ekonomika saxelmwifo
ekonomika saxelmwifo
ekonomika saxelmwifo
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nino talaxaZe<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong><br />
da<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
XI/XII<br />
klasi
saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> himni<br />
` Tavisufleba~<br />
Cemi xatia samSoblo,<br />
saxate mTeli qveyana,<br />
ganaTebuli mTa-bari,<br />
wilnayaria RmerTTana.<br />
Tavisufleba dRes Cveni<br />
momavals umRers didebas,<br />
ciskris varskvlavi amodis<br />
da or zRvas Sua brwyindeba,<br />
dideba Tavisuflebas,<br />
Tavisuflebas dideba.
nino talaxaZe<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong><br />
da<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
XI/XII<br />
moswavlis wigni<br />
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros<br />
s.s.i.p. ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
avtori: nino talaxaZe<br />
Semdgenlebi: lia gigauri,<br />
gulnaz erqomaiSvili,<br />
marina nacvalaZe<br />
winasityvaoba<br />
gTavazobT saxelmZRvanelos, romlis saSualebiTac `... Sen miemgzavrebi ekonomikis saocari<br />
samyaros Sesaswavlad. es aris amaRlebuli grZnoba,……<br />
gisurveb bednier mgzavrobas!” /pol samuelsoni/.<br />
garwmunebT, es mogzauroba saintereso iqneba. Tqven axal msoflmxedvelobas eziarebiT, romelic<br />
nebismieri adamianisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani, amasTanave saocrad sainteresoa.<br />
es saxelmZRvanelo gamiznulia yvelasTvis, visTvisac sxvadasxva arCevanis gakeTebisas<br />
(saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenis, samuSaos Zebnis, politikuri figurebis arCevis, finansebis<br />
ganawilebis Tu <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri politikis Sefasebisas) swori gadawyvetilebis miReba<br />
mniSvnelovania, visac warmatebis miRweva da ukeT cxovreba ganuzraxavs.<br />
swored axla, damoukidebeli cxovrebisaTvis mzadebis procesSi, ufrosklaselTaTvis ekonomikis<br />
sakiTxebSi garkveva da Tanamedrove samyaroSi orientaciis unaris SeZena udides mniSvnelobas<br />
iZens. dRes miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi xom Tqvens momavals gansazRvravs!<br />
warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelo gaxlavT orientiri Tanamedrove, XXI saukunis samyaros realur<br />
urTierTobebSi. avtorebma gaiTvaliswines, rom skolis damTavrebis Semdeg bevrs saku-<br />
Tari biznesis wamowyebis survili gauCndeba, amitom sakmaod didi adgili davuTmeT biznesis<br />
sawyisebs. Tavisuflad SegveZlo wignisTvis `praqtikuli ekonomikis gzamkvlevi~ gvewodebina.<br />
yovel gakveTilSi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri koncefciebi da praqtikuli situaciebia ganxiluli.<br />
saklaso modelireba, kvleviTi proeqtebi, monacemTa analizi da debatebi ekonomikur azrovnebas<br />
SegaCvevT, romelic Semdgom realur problemebsa da cxovrebiseul situaciebSi gasarkvevad<br />
gamogadgebaT. Tu TiToeuli Temis dasrulebis Semdgom sakuTar Tavs dausvamT kiTxvas: `raSi<br />
gamomadgeba am paragrafSi miRebuli codna?~ – pasuxis Zebna didxans ar dagWirdebaT. aRmoaCenT,<br />
rom, rogorc momxmarebelma, moqalaqem, mewarmem, partniorma, daqiravebulma Tu damqiravebelma,<br />
ukve iciT, rogor moiqceT konkretul SemTxvevaSi.<br />
TiToeuli gakveTili moicavs Semdeg rubrikebs:<br />
davaleba<br />
es sainteresoa<br />
ganmarteba<br />
redaqtori: gulnaz erqomaiSvili<br />
damkabadonebeli: giorgi asaturovi<br />
imsjeleT! savarjiSo<br />
SekiTxva situacia<br />
kvleva<br />
gaixseneT<br />
daskvna
sarCevi<br />
I Tavi: ekonomikis arsi .....................................................5<br />
1-2. ekonomikuri azrovneba dagexmarebaT ........................................................................... 5<br />
3. ra? rogor? visTvis? ............................................................................................................ 11<br />
4-5. vyidulobT rac gvsurs? .................................................................................................. 16<br />
6. Txilis bazari ........................................................................................................................ 19<br />
7. saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobis<br />
istoriuli formebi ............................................................................................................ 25<br />
II Tavi: <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> da <strong>ekonomika</strong> .............................31<br />
8. ra miznebi aqvs Cvens ekonomikur sistemas? .................................................................. 31<br />
9-10. ra unda gaakeTos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m? .................................................................................. 36<br />
11. rogoria <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri funqciebi? ....................................................... 40<br />
12. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujeti ........................................................................................................... 45<br />
13-14. gadasaxadebis saxeebi saqarTveloSi ....................................................................... 49<br />
15. vis ekisreba gadasaxadis tvirTi? .................................................................................. 57<br />
16. aris ki raime ufaso? ........................................................................................................... 61<br />
17. me ra SuaSi var? .................................................................................................................... 63<br />
18. ekonomikuri aqtivobis wrebrunva ................................................................................. 66<br />
Tavi III. mewarmeoba da biznesi ....................................71<br />
19-20. yvelaferi biznesis Sesaxeb ........................................................................................ 71<br />
21. konkurencia sxvadasxva bazarze ..................................................................................... 79<br />
22. konkurencia da SeTanxmeba ............................................................................................... 82<br />
Tavi IV mdgradoba bazarze bazarze ......................87<br />
23. ra xdeba realur bazarze? ................................................................................................ 87<br />
24-25. yofna-aryofna? .............................................................................................................. 91<br />
26. vmarTavT kompania `aTinaTs~! ......................................................................................... 95<br />
27. vin vis ajobebs? ................................................................................................................... 97<br />
Tavi V: <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s roli bazris<br />
regulirebaSi .....................................................................102<br />
28-29. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> yovelTvis fxizladaa ......................................................................... 102<br />
30. SevamowmoT Cveni codna – viTamaSoT samaia ............................................................. 107<br />
Tavi VI: biznesis dagegmva ...........................................109<br />
31-32. minda fuli, minda manqana, mogzauroba, ...biznesi minda ................................. 109<br />
33. SeviswavloT bazari ......................................................................................................... 117<br />
34. biznesis dafinanseba ....................................................................................................... 123<br />
3
Tavi VII: ojaxis <strong>ekonomika</strong> ..........................................126<br />
35. ojaxidan bankisaken ......................................................................................................... 126<br />
Tavi VIII: ekonomikuri politikis sakiTxebi ... 133<br />
36. konstitucia <strong>ekonomika</strong>s icavs ..................................................................................... 133<br />
4<br />
37-38. mTliani Sida produqti da mTliani erovnuli produqti .............................. 136<br />
39. ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi ............................................................... 142<br />
40. daveZeb da ver vpoulob .................................................................................................. 144<br />
41. esec <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s problemaa? ....................................................................................... 148<br />
42-43. erT problemas meore mosdevs ................................................................................ 152<br />
44-45. inflacia ......................................................................................................................... 157<br />
46. aravis unda iyos Raribi .................................................................................................. 161<br />
47-48. ekonomikuri zrda Tu ekonomikuri ganviTareba? ............................................. 167<br />
Tavi IX: fiskaluri da monetaruli<br />
politikis roli <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si ..................................174<br />
49. fiskaluri politika ....................................................................................................... 174<br />
50. monetaruli politika .................................................................................................... 180<br />
Tavi X: saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi<br />
da saqarTvelo ...................................................................185<br />
51-52. es Cemi qveyanaa .............................................................................................................. 185<br />
53. ekonomikuri da finansuri krizisebi .......................................................................... 196<br />
54. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis mniSvneloba qveynis<br />
ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis ......................................................................................... 201<br />
proeqtebi .............................................................................................................................205<br />
ekonomikuri terminebis leqsikoni .............................................................................. 206
I<br />
ekonomikis<br />
arsi<br />
1-2<br />
ekonomikuri azrovneba<br />
dagexmarebaT<br />
male skolas daamTavrebT da sruliad gansxvavebul cxovrebas daiwyebT. albaT, jer<br />
ar iciT, rogor warmarToT igi. ukve arCevanis winaSec dgaxarT:<br />
`ra saqmianobas<br />
mivyo xeli?~<br />
`Cavabaro Tu<br />
ara umaRles<br />
saswavlebelSi?~<br />
`romeli biznesia<br />
momgebiani?~<br />
`axlave daviwyo<br />
dazogva, Tu roca<br />
meti fuli meqneba?~<br />
TiToeuli Tqvengani am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad jer mzad ar aris. axla mxolod<br />
is SegiZliaT gansazRvroT, Tu rogor dagexmarebaT <strong>ekonomika</strong> am kiTxvebze pasuxis mo-<br />
ZebnaSi.<br />
ratom unda iswavloT <strong>ekonomika</strong> skolaSi? imitom, rom miuxedavad arCeuli profesiisa,<br />
yvelani ekonomikuri saqmianobis monawileni varT. zogierTi mas profesiulad axorcielebs<br />
da amisaTvis ekonomikur mecnierebas eufleba. magram is, visac arasodes uswavlia<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong> da arc ki fiqrobs, rom Tavadaa ekonomikuri agenti, mudmivad awydeba<br />
Semdeg ekonomikur problemebs: imuSaos Tu iswavlos; daxarjos fuli Tu daagrovos;<br />
sakuTari saqme wamoiwyos Tu Tavisi samuSao Zala gaaqiraos.<br />
Cven SezRuduli resursebis samyaroSi vcxovrobT, anu Cveni moTxovnilebebi yovelTvis<br />
metia, maT dasakmayofileblad saWiro resursebi ki naklebi. adamianTa moTxovnilebebi<br />
usazRvroa, resursebi ki _ SezRuduli. mudam raime produqtis ukmarisobas ganvicdiT.<br />
SezRuduloba warmoSobs arCevanis problemas. TiToeuli adamiani Tavisi<br />
mrvalgvari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaken iswrafvis, magram dakmayofilebisTanave<br />
axali moTxovnilebebi uCndeba. es procesi dausrulebelia.<br />
resursebis da moTxovnilebebis urTierTqmedeba<br />
moTxovnilebebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
ganusazRvreloba<br />
daukmayofilebloba<br />
zrdadoba<br />
resursebis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
SezRuduloba<br />
amowurvadoba<br />
iSviaToO<br />
ba<br />
5
? 1.<br />
pirveladi anu biologiuri moTxovnilebebi<br />
– moTxovnilebebi, romelic sasicocxlod<br />
aucilebelia adamianis arsebobisaTvis. esenia:<br />
sakvebi, haeri, wyali, siTbo, sinaTle, usafrTxoeba,<br />
daculoba.<br />
socialuri moTxovnilebebi – es aris sxva adamianebTan<br />
urTierTobis, aRiarebis, TviTgamoxatvis,<br />
siaxlis gagebis, codnis, garTobis, dasvenebis,<br />
megobrobis, pativiscemis da a.S. moTxovnilebebi.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili moTxovnilebebidan, ekonomikis<br />
Seswavlis sagani ekonomikuri moTxovnilebebis<br />
dakmayofilebis gzebis Ziebaa.<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianoba. SezRudulobis problemisgan Tavis daRwevis erTaderTi<br />
gza – Sroma anu rogorc ekonomistebi uwodeben ekonomikuri saqmianobaa. adamianebi<br />
mravalmxriv ekonomikur saqmianobas ewevian da SezRuduli resursebiT TavianTi usaz-<br />
Rvro moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gzebs eZeben.<br />
6<br />
daasaxeleT, romeli produqti (saqoneli da momsaxureba) aris SezRuduli<br />
piradad TqvenTvis, Tqveni skolisTvis, Cveni qveynisaTvis?<br />
2. CamowereT furcelze Tqveni ojaxis umTavresi moTxovnilebebi prioritetulobis<br />
mixedviT. SeadareT es moTxovnilebebi erTmaneTs. daakvirdiT,<br />
ra TanmimdevrobiT dalagda isini. moZebneT kanonzomiereba, romlis<br />
mixedviTac adamianebi upiratesobas ama Tu im moTxovnilebas aniWeben.<br />
sociolog abraam maslous adamianis moTxovnilebaTa piramida.<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong> aris adamianTa saqmianobis organizacia im dovlaTis<br />
Sesaqmnelad, romelic saWiroa maTi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong> aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis sameurneo saqmianobis<br />
procesSi monawile subieqtebis qcevas.<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong> aris mecniereba arCevanis Sesaxeb.<br />
termini „<strong>ekonomika</strong>“ berZnuli warmoSobisaa da saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolas niSnavs.<br />
realurad <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s cxovreba waagavs ojaxis cxovrebas, amitom logikuria, rom ekonomikis<br />
marTva „ojaxis gaZRolasTanaa“ gaigivebuli.<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ekonomikurma mecnierebam evolucia ganicada – ganviTarda.<br />
igi daiyo mraval „qvemecnierebad“, romlebic sazogadoebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqts swavloben, magram ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis sagani ucvlelia.
