs popularobas. sagadasaxado re<strong>fo</strong>rmis<br />
plat<strong>fo</strong>rmidan arCevnebis mogeba Znelia, magram rodesac mTavrobas ukve Zalaufleba<br />
aqvs da ekonomikis gaumjobesebaze fiqrobs, sagadasaxado tarifebis<br />
Semcireba kargi azria.<br />
am nabijis gadadgma did gambedaobas moiTxovs. rodesac mTavroba sagadasaxado<br />
tarifebis Semcirebas iwyebs da fiqsirebul gadasaxadebze gadadis, mas<br />
mdidrebis mxardaWeraSi adanaSauleben, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqmis yvela sagadasaxado<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis Sedegad mdidar gadamxdelebze mTeli sagadasaxado Semosavlis<br />
uwindelze ufro didi wili modis. sagadasaxado re<strong>fo</strong>rmis SemoRebisgan<br />
ZiriTadad mdidrebis mxardamWeris iarliyis mikerebis SiSiT ikavebs zogierTi<br />
mTavroba Tavs, maSinac ki, rodesac ician, rom aseTi re<strong>fo</strong>rma aucilebelia.<br />
isini SiSoben, rom amis gamo SesaZloa momdevno arCevnebSi mwared<br />
damarcxdnen.<br />
swori gadawyvetilebis miReba da swori politikis gatareba Zalian mniSvnelovania.<br />
me mimaCnda, rom ar unda dasjiliyo is xalxi, vinc kargad uZRveboda<br />
Tavis saqmes. piriqiT, maTTvis meti muSaobis da sakuTari saqmianobis kontrolis<br />
saSualeba unda migveca. gadavwyviteT, sagadasaxado sistema maTi danazogebisa<br />
da investiciebis xelis Semwyobi yofiliyo, rac xalxs axali<br />
dovlaTis Seqmnis saSualebas miscemda. estoneTis sagadasaxado sistema unda<br />
yofiliyo martivi, iafi da gadasaxadis gadamxdelTaTvis gamWvirvale da<br />
gasagebi. sagadasaxado baza maqsimalurad didi unda yofiliyo da<br />
gadasaxadisgan minimaluri raodenobis gadamxdeli unda gaeTavisuflebina,<br />
rac minimumamde daiyvanda gadasaxadisTvis Tavis aridebis stimuls,<br />
magaliTad, aralegalur saqmianobas. sagadasaxado tarifebi dabali unda<br />
yofiliyo, xalxis aqtiurobisa da zrda-ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi.<br />
am amocanebis gadasaWrelad saukeTeso gamosavali iyo wrfivi saSemosavlo<br />
gadasaxadi. aseTi sistema estoneTma 1994 wlis 1 ianvars SemoiRo.<br />
sagadasaxado sistema martivi da ioli gasagebi gaxda rogorc gadasaxadis<br />
gadamxdelTa, ise gadasaxadis amkrefTaTvis. gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs iolad<br />
SeeZloT sagadasaxado <strong>fo</strong>rmebis Sevseba da zedmeti gamoTvlebisa da biurokratiis<br />
Tavidan acileba. gadasaxadis amkrefni mravali fuWi saqmisgan gaTavisufldnen<br />
da yuradRebas mxolod im gadamxdelebze amaxvilebdnen, romlebic<br />
gadasaxads sul ar ixdiddnen.
Mmart laari, “estoneTis ekonomikis saswauli”<br />
aseTi gamartivebis safuZvelze sagadasaxado sistemam ufro efeqtianad<br />
daiwyo muSaoba da sagadasaxado moTxovnilebebis Sesruleba gaizarda. didi<br />
dartyma miiRo Crdilovanma seqtorma, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sagadasaxado Semosavlebma<br />
ki swrafad daiwyo zrda (ix. cxrili 1).<br />
cxrili 1. estoneTis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> biujetis Semosavlebi<br />
(miliard. krona)<br />
mSp zrda<br />
Semosavlebi piradi<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan<br />
mTliani<br />
Semosavlebi<br />
1993 -9.0 1.5 8.0<br />
1994 -2.0 2.0 12.0<br />
1995 4.3 3.0 16.0<br />
1996 3.9 4.0 19.0<br />
wrfivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mqone qveynebi<br />
wyaroebi: UNICEF, "A Decade of Transition," Regional Monitoring Report # 8, 2001<br />
115<br />
wrfiv gadasaxadze<br />
gadasvlam xeli Seuwyo<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis<br />
swraf zrdas. estonelma<br />
xalxma dainaxa, rom mets<br />
Tu iSromebdnen, mets<br />
miiRebdnen da mTavroba<br />
maRali sagadasaxado<br />
t a r i f e b i T m a T<br />
warmatebul saqmianobas<br />
aRar dasjida.<br />
d a m o k i d e b u l e b a<br />
saocari siswrafiT<br />
Seicvala. aTasobiT axali mcire da saSualo sawarmo, restorani, sastumro da<br />
maRazia gaixsna. 1992 wels estoneTs daaxloebiT 2 000 sastumro hqonda. 1994<br />
wlis bolosTvis es ricxvi 70 000-mde avarda. estoneTi muSaTa klasis qveynidan<br />
mewarmeTa qveynad iqca. sakuTar momavalze zrunvis stimulma estonelebs<br />
masiuri umuSevroba Tavidan aarida.<br />
sagadasaxado re<strong>fo</strong>rmidan erTi wlis Semdegac ki, rodesac arCevnebSi “pro<br />
patrias” mTavrobam gaimarjva, wrfivi gadasaxadebi isev darCa. is iseTi efeqtiani<br />
aRmoCnda, rom aravis surda misi Secvla. 1994 wlidan moyolebuli, estoneTma<br />
mravali samTavrobo koalicia gamoicvala, maT Soris im partiebis koaliciac,<br />
romlebmac arCevnebi wrfivi gadasaxadebis gauqmebis dapirebebiT moiges,<br />
magram wrfivi gadasaxadebi isev arsebobs. estoneTis wrfivi gadasaxadebis gamocdileba<br />
iseTi warmatebuli aRmoCnda, rom is sxva qveynebmac gadaiRes – jer<br />
litvam da latviam, 2001 wels ruseTma. ukrainam da saqarTvelomac SemoiRes<br />
wrfivi gadasaxadebi 2004 wels iseve, rogorc slovakeTma, 2005 wels ki<br />
rumineTmac.<br />
fiqsirebulma gadasaxadebma ekonomikuri saqmianoba yvelgan gazarda,<br />
Seqmna axali samuSao adgilebi da Crdilovani bazari Seaviwrova. centraluri<br />
da aRmosavleT evropis piradi Semosavlebis wrfivi tarifebis sagadasaxado<br />
sistemis mqone qveynebs imave regionis progresulad zrdad sagadasaxado sistemebs<br />
Tu SevadarebT, vnaxavT, rom wrfivi tarifebis sagadasaxado sistemis<br />
mqone qveynebi saSualod ufro swrafad miiwevdnen win.<br />
centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis wrfivi tarifebis sagadasaxado sistemis<br />
mqone qveynebis (estoneTi, litva, latvia) Sedareba msgavssave qveynebTan<br />
(slovenia, poloneTi, ungreTi, slovakeTi, CexeTis respublika) gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom<br />
wrfivi tarifebis sagadasaxado sistemis mqone qveynebi gacilebiT swrafad<br />
cxrili 2. centr. da aRmos. evropis ekonomikuri zrda<br />
erovnuli sagadasaxado sistemis mixedviT<br />
centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis ekonomikuri<br />
zrda erovnuli sagadasaxado sistemis mixedviT<br />
mSp-s saSualo zrda<br />
wrfivi gadasaxadebis<br />
mqone qveynebi<br />
arawrfivi<br />
gadasaxadebis mqone<br />
qveynebi<br />
1996-1998 7.2 4.00<br />
2003-2005 8.6 4.30<br />
wyaroebi: evropis kavSiri, evrostati, 2007 wlis 14 ivlisi<br />
izrdebodnen proporciuli<br />
g a d a s a x a d e b i s S e m o R e b i s<br />
pirvelive welsac da bolo sami<br />
wlis manZilzec (ix. cxrili 2).<br />
wrfivi tarifebis sagadasaxado<br />
sistemis mqone qveynebis<br />
Semosavlebsa (mSp erT sul mosaxleze)<br />
da ,,Zveli evropis”<br />
Semosavlebs Soris fardobiTi<br />
sxvaoba sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT<br />
gacilebiT swrafad mcirdeboda.<br />
evropis ekonomikuri Tanam-<br />
Sromlobis statistikuri biuros
116<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
monacemebi gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom 1996 wels estoneTSi mSp erT sul mosaxleze evropis<br />
saSualo ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblis 34, 8 procents Seadgenda, ungreTSi — 48,5 da poloneTSi<br />
— 42,1 procents. 2007 wels esto-neTSi mSp erT sul mosaxleze daaxloebiT 65<br />
procents Seadgenda, ungreTSi — 64 da poloneTSi — 52 procents. am sami<br />
wrfivi gadasaxadis mqone qveyanas saSu-alod 25 procentiani winsvlis<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebeli hqonda, centraluri da aRmosav-leT evropis sxva progresulad<br />
zrdadi gadasaxadebis mqone qveynebs ki _ mxolod 14 procenti.<br />
kidev erTi aSkara gansxvaveba wrfivi da progresulad zrdadi<br />
gadasaxadebis mqone qveynebs Soris is aris, rom wrfivi gadasaxadis mqone<br />
qveynebis Semosavlebi da biujeti ukeTes mdgomareobaSia. xSirad oponentebi<br />
amtkiceben, wrfivi saSemosavlo gadasaxadi socialuri usamarTlobaa, radgan<br />
sazogadoebaSi is ufro met uTanasworobas qmnis vidre progresulad zrdadi<br />
gadasaxadebi. es arasworia, radgan Semosavlebis ganawilebis jinis<br />
koeficienti 4 wrfivi gadasaxadis mqone qveynebSi xSirad iklebs da xSirad<br />
ufro dabalia vidre progresulad zrdadi gadasaxadebis mqone qveynebSi (ix.<br />
cxrili 3).<br />
estoneTSi jinis koeficientis<br />
ZiriTadi zrda 1989_93 wlebSi<br />
moxda da piks 1995 wels miRwia<br />
0,398-iT, rac momdevno wlebSi<br />
Semcirda.<br />
wrfivma gadasaxadma biujetis<br />
Semosavali gazarda, Crdilovani<br />
ekonomikis seqtori Sez-<br />
Ruda da xeli Seuwyo zrda-ganviTarebasa<br />
da ekonomikur saqmianobas.<br />
aseTi pozitiuri Sedegebis<br />
gamo estoneTis magaliTs<br />
sul ufro da ufro meti<br />
qveyana baZavs, rasac mTeli<br />
evropa sagadasaxado revoluciisken mihyavs.<br />
estoneTis saswauli<br />
1992 wels dawyebulma radikalurma re<strong>fo</strong>rmebma 15 weliwadSi ise Secvala<br />
estoneTi, rom komunisturi reJimis droindel estoneTs sul aRar hgavs.<br />
zogjer imis warmodgenac ki gviWirs rogori iyo es qveyana Zveli sistemis<br />
<strong>dros</strong>. estoneTi pirveli yofili komunisturi qveyanaa, romelmac “ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis indeqsis” yovelwliuri gamocemis mixedviT (gamomcemlebi:<br />
Heretage Hoaundation, Wall Street Journal) “Tavisufali ekonomikis” statuss miaRwia. kidev<br />
ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom man ara marto “Tavisufali ekonomikis”, aramed<br />
msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze Tavisufali ekonomikis statusi moipva da<br />
2007 wlis “ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis” mixedviT me-12 adgili daikava 5 .<br />
gasaocari gardaqmnebis Sedegad bolo xuTi wlis manZilze evropaSi yvelaze<br />
swrafi zrda estoneTma ganicada. re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis dawyebis Semdeg ekonomikurma<br />
zrdam weliwadSi saSualod 6 procenti Seadgina; 2005 wels TiTqmis 11 procenti,<br />
2006 wels ki _ 12.<br />
aseTi zrdis Sedegad estoneTi evropis cxovrebis donis standartebs ufro<br />
swrafad daewia vidre mosalodneli iyo. estoneTSi siRaribe da uTanasworoba<br />
mcirdeba. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis kacobriobis ganviTarebis<br />
indeqsis mixedviT, estoneTma naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufidan<br />
ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufSi gadainacvla. estoneTSi umuSevrobisa da<br />
inflaciis done dabalia, cxovrebis done ki swrafad umjobesdeba. biujeti ara<br />
marto dabalansebulia, aramed didi gadaWarbebiTac sruldeba. estoneTma ram-<br />
4 jinis koeficienti aris Semosavlebis ganawileba 0-dan 1-mde skalaze, sadac 0 Seesabameba Semosavlis<br />
srul Tanasworobas da 1 Semosavlis srul uTanasworobas.<br />
5 Tim kane, Kim R. Holmes and mary Anastasia O’Grady, 2007, Index of Economic Freedom (Washington D.C: The Heretage Hoaundation<br />
and Dow Jones & Company, Inc., 2007).
Mmart laari, “estoneTis ekonomikis saswauli”<br />
denime re<strong>fo</strong>rma gamoiara, magaliTad, janmrTelobis dacvisa da sapensio re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
da natosa da evrokavSiris sruluflebiani wevri gaxda.<br />
evrokavSiris axal wevr-qveynebs Soris TiTqmis yvela standartis mixedviT<br />
estoneTs yvelaze konkurentunariani ekonomika aqvs. jer kidev aTi wlis win<br />
estoneTi mkveTrad CamorCeboda centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis<br />
umravlesobas, magram mas Semdeg bevrad gaaswro maT da axla swrafad uaxlovdeba<br />
Zveli evropis standartebs.<br />
mTeli am cvlilebebis Sedegad estoneTs saSualeba aqvs XXI saukunis axali<br />
gamowveva miiRos. qveyana namdvili naxtomiT wavida win Tanamedrove teqnologiebis<br />
mxriv da eleqtronuli mTavrobis pirveli mercxalia. ministrTa<br />
kabinetis TaTbirebze mTavrobis wevrebi mxolod kompiuteriT sargebloben,<br />
qaRaldebi saerTod aRar Cans. internetis gamoyenebis mxriv axla estoneTi evrokavSiris<br />
mraval wevr-qveyanas uswrebs win. estonelebi sabanko gadaricxvaTa<br />
umetesobas internetiT axorcieleben. SesaZlebelia sagadasaxado deklaraciebis<br />
internetiT gagzavna sagadasaxado departamentSi – 2006 wels estonelTa<br />
70 procentma isargebla internetis aseTi momsaxurebiT. sagadasaxado <strong>fo</strong>rmis<br />
Sevsebas sul 5 wuTi sWirdeba.<br />
eleqtronuli mTavroba SesaZloa efeqtiani instrumenti iyos mcirericxovani<br />
da Ria mTavrobis Sesaqmnelad. mTavrobis mier internetis gamoyeneba,<br />
Tavis mxriv, xelsayrel pirobebs uqmnis maRali teqnologiebis axal sawarmoebs.<br />
estoneTi bevri aseTi sawarmos samSoblo gaxda. yvelaze cnobili estonuri<br />
gamogonebaa “skaipis” eleqtronuli komunikaciebis sistema, romelic 2006<br />
wels msoflios mesame yvelaze gavlenian savaWro markad dasaxelda. rasakvirvelia,<br />
jer kidev bevri ram aris gasakeTebeli. estoneTma axali gamowveva unda<br />
miiRos, magram es, rasakvirvelia, TviTon estonelebzea damokidebuli. yvelaze<br />
rTuli periodi ki ukan darCa.<br />
rodesac gaWirvebuli estoneTis ayvavebul qveynad gardaqmnis process<br />
vixseneb, sakuTari gamocdilebidan SemiZlia vTqva, rom premier-ministris mizani<br />
popularoba ki ara, aramed muSa koaliciis Seqmna, moqmedebis naTeli programa<br />
da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis gambedaobaa.<br />
demokratiis pirobebSi arc erTi premier-ministri ar rCeba xelisuflebaSi<br />
samudamod, magram rodesac xalxi xedavs, rom premier-ministrma namdvilad<br />
miaRwia raRacas, maSin mas albaT ukeTesi SesaZlebloba aqvs isev dabrundes an<br />
darCes xelisuflebaSi. me amis cocxal magaliTs warmovadgen. gardamaval qveynebSi<br />
erTaderTi premier-ministri var, romelic gadayenebis Semdeg isev air-<br />
Cies, estoneTis istoriaSi ki yvelaze didxans me momiwia premier-ministroba.<br />
rasakvirvelia, re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis gatareba mTavrobas arapopularuls xdis. amgvarad,<br />
is mTavroba, romelic aseT politikas atarebs, adre Tu gvian gadayenebis<br />
safrTxis winaSe dgeba, magram amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. gacilebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
qveynis ukeTesobisken Setrialeba. SeiZleba Tqvan, es WuWyiani saqmeao,<br />
magram vinmem xom unda gaakeTos. raki erTxel daiZvreba matarebeli, misi SeCereba<br />
arc ise iolia, swored amaSia saqme.<br />
117
118<br />
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
oto graf lamsdorfi<br />
Tavisufleba – siRaribis saukeTeso wamali<br />
Targmna nino gorgaZem<br />
germaniis ekonomikis ministri helmut kolis mTavrobaSi, Tavisufali<br />
demokratebis partiis erT-erTi lideri. fridrix naumanis <strong>fo</strong>ndis<br />
mmarTveli sabWos Tavmjdomare<br />
“simdidris ganmapirobebeli ZiriTadi ekonomikuri principebis<br />
gaazrebis aucilebloba gulwrfelad da TiTqmis sayovelTaod<br />
uaryofilia” (f. j. o’rurki)<br />
siRaribe, rogorc gamowveva<br />
masiuri siRaribe kvlav rCeba msoflio Tanamegobrobis problemad. msoflio<br />
bankis monacemebiT, 1988 wels 1,2 miliardi adamiani cxovrobda absolutur<br />
siRaribeSi, anu maTi Semosavali 1 dolarze naklebi iyo dReSi. maTgan TiTqmis<br />
naxevars samxreT aziis mosaxleoba warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom warsuli<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi siRaribis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi garkveulwilad Semcirda,<br />
igi mainc kacobriobis yvelaze did problemad rCeba.<br />
siRaribis Sedegebi imdenad damRupvelia, rom saWiroa maTi kidev erTxel<br />
CamoTvla. pirvel rigSi is dehumanizebas iwvevs, romelic adamianebs yoveldRiurad<br />
SimSilisgan tanjvas aniWebs da maT aiZulebT, gamudmebiT inerviulon<br />
miznis misaRwevad yvelaze martiv miswrafebebSic ki. siRaribe adamianis gaborotebas<br />
uwyobs xels da ara mxolod ubiZgebs zogierT maTgans Zaladobisken,<br />
aramed auaresebs adamianTa urTierTobebs, gansakuTrebiT ojaxSi. rogorc ki<br />
RaribTa mdgomareoba ukeTesdeba, magaliTad, samxreT azieli qalebis mtkicebiT,<br />
cvlilebis erT-erTi yvelaze aSkara niSani ojaxebSi Tanxmobis zrda da,<br />
Sesabamisad, ojaxuri Zaladobis Semcirebaa.<br />
siRaribe adamianebs sakuTari potencialis realizebis saSualebas ar aZlevT.<br />
ganaTlebis gareSe Raribi adamianebi moklebulni arian TvianTi niWisa da<br />
unarebis ganviTarebisa da Sromis mwarmoeblurobis gazrdis SesaZleblobas.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>s saukuneSi, rodesac amdens da ase lamazad saubroben ganaTlebis mniSvnelobasa<br />
da adamianis niWisa da unarebis ganviTarebaze, miliard adamians amis<br />
saSualeba ar gaaCnia, ris gamoc flangaven sakuTar potencials da ar moaqvT<br />
sargebeli arc sakuTari Tavis da arc sazogadoebisTvis. bevri adamiani ar acnobierebs<br />
aRniSnuli faqtis mTel seriozulobas, mTavar problemad planetis<br />
Warbmosaxleobas miiCneven da, upirveles yovlisa, amaze S<strong>fo</strong>Taven. amgvarad, masobrivi<br />
siRatake Tavad Raribebis brali xdeba — namdvilad cinikuri midgomaa,<br />
romelic Zlier upirispirdeba rogorc istoriul gamocdilebas, aseve<br />
ekonomikur Teorias. arc erTi qveyana ar Raribdeba Sobadobis gazrdis Sedegad<br />
da ekonomikuri zrdac yovelTvis mWidrod dasaxlebul qalaqebSi SeimCneva<br />
da ara mcire sasoflo dasaxlebebSi. ekonomikur TeoriaSi nacionaluri Semosavlis<br />
Seqmna da ganawileba bevr cvladze damokidebul dinamikur procesad<br />
warmodgeba, xolo mosaxleobis raodenoba mxolod misi erT-erTi Semadgeneli<br />
komponentia. Tu daveTanxmebiT imas, rom yovel adamians potenciurad SeuZlia<br />
sakuTari wvlilis Setana socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi, maSin unda va-<br />
RiaroT, rom mosaxleobis raodenobas dadebiTi gavlena aqvs masze. mxolod<br />
funqciebmoSlili ekonomikuri sistemebis mqone sazogadoebebSi, romlebic dinamizmis<br />
xelSewyobis magier uZraobaSi ixrCobian da xalxs sakuTari potencialis<br />
gamovlinebis saSualebas ar aZleven, iqceva problemad mosaxleobis<br />
zrda. aseT pirobebSi mxolod igi mZafrdeba, Raribebi didi ojaxebis Sesaqmnelad<br />
damatebiT damaxinjebul stimulebs iReben, rogorc garantirebulad
Ooto graf lamsdorfi, “Tavisufleba _ siRaribis saukeTeso wamali”<br />
uzrunveli siRaribisa da ojaxis marginaluri Semosavlis zrdis, damatebiTi<br />
samuSao Zalis garantiis erT-erT <strong>fo</strong>rmas.<br />
siRaribis politikuri Sedegebic aranaklebad mniSvnelovania. is adamianebs<br />
araTanabar urTierTobebSi iTrevs, rac maT Tavisuflebas mkveTrad zRudavs<br />
da sxvebis mtaceblobis daucvel obieqtad xdis. yoveldRiuri brZola gadar-<br />
CenisTvis Raribebs sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi damoukidebeli monawileobisTvis<br />
<strong>dros</strong>a da sivrces ar utovebs. maTi interesebi sazogadoebaSi<br />
warmodgenili ar aris da amitomac, isini ignorirebulni arian. Cveulebriv, Raribebi<br />
iZulebulni arian mfarvelebs Seekedlon, iqneba es soflis “didi adamiani”,<br />
qoxmaxebis mflobeli Tu meijare. maT ar gaaCniaT sxva arCevani Tu ara is,<br />
rom mihyidon Tavisi politikuri uflebebi aseT mfarvels sakuTari usafrTxoebis<br />
uzrunvelyofis sanacvlod. es situacia seriozul safrTxes uqmnis<br />
demokratias, radgan sazogadoebebi mxolod maSin xdebian realurad demokratiulebi,<br />
roca siRaribis done klebulobs, xolo sazogadoebaSi klienti-patronis<br />
urTierTobebi aRar batonobs.<br />
amgvarad, siRaribe liberalebisTvis udides gamowvevas warmoadgens rogorc<br />
kacobriobaze, aseve samarTlian liberalur sazogadoebaze maTi Sexedulebebidan<br />
gamomdinare. liberalebs pirovnuli Tavisuflebis principisa da<br />
adamianis uflebebis xelSeuxeblobis swamT. ukiduresi siRaribe gamudmebiT<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba adamianis uflebas sicocxleze, amitomac liberalebi ver Seeguebian<br />
mas. miT umetes adamians, romelic fizikuri gadarCenisTvis ibrZvis,<br />
praqtikulad piradi Tavisuflebis realizaciis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia. sazogadoebis<br />
yvela wevris individualuri Tavisuflebis ganxorcieleba masobrivi<br />
siRatakis Semcirebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.<br />
samwuxarod, liberalebi ver axerxeben aRniSnul momentze aqcentirebas.<br />
xSirad maT aviwydebaT liberaluri moZraobis saTaveebi, rodesac is feodaluri<br />
mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, radganac feodalizmi ara marto<br />
politikuri, religiuri da kulturuli, aramed ekonomikuri Tavisuflebebis<br />
realizebasac uSlida xels da aseve, rogorc drom a<strong>Cven</strong>a, is masobrivi<br />
siRatakis mizezic iyo. jer kidev bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi arsebobs kvazifeodaluri<br />
mmarTvelobis msgavsi struqturebi, Tumca feodaluri lordebi<br />
iseTebi aRar arian, rogorc adre: isini ukve aRar arian aristokratiuli ojaxebis<br />
STamomavlebi, aramed socialisti Cinovnikebisa da politikosebis parazituli<br />
klasia, romlebic TavianT Semosavals zemaRali kontroliTa da korufciiT<br />
anda nacionalizebuli mrewvelobisa da bankebis uzarmazari imperiebis<br />
marTviT iReben. bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi liberalizmi namdvilad revoluciuri<br />
moZraoba SeiZleboda gamxdariyo, romelic Raribebis imedebsa da molodins<br />
gamoxatavda, magram es moxdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu liberalebi maT<br />
enaze saubars iswavlian da re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis koncefciebs maT moTxovnebs moargeben.<br />
siRaribeze liberalebis reaqcia gaZnelebulia kidev imitomac, rom is garkveulwilad<br />
araintuiciuria. siRaribeze adamianis bunebrivi reaqcia Raribis<br />
daxmarebis mcdelobaa. amis nacvlad liberalebi saubroben Tavisuflebaze,<br />
rogorc saSualebaze da mizanze. bevrisTvis maTi mosazreba zedmetad abstraqtulad<br />
JRers. amis ukan imaleba liberaluri ideologiis Rrma dilema.<br />
radgan eWvgareSea, rom yvelaze minimaluri daxmareba im adamianebs unda gaewioT,<br />
romlebic zedmetad daTrgunulebi arian imisTvis, rom siRatake damoukideblad<br />
daZlion. magram daxmarebas regularuli saxe ar unda mieces, rom adamianebi<br />
maszed damokidebulebi ar gaxdnen.<br />
xSirad <strong>Cven</strong> viviwyebT bevrad ufro mniSvnelovan aspeqts: warsulSi<br />
adamianebi siRaribes sakuTari ZalebiT umklavdebodnen – mZime SromiT, mom-<br />
WirneobiT, investiciebiT ganaTlebaSi, ukeTesi SesaZleblobis saZieblad sxvadasxva<br />
mogzaurobaSi wasvlis mzadyofniT, riskis aRebis unariT, maT Soris samuSao<br />
adgilis Secvlis mzaobiT. rogorc lord baueri ambobda, siRaribis<br />
SemcirebisTvis gareSe pirTa daxmareba aucilebeli rom yofiliyo, dRes <strong>Cven</strong><br />
jer isev qvis xanaSi vicxovrebdiTo. ra Tqma unda arseboben adamianebi, rom-<br />
119
120<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
lebic imdenad daTrgunulni arian, rom aRar SeswevT unari daexmaron sakuTar<br />
Tavs, magram es RaribTa umetesobas ar exeba. maT esaWiroebaT ara pirdapiri<br />
daxmareba, aramed SesaZleblobebisa da samarTlebrivi dacvis Tanabari xelmisawvdomoba,<br />
raTa Tavidan aicilon im Zalauflebis mqone jgufebis an calkeuli<br />
adamianebis batonoba, romlebsac maTi Zalisxmevis Sedegebis miTviseba<br />
surT.<br />
liberalizmis mudmivad gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kerZo sakuTrebis stabilurobisaken<br />
SemTxveviTi arasodes yofila, kerZo sakuTreba xom pirovnuli<br />
Tavisuflebis sadarajoze dgas. araerTxel Tqmula, rom kerZo sakuTrebaze<br />
liberalebis zrunva mxolod mqonebelTa klasis interesebs asaxavs, magram es<br />
mxolod simarTlis mcire nawilia. Raribs mdidarze aranakleb esaWiroeba Tavisi<br />
sakuTrebis dacva, radgan yvelaze xSirad maT sakuTrebiT uflebebs zustad<br />
kanoni ar aRiarebs da/an sasamarTlo ar icavs.<br />
kerZo sakuTrebaze liberalebis zrunva unda ganixilos, rogorc saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
politikis mizani: saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m saSualeba unda misces yvela moqalaqes,<br />
gansakuTrebiT Raribebs, rom kerZo sakuTreba iqonion da gaafarToon. bolo<br />
mosazreba ara marto arsebiTad gansxvavdeba, aramed sawinaaRmdegoa socialistebis<br />
strategiisa, romelic mimarTulia saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
SezRudvis an konfiskaciisaken, mosaxleobisTvis sxvadasxva usasyidlo socialuri<br />
daxmarebisaken. liberalebi skeptikurad arian ganwyobilni msgavsi<br />
praqtikisadmi, radgan mas adamianis damokidebulebisaken mivyavarT, maSin, rodesac<br />
sakuTrebis floba mis finansur damoukideblobas zrdis da, amasTan, pirad<br />
Tavisuflebas amtkicebs.<br />
ra Tqma unda, arsebobs aucilebeli socialuri gadasaxadebis magaliTebic,<br />
magaliTad, iseTi programebis realizaciisas, rogoricaa “sakvebi samuSaos-<br />
Tvis”, efeqturad aRkveTen SimSils, gansakuTrebis stiqiuri ubedurebebis<br />
Semdeg.<br />
aseTi usasyidlo socialuri gadasaxdelebi bevrad ukeTesia, vidre, magaliTad,<br />
sakvebi produqtebis fasebis kontroli, romlebic xSirad Raribebis<br />
mxardasaWerad wesdeba, magram, ekonomikuri stimulebis damaxinjebis gamo, mZime<br />
SedegebiT mTavrdeba. sakveb produqtebze xelovnurad daweul fasebs SeuZlia<br />
fermerebisTvis didi zianis motana da soflis meurneobisTvis zaralis miyeneba<br />
SeuZlia, radgan Sedegad mcirdeba sofelSi mcxovreb RaribTa dasaqmebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. arada msoflioSi Raribebis ZiriTadi masa swored soflebSi<br />
cxovrobs.<br />
liberalurma socialurma politikam SeZlebisdagvarad unda moiZios iseTi<br />
instrumentebi, romelic gamoixateboda ara axali kompensaciebis SeTavazebaSi,<br />
aramed Raribebs daexmareboda sakuTrebis SeZenaSi. da Tu iZuleba gardauvalia,<br />
jobia liberalebma daaZalon adamianebs moaxdinon fulis ekonomia<br />
individualur sapensio angariSebze, samedicino an umuSevrobis dazRvevis<br />
gziT, vidre socialistebma daaZalon ufro maRali gadasaxadebis gadaxda, romlebic<br />
im xalxs Soris gadanawildeba, romelTac Zalaufleba gaaCniaT. iZulebiTi<br />
dagrovebisa da dazRvevis gza moqmedebis saSualebas aZlevs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
mier kontrolirebul efeqtur kerZo dawesebulebebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT<br />
aseve gadazRvevis moTxovnebic Seasrulon. resursebis gadanawilebis<br />
mizniT damatebiTi gadasaxadebis amoRebas ki socialuri uzrunvelyofis sferoSi<br />
uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatis Camoyalibebisken mivyavarT, romelic<br />
dagrovebuli resursis mniSvnelovan nawils STanTqavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Tavis Tavze iRebs ekonomikuri riskebisgan adamianebis<br />
dacvis valdebulebas, magram absoluturad gansxvavebul instrumenttebs<br />
iyenebs. dagrovebisa da dazRvevis gza ara marto ufro iafi, aramed ufro<br />
efeqturicaa. is aseve xels uwyobs danazogebis Seqmnas, rac kapitalis bazris<br />
funqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba ekonomikaSi dabanddes. es damatebiTi<br />
kapitaldabandebebi xels Seuwyobs ekonomikur zrdas maSin, rodesac socialuri<br />
uzrunvelyofis sistemis Sedegad amoRebuli materialuri sikeTeebis
Ooto graf lamsdorfi, “Tavisufleba _ siRaribis saukeTeso wamali”<br />
gadamanawilebeli biurokratia mxolod zrdis ekonomikur danakargebs, romlebsac<br />
ZiriTadad Raribebi ixdian.<br />
SesaZlebelia sawinaaRmdego azris arsebobac, romlis mixedviTac danazogis<br />
da dazRvevis sqemebis idea Raribebis umetesobisa da “mesame samyaros” qveynebisTvis<br />
Seuferebelia. es absoluturad arasworia. uamravi kvleva a<strong>Cven</strong>ebs,<br />
rom Raribebs gasakvirad maRali danazogebis norma gaaCniaT, magram maT finansur<br />
instrumentebze ar miuwvdebaT xeli. bevr qveyanaSi finansuri sistemebi nacionalizebulia,<br />
ris gamoc Tavs iCens siZneleebi, romelsac wera-kiTxvis ucodinari<br />
Raribi meanabre awydeba. xolo rodesac iseTi profesionaluri institutebi,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad, gramin banki (Grameen Bank) bangladeSSi, sagangebod<br />
Raribebs emsaxureba, maSin maTi danazogebi mniSvnelovan Tanxebs aRwevs.<br />
msgavsi warmatebebi Raribebis dazRvevis sqemebis ganviTarebaSic SeiniSneba. es<br />
arcaa gasakviri: mcire sadepozito da sakredito kooperativebma dasavleTis<br />
istoriaSi udidesi roli iTamaSa. <strong>Cven</strong> mxolod Tavidan aRmovaCineT is, rac ukve<br />
arsebobda, mas Semdeg, rac bevrma (Tu umetesobam ara) ganviTarebadma qveyanam<br />
am gamocdili gzidan kapitalis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> finansuri institutebis mier<br />
marTvis gzaze gadauxvia. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> institutebi ki RaribTa sasargeblod ar<br />
moqmedeben, ZiriTadad soflis mcxovrebTa danazogebis qalaqebSi gadaqaCviT<br />
arian dakavebulni da am Tanxebs dauZlurebul saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebSi an iseTi<br />
kapitalistebis TaRliTur sqemebSi mimarTaven, romelTac politikur wreebSi<br />
gaaCniaT kavSirebi. samwuxarod, bevr qveyanaSi msgavsi damaxinjebuli procesebi<br />
kvlavac grZeldeba. Tanamedroveobis moTxovnaa, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s Camoer-<br />
Tvas finansuri dawesebulebebis marTvis ufleba, vaiZuloT igi koncentrireba<br />
moaxdinos Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo CarCoebis Seqmnaze kerZo bankebisa da<br />
nebismieri zomis sadazRvevo kompaniebis muSaobisTvis, gansakuTrebiT sasoflo<br />
raionebSi arsebul ubralo finansuri dawesebulebebisTvis. aseve aucilebelia<br />
efeqturi institutebis Seqmna bankebsa da sadazRvevo organizaciebze<br />
zedamxedvelobisTvis, romlebic politikuri Carevisagan unda iqnen daculni.<br />
samwuxarod, socialistebma, rogorc Cans, SeZles mosaxleobis umravlesobis<br />
darwmuneba imaSi, rom siRaribis donis daZlevisTvis socialuri uzrunvelyofis<br />
sferoSi uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatis Seqmna erTaderT gamarTlebul<br />
saSualebas warmoadgens. grZnobebiT mudmivi TamaSi efeqtur alternatiul<br />
variantebze argumentirebul saubars xels uSlis. es vnebs Raribebs,<br />
rasac ganaTlebisa da jandacvis sferoebis magaliTebi adasturebs.<br />
ganaTleba da socialuri mobiluroba<br />
eWvgareSea, ganaTleba siRaribesTan brZolis saqmeSi gadamwyvet elements<br />
warmoadgens. is aZlevs adamianebs konkurentunarian codnasa da unar-Cvevebs,<br />
romlebic exmarebian, rom maT mSoblebze ukeTesi samsaxuri ipovon da, Sesabamisad,<br />
socialuri statusi aimaRlon. sayovelTao ganaTleba qalebis diskriminacias<br />
amcirebs. gogonebis ganaTleba sagrZnoblad amcirebs Sobadobis<br />
procents, radgan ganaTlebuli qalebi ufro gvian Txovdebian, ician kontracefciis<br />
Sesaxeb da esmiT Tu rogor izrunon ukeTesad ojaxis da gansakuTrebiT<br />
Svilebis janmrTelobaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Semcirebas<br />
uwyobs xels. ganaTleba adamianebs aZlevs in<strong>fo</strong>rmaciis, maT Soris<br />
politikuris, aRqmis saSualebas, romelic ganxilvebisaken ubiZgebs da, saboloo<br />
jamSi, demokratiasa da Tavisuflebas amyarebs.<br />
Tu ganaTlebis mizani socialuri mobilurobis gaumjobesebaa, maSin Raribebis<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda eqceodes. <strong>Cven</strong> xazs<br />
vusvamT “unda eqceodes”, radgan, ramdenad gasakviric ar unda iyos, bevri re<strong>fo</strong>rmatori,<br />
romlebic Raribebis interesebis gamoxatvisTvis ibrZvian, ufro<br />
did yuradRebas ganaTlebis raodenobriv aspeqtebs uTmoben: maT surT, rom<br />
diplomebi rac SeiZleba met adamians miscen da, amasTan, TiTqmis ar ainteresebT<br />
aRniSnuli diplomebis xarisxi. Sedegad socialuri naprali mxolod<br />
izrdeba. sainteresoa, rom msgavsi procesebi rogorc germaniis msgavs ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebSi, ise bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi SeimCneva.<br />
121
122<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
aseTi damaxinjebis erT-erTi mizezi is faqtia, rom ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s, xSir SemTxvevaSi centralizebul biurokratias aqvs davalebuli.<br />
mis mier ganaTlebis procesis marTvis SesaZlebloba sakamaToc ki ar<br />
xdeba. rogorc Cans, es imitom xdeba, rom adamianebis umetesoba, bevri liberalis<br />
CaTvliT, Tvlis, rom sayovelTao ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofa saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
valia. Tu <strong>Cven</strong> mainc davTanxmdebiT am mosazrebas, logikurad aqedan sulac ar<br />
gamomdinareobs, rom am valdebulebis Sesruleba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> biurokratiul<br />
aparats unda daekisros. TumcaRa biurokratiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zrdisa<br />