adamianebs uamravi materialuri Tu sulieri faqtorebis gareSe cxovreba ar SeuZliaT.<br />
maT sWirdebaT sakvebi, tansacmeli, sacxovrebeli adgili, uamravi saxis saqoneli, romlebic<br />
gansazRvraven cxovrebis dones. adamiani arasodes ar sjerdeba miRweuls da sul<br />
ufro meti da meti unda. amasTan yvela am moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad saWiroa<br />
resursebi, romlebic Cvens irgvlivaa. swored am resursebs, maT Soris adamianTa unars<br />
gamoiyenos es resursebi, viyenebT, raTa SevZloT Tundac fizikuri arseboba. Tumca aris<br />
erTi mniSvnelovani problema - SezRuduloba. resursebi ar aris gamouleveli. Tu erTi<br />
saxis resursi SedarebiT ufro metia bunebaSi da misi maragebis amowurva jer ar aris mosalodneli,<br />
meore saxis resursi ukve dReisaTvis amowurulia, an amowurvis pirasaa.<br />
risTvis aris saWiro <strong>ekonomika</strong>?<br />
saboloo<br />
piradi sazogadoebrivi<br />
saWiroebebi<br />
sawarmoo<br />
adamianTa swrafva - gaiumjobesos cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi, SezRuduli<br />
resursuli uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi aris ekonomikis, rogorc mecnierebis sagani<br />
da umTavresi amocana. <strong>ekonomika</strong> swavlobs adamianis SeuzRudavi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis<br />
mizniT SezRuduli resursebis efeqtianad gamoyeneba/ marTvis problemebs.<br />
SezRuduloba usazRvro moTxovnilebebisa da SezRuduli resursebis dapirispirebas<br />
ganapirobebs. SezRuduloba adamianebs arCevanis winaSe ayenebs. arCevanis gasakeTeblad<br />
adamianebi alternativebs afaseben.<br />
alternativa, romelzec uari vTqviT, Cveni arCevanis alternatiuli Rirebulebaa.<br />
7
8<br />
saqonlis mwarmoebeli<br />
mesakuTre<br />
arCevanis problema <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si<br />
Sroma fizikuri<br />
miwa<br />
kapitali<br />
resursebi mmoTxovnilebebi<br />
SezRuduli SeuzRudavi<br />
arCevanis<br />
problema<br />
arCevanis mizani<br />
alternativebi<br />
kriteriumebi<br />
arCevanis fasi<br />
(alternatiuli Rirebuleba)<br />
adamiani _<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
urTierTobebis<br />
monawile<br />
momxmarebeli<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
mwarmoebeli<br />
gamyidveli<br />
sulieri<br />
socialuri
arCeuli profesiis miuxedavad, yoveli Cvengani qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si sxvadasxva rols asrulebs:<br />
1) gadawyvetilebis mimRebis roli _ roca sakuTar alternativebs gansazRvravs, maT<br />
Seafasebs da arCevans akeTebs;<br />
2) momxmareblebis roli _ roca yidulobs da moixmars saqonelsa da momsaxurebas;<br />
3) moqalaqis roli _ roca arCevnebSi monawileobs, icavs kanonebs da ixdis gadasaxadebs;<br />
4) dasaqmebulis roli _ roca saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi monawileobs, fizikurad<br />
da/an gonebrivad muSaobs;<br />
5) danazogis Semqmnelis roli _ roca saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvas samomavlod gadadebs,<br />
Tavis Semosavlebs srulad ar xarjavs, fuls bankSi abandebs da sargebels iRebs.<br />
Cven globaluri msoflio sistemis monawileni varT, roca vcdilobT saerTaSoriso<br />
vaWro bis sakiTxebSi gaverkveT, SeviswavloT sxva kultura da civilizacia.<br />
am rolebis nawils Tqven ukve asrulebT. asakis matebasTan erTad sul ufro metad dag-<br />
WirdebaT erTdroulad ramdenime ekonomikuri rolis Sesruleba.<br />
es rom ukeTesad moaxerxoT, iswavleT ekonomikis ana-bana, iazrovneT ekonomikurad gaecaniT<br />
sakuTari qveynis kanonmdeblobas, Tqvens movaleobebs da uflebebs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s winaSe<br />
da warmatebasac iolad miaRwevT.<br />
`<strong>ekonomika</strong> momxiblveli mecnierebaa. mas kidev ufro mimzidvels<br />
xdis is, rom misi fuZemdebluri principebi imdenad ubraloa, erT<br />
furcelzec ki daeteva da Tanac ise, rom yvela gaigebs. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, <strong>ekonomika</strong> mainc cotas esmis”.<br />
milton fridmani<br />
`<strong>ekonomika</strong> ar iZleva mza daskvnebs, romelsac maSinve gamoiyeneb<br />
praqtikaSi. is ufro meTodia, vidre moZRvreba, gonierebis sawyobi,<br />
azrovnebis saSualeba, romelic swori daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmareba.~<br />
jon meinard keinsi<br />
`xSirad gamigonia, rom qriste RmerTma Tavisi kalTa siuxvisa aq,<br />
am Cvens patara qveyanaSi daibertyao, amas imitom amboben, rom Cveni<br />
qveyana bevrs sxva qveyanaze ufro mdidaria, ufro savsea. arc Tvi-<br />
Ton Cvena varT uxeironi, RmerTi-rjuli. mklav-ZarRvad kargebi<br />
varT, janic da Zal-Ronec mogvdevs, arc xalisi gvaklia..… maS raRaTa<br />
varT Raribnio? mkiTxavT Tqven.<br />
imitom, rom ar viciT, sad ra simdidre Zevs, sad ra ganZia. ar viciT<br />
saidam ra amoviRoT, ra xerxiTa da ostatobiT amoviRoT, rom jafac<br />
advili iyos da najafic blomad.<br />
codnis gareSe dedamiwa Tavis uxvsa da uxarbels guls ar gadagvixsnis,<br />
ise uxvad ar mogvabarebs~.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe<br />
,,iseTi zusti disciplina, rogoric <strong>ekonomika</strong>a ar unda iyos arc mosawyeni<br />
da arc rTuli.”<br />
p. samuelsoni<br />
9
davaleba<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
10<br />
moamzadeT jgufuri prezentacia sakuTari ekonomikuri rolis<br />
(moswavlis rolis) Sesaxeb da CamoayalibeT masTan dakavSirebuli winadadebebi.<br />
saqoneli – Sromis produqti, romelic adamianis garkveul moTxovnilebebs<br />
akmayofilebs da damzadebulia gasayidad.<br />
momsaxureba – saqmianobis saxeoba, romelsac adamianebis erTi nawili<br />
anazRaurebis miRebis mizniT meoresTvis eweva. momsaxureba moqmedebaa.<br />
mas ganekuTvneba: swavleba, mkurnaloba, Tmis SeWra, iuridiuli momsaxureba<br />
da a. S.<br />
ekonomikuri moTxovnileba – survili da saWiroeba, romelic Sei-<br />
Zleba dakmayofildes saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmarebiT.<br />
SezRuduloba – mdgomareoba, rodesac adamianis moTxovnileba<br />
aWarbebs maT dasakmayofileblad arsebuli resursebis raodenobas.<br />
SezRudulobis problemis winaSe dganan individebi da organizaciebi,<br />
firmebisa da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> uwyebebis CaTvliT.<br />
sargeblianoba – saqonlis an momsaxurebis SesaZlebloba, daakmayofilos<br />
momxmareblis moTxovnileba.<br />
alternatiuli Rirebuleba – saukeTeso (Cvens mier SerCevis Semdeg)<br />
alternativa, romelzec uari vTqviT sxva arCevanis sasargeblod.<br />
Sroma – adamianis gonebrivi da fizikuri SesaZleblobebis, unarebis<br />
gamoyeneba materialuri dovlaTis Sesaqmnelad.<br />
warmoeba<br />
organizaciis<br />
formebi<br />
ekonomikis struqtura<br />
moxmareba<br />
adamianebi,<br />
organizaciebi<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong><br />
ganawileba<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
xelisuflebis<br />
organoebi<br />
gacvla<br />
bazari<br />
1. daasaxeleT is moTxovnilebebi, romlebic skolasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
gagaCniaT. axseniT, ratom ar gaqvT yvelaferi, rac skolisaTvis<br />
gsurT. scadeT daajgufoT isini moTxovnilebaTa naswavli kategoriebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
2. gadawyvetilebis miRebis modelis gamoyenebiT warmoadgineT Tqveni<br />
piradi an saojaxo problemis gadawyvetilebis sqema. raSi mdgomareobs<br />
problema?
a? rogor?<br />
visTvis?<br />
SezRudulobis problemis gamo, sazogadoebam pasuxi unda gasces sam ZiriTad ekonomikur<br />
kiTxvas:<br />
ra saqoneli da momsaxureba unda vawarmooT da ra raodenobiT? skolebi ufro meti<br />
unda avaSenoT Tu kinoTeatrebi? am kiTxvaze pasuxi qveynisTvis mniSvnelovan faseulobebzea<br />
damokidebuli. samorine ufro faseulia Tu wignebis maRazia?<br />
rogor unda vawarmooT sxvadasxva saqoneli da momsaxureba? rogor iqnes damzadebuli<br />
urTulesi detalebi _ xeliT Tu teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT? am kiTxvaze pasuxi<br />
qveynis ganviTarebis donezea damokidebuli. Tu qveyanas axali teqnologiebis, Zlieri<br />
materialur-teqnikuri bazis saSualeba aqvs, is xeliT Sromas manqanurs amjobinebs.<br />
visTvis unda vawarmooT sxvadasxva saqoneli da momsaxureba? qalisTvis Tu mamakacisTvis,<br />
sportsmenisTvis Tu mecnierisTvis, namibielisTvis Tu qarTvelisTvis, bavSvisTvis<br />
Tu moxucisTvis? ekonomikuri dovlaTis ganawileba Semosavlebzea damokidebuli.<br />
maRali Semosavlebis mqone adamianebi ufro mets moixmaren, vidre dabali<br />
Semosavlebis mqoneni.<br />
bazari – sistema, romelic myidvelebs (momxmareblebi) da gamyidvelebs<br />
(mwarmoeblebi) erTmaneTTan akavSirebs.<br />
sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong> aris ekonomikuri sistema, romelic bazarze<br />
myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTqmedebiT pasuxs gascems<br />
kiTxvebs: ra? rogor? visTvis?<br />
sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli kerZo sakuTrebaa, mamoZravebeli Zala ki –<br />
bazari. restorani, benzingasamarTi sadguri, Jurnal-gazeTebis jixuri, musikaluri maRazia,<br />
fotosaloni _ es Cveulebrivi bazrebia. roca bankis xelmZRvaneloba maRali kvalifikaciis<br />
mqone kursdmTavrebul studentTan kontraqts aformebs, esec bazaria. roca<br />
qarTveli fexburTeli italiis safexburTo klubTan molaparakebas awarmoebs, es ukve<br />
saerTaSoriso bazaria.<br />
rogor pasuxobs bazari kiTxvas _ ra?<br />
individualuri gadawyvetilebebis koordinirebas bazrebi fasebis saSualebiT axdenen.<br />
vawarmoo da gavyido = SeviZino da movixmaro<br />
Tu xaWapuris warmoebis magaliTs ganvixilavT, xaWapurs imitom acxoben da yidian, rom<br />
mcxobelma icis, mas viRac aucileblad SeiZens da miirTmevs.<br />
rogor pasuxobs bazari kiTxvas _ rogor?<br />
magaliTad, xaWapurebis gamocxoba gazquraSi, eleqtroRumelSi da SeSis RumelSi Sei-<br />
Zleba. is, Tu sawvavis romel saxeobas gamoiyenebs mwarmoebeli, damokidebulia sawvavis<br />
fasze. Tu bunebrivi airis fasi moimatebs, mwarmoebeli mis nacvlad bunebrivi airis alternativas<br />
– eleqtroenergias gamoiyenebs.<br />
rogor pasuxobs bazari kiTxvas _ visTvis?<br />
xaWapuris sacxobSi SesaniSnavad ician, romeli momxmareblisaTvisaa gankuTvnili es<br />
produqti.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, bazari sxavadasxva saxisaa, magram isini or ZiriTad qvejgufs<br />
qmnian: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazari da warmoebis faqtorTa bazari.<br />
3<br />
11
imsjeleT<br />
12<br />
warmoebis faqtorebi (sawarmoo resursebi) _ ZiriTadi saxis<br />
resursebi, romlebic saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad<br />
gamoiyeneba. kerZod, bunebrivi resursebi, adamianuri anu SromiTi<br />
resursebi, kapitaluri resursebi, samewarmeo unari.<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazari _ bazari, sadac saqonelsa<br />
da momsaxurebas yiduloben da yidian.<br />
faqtorTa bazari – bazari, sadac warmoebis faqtorebs yiduloben<br />
da yidian.<br />
bunebrivi resursebi – bunebis mier naboZebi nobaTi - miwa,<br />
okeaneebi da mdinareebi, navTobi da mineraluri wylebi, klimaturi<br />
pirobebi.<br />
adamianuri anu SromiTi resursebi – adamianis Zalisxmeva,<br />
romelic gamoiyeneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad.<br />
SromiTi resursebis gayidva Sromiss bazarze mimdinareobs;<br />
kapitaluri resursebi (kapitali) _ Senoba-nagebobebi,<br />
manqanadanadgarebi da iaraRebi, romlebic warmoebis procesSi<br />
gamoiyeneba. (Cveulebriv, adamianebi kapitals fuls uwodeben,<br />
magram <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si termini kapitali niSnavs realur sawarmoo<br />
resursebs, romlebic sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad<br />
gamoiyeneba).<br />
samewarmeo unari _ adamianis unari, mogebis misaRebad organizeba<br />
gauwios sxvadasxva tipis resursebs.<br />
firmebi _ awarmoeben saqonelsa da momsaxurebas da maT bazarze<br />
gasayidad awvdian.<br />
garda zemoT CamoTvlili resursebisa, arsebobs specifikuri<br />
resursebic, es aris: dro da informacia. imsjeleT, XXI saukuneSi ramdenad<br />
ZviradRirebuli da SezRudulia orive maTgani, sxva resursebTan<br />
SedarebiT.
? 1.<br />
bunebrivi<br />
resursebi<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
sawarmoo resursebis gamoyeneba saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis warmoebisTvis<br />
warmoeba<br />
adamianuri<br />
resursebi<br />
kapitaluri<br />
resursebi<br />
+<br />
saqoneli da<br />
momsaxureba<br />
samewarmeo<br />
unari<br />
ras niSnavs warmoebis faqtorebi?<br />
2. ra saxis warmoebis faqtorebi arsebobs?<br />
3. warmoebis faqtorebis romel saxes SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT:<br />
a) yavis safqvavi kafeSi;<br />
b) manganumis sabado;<br />
g) skolis maswavlebeli;<br />
d) limonaTis saamqros menejeri;<br />
e) avtomanqana, romliTac ojaxis ufross qalaqgareT miyavxarT;<br />
v) avtomanqana, romliTac ojaxis ufross mgzavrebi gadahyavs;<br />
z) fuli, romliTac maRaziaSi produqts yidulobT;<br />
T) fuli, romliTac sawarmo dazgas yidulobs.<br />
4. ra resursebi gamoiyeneba puris sawarmoeblad?<br />
maTematikaSi saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad?<br />
axali skolis asaSeneblad?<br />
Tanamedrove bazari<br />
imuSaveT jgufebSi.<br />
qveyanaSi firmebis didi raodenoba arsebobs.<br />
swored isini qmnian saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis bazrebs. firmebi sxvadasxva<br />
adgilebze arian ganTavsebulni.<br />
SeavseT savarjiSoSi mocemuli cxrili<br />
da imsjeleT ra gansxvaveba da msgavsebaa<br />
am firmebs Soris. savarjiSo SeasruleT<br />
jgufebSi.<br />
regionaluri<br />
savaWro centri<br />
hipermarketi<br />
biznes-centri<br />
katalogi<br />
avtosaloni<br />
gancxadeba ,,viyidi”<br />
internetmaRazia<br />
13
imsjeleT<br />
momxmareblebi sasurvel produqcias firmebisgan Semdegi mizezebis gamo yiduloben:<br />
moxerxebuloba, adgilmdebareoba, ganlageba, fasebi, mflobelisadmi keTilganwyoba, myidvelebis<br />
imiji, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis maRali xarisxi da sxva. es CamonaTvali warmoadgens<br />
kriteriumebs, romliTac momxmareblebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SerCevisas<br />
xelmZRvaneloben. adamianebi bazarze uamravi moTxovnilebebiT midian, magram adgilze misulebs<br />
arCevanis gakeTeba uwevT, radgan yvelafrisTvis sakmarisi Tanxa ar gaaCniaT.<br />
saqoneli xelSesaxebi sagania, momsaxureba ki _ moqmedeba.<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
• xels ar uwyobs araaRdgenadi<br />
resursebis SenarCunebas;<br />
ar aqvs garemos dacvis<br />
ekonomikuri meqanizmi;<br />
• ar iZleva stimuls msxvili<br />
proeqtebisaTvis, romlebic<br />
swraf mogebas ar elodebian;<br />
• ar uzruvnelyofs fundamentalur<br />
kvlevas mecnierebaSi;<br />
• inflaciis dros eqvemdebareba<br />
arastabilur ganvi-<br />
Tarebas;<br />
• aqvs umuSevrobis safrTxe;<br />
• aZlierebs qonebriv diferenciacias.<br />
14<br />
1. ratom aniWebs saqonlis yidvisas adamiani upiratesobas erT firmas, meores-<br />
Tan SedarebiT?<br />
2. ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebs Soris?<br />
3. iciT Tu ara romelime firma Tqvens dasaxlebaSi, qalaqSi, raionSi an sofel-<br />
Si, romelmac marcxi ganicada. ras daukavSirebdiT mis warumateblobas?<br />
1. warmoidgineT, rom swavlis gagrZeleba sazRvargareT gadawyviteT. iq damoukideblad<br />
unda icxovroT da saxli TviTon moawyoT. scadeT im saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis nusxis Camowera, romelic uaxloes 1 TveSi dagWirdebaT.<br />
daalageT es saqoneli da momsaxureba moTxovnilebebis kategoriebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
2. SearCieT da gaanalizeT adgilobriv gazeTebSi ganTavsebuli sareklamo<br />
gancxadeba. ra sakiTxze akeTebs firma aqcents, roca momxmareblis yuradRebas<br />
ipyrobs?<br />
3. male skolas daamTavrebT. zogi Tqvengani umaRles saswavlebels, zogi profesiul<br />
saswavlebels miaSurebs, zogic muSaobas daiwyebs. interesi niSnis<br />
mixedviT gaerTiandiT jgufebad da maswavleblis daxmarebiT SeiswavleT<br />
Sesabamisi bazrebi (ganaTlebis bazari, Sromis bazari).<br />
sabazro ekonomikis uaryofiTi mxareebi<br />
Tavisufali mewarmeoba<br />
kerZo sakuTreba<br />
sabazro<br />
ekonomka<br />
piradi motivacia<br />
arCevanis Tavisufleba<br />
konkurencia<br />
momxmarebelze orientireba
? ra unda gakeTdes imisaTvis, rom Semsubuqdes bazris negatiuri Sedegebi?<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT ra rols asrulebs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ekonomikur<br />
cxovrebaSi. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri zermoqmedebis romeli ZiriTadi meTodebi arsebobs?<br />
unda arsebobdes Tu ara saxelmwofos <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si Carevis zRvari?<br />
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
diskusias saxlmwifos rolis Sesaxeb grZeli istoria aqvs.<br />
Sua saukuneebSi gaixsna politikuri ekonomiis I skola – merkantilistebis (merkantilisti<br />
italiuri mercante - vaWari) skola. merkantilitebi mxars uWerdnen <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s aqtiur Carevas<br />
ekonomakSi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom qveynis simdidris mTavari maCveneblia oqros raodenoba, ris<br />
gamoc mouwodebdnen gaefarToebinaT eqsporti da SeenarCunebinaT importi.<br />
merkantilistebis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen fiziokratebi (fiziokrati berZnuli – physisbuneba<br />
da kratos – Zalaufleba). fiziokratebis azriT ekonomikur procesSi Careva zedmetia (procesebi<br />
midis bunebrivad, rogorc bunebaSi). isini mxars uWerdnen Tavisufal vaWrobas. maT devizs<br />
warmoadgenda: ,,rac naklebad ,,marTavs” <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>, miT ukeTesia misTvisac da ekonomikisTvisac.”<br />
XIX-XX saukeneebis mijnaze Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi gaCndnen monopoliebi, romlebmac<br />
daipyres warmoeba da gasaRebis bazari. 1929-1933 wlebSi gaCaRda ekonomikuri krizisi. man<br />
mTeli msoflio moicva. krizisis Sedegad umuSvari darCa dedamiwis mosaxleobis 30%. krizisis<br />
wlebSi aSS-Si gaixsna socialuri sasadiloebi umuSevrebisaTvis. uamravi adamiani mxolod sxvadasxva<br />
SemowirulobebiT arsebobda. krizisma aiZula mecnier-ekonomistebi gadaexedaT mravali<br />
ekonomikuri TeoriisTvis.<br />
cnobili ingliseli ekonomisti adam smiti emxroboda Tavisuflad ganviTarebad, konkurenciul<br />
sawyisebze dafuZnebul <strong>ekonomika</strong>s. aRiarebda <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s maregulirebel rols: ,,<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
unda icavdes sazogadoebas Zaladobisa da gare agresiisagan, icavdes moqalaqeebis sicocxles<br />
da qonebas, inaxavdes jars, policias, samarTaldamcav organoebs.”<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s rolis Sesaxeb klasikosebis Teoriis uarmyofeli gaxda Tanamedroveobis udidesi<br />
mecnier-ekonomisti jon meinard keinsi. emxroboda <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s aqtiur finasnur Carevas<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si. ,,sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong> ar aris srulyofili da TviTregulirebadi”.<br />
II msoflio omis dros es mosazreba gavrcelda mTels msoflioSi da keinsis Sexedulebebma<br />
didi gavlena iqonia sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaze.<br />
dRes wamyvani <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebi sabazro urTierTobebis sul ufro da ufro aqtiuri<br />
monawileebi xdebian. isini iseTi amocanebis gadawyvetas axerxeben, romlis gadawyveta Tavisufal<br />
bazars ar Seswevs. momdevno gakveTilebSi am sakiTxs ufro detalurad ganvixilavT.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
daexmareba Tu ara am saqmes <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Careva? <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> xom didia, nuTu<br />
SesaZlebelia, rom man gadaWras ekonomikuri problemebi ufro ukeT, vidre bazris<br />
monawileebma?<br />
• 1563 wels inglisis dedofal elisabed II-s surda mxari daeWira erovnuli<br />
TevzWerisTvis da gamoewvia Tevzze moTxovnis gazrda. amitom man kviraSi 2<br />
dRe xorcis gamoyeneba akrZala.<br />
• es gamocdileba 400 wlis Semdeg gamoiyena sabWoTa kavSiris xelmZRvanelobam<br />
da qveyanaSi xorcis ukmarisobis kompensireba yvela sasadiloSi ,,Tevzis<br />
dRis” gamocxadebiT moaxdina. am dReebSi ubralod SeuZlebeli iyo xorciani<br />
kerZis SekveTa.<br />
• roca 1966 wels imave inglisSi wamoiWra adgilobrivi Salis produqciis<br />
gasaRebis problema, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m misi gadaWra ,,micvalebulebs aiZula”.<br />
amisaTvis xelisuflebam gamoacxada, rom micvalebulebi mxolod Salis<br />
tansacmelSi unda daemarxaT. brZanebis SeusruleblobisaTvis dawesda jarima<br />
5 funti sterlingis odenobiT, rac im dros mcire Tanxa ar iyo.<br />
15
16<br />
1<br />
4-5<br />
vyidulobT<br />
rac gvsurs?<br />
`aswavleT TuTiyuSs moTxovna da miwodeba da Tqvens wina-<br />
Sea ekonomisti.~ es xumrobanarevi fraza araerTxel gamouyenebiaT<br />
ekonomikis sxvadasxva saxelmZRvaneloSi.<br />
? 1.<br />
aris Tu ara am gamonaTqvamSi simarTlis marcvali?<br />
pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
2. daasaxeleT Tqveni bolodroindeli moTxovnilebebi.<br />
ganmarteT, romeli maTgani gadaiqca moTxovnad.<br />
3. Tqveni azriT, moTxovnilebis Seswavla ufro mniSvnelovania<br />
mwarmoeblebisaTvis Tu moTxovnis?<br />
fasi – fulis raodenoba, romelsac adamianebi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
yidvisas ixdian, an saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gayidvisas iReben.<br />
moTxovna – adamianis survili da SesaZlebloba, SeiZinos saqoneli an<br />
momsaxureba konkretul dros da gansazRvrul adgilas. radgan moTxovnis<br />
arsebobas adamianis survili da finansuri SesaZlebloba erTdroulad<br />
sWirdeba, ekonomistebi mas xSirad gadaxdisunarian moTxovnilebasac<br />
uwodeben.<br />
moTxovnili raodenoba – momxmareblis mier SeZenili saqonlis raodenoba<br />
(sxvadasxva fasebis pirobebSi).<br />
miwodeba – gamyidvelebis (mwarmoeblebis) mier bazarze sxvadasxva<br />
fasad saqonlis gatana.<br />
miwodebis raodenoba – bazarze konkretul fasad gatanili saqonlis<br />
(momsaxurebis) raodenoba.<br />
Tavisufal dros megobrebTan erTad xSirad kafeSi atarebT. aq fasebi<br />
xelmisawvdomia da momsaxurebac kargi, Tanac mosaxerxebeli adgilmdebareoba<br />
aqvs. bolo periodSi gazrdilma fasebma Tqven da Tqveni megobrebi<br />
sagonebelSi CagagdoT. sam TveSi fasebi 4-jer gaizarda.<br />
SeadgineT fasebis gazrdis mimarT Tqveni reagirebis cxrili. sTxoveT<br />
kafes mesakuTres an menejers gaixsenos produqtze fasis bolodroindeli<br />
cvlileba. aseve sTxoveT CamoTvalos moTxovnis cvlilebis rac<br />
SeiZleba meti mizezi, romelic fasis cvlilebas ar ukavSirdeba.<br />
eTanxmebiT Tu ara Semdeg mosazrebas:<br />
momxmarebeli dabali fasis pirobebSi ufro met namcxvars yidulobs,<br />
vidre maRali fasis pirobebSi.
moTxovnis mrudi fasisa da moTxovnis sididis ukukavSirze metyvelebs. am ukukav-<br />
Sirs moTxovnis kanoni ewodeba. moTxovnis kanoni grafikulad gamoisaxeba, igi daRmavalia<br />
da uaryofiTi daxriloba aqvs.<br />
avtorebi am etapze Segnebulad ar aRrmaveben aRniSnul sakiTxs, Tumca bazris meqanizmis<br />
muSaobis ukeT gasagebad, martivad ganvixilavT mas.<br />
? •<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
imsjeleT<br />
moTxovnis kanoni – rac ufro izrdeba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
fasi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi), miT ufro mcirdeba moTxovnis<br />
raodenoba.<br />
Tqveni azriT, ratom aris mniSvnelovani moTxovnis kanonis Seswavla?<br />
• ra informacias iZleva an ar iZleva igi?<br />
• kafeSi namcxvris fasis ucvlelobis probebSi da misi xarisxis gauaresebis<br />
gamo, Semcirdeba Tu ara Tqveni moTxovna?<br />
moTxovnis cvlilebis mizezebi<br />
I nawili:<br />
waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sagazeTo statiis saTaurebi. gansaz-<br />
RvreT, TiToeuli maTganis gavleniT, Seicvleba Tu ara bazarze qa-<br />
Tmis xorcze moTxovna.<br />
a. qaTmis xorcze fasebi izrdeba;<br />
b. Sobadobis matebis gamo saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba izrdeba;<br />
g. Roris xorcze fasebi ecema;<br />
d. saqarTvelos jandacvis saministro gafrTxilebT, rom Roris<br />
xorcis miRebam SeiZleba ziani miayenos Tqvens janmrTelobas;<br />
e. qveyanaSi xelfasebi mesame Tvea zedized izrdeba;<br />
v. momdevno TveSi mosalodnelia Zroxis xorcis fasis gazrda.<br />
II nawili:<br />
I nawilSi mocemuli moTxovnis yvela cvlileba miakuTvneT qvemoT<br />
mocemuli kategoriidan erT-erTs, gaiTvaliswineT moTxovnis cvlilebis<br />
mizezebi. CawereT statiis saTaurebis nomrebi moTxovnis cvlilebis<br />
Sesabamisi mizezis gaswvriv.<br />
zogierT kategorias SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes 1-ze meti statiis<br />
saTauri. xolo nebismieri movlena, romelic moTxovnis cvlilebas ar<br />
iwvevs, ar SeitanoT arc erT kategoriaSi.<br />
momxmareblis gemovnebis cvlileba;<br />
momxmareblis Semosavlebis cvlileba;<br />
bazarze momxmareblis raodenobis cvlileba;<br />
urTierTSemcvleli saqonlis fasis cvli leba;<br />
urTierTSemavsebeli saqonlis fasis cvli leba;<br />
samomxmareblo fasebis cvlilebis molodini.<br />
mxolod fasi da saqonlis raodenoba gansazRvravs moTxovnis sidides,<br />
Tu aris kidev sxva faqtorebi, romlebic myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis<br />
qcevaze moqmedeben?<br />
moTxovnis cvlilebis asaxsnelad moitaneT magaliTebi sakuTari<br />
cxovrebidan, roca moTxovnis determinantebis zegavleniT SecvaleT<br />
sakuTari moTxovnileba.<br />
17
savarjiSo<br />
2<br />
18<br />
2<br />
davubrundeT situacias, sadac aSkarad gamoikveTa momxmareblis qceva<br />
fasis cvlilebisa da moTxovnis raodenobis mimarT. da axla kafes mepatronis<br />
qceva ganvixiloT.<br />
fasis zrdasTan erTad mwarmoeblis mier miwodebis raodenoba izrdeba,<br />
da piriqiT, fasis SemcirebasTan erTad miwodebis raodenoba<br />
mcirdeba. – eTanxmebiT Tu ara am mosazrebas?<br />
3<br />
miwodebis kanoni – rac ufro maRalia saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
fasi, miT metia miwodebis raodenoba da piriqiT, rac naklebia<br />
fasi, miT ufro nakleb saqonelsa da momsaxurebas miawodeben<br />
gamyidvelebi.<br />
gaaanalizeT Semdegi situacia:<br />
1994-1996 wlebSi qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze moxmareba Semcirda<br />
erTi gamonaklisis garda _ kartofilis moxmareba 16%-iT gaizarda. ra<br />
garemoebiT axsniT am faqts?<br />
miwodebis cvlilebis gamomwvevi mizezebi<br />
I nawili:<br />
waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sagazeTo statiis saTaurebi. gansaz-<br />
RvreT Seicvleba Tu ara Rvinis sabazro miwodeba, TiToeuli maTganis<br />
gavleniT. anu miwodebis zrdas gamoiwvevs es Tu Semcirebas?<br />
a. wels saqarTveloSi yurZnis didi mosavali movida;<br />
b. Camosasxmeli danadgari saSualebas iZleva yoveldRiurad Rvinis<br />
qarxanaSi meti Rvino damzaddes;<br />
g. yurZnis fasi 10 %-iT gaizarda;<br />
d. gadasaxadebis Semcirebis gamo saqarTveloSi Rvinis warmoeba gaizarda;<br />
e. ludis udidesi mwarmoebeli gakotrda, qarxnebi daixura;<br />
v. mezobeli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s bazarze droebiT aikrZala qarTuli samarko<br />
Rvinoebis gatana, gamyidvelebi fass amcireben;<br />
z. sakurorto sezonis dadgomasTan dakavSirebiT sanapiroze bevri<br />
restorani gaixsna.<br />
II nawili:<br />
I nawilSi mocemuli moTxovnis yvela cvlileba SeusabameT qvemoT<br />
mocemuli kategoriidan erT-erTs, gaiTvaliswineT moTxovnis cvlilebis<br />
mizezebi. zogierT kategorias SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes erTze<br />
meti statiis saTauri. xolo nebismieri movlena, romelic moTxovnis<br />
cvlilebas ar iwvevs, ar SeitanoT arc erTkategoriaSi.<br />
cvlileba warmoebis faqtorTa RirebulebaSi;<br />
teqnologiuri cvlileba;<br />
bazarze gamyidvelTa raodenobis cvlileba;<br />
sxva alternatiuli saqonlis warmoeba;<br />
mogebis miRebis SesaZlebloba.