da gamravlebis Tviseba xels uwyobs am midgomis sayovelTao gavrcelebas. biurokratiul<br />
imperializmSi nebismieri eWvis Setana sayovelTao ganaTlebis<br />
xelmisawvdomobis dangrevis mcdelobad iTvleba — es ki nebismier demokratiul<br />
sazogadoebaSi momakvdinebeli braldebaa.<br />
aseTi midgomis Sedegebi xSir SemTxvevaSi sakmaod saSiSia. magaliTad, samxreT<br />
aziis qveynebis umetesobaSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> skolebSi swavleba imdenad cudia,<br />
rom mosaxleoba uzarmazar finansur danaxarjebze midis, raTa Tavisi<br />
Svili kerZo skolebSi gauSvas, romelTa ganaTlebis done sakmaod maRalia: xSirad<br />
swavleba maTSi inglisur enaze mimdinareobs. Tumca raionebSi msgavsi ker-<br />
Zo skolebi sakmao iSviaTobaa, ase rom, qalaqis Raribebi da soflis RaribTa<br />
umetesoba sakmaod dabali xarisxis mqone saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> skolebiT kmayofildebian<br />
an ganaTlebas saerTod ar iReben. indoeTSi, bangladeSsa da pakistanSi<br />
ganaTlebaze sabiujeto saxsrebis sul mcire 40 procenti ixarjeba<br />
universitetebze, romelSic ZiriTadad saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi swavloben.<br />
amasTan, dawyebiT skolebs yvela bavSvisTvis wera-kiTxvis safuZvlebis<br />
Sesaswavladac ki ar hyofniT saxsrebi.<br />
ganaTlebis sistemis modernizaciaSi mniSvnelovani nabiji mosaxleobisTvis<br />
adgilobriv skolebze meti kontrolis miniWeba iqneboda. es SesaZlebelia<br />
ganaTlebaze pasuxismgeblobis centraluri saministrodan municipalitetebsa<br />
da soflebze gadacemiT. centralur mTavrobas SeuZlia koncentrireba<br />
moaxdinos saganmanaTleblo standartebis SemuSavebasa da danergvaze.<br />
valdebulebebis msgavsi gadanawileba saskolo danaxarjebis gamWvirvalobas<br />
gazrdida, radgan mSoblebs municipalur da sasoflo doneze arsebuli procesebis<br />
kontroli ufro gaumartivdebodaT. standartebis damdgeni organizaciisa<br />
da aRmasrulebeli organos gancalkeveba aseve gazrdida swavlebis xarisxs.<br />
masSi aseve SeiZleboda konkurenciis elementis Setana, sxvadasxva skolebis<br />
moswrebis gamoqveynebis, kargi skolebis dasaCuqrebisa da cudi skolebis<br />
dasjis gziT. yovelgvari re<strong>fo</strong>rma aRniSnul sferoSi, sxvadasxva warmatebiT,<br />
ukve gamocdili unda iyos.<br />
ufro radikaluri iqneboda ubralod realobis aRiareba: Raribebs, yovel<br />
SemTxvevaSi qalaqebSi, praqtikulad ar SeuZliaT ganaTlebis ganviTarebul bazarze<br />
gasvla. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s SeuZlia uzrunvelyos RaribebisTvis ganaTlebis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba, maTi bavSvebis saskolo xarjebis anazRaurebiTa da maTTvis<br />
skolis arCevis uflebis miniWebiT, magaliTad, vauCerebis sistemis meSveobiT.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> standartebs da ganaTlebis miznebs daawesebda da koncentrirebas<br />
moaxdenda maT danergvasa da kontrolze. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> skolebi aRar miiRebdnen<br />
Tanxebs biujetidan da TviTon daafinansebdnen sakuTar Tavs ufro xarisxiani<br />
ganaTlebis SeTavazebiT moswavleebis mozidvis gziT. aseTi sistema skolebs<br />
Soris jansaRi konkurenciis arsebobas Seuwyobda xels. mSoblebi skolas Semo-<br />
Tavazebuli ganaTlebis xarisxis mixedviT airCevdnen, xolo vauCerebis sistema<br />
maT saSualebas ar miscemda, rom fuli sxva miznebze daexarjaT. Tavis mxriv,<br />
skolebi iZulebulni iqnebodnen, xarisxiani ganaTlebis SemoTavazebisTvis,<br />
xarjebis TavalsazrisiT, yvelaze efeqturi gza moeZebnaT. saswavlo dawesebulebebi,<br />
romlebic msxverplad gaiRebdnen xarisxs, dakargavdnen moswavleebs,<br />
xolo romlebic ar gaakontrolebdnen danaxarjebs — gakotrdebodnen. ganaTlebis<br />
konkurentuli bazris Seqmna mSoblebs SesaZleblobas miscemda, rom TavianTi<br />
SvilebisTvis ganaTlebis saxeebi aerCiaT. Sedegad, iarsebebda skolebi,
Ooto graf lamsdorfi, “Tavisufleba _ siRaribis saukeTeso wamali”<br />
romelTac mxars dauWerdnen gansxvavebuli religiuri organizaciebi. ra Tqma<br />
unda, es gaamwvavebda potenciur konfliqts dadgenil saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> programebsa<br />
da am skolebSi propagandirebul religiur Rirebulebebs Soris, magram kompromisi,<br />
Raribebis interesebidan gamomdinare, miRwevadia. nebismieri, romelmac<br />
naxa Tu ramdenad maRalia ganaTlebis xarisxi kerZo, rogorc wesi, kaTolikur<br />
skolebSi, amerikis qalaqur getoebSi arsebul saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> skolebTan<br />
SedarebiT, daTanxmdeboda imas, rom kompromisi namdvilad sapovnelia. amerikis<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi daiwyo didi imedebis momcemi eqsperimentebis Catareba.<br />
araa gasakviri, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> biurokratias sZuls msgavsi ideebi da<br />
mTeli ZaliT ewinaaRmdegeba maT, iseve, rogorc igi ewinaaRmdegeba mis mier mowodebuli<br />
ganaTlebis xarisxis Sefasebas. sanam ganaTlebis xarisxi ar gaxdeba<br />
misi re<strong>fo</strong>rmis umTavresi mizani, Raribebi moklebulni iqnebian socialuri<br />
mobilurobis umTavres instruments, xolo sazogadoeba — im potencials, romelic<br />
aRmouCeneli darCeba RaribTa bavSvebSi. fasi, romelsac <strong>Cven</strong> amisTvis<br />
biurokratebs vuxdiT, samarcxvinod didia.<br />
jandacva<br />
yovelive zemoTqmuli aseve exeba jandacvasac. Raribebi bevrad ufro riskaven<br />
Tavisi janmrTelobiT. xarisxiani samedicino daxmarebis ararsebobas mZime<br />
sneulebebamde da naadrev sikvdilamde mivyavarT. rogorc calkeuli adamiani,<br />
ise sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi amaSi zedmetad maRal fass ixdis. sazogadod<br />
miRebulia, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> valdebulia mosaxleoba ZiriTadi samedicino momsaxurebiT<br />
uzrunvelyos. amitom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi ufaso<br />
sayovelTao samedicino momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs da, TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />
amas Zalian uxarisxod asrulebs. iseve, rogorc ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSi, am<br />
msxvilma da winaswar ganWvretadma Secdomam kerZo samedicino daxmarebis<br />
mzardi bazari warmoqmna. mas mimarTavs yvela, visac ki amis saSualeba aqvs. Raribebi<br />
aseve iZulebulni arian rom kerZo samedicino momsaxurebaze bevri fuli<br />
daxarjon, radgan ufaso saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> daxmareba an ar arsebobs, an gamousadegaria,<br />
an mxolod soliduri Tanxis gadaxdis Semdeg aris xelmisawvdomi.<br />
iseve, rogorc ganaTlebis SemTxvevaSia, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s gaaCnia didi SesaZleblobebi<br />
Raribebis samedicino momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofis sxva xerxebic mosinjos.<br />
esaa samedicino vauCerebi, kerZo samedicino momsaxurebis dazRvevis<br />
sqemebis mxardaWera, bolos da bolos, pasuxismgeblobis da biujetis decentralizacia!<br />
— adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebisTvis misi<br />
gadacemis gziT.<br />
samwuxaroa, rom ganaTlebis da jandacvis sferos amgvari re<strong>fo</strong>rma Zalian<br />
iSviaTad xdeba. amis mizezi ara ararealurobaSi, aramed msgavsi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
ganwyobili mcire, magram Zlevamosili dainteresebuli wreebis<br />
arsebobaSia. re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis mowinaaRmdegeebs miekuTvnebian centraluri biurokratiuli<br />
aparati, romelsac Sedegad Semcireba an gauqmeba emuqreba, aseve politikosebi,<br />
rolebic patronaJul-klientur sistemas iyeneben. isini gardaqmnebis<br />
yovelgvari SemoTavazebis winaaRmdeg gamodian, imis SiSs avrceleben,<br />
rom gardaqmnebis Sedegad RaribTaTvis momsaxurebis fasebi aiwevs.<br />
jerjerobiT liberalizmis racionalur sxivs emociebis Camowolili kvamlis<br />
fenis garRveva ar ZaluZs.<br />
cotaodeni ekonomikuri zrdis aucileblobis Sesaxeb<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi, romelic mogvarebas saWiroebs, RaribebisTvis<br />
Tanamedrove ekonomikis SesaZleblobebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofaa.<br />
upirveles yovlisa, amisTvis dinamikurad mzardi ekonomikaa saWiro.<br />
Tumca, socialistebis kidev erTi ugunuroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom siRaribis<br />
donis Semcirebis problemis ganxilvisas isini ugulvebelyofen an aknineben<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvnelobas. es mxolod imiT aixsneba, rom memarcxeneebi<br />
zedmetad arian dakavebulni sabiujeto xarjebis sakiTxebiT da biurokratiis<br />
sayovelTao gavrcelebiT. aseve memarcxeneebisTvis im arasasiamovno faqtiT,<br />
123
124<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
rom liberaluri ekonomikuri politika, gansakuTrebiT Tavisufali vaWroba,<br />
bevrad ufro warmatebulia grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis SeqmnaSi, vidre<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Carevis politika. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom garemos damcvelebi<br />
liberalizms da gansakuTrebiT vaWrobas, zedmetad didi ekonomikuri zrdis-<br />
Tvis uteven.<br />
saqme isaa, rom klasikuri liberalizmi iTvaliswinebs Tavisufali vaWrobis<br />
ganviTarebas — yvelaze warmatebul ekonomikur strategias msoflio istoriaSi.<br />
XIX saukuneSi man evropaSi SimSils mouRo bolo, rac manamde kacobriobis<br />
gardauval ganaCenad miiCneoda. <strong>Cven</strong> xSirad gvaviwydeba rom, magaliTad,<br />
XVIII saukuneSi safrangeTs SimSilianobis cxra talRam gadauara, romelmac<br />
mosaxleobis 5 procentze metis sicocxle Seiwira. dRes SimSilis problema<br />
mxolod arakapitalistur, araliberalur da Tavisufali bazris gareT arsebul<br />
diqtatorul qveynebSia aqtualuri, magaliTad, iseTebSi, rogoric CrdiloeT<br />
koreaa. Tavisufali vaWrobis epoqam XIX saukuneSi, pirvelad kacobriobis<br />
istoriaSi, simdidre yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxada. eWvgareSea isic,<br />
rom Tavisufali bazari dResac simdidris wyaros warmoadgens, rac empiriuli<br />
monacemebiT aris damtkicebuli.<br />
fridrix naumanis <strong>fo</strong>ndi daaxloebiT 52 TanagamomcemelTan erTad monawileobs<br />
yovelwliur gamokvlevaSi “msoflios ekonomikuri Tavisufleba“, romelic<br />
Tavdapirvelad ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis laureatis milTon fridmenis<br />
mier iyo Cafiqrebuli. am gamokvlevis mizani 123 qveyanaSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
donis gazomva da Sedarebaa. yoveli qveynis adgilis gansasazRvrad<br />
aRniSnul SedarebiT siaSi iseTi gazomvadi ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi gamoiyeneba, rogoric<br />
sagadasaxado tvirTi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s wili mSp-Si da savaWro SezRudvebis raodenobaa.<br />
gamokvleva mxolod akademiur xasiaTs ar atarebs. masSi TvalnaTlivaa<br />
na<strong>Cven</strong>ebi damokidebuleba ekonomikur Tavisuflebasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris.<br />
sxva sityvebiT, rac metia saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s zewola adamianze, miT meti uZraoba<br />
SeimCneva ekonomikaSi. es ar akvirvebs liberalur ekonomistebs, romlebic yovelTvis<br />
Tvlidnen, rom ekonomikuri dinamika pirad iniciativaze, Semoqmedebi-<br />
Tobasa da gariskvis unarzea damokidebuli, xolo es Tvisebebi yoveli individuumis<br />
Tavisufal ganviTarebas iTxovs. magram, samwuxarod, ekonomikuri politikis<br />
SemmuSaveblebi yovelTvis saRi gonebiT ar xelmZRvaneloben.<br />
“msoflio ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis“ gamokvlevis Sedegebis Sedareba<br />
cxovrebis donis sxva kriteriumebTan, da ara mxolod zrdis tempebTan, aseve<br />
a<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom msoflios yvelaze ufro Tavisufal qveynebSi siRaribis da gaunaTleblobis<br />
procenti ufro dabalia, naklebadaa ganviTarebuli korufcia da<br />
ufro maRalia sicocxlis xangrZlivoba. saRi azrovneba gvaiZulebs vivaraudoT,<br />
rom ekonomikuri zrda qmnis resursebs, romlebic saWiroa kacobriobis<br />
yvelaze yofiTi problemebis gadasaWrelad. magram kvlavac Zlieria miTi imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom Raribebi aRniSnuli zrdisagan ver iReben mogebas. albaT gagaxsendebaT<br />
Zveli andaza imis Sesaxeb, rom mdidari mdidrdeba, Raribi ki Raribdeba.<br />
es mosazreba aSkarad mcdaria, rasac adasturebs istoriuli gamocdileba<br />
da faqtebi. magram damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebi, rogorc Cans, faqtebs ar iTvaliswinebs.<br />
arada ekonomika ar aris TamaSi nulovani SedegiT, erTis ekonomikuri<br />
zrda meoris zarals sulac ar niSnavs da gulisxmobs, xolo Tavisufali<br />
da nebayoflobiTi ekonomikuri gacvlisagan orive mxare igebs. sxva sityvebiT,<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom yvela erTad gamdidrdes, oRond sxvadasxva siswrafiT.<br />
ras gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs <strong>Cven</strong>i kvleva “CamorCenilebis” Sesaxeb? <strong>Cven</strong> gamudmebiT<br />
gvesmis Rarib da mdidar qveynebs Soris ufskrulis zrdis Sesaxeb. es simar-<br />
Tlea. “mesame samyaroSi” arsebobs qveynebi nulovani an uaryofiTi zrdis tempebiT,<br />
am <strong>dros</strong> umetes qveynebSi ekonomika mcired, magram mainc izrdeba. kvlav<br />
SevadaroT zrdis tempebi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis donesTan, <strong>Cven</strong><br />
mivxvdebiT, rom ekonomikurad yvelaze Raribi da yvelaze naklebad ganviTarebuli<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ebi TavianT ekonomikas TiTqmis ar xsnian da Tavisi xalxis Tavisuflebas<br />
gamudmebiT zRudaven. diax, “CamorCenili” erebi arseboben, magram
Ooto graf lamsdorfi, “Tavisufleba _ siRaribis saukeTeso wamali”<br />
isini Tavisufali vaWrobis an globalizaciis msxverplni ki ar arian, aramed<br />
TavianTi qveynebis mmarTvelebis msxverplni.<br />
SeiZleboda gvemtkicebina, rom saerTo zrdis tempebi qveynis SigniT simdidris<br />
gadanawilebas TiTqmis ar asaxavs. masobrivi in<strong>fo</strong>rmaciis saSualebebis<br />
mixedviT, industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikis liberalizacias<br />
axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna ki SeuZlia, magram es adgilebi mxolod arakvalificiuri<br />
muSebisTvisaa gankuTvnili — mecnierebi aseT samuSao adgilebs<br />
“McJobs” uwodeben, rom TavianT mosazrebebs Cveuli antiamerikuli elferi Ses-<br />
Zinon. “Raribi muSakebi” axali stereotipia, romelic, <strong>savaraudod</strong>, globalizaciis<br />
da Tavisufali vaWrobis winaaRmdeg mebrZolebs garkveul ritorikul<br />
iaraRs miscems rogorc memarjvene, aseve memarcxene ideologiuri poziciebidan.<br />
es marTalic rom yofiliyo, es gza mainc ukeTesia, vidre yvelaze<br />
arakvalificiuri muSebis Sromis bazarze dauSvebloba, rasac farTod iyeneben<br />
yovlismomcveli socialuri dacvis sistemebis mqone evropis qveynebi. magram<br />
xSirad es iseTi saxiT aris warmodgenili, rom mas realobasTan aranairi<br />
kavSiri ar aqvs. axali teqnologiebi, garda imisa, rom ar anadgurebs samuSao<br />
adgilebs, axalsa da ukeTessac qmnis.<br />
iseT qveynebSi, sadac bazrebi ase Tu ise Ria iyo, aRiniSneboda mzardi<br />
moTxovna maRalkvalificiur da dabali kvalifikaciis mqone muSaxelze. aSS-Si<br />
1983-96 wlebSi Seqmnili yvela samuSao adgilis 55 procenti gankuTvnili iyo<br />
maRalkvalificiuri specialistebisTvis, daaxloebiT 32 procentisTvis saWiro<br />
iyo saSualo kvalifikacia da mxolod 18 procenti iyo gankuTvnili dabalkvalificiuri<br />
muSakebisTvis. qveynebs SigniT Semosavlebis gadanawilebas rom<br />
gadavxedoT, yvelaze Rarib da araTavisufal qveynebSi SeimCneva Semosavlebis<br />
meti uTanabroba, vidre ekonomikurad TavisuflebSi. zogjer saWiroa ubralod<br />
cifrebs SexedoT imis misaxvedrad, Tu ra imaleba ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa<br />
da globaluri bazrebis saerTo stereotipebs Soris. amitom, rogorc<br />
amtkicebs Tavis statiaSi _ “Raribis saukeTeso imedi” _ savaWro sakiTxebSi<br />
wamyvani specialisti profesori jagdiS bhagvati, msoflio savaWro organizaciis<br />
xelSewyobiT, msoflio masStabiT unda iqnes aRiarebuli bazrebis intensiuri<br />
da mravalmxrivi liberalizaciis gagrZelebis aucilebloba. is mkveTrad<br />
akritikebs ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebs maT uunarobaSi, dainaxon is ziani,<br />
romelic ekonomikisTvis proteqcionizmis politikas moaqvs da maTgan bevris<br />
mcdar mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom mdidari qveynebis proteqcionizmi maT<br />
mier igive politikis gamoyenebas amarTlebs. arada, amiT isini sakuTar Tavs<br />
ormagad azianeben.<br />
ekonomikuri politikis SemuSaveba iseTi institutebis Seqmnaa, romlebic<br />
produqtisa da warmoebis faqtorebis efeqturi bazrebis <strong>fo</strong>rmirebas Seuwyobdnen<br />
xels. aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebis ZiriTad faqtorebs sasamarTloebi,<br />
samarTlebrivi sistema, samarTliani aRmasrulebeli meqanizmi da sakuTrebiTi<br />
uflebebis dacvis efeqturi sistema warmoadgens. Tu rogor exeba<br />
es zomebi uSualod Raribebs, qvemoT iqneba na<strong>Cven</strong>ebi. aucilebelia, amgvari<br />
bazrebis <strong>fo</strong>rmirebis kidev erTi mTavari aspeqti vaxsenoT — infrastruqturis<br />
Seqmna da movla. mTel msoflioSi siRaribis kvleva a<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom infrastruqturis<br />
xelmisawvdomoba, magaliTad gzebis da eleqtroenergiis, amcirebs<br />
siRaribis dones Sesabamis regionebSi. satransporto infrastruqtura bazrebs<br />
akavSirebs da soflis mosaxleobas axal ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs uxsnis,<br />
rom maT iseTi momgebiani saqonlis warmoeba SeZlon, rogoricaa, magaliTad,<br />
bostneuli saqalaqo bazrebisTvis. eleqtroenergia patara saremonto da sawarmoo<br />
saamqroebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas iZleva. aseTi infrastruqturis gareSe<br />
ekonomikuri zrda mxolod saerTaSoriso vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul<br />
sasazRvro regionebSi iqneba SesamCnevi, im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac qveynis SuagulSi<br />
ganlagebul regionebSi uZraoba gagrZeldeba. amis mtkicebulebas indoeTi da<br />
CineTi warmoadgens.<br />
125
126<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
Raribebs samarTlebrivi revolucia esaWiroebaT<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom liberalur ekonomikur politikas, ekonomikur<br />
zrdasa da siRaribis donis Semcirebas Soris pozitiuri empiriuli kavSiri<br />
dadgenilia, rodesac adamianebi RaribTa realur gancdebs awydebian, umetesobas<br />
e<strong>Cven</strong>eba, rom SemoTavazebuli makroekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi zedmetad abstraqtulia<br />
da xelmokleTa fenis cxovrebisagan Zalian Sorsaa. msgavsi msjelobebi<br />
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisTvis politikur bariers warmoadgens<br />
imitom, rom isini xels ar uwyoben, Raribebma xma liberalur politikur moZraobas<br />
rom miscen.<br />
arsebobs eTikuri TvalsazrisiT gasagebi da Seqebis Rirsi stimuli _<br />
Raribebis uSualod dasaxmareblad gaakeTo rame, sul erTia zustad ra,<br />
qvelmoqmedebis an keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s instrumentebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
Semdeg, rogorc ki paternalistur-patronaJul urTierTobaTa sistemaSi Car-<br />
Tvis saSualebas dainaxavs, msgavsi moTxovnebi bevr sxva Raribsac uCndeba. magram<br />
am moraluri impulsis ukan xSirad dafarulia kiTxva: namdvilad aRkveTs ki<br />
amgvari midgoma siRaribis Zireul mizezebs, Tu isini mxolod mis simptomebs<br />
amsubuqeben da imavdroulad RaribTa damokidebulebasa da maTi iniciativebis<br />
CaxSobas uwyoben xels? amis gaTviTcnobierebis Semdeg daxmarebis gamwevi<br />
organizaciebi Tavis erT-erT amocanad calkeuli pirovnebebis damoukidebeli<br />
iniciativis ideis gavrcelebas daisaxavdnen. amgvarad, bolos da bolos aRiarebul<br />
iqna, rom Raribebi ara umweo arsebebi, aramed bunebrivad didi potencialis<br />
mqone adamianebi arian. magram adre, roca dasavleTis xalxi siRaribidan<br />
Tavis daRwevis grZel gzas daadga, ucxouri arasamTavrobo organizaciebi xom<br />
ubralod ar arsebobda. amitom Cndeba martivi kiTxva: ratom saWiroeben Raribebi<br />
sakuTari Tavis dasaxmareblad mxardaWeras sxvadasxva organizaciebis<br />
mxridan, romelTa nawili xSirad ucxouria?<br />
msgavsi kiTxvebis umetesobaze pasuxebi perueli ekonomistis, ernardo de<br />
sotos or brwyinvale wignSi SegiZliaT ipovoT. aRniSnuli kvlevis sawyisi wertilia<br />
is ekonomikuri sistema, romelSic Raribebi cxovroben. is miuTiTebs,<br />
rom Raribebs ar miuwvdebaT xeli im samarTlebriv instrumentebsa da institutebTan,<br />
romlebic Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis efeqturobas uwyoben<br />
xels: kerZod, xelSekrulebebis dacvisa da Sesrulebis samarTlebrivi normebi,<br />
stabiluri da garantirebuli sakuTrebis uflebebi, martivi, magram efeqturi<br />
sabazro regulireba. amis nacvlad, isini gaZnelebul da araefeqtur iuridiul<br />
sistemas awydebian. maSinac ki, rodesac sasamarTloebi damoukidebeli da<br />
profesionaluria, saqmeebi wlebi grZeldeba. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> normatiuli aqtebi<br />
Zalian rTuli da yovlismwvdomia, amitom nebismieri ekonomikuri saqmianoba<br />
uamravi sanqciisa da beWdebis damokidebulebis qveS eqceva. Rarib adamianebs<br />
SeeZloT am sistemaSi hqonodaT kapitali, magaliTad miwis patara nakveTi, magram<br />
es kapitali maT saxelze kanonieri gziT daregistrirebuli ver iqneboda.<br />
de sotom da misma jgufma Caatres eqsperimenti: isini ubralod Seecadnen,<br />
rom yvela saWiro wesisa da normis dacviT, qrTamis micemis gareSe SeeqmnaT er-<br />
Ti piris sawarmo, romelic farTleulis gamoSvebiT dakavdeboda. amas TiTqmis<br />
erTi weli dasWirda da daskvna ki Zalian SemaS<strong>fo</strong>Tebeli iyo: nebismieri wvrili<br />
mewarmisTvis kanonis dacva aSkarad SeuZlebelia. didi ara<strong>fo</strong>rmaluri bazris<br />
arsebobis erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi swored amaSi mdgomareobs.<br />
amkrZalavi normebi da wesebi aseve exeba RaribTa damoukidebel ekonomikur<br />
iniciativebs: bevr qveyanaSi isini praqtikulad ukanonoa, gansakuTrebiT isini,<br />
romlebic mcire sesxebis aRebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Teoriulad es normebi<br />
da wesebi RaribTa eqspluataciisagan dacvas iTvaliswinebs. magram, realurad,<br />
isini policiisa da Cinovnikebis mier maT eqspluatacias uwyoben xels, radgan<br />
umartivesi ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansaxorcielebladac ki maTi moqrTamvis<br />
saWiroebas aCenen. miuxedavad imisa, Raribebi garemovaWreebad, riqSebad Tu<br />
mikroavtobusebis mZRolebad muSaoben, maT mTavrobas, policiisa da Cinovnikebis<br />
saxiT, qrTami unda gadauxadon.
Ooto graf lamsdorfi, “Tavisufleba _ siRaribis saukeTeso wamali”<br />
ucxouri saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebi gavlenas axdenen saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ze da<br />
mis biurokratiul aparats arwmuneben, rom isini piradi iniciativis warmoCenas<br />
ar aferxebdnen. Tumca, rogorc wesi, es uxalisod keTdeboda. ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi mzardi kerZo iniciativis dacvis xelSewyoba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> aparatis<br />
mcdelobebisagan _ warmoqmnis stadiazeve CaaxSon igi, ucxouri organizaciebis<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRwevaa, romlis aRiareba iSviaTad xdeba.<br />
Tumca yvelaze seriozuli problema sakuTrebiTi uflebebis dacvaa. samxreTis<br />
qveynebis umetesobaSi sakuTrebiTi uflebebi an cudadaa gansazRvruli,<br />
an cudadaa daculi, anda maTi sxva pirebze gadacemaa Zneli. am qveynebSi sakuTrebiTi<br />
uflebebis sistema zedmetad garTulebulia, ar asaxavs im realobas,<br />
romelSic Raribebi cxovroben da absoluturad araefeqtianad imarTeba. bevri<br />
Raribi qoxmaxebSi cxovrobs, romelTa sakuTrebis ufleba sadavoa. sakuTrebis<br />
bazris araefeqtianobas imisken mivyavarT, rom qalaqebisaken migrirebad adamianTa<br />
mzard ricxvs aRar yofnis miwa da saxlebi. amitom isini, rogorc wesi,<br />
miwas mis mflobels — mTavrobas arTmeven, romelmac ar icis ra uyos mas da<br />
rogor daicvas igi. miwis amgvari miTvisebebis organizeba qoxmaxebis mflobeli<br />
e.w. “ara<strong>fo</strong>rmaluri mewarmeebis” mier xdeba. isini arakanonieri dasaxlebebis<br />
politikur da fizikur dacvas uzrunvelyofen. aseT axal qoxmaxebSi mcxovrebi<br />
Raribebi maT qiras uxdian, arCevnebze TavianTi xmebis gamoyenebis uflebas<br />
aZleven da politikuri RonisZiebebis <strong>dros</strong> garkveuli raodenobis masas<br />
qmnian. es demokratias da ekonomikur zrdas, ra Tqma unda, zians ayenebs, magram<br />
Raribebs sxva arCevani ar gaaCniaT.<br />
aRwerili mdgomareobis ekonomikuri Sedegebi ukiduresad seriozulia.<br />
iseTi qoneba, rogoricaa saxlebi, qoxebi an miwa, romelze sakuTrebis ufleba<br />
gaurkveveli an sakamaToa, ver gadaiqceva kapitalad. rogorc ki sakuTrebis<br />
mflobeli naTlad aris gansazRvruli da kanoniT aris daculi, xolo qonebis<br />
gadacema usafrTxo da efeqturi xdeba, sakuTreba SeiZleba Semosavlis zrdis<br />
damatebiTi wyaro gaxdes. amgvarad, qoneba, misi kapitalad qcevis saxiT, meore,<br />
virtualur cxovrebas iZens. Raribebi, Cveulebriv, aRniSnul uflebas arian<br />
moklebulni: isini floben qonebas, magram ar miuwvdebaT xeli im samarTlebriv<br />
instrumentebTan, romlebic maT qonebas sakuTrebad da, maSasadame, kapitalad<br />
aqceven. de soto wers, rom samxreTul qveynebSi araefeqturi sakuTrebiTi<br />
uflebebis Sedegad <strong>fo</strong>rmirebuli gamouyenebeli an “mkvdari” kapitalis jamuri<br />
Rirebuleba, romlis didi nawili Raribebs ekuTvnis, cxra trilion dolars<br />
aRemateba. kapitalis <strong>fo</strong>rmirebis aseT potencials verc erTi ucxouri daxmareba<br />
ver Seedreba. garda amisa, am gziT Raribebi fiqsirebuli simdidris gacilebiT<br />
met wils miiRebdnen.<br />
aq <strong>Cven</strong> vubrundebiT im azrs, romliTac es statia iwyeboda: siRaribis daZlevis<br />
saukeTeso gzaa _ Raribebs sakuTrebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofaSi<br />
daexmaro. Turme, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es SeiZleba xarjebis gareSe gakeTdes:<br />
saWiroa mxolod sakanonmdeblo doneze imis aRiareba, rac isedac realobas<br />
warmoadgens, kerZod — qonebis flobis ufleba. qoxmaxebSi mcxovrebma Raribebma<br />
ukve ician vinc “flobs” maT sakuTrebas. erTaderTi, rac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m<br />
unda gaakeTos — es faqti daaregistriros da “axali mflobelebis” efeqturi<br />
samarTlebrivi dacva uzrunvelyos. de sotos sityvebiT, amgvari kanonis miReba<br />
SeiZleba ganixilos, rogorc realobis gamoaSkaraveba. am procesSi aSkara<br />
gaxdeba mravalferovani normatiuli aqtebis saWiroeba. magaliTad, miwa, romelsac<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi koleqtiurad floben tomebi, SeiZleba integrirdes<br />
individualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis <strong>fo</strong>rmalur sistemaSi, Tu igi<br />
daregistrirdeba ara marto fizikur, aramed iuridiul pirebzec, magaliTad,<br />
kooperativebze an saaqcio sazogadoebebze. evropaSi ukve aris msgavsi magali-<br />
Tebi, iseTebi, rogorc monastrebi, romlebSic berebi an monazvnebi koleqtiurad<br />
floben miwas da amgvarad sabazro agentebi xdebian. Tu toms Tavisi miwis<br />
koleqtiuri flobis Zveli praqtikis gagrZeleba surs, maSin samarTlebrivi aqtebiT<br />
isini sabazro ekonomikis sistemaSi erTiani mflobelis saxiT unda<br />
127
128<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
CarTon. Raribebis sakuTrebiTi uflebebis aRiareba da maTi dacva — ara marto<br />
praqtikuli, aramed politikuri amocanacaa. Zalian didi drois ganmavlobaSi<br />
RaribTa damcvelebi maTi sakuTrebiTi uflebebiT ignorirebas axdendnen.<br />
CrdiloeTis qveynebSi es fataluri Secdoma gaxda. iq mdidrebi Raribebze naklebad<br />
saWiroeben TavianTi sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvas. sinamdvileSi, swored<br />
cudad gansazRvruli da xSirad daucvel RaribTa sakuTrebis uflebebi<br />
xdeba mdidarTa mxridan Tavdasxmisa da xelyofis obieqti. amas naTlad gva<strong>Cven</strong>ebs<br />
bangladeSis magaliTi: erTma qalma scada siRaribisTvis daeRwia Tavi da<br />
gramin bankSi sesxi aiRo. fulis efeqturad dabandebisa da bevri muSaobis Sedegad<br />
man mcire kapitali daagrova da patara saxerxis gaxsna gadawyvita. amis<br />
gagebisas adgilobrivma konkurentma _ politikuri kavSirebis mqone<br />
biznesmenma, masTan Tavisi vasalebi gaagzavna, romlebic mas gaupatiurebiT da<br />
fizikuri gasworebiT daemuqrnen, Tu igi Tavis ideaze uars ar ityoda. mas esmoda<br />
rom policia adgilobrivi elitis mxareze iqneboda, xolo saqme sasamar-<br />
TloSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaiweleboda, amitom mas Tavis ideaze uaris Tqmam<br />
mouwia. msgavsi istoriebi samxreTSi arcTu ise iSviaTia. daelaparakeT mewarmes<br />
Tavisi qarxnis gadatanaze anda axlis mSeneblobaze da Tqven naxavT, rom<br />
is ver bedavs sxvis teritoriaze Sesvlas. es imitom xdeba, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> ver<br />
axerxebs kanonierebis dacvas da mis adgils adgilobrivi Zalovani struqturebi<br />
ikaveben, romlebic Raribi eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis xarjze<br />
cxovroben. msgavsi movlenebi aRmavlobis gzaze seriozul dabrkolebas<br />
warmoadgens da RaribTa ekonomikuri aqtivobisTvis gadaulaxav barierebs<br />
qmnis. zemoT xsenebuli gramin bankisadmi miZRvnil zogierT gamokvlevaSi gamoxatuli<br />
iyo gakvirveba, Tu ratom ver axerxeben misi kreditorebi, rom TavianTi<br />
arsebobis SesanarCuneblad saWiro elementarul resursze meti iSovon. pasuxi<br />
ki Semdegia: stabiluri sakuTrebis uflebebis, ufro farTod – kanonierebis<br />
ararseboba, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikur sferoSi, rac Seamsubuqebda RaribTa<br />
gadasvlas Crdilovanidan <strong>fo</strong>rmalur ekonomikaSi. naTlad gawerili kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis ararseboba aseve xdeba adamianebis farTod gavrcelebuli<br />
ubedurebebis mizezi, romlebsac asaxleben maT mier odidganve dasaxlebuli<br />
teritoriidan e.w. “ganviTarebis proeqtebis” ganxorcielebisas, magaliTad,<br />
didi kaSxlebis mSeneblobisas. indoeTma faqtobrivad akrZala sakuTrebis konstituciuri<br />
ufleba, romelic iTvaliswinebda absolutur kompensacias saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
mier sakuTrebis eqspropriaciis <strong>dros</strong>, ubralod imitom, rom<br />
aRniSnuli proeqtebis gaiafeba surda. am <strong>dros</strong> ambobdnen, rom es zomebi<br />
mimarTuli iyo msxvili miwaTmflobelebis sawinaaRmdegod. sinamdvileSi, aman<br />
iqamde miiyvana, rom aTobiT aTasi Raribi sacxovrebelis da Sesabamisi kompensaciis<br />
gareSe darCa, radgan ar gaaCndaT sakuTrebiT gansazRvruli uflebebi,<br />
romelTa dacvac sasamarTloSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. tragikulia, rom indoeTSi<br />
kaSxlis mSeneblobis mowinaaRmdegeTa umravlesobam problema sakuTrebis<br />
uflebebis TvalsazrisiT ver gaacnobiera. aRwerili mdgomareobis Secvla<br />
politikuri procesia. garantias is unda iZleodes, rom sakuTrebis uflebebis<br />
ufro stabilur da efeqtur sistemaze gadasvlisas Raribebs ar gamodevnian<br />
iseTi Zlevamosili moTamaSeebi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, qoxmaxebis faqtobrivi<br />
mflobelebi. es saSiSroeba, cxadia, kvlav iarsebebs Tu ekonomikur<br />
procesebs SemdgomSic mxolod Cinovnikebi da teqnokratebi daaregulireben,<br />
romlebic, rogorc wesi, yoveli mocemuli momentisTvis yvelaze gavlenian Zalebs<br />
emsaxurebian. Sesabamisad, liberaluri revolucia aucilebelia – da aq<br />
gasaxseneblad Rirs is, rom zustad es moxda dasavleTis istoriaSi. amgvarad,<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> mier dasmuli amocana ar iTvaliswinebs Raribebis sasargeblod simdidris<br />
gadanawilebis axali da ukeTesi meTodebis gamogonebas. is mdgomareobs imaSi,<br />
rom aRiarebul iqnes ekonomikur cxovrebaSi RaribTa monawileobis uflebebi,<br />
SemuSavdes Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da Seiqmnas institutebi, romlebic<br />
maT saSualebas miscems, datovon Crdilovani seqtori da <strong>fo</strong>rmaluri<br />
sabazro urTierTobebis monawileebi gaxdnen. es swored is bunebrivi uflebaa,<br />
romelsac isini zedmetad didxans iyvnen moklebulni.