1<br />
6<br />
Txilis<br />
bazari<br />
bolo dros Txilis moyvana dasavleT saqarTvelo-<br />
Si bevrma ojaxma daiwyo. mosavali TiTqmis yovel<br />
wels kargia, sabazro fasic - misaRebi. Tanac glexebs<br />
produqtis bazarze gatanac ar WirdebaT, radgan distributorebs<br />
TviTon miaqvT igi. yovelive es glexebs<br />
SesaniSnav stimuls aZlevs Txilis warmoeba gazardon.<br />
oTari babuam am Semodgomazec kargi mosavali aiRo,<br />
magram ki ar gayida _ saaxalwod Seinaxa. Tan imas fiqrobda: axla Txilis 4<br />
larad gayidvas dekemberSi ufro Zvirad gayidva ajobebso.<br />
qalaqSi mcxovrebi nunu deida ki fuls agrovebs, axali wlis sufraze stumrebs<br />
mravali nugbariT rom gaumaspinZldes. wina gamocdilebidan gamomdinare,<br />
igi varaudobs, rom saaxalwlod Txilis fasi 7 laramde aiwevs.<br />
Tqveni azriT, ra fasad gaiyideba Txili saaxalwlod?<br />
sanam TamaSs daviwyebdeT! ..<br />
sabazro ekonomikis daxasiaTebisas ekonomistebi siamayiT aRniSnaven misi erT-erTi Taviseburebis<br />
Sesaxeb, rac Tavisufali fasebis arsebobas gulisxmobs. Tqveni nacnobebis wridan<br />
gaixseneT adamianebi, romlebic mewarmeebi arian. egeb isic gsmeniaT, rom maT mier warmoebuli<br />
produqti zogjer sasurvel fasad ar iyideba. Tu ki es asea, ras gulisxmobs termini<br />
,,Tavisufali fasi”?<br />
sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si saqonelsa da momsaxurebas fasebi imis Sesabamisad anawileben, ra<br />
Tanxis gadaxda undaT da SeuZliaT gamyidvelebs da myidvelebs am saqonelsa da momsaxureba-<br />
Si. bazarze fasebi myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad dgindeba. sabazro<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si bazrebis mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, bevrma ar icis, rogor `muSaobs~ bazari.<br />
modelirebuli TamaSiT `Txilis bazari~, ukeT gaigebT, rogor xdeba fasebis dadgena bazarze<br />
da rogor ganisazRvreba fasi miwodebisa da moTxovnis meSveobiT. am gakveTilis daxmarebiT<br />
darwmundebiT, iZleva Tu ara sabazro sistema Tavisufali fasebis garantias.<br />
vidre saklaso oTaxSi modelirebul bazars movawyobdeT, sadac Tqveni monawileobiT namdvili<br />
vaWroba gaCaRdeba, gavicnoT `Txilis bazari~.<br />
viTamaSoT `Txilis bazari~ *<br />
modelirebuli TamaSi ,,Txilis bazari” vaWrobis 3 raundis Catarebas gulisxmobs.<br />
TiToeuli 5 wuTs gagrZeldeba. bazari myidvelsa da gamyidvels gamoavlens, romelsac<br />
yvelaze meti mogeba eqneba.<br />
guldasmiT waikiTxeT es instruqciebi. daimaxsovreT! mTeli TamaSis ganmavlobaSi myidvelebi<br />
myidvelebad rCebian, gamyidvelebi ki _ gamyidvelebad.<br />
instruqcia myidvelebisTvis:<br />
myidvelebi TamaSs myidvelis erT baraTiT da qulebis erTi furcliT iwyeben. myidvelis<br />
baraTze weria: `rac SeiZleba iafad unda iyidoT erTi kilogrami Txili. Tu __________ze<br />
Zvirad iyidiT, izaralebT~. gadaiwereT baraTze aRniSnuli fasi Tqveni qulebis furcelze.<br />
raundis msvlelobisas, ecadeT rac SeiZleba iafad iyidoT. Tu baraTze aRniSnul fasad<br />
iyidiT, Tqveni garigeba uzaralo iqneba. Tu baraTze aRniSnul fasze iafad iyidiT, fasTa<br />
Soris gansxvaveba Tqveni mogeba iqneba. Tu baraTze aRniSnul fasze Zvirad iyidiT – izaralebT.<br />
* modelirebuli savarjiSo adaptirebulia aSS ekonomikuri ganaTlebis saerTaSoriso centris<br />
(CEE) masalebis mixedviT. © saavtoro ufleba daculia<br />
19
Txilis yidva bazarze nebismier fasad SegiZliaT. rogorc ki Txils iyidiT, garigeba<br />
qulebis furcelze CawereT, romelsac maswavlebeli dagirigebT. Semdeg acnobeT garigebis<br />
fasi mas, vinc klasis monacemTa furcelze Canawerebs awarmoebs. ukan daabruneT<br />
myidvelis baraTi, aiReT axali da daiwyeT molaparakeba axal fasze. Tu raundis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Txils ar iyidiT, baraTis dabruneba axali baraTis misaRebad mxolod raundis<br />
dasrulebis Semdeg SegiZliaT.<br />
instruqcia gamyidvelebisTvis:<br />
gamyidvelebi TamaSs gamyidvelis erTi baraTiT da qulebis erTi furcliT iwyeben. gamyidvelis<br />
baraTze weria: `rac SeiZleba Zvirad unda gayidoT erTi kilogrami Txili.<br />
Tu _____ ze iafad gayidiT, izaralebT~. gadaiwereT baraTze aRniSnuli fasi Sefasebis<br />
furcelze. raundis msvlelobisas, ecadeT rac SeiZleba Zvirad gayidoT. Tu bara-<br />
Tze aRniSnul fasad gayidiT, Tqveni garigeba uzaralo iqneba.<br />
Tu baraTze aRniSnul fasze Zvirad gayidiT, fasTa Soris sxvaoba Tqveni mogeba iqneba. Tu<br />
baraTze aRniSnul fasze iafad gayidiT – izaralebT. Txilis gayidva bazarze nebismier fasad<br />
SegiZliaT. rogorc ki Txils gayidiT, garigeba qulebis furcelze Cawe reT. Semdeg acnobeT<br />
garigebis fasi mas, vinc klasis monacemTa furcelze Canawe rebs awarmoebs. ukan daabruneT<br />
gamyidvelis baraTi, aiReT axali da daiwyeT molapa rakeba axal fasze. Tu raundis ganmavlobaSi<br />
Txils ar gayidiT, baraTis dabru neba axali baraTis misaRebad mxolod raundis dasrulebis<br />
Semdeg SegiZliaT.<br />
roca maswavlebeli bazars gaxsnilad gamoacxadebs, SeecadeT 1 kg Txilis fasze SeTanxmdeT.<br />
nebismier myidvels da gamyidvels SeuZlia erTmaneTs gaesaubros. yvela sabazro operacia<br />
Tanabari raodenobis larebiT unda Catardes.<br />
myidvelebisa da gamyidvelebis mizani rac SeiZleba meti fulis Sovnaa. amas myidvelebi<br />
ufro dabal fasad yidvis meSveobiT aRweven, vidre es maT baraTebzea miTiTebuli. gamyidvelebs<br />
ki _ fuli ufro Zvirad gayidvis Sedegad rCebaT, vidre maT baraTebzea miTiTebuli.<br />
yovelTvis, roca gayidva Sedgeba, myidveli amis Sesaxeb specialurad gamoyofil pirs klasis<br />
saaRricxvo furcelSi Caawerinebs.<br />
garigebis Sedegebi TamaSis mimdinareobisas Sefasebis furcelSi TanmimdevrobiT<br />
CawereT.<br />
20
axla, roca modelirebuli TamaSis Sedegebi saxezea da ukve mogeba da/an zaralic<br />
daiTvaleT, daskvnis gakeTebac SeiZleba. raSic Semdegi kiTxvebi dagexmarebaT.<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
1. yvelaze xSirad ra fasad gaiyida 1 kg Txili TiToeul raundSi?<br />
2. es fasi cnobilia sabazro anu wonasworuli fasis saxeliT. ratom<br />
uwodeben mas ekonomistebi sabazro fass?<br />
3. romel raundSi iyo yvelaze didi gansxvaveba fasebSi? ratom?<br />
4. vin gansazRvravs sabazro fass: myidveli Tu gamyidveli?<br />
5. ra sasargeblo informaciis miReba SeiZleboda TamaSis msvlelobisas<br />
garigebis cxrilis monacemebiT?<br />
6. ratom dajgufda bolo raundebSi fasebi wonasworuli fasis siaxloves?<br />
7. ra moxdeboda TamaSSi gamyidvelebze gacilebiT meti myidvelebi rom<br />
yofiliyvnen?<br />
maswavleblis daxmarebiT aageT grafiki<br />
yidvisa da gayidvis baraTebis darigebis Semdeg Txilis bazarze miwodebisa da moTxovnis<br />
cxrili formirdeba. maswavleblis daxmarebiT gamoiyeneT es informacia qvemoT naCveneb<br />
grafikze moTxovnisa da miwodebis mrudis asagebad, xolo Semdeg upasuxeT kiTxvebs.<br />
moTxovnis cxrili (yidva)<br />
miwodebis cxrili (gayidva)<br />
fasi<br />
(lari)<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
moTxovnis<br />
raodenoba (kg)<br />
26<br />
22<br />
18<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
5<br />
4<br />
2<br />
1. rogoria wonasworuli fasi?<br />
2. rogori fasi iqneba siWarbis dros?<br />
3. rogori fasi iqneba deficitis dros?<br />
fasi<br />
(lari)<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
8<br />
9<br />
10<br />
moTxovnis<br />
raodenoba (kg)<br />
0<br />
2<br />
4<br />
8<br />
10<br />
14<br />
18<br />
22<br />
26<br />
21
? 1.<br />
!<br />
22<br />
fasi(lari)<br />
11<br />
10<br />
9<br />
8<br />
7<br />
6<br />
5<br />
4<br />
3<br />
2<br />
1<br />
0<br />
Txilis moTxovnisa da miwodebis grafiki.<br />
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26<br />
raodenoba<br />
moTamaSeebidan myidvelebi ufro karg pirobebSi iyvnen Tu gamyidvelebi?<br />
2. ra moxdeboda TamaSSi gamyidvelebze gacilebiT meti myidvelebi rom yofiliyvnen.<br />
3. riT gansxvavdeba gakveTilis msvlelobisas modelirebuli sabazro situacia realurisgan?<br />
4. ra moxdeboda TamaSSi myidvelebze gacilebiT meti gamyidvelebi rom yofiliyvnen?<br />
5. gamoikvlieT, ramdenime magaliTi Cveni qveynis realobidan, rodesac adgili hqonda<br />
deficits da siWarbes. gaaanalizeT, rogor moxerxda problemis mogvareba.<br />
sabazro fasi anu wonasworuli fasi iseTi fasia, romlis drosac<br />
gamyidvelebi mzad arian gayidon im raodenobis saqoneli, ra raodenobis<br />
moTxovnac arsebobs.<br />
bazarze deficits adgili aqvs, roca saqonelze moTxovna metia,<br />
vidre miwodeba. deficitis dasaZlevad fasi izrdeba manam, sanam<br />
moTxovnili raodenoba da miwodebuli raodenoba isev ar gaTanabrdeba<br />
da axali wonasworuli fasi anu wonasworoba damyardeba.<br />
arsebuli wonasworuli fasis pirobebSi siWarbes adgili aqvs maSin,<br />
roca miwodebuli saqonlis raodenoba metia, vidre moTxovnili raodenoba.<br />
rac gamoiwvevs wonasworuli fasis Semcirebas manam, sanam<br />
axali wonasworuli fasi ar damyardeba.<br />
bazari iq arsebobs, sadac myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi urTierTqmedeben.<br />
es urTierTqmedeba sabazro fasebs gansazRvravs da Sedegad SezRuduli<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganawilebas axdens.<br />
S<br />
D
mas Semdeg, rac myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi moipoveben<br />
informacias sxvadasxva fasad arsebuli produqtebis<br />
raodenobis Sesaxeb, bazrebi wonasworuli fasisaken iswrafvian.<br />
miwodeba<br />
myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs fasebi signalebs ugzavnian<br />
da stimulebiT uzrunvelyofen. roca miwodeba an<br />
moTxovna icvleba, sabazro fasic icvleba da stimulebze<br />
axdens gavlenas.<br />
jgufebs SigniT konkurenciis gamocalkeuli my- moTxovna<br />
idvelebi da gamyidvelebi fasebs ver akontroleben.<br />
swored amitom ver gansazRvres winaswar Txilis sabazro<br />
fasi, verc Txilis gamyidvelebma da verc myidvelebma.<br />
roca saqonlis an momsaxurebis fasi wonasworul fasze dabalia, warmoiSoba moTxovnis si-<br />
Warbe. saqonlis raodenoba, romlis realizaciisTvisac mzad arian gamyidvelebi, im saqonlis<br />
raodenobaze naklebia, romlis yidvisTvisac myidvelebi mzad arian. bazarze am dros deficiti<br />
warmoiSoba (saqonlis ukmarisoba) da myidvelTa Soris konkurenciis Sedegad fasi wonasworul<br />
fasamde izrdeba.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
imsjeleT<br />
fasi da<br />
raodneoba<br />
bazrisa da movlenis<br />
urTierTdakavSirebis<br />
Semdeg moifiqreT, rogor<br />
Seicvleba fasi da<br />
saqonlis raodenoba.<br />
fasis (P) da raodenobis<br />
(Q) gazrdis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi miuTiTeT _<br />
gaizarda (), xolo Semcirebisas<br />
miuTiTeT _<br />
Semcirda ( ).<br />
bazari movlena<br />
1. skolis merxebi xis masalis fasi gaizarda<br />
2. sacurao<br />
kostumebi<br />
3. sastumroebi<br />
4. Sokoladis<br />
kanfetebi<br />
5. nayini<br />
6. avtomobilebi<br />
zafxulis ardadegebi<br />
daiwyo<br />
bolo dros bevri saojaxo<br />
sastumro gaixsna<br />
mecnierebma aRmoaCines,<br />
rom Sokoladi bavSvebs<br />
Zalian aRagznebs<br />
bavSvebis umravlesobas<br />
mSoblebi ufro met<br />
saxarjo fuls aZleven<br />
firmebma<br />
avtomobilebis warmoebis<br />
axali teqnologia<br />
danerges<br />
rogor axdens moTxovnis an miwodebis cvlileba wonasworuli fasisa<br />
da gasacvleli raodenobis cvlilebas. cvlileba erT bazarze iwvevs cvlilebebs<br />
masTan dakavSirebul bazrebze. magaliTad, Tu saqonlis xorcis<br />
warmoebis Rirebuleba gaizrdeba, misi miwodeba Semcirdeba, rac gazrdis<br />
mis fass da Seamcirebs gasacvlel raodenobas. gaagrZeleT Txroba am bazris<br />
cvlilebis sxva bazrebze gavlenis Sesaxeb.<br />
23
imsjeleT<br />
24<br />
1<br />
lurji jinsisa da `oqros cvenis~ istoria<br />
100 wlis winaT, kaliforniaSi oqro aRmoaCines. Zvirfasi liTonis saZebnelad<br />
adamianebi mTeli msofliodan miawydnen dasavleTs, ris gamoc am teritoriebze<br />
bevri axali qalaqi aRmocenda.<br />
oqros maZieblebi aq mcire saxsrebiT Camodiodnen.<br />
maT weraqvisa da sxva xelsawyoebis, fexsacmelebis,<br />
karvebis, WurWlis, sakvebisa da tansacmlis<br />
yidva sWirdebodaT. zogierT maTgans bedma<br />
gauRima, oqros sabados miagno da gamdidrda. visac<br />
ar gaumarTla, rac gaaCnda, isic dakarga.<br />
vinaidan axlad aRmocenebul qalaqebSi sxvadasxva<br />
saqonelze moTxovna Zalian maRali iyo,<br />
maRaziebi da miwodebis raodenoba ki _ mcire, gamyidvelebma fasebi gazardes.<br />
kacma, saxelad levis Strausma oqros marags miagno, Semdeg mis mopovebas<br />
Tavi mianeba da sanacvlod Seqmna is, rac yvela maRaroels Zalian sWirdeboda<br />
_ lurji jinsi.<br />
Strausma san franciskoSi karvebisa da vagonebis damzadeba daiwyo. radgan<br />
naWeri magari da gamZle iyo, erTma maRaroelma mas imave tilosgan Sarvlebis<br />
Sekervac urCia. meore maRaroelma ki, levis Strauss jibeebze moqlonis mikerebis<br />
idea miawoda, rac jinsis Sarvlebs daxevisagan daicavda. gansakuTrebiT,<br />
maSin roca maRaroelebi jibeebs oqroTi ivsebdnen.<br />
denimsad wodebulma am Sarvlebma Strauss didi warmateba moutana da SemdgomSi<br />
isini cnobili gaxdnen, rogorc levisi.<br />
garda maRaroelebisa, igi mTel dasavleTSi ranCos mflobelebs, fermerebsa<br />
da kovboebs ecvaT.<br />
dRes levi Strausis kompania msoflios udidesi tansacmlis mwarmoebeli<br />
kompaniaa. da es yvelaferi erTi lurji jinsiT daiwyo.<br />
moTxovnisa da miwodebis koncefciebis gamoyenebiT gaaanalizeT es istoria<br />
da igi bazrebis urTierTqmedebas daukavSireT.<br />
moZebneT da ganixileT sagazeTo statia, romelSic naCvenebia, rogor<br />
moqmedebs erT bazarze momxdari cvlileba sxva bazrebze.<br />
1. ra SeiZleba mohyves konkretul bazarze miwodebis an moTxovnis cvlilebas?<br />
2. ras gulisxmoben ekonomistebi, roca amboben, rom `bazrebi urTierTqmedeben”?<br />
3. ra gavlenas moaxdens bunebrivi airis fasis gazrda eleqtroenergiis<br />
miwodebaze da wonasworul fassa da gasacvlel raodenobaze?<br />
4. ra gavlenas moaxdens bunebrivi airis fasis gazrda ojaxebisa da<br />
sawarmoebis gaTbobis moTxovnaze?<br />
4. romel bazrebze ar iwvevs cvlilebebs puris gaZvireba?
7<br />
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobis istoriuli da<br />
Tanamedrove formebi<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamianebi uZvelesi droidan cxovrobdnen. gvarovnuli<br />
wyobilebis periodSi isini misdevdnen SegrovebiT meurneobas, nadirobas da TevzWeras.<br />
aseve daiwyes sakvebi mcenareebis gaSeneba, cxovelTa moSinaureba, safuZveli<br />
Caeyara martiv miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobas. TandaTanobiT viTardeba meTuneoba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT sabrZolo iaraRis warmoeba, aseve rTva da qsova. mogvianebiT daiwyo<br />
Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSaveba, sxvadasxva saxis fufunebis sagnebis warmoeba.<br />
feodalizmis xanaSi TandaTanobiT dawinaurda soflis<br />
meurneoba, gansakuTrebiT mevenaxeoba-mebaReoba, aseve marcvleul<br />
da teqnikur kulturaTa warmoeba. qveynis calkeuli<br />
samTavro, Tavisi teritoriis farglebSi, qmnida met-naklebad<br />
izolirebul, naturalur meurneobas. ar arsebobda erTiani<br />
samoneto sistema. imdroindeli zogi politikuri erTeuli<br />
_ Tbilisis saamiro, tao-klarjeTis samTavro Tavad axdenda<br />
damoukideblad monetebis moWras. feodalur mamulebSi iqmneboda<br />
miwaTmoqmedebis damatebiTi produqcia, rac vaWrobis<br />
ganviTarebasTan erTad xels uwyobda xelosnobis ganviTarebas.<br />
xelosnuri warmoebis pirveli da uZvelesi forma iyo<br />
ojaxuri mrewveloba, kerZod qsovilebisa da tansacmlis warmoeba, romelTa nedleuls<br />
_ matyls, bambas, sels, kanafs, abreSums awvdidnen<br />
valdebuli glexebi. ganviTarebuli iyo rkinis,<br />
vercxlis, oqros mWedloba. ojaxuri mrewveloba<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadad mTaSi arsebobda.<br />
viTardeba xelosnobis calkeuli dargebi. xelosnoba<br />
da vaWroba ufro farTod iyo ganviTarebuli<br />
TbilisSi. gavrcelebuli iyo mevaxSeobac, romelsac<br />
ZiriTadad ucxo tomis warmomadgenlebi eweodnen.<br />
aRniSnul periodSi saqarTvelos savaWro urTierTobebi hqonda iranTan, erayTan, siriasTan.<br />
XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis qveynis sameurneo cxovrebaSi jer kidev soflis<br />
meurneoba da patriarqaluri saojaxo mrewveloba batonobda.<br />
1870-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi fexs ikidebs kapitalizmi. am periodSi saqarTvelo<br />
ruseTis kolonia iyo da ekonomikis ganviTareba ucxoelTa kontrolqveS mimdinareobda.<br />
aRniSnul periodSi viTardeba mrewvelobis sxvadasxva dargi. damkvidrda msxvili<br />
manqanuri warmoeba, aSenda didi fabrika-qarxnebi. msxvili warmoeba viTardeboda um-<br />
Tavresad mopovebiTi mrewvelobis dargebSi, rac adgilobrivi bunebrivi simdidriT<br />
iyo ganpirobebuli, rogoricaa, magaliTad spilenZis, qvanaxSiris, marganecis da sxva<br />
wiaRiseulis damuSavebis ganviTareba.<br />
swrafi tempiT izrdeba tyibulisa da WiaTuris manganumis warmoeba, baTumSi gaixsna<br />
msxvili navTobgadamamuSavebeli sawarmo. 1872 wels gaixsna pirveli rkinigza, ramac<br />
erTmaneTs saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani savaWro centrebi daakavSira, xolo 1883 wlidan<br />
Tbilisi daukavSirda azerbaijans da baTumidan Aazerbaijanis navTobis msoflio bazarze<br />
eqsports Caeyara safuZveli.<br />
25
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
26<br />
rkinigzis istoria<br />
saqarTvelos rkinigza evraziis satransporto derefnis erT-erTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, romelic umoklesi gziT evropas centralur<br />
aziasTan akavSirebs. ori kontinentis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis idea<br />
jer kidev XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi gaCnda. amierkavkasiis sxva qveynebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelo privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi<br />
aRmoCnda. Savi da kaspiis zRvebis damakavSirebeli sarkinigzo magistralis<br />
mSenebloba 1865 wels daiwyo. pirvelma matarebelma 1871 wels<br />
gaiara rkinigzis monakveTi foTi-yvirila (amJamad zestafoni), xolo<br />
1872 wlis 10 oqtombers Tbilisidan foTSi pirveli matarebeli Cavida.<br />
swored es TariRi iTvleba saqarTvelos rkinigzis ,,dabadebis dRed”.<br />
mas Semdeg saqarTvelos rkinigzis mSenebloba Cqari tempebiT xorcieldeboda.<br />
saqarTvelos rkinigzis mSeneblobis<br />
meore etaps ganekuTvneba sarkinigzo<br />
xazi Tbilisi - baqo, romelic aseve evraziis<br />
derefnis nawili iyo. rkinigzis xazi<br />
Tbilisi - baqo eqspluataciaSi 1883 wels<br />
Sevida. am faqtma safuZveli Cauyara ba-<br />
Tumis portidan Savi zRvis gavliT, azerbaijanuli navTobis msoflio<br />
bazarze gatanas. 1899 wels gaixsna rkinigzis xazi, romelic saqarTvelos<br />
da somxeTTan akavSirebda.<br />
borjomis xeoba, sakurorto pirobebiTa da mTel msoflioSi<br />
ganTqmuli mineraluri wyliT ,,borjomi”, yovelTvis warmoadgenda<br />
gansakuTrebul interess. borjomis bunebrivi simdidris komerciuli<br />
sargeblis mizniT romanovebma xaSuri - borjomis rkinigzis monakveTis<br />
mSenebloba daiwyes. axali xazi eqspluataciaSi 1894 wels Sevida.<br />
viwroliandagiani sarkinigzo xazis mSenebloba 1897 wels daiwyo da<br />
rTuli klimaturi pirobebis gamo, oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda.<br />
1902 wlis ianvridan viwroliandagiani rkinigzis xaziT borjomi - bakuriani,<br />
pirvelma ,,kukuSka” matarebelma gaiara. `kukuSka~ dRemde emsaxureba<br />
saTxilamuro sportis moyvarulebsa da turistebs. maRalmTian<br />
raionebSi kursirebisaTvis spcialurad inglisidan iqna Camoyvanili<br />
,,porteris” tipis orTqlmavali. matarebels ebmoda Ria tipis vagonebi,<br />
romlebic mxolod moajirebiT iyo Semoraguli. 1967 wlidan patara<br />
orTqlmavali eleqtromatarebelma Caanacvla. xidi, romelic waRvers<br />
cemTan borjomi - bakurianis rkinigziT akavSirebs, romanovma specialurad<br />
SeukveTa safrangeTSi.<br />
kaxeTis rkinigzis xazis mSenebloba 1915 wels dasrulda. am monakveTis<br />
aSenebam ganviTarebis saSualeba misca im raionebs, romlebic<br />
msoflioSi cnobil Rvinoebs awarmoeben: ,,mukuzani”, ,,winandali”, ,,rqawiTeli”,<br />
,,manavis mwvane” da sxv.<br />
1932 wels xaSurSi pirveli eldepo aSenda. swored am depoSi gaiara<br />
Semowmeba ,,ВЛ-19” seriis pirvelma sabWoTa eleqtromatarebelma. amJamad<br />
pirveli eleqtromatarebeli xaSuris sadgurSi dgas kvarcxlbekze.<br />
am momentidan rkinigza etapobrivad eleqtrifikaciaze gadadis. 1967 wlis<br />
noemberSi saqarTvelos rkinigzis yvela monakveTze, maT Soris viwriliandagian<br />
borjomi-bakurianis xazze, eleqtrifikaciis procesi dasrulda.<br />
1974 wlidan rkinigzaze Cndeba axali, Tanamderove eleqtromatareblebi,<br />
romlebic Tbilisis eleqtrovagonmSenebel qarxanaSi iyo damza
debuli.<br />
qveynis mrewvelobis wamyvani dargebisa da soflis meurneobis iseTi<br />
dargebis, rogoricaa mebaReoba, meRvineoba, citrusisa da Cais<br />
kulturebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, daiwyo rkinigzis axali xazebis<br />
mSenebloba: natanebi - ozurgeTi (1924 w.), broweula- wyaltubo (1935<br />
w.), senaki - ingiri - gali (1930 w.), gali - oCamCire - soxumi (1938 w.), gori<br />
- cxinvali (1940 w.).<br />
rkinigzis xazis soxumi - adleris mSeneblobam, romelic meore<br />
msoflio omis dros daiwyo, saqarTvelos rkinigza ruseTis sarkinigzo<br />
qselTan daakavSira. aRniSnuli monakveTis mSenebloba 1949 wels<br />
dasrulda. 1986 wlis 31 dekembers dasrulda marabda - axalqalaqis<br />
rkinigzis xazis mSenebloba.<br />
saqarTvelos rTulma geografiulma reliefma mravali xelovnuri<br />
sainJinro nagebobis mSenebloba ganapiroba, romelTa ricxvi 3700 aRemateba.<br />
saqarTvelos rkinigzis saerTo sigrZe 2344, 2 kilometria.<br />
2012 wlis 12 aprils Sps `saqarTvelos rkinigza~ gardaiqmna saaqcio<br />
sazogadoebad.<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos rkinigza. http://www.railway.ge<br />
baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis proeqti<br />
baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis proeqti aris axali satransporto derefani,<br />
romelic gaaerTianebs azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis sarkinizo<br />
xazebs. baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis sarkinigzo magistralis proeqtis<br />
ganxorcieleba 2007 wels daiwyo da iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos<br />
teritoriaze marabda-axalqalaqis sarkinigzo xazis reabilitaciarekonstruqcias<br />
da axali sarkinigzo xazis mSeneblobas axalqalaqidan<br />
TurqeTis sazRvramde. yarssa da axalqalaqs Soris 98 km sigrZis<br />
magistrali gaivlis, aqedan 30 km saqarTvelos teritoriaze.<br />
rac Seexeba bosforis srutis qveS gvirabis gayvanas, proeqti 2013<br />
wels dasruldeba, ris Semdegac baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis sarkinigzo magistrali<br />
evropas daukavSirdeba. TurqeTis gavliT, gaixsneba sarkinigzo<br />
derefani kaspiis zRvidan evropisken, romelic sabolood<br />
gamoricxavs sazRvao gziT gadazidvis saWiroebas. am xaziT moxdeba<br />
rogorc satvirTo, ise samgzavro gadayvanebi da is moiazreba rogorc<br />
alternatiuli satvirTo transportirebis gza iranidan momavali arsebuli<br />
satranzito gzebis nacvlad.<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos rkinigza. http://www.railway.ge<br />
XIX s. 80-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi mrewvelobis mravali dargi wvrili warmoebis<br />
formebidan da manufaqturidan fabrikul formaSi gadadis. ase moxda abreSumis, bambis<br />
mrewvelobis dargebSi, Tambaqos, tyavis, kasrebis,<br />
aguris da kramitis warmoebaSi. aRniSnul periodSi<br />
saqarTveloSi daiwyo aryis, koniakis, Rvinis, ludis<br />
qarxnuli wesiT warmoeba. aseve xileuli wylebis warmoeba.<br />
saqarTvelo warmoadgenda ekonomikurad CamorCenil<br />
qveyanas, romelsac calmxrivad ganviTarebuli mrewveloba<br />
da naklebproduqtiuli, upiratesad wvrilglex-<br />
27
uri soflis meurneoba hqonda.<br />
1920-30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi daiwyo socializmis mSenebloba, romelmac TiTqmis<br />
70 weli gastana. aRniSnul periodSi ekonomikis safuZveli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> da sakolmeurneo<br />
sistema iyo. sabWoTa wyobilebis mier soflad gatarebuli reformebi cnobilia<br />
`soflis koleqtivizaciis~ saxeliT. soflad Seiqmna koleqtiuri meurneobebi. miRebuli<br />
mosavali koleqtivis wevrebze nawildeboda. kolmeurneobebi valdebulni iyvnen<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier dawesebuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis gegmebi SeesrulebinaT.<br />
Raribi glexoba, romelsac dasakargi araferi hqonda, nebayoflobiT gaerTianda<br />
kolmeurneobebSi. saSualo glexoba meryeobda, xolo mdidari glexoba (`kulakoba~)<br />
misi sakuTrebis koleqtiurad gadaqcevis sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo, Tumca sabolood<br />
mainc moxerxda maTi winaaRmdegobis daZleva da soflad kolmeurneobebi da sabWoTa<br />
meurneobebi Camoyalibda.<br />
amuSavda WiaTuris marganecis qarxana, tyvarCelis qvanaxSiris warmoeba, baTumis nav-<br />
TobgadamamuSavebeli qarxana, zestafonis feroSenadnobis qarxana. pirveli warmatebebi<br />
mopovebuli iqna qveynis eleqtrofikaciaSi.<br />
XX saukkunis 50-60-ian wlebSi aSkarad gamovlinda sabWoTa sistemis krizisi. sul<br />
ufro Canagdeboda qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>, ecemoda qveynis mosaxleobis socialuri done.<br />
gansakuTrebiT didi xarjebi xmardeboda samxedro mSeneblobas.<br />
daqveiTebas ganicdida qarTuli <strong>ekonomika</strong>c. daeca qarTuli samrewvelo produqciis<br />
xarisxi, gansakuTrebiT dabali xarisxis iyo msubuqi mrewvelobis produqcia. kolmeurneobebsa<br />
da sabWoTa meurneobebSi ganuxrelad ecemoda Sromis nayofiereba. ekonomikis<br />
krizisma gamoiwvia fasebis zrda, ramac kidev ufro gaauaresa cxovrebis done.<br />
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebis dasasrulisa da 80-iani damdegisaTvis sabWoTa sistemis<br />
krizisma yovlismomcveli xasiaTi miiRo. daeca mrewvelobis done, savalalo mdgomareobaSi<br />
aRmoCnda soflis meurneoba, moiSala transportis muSaoba, gaizarda fasebi<br />
produqciaze, Seiqmna produqciis umwvavesi deficiti.<br />
sabWoTa periodSi warmoebis saSualebebze arsebobda sazogadoebrivi sakuTreba.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ukveTavda sawarmoebs produqciis warmoebas dadgenili gegmis mixedviT da<br />
mis realizaciasac TviTon axdenda. kerZo sakuTreba da mewarmeoba danaSaulad iyo miCneuli.<br />
`mewarmeoba~, `saqmosnoba~ da `komersantoba~ sazogadoebaSi negatiuri mniSvnelobiT<br />
gamoiyeneboda.<br />
XX s-is 90-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi mewarmeTa fenis Camoyalibeba daiwyo. swrafi<br />
tempiT ganviTarda kerZo seqtori, Tumca am periodSi Seqmnil kooperativTa umravlesoba<br />
(75-80%) <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sawarmoTa bazaze formirdeboda. kooperativebis mimarT<br />
tardeboda SedarebiT liberaluri fasebis politika, xolo <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sawarmoebis<br />
mier warmoebul produqciaze (momsaxurebaze, samuSaos Sesrulebaze) dawesebuli iyo<br />
fiqsirebuli fasi. xSirad SekveTebi sruldeboda kooperativis saxeliT da Sedegad<br />
kooperativis fassa da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sawarmos fass Soris sxvaoba mniSvnelovani Semosavlebis<br />
miRebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze gardamaval sawyis etapze<br />
mewarmeoba da kerZo seqtori yalibdeboda rogorc <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> seqtoris danamati.<br />
amave periodSi daiwyo saarendo urTierTobebis (gansakuTrebiT arenda gamosyidvis<br />
uflebiT) damkvidreba, ramac xeli Seuwyo <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> seqtoridan kerZo seqtorSi<br />
qonebis faqtiurad ukontrolo gadadinebis process. gaaqtiurda savaWro urTierTobebi<br />
sazRvargareTis qveynebTan. Seiqmna mewarmeobis ZiriTadi rgoli firma.<br />
28
„mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
nebismieri organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis sawarmo, agreTve<br />
arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri, romelic eweva samewarmeo<br />
saqmianobas am saqmianobis nawilSi.<br />
firma aris organizacia, romelic flobs erT an ramdenime sawarmos<br />
da resursebs iyenebs produqciisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis<br />
mogebis miRebis mizniT.<br />
komerciuli organizaciis saqmianoba mimarTulia mogebis<br />
miRebaze, es aris misi mTavari mizani. arakomerciuli organizaciis<br />
mizani ar aris mogebis miReba da misi ganawileba. orive tipis<br />
organizacia SeiZleba gaerTiandnen kavSirebsa da asociaciebSi.<br />
saqmianobis mizanze damokidebulebiT nebismieri firma SeiZleba iyos:<br />
komerciuli organizacia;<br />
arakomerciuli organizacia.<br />
saqmianobis saxeebisa da Sesrulebuli operaciebis xasiaTis mixedviT ganasxvaveben<br />
Semdeg firmebs: industriuli, savaWro, satransporto, satransporto-saeqspeditoro,<br />
sadazRvevo, inJiniringuli, turistuli, turoperatiuli, saarendo, sareklamo firmebi<br />
da saagentoebi da sxva.<br />
sakuTrebis<br />
formis mixedviT<br />
firma SeiZleba<br />
ekuTvnodes<br />
<br />
erT pirs _ individualuri sawarmo<br />
or an met partniors _ partnioruli sawarmo<br />
mraval partniors _ korporaciuli sawarmo<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s – <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sawarmo<br />
saqarTveloSi sididis mixedviT ganasxvaveben:<br />
mcire firmebs (dasaqmebulTa raodenoba ar unda aRematebodes 20 dasaqmebuls, xolo<br />
wliuri brunva 0,5 mln lars);<br />
saSualo firmebs (asamde dasaqmebuli da wliuri brunva 1,5 mln laramde);<br />
msxvil firmebs.<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeebis klasifikaciaSi<br />
ekonomikis dargebis mixedviT gamoiyofa Semdegi seqciebi<br />
soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba, TevzWera, meTevzeoba;<br />
samTomopovebiTi mrewveloba;<br />
damamuSavebeli mrewveloba;<br />
eleqtroenergiis, airis, orTqlisa da cxeli wylis warmoeba da ganawileba;<br />
mSenebloba;<br />
vaWroba; avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis<br />
remonti;<br />
sastumroebi da restornebi;<br />
transporti da kavSirgabmuloba; safinanso saqmianoba;<br />
operaciebi uZravi qonebiT, ijara da momxmareblisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva;<br />
29
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mmarTveloba;<br />
ganaTleba;<br />
janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri daxmareba;<br />
komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis gaweva;<br />
Sinamosamsaxuris saqmianoba da Sinameurneobebis saqmianoba, dakavSirebuli saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis warmoebasTan sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis;<br />
eqsteritoriebis organizaciebis saqmianoba.<br />
30<br />
!<br />
sabazro ekonomikis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala mewarmeTa fenaa,<br />
romelic bazris karnaxiT moqmedebs da amiT uzrunvelyofs qveynis<br />
ekonomikis srulyofas da ganviTarebas. rac ufro myarad Camoyalibdeba<br />
mewarmeTa klasi, miT ufro male gamova qveyana ekonomikuri<br />
krizisidan. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m mewarmeebs unda Seuqmnas xelsayreli socialuri,<br />
politikuri, samarTlebrivi da sabazro garemo. sabazro<br />
ekonomikis pirobebSi mewarmes unda marTavdes mxolod bazari da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si<br />
moqmedi kanonmdebloba.