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
siRaribis xafangi<br />
orma ukanasknelma dekadam ori didi masStabis eqsperimentis mowme gagvxada.<br />
esaa, erTi mxriv, centraluri dagegmvis meurneobebis (rogoricaa yofili<br />
sabWoTa kavSiri) da aseve maRali donis centraluri dagegmvis mqone sabazro<br />
ekonomikis ganviTarebadi qveynebis (rogorsac Tqven ipovidiT laTinur amerikaSi<br />
1950-80 wlebSi) trans<strong>fo</strong>rmacia efeqtiani bazrebis mqone ekonomikis qveynebad.<br />
umravlesobis gasakvirad, am eqsperimentebis saboloo Sedegebi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdiT ar gvaxalisebs. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris ekonomika aTuxTuxda,<br />
aqoSinda da 1998 wels krizisSi aRmoCnda. laTinuri amerikis meurneobebi odnav<br />
ukeTesad moqmedebda, Ciles gamoklebiT. umetes qveynebs hqonda mZlavri zrda,<br />
rasac aseTive mZlavri Cavardnebi mohyva, romelTa Soris argentinis fiasko<br />
erT-erTi magaliTia. mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi laTinuri<br />
amerikis qveynebSi imaves gveubneba: Semosavali erT mosaxleze gadaangariSebiT<br />
realur fasebSi 2002 wels imave doneze darCa, rac 1980 wels iyo.<br />
Zneli qorwineba: mTavroba da bazari<br />
am Cavardnebis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom bazarze dafuZnebuli politikis<br />
sqema – egreT wodebuli vaSingtonis konsensusi, romelic amyarebda ruseTisa<br />
da laTinuri amerikis eqsperimentebs — Seicavda fatalur nakls: igi<br />
uSvebda, rom SesaZlebelia efeqtiani bazrebis Sesaqmnelad gatardes sabazro<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi politikuri institutebis Tanamdevi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis gareSe, romelic<br />
zRudavs mTavrobas da axdens sakuTrebis uflebebisa da individualuri Tavisuflebis<br />
garantirebas.<br />
am daSvebis gaumarTleblobis mizezi is aris, rom ar arsebobs politikisagan<br />
damoukideblad iseTi ram, rogoricaa “Tavisufali bazari”. bazris efeqtiani<br />
funqcioba moiTxovs, rom zogi individi an organizacia uzrunvelyofdes<br />
xelSekrulebebisa da sakuTrebis uflebebis iZulebiT Sesrulebas. aseTi maiZulebelis<br />
gareSe garigebebi yvelasTvis Tavisufalia: nebismierma icis, rom<br />
sxva nebismiers SeuZlia oportunistuli wesiT moiqces; Sesabamisad yvela<br />
oportunistulad iqceva. gardauvali Sedegi, rogorc Tomas hobsi gvafrTxilebda<br />
“leviaTanSi”, aris garigebebis dabali done. ufro metic, sando rom<br />
iyos, pirs an organizacias, romelic uzrunvelyofs xelSekrulebiTi da sakuTrebiTi<br />
uflebebis dacvas, unda SeeZlos aiZulos xalxi, rom sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis<br />
erTgulni darCnen. es aucileblad niSnavs imas, rom es maiZulebeli<br />
mTavroba unda iyos. faqti aseTia: msoflios istoria ar gvTavazobs kargad<br />
ganviTarebuli sabazro sistemis magaliTs, sadac es kargad ganviTarebuli politikuri<br />
sistemiT ar iyo gamyarebuli.<br />
mTavrobisa da bazris aucilebeli kavSiri eklian problemas warmoSobs.<br />
mTavrobis arseboba gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisaa, radganac igi uzrunvelyofs<br />
saxelSekrulebo da sakuTrebiT uflebebs. amave <strong>dros</strong>, nebismieri mTavroba,<br />
romelic sakmarisad Zlieria sakuTrebiTi uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad, aseve<br />
Zlieria imdenad, rom gaauqmos isini Tavis sasargeblod, daufaravi eqspropriaciis<br />
an kerZo sakuTrebiT miRebuli mTliani mogebis dabegvris gziT. mTavrobebs,<br />
sinamdvileSi, mZlavri stimulebi aqvT, raTa es ase gaakeTon. pirveli,<br />
mTavrobas sWirdeba Semosavali misi sakuTari politikuri gadarCenisTvis. man<br />
129<br />
duglas s. norTi<br />
Targmna paata SeSeliZem<br />
nobelis prizis mflobeli ekonomikaSi 1993 wels. aSS-Si, q. vaSingtonis<br />
universitetis sapatio profesori
130<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
unda gaiRos xarjebi politikuri mxardaWeris misaRebad, daicvas Tavi gare da<br />
Sida mtrebisagan. meore, sazogadoebis politikurad mniSvnelovani<br />
Semadgenlebi, rogorc wesi, moiTxoven, rom mTavrobam gamoiyenos Tavisi Zala,<br />
raTa isini uzrunvelyos sargebliT. xSirad es sargeblebi miiReba sxva ekonomikuri<br />
agentebis sakuTrebiTi uflebebis xarjze. maT SeiZleba moiTxovon, magaliTad,<br />
rom mTavrobam dabegros maTi konkurentebis mTliani mogeba da uzrunvelyon<br />
isini monopoliuri uflebebiT konkurenciisgan dacviT an sxva<br />
privilegiebiT.<br />
amrigad, adamianebs aqvT ori bunebrivi tendencia: adam smiTis Sesabamisad,<br />
maT aqvT saqonlis barteruli gacvlis, sxva gacvlisa da vaWrobis midrekileba.<br />
meore, Tomas hobsis mixedviT, maT aqvT Tanasworad bunebrivi midrekileba –<br />
gamoiyenon politika, raTa aiZulon sxvebi gadascen maT sakuTari simdidre da<br />
Rirebulebis wyaroebi.<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis fundamenturi problemaa, gamoinaxos saSualebebi<br />
mTavrobis saqmianobisTvis iseTi kalapotis misacemad, rom man mxari dau-<br />
Wiros da ara mtaceblurad daesxas Tavs bazars.<br />
erTi midgoma am fundamenturi problemis gadasawyvetad iseTi politikuri<br />
liderebis moZebnaa, romelTac swori faseulobebi da xedvebi eqnebodaT.<br />
am midgomis problema aris is daSveba, rom politikuri moTamaSeebis unari —<br />
miiRon kargi gadawyvetilebebi, ufro maTi piradi Tvisebidan modis, vidre politikuri<br />
stimulebidan, romelsac isini iReben. udavoa, bevr qveyanaSi arseboben<br />
eqstraordinaruli individebi, romlebic mZime gadawyvetilebebs iReben da<br />
maTs ukan dganan imis miuxedavad, ra Sedegebi mohyveba maTTvis amas. Tumca, ganviTarebuli<br />
dasavleTis qveynebis ekonomikuri warmateba sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,<br />
mravali saukunis gamocdilebis mixedviTac, ar SeiZleba mieweros im<br />
faqts, rom maT hyavdaT eqstraordinaruli individebis ufro didi raodenoba.<br />
ekonomikis ganviTarebis am fundamenturi problemis gadasawyvetad sxva<br />
midgoma aris — davaSoroT politikuri liderebi ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebisagan. es midgoma didi doziT devs vaSingtonis konsensusis Sinaarsis<br />
miRma. am midgomis problema isaa, rom masSi orive mxarisTvis — politikosebisa<br />
da moqalaqeebisTvis — mZlavri stimulebi Zevs politikis gansaz-<br />
Rvris procesis politizebisTvis. faqtobrivad, arasodes yofila msoflios<br />
istoriaSi, rom politikur liderebs gadamwyveti roli ar eTamaSaT ekonomikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. es xedva, Sesabamisad, utopiuria da ararealisturi.<br />
es dakvirvebebi niSnavs, rom am problemis diagnozi ekonomikuri literaturisa<br />
da vaSingtonis konsensusis mixedviT — saxeldobr, rom ganviTareba<br />
moiTxovs politikis daSorebas ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebisgan —<br />
arasworia. nebismieri cda, davaSoroT politika gadawyvetilebebis miRebisgan,<br />
gardauvlad damTavrdeba ekonomikuri CavardniT.<br />
sicocxlisunarian bazars sWirdeba mTavroba, magram ara nebismieri. saWiroa<br />
institutebi, romlebic SezRudaven mTavrobas, raTa igi mtaceblurad ar<br />
daesxas Tavs bazars. amrigad, ganviTarebis problemis gadawyveta moiTxovs politikuri<br />
institutebis iseT mowyobas, rom mTavrobisa da mTavrobis SigniT<br />
individebis Tavisufleba da Zalaufleba SeizRudos. es aucileblad moiTxovs<br />
individualuri Tavisuflebis dacvas. rogorc fridrix haieki, Tavisuflebis<br />
erT-erTi mowinave swavluli daakvirda: “arsebobs mxolod erTi aseTi principi,<br />
romelsac SeuZlia daicvas Tavisufali sazogadoeba: saxeldobr, yvela iZulebis<br />
mkacri prevencia, garda zogadi abstraqtuli wesebis iZulebiTi uzrunvelyofisa,<br />
romelic yvelas Tanabrad exeba.”<br />
problema ganviTarebad msoflioSi isevea marTvis problema, rogorc im<br />
ekonomikuri politikis problema, romelic mxars uWers bazars. Tqma ar unda,<br />
fundameturi problema ganviTarebad msoflioSi aris ara is, rom iq sakuTrebis<br />
dacva ar aris, aramed is, rom mTavrobas SeuZlia daicvas zogierTi piris sakuTreba,<br />
rodesac imavdroulad auqmebs an amcirebs sxvebis sakuTrebiT
duglas s. norTi, “siRaribis xafangi”<br />
uflebebs. sakmaod xSirad xdeba, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebi TviTneburad<br />
axdenen zogierTi individis sakuTrebiTi uflebebis gadanawilebas<br />
sxva individebisTvis, romlebic am mTavrobis karg angariSze arian. mTavrobebs<br />
aseve SeuZliaT ekonomikuri politika iseTi gziT waiyvanon, rom gazardon Ser-<br />
Ceuli jgufebis sakuTrebiTi uflebebi (magaliTad, miscen sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi<br />
an daajildovon isini sazogadoebrivi resursebis eqspluataciis<br />
koncesiebiT).<br />
aris periodebi, rodesac mTavrobas, gamomdinare misi politikuri SesaZleblobebidan,<br />
SeuZlia aRniSnuli uflebebis CamorTmeva da amis sakuTar fiskalur<br />
sargeblad gadaqceva. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, meqsikis 1990-iani wlebis<br />
dasawyisis sabanko privatizebis gamocdileba. rodesac meqsikis mTavrobam moaxdina<br />
bankebis privatizeba, man Seqmna Zlier koncentrirebuli sabanko sistema.<br />
bankebis SemsyidvelTa TvalsazrisiT, es mimzidveli iyo. maT ar unda gaewiaT<br />
erTmaneTisTvis konkurencia. aseTi situacia mTavrobisTvisac mimzidveli<br />
iyo: amas SeeZlo meti Semosavali moetana, vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi, radganac<br />
investorebi oligopoliaSi mets gadaixdidnen, vidre im firmaSi, romelsac<br />
mouwevda Zlier konkurenciasTan Sejaxeba. rCeboda erTaderTi problema —<br />
mTavrobis Semosavlis maqsimizeba niSnavda imas, rom sabanko sistemis udidesi<br />
kapitali bankebis SesaZenad unda wasuliyo; cota rCeboda rezervebis uzrunvelsayofad,<br />
Tavi rom daecvaT ekonomikuri meryeobebisagan. Sedegi tragikuli<br />
iyo: privatizebidan oTxi wlis Semdeg pesos devalvaciis wnexis qveS sabanko<br />
sistema daingra. am riskis Sedegi meqsikeli gadasaxadis gadamxdels 100 miliardi<br />
aSS dolari daujda, rac meqsikis wliuri mSp-s daaxloebiT 20 procents<br />
Seadgens.<br />
sanqciebi da stimulebi<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis SezRuduli mTavroba, aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
aucilebelia. magram kiTxva imaSi mdgomareobs, rogor SevqmnaT igi ekliani. am<br />
kiTxvas yvelaze adre orma didma ingliselma filoso<strong>fo</strong>sma upasuxa meCvidmete<br />
saukuneSi, Tomas hobsma da jon lokma. es kiTxva aseve ismeboda aSS-s konstituciis<br />
weris <strong>dros</strong>ac. udavod, es mTavari Tema iyo “federalistTa furclebze”.<br />
ufro axlo warsulSi igive sakiTxs Seexnen gavleniani ekonomistebi —<br />
fridrix haieki da jeims biuqeneni.<br />
ar arsebobs SezRuduli mTavrobis martivi recepti. ori principi garkveulia.<br />
pirveli, qveyanam unda Seqmnas meqanizmebi da stimulebi xelisuflebis<br />
sxvadasxva Stoebisa da doneebisTvis, maT mier erTmaneTis mimarT sanqciebis<br />
gansaxorcieleblad, Tu romelime maTgani gadaaWarbebs kanoniT misTvis mikuTvnebul<br />
uflebamosilebas. meore, es sanqciebi ar SeiZleba ganxorcieldes<br />
TviTneburad an ad hoc wesiT — sanqciis meqanizmebi, Tavis mxriv, kanoniT unda<br />
iyos SezRuduli. es ar niSnavs, rom sanqciebi ar unda iyos mkacri (WeSmaritad,<br />
Tu sanqcia mkacri ar aris, igi sando ar aris).<br />
aseTi sanqciebis meqanizmebisa da stimulebis Sesaqmnelad, arsebiTad, ori<br />
wesi arsebobs. erTi aris Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sistema, romelic zRudavs<br />
mZlavr centralur xelisuflebas. aseT sistemaSi, politikuri konkurencia<br />
xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebis moTamaSeTa Soris aCens stimuls am mo-<br />
TamaSeTa mier erTmaneTis moqmedebis kontrolisTvis. safrangeTi kargi magaliTia<br />
aseTi sistemisTvis.<br />
meore gza xelisuflebis SezRudvisTvis aris federalizmi, romelSic erTmaneTs<br />
zRudaven xelisuflebis sxvadasxva doneebi. aq stimulebi erTmaneTis<br />
gasakontroleblad Cndeba xelisuflebis TiToeuli donis sakuTari interesidan<br />
gamomdinare. warmoidgineT, magaliTad, rom adgilobrivi Statisa da federaluri<br />
mTavroba, yvela cal-calke begravs konkretul mewarmes. TiToeulma<br />
icis, rom gadasaxadis gazrda ar axalisebs am mewarmes damatebiTi produqtiuli<br />
investiciisTvis (iseve, rogorc axali ekonomikuri winaaRmdegobis<br />
Seqmna), rac sabolood amcirebs gadasaxadis Tanxas, romelsac xelisuflebis<br />
131
132<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
konkretuli done gegmavs miiRos am firmidan. es niSnavs, rom xelisuflebis Ti-<br />
Toeul dones aqvs Zlieri stimuli, Seamciros am firmis gadasaxadi, romelsac<br />
iRebs xelisuflebis sxva done. amis Tanamdevad, xelisuflebis erTi donis moqmedeba,<br />
romelic amcirebs firmis sakuTrebiT uflebebs, Sesabamisad amcirebs<br />
gadasaxadis odenobas, romelic SeiZleba Seagrovos xelisuflebis sxva nebismierma<br />
donem. amis Sedegad viRebT mdgomareobas, romelSic xelisuflebis<br />
TiToeuli done arsebiTad abalansebs sxva doneebs (Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis<br />
saWiroebis gareSec centralur mTavrobaSi). aseTi sistemis kargi magaliTia<br />
kanada.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebi aris orive sistemis araCveulebrivi kombinacia — is<br />
Seicavs Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sistemas erovnul mTavrobaSi, aseve<br />
mZlavr federalur sistemas. es niSnavs, rom prezidents mraval organizaciasTan<br />
uwevs urTierToba, romelic akavebs mis TviTnebur saqmianobas — orpalatiani<br />
sakanonmdeblo organos, damoukidebeli sasamarTlos, Statebisa da<br />
adgilobrivi mTavrobebis da aRmasrulebeli federaluri saagentoebis profesiuli<br />
samoqalaqo mosamsaxureebis CaTvliT. Zalauflebis SezRudvis orive<br />
meTodis kombinacia sakuTrebis uflebis araCveulebrivad maRal xarisxs<br />
uzrunvelyofs.<br />
ganviTarebadi msoflios problema is aris, rom am qveynebs arc erTi es sistema<br />
ar aqvT. federalizmi da Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sistema xSirad arsebobs<br />
qaRaldze — rogorc meqsikasa da argentinaSi — magram, sinamdvileSi,<br />
isini ver muSaoben. Zalaufleba Zalian koncentrirebulia ori TvalsazrisiT:<br />
centralur mTavrobas gaaCnia zedmetad didi Zalaufleba federalur sistemaze<br />
da federalur mTavrobaSi, prezidents aqvs zedmeti Zalaufleba. es sistema<br />
mas nebas rTavs Tavis nebaze moiqces, aCerebs ganviTarebas.<br />
es ar niSnavs, rom ekonomikur ganviTarebas mxolod mTavrobis SemzRudavi<br />
konstitucia sWirdeba — Tundac orive, Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis da federaluri<br />
sistemebi. faqtobrivad arsebobs qveynebi, romlebmac arsebiTad mibaZes<br />
aSS-s konstitucias (liberia amis magaliTia), magram, romelTac ar aqvT<br />
arc SezRuduli mTavroba da arc ekonomikuri zrda. imisaTvis, rom konstituciebma<br />
da kanonebma praqtikulad imuSaos, saWiroa sxva ramec — ganaTlebuli<br />
xalxi, samoqalaqo valdebulebis grZnobiT.<br />
magram aranairi cda ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmis warmatebisTvis ar gaamarTlebs,<br />
Tu is ignorirebas ukeTebs politikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmis Tanamdev saWiroebas.<br />
politikuri safuZvlebisTvis yuradRebis miqcevis gareSe bazrebi ver ayvavdeba.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, donori organizaciebi yuradRebas unda aqcevdnen<br />
bazrebis politikur usafrTxoebas iseve, rogorc ekonomikur politikas,<br />
romelic maT qmnis.
gamoqveynda 2002 wels<br />
ra emuqreba Tavisuflebas XXI saukuneSi<br />
CemTvis didi pativia adam smiTis prizis miReba, gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndisgan. Cemi saxelis iseT Zvirfas saxelTan dakavSireba, rogoric<br />
adam smiTia, Zalian didi privilegiaa.<br />
didi madloba!<br />
adam smiTi mudam cnobili da aRiarebuli iqneba, rogorc ekonomikis, socialuri<br />
mecnierebis am uaRresad mniSvnelovani da Zlieri dargis mama, romelsac<br />
pativs vcem da usityvod veTanxmebi. ekonomikurma disciplinam, romelsac oTx<br />
aTeulze meti wlis win veziare, gare samyaros xedvis naTeli orientacia da saxelmZRvanelo<br />
principi momca da sasargeblo da produqtiuli gza mi<strong>Cven</strong>a. ekonomikam<br />
cxovrebaSi gamosadegi azrovnebis stili Camomiyaliba da Tvali amixila,<br />
am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT.<br />
ekonomikis saxiT adam smiTma mxolod mecniereba ki ar Seqmna, aramed gacilebiT<br />
meti. is ekonomikas eTikis ganuyofel nawilad ganixilavda da, am TvalsazrisiT,<br />
metad saWiro argumentebi wamoayena maT winaaRmdeg, visac <strong>Cven</strong>i gageba<br />
ar surs da vinc <strong>Cven</strong>Si mxolod umowyalo, TiTqmis araadamianur, robotis<br />
msgavs maqsimalistebs xedavs. adam smiTisTvis, da <strong>Cven</strong>Tvisac, ekonomika humanuri<br />
mecnierebaa. <strong>Cven</strong>i azriT, is ufro humanuria da ufro metad aris adamianze<br />
orientirebuli vidre politikurad swori, progresuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> inteleqtualebis<br />
eTika, romlebic acxadeben, rom <strong>Cven</strong>ze ukeTesebi arian.<br />
ufro metic, adam smiTma sabazro sistemis eTikuroba da efeqtianoba dagvanaxa<br />
da, Sesabamisad, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Carevis amoraluroba da araefeqtianoba<br />
daamtkica.<br />
uaRresad didmniSvnelovania mis mier Camoyalibebuli “uxilavi xelis”<br />
cnobili koncefcia, iseve, rogorc misi Teoria viwro kerZo interesebis dacvidan<br />
gamomdinare sayovelTao sikeTis Sesaxeb.<br />
me vfiqrob, “ekonomikuri ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis” sulisCamdgmeli adam smiTi<br />
iyo, romelic, Cemi azriT, udidesi mniSvnelobis klasikuri liberaluri institutia<br />
ara mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi.<br />
“ekonomikuri ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndma” Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina Cemze da misi<br />
gamocemebis — “Tavisufali adamiani: fiqrebi Tavisuflebaze” _ wakiTxvam<br />
(romelsac aT welze metia vkiTxulob) Zalian gaamdidra Cemi goneba. es publikacia<br />
Cemi biblioTekis uZvirfasesi nawilia. damerwmuneT, Zalian yuradRebiT<br />
vkiTxulob, sul viyeneb da xSirad vaxden mis citirebas Cems nawerebsa Tu<br />
gamosvlebSi.<br />
“Tavisufali adamianis” ukanasknelma memorialurma gamocemam SesaZlebloba<br />
momca adreuli wlebis klasikur statiebs gavcnobodi. namdvilad aRtacebaSi<br />
momiyvana maTma xarisxma da droulobam. am prizis miReba “ekonomikuri<br />
ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndisgan” Zalian didi pativia CemTvis. eqvsi wlis win praRaSi me<br />
TviTon davaarse samecniero wre — “ekonomikisa da politikis centri”, romelic<br />
imave ideebis gatarebas emsaxureba, rasac ekonomikuri ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndi<br />
aq, SeerTebul StatebSi. ramdenime Tvis win pativi gvqonda ekonomikuri ganaTlebis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndis prezidenti da Cemi megobari riCard ebelingi gvwveoda da misi<br />
saintereso da mravalmxriv kanonikuri leqcia mogvesmina.<br />
133<br />
vaclav klausi<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori. CexeTis premier-ministri 1992-97<br />
wlebSi. klasikuri liberalizmisa da Tavisuflebis ideebiis damkvidrebisTvis<br />
ukompromiso mebrZoli. evrokavSiris mzardi centralizebuli<br />
Zalauflebisa da kontrolis aqtiuri kritikosi. CexeTis respublikis<br />
prezidenti 2003 wlidan
134<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
vSiSob, am saRamos me ver viqnebi aseTi kanonikuri. verafers vityvi iseTs,<br />
rac Tqven ar iciT an, gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba Tu vityvi, rom verafers SemogTavazebT<br />
iseTs, rac Tqveni publikaciebidan ar maqvs naswavli. unda aRiniSnos,<br />
rom dRes, XXI saukunis damdegs, Tavisuflebas igive safrTxe emuqreba,<br />
rasac adam smiTi 250 wlis win ebrZoda da “ekonomikuri ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis”<br />
damfuZneblebi _ naxevar saukuneze meti xnis win. SesaZloa, Tavisuflebis axlandel<br />
safrTxes sxva “qudi” exuros, anu ukeT malavdes Tavis realur bunebas<br />
da adrindelze ufro daxvewilic iyos; msoflios yvela qveyanas Soris<br />
urTierTkavSiris maRali xarisxis gamo, SesaZloa am safrTxem iolad<br />
gadainacvlos erTi qveynidan meoreSi, magram is mainc safrTxedve darCeba.<br />
rogorc ekonomikis mudmivi mkvlevari, sul misi kanonebisa da principebis<br />
dacvas vcdilob. maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania adam smiTis erTerTi<br />
moswavlis, XIX saukunis cnobili politekonomistis, david rikardos mier<br />
Camoyalibebuli SedarebiTi upiratesobis kanoni. am saRamos me sami Sedarebi-<br />
Ti upiratesoba maqvs:<br />
sicocxlis umetesi nawili komunizmSi gavatare;<br />
Cems qveyanaSi piradad var aqtiurad CarTuli komunisturi sistemis demontaJsa<br />
da Tavisufali sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi;<br />
bolo <strong>dros</strong> imedgacruebuli var evropaSi Seqmnili viTarebis, gansakuTrebiT<br />
evrokavSirSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamo.<br />
zogierTi Tqvengani SeiZleba gaocdes, rom komunizmSi cxovrebas SedarebiT<br />
upiratesobad miviCnev da ara piriqiT.<br />
Cemi piradi bednierebis an Cemi materialuri keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
rasakvirvelia, es namdvilad ar iyo bedniereba, magram misi saSualebiT gavige<br />
Tavisuflebis arsi da yvelaferi mis Sesaxeb. magaliTisTvis, sanam janmrTelad<br />
varT, janmrTelobas saTanadod ar vafasebT. TavisuflebasTan mimarTebaSic<br />
asea. saxifaToa, Tu mas saTanadod ar davafasebT. imis gamo, rom Tavisufleba<br />
didxans gvaklda, xedvis unari gagvimaxvilda da mgrZnobeloba gagviZlierda.<br />
Cems qveyanaSi komunizmis damxobis Semdeg politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri<br />
sistemebis radikalur re<strong>fo</strong>rmebSi CarTvam is azri ganmimtkica, rasac<br />
Tavisuflebasa da mis wanamZRvrebze vfiqrobdi. SeuZlebeli iqneboda Zveli<br />
komunisturi institutebis Tavidan mocileba, Tu axali institutebisa da im<br />
qcevis <strong>fo</strong>rmebis TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebas davelodebodiT, rasac isini<br />
moiTxoven.<br />
es Zalian neli da Zalian ZviradRirebuli procesi iqneboda. vxvdebodiT,<br />
rom Tavisufali sazogadoebis institutebi unda agveSenebina da dagvenerga.<br />
qveynis gaTavisufleba warmatebiT ganvaxorcieleT, magram bolo wlebSi<br />
evrokavSirTan miaxloebis da bolos masSi gawevrianebis sakmaod rTuli procesi<br />
gaviareT. “ekonomikuri ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndSi” kargad ician, rom evrokav-<br />
Siri es is institutia, sadac Tavisufleba saxelmZRvanelo princips ar warmoadgens.<br />
Cemda samwuxarod, kidev erTxel wavediT naklebad Tavisufali, ufro<br />
kontrolirebadi da marTuli ekonomikisa da sazogadoebisken.<br />
aAmitom, globalur daTbobaSi me Tavisuflebis safrTxes ver vxedav. me am<br />
safrTxes ver vxedav verc navTobis maragis amowurvaSi, verc haeris dabin-<br />
ZurebaSi, verc frinvelis gripSi da verc mTavrobis mier saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> skolebis<br />
arasakmaris dafinansebaSi. rogorc yovelTvis, Tavisuflebis safrTxes ideeb-<br />
Si vxedav. safrTxes vxedav am ideebze agebul politikaSi da am ideebiTa da politikiT<br />
gamowveul motivirebul da gamarTlebul saqcielSi. vSiSob, swored<br />
aseT ideebsa da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> politikas ebrZoda da akritikebda adam smiTi didi<br />
xnis win.<br />
aseT ideebsa da politikas is gancxadebebi da varaudebi udevs safuZvlad,<br />
TiTqos kerZo TviTdaintereseba cudia, xalxs racionaluroba da eTikuroba<br />
aklia da kontroli, xelmZRvaneloba da gamosworeba sWirdeba maTi mxridan,<br />
vinc icis, ra aris maTTvis kargi. amgvarad, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> interesebis damcveli<br />
xelisufleba Tavisuflebas zRudavs.
vaclav kalusi, “ra emuqreba Tavisuflebas XXI saukuneSi”<br />
warsulSi <strong>Cven</strong> aseT sistemaSi vcxovrobdiT, magram dRes evropaSi, gavbedav<br />
da vityvi, rom am qveyanaSic aseT simptomebs vxedav. dasasrul, arsebobs kidev<br />
erTi saSiSroeba: ideologias moklebuli, magram Zalian agresiuli “izmebi”,<br />
rac realurad sul axalia. neba momeciT dagisaxeloT:<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> yvela vzrunavT adamianis uflebebze, magram meSinia misi<br />
“<strong>fo</strong>rmalizmis”.<br />
<strong>Cven</strong> yvelas gvsurs jansaRi garemo, magram me safrTxes vxedav<br />
“ekologianizmSi”.<br />
Tayvans vcem sapirispiro sqess, magram meSinia feminizmis.<br />
sxva kulturebma <strong>Cven</strong>i kultura gaamdidres, magram meSinia<br />
multikulturalizmis.<br />
me mesmis nebayoflobiT gaerTianebaTa mniSvneloba, magram NGOmeSinia<br />
—<br />
“komunizmis”.<br />
1759 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi “The Theory of Moral Sentiments” adam smiTi<br />
cdilobda gaego maTi, vinc <strong>Cven</strong>i Tavisuflebis SezRudvas cdilobs. rogorc is<br />
werda, maT surT, “didi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebi, Wadrakis figurebiviT<br />
ganalagon dafaze.” isini ver xvdebian, rom “Wadrakis dafaze ganlagebuli<br />
figurebi mxolod im principiT moZraoben dafaze, ra principiTac xeli<br />
gadaaadgilebT; magram adamianTa sazogadoebaSi yovel calkeul figuras<br />
“Wadrakis dafaze” moZraobis sakuTari principi aqvs, sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
imisgan, ris Tavsmoxvevasac SesaZloaEkanonmdebloba cdilobdes.“<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>i Tavisuflebis realur safrTxed axlandeli yovlismomcveli kanonmdebloba<br />
mesaxeba, romelic axali “izmebis” warmomadgeneli gansakuTrebuli<br />
interesis mqone Zlevamosili jgufebis gavlenas ganicdis.<br />
Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad erTaderTi gza dagvrCenia _ klasikuri<br />
liberalizmis, adam smiTis ideebis da “ekonomikuri ganaTlebis <strong>fo</strong>ndisken”<br />
mimavali gza.<br />
135
136<br />
gamoqveynda 2003 wels<br />
dania: potiomkinis sofeli. social-demokratia<br />
Hhenrik hanseni<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
daniis erovnuli bankis wamyvani specialisti da q. kopenhagenis biznes-<br />
skolis leqtori<br />
meTvramete saukuneSi ruseTis dedofals, ekaterine meores, erT-erTi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
moxelis, potiomkinis, iniciativiT mdinare volgaze mogzauroba mouwyves<br />
da ayvavebul-damSvenebuli soflebis bednieri da mdidruli burJuaziuli<br />
cxovreba u<strong>Cven</strong>es. magram es yvelaferi mxolod mo<strong>Cven</strong>ebiTi iyo. fasads<br />
miRma, romelic mis saameblad morTes, avadmyo<strong>fo</strong>ba, siRatake da ubedureba<br />
sufevda.<br />
aqedan warmosdgeba gamoTqma “potiomkinis sofeli”, rasac iseT adgils<br />
uwodeben, sadac politikurad Seqmnili <strong>fo</strong>nis qveS naklebSTambeWdavi suraTi<br />
imaleba. dRes evropa savsea “potiomkinis soflebiT”, magram danias verc erTi<br />
ver Seedreba. danias xSirad evrokavSiris sanimuSo qveyanas uwodeben, romelsac<br />
sxvebisTvis samagaliTo ekonomikuri sistema aqvs. TiToeul sul mosaxleze<br />
mSp-s mixedviT dania msoflioSi meaTe, zogjer ki mexuTe adgilzec aris.<br />
daniis 2001 wlis ekonomikuri monacemebi STambeWdavad gamoiyureba:<br />
neli, magram dabalansebuli 1,1 procentiani zrda, rac 2000 wels 3,2<br />
procents Seadgenda. 1990-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan danias evrokav-<br />
Siris bevr sxva qveyanasTan SedarebiT gacilebiT meti zrda aqvs;<br />
inflaciis done 2,3 procentia. 1994 wlis Semdeg 3 procentze meti<br />
inflacia ar yofila, 1990 wlis Semdeg ki _ 4 procentze meti;<br />
grZelvadiani saprocento ganakveTi (10 wliani) ganuxrelad mcirdeba<br />
da 1990 wels Tu 10 procents Seadgenda dRes 5 procentamde<br />
Camovida;<br />
moklevadiani saprocento ganakveTic (3 Tviani) aseve mcirdeba da<br />
periodulad kidev ufro metadac. 1990 wels is 12 procents Seadgenda,<br />
dRes ki 3,5 procentia;<br />
umuSevrobis done SedarebiT dabalia da sul klebulobs. axla is<br />
oficialurad 5,2 procentia, im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac 1993 wels 12,2<br />
procenti iyo;<br />
Bbiujeti gadaWarbebiT sruldeba; mSp 1,9 procentiT gaizarda.<br />
rigiT mexuTe welia, rac biujeti gadaWarbebiT sruldeba;<br />
sakmaod didi gadaWarbebaa mimdinare angariSze, rac mSp-s 3,4 procents<br />
Seadgens. 1990-iani wlebidan danias mudmivi gadaWarbeba aqvs<br />
mimdinare angariSze, 1998 wlis gamoklebiT;.<br />
daniis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> vali mSp-s procentuli raodenobis saxiT ramdenime<br />
welia Semcirda da axla daaxloebiT 45 procents Seadgens,<br />
1990-ian wlebSi ki 80 procentamde iyo;.<br />
daniis sagareo vali mSp-s procentuli raodenobis saxiT klebulobs<br />
da axla daaxloebiT 15 procents Seadgens, 1990-ian wlebSi ki<br />
TiTqmis 40 procenti iyo;<br />
gamokiTxvis mixedviT, dania yvelaze naklebkorumpirebuli qveyanaa<br />
msoflioSi;<br />
danias Tavi moaqvs agreTve yvelaze jansaRi Sromis eTikis mqone mosaxleobiT,<br />
rac albaT marTalia.
Hhenrik hanseni, “dania: potiomkinis sofeli. social-demokratia”<br />
es yvelaferi Zalian kargad gamoiyureba, yovel SemTxvevaSi zedapirulad.<br />
magram aba sxva ekonomikur statistikasac gadavxedoT, rasac xSirad arc ki<br />
axseneben.<br />
daniis mosaxleoba 5 350 000 adamians Seadgens. maT Soris 1 150 000 adamiani<br />
18 wlamde asakisaa. danarCeni 4 200 000-idan 2 214 000 mTavrobis daxmarebas iRebs<br />
(260 000 studentis garda, romlebsac yovelTviurad 559 dolari stipendia<br />
aqvT).<br />
Tu 2 214 000 adamians, romelTagan zogi mxolod mTavrobis naxevarganakve-<br />
Tian daxmarebas Rebulobs, im xalxis raodenobas davumatebT, romlebic srul<br />
daxmarebas Rebuloben, gamodis, rom 1 590 000 adamiani saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> daxmarebis<br />
xarjze cxovrobs. 1 590 000 adamianidan 710 000 pensioneria, danarCeni 900 000 ki<br />
_ Sromisunariani, arasapensio asakis. umetesobas umuSevarTa siebSi ver<br />
naxavT. isini saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> daxmarebas sxva programebiT Rebuloben; sul aTi<br />
sxvadasxva programa arsebobs. daaxloebiT 1 900 000 adamiani kerZo seqtorSi<br />
muSaobs, 840 000 ki _ saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtorSi an saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sakuTrebaSi arsebul<br />
kompaniebSi (am cifrebis jami 4,2 milions ar Seadgens, radgan yvela<br />
srul cvlaSi ar muSaobs).<br />
aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Sromisunariani, 18_55 wlis asakis xalxis<br />
meoTxedze meti pasiurad cxovrobs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> daxmarebis xarjze (sruli ganakveTi).<br />
1999 wels sruli samuSao dRiT dasaqmebuli yoveli 100 adamianis xarjze<br />
33 Sromisunariani, arasapensio asakis adamiani Rebulobda daxmarebas. amas<br />
Tu davumatebT pensionerebs, gamodis rom yovel 100 dasaqmebul adamianze 61<br />
sruli Semweobis xarjze mcxovrebi adamiani modis (pensionerebi dafinansebas<br />
xelfasidan dakavebuli Tanxebidan Rebuloben). dasaqmebulTagan ki 31,4 procenti<br />
samTavrobo samsaxurSi muSaobs.<br />
rasakvirvelia, am yvelafers dafinanseba sWirdeba. amitom danias wlebis<br />
manZilze Zalian maRali da mudmivad mzardi gadasaxadebi aqvs.<br />
2002 wels gasaxadebis minimaluri zRvari 44,31 procenti iyo, Semdeg 49,77<br />
da 63,33 procentamde gaizarda. mSromeli xalxis 40 procenti gadasaxadis maqsimums<br />
_ 63,33 procents ixdis, rac 33 000 dolarze meti odenobis yvela Semosavals<br />
exeba.<br />
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi Zalian cotaa da maTi ricxvi dRiTi dRe mcirdeba.<br />
25 procentiani mogebis gadasaxadiT TiTqmis yvelaferi ibegreba.<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi maRali Semosavlis gadasaxadis farglebSi kerZo<br />
pirisTvis 59,7 procentia (Tu 3 wlianze meti investicia ar aqvs), Semdeg 44,8<br />
procentamde Camodis.<br />
arsebobs damatebiTi gadasaxadebi “mavne” da “fufunebis” sagnebze, rogoric<br />
aris mag., sigareti, alkoholi, kanfetebi, ualkoholo sasmelebi, eleqtrosaqoneli<br />
da sxv.<br />
manqanebze, 25 procentiani mogebis gadasaxadis garda 180 procenti specialuri<br />
gadasaxadic arsebobs. agreTve, weliwadSi orjer, registraciisa da wonis<br />
gadasaxads ixdian gzebiT sargeblobis uflebis misaRebad. sawvavis fasi<br />
SeerTebul StatebTan SedarebiT samjer maRalia.<br />
dania Zalian bevr axal gadasaxads awesebs.<br />
gadasaxadebi 1990-ian wlebSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. es gadasaxadebi modis<br />
gaTbobaze, eleqtroenergiaze, wyalsa da sawvavze.<br />
1990-ian wlebSi axali gadasaxadebis samizne uZravi qoneba gaxda, rac axla<br />
ukve mZimed ibegreba. amasTanave, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis odenoba dRiTi dRe<br />
mcirdeba.<br />
daniis, iseve, rogorc mTeli evropis, ekonomikuri mdgomareobis warmosadgenad<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs, romel statistikas ganvixilavT. amasTan erTad,<br />
misi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Sefasebisas didi mniSvneloba aqvs, romeli<br />
kuTxiT mivudgebiT saqmes _ upiratesobis (mxolod stabiluroba unda Seva-<br />
137
138<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
fasoT Tu Tavisuflebac mniSvnelovania?) Tu perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT<br />
(mniSvnelovania Tu ara, rom yvela am gadasaxadis gamo danias gacilebiT naklebi<br />
perspeqtiva aqvs vidre sxva SemTxvevaSi eqneboda?).<br />
danieli politikosebi amayad acxadeben, rom dania msoflios yvelaze egalitaruli<br />
qveyanaa. SeiZleba es marTlac asea, magram Tanasworobis idea yoveldRiurad<br />
mZime dartymas ayenebs yvelas, visac axali idea mouva an iseT SesaZleblobas<br />
gamoavlens, rac normebs scdeba. axalgazrdebs sakuTari cxovrebis<br />
gaumjobesebis, riskis aRebis, inovaciebisa da mewarmeobis gziT winsvlis<br />
SesaZlebloba aSkarad ar aqvT.<br />
warmatebul da bejiT Sromas ar afasebs is sistema, romelic sistematurad<br />
cdilobs mosaxleoba erT did erTgvarovan saSualo klasad gaaTanabros. maTi<br />
cxovrebis done sul izrdeba, magram ekonomikuri upiratesoba ar eZleva. mTeli<br />
gadasaxadebi, romelic 70 procents aRwevs, imaze metyvelebs, rom qveyanas<br />
ar sWirdeba adamianTa ekonomikuri warmateba da dovlaTis dagroveba.<br />
rogorc Cans, bevrs moswons es sistema, magaliTad, xalxis iseT kategorias,<br />
rogoric haqslis “axal mamac samyaroSia” aRwerili. rasakvirvelia, es iseT dinamikas<br />
qmnis, rac, droTa ganmavlobaSi, yvelas zians ayenebs, magram, rogorc<br />
Cans, xalxs an ar esmis, an ar aRelvebs es. Tanasworoba da stabiluroba ufro<br />
mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT vidre progresi da Tavisufleba.<br />
socuzrunvelyofisa da faruli monobis bedukuRmarTobas iseTi saocari<br />
berketebi upirispirdeba, rogoric Tandayolili patiosneba da bejiTi Sromaa.<br />
swori politikiT cixis binadarnic ki axerxeben kom<strong>fo</strong>rtul da egalitarul<br />
arsebobas ise, rom naviT Cavlisas dedofal ekaterinezedac ki STabeWdilebas<br />
moaxdenda. energias, sawarmoebs, mewarmeobas da Tavisuflebas moklebuli ase-<br />
Ti ekonomikuri mmarTvelobis mqone sistemebi droTa ganmavlobaSi gadasaxadebiT<br />
uzarmazar Tanxas iReben.<br />
miuxedavad politikuri utopiis sanimuSo reputaciisa, daniis mozrdili<br />
asakis mosaxleobis 40 procenti mTeli wlis manZilze mTavrobis sruli daxmarebis<br />
xarjze cxovrobs. am xalxis erT mesamedze cota meti pensioneria, danar-<br />
Cenebi ki Sromisunariani arasapensio asakis adamianebi arian, romlebic ZiriTadad<br />
samTavrobo samsaxurebSi an saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebul kompaniebSi<br />
muSaoben. efeqtiani gadasaxadebis done 70 procentia da ara 50 procenti, rogorc<br />
amas TviTon acxadeben (aseTi dabali done mxolod mogebis da saaqcizo<br />
gadasaxadis gareSea).<br />
zogi Tvlis, rom daniis keTili nebis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Zalian Zviria, magram imasac<br />
acxadeben, rom is am fasad Rirs. Tu maRali gadasaxadebi iseT sazogadoebas<br />
uzrunvelyofs, sadac xalxi Tavs usafrTxod grZnobs, sadac damnaSaveobis done<br />
Zalian dabalia, sadac xalxi karg ganaTlebas Rebulobs da didxans da janmrTelad<br />
cxovrobs, iqneb maRali gadasaxadebi arc ise cudi ram iyos!<br />
jerjerobiT Tavi davaneboT Zaladobrivi xelaxali gadanawilebis eTikur<br />
kiTxvebs. amis nacvlad ganvixiloT rogori usafrTxoeba, socuzrunvelyofa<br />
da cxovrebis donea damaxasiaTebeli daniisTvis.<br />
daniaSi xalxi socialurad daculad grZnobs Tavs – yovel SemTxvevaSi am-<br />
Jamad. marTalia isini pensiebiT ver mdidrdebian, magram kom<strong>fo</strong>rtulad cxovroben.<br />
praqtikulad yvela adamiani ama Tu im programaSia CarTuli. magram ase-<br />
Ti sistema didxans ver gastans. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi arasapensio asakis<br />
mxolod 300 000 adamiani cxovrobda mTavrobis sruli daxmarebis xarjze mTeli<br />
wlis manZilze, dRes ki daaxlebiT 900 000. mosaxleobis raodenoba ucvleli<br />
darCa _ daaxloebiT 5 milioni. arcTu ise Soreul momavalSi ufro meti pensioneri<br />
iqneba da naklebi arasapensio asakis. raRac momentSi SesaZloa maTi<br />
ricxvi gaTanabrdes kidevac.<br />
am keTili nebis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m mravali iseTi funqciis nacionalizaciac ki<br />
moaxdina, rac adre ojaxur cxovrebas uwyobda xels. 1960 wels 30 wlis asakis<br />
qalebis 91 procenti iyo gaTxovili. dRes 50 procentze naklebia gaTxovili.<br />
nawilobriv imitom, rom xalxi ufro gvian ojaxdeba, magram ufro imitomac,
Hhenrik hanseni, “dania: potiomkinis sofeli. social-demokratia”<br />
rom bevri sul ar ojaxdeba. maTi umetesoba, vinc daqorwinda, dRes ukve ganqorwinebulia.<br />
25 wlis manZilze, 1950 wlidan 1975 wlamde daojaxebulTa 18<br />
procenti ganqorwinda. 1995 wlisTvis 1970 wlis qorwinebaTa 36 procenti<br />
ganqorwinebiT dasrulda. 1985 wlis qorwinebaTa 20 procenti 7 weliwadSi<br />
dasrulda. zemoxsenebuli faqtebis gamo, dRes gacilebiT meti martoxela<br />
ojaxia, vidre 1960 wels. 2000 wels daniaSi zrdasrul adamianTa erTi mesamedi<br />
martoxela cxovrebas eweoda.<br />
Tu <strong>Cven</strong> damnaSaveobaTa dones gadavxedavT, daniis 2002 wels gamoSvebuli<br />
statistikuri weliwdeulis Tanaxmad, registrirebul danaSaulTa raodenoba<br />
1935_ 1960 wlebSi stabiluri iyo: daaxloebiT 100 000 danaSauli weliwadSi.<br />
magram 1960 wlidan dRemde registrirebul danaSaulTa raodenoba 500 procentiT<br />
gaizarda, weliwadSi 500 000-ze metia. Tu Zaladobriv danaSaulTa raodenobas<br />
gadavxedavT, kidev ufro mZime suraTs vixilavT. Zaladobrivi danaSaulis<br />
raodenoba 1960 wels daaxloebiT 2 000 iyo, dRes ki daaxloebiT 15 000, e.i.<br />
700 procentiT gaizarda da kvlav mkveTrad izrdeba.<br />
Zalian saocari viTarebaa. keTili nebis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Ta qomagebi xSirad amboben,<br />
rom damnaSaveobas siRatake ganapirobebs. magram danaSaulobaTa zrdis<br />
periodSi erT sul mosaxleze gadaangariSebiT, dania orjer ufro gamdidrda.<br />
keTili nebis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Ta qomagebi imasac amboben, rom siRatake ekonomikuri<br />
uTanasworobis Sedegia. magram dania xom Semosavlebis xelaxali gadanawilebis<br />
yvelaze farTo programaSia Cabmuli. dRes is msoflios yvelaze egalitaruli<br />
qveyanaa.<br />
amgvarad, erTaderTi, rac keTili nebis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Ta qomagebma sworad<br />
iwinaswarmetyveles, danaSaulTa mzardi raodenobaa. iqneb sul sxva faqtorebi<br />
iwvevs aseT Sedegs? daniam mesame samyaros qveynebidan emigrantTa da ltolvilTa<br />
didi nakadi miiRo. samwuxarod, emigrantebi farTod figurireben dana-<br />
SaulobaTa statistikaSi — daaxloebiT xuTidan erTi — magram isini mosaxleobis<br />
mxolod 10 procents Seadgenen. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulobaTa<br />
zrda mTlad maT ver dabraldebaT.<br />
arsebobs ukeTesi axsnac. qonebis masiuri xelaxali gadanawilebis programmebma<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis pativiscema daukarga xalxs. mdidari mewarmeebis winaaRmdeg<br />
mimarTulma ritorikam, romelic qonebis xelaxal gadanawilebas axlda,<br />
socialuri antagonizmi warmoSva. mTavrobis Semweobis xarjze mcxovreb<br />
xalxs bevri Tavisufali dro aqvs “eSmakiseuli saqmeebis Casadenad.”<br />
SesaZloa saukeTeso axsnas inteleqtualuri msoflmxedvelobis cvlileba<br />
warmoadgendes. 1960-ian wlebSi erTi axali Teoria gaCnda _ danaSauli samar-<br />
TaldamrRvevs ki ar unda dabraldes, aramed sazogadoebas. im daskvnamde mividnen,<br />
rom damnaSave ki ar unda daisajos (yovel SemTxvevaSi Zalian mkacrad<br />
ara), aramed masze sazogadoebrivi zemoqmedeba unda moxdes. es idea axlac imdenad<br />
popularulia, rom axlandelma konservatorma iusticiis ministrma winadadeba<br />
wamoayena, patimrebs miRebuli sasjeli gavunaxevroTo. man ganacxada,<br />
amiT daniis cixeebSi patimarTa ricxvs SevamcirebTo. magram SesaZloa amiT ma-<br />
Ti ricxvi kidev ufro gaizardos!<br />
axla vnaxoT ra xdeba ganaTlebaSi. bevrs sjera rom, Tu ganaTlebas mTavroba<br />
ar uzrunvelyofs, mxolod mdidrebs eqneba ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba.<br />
SevadaroT dania da SeerTebuli Statebi, sadac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> dafinansebis<br />
miReba, gansakuTrebiT umaRlesi ganaTlebisTvis, ise ioli ar aris, rogorc daniaSi.<br />
ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis angariSis<br />
mixedviT ("Education at a Glance", OECD), daniaSi bakalavris an ufro maRali wodeba<br />
25-dan 64 wlamde asakis mosaxleobis 15 procents aqvs, SeerTebul StatebSi ki<br />
_ 26 procents, daaxloebiT orjer meti. SvedeTSi es monacemebi 13 procents<br />
Seadgens, norvegiaSi 16-s. Tu ganaTlebis dones sxva kuTxiT SevxedavT, daniaSi<br />
mxolod cxrawliani ganaTlebis amara darCenilia 34 procenti, SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
14 procenti; SvedeTSi 26 da norvegiaSi 18 procenti. rogorc vxedavT,<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi kvlav gacilebiT ukeTesi mdgomareobaa. saskolo wlebis<br />
139
140<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
mixedviT Tu ganvsazRvravT, SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobas msoflioSi saukeTeso<br />
ganaTleba aqvs. arc erT qveyanaSi ar aris imdeni umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mqone adamiani, ramdenic SeerTebul StatebSi da arc erT qveyanaSi ar aris mxolod<br />
9-wliani ganaTlebis mqoneTa iseTi mcire raodenoba, rogorc SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi. albaT, evropelTa umravlesobas gaaocebs es in<strong>fo</strong>rmacia (rasakvirvelia,<br />
vaRiareb, rom es raodenobrivi ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebelia da ara xarisxobrivi).<br />
daniaSi bevri ver Rebulobs iseT ganaTlebas, rogoric surs. yvela umaRles<br />
saswavlebels saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> marTavs da ufasoa. centralizebulad igegmeba<br />
ramdeni eqimi, arqiteqtori, inJineri, iuristi, ekonomisti da a.S. sWirdeba sazogadoebas.<br />
studentebs ufrosi klasebis niSnebis mixedviT anawileben. visac<br />
sakmaod maRali niSnebi ar aqvs, SeiZleba sasurvel fakultetze ver iswavlos.<br />
ramdenadac vici, daniaSi ar arsebobs xarisxis donis obieqturi testireba.<br />
magram, albaT, ganaTlebis dabali xarisxis ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebelia is, rom studentTa<br />
mniSvnelovani nawili humanitarul sagnebs irCevs. isini Tavs arideben iseT fakultetebs,<br />
sadac maTematika an sxva sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba an ekonomika<br />
iswavleba, rac ufro met unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs.<br />
ra SeiZleba iTqvas janmrTelobis dacvaze? dania erT-erTia ekonomikuri<br />
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciaSi Semaval im ramdenime qveyanas<br />
Soris, sadac 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba<br />
odnav gaizarda. 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi dania ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa<br />
da ganviTarebis organizaciaSi Semaval qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilze<br />
iyo, dRes ki TiTqmis boloSi gadainacvla.<br />
politikosebis Tanaxmad, daniis uxarisxo saavadmyo<strong>fo</strong>ebi da mkurnalobisa<br />
da qirurgiuli operaciebis rigSi mdgarTa vrceli siebi aq arafer SuaSia. maTi<br />
TqmiT, es danieli xalxis mowevisa da smis mavne CveviT aris ganpirobebuli. da<br />
mainc, gazeTebSi xSirad vkiTxulobT, rom ama Tu im adamianis gardacvalebis<br />
Tavidan acileba SeiZleboda, magram mxolod imitom ver moxerxda, rom droulad<br />
ver imkurnala.<br />
jansaR ekonomikur Teorias SeuZlia axsnas, ratom ar aris sakmarisi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
dafinansebaze myofi janmrTelobis dacva da ganaTleba da dRiTi dRe<br />
ratom uaresdeba maTi xarisxi. rodesac mimwodeblebs mogebis motivi ar amoZravebT<br />
da arc sabazro konkurenciaSi arian Cabmuli, isini ukve momxmarebelze<br />
orientirebulni ar arian, xarisxi iklebs da fasebi izrdeba. radgan arc sabazro<br />
fasebia da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc araviTari ekonomikuri gaTvlebi, maT<br />
arc efeqturad dagegmva SeuZliaT da arc momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba.<br />
racionaluri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad maT arc in<strong>fo</strong>rmacia<br />
aqvT da arc stimuli. ase iyo adrindeli centralizebuli marTvis qveynebSi,<br />
asea daniaSic, sadac ekonomikis zogierT seqtorSi, umetesad ki janmrTelobis<br />
dacvisa da ganaTlebis sferoSi, centralizebuli mmarTveloba sWarbobs.<br />
bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc damnaSaveobis, arc janmrTelobis dacvisa<br />
da arc ganaTlebis sferoSi, rogorc Cans, saimedo Sedegebs ar unda movelodeT.<br />
piriqiT. dRiTi dRe mcirdeba socuzrunvelyofis perspeqtiva mTavrobis<br />
an ojaxis imedad. qveyanas, sadac yoveli mSromeli moqalaqe iZulebulia<br />
piradi Semosavlis udidesi nawili sayovelTao keTildReobas Seswiros,<br />
naTeli perspeqtiva ar uCans.<br />
axalgazrdebisTvis erTaderTi perspeqtiva qveynis datovebaa. axlaxan daniis<br />
ekonomikuri sabWos sami ekonomistidan erT-erTma winadadeba wamoayena,<br />
rom Tu danieli axalgazrdebi, romlebmac ganaTleba daniaSi miiRes, sazRvargareT<br />
wasvlas moindomeben, TavianTi ganaTlebis xarjebi ukan unda daubrunon<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s. isini mxolod maSin SeZleben sazRvargareT wasvlas, rodesac TavianTi<br />
ganaTlebis xarjebis dasafarad sakmaris gadasaxadebs gadaixdian.<br />
amgvarad, berlinis kedlis social-demokratiuli versia miviReT – ekonomikuri<br />
barieri emigraciis Tavidan asacileblad, rac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s SesaZleblobas<br />
aZlevs xalxis dabegvra ganagrZos da aseTi gaurkveveli sistema Seinar-<br />
Cunos. es imas niSnavs, rom daniam TiTqmis amowura Tavisi gza.