? 1.<br />
II<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> da<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong><br />
gaixseneT, romeli<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
problemebis gada<br />
wyveta uxdebaT<br />
qve y nebs?<br />
8<br />
ra miznebi aqvs Cvens<br />
ekonomikur sistemas?<br />
2. daasaxeleT qveyana,<br />
ro melsac<br />
re sur sebis Se z<br />
Rudulobisa da<br />
moT x ovnilebebis ganusazRvrelobis problema ar awuxebs.<br />
3. DTqveni azriT, romeli miznis miRwevaa qveynisTvis ufro faseuli da mniSvnelovani?<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
zrda<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
Tanasworoba<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisufleba<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
socialuri<br />
miznebi<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
stabiluroba<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
efeqtianoba<br />
31
savarjiSo<br />
sabazro<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
sistema<br />
32<br />
jgufuri muSaoba axal terminebze<br />
a) imuSaveT wyvilebSi.<br />
• rogor gesmiT sqemaze gamosaxuli<br />
TiToeuli terminis Sinaarsi?<br />
• sad SegxvedriaT es terminebi?<br />
• ra magaliTebi SegiZliaT moiyvanoT<br />
am terminebTan mimarTebaSi?<br />
b) moifiqreT TiToeuli terminis<br />
gansazRvreba da furcelze<br />
CamowereT.<br />
miniSneba: yuradReba gaamaxvileT<br />
sityvaze `ekonomikuri~.<br />
g) gaecaniT erTmaneTis mosazrebebs.<br />
ra gaigeT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s socialuri<br />
miznebis Sesaxeb?<br />
miRebuli informacia warmoadgineT<br />
cxrilis saxiT.<br />
vici<br />
(I)<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
Tavisufleba<br />
niSnavs arCevanis<br />
Tavisuflebas<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
stabiluroba<br />
niSnavs ....<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
efeqtianoba<br />
niSnavs ....<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
Tanasworoba<br />
niSnavs ....<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
zrda<br />
niSnavs ....<br />
rig<br />
SemTxvevaSi,<br />
xom ar zRudavs<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ...<br />
ekonomikur<br />
Tavisuflebas?<br />
ekonomikur<br />
stabilurobas?<br />
ekonomikur<br />
efeqtianobas?<br />
ekonomikur<br />
Tanasworobas<br />
ekonomikur<br />
zrdas?<br />
ekonomikuri sistema SeiZleba aRvweroT rogorc kanonebis,<br />
adamianuri faseulobebis, interesebis, organizaciebis erToblioba,<br />
sadac xdeba ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba.<br />
Sereuli<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
sistema<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
sistemis<br />
saxeebi<br />
tradiciuli<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
sistema<br />
mbrZanebluri<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
sistema<br />
arsebobs tradiciuli, mbrZanebluri, sabazro da<br />
Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema. TiToeul sistemaSi<br />
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri problemebi `ra vawarmooT~,<br />
`rogor vawarmooT~ da `visTvis vawarmooT~ sxvadasxvanairad<br />
wydeba.<br />
`rogor<br />
vawarmooT~<br />
`visTvis<br />
vawarmooT~<br />
`ra<br />
vawarmooT~
tradiciuli<br />
tradiciul ekonomikur sistemaSi adamianebi Taobidan Taobamde<br />
imeorebdnen warmoebisa da ganawilebisa meTodebs.<br />
mbrZaneblur <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebi yvela ekonomikur<br />
saqmianobas mimarTulebas aZleven _ <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> iRebs<br />
gadawyvetilebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra, rogor da visTvis iqnas warmoebuli.<br />
mTeli qoneba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s xelSia da ar arsebobs kerZo<br />
sakuTreba.<br />
sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si ekonomikuri saqmianoba organizebulia<br />
bazrebis meSveobiT. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s roli SezRudulia.<br />
ekonomikur sistemas, romelSic <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> kontrolis elementebi<br />
Serwymulia kerZo mflobelobasTan Sereuli ekonomikuri<br />
sistema ewodeba.<br />
ekonomikuri sistemis tipebi<br />
sakuTreba miwaze da kapitali<br />
koleqtiuri kerZo <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
arsebuli<br />
tradiciebis<br />
mixedviT<br />
sabazro<br />
(kapitalisturi)<br />
SezRuduli resursebis ganawileba<br />
bazris<br />
meSevobiT<br />
komanduri<br />
(socialisturi)<br />
centralizebulad<br />
da Sesabamisadsaxelmwofo<br />
gegmis<br />
mixedviT<br />
Sereuli<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
da kerZo<br />
bazrebis<br />
daxmarebiT da<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
monawileobiT<br />
(sabazro da<br />
komanduri<br />
meqanizmebi)<br />
davaleba waikiTxeT teqsti. daasaxeleT frazebi, romlebic Tqvens varauds<br />
amtkicebs an uaryofs; daasaxeleT mniSvnelovani informacia, romlis<br />
aRmoCenac moulodneli iyo an ris Sesaxebac metis gageba gsurT.<br />
sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si (anu Tavisufal <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si) bazari TviTon<br />
aregulirebs kerZo mewarmeTa da individualur momxmarebelTa urTierTobebs.<br />
sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong> Semdeg ZiriTad principebs emyareba:<br />
Tavisufali mewarmeoba, sakuTrebis mravalferovneba da sabazro<br />
faswarmoqmna.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis dros adamianebi da firmebi bazarze sxvadasxva<br />
formiT monawileoben _ rogorc momxmareblebi, mwarmoeblebi, muSebi,<br />
danazogebis mflobelebi da investorebi. maTi gadawyvetilebebi sxva<br />
33
34<br />
dasxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moTxovnasa da miwodebaze aisaxeba. sabazro<br />
fasebi da maTi cvlileba signals aZlevs mwarmoeblebs (gamyidvelebs)<br />
imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra undaT momxmareblebs (myidvelebs).<br />
msoflioSi arcerTi ekonomikuri sistema ar aris warmodgenili<br />
wminda tradiciuli, mbrZanebluri da sabazro ekonomikis saxiT. XX<br />
saukunis bolo aTwleulidan msoflioSi bevrma ekonomikurma sistemam<br />
cvlileba ganicada. magaliTad, tradiciis elementebi ufro<br />
aSkarad igrZnoboda aziisa da afrikis ganviTarebadi qveynebis soflebSi.<br />
Tumca, amJamad es raionebi sabazro an mbrZanebluri ekonomikis<br />
gavlenasac ganicdian. mbrZanebluri meTodebi arsebobda yofil sab<br />
WoTa kavSirSi. CineTSi mbrZanebluri ekonomikis elementebi Serwymulia<br />
tradiciul da sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>sTan.<br />
ekonomikuri sistemis Sesabamisad, qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
garkveul rols asrulebs. rodesac calkeuli individebi an jgufebi<br />
Semosavlebis ganawilebiT ukmayofiloni arian, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> xSirad xelaxla,<br />
pirdapiri gziT axdens maT gadanawilebas.<br />
mbrZanebluri da sabazro ekonomikebis Sedareba<br />
mbrZanebluri <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si<br />
• yvela saxis resursze <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaa (garda adamianuri resursebisa).<br />
• resursebis pirvelad ganawilebas<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebi gansazRvraven.<br />
• mgegmavebis mier dawesebuli xelfasebi<br />
Semosavlebis Tanasworobis<br />
safuZvelia.<br />
• ar arsebobs umuSevroba.<br />
• <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sawarmos safrTxe ar<br />
emuqreba, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> subsidiebis,<br />
fasebis gazrdis nebarTvis an sagadasaxado<br />
valdebulebebisagan ganTavisuflebis<br />
gamo.<br />
• socialuri miznebis Sesabamisad da<br />
momxmareblis azris TiTqmis gauTvaliswineblad,<br />
mgegmavebi warmoebis<br />
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs iReben.<br />
• momxmareblebs araviTari gavlena ara<br />
aqvT warmoebuli produqtis fasze,<br />
raodenobaze an xarisxze.<br />
• ekonomikuri damoukideblobis mizniT<br />
sagareo vaWroba SezRudulia.<br />
• Cveulebriv, sabazro wonasworobis<br />
fasze dabla dawesebuli fasebi<br />
saqonlis gayidvasa da fasebis kontrols<br />
uzrunvelyofen.<br />
• yvela saxis resursze kerZo sakuTrebaa.<br />
• produqtebsa da resursebs sabazro<br />
fasebi gansazRvravn.<br />
• Semosavali damokidebulia individebis<br />
kuTvnil gasayid resursebze.<br />
• umuSevrobis zogierTi forma misaRebia,<br />
radgan adamianebi samuSaos<br />
icvlian, mewarmeebi sxvadasxva unarebs<br />
iTxoven, arsebobs cikluri<br />
ryevebi da moTxovnis sezonuri cvlilebebi.<br />
• warmoebis Sesaxeb firmebis gadawyvetilebaSi<br />
ZiriTad rols momxmareblis<br />
moTxovna asrulebs.<br />
• saerTaSoriso specializacia xels<br />
uwyobs konkurencias da warmoebis<br />
danaxarjebsa da fasebs dabal doneze<br />
inarCunebs.<br />
• fasebi moxmarebasa da warmoebas sabazro<br />
wonasworul doneze aregulirebs.