gamoqveynda 2003 wels<br />
ra damarTa mTavrobam <strong>Cven</strong>s ojaxebs?<br />
ras erCis mTavroba <strong>Cven</strong>s ojaxebs?<br />
is, rac Svedur ojaxebsa da maT bavSvebs daemarTaT, ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesis<br />
naTqvamis WeSmaritebas adasturebs _ kapitalizmsa da socializms Soris “araviTari<br />
kompromisi” ar SeiZleba arsebobdes. amjerad gi<strong>Cven</strong>ebT, ratom aris,<br />
rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> socuzrunvelyofis zrda SeiZleba “marCenalis” funqciebis<br />
mqone ojaxis wevrebidan saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxeleebze gadatanad ganvixiloT. es<br />
procesi SvedeTSi XIX saukuneSi daiwyo, rodesac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m savaldebulo<br />
saskolo ganaTlebis, bavSvTa Sromisa da xandazmulobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pensiebis<br />
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobebis SemoRebiT bavSvebi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sakuTrebad aqcia. am<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebma is tendencia warmoSva, rom Svedur ojaxs TiTo-orola bavSvi Tu<br />
hyavda da uSvilo ojaxebic gaxSirda, rasac, Tavis mxriv, “mosaxleobis krizisi”<br />
mohyva. amiT isargebles social-demokratebma gunar da alva mirdalebma<br />
da 1930-ian wlebSi bavSvTa aRzrdis srul socializacias dauWires mxari. maTi<br />
“saojaxo politikis Sedegad”, romelic momdevno ormoci wlis manZilze xorcieldeboda,<br />
Sveduri avtonomiuri ojaxi faqtobrivad moispo da mas saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ze<br />
“damokidebuli sazogadoeba” Caenacvla, sadac moqalaqeebi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
moxeleebze arian damokidebuli.<br />
axla SvedeTi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Semweobebis xafangidan Tavis daRwevas cdilobs,<br />
magram bavSvebis nacionalizaciis mxardaWeram SeerTebul StatebSi iCina Tavi.<br />
Tavis mokle naSromSi _ “biurokratia” _ ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi aRniSnavs,<br />
rom Tanamedrove socializms “adamiani dabadebidan sikvdilamde marwuxebSi<br />
hyavs moqceuli”, xolo “bavSvebi da mozardebi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kontrolis<br />
yovlismomcveli meqanizmis saimedo Semadgenel nawils warmoadgenen”. sxva konteqstSi<br />
is “kapitalzmsa” da ”socializms” erTmaneTs upirispirebs da askvnis:<br />
“am or sistemas Soris kompromisi SeuZlebelia. is gavrcelebuli mosazreba,<br />
TiTqos Sualeduri sistemac arsebobdes, mcdaria; veraviTari mesame sistema<br />
ver iqneba mtkice socialuri wyobis modeli.” Cemi mosazrebebi am Teoriis<br />
samarTlianobas exeba da im dakvirvebebzea agebuli, rac Tanamedrove SvedeTis<br />
tipur “Sualedur” saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Si ojaxisa da bavSvebis magaliTze davinaxe.<br />
is, rac SvedeTSi gvxvdeba loialobis keris TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
mTavari metoqis, ojaxis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli biurokratiuli manipulaciis<br />
klasikuri SemTxvevaa. rodesac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>sa da ojaxs Soris metoqeobazea<br />
saubari, unda gvaxsovdes, rom “marCenalis” aucileblobis safuZveli yvela<br />
sazogadoebaSi mudmivad arsebobs. nebismier sazogadoebaSi arian ymawvilebi,<br />
bavSvebi, moxucebulebi, unarSezRudulebi da mZime avadmyofebi. am xalxs sakuTari<br />
Tavis movla ar SeuZliaT. sxvebis daxmarebis gareSe isini ver iarsebeben.<br />
yvela sazogadoebaSi unda arsebobdes maTze zrunvis meqanizmi. Tavisufal<br />
qveynebSi aseTi “umweo” adamianebis dacvasa da movlas ojaxis bunebrivi<br />
instituti uzrunvelyofs (Temebisa da nebayoflobiTi organizaciebis<br />
daxmarebiT). unda iTqvas, rom wminda socialisturi principi _ TiToeulisgan<br />
unaris mixedviT, TiToeuls moTxovnilebis mixedviT _ mxolod avtonomiur<br />
ojaxSi moqmedebs, amasTan, mxolod da mxolod ojaxSi.<br />
141<br />
Aalan karlsoni<br />
Targmna babilina axobaZem<br />
ilionisis StatSi q. rok<strong>fo</strong>rdis hovardis centris prezidenti. mizesis<br />
institutis mowveuli swavluli
142<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> socuzrunvelyofis zrda “marCenalis”<br />
funqciis gadacemaa ojaxidan saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ze, sisxlis naTesavebidan, qorwinebiT<br />
SekavSirebuli an Svilad ayvanili adamianebidan saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxeleebze. es<br />
procesi SvedeTSi XIX saukunis Sua wlebidan daiwyo im biurokratiuli proeqtebis<br />
gziT, romelic mSoblebsa da bavSvebs Soris kavSiris moSlas emsaxureboda.<br />
bavSvebze saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kontrolis daweseba 1840-ian wlebSi klasikuri<br />
gziT _ savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis kanonis SemoRebiT daiwyo. marTalia,<br />
amas codnis amaRlebisa da xalxis keTildReobisTvis gatarebuli Ronis-<br />
Ziebis saxeliT amarTlebdnen, magram ufro metad bavSvebis nacionalizaciisken<br />
iyo mimarTuli im mosazrebiT, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> funqcionerebma (SvedeTis<br />
same<strong>fo</strong> biurokratiam) ukeT icodnen, rodis ra unda ekeTebinaT bavSvebs<br />
da, rom mSoblebi ver an ar daicavdnen Svilebs eqspluataciisgan.<br />
meore nabiji 1912 wlis kanonmdebloba iyo, riTac efeqtianad aikrZala bav-<br />
Svebis muSaoba qarxnebSi da, garkveulwilad, fermebSic. kvlav igulisxmeboda,<br />
rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> socuzrunvelyofis muSakebma ukeT icodnen, rogor unda ganawilebuliyo<br />
bavSvebis dro da bavSvebis mimarT isini ufro gulmowyaleni iyvnen<br />
an iqnebodnen, vidre mSoblebi.<br />
saboloo nabiji SvedeTis mTavrobis mier imave periodSi amoqmedebuli moxucebulobisa<br />
da xandazmulobis pensiebis programebi iyo, rac male sayovelTao<br />
gaxda. amjerad es kidev erTi funqciis, “Rrma moxucebulebisa” da “umweoebis”<br />
marCenalis funqciis nacionalizacias gulisxmobda. saukuneebis man-<br />
Zilze moxucebze zrunva ojaxis saqme iyo. amieridan ki es saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sazrunavi<br />
xdeboda. yvela es re<strong>fo</strong>rma sabolood bavSvebis ekonomikuri Rirebulebis<br />
nacionalizacias emsaxureboda. ojaxs naturaluri meurneoba da mSoblebs<br />
sakuTari SvilebiT sargeblobis saSualeba mouspes rogorc ojaxur sawarmoSi<br />
muSaobis, ise moxucebulobis asakSi “socialuri uzrunvelyofis” TvalsazrisiT.<br />
bavSvebis aRzrdis xarjebi isev mSoblebis gadasaxdeli darCa, is ekonomikuri<br />
mogeba ki, rasac TviTon bavSvi warmoadgens, “sazogadoebam”, anu<br />
biurokratiulma saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m miitaca. “gari bekeris skolis” ekonomistis<br />
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aseTi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis <strong>fo</strong>nze bavSvebis Semcirebis tendencia<br />
iyo mosalodneli. asec moxda. 1800-iani wlebis dasasrulidan SvedeTSi<br />
Sobadoba swrafad Semcirda; 1935 wlisTvis msoflioSi yvelaze dabali<br />
Sobadobis done iq iyo _ nulovani zrdis doneze dabali (Sobadoba<br />
sikvdilianobaze naklebi iyo), rodesac Taobebis Canacvleba Zlivs xerxdeboda.<br />
mosaxleobis demografiuli cvlilebis standartuli Teoria didi xania amtkicebs,<br />
rom Sobadobis aseTi kleba Tanamedrove industrializaciis gardauvali<br />
Sedegia: kapitalisturi ekonomika tradiciuli ojaxuri kavSirebis rRvevas<br />
iwvevs. marTalia, tradiciuli ojaxis struqtura industriul sazogadoebaSi<br />
axali saxis winaaRmdegobaTa winaSe dgas, magram ufro uaxlesi Teoria amtkicebs,<br />
rom, faqtobrivad, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s zrda ufro did problemas<br />
warmoSobs.<br />
prinstonis universitetis demografi norman raideri sxvadasxva qveynebis<br />
gamocdilebis ganxilvisas Sobadobis klebis mTavar mizezad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> ganaTlebis<br />
masobriv danergvas miiCnevs. “ganaTleba damRupvel gavlenas axdens<br />
axalgazrda Taobaze,” ambobs is. “politikuri organizaciebi, magaliTad, ekonomikuri<br />
organizaciebi, loialobas moiTxoven da cdiloben ojaxisadmi gansakuTrebuli<br />
erTguleba CaaxSon. ojaxsa da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s Soris brZola mimdinareobs<br />
bavSvis gonebis dasapyrobad”. am brZolaSi “mTavari iaraRis” funqcias<br />
savaldebulo saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> skola asrulebs, sadac “mSoblebisgan moSorebiT,<br />
bavSvebs pirdapir moqalaqeobas aswavlian”. raideri amtkicebs, rom SvedeTis<br />
magaliTi sayovelTao faqtia. is imasac ambobs, rom mSoblebs savaldebulo<br />
ganaTleba bavSvebis aRzrdis xarjebs uzrdis, maTi Sromis gamoyenebis saSualebas<br />
ki arTmevs, riTac maT ekonomikur Rirebulebas amcirebs. garda amisa,<br />
socuzrunvelyofis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sistema ojaxSi Taobebs Soris arsebul<br />
bunebriv kavSirebs sxva gziTac spobs, ris Sedegadac ojaxis magivrad loialobis<br />
axal da mTavar kerad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> rCeba.
Aalan karlsoni, “ra damarTa mTavrobam <strong>Cven</strong>s ojaxebs?”<br />
erovnulma ojaxurma sistemam droTa ganmavlobaSi SesaZloa reproduqciis<br />
erTian “col-qmrul” birTvTan dakavSirebiT reorganizacia ganicados; maSin<br />
damoukideblobis es safuZvelic TandaTan gaqreba. raideri amtkicebs, rom<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Carevis Sedegad Sobadoba progresulad klebulobs da mTavrobaze<br />
damokidebul mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebi martodmarto rCebian.<br />
socialuri mowyobis aseTi modelisTvis damaxasiaTebel winaaRmdegobaze<br />
SvedeTSi 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi alaparakdnen. rodesac Sobadoba nulovani<br />
zrdis doneze qvemoT Camovida, Svedi konservatorebi “gadaSenebis safr-<br />
Txem” da bavSvebis “gauCinarebam” SeaS<strong>fo</strong>Ta. zogierTebi amtkicebdnen, rom<br />
mTavari problema sulieri ngreva, anu qristianobis daknineba da<br />
materialurisken, piradi keTildReobisken swrafva iyo. veravin, verc erTi<br />
politikosi ver xedavda, rom problemas bolo 90 wlis ganmavlobaSi moqmedi<br />
saganmanaTleblo da socialuri kanonmdebloba qmnida. amgvarad, rodesac<br />
SvedeTSi “mosaxleobis krizisma” ukidures zRvars miaRwia, demagogiasa da<br />
eqspluatacias gaexsna gza.<br />
am viTarebaSi gamoCnda ori axalgazrda Svedi sociologi — guner mirdali<br />
da misi coli alva mirdali. vidre im sakiTxze gadavidode, Tu rogor isargebles<br />
maT Seqmnili viTarebiT da rogor borotad gamoiyenes mosaxleobis krizisis<br />
sakiTxi, neba momeciT, cotaodeni ram mogiTxroT maTi biografiis Sesaxeb<br />
da im mimdinareobaze, ramac maT muSaobaze moaxdina gavlena.<br />
biurokratiul paternalizms SevedeTSi didi xnis istoria hqonda, rasac<br />
XVI saukunis dasawyisis vasaTa dinastiis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> aparatSi Caeyara safuZveli<br />
da 1540-ian wlebSi Kprogresi ganicada, rodesac nils dakes warumatebeli<br />
ajanyebis Semdeg regionuli avtonomia daemxo. mirdalebi erTgvar siaxles,<br />
“TviTon XX saukunes” warmoadgendnen. isini sociologebi iyvnen – akademiuri<br />
inteleqtualebi – da axali tipis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s emsaxurebodnen. rogorc Tvi-<br />
Ton alva mirdali ambobs: ”politika [axla]... logikasa da teqnologiebis codnas<br />
eyrdnoba, amitom, iZulebulia, arsebiTad, konstruqciul socialur in-<br />
Jineriad iqces.”<br />
marTalia, <strong>Cven</strong>, amerikelebs gamudmebiT gvesmis komentarebi “Sveduri modelis”<br />
keTilgonivrulobaze, magram sainteresoa aRiniSnos ramdenad eyrdnoba<br />
axali Sveduri sayovelTao saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> keTildReoba amerikul eqsperimentebs.<br />
mirdalebma 1929_30 akademiuri weli (“progresuli epoqis” uRimRamo<br />
Tveebi) SeerTebul StatebSi gaatares lora spelman rokfeleris <strong>fo</strong>ndis dafinansebiT.<br />
am periodSi alva mirdali egreT wodebuli “Cikagos sociologiuri<br />
skolis” gavlenis qveS moeqca. kerZod, masze didi gavlena moaxdina uiliam ogburnis<br />
mosazrebam, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> da skola aSkarad ojaxis xarjze gaizarda,<br />
da rom ojaxi “funqciis dakargvis” safrTxis winaSe idga, radgan misi istoriuli<br />
aucilebloba pirovnebisadmi eqskluziurma damokidebulebam Secvala.<br />
alva mirdali did <strong>dros</strong> atarebda agreTve kolumbiis Uuniversitetis bavSvTa<br />
ganviTarebis institutsa da rokfeleris <strong>fo</strong>ndis grantebiT dafinansebul<br />
eqsperimentul skolamdel dawesebulebebsa da bavSvTa saxlebSi, bavSvTa socialuri<br />
aRzrdis sanimuSo dawesebulebebSi, ramac didi STabeWdileba moaxdina<br />
masze.<br />
gunar mirdalma kolumbiasa da Cikagos universitetSi muSaobisas gaacnobiera,<br />
rom SvedeTSi “mosaxleobis krizisTan” dakavSirebiT warmoSobil debatebSi<br />
uzarmazari politikuri potenciali Canda.<br />
1932 wels avangardul Svedur Jurnal “speqtrumSi” (Spektrum) gamoqveynebul<br />
statiaSi — “socialuri politikis dilema” _ gunar mirdali saWiro politikur<br />
berkets Seexo. man evropaSi 1914 wlamde arsebul “liberalur socializmsa”<br />
da “socialistur liberalizms” Soris kompromisis Zieba daiwyo. is<br />
ambobda, rom aseTi struqturebis pirobebSi XIX saukunis liberalizmma mal-<br />
Tuziur pesimizmsa da Tavisufali bazris dogmatizms Tavi aneba da nacvlad amisa,<br />
muSebis dasacavad re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis aucileblobaze alaparakda; am <strong>dros</strong><br />
socialistebma revoluciis miznebsa da sakuTrebis masiur xelaxal gadanawi-<br />
143
144<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
lebas ukve Tavi anebes, rac gulisxmobda, rom muSaTa klasis dasaxmareblad gadadgmuli<br />
nabijebiT dakmayofildnen.<br />
magram es kompromisi msoflio omma Searyia. mirdali ambobda, axla klasikuri<br />
liberalizmi mokvda da misi momxreebi gaifantneno. amave <strong>dros</strong>, is amtkicebda,<br />
rom muSaTa moZraobis reradikalizacia da axali tipis socialuri politikis<br />
Zieba iyo saWiro. misi gancxadebiT, Zveli kompromisis pirobebSi simptomebze<br />
orientirebuli socialuri politika arsebobda, rac Raribebisa da<br />
umweoebis daxmarebas emsaxureboda, axali socialuri politika ki prevenciuli<br />
xasiaTis unda yofiliyo. axla, sociologebs Tanamedrove kvleviTi teqnologiebis<br />
gamoyenebiT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s saSualebiT SeeZloT socialuri paTologiebis<br />
Tavidan acileba. rogorc is ambobda, rodesac prevenciuli socialuri<br />
politika adamianze orientirebul Rirebul moZRvrebasa da racionalur<br />
mecnierebas eyrdnoba, “bunebrivad erTian” teqnikurad swor da politikurad<br />
radikalur gadawyvetilebas vRebulobT. kerZod, mirdali aRniSnavda, rom SvedeTis<br />
mosaxleobis krizisi racionalur sociologiur azrs efeqtiani da radikaluri<br />
ideebis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mxridan iZulebiTi<br />
cvlilebisTviso.<br />
mirdalebma es programa 1934 wlis bestselerSi _ “Crisis in the Population Question”<br />
– daakonkretes. Ees aris brwyinvaled argumentirebuli gamocema, romelmac<br />
arsebiTad Secvala SvedeTi. im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac Svedi konservatorebi<br />
SeS<strong>fo</strong>Tebas gamoTqvamdnen seqsualuri amoralobis gamo, mirdalebi pirdapir<br />
miuTiTebdnen im winaaRmdegobaze, rasac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s arasrulyofili socuzrunvelyofa<br />
qmnida. maTi TqmiT, mTavrobis adrindelma RonisZiebebma, magali-<br />
Tad, savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebam, bavSvTa Sromis akrZalvam, xandazmulobis<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pensiam, mSoblebisTvis bavSvebs Rirebuleba daukarga, maTi<br />
aRzrdis xarjebi ki isev ojaxs dautova. amis gamo, siRatakis mTavar mizezad<br />
bavSvebi iqcnen. Tu saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> strategias gaviTvaliswinebT, im adamianebs, visac<br />
bavSvebis saxiT yvelaze didi wvlili Sehqonda eris gadarCenis saqmeSi, si-<br />
Ratake, uvargisi sabinao pirobebi, cudi kveba da SezRuduli Svebulebis problema<br />
eloda. axalgazrda wyvilebi nebayoflobiTi arCevanis winaSe idgnen —<br />
bavSvebi hyolodaT da siRatakeSi ecxovraT, Tu bavSvebi ar hyolodaT da ukeT<br />
ecxovraT. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> SemweobaTa sistemis gamoisobiT, mozrdil<br />
axalgazrdebs pensionerebi da umweoebic unda erCinaT da is bavSvebic,<br />
romlebsac TviTon aCuqes sicocxle. amxela tvirTis zidvas, maT bavSvebis<br />
ricxvis Semcireba arCies, radgan es erTaderTi ram iyo, ris gakontrolebac<br />
TviTon SeeZloT. swored amis gamo iyo, rom SvedeTis mosaxleoba Semcirda da<br />
ers gadaSenebis safrTxe daemuqra.<br />
mirdalebis Tanaxmad, mxolod ori alternativa arsebobda. pirveli, ojaxis<br />
avtonomiis aRdgenis mizniT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> skolebis daSlas, bavSvTa Sromis kanonebisa<br />
da moxucebulobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> pensiebis gauqmebas gulisxmobda, razedac,<br />
maTi azriT, “saubaric ar Rirda”. meore da erTaderTi praqtikuli alternativa<br />
ki saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> socuzrunvelyofis srulyofa da bavSvebis dabadebisa<br />
da aRzrdis TiTqmis mTeli xarjebis nacionalizacia iyo, rac maTTan dakavSirebul<br />
yvela problemas gadaWrida. realurad isini amtkicebdnen, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
winare CareviT gamowveuli problemebis gadasaWrelad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
ufro sruli Careva iyo saWiro.<br />
es ki axali saxis Semweobebs gulisxmobda: “es prevenciul socialur politikas<br />
gulisxmobs, romlis ZiriTadi mizani adamianuri resursis xarisxis<br />
gaumjobeseba da, amave <strong>dros</strong>, radikaluri xelaxali gadanawilebis politikis<br />
gatarebaa, rac bavSvebis Senaxvis tvirTs mniSvnelovanwilad mTeli sazogadoebis<br />
sazrunavad aqcevs.” aseTi ufleba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> biurokratias adre aras<strong>dros</strong><br />
gamouyenebia. TviTon sityva “prevenciuli” politika ise JRerda, rom<br />
daxmarebebs, usafrTxoebasa da kontrols yvela Sveduri ojaxi kars uRebda.<br />
aravin icoda sad SeiZleboda problema warmoqmniliyo: amitom,<br />
biurokratiuli Carevis universaluri RonisZiebebi unda gaetarebinaT, rom<br />
prevencia realobad qceuliyo.
Aalan karlsoni, “ra damarTa mTavrobam <strong>Cven</strong>s ojaxebs?”<br />
amas mirdalebi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen: “amiT mosaxleobis<br />
sakiTxi sazogadoebis Rrma da radikaluri socialisturi gardaqmnis yvelaze<br />
efeqtian argumnetad iqceva.” sxvagvarad ers mxolod gadaSeneba eliso, ambobdnen<br />
isini.<br />
maTi programa sayovelTao saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Semweobebs moicavda, maT Soris: bav-<br />
SvTa Cacma-daxurvas, janmrTelobis dacvas, sabavSvo baRebs, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sazafxulo<br />
banakebs, skolaSi ufaso sauzmes, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> dafinansebis sacxovrebel<br />
saxlebs, bavSvis dabadebisas sxvadasxva xarjebis dafarvas, saqorwino sesxebs,<br />
fexmZimeTa da mSobiareTa saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> momsaxurebis gafarToebas, centralizebul<br />
ekonomikur dagegmvas da a.S. sinamdvileSi es yvelaferi xarjebis nacionalizacias<br />
isaxavda miznad da yvela ojaxs racionalurad gansazRvruli, erTgvarovani<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofda, rasac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier<br />
dasaqmebuli pirebi emsaxurebodnen da mdidrebsa da uSviloebze dakisrebuli<br />
gadasaxadebiT finansdeboda.<br />
maTi programis Sesaxeb xSirad gaismoda, rom is ojaxs safrTxes uqmniso,<br />
razedac isini maTTvis damaxasiaTebel bundovan pasuxs iZleodnen. “axlandeli<br />
patara ojaxi erTgvar... paTologiur movlenas warmoadgens,” ambobdnen mirdalebi.<br />
“Zveli idealebi im TaobasTan erTad unda gaqres, romelic maT<br />
eyrdnoboda.”<br />
Tavisuflebisa da ojaxuri avtonomiis moTxovnam sayovelTao mwvave reaqcia<br />
gamoiwvia. mirdalebi acxadebdnen, rom mSoblebis “veraguli individuallisturi<br />
survili”, rom sakuTari Svilebis aRzrdis “ufleba hqondeT”, arajansaRiao:<br />
“...maTi umravlesobis mosawyeni paTosi, riTac “pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa”<br />
da “sakuTar ojaxze pasuxismgeblobis” ideas icaven, umetesad<br />
sadistur mizans emsaxureba, rom es “Tavisufleba” usazRvro da ukontrolo<br />
uflebebad aqcion da sxvebze ibatonono.<br />
saerTaSoriso Tanamegobruli sazogadoebisTvis momzadebuli bavSvebi<br />
rom aRvzardoT, “isini <strong>Cven</strong>gan Sors unda gavuSvaT” Yda maTi movla-patronoba<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> diplomis mqone specialistebs unda mivandoTo, acxadebdnen isini.<br />
rasakvirvelia, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kontrolirebadi koleqtiuri sabavSvo saxlebi ufro<br />
ukeT emsaxureboda socialuri klasebis aRmofxvras da ekonomikur demokratiaze<br />
dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis aSenebas, vidre paTologiurad patara<br />
ojaxebi.<br />
mirdalebis mier momzadebuli 1935_1975 wlebis momcveli saSinao programa<br />
SvedeTis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>d Camoyalibebas iTvaliswinebda.<br />
Svedi xalxis Seupovari winaaRmdegobisa da SezRuduli biujetis gamo<br />
aRniSnuli gegma 1935_38, 1944_48 da 1965_1973 wlebSis wyvetil periodebad<br />
xorcieldeboda da srulad ar ganxorcielebula.<br />
ra konkretuli Sedegebi mohyva amas? raki saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> dekretma ojaxs yvela<br />
funqcia waarTva _ reproduqciis, socialuri uzrunvelyofis, Semweobis<br />
da metwilad momxmareblisac, amitom, gasakviri ar unda yofiliyo, rom Zalian<br />
cota Sveds Tu surda ojaxSi cxovreba. qorwinebaTa raodenobis done Tanamedrove<br />
qveynebTan SedarebiT rekordulad dabali iyo, marto mcxovreb mozardTa<br />
ricxvi ki Zalian maRali. magaliTad, 1980-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi stokholmis<br />
mosaxleobis ori mesamedi erTsulian ojaxs Seadgenda. imis gamo, rom<br />
bavSvebis xarjebisa da Semweobebis sruli nacionalizacia ganxorcielda da imis<br />
gamo, rom kanoniT ganzrax ikrZaleboda qorwinebidan raime ekonomikuri sargebelis<br />
miReba, bavSvebis yola qorwinebasTan aRar iyo dakavSirebuli: 1990<br />
wlisTvis SvedeTSi axalSobilTa naxevarze meti qorwinebis gareSe ibadeboda.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Semweobis “uflebiT” bavSvebic sargeblobdnen, rac did pakets<br />
Seadgenda: ufaso samedicino da stomatologiuri momsaxureba; uamravi iafi<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> transporti, ufaso kveba; ufaso ganaTleba; ufaso “bavSvTa<br />
advokatebic” ki arsebobdnen, rom saqmeSi Careuliyvnen, Tuki mSoblebi zRvars<br />
gadaabijebdnen. “ojaxi” aRarc bavSvebs ar sWirdeboda _ axla maTi namdvili<br />
mSobeli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> iyo.<br />
145
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Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
rutgersis universitetis sociologi devid poponou acxadebs, rom cneba<br />
“sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>” aRar Seesabameba iseT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s,<br />
sadac adamiani mTlianad mTavrobazea damokidebuli. amis nacvlad is “momxmarebelTa<br />
sazogadoebas” uwodebs iseT qveyanas, “sadac moqalaqeTa umravlesobas<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxurSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi emsaxurebian, romlebic<br />
maTze mTeli sicocxlis manZilze zrunaven”.<br />
SvedeTSi xanSiSesuli adamianebi Svilebis potenciuri marCenalobisgan<br />
“Tavisufldebian”; ymawvilebi, patara bavSvebi da Tineijerebi _ mSoblebis<br />
movla-patronobisgan, ufrosi asakis adamianebi _ biologiuri mSoblebisa da<br />
Svilebis mimarT movaleobisgan, xolo qorwinebiT SeuRlebuli col-qmari<br />
erTmaneTis mimarT yovelgvari pasuxismgeblobisgan. am “Tavisuflebis” sanacvlod<br />
yvela mTlianad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>zea damokidebuli da is, rac erT <strong>dros</strong> ojaxuri<br />
cxovreba iyo, TiTqmis mTlianad biurokratizaciam STanTqa. <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi<br />
marTali iyo, “saSualo gza” marTlac ar arsebobs. magram SvedeTi socialisturi<br />
wyobis ufro srulyofil da, amdenad, ufro tiranul versias warmoadgens,<br />
romelmac Tavisi siRrmiT sabWoTa kavSirsac ki gaaswro. magram Tanamedrove<br />
SvedeTis sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Tavisebur winaaRmdegobebsa<br />
da problemebs Seicavs, ramac axla iCina Tavi.<br />
pirvel rigSi, unda iTqvas, rom sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Si<br />
“demografiuli problemebi“ iolad gadasaWreli ar aris. gamorCenaze orientirebuli<br />
demokratiuli wyobis pirobebSi isini, vinc xmaTa met raodenobas<br />
akontroleben, met sargebels naxuloben. SvedeTSic asea, moxucebs xmis ufleba<br />
aqvT, bavSvebs ki ara. marTalia, “saojaxo politika” damoukidebeli erTeulis<br />
— ojaxis _ dangrevis saqmeSi sakmaod efeqtiani gamodga, magram saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
programebisa da Semosavlebis SedarebiT axalgazrdebidan SedarebiT<br />
xandazmulebisken dineba ver SeaCera.<br />
meore, aseTi tipis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sazogadoebisTvis saWiro yvela sazrunavis<br />
uzrunvelyofas ver SeZlebs, radgan es Zalian Zviri daujdeba. magram, amave<br />
<strong>dros</strong>, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Si ojaxi imisaTvis isjeba, rom<br />
sakuTar Tavze TviTonve zrunavs, radgan amiT is saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxuriT<br />
sargeblobaze uars ambobs da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> samsaxuriT mxolod maSin sargeblobs,<br />
rodesac ojaxi mzrunvelobas Sewyvets. daniis socuzrunvelyofis<br />
samsaxuris ufrosi bent andersoni am problemas Semdegnairad xsnis:<br />
“racionalur safuZvelze agebul sayovelTao keTildReobis<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s erTi winaaRmdegoba axasiaTebs: Tu mas misTvis<br />
gamiznuli funqciebis Sesruleba surs, misma moqalaqeebma misi<br />
momsaxurebisa da mzrunvelobis srulmasStabiani sargeblobisagan<br />
Tavi unda Seikavon, anu isini iracionalurad unda iqceodnen da amas<br />
unda gansazRvravdes araoficialuri socialuri kontroli, rac,<br />
amave <strong>dros</strong>, keTildReobis zrdasTan erTad qreba.”<br />
es winaaRmdegoba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Semweobebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli bolodroindeli<br />
ajanyebis mamoZravebeli Zala iyo, ajanyebis, romelic (skandinaviis<br />
qveynebSi) daniasa da norvegiaSi antisaxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ebrivi “progresis” partiis<br />
arCevnebSi gamarjvebiT daiwyo da, romelic axla SvedeTsac moedo. gasul<br />
TveSi SvedeTis social-demokratebi nacionalur arCevnebSi damarcxdnen da<br />
Zalaufleba centristul memarjvene koalicias darCa, romlebsac is dapireba<br />
aerTianebdaT, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Semweobebs Seamcirebdnen. gansakuTrebuli<br />
emocia gamoiwvia ori axali partiis gamoCenam, romlebmac SvedeTis “riksdagis”<br />
(parlamentis) arCevnebSi pirvelad gaimarjves.<br />
pirveli maTgani qristian-demokratiuli partia iyo, romelmac Tavisi<br />
plat<strong>fo</strong>rmis mTavar sakiTxad Svedi ojaxebis savalalo mdgomareoba gaixada.<br />
isini ojaxur urTierTobebSi biurokratuli Carevis Semcirebas da im<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> programebis SeCerebas moiTxovdnen, romelic qorwinebis gareSe<br />
Sobadobis zrdas xels uwyobda da mSoblebs sakuTar bavSvebze zrunvas uSlida.<br />
meore axali partia, romelic axali demokratebis saxeliT gamoCnda, li-
Aalan karlsoni, “ra damarTa mTavrobam <strong>Cven</strong>s ojaxebs?”<br />
bertarianul sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, mag., gadasaxadebisa da Semweobebis<br />
mkveTri Semcireba da emigraciis SesaCereblad gamiznuli ucxouri<br />
daxmarebebis Sewyveta. es orive axali partia saparlamento xelisuflebas abalansebda.<br />
Semweoba iSviaTad Tu gauqmebula romelime Tanamedrove saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>Si,<br />
magram SvedeTs 1930-iani wlebis Semdeg pirvelad mieca SesaZlebloba<br />
ramdenadme aRedgina ojaxuri avtonomia da pirovnuli Tavisufleba.<br />
yvelaferi imaze mianiSnebda, rom Svedur models, “Sualedur gzas”, anu mesame<br />
SesaZleblobas, avtoriteti Seerya. amavdroulad meore gza, komunizmi<br />
sruliad daiSala. samwuxarod, Sveduri modeli aq, SeerTebul StatebSi cocxlobs<br />
(da SesaZloa male ayvavdes kidevac), sadac mirdalebis 1930-iani wlebis<br />
logika politikuri aRmavlobis gzazea.<br />
1991 wels “Basic Books”-is (saukeTeso neokonservatuli sagamomcemlo saxli)<br />
mier gamocemul naSromSi “When the Bough Breaks” ekonomisti silvia en hiuleti<br />
wers: “[Tanamedrove] samyaroSi, garda imisa, rom mSoblebisTvis bavSvebs “Rirebuleba”<br />
aqvT dakarguli, maT gazrdas didi xarjebi sWirdeba. <strong>savaraudod</strong>, bav-<br />
Svis aRzrdis xarjebi 171000 dolaridan 265000 dolaramde meryeobs. am xarjebis<br />
sanacvlodD “bavSvisgan siyvaruls, Rimils da emociur kmayofilebas Rebuloben,”<br />
magram ara fuls an Sromas.”<br />
“es mniSvnelovani amerikuli dilemis winaSe gvayenebs,” ganagrZobs is. “<strong>savaraudod</strong>,<br />
Svilebis aRzrdaze mSoblebi Zalian did Tanxebsa da energias xarjaven,<br />
materialur nayofs ki umetesad sazogadoeba imkis. xarjebi kerZoa, sargebeli<br />
ki mTeli sazogadoebis... amJamad, araracionaluri mSobliuri TavdadebiT<br />
bavSvTa aRzrdis uzrunvelyofa Zalian riskiani, avantiuruli da rTuli<br />
saqmea. droa, <strong>Cven</strong>i bavSvebis aRzrdisTvis saWiro xarjebisa da tvirTis gaziarebas<br />
SeveCvioT. droa, garkveuli pasuxismgebloba aviRoT momaval Taobebze.”<br />
hiuleti socuzrunvelyofis axal programebs adgens amerikisTvis, romelic<br />
moicavs: dekretul Svebulebas, dedisa da bavSvis ufaso samedicino momsaxurebas,<br />
maRalxarisxovan ufaso bavSvTa saxlebs, met “saganmanaTleblo investiciebs”,<br />
bavSviani ojaxebis soliduri sabinao subsidiebiT daxmarebas da<br />
sxv.<br />
gvecnoba, ara? es swored is argumentebi da programebia, romelic Svedebs<br />
1934 wels alva da gunar mirdalebma SesTavazes, Tumca ufro nakleb radikaluria<br />
da aSkara socialistur ritorikas moklebuli. am wignis wakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg “Proctor and Gamble”-kompaniis Tavmjdomarem (yofilma) ouen butlerma ganacxada:<br />
“aSkaraa, rom Tu dRes ufro Wkvianurad ar CavdebT investiciebs, <strong>Cven</strong>i<br />
qveynis ekonomikasa da <strong>Cven</strong>s momavals safrTxe daemuqreba.” vaSingtonis e.w.<br />
bavSvTa aRzrdis axali politika swored igive argumentebs Seicavs.<br />
amasTan erTad, “prevenciuli socialuri politika” re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis momxre<br />
sxva amerikelebis lozungad iqca. argumentebi nacnobia: “saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxeleebis<br />
daxmareba cxovrebis dasawyisSi ufro ekonomiuri da efeqtiania, vidre<br />
gvian; rac ufro didxans davelodebiT stresis simptomebis gamoCenas, miT ufro<br />
Zvirad dagvijdeba. adreuli Careva niSnavs, rom investiciebi mTlianad bav-<br />
SvTa aRzrdas unda movaxmaroT – dividendebs mogvianebiT miviRebT,” da a. S. es<br />
yvelaferi TiTqos marTlzomierad JRers, magram sabolood amerikaSi biurokratiuli<br />
mmarTvelobis koSmarad iqceva da, faqtobrivad, ojaxebis daSliT<br />
damTavrdeba.<br />
“bavSvTa mimarT Zaladobisa da Seuracxyofis” winaaRmdeg brZolis sakonsultacio<br />
sabWos seqtembris moxsenebaSi swored aseTi axali amerikuli wyobis<br />
aCrdili moCans. reiganisa da buSis administraciis mier eqskluziurad daniSnuli<br />
sabWos wevrebi bavSvebis mimarT Zaladobas “erovnul katastrofas” uwodeben<br />
da acxadeben rom “aseTi siZlieriT sxva verc erTi problema ver gamoiwvevs<br />
an gaamwvavebs socialur mankierebebs.” moxsenebis saboloo daskvnaSi<br />
naTqvamia, rom federaluri da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> mTavrobebi did <strong>dros</strong> kargaven Zaladobis<br />
savaraudo SemTxvevebis gamoZiebaze. magram, federalurma mTavrobam Za-<br />
147
148<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
ladobisa da Seuracxyofis prevenciaze manamde unda gaamaxvilos yuradReba,<br />
sanam faqti moxdeba.<br />
sabWo gvirCevs, rom federalurma mTavrobam dauyovnebliv unda SeimuSaos<br />
erovnuli programa, romelic potenciuri moZaladis gamosavlenad da Zaladobis<br />
msxverplis dasaxmareblad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> jandacvis muSakebisa da sociologebis<br />
“kardakar siaruls” iTvaliswinebs yvela axalSobilisa da misi mSoblis<br />
mosanaxuleblad .<br />
amasTan erTad, sabWom “bavSvTa dacvis erovnuli politikis” ganxorcieleba<br />
gadawyvita, rac gulisxmobs, rom federaluri mTavroba saTanado saSualebebs<br />
gamoiyenebs yvela bavSvis usafrTxo garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
rasakvirvelia, hiuleti samarTalianad laparakobs amerikis dRevandeli<br />
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s naklovanebaTa Sesaxeb: “aq <strong>Cven</strong> bavSvebis<br />
ekonomikuri Rirebulebis nacionalizacia movaxdineT, magram maTi xarjebi<br />
isev mSoblebs davutoveT. Sedegad, SeerTebul StatebSi 1999 wels, xolo SvedeTSi<br />
1934 wels namdvili sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s modelis<br />
arasruli versia miviReT. hiuleti iqac marTalia, rodesac ambobs, rom es Zviri<br />
gvijdeba: 1980-ian wlebSi qorwinebaSi dabadebul amerikel bavSvTa wliuri<br />
raodenobis stagnacia aRiniSneboda, Sobadobis zrdis done nuls qvemoT 30<br />
procenti iyo. amerikelebi sakuTar <strong>dros</strong>a da fuls erT an or bavSvze mets ar<br />
moaxmaren umetesad imitom, rom maT es ar uRirT (marTalia, saerTo Sobadobis<br />
donem erTgvarad aiwia, magram es mTlianad qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bav-<br />
Svebis raodenobis mkveTri zrdiT iyo ganpirobebuli, ramac 1980 _ 1991 wleb-<br />
Si 665 000-dan 1 000 000-s miaRwia da gadaaWarba kidevac; rogorc Cans, <strong>Cven</strong>i<br />
socuzrunvelyofis sistema maT kargad afinansebs).<br />
magram arsebobs “Sveduri modelis” alternativa, razedac doqtori hiuleti<br />
arafers ambobs; es swored is alternativaa, romelic samoci wlis win mirdalebma<br />
“seriozuli ganxilvis Rirsad” ar miiCnies. am alternativas “Tavisufali<br />
sazogadoeba” hqvia, rac gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebis biurokratuli xerxebiT xelSi<br />
CagdebiT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> socuzrunvelyofa ki ar unda srulvyoT, aramed isic<br />
unda movspoT, rac gvaqvs. dRis wesrigSia martivi, radikaluri da pragmatulad<br />
antibiurokratuli sakiTxebi:<br />
1. bolo unda moeRos saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>-savaldebulo da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>-<br />
kontrolirebad ganaTlebas, Svilebis aRzrda-ganaTlebis sakiTxi<br />
mSoblebisa da gamzrdelebis gadasawyveti unda gaxdes;<br />
2. unda gauqmdes bavSvTa Sromis kanonmdebloba, radgan mSoblebma<br />
da gamzrdelebma ukeT ician, ra umjobesia bavSvebisTvis, gacilebiT<br />
ukeT vidre biurokratuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s romelime organom;<br />
3. unda daiSalos “socuzrunvelyofis” sistema da adamianebma da<br />
maTi ojaxis wevrebma TviTonve unda izrunon moxucebulobis asakSi<br />
saWiro movla-patronobaze.<br />
am RonisZiebebis Sedegad mSoblebisTvis bavSvebis ekonomikuri upiratesoba<br />
aRdgeba da bolo moeReba bavSvebis winaaRmdeg moqmed kanonebs, rac safuZvlad<br />
udevs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> socuzrunvelyofis arasrulyofil sistemas.<br />
bevri ityvis, rom Tanamedrove industriul sazogadoebaSi aseTi ram SeuZlebelia<br />
da rom Tanamedrove samyaros realobis, anu misi kompleqsurobis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, aseT reaqciul Zalisxmevas uTuod qaosi mohyveba.<br />
me ki pasuxad amerikaSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva jgufebze mivuTiTeb, romlebic,<br />
zogierTi saocari istoriuli SemTxveviTobis an sxva politikuri saswaulis<br />
wyalobiT, isev binadroben <strong>Cven</strong>s erT-erT “Tavisufal zonaSi” da aseT<br />
“SeuZlebel” pirobebSi arsebobas ganagrZoben.<br />
erT-erTi anazdeuli, magram saintereso magaliTia amiSebis eTnikuri jgufi.<br />
isini mTavrobas maTi specifikuri ganaTlebis wesebis (kerZod, skolaSi, romelic<br />
rva klasisgan Sedgeba, mxolod maTive wevrebi aswavlian) Secvlis uf-
Aalan karlsoni, “ra damarTa mTavrobam <strong>Cven</strong>s ojaxebs?”<br />
lebas ar aZleven, bavSvTa Sromas iyeneben da “socuzrunvelyofas” (agreTve, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
ekonomikur daxmarebas) Tavs arideben. industriul, sabazro garemoSi<br />
amiSebma ara marto gadarCena moaxerxes, aramed warmatebebsac miaRwies. ma-<br />
Ti ojaxebi saSualo amerikul ojaxze samjer ufro didia. patiosani konkurenciis<br />
pirobebSi maTi fermebi mogebas iZleva “mSvidobian droSic da Znelbedobis<br />
Jamsac”.<br />
maTi danazogebis done uCveulod maRalia, sameurneo saqmianoba ki sanimu-<br />
Soa da yvela ekologiur standarts Seesabameba, rac imis Sedegia, rom miwisadmi<br />
erTguli damokidebuleba aqvT da Sxam-qimikatebsa da xelovnur sasuqebs ar<br />
iyeneben.<br />
im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac amerikel fermerTa ricxvi mkveTrad Semcirda, amiSebis<br />
fermebi farTod aris gadaSlili samxreT pensilvaniidan ohaios, indianas, aiovas,<br />
tenesis, uiskonsinis da minesotas Statamde.<br />
unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove amerikelebi arCevanis winaSe rom idgnen, cota<br />
Tu moisurvebda maTsaviT ecxovra. magram aravin icis rogori iqnebodnen<br />
amerikeli moqalaqeebi, Tu isini namdvilad gaTavisufldebodnen biurokratuli<br />
mmarTvelobisgan, rac maT asze meti wlis win, savaldebulo saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
skolebis SemoRebis gziT moaxvies Tavs.<br />
eWvi ar mepareba, rom namdvili Tavisuflebis pirobebSi ufro Zlieri ojaxebi<br />
iqneboda, ufro meti bavSvebi eyolebodaT da xalxic ufro bednieri da<br />
ufro kmayofili iqneboda. CemTvis es sakmarisia.<br />
149
150<br />
gamoqveynda 2005 wels<br />
greg j. riCardsoni<br />
Targmna nino gorgaZem<br />
q. salemis kolejis asistent-profesori<br />
rogor gamoiwvia sakuTrebis uflebebis dakargvam zimbabves<br />
kolafsi<br />
wlebis ganmavlobaSi zimbabve afrikis “Zvirfasi qvis” saxeliT iyo cnobili.<br />
warmoebis saSualebebiT da mosavliani miwebiT mdidari es qveyana sakuTari<br />
xalxis sruli gamokvebisa da eqsportisTvisac ki sakmaris produqts awarmoebda.<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo produqcia mTliani warmoebis 60 procents Seadgenda<br />
da, amgvarad, soflis meurneoba ekonomikis safuZvels warmoadgenda.<br />
zimbabves, bevri sxva afrikuli qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, samxreT afrikis<br />
respublikis Semdeg, yvelaze Tanamedroved aRWurvili warmoeba gaaCnda. am seqtorSi<br />
dasaqmebuli iyo aTasobiT adamiani, romlebic farTleuls, cements, qimiur<br />
nawarms, xis nakeTobebs da liTons awarmoebdnen.<br />
zimbabves aseve Zlieri sabanko seqtori, ganviTarebuli turistuli infrastruqtura<br />
da, samxreT afrikis respublikis Semdeg, afrikaSi yvelaze meti<br />
kaSxali gaaCnda. mosaxleobis umetesoba policias endoboda da sasamarTlo<br />
sistemis samarTlianobis sjeroda. sinamdvileSi, kriminalis dabali doniT igi<br />
evropis qveynebs metoqeobasac ki uwevda.<br />
albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovani is iyo, rom qveyanaSi kanonis mmarTvelobis<br />
principi moqmedebda, rac sakuTrebis dacvis Tanamedrove sistemasTan erTad,<br />
mesakuTreebs sakuTari kapitalis srulyofilad gamoyenebis, ganviTarebis,<br />
axali saqmianobis wamowyebisa da ukve moqmedi warmoebebis gafarToebis uflebasac<br />
aZlevda.<br />
1980 wels, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, aseTma politikam yovelwliurad<br />
realuri mSp-s daaxloebiT 4,3 procentiani zrda ganapiroba 1 .<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis uTanabroba<br />
aRniSnuli warmatebebis miuxedavad, miwis re<strong>fo</strong>rmis idea politikurad<br />
mniSvnelovani 2000 wlamdec iyo, rodesac prezidentma robert mugabem komerciuli<br />
fermebis CamorTmeva daiwyo. yvela, vinc dRisiT gadaufrenda zimbabves,<br />
fermebs Soris udides gansxvavebas dainaxavda da SesaZloa ukeT gaigebda<br />
kidec miwis re<strong>fo</strong>rmisadmi qveynis grZelvadian damokidebulebas. qveynis<br />
zogierT raionSi kargad irigirebuli uzarmazari teritoriebi komerciul<br />
fermebs eWiraT, romlebic aTasobiT akrze awarmoebdnen Tambaqos, bambas an<br />
sxva sasaqonlo kulturebs. sxva regionebSi patara uRimRamo koleqtiuri fermebi<br />
kompaqturad iyvnen ganlagebulni da wylis naklebobisgan masiurad itanjebodnen.<br />
es fermebi awarmoebdnen siminds, miwis Txils da sxva ZiriTad kulturebs.<br />
komerciuli fermebis udides nawils daaxloebiT 4 500 TeTrkaniani<br />
ojaxi flobda. SedarebisTvis, koleqtiur fermebze — kolonializmis gadmonaSTze<br />
— mcxovrebi 840 000 Savkaniani fermeri cxovrebisTvis saWiro resurssac<br />
ki Zlivs Soulobda.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac 1980 wels mTavrobaSi mugabe movida, TeTrkanianTa sakuTrebaSi<br />
myofma 80 procentze metma fermam mesakuTre gamoicvala da mxolod 5<br />
procentze naklebma TeTrkanianma fermerma — britanelma kolonistebma, rom-<br />
1 1992 wlis gamoklebiT, rodesac zimbabvem 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi yvelaze saSineli gvalva gadaitana, romelmac 9<br />
procentiT Seamcira mSp. 90-ian wlebSi ar yofila meti kleba, garda 1999 wlisa, roca mSp 0,7 procentiT Semcirda.
Ggreg j. riCardsoni, “rogor gamoiwvia sakuTrebis uflebebis dakargvam zimbabves kolafsi”<br />
lebic XVIII saukunis 90-ian wlebSi Cavidnen zimbabveSi — SeZlo Tavisi memkvidreobis<br />
SenarCuneba. dResac ki, TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris<br />
arsebuli uTanabroba kidev ufro mwvaved warmoaCens mugabesa da sxvebis moTxovnebs<br />
“moparuli” nayofieri miwebis Savkaniani zimbabvelebisTvis dabrunebis<br />
Sesaxeb 2 .<br />
Tumca, bevr eqsperts gamorCa, rom miwebis nayofierebas mxolod wvimebi an<br />
gruntis xarisxi ar ganapirobebs. koleqtiuri miwebis raRac nawili SedarebiT<br />
ufro mSral regionebSi iyo ganlagebuli, umetesoba ki komerciul fermebs<br />
esazRvreboda an wvimian regionebSi mdebareobda. aseve arsebobda komerciuli<br />
fermebi, romlebic zimbabves Zalian mSral regionebSi mdebareobda. magram<br />
TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi koleqtiuri teritoriebi iyo mSrali da gadamwvari,<br />
xolo komerciuli miwebi _ morwyuli da gamwvanebuli 3 .<br />
uTanabroba sakuTrebis uflebebSi<br />
ratom arsebobs uTanabroba?<br />
pasuxi garkveulwilad am ori tipis miwaze sakuTrebiTi statusis gansxvavebas<br />
efuZneba. komerciul fermebs sakuTrebis statusi daculi da garantirebuli<br />
hqondaT, romelic maT miwebis efeqtianad marTvis did stimulebs aZlevda,<br />
xolo bankebs saSualebas aZlevda, rom maTTvis teqnikuri aRWurvilobis,<br />
sarwyavi sistemebis, saTesis da Sromis saSualebebis SesaZenad sesxi mieca.<br />
aseTma institutebma zimbabveSi, samxreT afrikis respublikis Semdeg, kontinentis<br />
am nawilSi yvelaze modernizebuli sairigacio sistema ganaviTares. am<br />
regionSi arsebuli 12 kaSxlidan 10 zimbabveSi iyo. amasTan, zimbabves aRniSnuli<br />
teritoriis mxolod 7 procenti ekava da zedapiruli wylebis maragis 93 procenti<br />
gaaCnda 4 . es qveyanas gvalvisgan dacvis mZlavr saSualebas aZlevs. did komerciul<br />
fermebze 350 000 Savkaniani muSa muSaobda da xSirad es fermerebi adgilobrivi<br />
skolebisa da klinikebisTvis Tanxebsac gamoyofdnen. 8 500 Savkaniani<br />
fermeris mier marTuli mcire masStabis komerciuli fermebi aseve produqtiulebi<br />
iyvnen da kreditze maTac miuwvdebodaT xeli.<br />
koleqtiuri miwebi, meore mxriv, “saziaro sakuTrebis tragediis” tipis<br />
problemas awydeboda, radgan, garkveuli drois Semdeg, intensiuri gamoyenebisgan<br />
gamofitul miwebs saSineli erozia emarTeboda. aseve, sakuTrebis<br />
titulis (sakuTrebis uflebis damadasturebeli dokumenti. mTargm. SeniSvna)<br />
ararseboba xSirad soflis mosaxleobasa da mTavrobas Soris miwis<br />
sargeblobis uflebaze kamaTis mizezi xdeboda, radgan yovel sofels miwis<br />
gamoyenebaze mkacri SezRudvebi hqonda dawesebuli.<br />
samwuxarod, is sasicocxlo roli, romelsac zimbabves ekonomikis aRmavlobaSi<br />
sakuTrebis uflebebi TamaSobda, umetesobisTvis gaugebari iyo. eqspertebisTvis<br />
Tavidanve aSkara iyo uzarmazari gansxvaveba did da ayvavebul<br />
komerciul fermebsa da patara da uRimRamo koleqtiur fermebs Soris. omis<br />
veteranebi ki komerciul fermebs uyurebdnen mxolod, rogorc saCuqars, romelic<br />
maT 20 wlis win mugabes mxardaWerisa da masTan erTad damoukideblobisTvis<br />
brZolisTvis ekuTvnodaT. isini komerciuli fermebis xelSi Cagdebis<br />
moTxovniT protests 2000 wlis saparlamento arCevnebamde ganagrZobdnen. miuxedavad<br />
yvelafrisa, zimbabves konstitucia krZalavda miwis masobriv konfiskacias<br />
Sesabamisi kompensaciis gareSe da kanonmorCili zimbabveli moqalaqeebi<br />
am ideas mTlianobaSi mxars uWerdnen. 2000 wlis dasawyisSi maT sayovel-<br />
Tao referendumze xmis micemiT uaryves mugabes mcdeloba, gaefarTovebina saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
sakonfiskacio Zalaufleba. garda amisa, CrdiloeT afrikaSi moq-<br />
2 geof hili, zimbabves brZola (keiptauni: zebra, 2003), gv 102.<br />
3 es martivad Cans zimbabves satelitur <strong>fo</strong>toebSi, romelic a<strong>Cven</strong>ebs aSkara gansxvavebas komerciul<br />
da koleqtiiur fermebs Soris, maSinac ki, rodesac isini erTmaneTis mezoblad mdebareoben.<br />
ix.: http://www.geog.umd.edu/LGRSS/Projects/degradation.html;<br />
4 velil v. sugunani, “Tevzis rewvis menejmenti afrikis, aziis da laTinuri amerikis Svid qveyanaSi”.<br />
CMXXXIII, FIRI/C933, Section 2.3.1., 1997. See http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/W7560E/W7560E02.htm.<br />
151
152<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
medma helen suzmanis <strong>fo</strong>ndma 2000 wels daTvala, rom mxolod 9 procenti zimbabveli<br />
Tvlida miwis re<strong>fo</strong>rmas yvelaze mniSvnelovan saarCevno sakiTxad.<br />
mugabes zogierT mrCevels esmoda, rom ar SeiZleboda sakuTrebis uflebebis<br />
ugulebelyofa. 2000 wlis dasawyisSi mugabem miiRo konfidencialuri werili<br />
zimbabves sarezervo bankidan — qveynis centraluri bankidan. werilSi<br />
naTqvami iyo, rom fermebis miwebis konfiskacias sagareo investiciebis gadineba,<br />
sabanko sesxebis gastumrebis Seferxeba da sasoflo-sameurneo produqtis<br />
mkveTri Semcireba mohyveboda 5 .<br />
es werili saswaulebrivad winaswarmetyveluri aRmoCnda. samwuxarod, mugabem<br />
misi ignorireba moaxdina. 2000-03 wlebSi mugabem daaxloebiT 4 500 komerciuli<br />
fermis konfiskacia moaxdina. oficialuri mizani fermebis asobiT<br />
aTas mcire nawilad danawevreba da maTi Savkaniani tradiciuli fermerebisTvis<br />
gadacema iyo. praqtikulad ki, miwis udidesi nawili mugabes politikuri mxardamWerebis<br />
da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Cinovnikebis xelSi aRmoCnda, romelTa Soris fermeruli<br />
saqmis mcodne cota Tu vinme iyo.<br />
ekonomikuri fiasko<br />
centraluri bankis werilis winaswarmetyveleba Tan sdevda ubralo zimbabvelebs.<br />
Semdegi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikam swrafi tempebiT vardna<br />
daiwyo. 2003 wlisTvis igi msoflios yvela qveyanaze ufro swrafad — 18 procentiT<br />
weliwadSi _ ecemoda 6 . inflacia 500 procents Seadgenda da zimbabvurma<br />
dolarma Tavisi realuri gacvliTi Rirebulebis 99 procentze meti dakarga<br />
7 . dReisTvis zimbabves ekonomika klebas ganagrZobs. mogaxsenebT sxva movlenebs,<br />
romlebsac 2000 wlidan hqonda adgili:<br />
finansuri investorebi gaiqcnen, maT sxva biznesmenebic mihyvnen da 2001<br />
wlisTvis pirdapiri sagareo investiciebi nuls gautolda. msoflio bankis SefasebiT,<br />
zimbabves sainvesticio riskma aRniSnul wels myisierad imata 4-dan 20<br />
procentamde;<br />
radgan saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>m miwis mesakuTris statusi gaauqma, bankebs sesxis gacemis<br />
bevrad mcire garantia gaaCndaT;<br />
komerciuli fermebis miwam 2000-01 wlebSi Tavisi jamuri Rirebulebis daaxloebiT<br />
sami meoTxedi dakarga mxolod imis gamo, rom dakarga sakuTrebis<br />
statusi. Cemi SefasebiT, mxolod erTwliani danakargi Seadgenda 5,3 miliard<br />
aSS dolars — 1980 wlidan, zimbabves damoukideblobis dRidan, msoflio bankisagan<br />
miRebul yvela daxmarebaze 3,5-jer mets 8 . sabanko sistemas sakuTari kapitali<br />
aRar gaaCnda, ris gamoc ekonomikuri aqtivobis farTo qseli moiSala.<br />
2001 wlis dasasrulisTvis Svidasi kompania daixura, 2001 wels industriuli<br />
produqcia 10,5 procentiT daeca, xolo 2002 wels — 17,5 procentiT 9 ;<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo seqtoris ekonomikuri aqtivobis Semcirebam sayovelTao<br />
SimSili gamoiwvia, radgan komerciuli fermebis mflobelma fermerebma<br />
sxva afrikuli qveynebic, magaliTad, zambia, Nnigeria da ganac datoves,<br />
da Tan fermeruli saqmianobis unikaluri codna waiRes.<br />
zimbabves mTavrobam qveynis ekonomikuri kolafsi sxvadasxva gare faqtorebs,<br />
maT Soris dasavleTis saidumlo SeTqmulebebsa da rasizms daabrala.<br />
mugabes yvelaze didi argumenti, cxadia, gvalva iyo. rogorc man gaimeora gaerTianebuli<br />
erebis organizaciis samitze 2005 wlis seqtemberSi, zimbabves<br />
ekonomika “gvalviani wlebis” gamo ecemoda 10 . sinamdvileSi, zimbabveSi eko-<br />
5 hili, gv. 110.<br />
6 ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia, afrikis ekonomikis mimoxilva 2003-04 — qveyana:<br />
zimbabve (parizi: eTgo, 2004), gv. 357.<br />
7 saerTaSoriso savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndi, zimbabve: 2003, Tavi IV, konsultacia — TanamSromelTa angariSi (vaSingtoni,<br />
2003 wlis ivlisi), gv 28.<br />
8 riCardsoni.<br />
9 “bankirebma gaakritikes zimbabves politika”, 4 seqtemberi 2001, BBC News Online, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1524821. stm.<br />
10 “mieciT maT neba, miirTvan kartofili, Tqva mugabem”, The Star (samxreT afrika), 19 seqtemberi 2005. http://www.thestar.co.za/<br />
index.php?fSectionId=128&fArticleId=2881963.;
Ggreg j. riCardsoni, “rogor gamoiwvia sakuTrebis uflebebis dakargvam zimbabves kolafsi”<br />
nomikis dacemasTan erTad kaSxlebic nadgurdeboda 11 . samwuxarod, sairigacio<br />
arxebi aRaravis sakuTrebaSi aRar iyo, ase rom, isini nawil-nawil amoiRes miwidan.<br />
zogierTi maTgani kubos saxelurebisTvis gadaadnes. es, erT-erTi im ramdenime<br />
industriaTagania, romelic jer kidev aris SemorCenili qveyanaSi.<br />
zogierTs mugabesi jer kidev sjera. 2001-02 wlebis gvalva saerTaSoriso<br />
savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndma Seafasa, rogorc yvelaze saSineli bolo 50 wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi 12 . faqtobrivad, rodesac me zimbabveSi wvimis Sesaxeb 93 sadguridan<br />
miRebuli monacemebi gavaanalize, aRmoCnda, rom 2001-02 wlebis “gvalva”<br />
mecamete iyo bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi, xolo naleqebis raodenoba ki mxolod<br />
22 procentiT naklebi saSualo donesTan SedarebiT. sinamdvileSi, kavSiri<br />
wvimasa da mSp-s zrdas Soris 2000 wels, miwis re<strong>fo</strong>rmis pirvel wels, ar arsebobs.<br />
Semdeg wlebSi naleqebis raodenoba saSualoze meti da/an saSualo iyo,<br />
miuxedavad amisa, ekonomika mainc mkveTr dacemas ganagrZobda. Cemi ekonometrikuli<br />
gaTvlebi a<strong>Cven</strong>ebs, rom wvimis, sagareo daxmarebis, kapitalis da<br />
Sromis nayofierebis faqtorebis gamoricxviT, mxolod miwis re<strong>fo</strong>rmis mizeziT,<br />
mSp 2000_2003 wlebSi 12,5 procentiT klebulobda 13 .<br />
2001-02 wlebSi, mcenareTa zrdis sezonze, naleqebis Semcirebis wvlili<br />
ekonomikis saerTo dacemaSi erT meSvidedze naklebi iyo. saSualoze meti naleqebis<br />
gareSe zimbabves ekonomika kidev ufro uares mdgomareobaSi unda<br />
yofiliyo.<br />
zimbabve gvi<strong>Cven</strong>ebs yvela im saSiSroebas, romelic SeiZleba moxdes miwis<br />
konfiskaciis ganxorcielebisas (rac ar unda keTili miznebiT<br />
xorcieldebodes is), kanonis mmarTvelobis da sakuTrebiTi uflebebis<br />
ugulebelyofis Sedegad. <strong>Cven</strong> vxedavdiT Tu rogor saswaulebrivad swrafad,<br />
dominos efeqtiviT, ingre-va zimbabves ekonomika 2000 wlis Semdeg. gakveTili,<br />
romelic SeiZleba viswav-loT am magaliTidan is aris, rom kargad daculi<br />
kerZo sakuTrebis uflebebi ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis gadamwyvet da<br />
sabazro ekonomikis sayrden wer-tilad moiazreba. Tu erTxel mainc Seilaxa an<br />
aikrZala es uflebebi, ekonomika gasaogneblad swrafi tempebiT aris<br />
ganwiruli ngrevisTvis. es xdeba imitom, rom Tanamimdevrulad ikargeba<br />
investorebis ndoba, miwis Rirebuleba mcir-deba, samewarmeo codna da<br />
stimulebi qreba — yvela es komponenti ki aucile-belia ekonomikuri<br />
zrdisTvis. imedi maqvs, aseT gzas ar airCeven is qveynebi, romlebic miwis<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis ganxorcielebas apireben.<br />
11 magaliTad, endrio netsiosi, U.S.AID TanamSromelma 2002 wlis 20 agvistos saerTaSoriso Jurnalistebis brifingze<br />
ganacxada, rom 2001-2002 wlebSi zimbabves kaSxlebSi uamravi wyali iyo, aseve zimbabves yoveldRiurma gazeTma<br />
2002 wlis 15 maiss gamoaqveyna peter sibandas, bulavaios (qalaqi zimbabveSi) sainJinro servisebis direqtoris<br />
gancxadeba — kaSxlebi mutabelelandis provinciaSi 74 procentze iyo savse. http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/<br />
may16_2002.html#link14.<br />
12 ismaila usmani, “zimbabves aRmasrulebeli direqtoris, ismaila usmanis, dadgenileba”, saerTaSoriso<br />
savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndi, Tavi IV, zimbabve, 2003.<br />
13 riCardsoni.<br />
153
154<br />
gamoqveynda 2006 wels<br />
krasen stanCevi<br />
bulgareTSi, q. sofiis sabazro ekonomikis institutis<br />
sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare<br />
Zalaufleba da gavlena: bulgareTis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis bneli mxare<br />
xelisuflebis mier centralizebulad warmoebuli re<strong>fo</strong>rmebisa da spontanurad<br />
warmoSobili gaerTianebebis urTierTdamokidebulebis, agreTve kanonis<br />
uzenaesobis dacvis da sakuTrebis uflebis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT bulgareTis<br />
SemTxveva saintereso magaliTs warmoadgens.<br />
bulgareTis demokratizacia da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla sakmaod araerTgvarovnad,<br />
sakuTrebis xelaxali gadanawilebis (da privatizaciis)<br />
sxvadasxva modelis gamoyenebiT moxda, romlisTvisac 1990-iani wlebis Sua<br />
xanebSi (1994-1996ww.) damaxasiaTebeli iyo wyvetili procesebi, centralizebuli<br />
dagegmvis, fasebis kontrolisa da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Zalauflebis gaZlierebis<br />
mcdeloba, 1996-97 wlebSi ki hiperinflacia, sabanko krizisi da xelaxali warmatebuli<br />
sabazro re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi 1 .<br />
bulgareTSi mimdinare re<strong>fo</strong>rma, misi miznebi da etapebi Zalian hgavda aRmosavleT<br />
evropis sxva qveynebSi ganxorcielebul re<strong>fo</strong>rmebs, magram arsebobs<br />
zogierTi Tavisebureba, rac zemodan dagegmil politikur re<strong>fo</strong>rmebsa da<br />
spontanurad ganviTarebul movlenebs Soris paralelebis gasavlebad gamodgeba.<br />
faqtobrivad, ori sxvadasxva bulgareTi arsebobs _ 1997 wlamde is<br />
sul sxva qveyana iyo, 1997 wlis Semdeg sul sxvaa.<br />
ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebi (saSualo) 1990-1997 1998-2004 2002-2004<br />
inflacia (%) 210.1 7.5 4.8<br />
inflaciuri gadasaxadis kursi (%) 57.7 6.9 4.5<br />
mSp zrda (%) -4.7 4.4 5.0<br />
mdR zrda (%) 0.0 4.0 4.9<br />
investiciis zrda (%) -8.8 18.2 11.4<br />
biujetis deficiti/gadaWarbeba (mSp%) -6.3 0.2 0.4<br />
samTavrobo debeti (mSp%) 168.0 65.9 48.3<br />
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (milioni aSS dolari)<br />
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (mSp%) 168.0 1253.4 1867.7<br />
pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi (mSp%) 3.0 7.4 9.1<br />
subsidiebi (mSp%) - 2.1 2.5<br />
wyaro: bulgareTis erovnuli banki (BNB) da nacionaluri statistikis<br />
instituti (NSI), sakuTari gaTvlebi<br />
Targmna nino gorgaZem<br />
bulgareTSi yvelaze farTo masStabiT (vidre sxva eqskomunistur qveynebs<br />
Soris) ganxorcielda adre CamorTmeuli qonebis restitucia _ miwis fizikuri<br />
sazRvrebiTa da uZravi qonebiT dawyebuli, finansuri qonebiT damTavrebuli.<br />
magram aseT farTo, yovlismomcvel restitucias safuZvlad is ki ar edo, rom<br />
sxva eqskomunistur qveynebTan SedarebiT aq ufro farTomasStabiani konfiskacia<br />
moxda. piriqiT, mraval sferoSi bulgareTma kerZo sakuTrebis ufro<br />
1 detaluri angariSi am sakiTxze ix.: Krassen Stanchev (editor), Anatomia na prehoda. Stopanskata politika na Bargaria ot 1989–<br />
2004, Sofia, CIELA, 2004 [gardamavali periodis anatomia: bulgareTis ekonomika 1989–2004 wlebSi]; www.easibulgaria.org
Kkrasen stanCevi, “Zalaufleba da gavlena: bulgareTis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis bneli mxare”<br />
maRali done SeinarCuna, vidre centraluri evropis sxva qveynebma, sabWoTa<br />
kavSirze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT 2 . amasTan erTad, bulgareTi iseTi qveyanaa, sadac<br />
sxvadasxva <strong>dros</strong>, memarcxene da memarjvene partiebs Soris aSkara ideologiuri<br />
gansxvavebis miuxedavad, privatizaciis yvela saxis sqema gamoiyenes 3 .<br />
sakuTrebis dasacavad kanonebis, kontraqtebisa da kreditorebis amoqmedeba<br />
dagvianda 4 . aris mcdelobebi, rom sakuTrebis dacvis kerZo institutebi<br />
amoqmeddes. magaliTad, bolo aTi wlis manZilze 100-ze meti SeZlebuli biznesmenis<br />
mkvleloba moxda (maT Soris yofili premier-ministris, romelic 1989-<br />
90 wlebis politikur cvlilebebSi Rebulobda monawileobas), magram arc erTi<br />
mkvleli ar upoviaT da marTlmsajulebisTvis ar gadauciaT 5 . TiToeul policielze<br />
gadaangariSebiT, evropis qveynebs Soris bulgareTs yvelaze meti raodenobis<br />
uSiSroebis agenti hyavs (TiTo policielze 3,5) 6 .<br />
miuxedavad am yvelafrisa, bulgareTi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT<br />
ukeT viTardeba; orjer ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre Zveli evropa; ucxour<br />
investiciebs izidavs, politikur stabilurobas inarCunebs da bolo sami<br />
wlis manZilze evrokavSirSi uZravi qonebis erT-erT yvelaze swrafad mzard<br />
bazars warmoadgens.<br />
spontanuroba privatizaciaSi: sawarmoTa araswori privatizacia<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom privatizacias ukanonod miiCnevdnen (iusticiis sasamarTlos<br />
mier jer arc erTi ar iyo damtkicebuli) da uaryofiTad afasebdnen,<br />
sakuTrebis gadacema samarTlebrivad arasworad magram warmatebiT mimdinareobda.<br />
makroekonomikuri Sedegi aSkarad dadebiTi iyo. privatizacias<br />
daemTxva: weliwadSi 10 procentiT gazrdili mwarmoebluroba da Sesabamisad<br />
produqciis Rirebulebis Semcireba; mTliani damatebiTi Rirebulebisa da, Sesabamisad,<br />
mTeli ekonomikis zrda da samuSao adgilebis Seqmna kerZo seqtorSi 7 .<br />
aSkara iyo pozitiuri zegavlena saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> finansebze: subsidiebi moispo,<br />
kvazi-fiskaluri subsidiebi mkveTrad Semcirda da fiskaluri gamWvirvaloba<br />
miRweul iqna.<br />
1995-2000 wlebSi ori erTmaneTis momdevno mTavrobis xelSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis 50-52 procentis privatizacia ganxorcielda<br />
(maTi 2/5 nawilis privatizacia 1997 wlis Semdeg moxda), 1996 da 1997 wlis<br />
pirvel naxevarSi ki, rodesac kerZo seqtorma samuSao adgilebis Seqmna Sewyvita,<br />
umuSevroba 15-dan 19,5 procentamde gaizarda.<br />
sinamdvileSi, amis mTavari mizezi wamgebiani saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis<br />
likvidacia iyo da ara privatizaciis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli restruqturizacia.<br />
Tavis mxriv, restruqturizacias privatizaciis Semdgomi arakanonzomieri<br />
kontroli (yidva-gayidvis kontraqti axal mepatrones xalxis dasaqmebas<br />
da sxva amocanebis Sesrulebas avaldebulebda) da is faqti mohyva, rom, privatizacia<br />
ZiriTadad xelmZRvanelTa da xelqveiTTa mier obieqtis gamosyidvis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>rmiT xorcieldeboda 8 .<br />
2 aseTi SemTxvevaa, mag., kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi saxlebi, romelic zogierTi sabWouri eqsperimentis<br />
Semdeg, 1970-iani wlebis dasasruls, saerTo <strong>fo</strong>ndis 80-85% iyo. bulgareTis istoria sakmaod<br />
tipuria balkaneTis qveynebisTvis.<br />
3 bulgareTis ekonomikuri politikis Sefaseba ix.: Krassen Stanchev, The Path of Bulgarian Economic Re<strong>fo</strong>rm, East<br />
European Constitutional Review, vol. 10, No 4, Fall 2001.<br />
4 es gaerTianeba iyo erT-erTi mizezi, ramac evrokavSirSi Sesvlis ganrigi Seaferxa; zogierTi<br />
kvlevis mixedviT 2002 wels bulgareTis institucionaluri ganviTareba axali evropis sxva saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ebis<br />
1996 wlis ganviTarebis donezea; World Bank, Bulgaria: The Road to Successful EU Integration – the Policy<br />
Agenda, Country Economic Memorandum, Washington D.C., World Bank Document No: 34233 BG, November 2005, chapter 6 (es Sefaseba<br />
eyrdnoba IBRD/EBRD-is mier 2002 wels mTeli postkomunisturi qveynebis 6000 sawarmoSi Catarebul<br />
gamokiTxvas).<br />
5 aman ganapiroba evrokomisiis komentari qveynis progresis regularuli monitoringis konteqstSi<br />
evrokavSiris oficialuri wevrobisTvis, rom bulgareTi danaSaulTan brZolisa da sasamarTlos<br />
institucionalur efeqtianobasa da Sinagan saqmeTa organoebSi mtkice safuZvels ver amJRavnebs.<br />
6 ix. Center <strong>fo</strong>r the Study of Democracy (CSD), Private Guards and Protection in the Balkans, CSD, 2005.<br />
7 Georgi Ganev, Balgarskaia privatizatzia v svetlosenkite na desetgodishnia opit, Ikonomika, No 3.<br />
8 1998 wels gayiduli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli mTeli sawarmoebis 73,4 % xelmZRvanelebma<br />
da xelqveiTebma Seisyides.<br />
155
156<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
niSandoblivia, rom “privatizeba megobrebze” kanonieri uflebis saxiT<br />
memarcxene mTavrobam Semoitana, memarjvene mTavrobam ki ganaxorciela.<br />
sawarmos privatizaciis makroekonomikuri perspeqtiva didad ar gansxvavdeboda<br />
centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebSi mimdinare procesebisgan,<br />
maT Soris ruseTisgan 9 , sadac sawarmos privatizaciis gareSe datovebas,<br />
misi nebismieri saxiT privatizeba sjobda.<br />
farTomasStabiani privatizacia rom 1992 wels dawyebuliyo da ara 1997<br />
wels, albaT ufro met dadebiT Sedegebs moitanda da 1996- 97 wlebis krizisebis<br />
Tavidan acileba moxerxdeboda.<br />
spontanuri privatizacia<br />
sawarmoTa gayidvebis legalizeba (1992–2002) imdenad efeqtianobas (qonebis<br />
uSualod konkurentunarian myidvelebze gadacemas) ar eswra<strong>fo</strong>da, ramdenadac<br />
TanamSromelTa kompensacias. fiqrobdnen, rom ase Tu ar moiqceodnen,<br />
mTeli privatizaciis idea politikurad komprometirebuli iqneboda 10 .<br />
stiqiuri privatizaciisas komunisturi mTavroba, romelic politikur<br />
areulobas moeloda, winaswarganzraxviT an winaswarganzraxvis gareSe, sawarmoo<br />
qonebas kvlav Tavis sakuTrebaSi itovebda, magram am qonebiT kerZo<br />
sargeblobis uflebas iZleoda. xarjebis dafarva amomrCevlebs ekisrebodaT<br />
(romlebic 1990 wlis 10 ivnisamde, pirvel Tavisufal postkomunistur arCevnebamde,<br />
faqtobrivad, jer ar iyvnen amomrCevlebi).<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> qonebiT kerZo sargeblobis mravali gza arsebobda, magaliTad,<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> farTis gaqiraveba sabazro fasad rTul struqturebze xelaxla<br />
misaqiraveblad, romelic saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebis an kerZo bankebis saSualebiT<br />
sawarmos vals saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> valad iRebda da gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa xarjze<br />
bankebs damatebiTi finansebiT avsebda. es procesi jer kidev 1984 wels daiwyo,<br />
rodesac komunisturma mTavrobam sazRvargareT patara (aSkarad kerZo) sawarmoebi<br />
Seqmna, da 1989 wlis dasawyisSi daCqarda 11 , rodesac 56-e dekreti miiRes<br />
“moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri iniciativis Sesaxeb”. dekretSi miTiTebuli iyo,<br />
Tu rogor unda daregistrirebuliyo kompania da ra gadasaxadebi unda gadaexada;<br />
rogor unda waeqezebinaT kerZo pirebi (sakuTari riskis fasad) da sam-<br />
Tavrobo organizaciebi (sxva xalxis fuliT) dasaregistrireblad. arsebuli<br />
kanonmdeblobiT “akrZaluli” iyo 5 procentze meti (saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebis)<br />
sawarmoo aqtivebis gadaricxva, magram arc gadaricxvebis sixSire iyo gansazRvruli<br />
da arc raime sasjeli “kanonis” darRvevisTvis.<br />
1990- 91 wlebSi demokratiulad arCeuli pirveli postkomunisturi sakanonmdeblo<br />
organos erT-erTi upirvelesi saqme am spontanuri procesis SeCerebis<br />
mcdeloba iyo: 1990 wlis 17 agvistos parlamentma sakanonmdeblo organos<br />
arakomunist wevrTa winadadebas dauWira mxari da samTavrobo da municipaluri<br />
sakuTrebis gadacemaze moratoriumi gamoacxada, magram amas azri ar<br />
hqonda. 1990 wlis seqtembridan 30 dekembramde aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba<br />
gadamdgari iyo; legaluri privatizaciis kanonproeqti 1992 wlis aprilSi<br />
miiRes da misi ganxorcieleba 1993 wlis maisSi daiwyo. gamalebiT mimdinareobda<br />
TviTneburi privatizacia. 1989-1992 wlebSi TiTqmis arc erTi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Tu<br />
municipaluri sawarmo ar darCenila, romelsac qonebis kerZo sargeblobaSi gadacemis<br />
SesaZleblobiT ar esargebla. zogierT SemTxvevaSi sakuTrebis uflebis<br />
gadacema specialuri dadgenilebis safuZvelze xdeboda. magaliTad,<br />
pirvel Tavisufal arCevnebamde ori dRiT adre, 1990 wlis 8 ivniss, warmavalma<br />
komunisturma mTavrobam 68-e dekreti gamosca, romelic moiTxovda, rom<br />
9 Boycko, Maxim, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny, Privatizing Russia. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995; Andrei Shleifer, State versus<br />
Private Ownership, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Fall 1998, p. 17.<br />
10 1990-1991 wlebSi gaxldiT konstituciuri parlamentis wevri anti komunisturi re<strong>fo</strong>rmatorebis<br />
saxeliT, garemos dacvis komitetis Tavmjdomare da ekonomikuri komisiis wevri. am Tanamdebobebidan<br />
gamomdinare, monawileobas viRebdi privatizaciisa da restituciis procesebis<br />
dagegmvaSi.<br />
11 e.i. reJimis faqtobriv daSlamde, 1989 wlis 10 dekembramde.