?<br />
eTanxmebiT Tu ara debulebebs?<br />
1. mbrZaneblur ekonomikur sistemaSi mgegmavebi aweseben fasebs, gamoSvebis<br />
moculobas, kapitalisa da investiciebis ganawilebas da zogjer TviT<br />
xelfasebsac ki imisaTvis, rom yvelas dasaqmebaSi darwmunebulni iyvnen;<br />
imsjeleT<br />
2. mbrZanebluri ekonomikisaTvis gamoSvebis (Sedegis) stabiluroba da<br />
Tanasworoba metad mniSvnelovania, vidre sabazro ekonomikisaTvis;<br />
3. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi ekonomikuri zrda centraluri mgegmavebis<br />
mier ganisazRvreba;<br />
4. mbrZaneblur <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si ekonomikuri Tavisufleba SezRudulia da msxverplad<br />
iseTi miznebis miRwevas ewireba, romelsac mgegmavebi sazogadoebis<br />
saerTo keTildReobisaTvis saukeTesod Tvlian.<br />
1. rogor fiqrobT, sabazro ekonomikis qveynebi ufro ukeT viTardebian<br />
Tu mbrZanebluri ekonomikuri sistemis mqone qveynebi? pasuxi daasabuTeT;<br />
2. romel ekonomikur sistemaSi SeiZleba iyos ekonomikuri Tavisufleba<br />
da kerZo sakuTeba?<br />
3. Tu icnobT adamianebs, romlebic sxvadasxva saqonelsa da momsaxurebas<br />
ufasod iReben? Tu icnobT adamianebs, romlebic umuSevrobis<br />
Semweobebs, socialuri dacvis sapensio daxmarebebs iReben?<br />
4. CamowereT erTi dRis ganmavlobaSi momxdari movlenebi. yuradReba<br />
gaamaxvileT, rogor gavlenas axdens <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> programebi<br />
Tqveni ojaxis cxovrebaze (magaliTad, Semweobebi, komunaluri gadasaxadebis<br />
SeRavaTebi, janmrTelobis dazRveva da sxv).<br />
35
saSinao davalebis prezentacia<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s SeuZlia garkveul sazRvrebSi<br />
daexmaros <strong>ekonomika</strong>s, magram misi SesaZleblobebi<br />
– ziani miayenos mas, ganusazRvrelia~.<br />
jon meinard keinsi<br />
xanmoklea im xelisuflebis Zalaufleba, romelic<br />
xalxis sazianod marTavs.<br />
seneka<br />
36<br />
9-10<br />
ra unda gaakeTos<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m?<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> akontrolebs <strong>ekonomika</strong>s?<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mTeli istoriis manZilze <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ekonomikis<br />
ganuyofel nawilad ganixileboda da ganixileba. miuxedavad <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri<br />
funqciebis Sesaxeb ekonomikur TeoriaSi arsebul azrTa radikaluri sxvadasxvaobisa,<br />
Tanamedrove <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ekonomikis regulirebaSi aqtiurad monawileobs, rac<br />
Tavis mxriv uciloblad ganapirobebs ekonomikuri politikis formirebas.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan ekonomikis regulirebaSi monawileobis xarisxi gansxvavebulia,<br />
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad amisa, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si yvelgan gamodis<br />
rogorc regulatori anu ekonomikuri politikis SemmuSavebeli da ganmaxorcielebeli,<br />
aseve rogorc uSualod ekonomikuri subieqti.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze zemoqmedebis berketebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sakmaod SezRudulia, ekonomikuri miznebis sworad<br />
SerCevas, maTi miRwevis SesaZlo variantebis gaTvlasa da Sedegebis winaswar ganWvretas<br />
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s roli <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si TandaTanobiT, magram ganuxrelad izrdeba, gansakuTrebiT<br />
socialuri uzrunvelyofis regulirebis sferoSi. sferoSi. amas Tundac is<br />
faqtic adasturebs, rom yvelaze ganviTarebul kapitalistur qveynebSi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
mier gaweulma xarjebma Tu 1913 wels saSualod mTliani Sida produqtis (ganmarteba<br />
ixileT momdevno gverdze) 13% Seadgines, gasuli saukunis bolosaTvis igive maCvenebeli<br />
ukve 45% iyo.<br />
mxolod <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s gaaCnia is umniSvnelovanesi instrumentebi, romliTac<br />
ekonomikis regulireba SesaZlebelia. mag. fulis gamoSveba, denacionalizacia da<br />
sxva. ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sxva subieqtebs ar gaaCniaT msgavsi Zlieri berketebi.<br />
kidev didi xnis ganmavlobaSi isini isev <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s eqskluziur mflobelobaSi<br />
darCebian.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri politika aris xelisuflebis mier<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s miznebidan, amocanebidan da interesebidan gamomdinare<br />
ekonomikis sferoSi gatarebul RonisZiebaTa, qmedebaTa sistema<br />
da ekonomikuri procesebisaTvis gansazRvruli mimarTulebebis<br />
micema, ekonomikuri qcevebis an maTi Sedegebis gakontroleba da ma<br />
Tze zemoqmedeba.
ekonomikuri<br />
politika<br />
moicavs<br />
• struqturul politikas;<br />
• sainvesticio politikas;<br />
• fuladsakredito politikas;<br />
• socialur politikas;<br />
• sagareoekonomikur politikas;<br />
• samecnieroteqnikur politikas;<br />
• sagadasaxadosabiujeto politikas;<br />
• samrewvelo, agrarul da a.S. ekonomikur<br />
politikas.<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba gulisxmobs arCevanis Tavisuflebas:<br />
momxmareblebisaTvis – Tu rogor daxarjon an dazogon Semosavali,<br />
muSakebisaTvis – sad daiwyon an Seicvalon samuSao, mewarmeebisaTvis<br />
– daiwyon axali biznesi an daxuron Zveli firma.<br />
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) aris erTi wlis manZilze qveyanaSi<br />
Seqmnili saboloo moxmarebis saqoneli da momsaxureba.<br />
ekonomikuri zrda xdeba maSin, rodesac izrdeba qveyanaSi Seqmnili<br />
realuri mTliani Sida produqti (mSp).<br />
erT sul mosaxleze mSp _ qveynis cxovrebis donis ZiriTadi<br />
maCvenebelia. igi izomeba realuri mSp gayofili qveynis mosaxleobis<br />
ricxovnobaze. imisaTvis, rom erT sul mosaxleze mSp gaizardos,<br />
qveyanam yovelwliurad warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
raodenoba unda gazardos. mSp–s wliuri zrda 3dan 4%mde damakmayofilebel<br />
miznad ganixileba.<br />
ekonomikur stabilurobas arRvevs <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si warmoebuli<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis saSualo donis cvlileba (zrda<br />
an Semcireba).<br />
ekonomikuri Tanasworoba aris ekonomikuri saqmianobis samar<br />
Tlianoba. samarTlianobis sakiTxi wamoiWreba gacvlisas an Semosavlebis<br />
ganawilebisas: sxvadasxva Semosavlis mqone adamianebis<br />
dabegvrisas, dabalSemosavliani ojaxebisaTvis daxmarebis programebis<br />
ganxorcielebisas da sxv.<br />
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba niSnavs SezRuduli resursebis yairaTian<br />
gamoyenebas. qveynis ekonomikisaTvis amas orgvari Sedegi<br />
moaqvs: 1) iwarmoeba is saqonli da momsaxureba, rac adamianebs<br />
yvelaze metad surT; 2) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi xdeba<br />
resursebis ekonomia, dazogva da naklebi danaxarjebiT meti Sedegis<br />
miReba.<br />
37
imsjeleT<br />
38<br />
waikiTxeT teqsti. daasaxeleT adgili, romelic Tqvens varauds amtkicebs<br />
an uaryofs; daasaxeleT mocemulia mniSvnelovani informacia,<br />
romlis aRmoCenac moulodneli iyo an ris Sesaxebac metis gageba gsurT.<br />
yvela ekonomikuri sistema farTo socialuri miznebis miRwevas cdlobs,<br />
es miznebi ekonomikur Tavisuflebas, ekonomikur zrdas, ekonomikur<br />
stabilurobas, ekonomikur Tanasworobas da ekonomikur<br />
efeqtianobas moicavs.<br />
sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis erTi mizani ufro mniSvnelovania,<br />
vidre meore. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi sul ufro bevri qveyana<br />
cdilobs mbrZanebluri ekonomikidan sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze gadasvlas,<br />
raTa Tavisi SezRuduli resursebi ukeT gaanawilos.<br />
es miznebi ekonomikuri sistemis Sefasebis kriteriumad gamoiyeneba; Tumca<br />
xSirad sxvadasxva qveynisa da sxvadasxva ekonomikur sistemaSi mcxovrebi<br />
adamianebi ver Tanxmdebian imis Sesaxeb, Tu romeli mizania umniSvnelovanesi.<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara sruli ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis miRweva? zogjer<br />
adamianis Tavisufleba sazogadoebis zogadi keTildReobisaTvis unda<br />
SeizRudos. magaliTad, ukanonoa zogierTi saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
(mag., heroinis, saarCevno xmebis) yidvagayidva. arsebobs produqtebi<br />
(mag. alkoholi da Tambaqos nawarmi) romelTa yidvagayidva xSirad nawilobriv<br />
SezRudulia (magaliTad asakobrivi SezRudva). sazogadoeba iRebs<br />
kanonebs, romlebic zogjer afarToebs, zogjer ki zRudavs ekonomikur<br />
Tavisuflebas.<br />
fasebis donis moulodneli cvlileba sazianoa adamianTa erTi jgufisaTvis,<br />
magram SesaZloa xelsayreli iyos meore jgufisaTvis. magali<br />
Tad, produqtebis fasebis zrda azaralebs gansazRvruli Semosavlebis<br />
mqone adamianebs, xolo mogebas moutans maT, vinc gayidvidan sargebels<br />
iRebs. fasebis stabiluroba xelsayrelia ekonomikuri usafrTxoebisaTvis<br />
da investirebisaTvis.<br />
savarjiSo 1<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s farTo socialuri miznebi<br />
Tqven sakuTari, ararealuri qveynis (sazogadoebis) Seqmnis SesaZlebloba<br />
gaqvT. TiToeul TqvenTagans sxvadasxva socialuri miznebis<br />
Sesafaseblad 100 qula aqvs. gaanawileT igi socialuri miznebis<br />
mixedviT. magaliTad, Tu ekonomikuri Tavisufleba sxva miznebze metad<br />
mniSvnelovnad migaCniaT, SeafaseT maRali quliT, Tu naklebmniSvnelovania<br />
_ dabali quliT. qulaTa saerTo jami 100 unda iyos.<br />
• ekonomikuri Tavisufleba<br />
• ekonomikuri zrda<br />
• ekonomikuri stabiluroba<br />
?<br />
• ekonomikuri Tanasworoba<br />
• ekonomikuri efeqtianoba<br />
a) rogor gaanawileT qulebi? ganmrteT Tqveni gadawyvetileba.<br />
b) aris Tu ara klasSi qulaTa ganawilebis sxvadasxvagvri variantebi?<br />
ra aris am mravalferovnebis mizezi?<br />
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri sistemis mxardamWerebic iseve sxvadasxvagvarad afaseben<br />
farTo socialur miznebs, rogorc TiToeuli TqvenTagani.
savarjiSo 2<br />
vqmniT sazogadoebriv politikas – kanonebs,<br />
debulebebs, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> programebs<br />
sazogadoebrivi politikis sakiTxebidan airCieT erT-erTi, Tqven-<br />
Tvis yvelaze saintereso sakiTxi.<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
sazogadoebrivi politikis sakiTxebi:<br />
1. yvela moqalaqe ufaso saswrafo samedicino momsaxurebiT unda iqnas<br />
uzrunvelyofili;<br />
2. moweva akrZaluli unda iyos sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi;<br />
3. qarTuli ludis mwarmoeblebis dacvis mizniT importul ludze<br />
tarifi unda gadiddes.<br />
mcire jgufebSi SeasruleT davaleba:<br />
• Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis irgvliv SeimuSaveT iseTi sazogadoebrivi<br />
politika (kanoni, debuleba an <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> programa), romelic<br />
exmaureba problemas;<br />
• gansazRvreT, romeli miznis (miznebis) mxardaWeras cdilobs Tqvens<br />
mier SemuSavebuli sazogadoebrivi politika da axseniT, ra gavlenas<br />
moaxdens igi sxva miznis (miznebis) miRwevaze;<br />
• gansazRvreT, rogor ekonomikur sistemaSi SeiZleba es politika<br />
ganxorcieldes da ratom? ekonomikuri sistemis romeli tipi (mbr<br />
Zanebluri an sabazro) ufro miesadageba am politikis cxovrebaSi<br />
gatarebas?<br />
jgufebi akeTeben prezentacias da erTmaneTs uziareben mosazrebebs<br />
sazogadoebrivi politikis Sesaxeb.<br />
1. romeli farTo socialuri mizani migaCniT yvelaze arsebiTad?<br />
2. socialuri miznebis sakuTari an klasis Sefasebebis mixedviT (savarjiSo<br />
1) gansazRvreT bazarze ufro orientirebulia utopiuri<br />
sazogadoeba, Tu mbrZaneblur <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.<br />
3. daubrundiT savarjiSo 1s, romlis Sesrulebac wina gakveTilze daviwyeT.<br />
gadaikiTxeT da SeasworeT Tqveni azrebi.<br />
aRwereT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania farTo socialuri miznebi<br />
mbrZaneblur da sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si?<br />
1. ratom gadadis msoflios bevri qveyana sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze?<br />
2. ramdenad warmatebuli SeiZleba iyos TqvenTvis sasurveli qveynis<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong> TiToeuli socialuri miznis miRwevaSi da ra gavlena eqneba<br />
amas qveynis moqalaqeebze?<br />
39
imsjeleT<br />
? vin<br />
savarjiSo<br />
40<br />
11<br />
• ramdenad didi unda iyos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
roli Cvens <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si? SeuzRudavi Tu<br />
SezRuduli?<br />
• aageT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s rolis mniSvnelobis<br />
Sefasebis wrfe.<br />
rogoria <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
ekonomikuri funqciebi?<br />
unda ganaxorcielos qvemoTCamoTvlili saqmianoba qveyanaSi?<br />
a) erovnuli Tavdacvisunarianobis ganmtkiceba;<br />
b) avtomagistralebis mSenebloba da SekeTeba;<br />
g) sakuTrebis uflebis miniWeba;<br />
d) vaqcinacia;<br />
e) pensionerTa samedicino daxmareba;<br />
v) kvebis produqtebis xarisxis Semowmeba;<br />
z) RaribebisaTvis Semweobebis gacema;<br />
T) dabinZurebuli mdinaris gawmenda;<br />
i) erovnuli nakrZalebisa da tyeparkebis dacva.<br />
ramdeni unda gaakeTos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m?<br />
waikiTxeT baraTebze aRwerili sxvadasxva piradi da sociluri<br />
miznebi.<br />
• <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s romel qmedebebs eTanxmebiT da romels ara?<br />
• ramdenad exmareba an ramdenad azaralebs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> programebi<br />
adamianebs da mTel qveyanas im miznis SesrulebiT, rac Tqvens<br />
baraTzea aRwerili?<br />
• daasaxeleT Tqvens baraTze aRwerili programebis dadebiTi da<br />
uaryofiTi mxareebi.<br />
mizani: jinsis yidva.<br />
SesaZlebelia uamravi stilis, markis, fasisa<br />
da xarisxis jinsis yidva, romlebsac sxvadasxva<br />
konkurentuli maRaziebi yidian.<br />
savaWro baraTebi<br />
1 2<br />
mizani: jinsis yidva.<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi stilis jinsis<br />
yidva, romelic <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sawarmos mier<br />
aris warmoebuli. warmoebis kvotebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
mgegmavebma daaweses. xSirad jinsi<br />
maRaziebSi ar iSoveba. mxolod Sav bazarzea<br />
maRal fasebad.