Kkrasen stanCevi, “Zalaufleba da gavlena: bulgareTis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis bneli mxare”<br />
axalgazrda komunistTa kavSirTan (im droisTvis ukve daSlili alkk 12 ) arsebuli<br />
axalgazrdobis teqnikuri da mecnieruli Semoqmedebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis mTeli qoneba<br />
municipalur sabWos araarCeviT organos ganekarga, romelic 100<br />
procentiT komunistebisgan Sedgeboda. 1990 wlis oqtomberSi, rodesac axlad<br />
arCeulma parlamentma am sabWoebis nacvlad droebiTi samwevriani (mravalpartiuli)<br />
municipaluri komisiebi daniSna, yofili alkk qonebis umetesi nawili,<br />
Tu ara mTeli qoneba, ukve kerZo xelSi iyo.<br />
CamorTmeuli qonebis restitucia<br />
iseT postkomunistur demokratiul qveyanaSi, rogoric bulgareTia, CamorTmeuli<br />
qonebis restituciis process didi mniSvneloba aqvs moulodnelobebis<br />
da ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT. asea Tu ise, am<br />
procesma mosaxleobis 50-60 procentze moaxdina zegavlena im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac<br />
sawarmos privatizacia an investirebis SesaZleblobas niSnavda, an Sida Zalebze<br />
dayrdnobas, an orives erTad.<br />
xmis micemisas gakeTebuli arCevanis miuxedavad, mosaxleobis umravlesoba<br />
mudam restitucias uWerda mxars (politikur damkvirvebelTa umravlesoba da<br />
presa sapirispiro damokidebulebas eloda). sxva qveynebSi sakuTrebis ukan<br />
dabruneba sakmaod SezRudulad mimdinareobda da/an kompensaciiT Semoifargleboda,<br />
an mxolod fizikurad arsebuli da xelmisawvdomi (isev mTavrobis<br />
xelSi arsebuli) qonebis ukan dabruneba xdeboda, an adrindel mflobelTa restituciis<br />
uflebas mTlianad ugulebelyofdnen.<br />
miwis restituciis “odisea”<br />
restituciis pirveli kanoni sasoflo-sameurneo miwas exeboda. faqtobrivad,<br />
boSaTa umravlesobis garda, yvela bulgarul ojaxs hqonda miwis sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba.<br />
ormxrivi problema arsebobda: erTi mxriv, arsebobda mosazreba, rom sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
miwis sakuTreba yofil kanonier mepatroneebs dabruneboda<br />
(Tumca komunistur mmarTvelobas sakuTreba mTlianad ar aRmoufxvria) da,<br />
meore mxriv, am uflebis sruli aRdgena miwiT sargeblobis an gayidvis uflebis<br />
aRdgenas moiTxovda (e.i. im uflebebs, romelic komunistebma CamoarTves, magram<br />
oficialurad kerZo sakuTreba nominalurad arsebobda). faqtobrivad, miwis<br />
gayidva 1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ukve SeuZlebeli gaxda, radgan gadawyvetilebas<br />
egreT wodebuli “SromiTi kooperativebis sasoflo-sameurneo ganyofileba<br />
(LCAU)” Rebulobda. miwiT sargeblobis nacionalizacia 1962 wels moxda,<br />
rodesac SromiTi kooperativebis sasoflo-sameurneo ganyofilebis menejer-<br />
Ta nacionalurma konvenciam es ufleba soflis meurneobis saministros mianiWa.<br />
amgvarad, inventari gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa fuliT finansdeboda; kapitaldabandebasa<br />
(traqtorebi, sairigacio da samelioracio saSualebebi da sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
ganaTleba) da miwis oficialur sakuTrebas Soris Seusabamoba<br />
warmoiSva.<br />
arsebobda kanonproeqti, romelic kanonieri memamuleebisgan saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebis Seqmnas moiTxovda, rom mflobelebi TviTon yofiliyvnen da<br />
kapitaldabandebebi da memamuleTa saaqcio struqturebi TviTonve emarTaT.<br />
magram ise moxda, rom es idea kanonad ver iqca. socialisturi qveynis liderebi<br />
xelsayrel SesaZleblobas eZebdnen da mxars uWerdnen im proceduras, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac miwis yidva-gayidva centralur da adgilobriv miwaTmowyobis<br />
komisiebs unda daemtkicebinaT (dRes ruseTis federaciaSi arsebobs msgavsi<br />
kanoni). magram am sistemam ver gaamarTla.<br />
momdevno demokratiuli xelisufleba (1991-92) am sistemis gaumjobesebas<br />
mTavrobis mier daniSnuli likvidaciis komitetis saSualebiT cdilobda,<br />
romelsac materialur-teqnikur qonebasa da kapitaldabandebebze (sairigacio<br />
da samelioracio saSualebebi, sawyobebi, Senobebi, da a. S.) sakuTrebis uflebis<br />
12 ix.: Bulgaria: The State of Agriculture, OECD, 1999.<br />
157
158<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
sakiTxi miwis sakuTrebis mixedviT unda gadaewyvita. procesi swrafad mimdinareobda,<br />
magram kapitalisa da inventaris dakargvis fasad. 1995 wels bulgareTis<br />
momdevno socialisturi mTavroba (1994 wlis dasasrulidan 1997 wlis<br />
Tebervlamde) restituciis procesis Sebrunebas da koleqtiuri meurneobebis<br />
privilegiebis SemoRebas Seecada, magram amis Sesabamisi kanonproeqti konstituciurma<br />
sasamarTlom kerZo sakuTrebis uflebebis darRvevad miiCnia da<br />
SeaCera. momdevno mTavrobam, gaerTianebulma demokratiulma <strong>fo</strong>rumma (UDF),<br />
1997 wlis aprilSi am procesis xelaxla wamowyeba scada.<br />
sabolood, miwis sakuTrebis sakiTxi 1998 wlis bolos mTlianad dasrulda.<br />
am <strong>dros</strong> soflis meurneobis investiciebis raodenoba 80 procentiT Semcirda,<br />
sarwyavi miwebi 5 procenti darCa, traqtorebis gamoyeneba ki 1989 welTan<br />
SedarebiT 10 procents Seadgenda 13 . miwis sawarmoo miznebisTvis gamoyeneba<br />
gaZvirda. jer kidev 1992 wlis gazafxulze saparlamento gamokiTxvis Sedegad<br />
gamovlinda, rom ukve Seiqmna moxaliseTa jgufi sakuTrebis uflebebis xelaxla<br />
gadasanawileblad.<br />
sxva restituciebi<br />
urbanuli sakuTrebis restitucia 1992 wlis Teberval-martSi ganxorcielda.<br />
restituciis 80 procents daaxloebiT oTxi weli dasWirda. 1995–1996<br />
wlebSi socialisturma ministrTa kabinetma restituciis uflebebis SezRudva<br />
scada, magram isev prezidentma da konstituciurma sasamarTlom SeuSala xeli.<br />
1992 wels specialuri kanoni SemoiRes bulgareTSi eTnikuri Turqebis<br />
sakuTrebis uflebis aRsadgenad, romlebic komunisturma mTavrobam (1989 wlis<br />
maisi-seqtemberi) musulmanuri saxelebis qristianuli saxelebiT Secvlis<br />
winaaRmdeg protestis gamo (1984-85 wlis zamTarSi) qveynidan gaaZeva. am kanonis<br />
bedi sakmaod gaurkvevelia. “uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis partiis” wevrebis<br />
Tanaxmad (politikuri partia, romelsac bulgareli muslimebi uWeren mxars),<br />
visac am statiis avtorma interviu CamoarTva, 1995 wlis bolosTvis am kanoniT<br />
mxolod 280 ojaxma isargebla. faqtobrivad, im Turqi ojaxebis ricxvi, visac<br />
sakuTreba hqonda CamorTmeuli, daaxloebiT 4000 – 10000 Seadgenda.<br />
1997 wels kerZo tyis sakuTrebis uflebis dabruneba calke kanoniT daaregulires.<br />
am kanonis Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom restitucias tyis<br />
mxolod 15 procenti eqvemdebareboda (danarCeni saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> da municipaluri<br />
sakuTreba iyo); am process daaxloebiT ori weli sWirdeboda da tyiT sargeblobisTvis<br />
miwaTsargeblobisa da satyeo saministros adgilobrivi organoebis<br />
nebarTva iyo saWiro.<br />
1998 wels SemoRebuli kanoni arafizikuri qonebis, anu aqciebis, fasiani qa-<br />
Raldebis an iseTi sakuTrebis restituciis procedurebs moicavs, rac ganadgurda<br />
an raRac mizezis gamo misi adrindeli mflobelisTvis xelmiuwvdomelia.<br />
am kanonis Tanaxmad gamoSvebuli sakompensacio obligaciebisa da Cekebis<br />
sawyisi Rirebuleba 1,5 miliardi bulgaruli levi (750 milioni evro) iyo.<br />
sakompensacio obligaciebi (e.i. “sakompensacio Cekebi”, “mobinadreTa<br />
sakompensacio obligaciebi” da “piradi sakompensacio obligaciebi”) kanonieri<br />
angariSsworebisTvis SemoiRes, magram gansazRvruli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> qonebisTvis.<br />
mas safuZvlad edo administraciulad gansazRvruli fasebi da mTavrobis mier<br />
Sedgenili im aqtivebis sia, romlis SeZenac SeiZleboda. obligaciebis regis-<br />
13 992 wlis 13 martis bulgareTis nacionaluri asambleis oqmebi (bulgarul enaze). samxreTdasavleT<br />
bulgareTis warmomadgenelma, parlamentis socialistma wevrma Sinagan saqmeTa ministrs<br />
hkiTxa, ra RonisZiebebs atarebda is LCAU–s kerZo sakuTrebis dasacavad sofel granicaSi. zemoxsenebuli<br />
parlamentis wevrs hqonda masalebi, rom 1992 wlis 26 TebervlisTvis mosaxleobas saqonlis<br />
erTi meoTxedi (daaxloebiT 1 450 cxvari da 300 Zroxa) merma waarTva da Tavis politikur momxreebs<br />
gadasca. ministrma upasuxa, rom xelaxali gadanawilebis procesi gamowveulia im faqtiT, rom LCAU<br />
–s cxovelebis sakvebis maragi ar hqondaT da maTi gadacema im fermerebze, romlebic mzad iyvnen<br />
maT mosavlelad, erTaderTi gza iyo maT gadasarCenad da rom adgilobrivi mTavroba (maT Soris<br />
raionis prokurori, miwaTmowyobis komisia, meri) Seiswavlida am process, da Tu raime Seusabamobas<br />
eqneboda adgili, Sesabamisi salikvidacio komisia pasuxs agebda, radgan LCAU–s eqskomunisturi<br />
mmarTvelebis umravlesoba xSirad borotad iyenebda Tanamdebobis bolo dReebs.
Kkrasen stanCevi, “Zalaufleba da gavlena: bulgareTis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis bneli mxare”<br />
traciis unificirebuli sistema 2003 wlamde ar arsebobda da 1998-2000 wlebSi<br />
raionis gubernatorebi adgendnen siebs (e.i. premier-ministris daniSnuli<br />
pirebi). imisaTvis, rom obligaciebiT vaWroba sofiis saaqcio birJaze ewarmoebinaT,<br />
2003 wels obligaciebis mflobelebs Soris Tavisufali yidva-gayidva<br />
aikrZala. obligaciis fasi ZiriTadad SesaZeni aqtivebis nomenklaturaze iyo<br />
damokidebuli; vaWroba iSviaTad aRwevda nominaluri fasis 20 procentze mets.<br />
bolos, 2005 wels, telekomunikaciebis yofili monopoliis araprivatizebuli<br />
35 procenti sakompensacio obligaciebze gasayidad gamoitanes da maTi sabazro<br />
fasi gaoTxmagda.<br />
mTavrobis mizanmimarTuli gulgriloba re<strong>fo</strong>rmis pirvel wlebSi<br />
mTavrobis gulgriloba sakuTrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofis sferoSi<br />
garkveulwilad mizanmimarTuli iyo: 1980-ian da 1991-1992 wlebSi es mas saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aqtivebis spontanuri privatizaciis saSualebas<br />
aZlevda. momdevno nawilSi es procesi calkea ganxiluli iseTi seqtorebis-<br />
Tvis, rogorebicaa bankebi, saerTaSoriso gadaricxvebi da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> valis<br />
marTva.<br />
susti xelisuflebis roli sakuTrebisa da kreditorebis uflebis miRebasa<br />
da monopoliis iZulebiTi daTmobis saqmeSi eqskomunisturi organizaciebis-<br />
Tvis, romlebic spontanuri privatizaciiT sargebels naxulobdnen, xelsayreli<br />
iyo.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze xelsayreli 1990 wels arsebuli mister andrei<br />
lukanovis ori ministrTa kabineti iyo. 1983_89 wlebSi is bulgareTis samrewvelo<br />
asociaciis (bsa) 14 Tavmjdomare iyo. bsa mTavrobis mier Seqmnili mcire da<br />
saSualo sawarmoTa gaerTianebas warmoadgenda, romelic ucxoeTSi vaWrobda.<br />
es kompaniebi yofili sabWoTa kavSiris mier subsidirebul fasad miwodebul<br />
nedleulsa da energoresursebs gadamuSavebis Semdeg saerTaSoriso bazarze<br />
yiddnen. fasebis sxvaobiT miRebuli mogebis nawili “megobrulad ganwyobili”<br />
politikuri reJimebis dasaxmareblad midioda (mag., angola, nikaragua da a.S.),<br />
nawili ki _ embargodadebuli maRali teqnologiebis SeZenasa da bulgareTSi<br />
(da aRmosavleT blokSi Semaval qveynebSi) importirebaze.<br />
amavdroulad, 1980-ian wlebSi batoni lukanovi ucxouri valutis sam-<br />
Tavrobo komisiis Tavmjdomaris moadgile iyo. am organos saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sesxebsa<br />
da grantebze pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. 1989 wlis noembris Semdeg is bulgareTis<br />
pirveli droebiTi premier-ministri iyo (1990 wlis Tebervlidan dekembramde)<br />
da parlamentis wevri 1996 wlis oqtombramde, mis mkvlelobamde 15 .<br />
1990 wels misma orma kabinetma kerZo bankebis daarsebas da eqskomunistTa <strong>fo</strong>ndebis<br />
kerZo xelSi gadasvlas Seuwyo xeli.<br />
pirvel postkomunistur Tavisufal arCevnebamde (romelic 1990 wlis 10<br />
ivniss Catarda) iseTi sistema arsebobda, rom mniSvnelovani dargis kompaniebs<br />
ministrebi xelmZRvanelobdnen (mag., vaWrobis ministri sabiTumo savaWro monopoliis<br />
“Targovia na E<strong>dros</strong>” sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare iyo, mSeneblobis<br />
ministri udidesi samSeneblo kompaniis sameTvalyureo sabWos Tavmjdomare<br />
da sxv.). mmarTvelobis aseTi sistema 1990-iani wlebis postkomunistur<br />
samyaroSi mxolod iugoslaviaSi _ miloSeviCis federaciul respublikaSi<br />
da ruseTisa da centraluri aziis yofili sabWoTa respublikebis<br />
ramdenime saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kompaniaSi arsebobda. es sistema 1990 wlis dekemberSi<br />
daiSala, rodesac mister lukanovi gadaayenes, magram saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sakuTrebaSi<br />
arsebuli “sakvanZo” kompaniebis privatizacias da biurokratuli da politikuri<br />
kontrolisgan gaTavisuflebas wlebi dasWirda.<br />
14 amJamad bsa erT-erTi savaWro palataa.<br />
15 lukanovi 1996 wlis 2 oqtombers sasikvdilod daWres Tavisi saxlis win, eqvsi Tvis Semdeg rac<br />
ganacxada, rom aqtiuri politikuri cxovrebidan midioda. savaraudo mkvlelebis da maTi<br />
xelmZRvanelebis cixeSi Casma ramdenjerme scades, magram gamoZieba isev grZeldeba da arc erTi<br />
versia ar Seicavs mkvlelobis motivs.<br />
159
160<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
movlenebis ganviTareba mowmobs, rom, faqtobrivad, im Tveebis politikuri<br />
programiT kerZo sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvas mTavroba gulgrilad<br />
ekideboda.<br />
1. kerZo kompaniebis daarseba sazogadoebrivi resursebiT. 1989 wlis<br />
ianvris saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> dekretis Tanaxmad, romelic kerZo kompaniebis dafuZnebis<br />
uflebas iZleoda, kompaniebis daregistrireba vaWrobis saministroSi mimdinareobda.<br />
1990 wlis Tebervlidan ivnisamde, Sesabamisi dargis saministroebi<br />
aregistrirebdnen kompaniebs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebul kompaniebSi Semosaval-gasavlis<br />
da, momaragebisa da realizaciis sawarmoeblad. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis “Sesasvlelsa” da ”gasavlelTan” arsebuli<br />
aseTi sawarmoebi mogebis privatizebasa da zaralis nacionalizacias uwyobda<br />
xels, razedac spontanuri privatizaciis ganxilvisas visaubreT.<br />
2. kerZo bankebis daarseba sazogadoebrivi resursebiT. bulgareTis samrewvelo<br />
asociaciis (bsa) kompaniebs sakuTari specializebuli banki hqondaT (1984<br />
wlis “ekonomikuri iniciativiT”, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli “mineralbanki”),<br />
kerZo kompaniebis daarsebasTan erTad kerZo bankebic iyo saWiro. qvemoT<br />
ganvixilavT bankebis Tavisufali registraciis kanonebis gavlenas sabanko<br />
seqtorze. amjerad Sevecdebi agixsnaT, Tu rogor xdeboda kerZo bankebis daarseba<br />
bulgareTSi 1989 wlis Suaxanebidan (noembris komunizmis damxobamde)<br />
1990 wlis Suaxanebamde (1944 wlis Semdeg Catarebul pirvel Tavisufal arCevnebamde).<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa fuliT kerZo bankis daarsebis ori gza arsebobda<br />
— xelisuflebis specialuri dekretis saSualebiT da saerTo proceduris<br />
gziT. pirveli maTganis magaliTs imdroindeli erT-erTi udidesi banki,<br />
“soflis meurneobis sakredito” (BAC) banki warmoadgens, romelic 1990 wlis<br />
martSi “soflis meurneobaSi kerZo iniciativebis waxalisebis Sesaxeb” mTavrobis<br />
me-5 dekretis safuZvelze daarsda (ramdenime dReSi mas Semdeg, rac qveyanam<br />
calsaxad da yovelgvari winaswari gafrTxilebis gareSe SeaCera ucxouri valebis<br />
gadaxda). meore mxriv, imavdroulad, specialuri sabanko kanoniT Seicvala<br />
ministrTa sabWos mier 1989 wlis maisis dekretiT SemoRebuli “sabanko saqmianobis<br />
wesebi”. es dekreti centralur banks gansazRvravda, rogorc “uSualod<br />
ministrTa sabWos daqvemdebarebaSi arsebul funqcionaluri kompetenciis<br />
mqone organos”. komerciuli bankebi “erTi an ori firmis, bankis da/an sxva organizaciebis<br />
mier sul cota 7 milioni amerikuli dolaris odenobis sawesdebo<br />
kapitaliT (romlis 50 procenti registraciamde unda Caricxuliyo centralur<br />
bankSi) daarsebuli saaqcio kompaniebi” iyo (amerikuli dolaris gacvlis<br />
kursi 1989 wels 1,16 bulgarul levs Seadgenda). amgvarad, sawesdebo kapitali<br />
Tavisuflad SeiZleboda nasesxebi 3,5 milioni dolari yofiliyo (sinamdvileSi,<br />
1990-93 wlebSi asec iyo), radgan wyaros dasaxelebas an Tanxis warmomavlobas<br />
aravin iTxovda. sxvaTaSoris, Nme-19 dekretiT bankebs “bankebisa da firmebis<br />
resursebis erTad dagroveba da gamoyeneba” moeTxovebodaT. udidesi<br />
kerZo banki, romelic premier-ministr lukanovis mier bulgareTis erovnuli<br />
bankis mmarTvelisTvis gagzavnili 1990 wlis aprilis jer kidev gamouqveynebeli<br />
werilis Tanaxmad daregistrirda, “pirveli kerZo banki” (FPB) iyo. soflis<br />
meurneobis sakredito banki da pirveli kerZo banki danazogebs sazogadoebisgan<br />
(romelic am bankebs endoboda, radgan “kerZo” iyo) izidavda da sesxebs<br />
farTod gascemda aqcionerebze. orive banki 1996 wels gakotrda.<br />
3. komunisturi organizaciebis aqtivebis gadasvla kerZo xelSi. yvelaze<br />
tipuri SemTxveva zemoxsenebuli 1990 wlis ivnisis N68-e dekreti iyo, romlis<br />
Tanaxmadac axalgazrda komunist teqnologTa da mecnierTa kavSiris qoneba<br />
(uZravi qoneba, kompiuterebi, saofise aRWurviloba da a.S., rac fizikurad<br />
yvela municipalitetSi arsebobda) adgilobriv mTavrobebs gadaeca da Semdeg<br />
mas eqskompartia ganagebda. es qoneba pirdapir kerZo kompaniebis kapitalad iqca,<br />
romlebic konsultaciebs, saswavlo kursebs, kompiuterul da sxva momsaxurebas<br />
sTavazobdnen xalxs.
Kkrasen stanCevi, “Zalaufleba da gavlena: bulgareTis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis bneli mxare”<br />
sxvisi fulis gamoyeneba: qonebis gadanawileba gardaqmnis dasawyisSi<br />
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndi (1991-98)<br />
gardamavali periodis mTavrobebi saerTaSoriso politikuri bankebidan<br />
didi raodenobiT fuls sesxulobdnen. maSinac ki, rodesac aseTi sesxebi didi<br />
sifrTxiliT iyo dagegmili da sakredito programebi kreditorTa zarals ar<br />
iTvaliswinebda, mravali gauTvaliswinebeli negatiuri faqtori warmoiSva.<br />
aseTi iyo, magaliTad, msoflio bankis 150 milioni amerikuli dolaris Rirebulebis<br />
restruqturizaciis sesxis operacia 1991 wels. am sesxis sworad<br />
warmarTvisa da kontrolisTvis bulgareTis erovnulma bankma (BNB) specialuri<br />
organo _ saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndi (SRDF)<br />
daaarsa.<br />
Tavidan, 1991 wels, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis<br />
daarseba navTobnedleulis krizisis gamwvavebis piks daemTxva. sesxis mizani<br />
swrafi sesxebis saSualebiT yvelasTvis momgebiani efeqtis Seqmna iyo: nasesxebi<br />
resursebiT mTavrobas sabiTumo fasad unda SeeZina navTobi da mere adgilobriv<br />
momxmarebelze sacalo fasad gaeyida, fasebis sxvaobiT miRebuli mogebiT<br />
ki uZravi qonebis restruqturizaciis dasafinanseblad <strong>fo</strong>ndi unda<br />
daearsebina.<br />
momwodeblebis anazRaureba PARIBASPA-bankis saSualebiT ganxorcielda, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>nds ki navTobgadamamuSaveblebisa<br />
da sxva Sida struqturebidan mTavrobis valebis akrefa da Semdeg komerciuli<br />
bankebis saSualebiT didi samrewvelo sawarmos investireba evaleboda.<br />
bolos, kerZod 1995—96 wlebSi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndi ZiriTad samTavrobo uwyebad iqca wamgebiani saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis<br />
kvazifiskaluri subsidiebis gasafarToeblad.<br />
bankebis umravlesoba, romelTa gavliTac <strong>fo</strong>ndi muSaobda, 1996-97 wlebSi<br />
centraluri bankis gankargulebaSi gadavida, xolo maSindeli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sawarmoebi isev bulgareTis ekonomikis Tavsatexi iyo. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ganviTarebisa<br />
da rekonstruqciis <strong>fo</strong>ndis “beneficiari” sasuqis qarxnebi, tyviisa da<br />
TuTiis sadnobi qarxnebi, metalurgiuli qarxnebi eleqtroenergiisa da gazis<br />
monopoliebi iyo. es <strong>fo</strong>ndi 1997-99 wlebSi pirveladi moxmarebis saqonlis<br />
mwarmoebel sawarmoTa da sxva saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoTa (da sxva zemoxsenebul<br />
sawarmoTa) ukanaskneli nugeSi iyo. 1999 wels TiTqmis yvela sawarmo an likvidirebuli<br />
iyo, an valSi gaiyida. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndi efeqtiani da gamWvirvale instituti ar iyo. misi saeWvo rolis gamo<br />
msoflio banki iZulebuli gaxda sesxis meore etapi gadaedo. mcocavi kursis<br />
SesanarCuneblad mTavrobis dadgenileba moiTxovda, rom privatizaciidan<br />
miRebuli Semosavlis 56 procenti (1993-96 wlebSi) <strong>fo</strong>ndSi wasuliyo. 1994 wlis<br />
oqtomberSi navTobis miwodebisa da sacalo vaWrobis kontraqtebis sawarmoeblad<br />
7,13 milion amerikul dolarad SeiZines samTavrobo uwyeba, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli Chimimport Jsc.<br />
presaSi gaCnda gancxadebebi, rom sacalo vaWroba TaRliToba iyo, benzins<br />
ufro maRali xarisxisad asaRebdnen, vidre sinamdvileSi iyo. sxvadasxva wlebSi<br />
sawarmoebs komerciuli bankebis (da Sesabamisad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ganviTarebisa da<br />
rekonstruqciis <strong>fo</strong>ndis) sxvadasxva adgilobriv da myar valutaSi asaxuli valebi<br />
hqondaT imis mixedviT, Tu valutis ra kursiT ufro mcire Canda vali.<br />
bolos, 1998 wels, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis <strong>fo</strong>ndi<br />
daixura, rac saerTaSoriso savaluto <strong>fo</strong>ndis samwliani (1998-01) programis<br />
aucilebeli winapiroba iyo. 1997 wels saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndis, energoresursebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis da ramdenime sxva arasabiujeto<br />
angariSze im wlis mSp-s erTi mervedis ekvivalenturi Tanxa iricxeboda.<br />
bankebi da “moWidaveebi”<br />
rogorc Cans, 1990-ian wlebSi institucionaluri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis ZiriTadi<br />
principi is iyo, rom sxvisi fuliT sargebloba kanons ar saWiroebda, magram<br />
161
162<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
xalxi Tu sakuTari qonebiTa da danazogebiT sargeblobas moindomebda, maSin<br />
metismetad mkacri kanonebi moqmedebda.<br />
erTi mxriv, es bankebis zemoxsenebuli kanonebidanac Cans da, meore mxriv,<br />
kerZo seqtoris xelis SemSleli barierebidanac (licenziebi, nebarTvis<br />
procedurebi da sxva moTxovnilebebi). spontanuri privatizaciis wyalobiT,<br />
romelsac 1990-ian wlebSi premier-ministr lukanovis mTavroba uWerda mxars,<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> fuliT kerZo bankebis kapitalizacia SinaurebisTvis “ioli” iyo.<br />
kerZo bankebis daarseba 1990 wels daiwyo da 1993 wlamde aqtiurad mimdinareobda:<br />
bankis gasaxsnelad mcire kapitali iyo saWiro da meti araferi<br />
(premier-ministris Tanxmobis garda). arc sawesdebo kapitalis warmomavlobis<br />
damamtkicebeli sabuTi iyo saWiro; kerZo bankebis umravlesoba nasesxebi<br />
fuliT ixsneboda. maTi raodenoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda (1990 wels mxolod 2<br />
banki iyo, 1993 wels ki _ 70; es bankebi 1995 wels 26 bankad gaerTianda); mTlian<br />
sabanko qonebaSi maTi wili 1992 wels 3,1 procents Seadgenda, 1995 wels _ 22,4<br />
procents, 1999 wels ki, mas Semdeg, rac 1996-97 wlebSi 18 banki daixura, 19 procents<br />
_ umetesad axladprivatizebuli bankebis qonebis xarjze.<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis Semdeg pirvelad 1992 wlis TebervalSi miiRes kanoni sabanko da<br />
sakredito saqmianobaze. am <strong>dros</strong>, orive zemoxsenebul banks (ix. meoTxe nawili),<br />
bulgareTis sasoflo-sameurneo sakredito banksa da pirvel kerZo banks, tipuri<br />
da STambeWdavi biografiebi hqonda. rogorc kerZo institutebma (iseT vi-<br />
TarebaSi, rodesac sazogadoeba mTavrobas ar endoba), maT sazogadoebis ndoba<br />
moipoves da swrafad Seqmnes kargi sadepozito baza. amave <strong>dros</strong>, mTavrobam, romelic<br />
am bankebs mxars uWerda, Tavisi gavlena gamoiyena da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebi<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo sakredito bankisa da pirveli kerZo bankis ZiriTad<br />
klientebad aqcia. maT sakredito saqmianobas kompaniebsa da aqcionerebTan<br />
daaxloebuli wreebisa da “taqtiani” mTavrobis wevrebisTvis sargebloba<br />
mohqonda.<br />
maRali uprocento sesxebis gamo damatebiTi kvazi-fiskaluri subsidiebi<br />
gaxda saWiro: sagranto kontraqtebi biujetis dasaxmareblad, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis <strong>fo</strong>ndis sainvesticio programebi, centralri<br />
bankis refinansireba da a.S. 1995 wels bulgareTis erovnuli bankis refinansirebis<br />
daaxloebiT 65 procenti saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis<br />
<strong>fo</strong>ndSi miedineboda. 1995 wlis bolos da 1996 wlis dasawyisSi bulgareTis sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
sakredito banki (romelmac araoficialurad Zalovnebi,<br />
“moWidaveebi” daiqirava) warmatebiT ibrunebda valebs “Orion Holding”-is wevrisgan,<br />
romelic mTavrobis mniSvnelovani klienti iyo.<br />
1996 wlis martSi, im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac presaSi aqtiurad msjelobdnen bankis<br />
sijansaRis Sesaxeb, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebma bulgareTis sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
sakredito bankidan TavianTi angariSebi gamoitanes, bulgareTis erovnulma<br />
bankma ki misi refinansireba Sewyvita. amis Semdeg oTxi kvirac ar iyo gasuli,<br />
rom bulgareTis sasoflo-sameurneo sakredito banki daixura.<br />
ratom gamoiyena bulgareTis sasoflo-sameurneo sakredito bankma<br />
“moWidaveebi”?<br />
gakotrebis kanonebi mxolod 1994 wels SemoiRes, magram es kanonebi 1998<br />
wlis bolomde wamgebian saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebs ar exeboda. kreditoris<br />
uflebebi qaRaldze ewera, magram maTi politikuri da institucionaluri mizniT<br />
amoqmedeba Zneli iyo maTTvis, vinc umetesad sesxulobda. 1995 wels mrewvelobis<br />
ministrma, romelic im <strong>dros</strong> jer kidev saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli<br />
“mewveli Zroxebis” ufrosi iyo, Tavis sawarmoebs sabanko seqtorisTvis<br />
valebis gadaxda aukrZala.<br />
dagiravebul qonebaze uflebis dakargvis proceduras kanoniT 19 dRe<br />
sWirdeboda, magram maRal inflaciur garemoSi aseTi vada naklegamarTlebuli<br />
iyo.
Kkrasen stanCevi, “Zalaufleba da gavlena: bulgareTis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis bneli mxare”<br />
amgvarad, bankebi dainteresebuli iyvnen kreditebi Sida wreebSi gaecaT; isini<br />
araoficialur kontrols endobodnen da sakuTaris Seqmna an arsebuli<br />
araoficialuri Zalovnebis “momsaxurebiT” sargebloba surdaT.<br />
privatizaciis da uZravi qonebis restruqturizaciis Seferxebam, finansuri<br />
kanonebis uqonlobam da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebze SeRavaTiani kreditebis<br />
farTod gacemam bulgareTis erovnuli banki “aiZula” situaciis “gamosasworeblad<br />
banknotebis “gansazRvruli” raodenoba gamoeSva. aman warmoSva is<br />
sistema, romelmac bankebis dekapitalizacia moaxdina da xarjebi sazogadoebaze<br />
16 gadaitana, ramac 1996-97 wlebSi sazogadoebis mRelvareba gamoiwvia.<br />
sabanko seqtoris sufTa zaralma 1993 wels 5 miliardi bulgaruli levi Seadgina,<br />
xolo 1994 wels TiTqmis 7 miliardi; 1995 wels problemebi ufro gaRrmavda,<br />
rodesac Sua wlisTvis sufTa zarali daaxloebiT 30 miliardamde, xolo<br />
wlis bolosTvis ki 100 miliardamde gaizarda.<br />
1996 wels saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli aTi bankidan cxraSi, romelic<br />
sabanko seqtoris aqtivebis 80 procents flobda, kapitalis kleba aRiniSneboda.<br />
sabanko krizisis gadasaWrelad 1996-97 wlebSi gamoyofili pirdapiri fiskaluri<br />
transferis Rirebulebam mSp-s 14 procents Seadgina. 17<br />
1999 wels ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis<br />
(OECD) mier bulgareTSi Catarebulma ekonomikurma gamokiTxvam sabanko sistemis<br />
zemoxsenebuli institucionaluri proeqtis ori mTavari funqcia daadgina,<br />
orive korufcias uwyobda xels. erTi mxriv, aRmoCnda, rom “bulgareTis mTavroba<br />
komerciul bankebze subsidiebs wamgebian saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebze SeRava-<br />
Tiani dakreditebisTvis iyenebda.” meore mxriv, “radgan komerciuli bankebis<br />
(arasakmarisi kapitalis mqone) mmarTvelebs xeli miuwvdebodaT SeRavaTian<br />
dafinansebaze, isini TviTonve aqtiurad uzrdidnen kredits, umTavresad axal<br />
kerZo seqtors, da Tanac, rogorc wesi, korufciis safuZvelze. 18 amgvarad,<br />
OECD–m daadgina, rom am viTarebis mTavari mizezi korufcia iyo, magram man<br />
isic aRmoaCina, rom uimedo valebis sakmaod didi nawili mcirericxovan kerZo<br />
firmebze gacemuli didi sesxebis saxiT (TiToeuli 1.4 milion amerikul dolarze<br />
meti odenobiT) iyo dagrovili, romelic mTlianad daaxloebiT mSp-s 10<br />
procents Seadgenda. amasTanave, OECD–m daadgina, rom “bulgareTi erTaderTi<br />
qveyana iyo, romelic arafinansur seqtorze gacemul kreditebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
SedarebiT maRal Tanafardobas inarCunebda mSp-Si, romelic axali (gardaqmnis<br />
Semdgomi) sesxebisgan Sedgeboda. 19<br />
am viTrebaSi araTu Zneli, aramed SeuZlebelic ki iyo kanonis mmar-<br />
Tvelobis imedad yofna. bankebis gaflangulma Tanxebma samarTaldamcav organoebSic<br />
“gaJona”. bundovani kanonebi, faqtobrivad, bankebis gasakotreblad<br />
iyo gamiznuli da ara debitorebis an wamgebiani sawarmoebis dasaxmareblad.<br />
mTavroba im faqtiT kmayofildeboda, rom “socialurad mgrZnobiare” sawarmoebis<br />
likvidacias ayovnebda da maT mmarTvelebad kvlav politikur megobrebsa<br />
da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> Tanamdebobis pirebs niSnavda. samuSaos SenarCunebis mizniT,<br />
muSebi winaaRmdegobas ar uwevdnen. am wresTan daaxloebuli kompaniebi, romlebic<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis mimwodeblebs da realizatorebs warmoadgendnen,<br />
mogebis privatizacias axdendnen, valebs ki saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s miawerdnen (da maRali<br />
inflaciiT mis devalvacias _ 1994 wels, gansakuTrebiT 1996 da 1997 wlebSi).<br />
arsebobs faqtebi, rom fiskaluri garemo xels uSlida kerZo seqtoris gam-<br />
Wvirvale da swor ganviTarebas. mTavari problema kanonebis prognozirebadoba<br />
iyo. sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba 1991-98 wlebSi 66-jer Seicvala, saTanado<br />
“dadgenilebebi” ki 43-jer, anu weliwadSi 8,25-jer da 5,38-jer, Sesabamisad.<br />
mTlianobaSi, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis Sesworeba (an axali dadgenilebis<br />
miReba) weliwadSi 16,13-jer xdeboda. re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis dawyebis Semdeg ministrTa<br />
16 fulis gadaricxvis meqanizmis detaluri aRwera ix.: Roumen Avramov, Kamen Guenov, Op. cit.;<br />
17 ix.: Caprio, Gerard, and Daniela Klingebeil, ―Bank Insolvencies: Cross-Country Experience,‖ The World Bank (unpublished), Washington,<br />
1996;<br />
18 1999 OECD Economic Surveys: Bulgaria, p. 59;.<br />
19 Ibid., p. 102, 103..<br />
163
164<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
sabWom 49 miTiTeba da instruqcia gamouSva sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis damatebis<br />
saxiT. mxolod 1996-98 wlebSi finansTa saministros “saerTo sagadasaxado<br />
direqtoratma” 71 ganmartebiTi baraTi gamosca. miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
1997 wlis bolos parlamentma gamoacxada, rom axali sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba<br />
naTeli iqneboda da interpretacia aRar dasWirdeboda, saerTo sagadasaxado<br />
direqtoratma 1998 wels 14 werili gamosca, 1999 wels ki _ 12. amis<br />
gamo, SeuZlebeli iyo grZelvadiani gadawyvetilebebis miReba, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Zalian Zviri jdeboda. korporaciuli gadasaxadebi sami sxvadasxva kanonmdeblobiT<br />
regulirdeboda. aseTma politikam sabolood is Sedegi gamoiRo,<br />
rom sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis dacva ramdenjerme ufro Zviri jdeboda,<br />
vidre misi darRveva. 20<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi da maTi marTva<br />
1995 wlidan saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebi meorexarisxovan<br />
rols asrulebda mSp-s SeqmnaSi; mTeli gardamavali periodis manZilze saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sawarmoebis zarals kerZo seqtori anazRaurebda. 21<br />
magram aSkaraa, rom institucionaluri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis <strong>dros</strong> saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis<br />
mimarT gatarebuli politika xelaxali gadanawilebis mTavar faqtors<br />
warmoadgenda. es sawarmoebi bulgareTis ekonomikis aqtivebis 45 procents<br />
isev inarCunebs. uZravi qonebis “uSualo” kontrolis berketi (centraluri<br />
mTavrobis oficialur/daniSnul pirTa uSualo CarTvis gziT)<br />
“saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebis uflebis” mopovebaa. es kanonebi mxolod 1994 wels<br />
daadgines ministrTa sabWos N7 dekretiT. mas Semdeg 17-jer Seaswores, umetesad<br />
is nawili, romelic mmarTvelTa da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa anazRaurebas<br />
exeboda. me-10 da me-11 statiebSi miTiTebulia, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi<br />
arsebuli sawarmos erTaderTi mflobelis uflebiT am dargis saministro<br />
(mrewvelobis, vaWrobis, soflis meurneobis, energetikis, <strong>fo</strong>stis da telekomunikaciebis<br />
da a.S.) da ministrTa sabWo (samxedro mrewvelobis SemTxvevaSi)<br />
sargeblobs. faqtobrivad, gamodis, rom sabolood erTaderTi mflobeli<br />
premier-ministri da ministrTa kabinetia, radgan dargobrivi ministrebis qmedebas<br />
isini akontroleben. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis<br />
mmarTvelebsa da sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrebs dargobrivi ministrebi niSnaven<br />
sakuTari neba-surviliT. centraluri sammarTvelos wevrs ufleba ar<br />
aqvs orze meti sawarmos sameTvalyureo sabWos wevri iyos, Tumca parlamentis<br />
wevrebisTvis SezRudva ar arsebobs. mmarTveli gundis dasakompleqteblad an<br />
kerZo sawarmoTi sargeblobisTvis araviTari konkursi da winapiroba ar aris<br />
saWiro, Tumca arc akrZalulia, magram realurad ar arsebobs. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaSi arsebul sawarmoebSi dargis ministrebs sazogadoebis interesebis<br />
dacva moeTxovebaT, Tumca isini SiSoben, rom maT am movaleobis Seusruleblobis<br />
gamo daadanaSauleben. gardamaval periodSi qveynis yvela mTavrobam Tavisi<br />
momxreebi moiyvana administraciaSi da ase gadauxada maT samagiero politikuri<br />
samsaxurisa da erTgulebisTvis. dekretSi naTqvamia, rom mmarTvelebma<br />
da ministrebma is sawarmo unda daxuron, romlis davalianeba qonebis 50 procentze<br />
metia.<br />
es debuleba administracias 1998 wlamde ar Seusrulebia. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi<br />
arsebuli sawarmoebis mmarTvelTa da/an sameTvalyureo sabWos wevrTa<br />
waxalisebis saSualebiT mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebisTvis gatarebulma<br />
arc erTma RonisZiebam ar gaamarTla. vaWrobis kodeqsis zogadi debulebis Tanaxmad,<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sawarmoebis restruqturizacia<br />
daiwyes. unda iTqvas, rom arc erTi Sesworebis Sedegad ar gadaWrila mTavari<br />
problema _ aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis daniSvna gansazRvruli vadiT (sami<br />
20 dawvrilebiT ix.: Latchezar Bogdanov, Transparency of tax regulations and costs of compliance, Finansijska Praksa, Zagreb, 1999, No 4-5, p. 497-509<br />
(in Croatian).<br />
21 ix.: Krassen Stanchev, Assenka Yonkova (editors), In Search <strong>fo</strong>r Growth: Policies and Lessons From Bulgarian Economic Re<strong>fo</strong>rms, IME<br />
Newsletter, vol. 5, No 11-12 ufro dawvrilebiT ix.: Administrative Barriers to Investment in Bulgaria, FIAS, February, 2000; see<br />
also: Latchezar Bogdanov, Yordanka Gancheva, Licensing Requirements in Retail and Wholesale Trade and Commercial Road Transport<br />
Companies, IME Newsletter, vol. 7, No 1-2, p. 2-11.
Kkrasen stanCevi, “Zalaufleba da gavlena: bulgareTis re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis bneli mxare”<br />
wliT) konkurenciis an venCuruli kapitalizmis niSniT. mmarTvelebi TavianT<br />
Tanamdebobebs Sesabamisi dargis saministros administraciaSi an garkveul<br />
Tanamdebobebze dasaniSn adamianTa “siaSi” icavdnen. magram sabazro pirobebSi<br />
aseTi meTodi arc gazrdil Semosavals iZleva da arc menejmentis codnas. is<br />
iseTi interesebidan warmoiSoba da iseT interesebs warmoSobs, rac zogadad<br />
mavne gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze. amis gamo iyo, rom wamgebiani sawarmoebi ar<br />
daixura. agreTve, amis gamo xdeboda politikuri zewola SeRavaTiani sesxebis<br />
misaRebad; amis gamo Seferxda privatizacia da amis gamo gamocarielda bankebi.<br />
daskvnis magier<br />
amJamad, bulgareTSi sazogadoebrivi azri da politikuri debatebi didi<br />
mTavrobis aRdgenas uWers mxars, romelmac individualuri pasuxismgebloba<br />
unda Secvalos. aseTi ganviTareba mxolod bulgareTisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
es ganwyoba populisturi partiebis popularobis zrdaze miuTiTebs.<br />
am partiebma poloneTSi, ungreTsa da CexeTSi arCevnebSi gamarjvebac ki<br />
moaxerxes.<br />
dagegmilma gardaqmnebma Zalian bevri moulodneloba warmoSva. es procesebi<br />
axali evropis arc erT qveyanaze ar aisaxa dadebiTad. erT-erTi mizezi is<br />
iyo, rom centralizebulobis gardaqmnis Teoriul axsnaSi ekonomikuri gavlenisTvis<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> kabinetis sxvadasxva <strong>fo</strong>rmebis gamoyenebas didi yuradReba<br />
ar eqceoda. bulgareTis gamocdileba SesaZloa uaresi dakanonebuli<br />
Zarcvis Tavidan acilebaSi dagvexmaros, ris magaliTebic am statiaSia<br />
warmodgenili.<br />
165
166<br />
qveyndeba pirvelad<br />
nino gorgaZe<br />
axali ekonomikuri skola — saqarTvelos proeqtebis menejeri<br />
ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi saqarTveloSi — mimoxilva<br />
vardebis revoluciis Semdeg axali mTavroba radikaluri da swrafi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebiT<br />
Seecada saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s kolafsis Tavidan acilebas. gezi ekonomikis<br />
liberalizaciisa da evro-atlantikur integraciaze iqna aRebuli.<br />
1. biurokratia<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis pirveli nabiji samTavrobo-biurokratiuli aparatis struqturuli<br />
da sakadro cvlileba iyo: 18 saministros magivrad 13 Seiqmna; 52 saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
dawesebulebidan 34 darCa; saministroebis TanamSromlebi 35%-iT,<br />
xolo mTlianad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> seqtorSi dasaqmebulebi 50%-iT Semcirda.<br />
gazrdilma anazRaurebam muSaobis xarisxi da stimulebi gaaumjobesa,<br />
kontrolis da pasuxismgeblobis gazrdam ki korufcia Seamcira.<br />
SemoiRes re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis koordinaciis sakiTxebSi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> ministris<br />
Tanamdeboba, romelic ierarqiulad saministroebze zemoT idga da<br />
saqarTvelos prezidentsa da premier-ministrs daeqvemdebara. es re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis<br />
kompleqsurad da safuZvlianad Casatareblad sxvadasxva saministroebis<br />
efeqturi koordinaciis saSualebas iZleoda. saministroebi valdebulni gaxdnen,<br />
rom TavianTi saqmianobis grZelvadiani gegmebi warmoedginaT.<br />
2. privatizacia<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmirebis Semdegi mniSvnelovani nabiji privatizebis morigi, far-<br />
TomasStabiani etapis gamocxadeba iyo. uari eTqva e.w. “strategiuli obieqtebis”<br />
arsebobis koncefcias. gasayidad an grZelvadiani ijariT gasacemad gamotanili<br />
iqna “yvelaferi — namusis garda”, maT Soris privatizebis wina<br />
etapebze saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sakuTrebaSi darCenili msxvili sawarmoebi, telekomunikaciebi,<br />
portebi, aeroportebi, hesebi, tbebi, tyeebi da a.S.<br />
privatizebis mTavar orientirad maqsimaluri Semosavlis miReba iqca.<br />
pirdapirma Semosavalma 2005 wels 387 mln. lari, 2006 wels — 464 mln, xolo<br />
2007 wlis pirvel naxevarSi 70 mln. lari Seadgina.<br />
privatizeba SesaZloa ufro swrafad ganxorcielebuliyo, rom ara qveyanaSi<br />
arsebuli maRali politikuri riski, risi mizezi politikuri arastabiluroba<br />
da sakuTrebis uflebebis daucvelobaa. sagadasaxado policiis faqtobrivi<br />
SeuzRudaoba da politizebuli sasamarTlo, kerZo sameurneo arbitraJis<br />
ararsebobis pirobebSi grZelvadiani da kapitaltevadi biznes-gegmebis<br />
ganxorcieleba metad rTuli iyo rogorc adgilobrivi, ise ucxoeli, gansakuTrebiT<br />
“dasavleli” investorebisTvis.<br />
3. sagadasaxado re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
2005 wlidan axali sagadasaxado kodeqsi amoqmedda.<br />
gadasaxadebis ricxvi 22-dan 7-mde Semcirda. daiklo sagadasaxado ganakveTebmac:<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 20% progresulidan — 12% wrfivi gaxda,<br />
dRg 20%-dan 18%-mde, xolo socialuri gadasaxadi 33-dan 20%-mde Semcirda.<br />
2008 wlidan sawarmoebis mogebis gadasaxadi 20-dan 15-mde daiklebs, xolo<br />
socialuri, romelsac damqiravebeli ixdida, da saSemosavlo, romelsac<br />
daqiravebuli ixdida, gaerTiandeba da axali saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 25%
nino gorgaZe, “ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi saqarTveloSi — mimoxilva”<br />
gaxdeba. aRniSnuli cvlileba xelsayrelia damqiraveblisTvis, magram<br />
daqiravebuls mZime tvirTad daawveba, radgan damqiravebels araviTari<br />
valdebuleba ar aqvs, rom gamoTavisuflebuli TanxebiT daqiravebulTa<br />
anazRaureba gazardos.<br />
amave wlidan ganuldeba importis sabaJo gadasaxadic, rac saqarTvelos<br />
msoflios yvelaze liberalur savaWro reJimis mqone qveynebis mcire jgufis<br />
wevrad aqcevs.<br />
miuxedavad aseTi mniSvnelovani nabijebisa, re<strong>fo</strong>rma naklebad Seexo saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>sa<br />
da gadasaxadis gadamxdelis urTierTobis arss: gadasaxadi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
mier gaweuli momsaxurebis anazRaurebis safasuris magivrad, sagadasaxado<br />
kodeqsis meeqvse muxlis mixedviT, kvlav rCeba “biujetebSi savaldebulo,<br />
upirobo fulad Senatanad, romelsac ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, gadasaxadis<br />
aucilebeli, araekvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdinare”.<br />
aRniSnuli <strong>fo</strong>rmulireba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mxridan gadasaxadebis gadamxdel-<br />
Ta winaSe angariSvaldebulebis savaldebulo xasiaTs uaryofs da xelisuflebas<br />
sabiujeto saxsrebis uangariSod gankargvis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.<br />
gadasaxadebis akrefis ma<strong>Cven</strong>eblebis gaumjobesebis mizniT Seiqmna da sagangebo<br />
uflebebiT aRiWurva sagadasaxado policia: gadasaxadis gadauxdelobis<br />
eWvis SemTxvevaSic ki, mas mieca ufleba, rom gadasaxadis gadamxdelis<br />
qoneba da angriSebi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gareSe daayadaRos da<br />
sagadasaxado organos ufrosis an misi moadgilis gadawyvetilebiT organizaciis<br />
sabanko angariSebidan gadasaxadis, sauravisa da jarimis Tanxebi Camoiweros<br />
da salarodan naRdi fuli amoiRos. amasTan, finansuri sabuTebis Semowmebis<br />
periodis ganmavlobaSi SeaCeros sawarmos saqmianoba.<br />
sagadasaxado policiisTvis amgvari uflebebis miniWeba ara marto samewarmeo<br />
aqtivobas aferxebda, aramed sazogadoebisTvisac iyo saSiSi, radgan am<br />
samsaxurs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, politikuri devnis instrumentad aqcevda.<br />
4. kanoni Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis Sesaxeb<br />
radikalurad Seicvala monopoliebTan brZolis meTodi. antimonopoliuri<br />
kanonmdeblobis magivrad “Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis kanoni”<br />
amoqmedda. axali midgomis ideologiuri safuZveli imis aRiareba iyo, rom sabazro<br />
ekonomikaSi monopoliebs mxolod saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> qmnis regulirebisa da<br />
privilegiebis miniWebis Sedegad (magaliTad, energoseqtori. mTel saqarTveloSi<br />
xelovnuri, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mier organizebuli, monopoliuri kompaniebi<br />
moqmedebs. sinamdvileSi, aRniSnuli saqmianoba konkurentul safuZvelzec SeiZleba<br />
rom xorcieldebodes).<br />
aRniSnuli kanonis mixedviT, akrZalulia saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mxridan iseTi qmedebebis<br />
ganxorcieleba, romlebic xels uwyobs monopoliebis warmoqmnas bazarze.<br />
aRniSnul kanonSi araa naxsenebi arc “mewarmis monopoliuri mdgomareoba”,<br />
arc “bazris maqsimaluri wilis odenoba” da arc sxva midgomebi, romlebic<br />
tradiciulad antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobas axasiaTebda.<br />
SemoRebul iqna e.w. “mesame mxaris daSveba”, romelic exeba e.w. “gansakuTrebuli<br />
sakuTrebis” mflobelebs, romlebic am kanoniT valdebulni arian,<br />
finansuri da teqnikuri moTxovnebis dacvis Sesabamisad, uzrunvelyon yvela<br />
msurveli mxaris daSveba (magaliTad, satele<strong>fo</strong>no qselebis mflobelebi).<br />
aRniSnuli funqciebis gansaxorcieleblad ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministroSi<br />
Seiqmna Tavisufali vaWrobisa da konkurenciis saagento, romelic<br />
sul ramdenime adamianisgan Sedgeboda. 2007 wlis bolos, aRniSnuli saagentos<br />
qmeduunarobis gamo, misi funqciebi Sinagan saqmeTa saministros gadaeca.<br />
5. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis<br />
miwis privatizeba<br />
privatizebas daeqvemdebara ijariT gacemuli da ijariT gaucemeli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli 500 aTas heqtaramde sasoflo-sameurneo daniS-<br />
167
168<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
nulebis miwa sasazRvro zolis CaTvliT (garda: saZovrebisa, pirutyvis gadasareki<br />
trasebisa, tyis <strong>fo</strong>ndis miwisa da im miwebisa, romlebic gankuTvnilia istoriuli,<br />
kulturuli, bunebisa da sakulto-religiuri ZeglebisTvis da sxv.).<br />
miwis yidvis ufleba mieniWaT mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs da saqar-<br />
TveloSi registrirebul kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs. aRniSnuli ufleba<br />
ar gaaCnia sxva qveynis moqalaqeebs, Tumca am uflebaSi ar izRudeba maT mier<br />
daarsebuli sawarmoebi.<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmis mTavar mizans miwis bazris Camoyalibeba da soflis meurneobis<br />
ganviTareba-gamsxvileba warmoadgenda, rac, wesiT, xels Seuwyobda sasoflosameurneo<br />
seqtoris produqtiulobis amaRlebas. magram, miwis realuri Rirebulebis<br />
warmoqmnas xels uSlis erTi faqtori — miwis sakuTrebis uflebebi<br />
araa srulyofili, radgan miwaSi aRmoCenili (arsebuli) sasargeblo wiaRiseuli<br />
da sxva materialuri Rirebulebebi saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s sakuTrebad iTvleba da<br />
miwis mesakuTris mier maTi aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mas mxolod sargeblobis<br />
uflebisTvis tenderSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba gaaCnia, rac aferxebs bunebrivi<br />
resursebis da sxva materialuri Rirebulebebis saZiebo samuSaoebis<br />
warmoebas.<br />
6. licenzirebisa da nebarTvebis sistemis re<strong>fo</strong>rma<br />
“giliotinis” meTodis gamoyenebiT, 909 licenziisa da nebarTvisgan darCa<br />
92 licenzia da 52 nebarTva. amasTan, kanoniT aikrZala damatebiTi licenziebis<br />
da nebarTvebis SemoReba.<br />
licenzirebas ZiriTadad daeqvemdebara mxolod adamianis sicocxlisTvis,<br />
kulturuli da ekonomikuri interesebisadmi safrTxis Semcveli saqmianobebi.<br />
am sferoSi axali klasifikacia SemoiRes: saqmianobis licenzia; gamoyenebis<br />
licenzia, romelic bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis da marTvis gr-<br />
Zelvadian uflebas warmoadgens (aRniSnuli licenzia SeiZleba Tavisuflad<br />
gaiyidos da daiyos); nebarTva erTjerad saqmianobaze.<br />
gamartivda licenziebis da nebarTvebis gacemis pirobebic, SemoRebul iqna<br />
“erTi fanjris”, “dumili Tanxmobis niSania” da “erTi qolgis” principebi, ramac<br />
gaamartiva maTi miReba da SezRuda, biurokratiuli TviTneboba da upasuxismgebloba.<br />
“erTi fanjris” principi niSnavs, rom dainteresebul pirs gansazRvruli<br />
procedurisa da fasis pirobebSi erT uwyebasTan uwevs urTierToba. Tu dadgenil<br />
vadaSi pasuxismgebeli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> struqturebis mier licenziis/nebar-<br />
Tvis gacema-argacemaze gadawyvetileba ar iqneba miRebuli, “dumili Tanxmobis<br />
niSania” principis mixedviT, licenzia/nebarTva gacemulad CaiTvleba.<br />
generaluri da Cveulebrivi licenziebis arsebobis pirobebSi “erTi qolgis”<br />
principi gulisxmobs, rom generaluri licenziis mflobels masSi Semavali<br />
saqmianobisTvis damatebiTi licenziis aReba aRar esaWiroeba.<br />
am re<strong>fo</strong>rmam xeli Seuwyo regulirebis Semcirebas biurokratiuli barierebis<br />
moxsnis gziT da Seamcira mewarmeobis danaxarjebi da korufcia. amavdroulad,<br />
mosalodnelia kidev ufro gabeduli nabijebi licenziebisa da nebarTvebis<br />
kidev ufro Semcirebisken.<br />
niSandoblivia rom, TavisTavad, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s mxridan licenzirebisa da nebarTvebis<br />
sistemis arseboba mewarmeobas mainc biurokratiasa da politikur<br />
procesebze damokidebuls tovebs da saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> administraciis kontrolis<br />
modunebisTanave korufciis xelaxal safrTxes warmoSobs. amasTan, Tavad licenziebis<br />
gamcem organos araviTari finansuri pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreba mi-<br />
Rebul gadawyvetilebebze.<br />
7. teqnikuri deregulireba<br />
sistemis re<strong>fo</strong>rmis mizani iyo sabWoTa kavSiris periodidan SemorCenili savaldebulo<br />
teqnikuri regulirebis sistemis gamartiveba, romelic dRevandel
nino gorgaZe, “ekonomikuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi saqarTveloSi — mimoxilva”<br />
garemos saerTod ar Seesabameboda da xels uSlida rogorc samewarmeo saqmianobas,<br />
aseve imports.<br />
standartizacia gaxda nebayoflobiTi da kerZo. savaldebulo gaxda mxolod<br />
e.w. teqnikuri reglamentebi, romelic uSualod exeba usafrTxoebis, adamianTa<br />
da cxovelTa sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis, mcenareTa, garemosa da sakuTrebis<br />
dacvas.<br />
magram, gamomdinare iqidan, rom axali, Tanamedrove standartebis SemuSavebasa<br />
da damtkicebas sakmao dro esaWiroeba, gardamaval etapze moxda ganvi-<br />
Tarebuli qveynebis teqnikuri reglamentebis ekvivalentad cnoba, anu<br />
aRiareba.<br />
instituciuri re<strong>fo</strong>rmis Sedegad yofili ”saqstandartis” bazaze Camoyalibda<br />
sajaro samarTlis ori iuridiuli piri: “standartebis, teqnikuri reglamentebisa<br />
da metrologiis erovnuli saagento” da “akreditaciis erTiani<br />
erovnuli centri”.<br />
am re<strong>fo</strong>rmam gaaadvila saerTaSoriso vaWroba, ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa<br />
da ganiTrebis organizaciis (eTgo) wevr, maT Soris evrokavSiris wevri<br />
qveynebisTvis calmxrivad barierebis moxsnis gziT. Sedegad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
aRar aris saWiro im saqonlis damatebiTi Semowmeba da reglamentacia,<br />
romelic akmayofilebs eTgo-s qveynebis standartebs.<br />
amasTan, gza gaexsna kerZo, TviTregulirebadi institutebis warmoqmnas<br />
(magaliTad, rogorebicaa amerikaSi Underwriter Laboratories da Quick Star), romelTa<br />
Sefaseba xarisxis niSnad aris aRiarebuli da romlis miRebac warmoebuli saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis gazrdis erT-erTi mZlavri<br />
iaraRi iqneba.<br />
8. Sromis kodeqsi<br />
komunisturi warsulis erT-erTi gadmonaSTis, Sromis kodeqsis magivrad,<br />
romelic aSkarad ver pasuxobda Tanamedrove Sromis bazris moTxovnebs,<br />
SemuSavda axali Sromis kodeqsi, romlis mixedviTac saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> minimalurad<br />
ereva daqiravebulisa da damqiraveblis urTierTobebSi. kerZod, es xdeba mxolod<br />
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac daqiravebuls warmoadgenen arasrulwlovanebi,<br />
orsulebi da meZuZuri qalbatonebi da maTTvis aucilebelia<br />
usafrTxo samuSao garemos uzrunvelyofa. garda amisa, sadekreto Svebulebis<br />
anazRaureba damqiraveblidan saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s pasuxismgeblobaSi gadavida da 126<br />
dRis ganmavlobaSi centraluri biujetidan dafinansdeba.<br />
9. safinanso da sabanko seqtori<br />
mocemul seqtorebSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi zogi liberaluri xasiaTisaa,<br />
magaliTad adgilobrivi da ucxouri bankebisTvis saqarTveloSi filialebis<br />
gaxsnis proceduris gaadvileba; moqmed bankebSi wilebis Sesyidvis<br />
limitebis gauqmeba; ganviTarebuli qveynebis bankebis mier saqarTvelos bankebSi<br />
wilis Sesyidvis saerTod, maT mier saqarTveloSi operirebis uflebis<br />
miRebis calmxrivi deregulireba.<br />
am rigis gadawyvetilebebidan niSandoblivia is, rom sa<strong>fo</strong>ndo birJaze garigebis<br />
dadebisas aRar iqneba savaldebulo brokeris daqiraveba.<br />
zogi ki ufro met regulirebas gulisxmobs: bankebis sawesdebo kapitali<br />
2008 wlidan 12 000 000 laramde gaizrdeba; gamkacrda e.w. fulis gaTeTrebasTan<br />
brZola; centralizebulad iqna miRebuli buRaltruli aRricxvis saerTaSoriso<br />
standartebi da sxv.<br />
jamSi, seqtori mainc ufro naklebad liberaluria vidre sxva seqtorebi<br />
da, Sesabamisad, fundamenturi re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi jer kidev winaa.<br />
10. sxva re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi<br />
sxva re<strong>fo</strong>rmatoruli nabijebidan, romlebic liberalizaciis egidiT ganxorcielda,<br />
gamoirCeva eTgo-s da mTeli rigi sxva qveynebis moqalaqeebisTvis<br />
169
170<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
moklevadiani vizebis calmxrivad gauqmeba, ramac xeli Seuwyo turizmisa da<br />
saqmiani urTierTobebis gaaqtiurebas.<br />
ganaTlebis re<strong>fo</strong>rma, romlis sakvanZo nawili e.w. vauCeruli dafinansebis<br />
da skolebis nawilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis danergva iyo. Tumca e.w. “erTiani<br />
erovnuli gamocdebis” sistema, rac yofili saskolo “gamosaSvebi” da umaRlesSi<br />
“misaRebi” gamocdebis SeerTebis Sedegad dainerga, ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>ze damokidebulebas araTu ufro liberalurs, aramed ufro<br />
centralizebuls xdis. praqtikulad, saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs “erTiani<br />
erovnuli gamocdebis” gavlis gareSe umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlis ufleba<br />
CamoerTvaT.<br />
jandacvis sferoSi saavadmyo<strong>fo</strong>ebis masobrivi privatizebis dawyeba, maTi<br />
kerZo mmarTvelebis xelSi gadacemis mizniT, am dargSi yvelaze gamorCeuli<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rmatoruli nabiji iyo.<br />
energetikis saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> marTvis sferos menejmenti mkveTrad gaumjobesda,<br />
ris xarjzec energokrizisi aRmoifxvra da saqarTvelo eleqtoenergiis<br />
eqportioradac iqca.<br />
TurqeTTan ga<strong>fo</strong>rmda Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba da intensiurad<br />
mzaddeba analogiuri xelSekrulebebi evrokavSirTan da aSS-sTan.<br />
11. re<strong>fo</strong>rmebis saerTaSoriso aRiareba<br />
saqarTveloSi mimdinare re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi SumCneveli ar darCenila msofliosTvis.<br />
―The Heritage Foundation‖ mier warmoebul “ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis”<br />
2007 wlis moxsenebaSi (eyrdnoba 2005 wlis monacemebs) saqarTvelo msoflios<br />
masStabiT 35-e adgils ikavebs, xolo evropis 41 qveynidan me-20-s. misi ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisuflebis xarisxi 1,2%-iT uswrebs evropis saSualo ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebels,<br />
magram 8,1%-iT CamorCeba msoflio saSualo ma<strong>Cven</strong>ebels.<br />
saqarTvelos sakmaod maRali Sefaseba aqvs iseT punqtebSi, rogoricaa Sromis<br />
bazris Tavisufleba (100-dan 99,9%), biznesis Tavisufleba, fiskaluri Tavisufleba,<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s Carevisagan Tavisufleba. magram sakmaod dabali qulebiTaa<br />
Sefasebuli korufciis done da sakuTrebis uflebebis daculoba.<br />
―The Doing Business‖ kvlevis mixedviT 2006 wels gamoqveynebul kvlevaSi saqar-<br />
Tvelo 178 qveynidan 35-e adgilze iyo da wlis pirvel re<strong>fo</strong>rmator qveynad<br />
dasaxelda. xolo 2007 wels, naxtomiseburad gaaumjobesa Tavisi poziciebi da<br />
me-18 adgilze gadainacvla, riTac msoflio oceulSi SeaRwia. indeqsis<br />
gaumjobeseba ZiriTadad erTi komponentis — “investorebis dacva” — xarjze<br />
moxda, risi samarTlianobac, mocemul periodSi kerZo mesakuTreTa uflebebis<br />
masobrivi xelyofis <strong>fo</strong>nze, garkveul eWvs iwvevs.<br />
miuxedavad zemoT moyvanili re<strong>fo</strong>rmebisa, gasakeTebeli da dasaxvewi mainc<br />
bevri rCeba, radgan re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi rigiTi adamianisTvis xelSesaxebi jer ver<br />
gaxda, mosaxleobis udidesi umravlesobis cxovrebis done jerjerobiT kvlav<br />
dabalia, xolo investiciebi neli tempiT izrdeba.<br />
qveynis problemad ki kerZo sakuTrebis daucveloba da SerCeviTi<br />
marTlmsajuleba rCeba. amitom, kanonis mmarTveloba da rac SeiZleba meti<br />
Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika — es aris warmatebis recepti, martivi —<br />
TeoriaSi, da rTuli — praqtikaSi.
qveyndeba pirvelad<br />
axali ekonomikuri skola — saqarTvelos vice-prezidenti<br />
deprivatizeba – didi nabiji ukan<br />
deprivatizeba (anu privatizebis Sedegebis gadasinjva), ra mizniTac unda<br />
ganxorcieldes igi, saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis ukan gadadgmuli<br />
didi nabiji iqneba.<br />
privatizeba, rogorc ekonomikuri politika, pirvelad gaerTianebul same<strong>fo</strong>Si<br />
ganxorcielda, margareT TeTCeris iniciativiT. privatizebis masStabebi<br />
am qveyanasa da bevr sxva qveyanaSi Zalian didi iyo, maT Soris warmatebis TvalsazrisiTac.<br />
Tumca am qveynebSi problema, romlis gamoc gadawyda privatizeba,<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>gan gansxvavebuli iyo — iq kerZo sakuTrebis politikurad aRiarebisa da<br />
reabilitaciis sakiTxi ki ar idga, aramed ekonomikis efeqtianobisa da konkurentunarianobis<br />
zrdisa.<br />
kerZo sakuTrebis institutis ararsebobam warmoSva privatizebis<br />
gansxvavebuli politika (policy), romelic postkomunistur qveynebSi iqna<br />
gamoyenebuli. kerZod, <strong>Cven</strong>Tan privatizebas ufro politikuri xasiaTi hqonda<br />
vidre ekonomikuri.<br />
amrigad, privatizebas, rogorc mTavrobis politikas, ori erTmaneTisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli, Tumca erTmaneTTan mtkiced dakavSirebuli mizani gaaCnia: politikuri<br />
re<strong>fo</strong>rma da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis zrda. damoukidebeli saqar-<br />
TvelosTvis, pirvel etapze gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda xelisuflebis<br />
mier totalitaruli mmarTvelobis SesaZleblobebis Semcirebas, romelic sxva<br />
RonisZiebebTan erTad xelisuflebisTvis bazarze uSualo saqmianobis funqciebis<br />
SezRudviT unda ganxorcielebuliyo. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s ekonomikuri funqciebis<br />
SezRudvisa da ekonomikur procesebSi monawileobis Semcirebis erTerT<br />
mTavar saSualebad misTvis warmoebis saSualebebis CamorTmeva da kerZo<br />
xelSi gadacema aRiqmeboda. swored es iyo <strong>Cven</strong>Tvis mTavari politikuri amocana,<br />
radganac demokratizacias privatizebis procesis gareSe aranairi perspeqtiva<br />
ar hqonda (ar aqvs).<br />
am mokle analizSi ar Rirs imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad swori iyo privatizebis<br />
politika da meTodebi, romelic saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda. aucileblad<br />
aRniSvnis Rirsia is, rom es urTulesi procesi aRmoCnda da ara mxolod<br />
saqarTvelosTvis. am procesebma ver moitana raime RirsSesaniSnavi Sedegebi<br />
verc erT <strong>Cven</strong>s msgavs qveyanaSi. daSvebuli Secdomebi ZiriTadad iqidan gamomdinareobda,<br />
rom (ucxoeli) eqspertebi, vinc faqtobrivad ayalibebdnen am<br />
politikis mimarTulebebs, kargad ar icnobdnen sabWoTa ekonomikas da miCndaT,<br />
rom <strong>Cven</strong>Tan iyo sawarmoebi, romlebic privatizebis Semdeg SeZlebdnen<br />
msoflio bazarze gamosvlas. es ki, rbilad rom vTqvaT, iluzia iyo, miTumetes<br />
menejmentis, marketingis da zogadad ekonomikis dabali donis codnis pirobebSi,<br />
romelic aSkara iyo da aris saqarTveloSi.<br />
Secdomebis drouli aRiareba saqmis ufro efeqtianad gagrZelebis dasawyisia.<br />
miT umetes, rom aseTi Secdomebis aRiareba aravis miuCnevia sircxvilad<br />
— sakiTxi marTlac udidesi codnisa da gamocdilebis arsebobas moiTxovda<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>gan. aseTi Secdoma, magaliTad, advilad aRiara ungruli warmoSobis amerikelma<br />
profesorma ianoS kornaim — mis mier ungreTis mTavrobisadmi gamowerili<br />
saprivatizebo receptebis mcdarobis Sesaxeb.<br />
kidev erTi Secdoma ufro Rrma xasiaTisaa da zogierT politikur wreebSi<br />
damkvidrebul mcdar ideebs SeiZleba mieweros, rom TiTqos saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s SesaZ-<br />
171 ”<br />
gia jandieri
172<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
lebelia da saWiroa srul an nawilobriv marTvaSi hqondes e.w. strategiuli<br />
daniSnulebis sawarmoebi. Cans, am mosazrebis momxreebi gansakuTrebiT ver erkvevian<br />
im sakiTxSi, Tu ra aris strategia. gamomdinare iqidan, rom ver iarsebebs<br />
strategiuli sawarmo, Tu ar arsebobs strategia, saqarTvelosTvis<br />
dRis wesrigSi dgas privatizebis axali strategiis SemuSaveba, romelic gansxvavebuli<br />
iqneba Tavdapirvelisagan im fundamenturi sxvaobiT, rom mas eqneba<br />
ukve sameurneo xasiaTi, anu gadawyvetilebebi imisa, romeli sawarmo unda<br />
gaiyidos da romelze SeinarCunos mTavrobam misi kontroli, daeqvemdebaros<br />
garkveul ekonomikurad gaTvlil koncefcias. es strategia unda iyos dasabu-<br />
Tebuli da parlamentis kvalificiuri umravlesobis mier miRebuli. yvela<br />
calkeuli gadawyvetileba sawarmos (an masSi wilis) mTavrobis sakuTrebaSi<br />
darCenis Sesaxeb miRebuli unda iyos dasabuTebulad, gamWvirvaled da Riad.<br />
moqalaqeTaTvis cxadi unda iyos, Tu ratom unda SenarCundes warmoebis<br />
saSualebebze samTavrobo kontroli da ratom unda daixarjos erTi gadamxdelis<br />
gadasaxadebiT xazinaSi Semosuli saxsrebi sxva gadamxdelTa Ria Tu<br />
farul subsidirebaze an saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoTaTvis sasaTbure pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
am TvalsazrisiT, mTavaria <strong>Cven</strong>s mTavrobas da sazogadoebas swori warmodgenebi<br />
hqondes Semdeg sakiTxebze:<br />
ras warmoadgenda es (saprivatizebo) sawarmoebi sabWoTa periodSi (maTi<br />
datvirTva, saqmianobis xarisxi, valebi da a.S.). es mniSvnelovania imis Sesafaseblad,<br />
Tu ramdenad mosalodneli iyo maTi msoflio bazarze adaptireba.<br />
magaliTad, rusTavis metalurgiul kombinats im periodSic, rodesac<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> SekveTa kanoni iyo (e.i. produqciis myidveli garantirebuli<br />
hyavda), udidesi da mzardi problemebi hqonda.<br />
ras warmoadgens es sawarmoebi dRes, ra donis konkurencia arsebobs<br />
msoflio bazarze maTTvis (igive metalurgiuli kombinatis moRvaweoba<br />
msoflio bazarze, romelzec aSS-is mTavrobac cdilobs Tavisi sawarmoebi<br />
saerTaSoriso wesebis darRveviT daicvas, yovlad warmoudgenelia.)<br />
ramdenad SeiZleba dainteresdnen aseTi sawarmoebiT investorebi. es<br />
niSnavs aseve imis Sefasebasac, ras vTavazobT <strong>Cven</strong> investorebs.<br />
aseTi tipis ganxilvis gareSe SeuZlebelia mTavrobis sakuTrebaSi<br />
arsebuli sawarmoebis perspeqtiulobaSi gaverkvioT. mkafiod unda gaverkveT,<br />
rom am sawarmoebis mimarT mTavrobis damokidebuleba veranairad ver iqneba<br />
sxvanairi, vidre Cveulebrivi investoris. nebismieri motivacia sawarmoebis<br />
flobis TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia ganixilos sargeblisa da danaxarjis Sedarebebis<br />
wesiT. mTavrobis centraluri mizani ki Tavisufali bazris muSaobis<br />
pirobebis Seqmna unda iyos.<br />
amrigad, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis privatizebis meore etapi wminda sameurneo<br />
gadawyvetilebebis sferoa. amave <strong>dros</strong>, am sferoSi gadawyvetilebebi saerTo<br />
koncefciis nawili unda iyos, romliTac mTavroba, erTi mxriv, maqsimalur<br />
RonisZiebebs axorcielebs Tavisi konstituciuri funqciebis kargad Sesasruleblad<br />
da amisTvis iyenebs yvela efeqtian SesaZleblobasa da resurss,<br />
da, meore mxriv, igi uars ambobs iseT moqmedebaze, romelic dezorganizebas<br />
gaukeTebs bazars, gaauqmebs ra mis mTavar upiratesobebs da SesaZleblobebs,<br />
miaRwios resursebis gamoyenebis optimizacias.<br />
rogor unda ganixilos deprivatizebis moTxovnebi am konteqstiT:<br />
1. saqarTveloSi Catarebuli privatizeba wminda politikuri RonisZieba<br />
iyo, aqedan gamomdinare problemebiTa da SecdomebiT. araefeqtiani iqneba, rom<br />
es dabraldes erT romelime politikur Zalas an politikur figuras – politikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc wesi, subieqturia. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela<br />
winaswar unda vyofiliyaviT (da unda viyoT) SeCveuli privatizebis Sedegad<br />
qonebis araadekvatur gadanawilebas. Tu amaSi raime cudia, aris is, rom qoneba<br />
aRmoCnda araefeqtian xelSi, magram SeiZleboda Tu ara ukeTes xelSi aRmoCeniliyo,<br />
saeWvoa, radganac am process marTavda ara bazari, aramed, ukeTes Sem-
gia jandieri, “deprivatizeba — didi nabiji ukan”<br />
TxvevaSi, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> eqsperti, romelic mxolod Tavis subieqtur mosazrebas<br />
eyrdnoboda.<br />
2. nebismieri privatizeba yidva-gayidvis SeTanxmebaa. es ki tipuri sabazro<br />
institutia. aseTi garigeba gulisxmobs, rom:<br />
myidvels aqvs sakmao codna, gamocdileba da motivacia, raTa erkveodes,<br />
ras da ratom yidulobs da ra Sedegebs elis.<br />
gamyidvelsac aqvs sakmao codna da gamocdileba, rom sworad Seafasos<br />
sakuTari saqoneli.<br />
orive mxare srul pasuxismgeblobas grZnobs garigebis Sedegebze, maT<br />
Soris sakuTar arCevanze. gamyidveli valdebulia ar damalos garigebis<br />
obieqtis faruli problemebi.<br />
garigebis Sedegi orive mxarisTvis misaRebia da racionaluri, Tu<br />
aRwerili moTxovnebi sruldeba, garigeba damTavrebulia.<br />
deprivatizeba, maSasadame, am tipis garigebis legitimurobas esxmis Tavs.<br />
3. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamyidvels warmoadgens saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxele,<br />
praqtikulad mas ar aqvs arc erTi zemoT aRwerili Tviseba, es garigeba kargad<br />
da gonivrulad rom ganaxorcielos. es aris absoluturad obieqturi<br />
mdgomareoba. dRevandel civilizebul samyaroSi aravin ganixilavs saqmianobis<br />
mTavar mamoZravebel wyarod sxva rames, vidre misi motivaciaa. gaugebaria,<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxele, romelsac araferi ekargeba araswori (Tumca kanonieri)<br />
moqmedebisTvis, ra motivaciiT marTavs saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmos kargad.<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> administracia araefeqtiania ekonomikur saqmianobaSi — es<br />
aris mTavari mizezi, Tu ratom daemxo sabWoTa kavSiri, aseve imis erT-erTi<br />
mizezi, Tu ratom vambobT uars warmoebis saSualebebze saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTrebaze.<br />
amave <strong>dros</strong>, saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sakuTreba arc warmoadgens srulyofil sakuTrebiT<br />
uflebas, romelic unda hqondes zogadad mesakuTres — am SemTxvevaSi<br />
moqalaqeebs. fundamenturi sxvaoba am or <strong>fo</strong>rmas Soris aris is, rom saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
sakuTrebis konstituciur mesakuTres (moqalaqes) ar gaaCnia (kerZo) mesakuTris<br />
erT-erTi umTavresi ufleba — dauyovnebliv gayidos misi<br />
sakuTreba, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania im <strong>dros</strong>, rodesac menejmenti<br />
(anu mTavroba) cudad uZRveba saqmes.<br />
amrigad, Tu vaRiarebT saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> moxeleTa obieqturad sust motivacias<br />
— kargad gauZRves meurneobas, ar SeiZleba davelodoT, rom isini kargad gauZ-<br />
Rvebian meurneobis iseT rTul process, rogoricaa yidva-gayidva.<br />
swori iqneboda nebismieri privatizebis garigeba imdenadve advilad gaprotestdes,<br />
rogorc yvela myidveli an gamyidveli gaaprotestebda nebismier ker-<br />
Zo garigebas, magaliTad maRaziaSi, da daasabuTebda, rom fasi iyo Sesabamisad<br />
aranormalurad maRali an dabali, Tundac im mizeziT, rom arakanonierad moe<strong>Cven</strong>os<br />
es garigeba. Cveulebriv, arc gamyidveli fiqrobs imaze, icis Tu ara<br />
myidvelma saqonlis gamoyeneba, da arc myidveli imaze — icis Tu ara gamyidvelma<br />
misi saqonlis “realuri” Rirebuleba. amaze didxans rom ifiqron verasodes<br />
SeTanxmdebian.<br />
4. ras warmoadgens myidveli? aris ki (qarTuli privatizebis) myidveli<br />
adekvaturi? — ara. (<strong>Cven</strong>i privatizaciis) myidveli, rogorc wesi, samewarmeo<br />
saqmeSi Cauxedavi da gaunaTlebeli adamiania, romelsac arc is Seuswavlia, ras<br />
warmoadgens garigebis sagani TviTon da arc is, ra perspeqtiva aqvs msoflio<br />
bazarze gamosvlisTvis — anu marketingi ar Cautarebia. e.i. myidvelebic aranairad<br />
ar arian dazRveuli Secdomisagan, e.i. risks ewevian da Tu maT risks deprivatizebis<br />
SiSiT kidev ufro gavzrdiT, gons moegebian da saerTod aRar<br />
iyidian.<br />
myidvelebis SecvliT raime gansakuTrebul cvlilebas am (saprivatizebo)<br />
sawarmoebis efeqtianobis asamaRleblad ar unda velodeT. aseTi cvlilebebi,<br />
SesaZlebelia, gaaumjobesebs imdenive sawarmos beds, ramdensac gaauaresebs,<br />
173
174<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
xolo transaqciuli danaxarjebi imdenad maRali iqneba, rom zarals miviRebT.<br />
miT umetes, Tu kargad gaverkveviT am sawarmoebis realur RirebulebaSi.<br />
5. ras warmoadgen(s)da saprivatizebo sawarmoebi? jer kidev 1990 wels qar-<br />
Tvel ekonomistTa erTi jgufi vacxadebdiT, rom qarTuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebis<br />
mTavar kapitals warmoadgenda ara danadgarebi da mowyobilobebi, romelic<br />
iyo am sawarmoebSi, aramed:<br />
miwa, romelzec ganlagebuli iyo es sawarmoebi;<br />
Senobebi (zogierTi gamonaklisiT), da<br />
raRac gagebiT — momuSaveTa codna da gamocdileba.<br />
samwuxarod, es codna da gamocdileba degradirda (anu <strong>Cven</strong>i SromiTi resursebis<br />
sabazro fasi Zalian daeca), xolo Senobebis umravlesobam ganicada<br />
mZlavri cveTa, ramac maTi Rirebuleba Zalian Seamcira. amitom, vinmes ocneba,<br />
rom es qoneba sxvanairad gadanawildeba da aqedan samewarmeo sargebels<br />
miiRebs, eyrdnoba mcdar in<strong>fo</strong>rmacias. sxva SemTxvevaSi masac igive amoZravebs,<br />
rom es jarTi (danadgarebi, mowyobilobebi da nawilobriv Senobebis karkasebi)<br />
sarfianad gayidos (rac kargia), an es sawarmoebi droebiT amuSaos subsidiebis<br />
xarjze, da TviTon faruli sargebeli aqedan miiRos (rac cudia). zogis mizans<br />
mxolod sawarmoTa miwa Seadgens. am jarTis SesaZenad investorebi mxolod iseT<br />
pirobebze Tanxmdebian, romliTac isini monopolistebi xdebian, radganac<br />
misi ukeTesad gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia. ra “sargebloba” moaqvs xelovnur monopoliebs,<br />
es <strong>Cven</strong> marto wignebidan ar viciT.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, deprivatizebas arc am TvalsazrisiT mohyveba ukeTesi<br />
Sedegi — sabWoTa, wamgebiani, jarTSi Casabarebeli sawarmoebi aseTebad darCeba<br />
da nebismieri mcdeloba am mdgomareobis Sesacvlelad ganwirulia (Tu ar<br />
CavTvliT maTs Zarcvas jarTSi Cabarebis mizniT, rac ukeTesia vidre adgilze<br />
Jangdebodes).<br />
aq CamoTvlilia zogierTi mosazreba, romlis gamo, vfiqrob, deprivatizeba<br />
ekonomikurad gaumarTlebelia, anu amiT gamowveuli danaxarjebi bevrad<br />
gadaaWarbebs miRebul sargebels. samarTlianobis aRsadgenad, romelic<br />
deprivatizaciis momxreebis mTavar argumentad aRiqmeba, saWiroa sabazro institutebis<br />
mZlavrad Camoyalibeba, maT Soris kerZo sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobisa<br />
da saxelSekrulebo valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis garantireba, iseTi<br />
biznesgaremos Seqmna, romelic uzrunvelyofs sakuTrebis naklebad efeqtiani<br />
mesakuTrisagan ufro metad efeqtianis xelSi gadasvlas, samewarmeo saqmianobaSi<br />
eTikis normebis dacvas SeCveuli adamianebis dabrunebasa da Semosvlas.<br />
dRevandeli kanonmdeblobiT es SeuZlebelia, rac bazarze umetesad mxolod<br />
iseT pirebs tovebs, romlebic kanonis darRvevas tragediad ar miiCneven.<br />
demokratizaciis procesis dasrulebac (Tu demokratias dadebiT movlenad<br />
miviCnevT) didadaa damokidebuli bazris institutebis droul amoqmedebaze.<br />
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom deprivatizebas, Tundac xelaxali privatizebis<br />
ganxorcielebis mizniT, SeiZleba mohyves “dadebiTi” movlenebic, magaliTad,<br />
kanonmorCileba (rac aseve saeWvo faseulobaa!), romlis sargebeli araprognozirebadia.<br />
privatizebis procesi <strong>Cven</strong>Tan wminda politikur xasiaTs atarebda,<br />
mis mimarT ganxorcielebuli nebismieri qmedeba isev politikur aqtad CaiTvleba,<br />
iseve, rogorc privatizebis momdevno procesi. Semdegi politikuri<br />
liderebi Tavis movaleobad CaTvlian gaaproteston mis winamorbedTa namoqmedari<br />
da a.S. miRebuli transaqciuri danaxarjebi — magaliTad, gaCenili eWvi<br />
da undobloba kerZo sakuTrebis institutis da privatizebis mimarT, rasac sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
axali damangreveli Sedegi mohyveba, daJanguli danadgarebi,<br />
SeSinebuli investorebi da ase Semdeg, gardauvlad gadaaWarbebs sargebels.<br />
xolo <strong>Cven</strong> isev ukan, socializmSi davbrundebiT, sadac kanoni imitomac ar<br />
muSaobda, rom mas gamoclili hqonda adamianisTvis misi morCilebis mTavari<br />
motivacia — piradi sargebeli.
qveyndeba pirvelad<br />
ludvig <strong>fo</strong>n mizesi, “sameurneo ciklis avstriuli Teoria” 175<br />
axali ekonomikuri skola — saqarTvelos vice-prezidenti<br />
privatizeba — daviwyebuli diskusia?<br />
gia jandieri<br />
privatizebis Sesaxeb pirveli diskusiebi saqarTveloSi jer kidev 1980-iani<br />
wlebis bolos daiwyo. maTi mimarTuleba ZiriTadad saprivatizebo obieqtebis<br />
nusxas gulisxmobda.<br />
saqarTvelos axali saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s Seqmnis pirveli wlebidan miRebul iqna<br />
kanonebi, daisaxa gegmebi, Sedga saprivatizebo obieqtebis nusxa da dadginda<br />
privatizebis meTodebic. amasTan erTad, jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris bolo<br />
wlebSi nebadarTul iqna sawarmoTa ijariT gamosyidva. privatizebis es meTodi<br />
moqmedebda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis wlebSic, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi<br />
oficialurad ar iyo aRiarebuli, rogorc privatizebis meTodi.<br />
gamonaklisebi saerTo wesebidan yovelTvis xdeboda farTo politikuri<br />
polemikis sagani. yovelTvis arsebobdnen da arseboben privatizebis SedegebiT<br />
ukmayofilo pirebi. es pirebi xSirad TviT privatizebis meTodebs akritikebdnen.<br />
magaliTad, sasurveli Tavdasxmis obieqti xSirad iyo vauCerebiT privatizeba.<br />
vauCerebi saerTod xSirad xdeba politikosTa brZolis sakiTxad, exeba<br />
es privatizebas Tu ganaTlebas, sinamdvileSi yovelTvis saqme gvaqvs politizebul<br />
diskusiasTan: Seni principebi ar varga — Cemi ukeTesia. vauCerebis privatizeba<br />
<strong>Cven</strong>Tan Cavardnilad CaiTvala, maTi swrafi gaufasurebis gamo, xolo<br />
isini, vinc es braldeba wamoayena, TviTon iyvnen kidec xelisuflebaSi da ver<br />
gaerkvnen Tu ar danebdnen im ideas, rom vauCerebiT SesaZeni sawarmoebis fasi<br />
swored is iyo, rogorc vauCerebma daafiqsira.<br />
saqarTvelo dRes erT-erTi lideria privatizebis mimarTulebiT, Tumca,<br />
rom ara uamravi umizno, politizebuli polemika da gaumarTlebeli dagvianeba,<br />
SesaZlebeli iyo gacilebiT kargi Sedegis ufro swrafad miReba. am<br />
statiis mizani swored imis garkvevaa, ras SeiZleba davuZaxoT kargi Sedegi.<br />
zogisTvis privatizebis dadebiTi Sedegia misi saSualebiT bevri fulis miReba<br />
saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> xazinaSi, xolo zogisTvis — sawarmoebis ufro efeqtiani<br />
mesakuTris xelSi gadasvla.<br />
am ori gansxvavebuli miznis erTdroulad misaRwevad imdenad didi politikuri<br />
Tanxmobaa saWiro, rom es SeuZleblad Cans. aseTi politikuri Tanxmobis<br />
gareSe bevri politikosi Tavis sakuTar mniSvnelovan rols swored imaSi dainaxavs,<br />
rom privatizeba gaakritikos, mas uamravi gaugebari braldeba wauyenos<br />
da CixSi Seiyvanos.<br />
faqti saxezea, 1990 wlidan moyolebuli, aras<strong>dros</strong> garCeula sakiTxi Tu<br />
risTvis wamoviwyeT saerTod privatizeba (zogadad arc is dadgenila, mainc ras<br />
verCodiT socializms), ra mTavari mizani aqvs mas.<br />
privatizebis — rogorc ekonomikuri politikis sawyisebs, sakmaod seriozuli<br />
ekonomikuri mizani da safuZveli hqonda. rodesac margareT TeTCerma<br />
1979 wels privatizeba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> politikad gamoacxada igi bevrma es, sul<br />
mcire, sigiJed aRiqva. memarcxene dasavleTisTvis warmoudgeneli iyo am procesis<br />
imgvari warmateba, rac Semdgom moxda.<br />
mainc ra mizezi iyo privatizebis dasawyebad britaneTSi? Zneli saTqmelia<br />
ra iyo ufro mTavari margareT TeTCerisTvis: ideologia da mrwamsi, Tu<br />
gaerTianebuli same<strong>fo</strong>s ekonomikis uaRresad krizisuli mdgomareoba. misi
176<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
politikuri warmateba iseTi liberaluri doqtrinis safuZvelze daiwyo, rogorc<br />
fridrih haiekis nawarmoebebia. Tumca aseve didi roli, rogorc Cans, imanac<br />
iTamaSa, rom am droisTvis uklebliv yvela britanuli saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmo<br />
araefeqtianad muSaobda, subsidiebi da valebi izrdeboda, xolo saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
xazinas aRar SeeZlo amdenis anazRaureba. am orma faqtorma ganapiroba privatizebis<br />
politikis wamowyeba.<br />
yofil “socialistur banakSi“ problema analogiuri iyo. saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> sawarmoebma<br />
da mTlianad gegmiurma meurneobam sakuTari uniaToba daamtkica da<br />
dRis wesrigSi dadga privatizeba. samwuxarod, privatizebis pirveli dReebidanve<br />
mis mTavar mizezad saqarTveloSi (da eWvi maqvs sxva post-socialistur<br />
qveynebSic) ufro metad politizebuli sakiTxebi gvevlineba: dasavleTidan<br />
gvirCies an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, dRevandel politikur elitas ase unda.<br />
imisTvis, rom privatizebis aseTi ideebis gamarTleba moipovon, xSirad mis<br />
mizezad sabiujeto Semosavlebis problemebsac asaxeleben. swored am<br />
ukanasknelma mcdelobam, privatizebis gamarTleba gayidvidan Semosavlebis<br />
maqsimizaciiT moaxdinon, warmoSva privatizebis politikis uamravi Secdoma.<br />
meTodebi, romelic privatizebisTvis gamoiyeneba, arcTu ise didi speqtria,<br />
rom rTuli iyos maTi ganxilva:<br />
konkursi: wesi, romelic myidvels sawarmos profilisa da dasaqmebulebis<br />
garkveuli raodenobis konkretuli vadiT SenarCunebas, an sxva pirobebis<br />
Sesrulebas avaldebulebs. am wesis mTavari problemaa mewarmis SezRudva, mii-<br />
Ros adekvaturi gadawyvetilebani sawarmos efeqtianad asamoqmedeblad, aiZulebs<br />
mas miiRos araswori gadawyvetilebebi. aseTi pirobebis efeqtis Sesamcireblad<br />
momavalma mepatronem Sesabamisi nabijebi unda gadadgas mTavrobasTan<br />
mosalaparakeblad, pirobebis Sesamsubuqeblad, momavalSi xelsayreli<br />
poziciebis Sesaqmnelad da a.S. erTaderTi realuri upiratesoba privatizebis<br />
am meTods is aqvs, rom saSualebas iZleva Tavi avaridoT didi sabujeto<br />
Semosavlis devnas, Tumca ara bolomde. sinamdvileSi ki es upiratesoba ikargeba<br />
politizebul gaTvlebSi Tu vin akmayofilebs ukeTesad wamoyenebul pirobebs<br />
da, Sedegad, sawarmoTa gayidva Zneldeba da neldeba, rac privatizebis<br />
efeqtianobas amcirebs. sawarmo amis Sedegad ufro didxans Cerdeba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s<br />
xelSi da misi resursebis gaflangva kidev grZeldeba.<br />
auqcioni: am meTodiT SesaZlebelia komerciuli efeqtianobis maqsimumis<br />
miReba. swored aseTi meTodiT yidian kerZo mesakuTreebi sakuTar qonebas da<br />
maTi mizani naTelia — miiRon maqsimaluri sargebeli. am meTods namdvilad<br />
aqvs upiratesoba sxvebTan SedarebiT erT sakiTxSi — rTuli procesi imis gasarkvevad,<br />
Tu vin aris yvelaze ukeTesi myidveli, martivdeba: vinc metis gadamxdelia<br />
is aris swored yvelaze ukeTesi. realur cxovrebaSi es sworicaa — met<br />
fuls is ixdis, visac metad uRirs. es udavo upiratesoba ori seriozuli problemis<br />
winaSe SeiZleba aRmoCndes: 1) arasodes iqneba SesaZlebeli iTqvas, rom gayidvis<br />
fasi yvelaze maRali iyo droSi, anu momavalSi albaT SesaZlebeli iyo<br />
ukeTesi fasiT myidvelis monaxvac. es sakiTxi mTlianad politizebulia da<br />
aranairi kavSiri ar aqvs ekonomikur procesebTan, magram, radganac<br />
privatizeba politikurad marTuli procesia, auqcionis wesis moqmedebas<br />
Zalian mkacri wesi sWirdeba, romelic zRudavs gasaCivrebis vadas. 2) umaRlesi<br />
fasi amavdroulad zRudavs momaval mepatrones, hqondes realuri gegmebi — is<br />
iZulebulia koncentracia ufro metad yidvaze gadaitanos, vidre ifiqros<br />
momaval gegmebze — misTvis mniSvnelovani xdeba miaRwios Sesasyidi qonebis<br />
eqskluziurobas, raTa Semdgom swored eqskluziuri wesiT miiRos sargebeli.<br />
amas mas is aiZulebs, rom yvelaze didi Tanxis gadaxdis <strong>dros</strong> igi iZulebulia<br />
sakuTari sainvesticio Tanxebic gadaixados — gaixseneT, rom privatizebis<br />
<strong>dros</strong> myidveli Cveulebriv saqonels ar yidulobs, aramed, umetes SemTxvevaSi,<br />
yovlad uxarisxos, CamorCenil teqnologias, sareabilitacios da mTlianad<br />
Casanacvlebels. sainvesticio Tanxebi ikargeba da pirvel etapze myidvels sxva<br />
araferi rCeba garda imisa, rom yvela daSvebuli Tu dauSvebeli wesiT moa-
gia jandieri, “privatizeba — daviwyebuli diskusia?”<br />
xerxos bazris monopolizeba da moaswros sargeblis am xerxiT miReba, sanam<br />
konkurentebi gaCndebian. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, produqciis fass gazrdis<br />
momxmareblisTvis, an, Tu fasi ver gaizarda, maSin xarisxi gauaresdeba.<br />
mTavrobac iZulebulia SesTavazos myidvels gansakuTrebuli pirobebi,<br />
radganac Tu es pirobebi ar iqneba SeTavazebuli, myidveli ver gariskavs yvelaze<br />
maqsimaluri fasi gadaixados. Sedegad umravlesi aseTi tipis auqcionebi<br />
xelovnur monopoliebs qmnian an sxva tipis privilegirebul sawarmoebs, romlebic,<br />
sinamdvileSi, qonebas ki ara swored eqskluziur uflebas yiduloben. am<br />
pirobebSi opoziciis da sxva oponentebis zewola mTavrobaze, samwuxarod, sapirispiro<br />
Sedegs iZleva — qonebaSi SesaZlebelia umaRlesi fasic iqnes gadaxdili,<br />
magram momxmarebelTa xarjze da ara investoris.<br />
samwuxarod, bevr SemTxvevaSi aseTi privatizebis meTodebs Sedegad imis sawinaaRmdego<br />
Sedegi mohyveba, rac mis mizans warmoadgenda — efeqtianobis<br />
amaRleba, Tu saerTod xdeba, isic Zalian neli tempiT. es problema<br />
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radganac efeqtianobis gazrdis neli tempi<br />
saSualebas ar iZleva swrafad moxdes msoflio bazris donis saqmianobis<br />
wamowyeba da saeqsporto saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba, ver xerxdeba<br />
warmoebisTvis saWiro mowyobilobebisa da manqanebis swrafi ganaxleba da momsaxure<br />
personalis kvalifikaciis amaRleba. es yvelaferi ki warumateblobisTvis<br />
kargi pirobebia da did sifrTxiles saWiroebs.<br />
Aamgvari yvelaze saintereso magaliTi iyo amerikuli naxevrad saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong><br />
kompaniis AES-is mier Sesyiduli Tbilisuri energokompania „Telasi“. garigeba<br />
1998 wels moxda, rodesac mTavrobas Zalian uWirda Semosavlebis miReba —<br />
cnobilia maSindeli msoflio finansuri krizisis ambavi. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan<br />
ei-es-ma Zalian mcire Tanxa gadaixada 22 milioni dolari, magram saqar-<br />
Tvelos doylapia mTavrobas esec ar akmara da gamostyua uamravi privilegia:<br />
eqskluziuri ufleba, miewodebina eleqtroenergia TbilisSi;<br />
momxmareblebs ar hqondaT ufleba eCivlaT energiis miuwodeblobaze;<br />
Uupiratesoba, ijariT aeRo ramdenime hidro- da Tboeleqtrosadguri;<br />
Seetana eleqtroenergiis fasSi investiciebis dabrunebis xarjebi, 20%iani<br />
wliuri interesiT, da sxv.<br />
Semdgom, ei-esi kinaRam gakotrda, vfiqrob, swored aseTi saqmianobis gamo.<br />
privilegiebs gamokidebulma kompaniam (romelic ar Takilobda aranair ara<strong>fo</strong>rmalur<br />
garigebebsac mTavrobasTan) dakarga realobis grZnoba. igi, imis<br />
nacvlad, rom momxmarebelTan aewyo keTilgonieri urTierToba, mTlianad<br />
mTavrobis imedad darCa, rasac misi 4-wliani saqmianobis dasruleba mohyva saqarTveloSi.<br />
aman, sxvaTa Soris, amerikuli menejmentis imijis Seryeva<br />
gamoiwvia da Semdgom aravis dausvams sakiTxi — ratom jobs privatizeba dasavluri<br />
kompaniebisTvis. sainteresoa isic, rom ei-es kompania sakmaod organizebulad<br />
da xarisxianad moqmedebda bevr SemTxvevaSi da moaxerxa menejmentis<br />
efeqtianobis aSkara gaumjobeseba da axali meTodebis danergva, ramac gaaZlebina<br />
swored 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
efeqtianobis zrdis mizani gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi qveynebisTvis,<br />
romlebsac warsulSi an dResac centraluri dagegmvis ekonomika<br />
hqondaT an aqvT. amis mizezi is aris, rom centraluri dagegmvis pirobebSi sawarmoebis<br />
menejerebs praqtikulad SeuZlebelia efeqtianobis raime SegrZneba<br />
hqondeT — maTTvis mTavaria „zemdgom organoebs“ (an subsidiis gamcems — arasagegmo<br />
qveynebis SemTxvevaSi) SeuTanxmdnen. maTTvis yvelaze mTavaria swored<br />
mesakuTre/zemdgomisagan miiRon dapireba maTi produqciis gasaRebis Sesaxeb<br />
— danarCeni, rogorc ityvian, wvrilmania. aseT pirobebSi sawarmoebi iqmneba<br />
ara imisaTvis, rom daakmayofilon raime saqonelze an momsaxurebaze moTxovna<br />
da mogeba miiRon, aramed raTa mTavrobas saTqmeli hqondes, rom mosaxleobaze<br />
zrunavs. sawarmo ki, Tu igi mogebis miRebaze ar aris orientirebuli, aranairad<br />
ar Seecdeba efeqtiani iyos. misi mepatrone mTavroba sawarmoebs qmnis ara saWiroebis,<br />
aramed survilis mixedviT.<br />
177
178<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
Semdeg, rodesac aseT qveynebSi privatizebis sakiTxi dgeba, igi rac SeiZleba<br />
swrafad unda ganxorcieldes. aucilebelia sworad ganisazRvros realuri<br />
Rirebuleba sawarmoebis, romelTa produqciis gasaRebis bazari ar arsebobs<br />
— igi SesaZlebelia mxolod miwisa da Senobebis Sefasebas moicavdes, xolo zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki momuSave personalis kvalifikacias, Tu es ukanaskneli SesaZlebelia<br />
iafad konvertirebadi iyos axal moTxovnebSi.<br />
nebismieri im sawarmos privatizeba, romelic SesaZlebelia gayidvisTanave<br />
monopoliad iqces, umjobesia moxdes danawevrebulad da isic saaqcio sazogadoebad<br />
gadakeTebisa da aqciebis Ria bazarze gamotanis wesiT. am ukanasknel<br />
models SesaZlebelia saxazino Semosavlis kleba mohyves, Tu aqciebi erTbaSad<br />
iqneba gamotanili. Tumca, es ar iqneba didi danaxarji, radganac misi kompensacia<br />
moxdeba sazogadoebrivi sikeTis saxiT, rodesac dazogili saxsrebi axal<br />
teqnologiaSi Caideba da teqnikuri ganaxlebis xarjebi momxmareblebs naklebad<br />
daawvebaT.<br />
amgvarad, am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, privatizebis yvelaze efeqturi<br />
modeli Semdeg pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes:<br />
igi unda iyos maqsimalurad swrafi.<br />
gasayidi obieqtis fasis gansazRvra gacilebiT advilia finansuri (saaqcio)<br />
bazris mier. es ufro Ria da gamWvirvalecaa da ar iwvevs politikur<br />
debatebs.<br />
iseTi obieqtebis gayidvisas, romelic advilad SeiZleba xelovnur monopoliad<br />
iqces, aucilebelia maTi danawevreba da aqciebis saxiT dayidva<br />
— es SesaZlebels gaxdis am bazris sxva monawileebs ar miscen<br />
saSualeba monopolizacia moaxdinon. es gamoricxavs privilegiebisTvis<br />
zrunvasac.<br />
privatizebis mizania efeqtianobis zrda da ara sabiujeto Semosavlebi.<br />
privatizebidan sabiujeto Semosavlebis gazrdis mizniT dauSvebelia<br />
xelovnuri monopoliebis Seqmna da/an gasayidi obieqtebisTvis sxva privilegiebis<br />
miniWeba.<br />
privatizebis efeqtianobis gazrdis mizniT misi Sedegebis gadaxedva<br />
dauSvebelia.<br />
Tu qoneba ar iyideba (anu misi myidveli ar gamoCnda garkveuli vadis<br />
ganmavlobaSi), jobs igi pirvelive msurvels gadaeces ufasod.<br />
privatizeba saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> qonebis kerZo seqtorisTvis gadacemaa, amitom<br />
dauSvebelia saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong> qonebis municipalitetis an sxva saxelmwi<strong>fo</strong>s,<br />
an maTs sawarmoebs mieyidos, Tundac politikuri an finansuri miznebis<br />
gasamarTleblad.<br />
Ddasasrul, nebismieri privatizeba, an Tundac kerZo garigeba, araefeqtiani<br />
iqneba da ver SeZlebs ekonomikuri Sedegebis miRwevas, Tu mesakuTreebi ar iqnebian<br />
darwmunebuli, rom maT sakuTrebas aravin Seexeba. am SemTxvevaSi ufro<br />
yidvis meti msurvelic iqneba da adviladac moxdeba bazarze qonebis gadanawilebis<br />
procesi, romelic mas arefeqtiani patronisagan efeqtianis xelSi (mxolod<br />
da mxolod) sabazro gzebiT gadaiyvans.
qveyndeba pirvelad<br />
axali ekonomikuri skola — saqarTvelos prezidenti<br />
savaluto sabWo — erT-erTi gza oqros larisken<br />
umravlesoba Tvlis, rom saqarTvelos sabanko sistema, erovnuli bankis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT, erTob Tanamedrove, moqnili da adekvaturia; erovnuli bankis<br />
emitirebul erovnul valutas gamyarebis tendencia, xolo sabanko sistemas<br />
— mdgradoba axasiaTebs; momxmarebeli ki daculi da amayia.<br />
me ase ar vfiqrob da arc imis mjeroda rodisme, rom centralizebuli mmar-<br />
Tveloba sabanko sistemaSi imdenad amarTlebs, rom misi umwikvloba xelSeuxebelia.<br />
centralizebuli mmarTveloba, sxva yvelaferTan erTad, pasuxismgeblobis<br />
centralizebas da, Sesabamisad, socializaciasac niSnavs. kerZo Secdomebsa da<br />
daudevrobaze mTel sazogadoebas uxdeba pasuxismgeblobis aReba. amdenad,<br />
safrTxiloa, rom, qarTuli sabanko sistema, erovnuli bankis<br />
xelmZRvanelobiT, didi safrTxis winaSe ar aRmoCndes. miT umetes, rom Warbi<br />
sakredito emisiis gamo komerciuli bankebis didi nawili bankrotobis<br />
zRvarzea, rac mTel sistemas dartymis qveS ayenebs; lari saerTaSoriso<br />
vaWrobisTvis xelovnurad gadafasebulia, xolo Sida bazarze misi<br />
syidviTunarianoba mkveTrad dacemuli, amavdroulad, laris inflacia,<br />
erovnuli bankis politikisa da komerciuli bankebis gaufrTxileblobiT,<br />
kidev ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi ayenebs yvelas, gansakuTrebiT<br />
naklebSemosavlian moqalaqeebs.<br />
alternatiuli sistemis Zieba aucilebelia. SesaZloa, am mizniT gansakuTrebiT<br />
saintereso aRmoCndes Teoriuli analizi da praqtikuli gamocdileba<br />
monetarul politikaSi e.w. savaluto sabWos principis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb.<br />
savaluto sabWos principi gulisxmobs, rom, erTi mxriv, centralur monetarul<br />
uwyebas (vTqvaT, centralur banks) ar aqvs:<br />
diskretuli uflebebi;<br />
sabanko zedamxedvelisa da makontroleblis funqciebi;<br />
pirdapiri dafinansebis an sesxis gacemis ufleba, maT Soris komerciul<br />
bankebsa da mTavrobaze;<br />
saprocento ganakveTis regulirebis ufleba;<br />
filialebi da mravalricxovani Stati.<br />
xolo, meore mxriv, mas evaleba:<br />
adgilobrivi banknotebisa da monetebis beWdva;<br />
fuladi emisiis 100 procentiT uzrunvelyofa e.w. sarezervo ucxouri<br />
valutiT;<br />
sarezervo valutasTan mimarTebaSi adgilobrivi valutis fiqsirebuli<br />
gacvliTi kursis (anu adgilobrivi banknotebisa da monetebis daubrkolebeli<br />
da SeuzRudavi konvertaciis) uzrunvelsayofad sacavSi sakmarisi<br />
raodenobis (aranakleb 110—115 procenti) sarezervo ucxouri<br />
valutis realuri maragis qona.<br />
faqtobrivad, savaluto sabWos principiT moqmedi centraluri banki sxva<br />
araferia Tu ara specializebuli „savaluto jixuri“, romelic sarezervo<br />
179<br />
paata SeSeliZe
180<br />
Tavisuflebis biblioTeka. krebuli V. “re<strong>fo</strong>rmebi da Tavisufleba”<br />
valutas adgilobriv valutaze fiqsirebuli kursiT yidulobs da yidis da<br />
Tavs sakomisioTi irCens.<br />
savaluto sabWos princips ZiriTadad Ria ekonomikis mqone qveynebi irCeven,<br />
romlebic monetarul politikaSi sakuTar diskretul uflebebze sarezervo<br />
valutis emitenti qveynis sasargeblod amboben uars. amgvari gadawyvetileba im<br />
angariSiT miiReba, rom gaziarebul iqnes sarezervo valutis qveynis makroekonomikuri<br />
politikis sikeTeebi, uzrunvelyofili iyos adgilobrivi valutis<br />
stabiluri msyidvelobiTi unari, ukiduresad SeizRudos inflacia (inflacia<br />
aris fulis masis zrda masze sabazro moTxovnis zemoT, romlis gardauvali<br />
Sedegia fasebis saerTo donis zrda, rac Tanamedrove literaturaSi,<br />
SecdomiT da dausabuTeblad, inflaciad miiCneva. dekretuli fulis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
inflaciis erTaderT wyaros centraluri bankis Warbi emisia warmoadgens.<br />
savaluto sabWos principi gamoricxavs Warbi emisiis praqtikas, Tumca inflacia<br />
SesaZloa sarezervo valutis emitentis mier provocirdes), gamartivdes<br />
savaWro urTierTobebi, waxalisdes eqsporti da adgilobriv bazarze<br />
saprocento ganakveTi sarezervo valutis qveyanaSi moqmed ganakveTs<br />
gautoldes.<br />
savaluto sabWos sarezervo valutad, rogorc wesi, mTavar savaWro<br />
partnior qveynebSi gavrcelebuli valuta an ramdenime valutisgan Semdgari<br />
kalaTa gamoiyeneba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi centraluri bankis rezervebi<br />
ramdenime ucxouri valutisgan Sedgeba da adgilobriv valutasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi maTi Sewonili kursi fiqsirdeba. sadReisod sarezervo valutebad<br />
ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba amerikuli dolari (panama 1904 wlidan, ekvadori,<br />
salvadori, aRmosavleT timori, palau, mikronezia, marSalis kunZulebi,<br />
virjiniis kunZulebi, bermudis kunZulebi, bahamis kunZulebi, argentina<br />
(1991—2002), barbadosi, libani, belizi, hong kongi, makau, saudis arabeTi,<br />
arabeTis gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, malaizia da sxvebi. kuveiti da siria 2007<br />
wlidan amerikuli dolaridan savaluto kalaTaze gadavidnen. 2008 wlidan<br />
sakuTari valutis dolarze mibmas belorusic ki apirebs), evro (estoneTi,<br />
ungreTi, bosnia-hercogovina, bulgareTi, kviprosi, dania, litva, latvia,<br />
maroko, malta, slovakeTi da a.S.) da britanuli funti (<strong>fo</strong>lklendi,<br />
gibraltari, wminda elenes kunZulebi). Tumca ufro lokaluri SemTxvevebic<br />
arsebobs, magaliTad, bruneis dolari, singapuruli dolari, namibiis,<br />
lesotosa da svazilendis valutebi samxreT afrikuli randis, xolo fareris<br />
kunZulebis krona daniuri kronis uzrunvelyofiT ibeWdeba. irlandiuri<br />
funti 1999 wlamde britanuli funtiT iyo uzrunvelyofili, xolo Semdeg,<br />
2002 wlamde, anu evroze gadasvlamde, — evroTi.<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi, Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT, savaluto sabWos principis ekvivalenturi<br />
monetaruli sistema moqmedebs: montenegrosa da kosovoSi adgilobrivi<br />
valutis magivrad legalur sagadamxdelo saSualebad uSualod evro<br />
gamoiyeneba, xolo perusa da kambojaSi adgilobrivi valutis paralelurad<br />
amerikuli dolaric legalurad mimoiqceva, rac erTob zRudavs am qveynebis<br />
centralur bankebs diskretuli monetaruli politikis gatarebisgan.<br />
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom savaluto sabWos principi ar gulisxmobs<br />
adgilobrivi valutis erTaderT legalur sagadamxdelo saSualebad<br />
gamocxadebas, misi gamoyenebis iZulebas da sxva valutebis devnas. Sesabamisad,<br />
amgvari savaluto sistemis mqone qveynebSi sxva valutebis mimoqceva da maTze<br />
garigebebis dadebac legalurad SesaZlebelia. Tumca, praqtikulad,<br />
ekonomikuri mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare, Sida garigebebis absoluturi<br />
umravlesoba adgilobriv valutaSi ideba, xolo sarezervo fuli ZiriTadad<br />
sagareo vaWrobas emsaxureba an vadian depozitebze inaxeba.<br />
niSandoblivia, rom im qveynebis umravleosobas, romlebic savaluto sab-<br />
Wos princips iyeneben, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa da samewarmeo saqmianobis<br />
xelSemwyobi pirobebis TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso Sedegebi aqvT.
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