mizani: sufTa haeri<br />
sawarmoo kompaniebma dabinZureba unda Seamciron<br />
an gadaixadon jarimebi.<br />
mizani: sufTa wyali.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> yidis dabinZurebis uflebas da<br />
gascems licenziebs. firmebi licenziebs im<br />
SemTxvevaSi yiduloben, Tu licenziis SeZena<br />
ufro iafi ujdebaT, vidre daubinZureblobis<br />
danaxarjebi.<br />
mizani: inflaciis moTokva.<br />
centraluri banki zrdis saprocento ganakveTs,<br />
roca inflaciis Semcireba unda.<br />
mizani: kompaniis konkurentunarianobis<br />
SenarCuneba.<br />
zogierTi kompania aTavisuflebs muSaxels<br />
imisaTvis, rom Seamciros produqciis fasi da<br />
aamaRlos mwarmoebloba, raTa konkurencia<br />
gauwios Sida da ucxour firmebs.<br />
mizani: karg magistralebze siaruli.<br />
axali gzebi agebulia da gadasaxadebiT xerxdeba<br />
maTi karg mdgomareobaSi SenarCuneba.<br />
mizani: ufro did saxlSi gadasvla.<br />
individebs SeuZliaT Seisyidon, gayidon, an iqiraon<br />
saxli, miwis nakveTi an bina.<br />
3<br />
5<br />
7<br />
9<br />
11<br />
13<br />
mizani: sufTa haeri.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> moxeleebi sawarmos produqciis<br />
gamoSvebis did moculobas avaleben, rac dabinZurebas<br />
iwvevs, magram Semdeg, haeris xarisxis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad, warmoebis Semcirebaze<br />
msjeloben.<br />
mizani: sufTa wyali.<br />
dabinZurebis kontrolis RonisZiebebi tardeba<br />
mxolod maSin, Tu dabinZurebis Semcireba<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> moxeleTa da mgegmavebisaTvis<br />
imaze mniSvnelovani mizania, vidre <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
sawarmoebis mier meti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoeba.<br />
mizani: inflaciis moTokva.<br />
saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze oficialur<br />
fasebs aweseben <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebi da<br />
Cveulebriv, oficialuri fasebis doneze inflacia<br />
ar arsebobs.<br />
mizani: kompaniis konkurentunarianobis<br />
SenarCuneba.<br />
Semcireba (muSaxelis gaTavisufleba) xels uSlis<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebis mizans (umuSevrobis aRmofxvra).<br />
saerTaSoriso vaWrobas zRudaven, raTa xeli<br />
Seuwyon erovnul TviTuzrunvelyofas da gamoricxon<br />
konkurencia ucxouri firmebis mxridan.<br />
mizani: karg magistralebze siaruli.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebi gamoyofen garkveul<br />
resursebs gzebis agebisa da SekeTebisaTvis,<br />
sxva resursebs ki _ <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> firmebSi<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis.<br />
mizani: ufro did saxlSi gadasvla.<br />
mTavroba aSenebs binebs da sTavazobs maT<br />
ojaxebs iseT kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT,<br />
rogoricaa ojaxis suladoba da binis rigSi<br />
yofnis xanrgrZlivoba. individebs ar aqvT<br />
ufleba iyidon an gayidon saxlebi, binebi, an<br />
miwis nakveTebi.<br />
41<br />
4<br />
6<br />
8<br />
10<br />
12<br />
14
15<br />
mizani: kolejSi Caricxva da geologiis<br />
swavla.<br />
individebs SeuZliaT nebismier kolejSi an<br />
universitetSi Caricxva da sagnebis arCeva.<br />
studentebma unda gadaixadon swavlis safasuri.<br />
mizani: axali biznesis dawyeba.<br />
mewarmeebs SeuZliaT Seisyidon, iqiraon da organizeba<br />
gaukeTon resursebs axali biznesis<br />
dasawyebad.<br />
mizani: Raribebsa da moxucebze zrunva.<br />
sagadasaxado Semosavlebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva<br />
daxmarebebis, samedicino da socialuri<br />
dazRvevis uzrunvelsayofad. bevr momuSaves<br />
aqvs kerZo pensia an/da danazogi.<br />
mizani: kargi samuSao.<br />
survilis SemTxvevaSi samsaxuris arCevis da<br />
Secvlis Tavisufleba. kargad muSaoba fasdeba<br />
maRali xelfasiT da sxva sargebeliT. zogier<br />
Ti adamiani sxvebze mets gamoimuSavebs.<br />
mizani: umuSevrobis Tavidan acileba.<br />
45%iani umuSevroba iTvleba srul dasaqmebad,<br />
radgan momuSaveebi icvlian samuSaos.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri politika<br />
mimarTulia umuSevrobis aRmosafxvrelad.<br />
mizani: ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri politika gamoiyeneba<br />
wlidan wlamde mdgradi ekonomikuri<br />
zrdis SesanarCuneblad. investiciebis umetesoba<br />
axal qarxnebSi, manqanadanadgarebSi da<br />
teqnoligiebSi ideba da damyarebulia pirad<br />
danazogebze dafuZnebul kerZo firmebze.<br />
42<br />
17<br />
19<br />
21<br />
23<br />
25<br />
mizani: kolejSi Caricxva da geologiis<br />
swavla.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebi gansazRvraven, vin romeli<br />
sagani unda iswavlos. mTavroba ixdis saswavleblebSi<br />
Caricxuli studentebis swavlis<br />
safasurs.<br />
mizani: axali biznesis dawyeba.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sakuTrebaSi arsebuli didi qarxnebi<br />
awarmoeben produqciis umravlesobas.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebi wyveten, aaSenon Tu ara<br />
axali qarxnebi da Seqmnan axali firmebi.<br />
mizani: Raribebsa da moxucebze zrunva.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier garantirebulia yvela<br />
moqalaqis samedicino daxmareba, pensia da<br />
sacxovrebeli farTi.<br />
mizani: kargi samuSao.<br />
adamianebs sxvadasxva samuSaoebSi erTnair,<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebis mier dadgenil xelfass<br />
uxdian. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s nebarTvis gareSe<br />
axal samuSaoze, sacxovrebel farTze da a.S.<br />
gadasvlis SezRuduli Tavisufleba.<br />
mizani: umuSevrobis Tavidan acileba.<br />
yvela dasaqmebulia, amitom oficialuri umu<br />
Sevroba ar arsebobs. zogierTi samuSao Senar<br />
Cunebulia maSinac ki, roca is TiTqmis arafris<br />
momtania, oRond yvela dasaqmebuli iyos.<br />
mizani: ekonomikuri zrdis stimulireba.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> mgegmavebi sazRvraven investiciebis<br />
dones da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> organizaciebma am miznebs<br />
unda miaRwion. investiciebi finansdeba mgegmavebis<br />
mier warmoebis saSualebebSi meti resursebis dabandebiT<br />
da samomxmareblo saqonlis sawarmoeblad<br />
naklebi resursebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
16<br />
18<br />
20<br />
22<br />
24<br />
26
mizani: moqalaqeebis Sesabamisi<br />
samedicino momsaxureba.<br />
sabazro fasiT jandacva da mkurnaloba maT<br />
Tvisaa xelmisawvdomi, visac gadaxda SeuZlia.<br />
yvela individi ver Rebulobs samedicino daxmarebas<br />
kerZo firmebisagan.<br />
? gaixseneT,<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba.<br />
sazogadoebrivia saqoneli da momsaxureba xasiaTdeba saziaro<br />
moxmarebiT. saziaro moxmareba niSnavs, rom saqoneli da momsaxureba<br />
SeiZleba moixmaros erTze metma pirma da amave dros<br />
ar Semcirdes sxvebis mier moxmarebuli produqtis raodenoba.<br />
mas ,,ver waarTmev” maT, vinc ar ixdis, radganac am saqonelsa<br />
da momsaxurebas mainc miiRebs. kerZo seqtori ar awarmoebs am<br />
saqonelsa da momsaxurebas, radgan mwarmoeblebma ician, rom<br />
maTTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba misi gayidva. sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da momsaxureba xasiaTdeba<br />
saziaro moxmarebiT. sazogadoebrivi saqonlis magaliTia erovnuli Tavdacva,<br />
gzebi, magistralebi, skverebi da a.S.<br />
Tanmdevi (gare) efeqtebis koreqtireba – <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s SeuZlia<br />
gamoiyenos sagadasaxado politika, imisTvis, rom moaxdinos saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis Warbwarmoebis an arasakmarisi warmoebis<br />
mowesrigeba. magaliTad, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> gadasaxads uwesebs sawarmos,<br />
romelic haers abinZurebs da amiT zRudavs mis saqmianobas.<br />
konkurenciis SenarCuneba – sabazro<br />
ekonomikis qveynebi uzrunvelyofen konkurencias sxvadasxva bazarze.<br />
konkurencias gamyidvelebs Soris Sedegad dabali fasebi,<br />
produqciis maRali xarisxi da momxmarebelTa ukeTesi momsaxureba<br />
mohyveba.<br />
27<br />
ra aris sazogadoebrivi saqoneli?<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
ekonomikuri funqciebi<br />
mizani: moqalaqeebis Sesabamisi<br />
samedicino momsaxureba.<br />
uzrunvelyofilia samedicino daxmareba, magram<br />
didi rigebia zogierTi saxis mkurnalobasa<br />
da momsaxurebaze.<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba<br />
Tanmdevi (gare) efeqtebis koreqtireba<br />
konkurenciis uzrunvelyofa<br />
kanonebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
Semosavlebis gadanawileba<br />
umuSevrobisa da inflaciis regulireba<br />
43<br />
28
kanonebis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofa – <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> qmnis<br />
kanonebs, romlebic moqalaqeTa sxvadasxva uflebebs gansaz<br />
Rvraven. magaliTad, kanoni mewarmeTa Sesaxeb, kanoni sakuTrebis<br />
Sesaxeb da sxv. sakuTrebis uflebebi moicavs kerZo sakuTrebis<br />
gamoyenebis, ganviTarebisa da gadacemis uflebas; Semosavlebis<br />
gamomuSavebis, dazogvis da zrdis uflebebs, samuSaos Secvlis<br />
uflebas.<br />
44<br />
Semosavlis gadanawileba – <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> gadaanawilebs Semosavlebs<br />
gadasaxadebis dawesebis gziT da daxmarebebis gacemis programebiT. magaliTad,<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> gascems socialuri dacvis Semweobebs da umuSevrobis<br />
kompensacias.<br />
inflaciisa da umuSevrobis Semcireba – fasebis saerTo donis,<br />
anu inflaciisa da umuSevrobis zrdis SesaCereblad <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
axorcielebs sagadasaxado da xarjviTi politikas, romelic gavlenas<br />
axdens umuSevrobis, warmoebis da fasebis saerTo doneebze.<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
ese<br />
1. daubrundiT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s rolis mniSvnelobis Sefasebas, romelic am<br />
gakveTilis dasawyisSi ganvixileT. imsjeleT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri<br />
rolis Sesaxeb.<br />
2. `xelisuflebis kompetenciaa daxmareba gauwios Tbilisis mTavrobas<br />
aeroportebisa da sxva msgavsi satransporto obieqtebis mSeneblobaSi”.<br />
eTanxmebiT Tu ara am winadadebas? axseniT Tqveni pasuxi.<br />
3. `kerZo sakuTrebis, konkurenciisa da mogebis miRebis motivis dacva<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan Tanasworobis, efeqtianobisa da fasebis stabilurobis<br />
SenarCunebis saukeTeso gzaa“. eTanxmebiT Tu ara am winadadebas?<br />
daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.<br />
4. `qalaqis meria ar unda xarjavdes fuls parkebisa da skverebis mSeneblobasa<br />
da eqspluataciaze. es kerZo biznesis saqmea”. eTanxmebiT Tu<br />
ara am winadadebas? ganmarteT Tqveni pasuxi.<br />
survilisamebr SeasruleT erT-erTi davaleba:<br />
1. airCieT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s romelime funqcia. aRwereT, rogor sruldeba<br />
igi mbrZaneblur, sabazro, Sereul an tradiciul <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si. axseniT,<br />
ra gavlenas moaxdenda am Tu im <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> programis Sesruleba<br />
Tqvenze?<br />
2. airCieT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s erTerTi funqcia. aRwereT, rogor sruldeba<br />
igi sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si. SeajameT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> programebis dadebi<br />
Ti da uaryofiTi mxareebi ekonomikis calkeuli tipisaTvis.
imsjeleT<br />
12<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
biujeti<br />
1. daasaxeleT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri saqmianobis magaliTebi saqarTveloSi<br />
(regionSi, qalaqSi, sofelSi).<br />
2. raSi xarjavs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> fuls? saidan aqvs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s fuli?<br />
saidan iRebs da raSi xarjavs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> fuls?<br />
gadasaxadebi<br />
pensiebi<br />
socialuri<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
ufaso<br />
ganaTleba<br />
mosakrebeli<br />
jandacva<br />
grantebi<br />
erovnuli<br />
Tavdacva,<br />
policia<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
programebi<br />
Semosavlebi<br />
privatizaciebidan<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
vali<br />
mTavrobis<br />
xarjebi<br />
ekologia<br />
gadasaxadebis gareSe <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s sakuTari Tavis Senaxva ar SeuZlia, amitom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
kerZo pirebs da firmebs gadasaxadebiT begravs.<br />
sagadasaxado urTierTobebSi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> warmoadgens mTavar pirs, xolo gadasaxadis<br />
gadamxdeli kerZo pirebi da firmebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier kanoniT dadgenili gadasaxadebis<br />
gadamxdelebi arian.<br />
gadasaxadi – biujetSi aucilebeli gadaricxvebi, romelsac ixdian<br />
rogorc kerZo pirebi, aseve firmebi imisaTvis, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m<br />
SeZlos Tavisi ekonomikuri funqciebis Sesruleba.<br />
mosakrebeli – aucilebeli gadasaxdeli biujetSi, romelsac ixdian<br />
fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier maTTvis kanoniT<br />
gansazRvruli saqmianobis ganxorcielebisa Tu sargeblobis<br />
uflebis miniWebisaTvis, agreTve, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> organoebis mier<br />
gaweuli garkveuli momsaxurebisaTvis.<br />
45
? •<br />
46<br />
rogor unda gaanawilos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m Semosavlebis gziT miRebuli Tanxa?<br />
• arsebobs am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxi? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> gadasaxadebis gziT miRebul fuls biujetSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis<br />
saxiT agrovebs, Semdeg ki am Semosavlis garkveul nawils xarjavs socialuri, kulturuli<br />
da sxva <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> RonisZiebebisaTvis, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis,<br />
politikuri mowyobisaTvis, erovnuli TavdacvisaTvis, wesrigis damyarebisaTvis.<br />
biujeti dabalansebuli unda iyos, rac imas niSnavs, rom misi ori mxare – Semosavali<br />
da gasavali (xarjebi) gawonasworebul mdgomareobaSi unda imyofebodes.<br />
biujeti (Zveli normandiulidan budget safule) gansazRvruli<br />
piris (ojaxis, biznesis, organizaciis, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s da a.S.) Semosavlebisa<br />
da gasavlebis CamonaTvali, romelic ganisazRvreba konkretuli<br />
drois periodiT, Cveulebriv erTi wliT.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujeti <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s umniSvnelovanesi finansuri<br />
dokumenti. igi warmoadgens yvela uwyebis, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> samsaxurebis,<br />
samTavrobo programebis, yvela finansuri informaciis<br />
CamonaTvlis erTobliobas. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> xelisuflebis organoebis<br />
funqcionirebis ganxorcielebisaTvis saWiro fuladi saxsrebis<br />
mobilizaciisa da gamoyenebis ZiriTadi gegma.<br />
biujetis SeswavliT dakavebulia vrceli ekonomikuri mecniereba, saxelwodebiT –<br />
finansebi.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> qmedebas biujetis formirebis, ganxilvis, damtkicebis da Sesrulebis Sesaxeb<br />
angariSis Sedgenisa da damtkicebis saqmeSi ewodeba sabiujeto procesi.<br />
avtonomiuri<br />
respublikebis<br />
biujeti<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
biujeti<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
sabiujeto<br />
sistema<br />
municipa luri<br />
(adgi lobrivi)<br />
biujeti<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetis yvela Semosuloba da gadasaxdeli sruldeba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
xazinis sistemis meSveobiT.<br />
Tu biujetis dagegmili Semosavali aWarbebs gasaval nawils, maSin saubroben sabiujeto<br />
proficitze. Tu biujetis dagegmili gasavali aWarbebs Semosaval nawils, maSin<br />
saubroben sabiujeto deficitze. rodesac biujetis Sesrulebisas, deficitis done
aWarbebs biujetis damtkicebisas dadgenil zRvars, anu vakvirdebiT mosalodneli Semosavlebis<br />
mniSvnelovan Semcirebas, maSin warmomadgenlobiTi saxelisuflebo organo<br />
(aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organos winadadebis safuZvelze) iRebs gadawyvetilebas<br />
aamoqmedos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmi, romelic Seamcirebs gasavlis<br />
(xarjviTi nawilis) moculobas. xarjviTi nawilis aseT moWras eZaxian sekvestrs.<br />
Semosavlebi<br />
gadasaxadebi –<br />
savaldebulo<br />
yvela moqalaqis<br />
da sawarmos<br />
gadasaxdelebi<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> vali<br />
biujeti<br />
xarjebi<br />
qveynis Tavdacva,<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> valis<br />
dafarva, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
marTvis organoebis<br />
Senaxva, sasamarTlo<br />
procesebi da sxva<br />
ra unda moimoqmedos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m im SemTxvevaSi, roca ar aris sakmarisi saxsrebi?<br />
sagadamxdelo<br />
balansis<br />
dafarvisTvis<br />
(<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> +<br />
kerZo danazogebi)<br />
sagareo vali<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> vali<br />
ucxouri vali<br />
biujetis<br />
deficitis<br />
dasafarad<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> vali<br />
sabiujeto deficitis<br />
dasafarad<br />
Sida vali<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> vali saqarTvelos saxeliT saqarTvelos finansTa<br />
saministrosa da misi garantiiT saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier<br />
dadebuli xelSekrulebiT aRebuli, erovnuli valutiT gamosaxuli,<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> saSinao da sagareo valis jamuri Tanxa (saqarTvelos<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> vali sxva konvertirebadi valutidan erovnul<br />
valutaze gadaiangariSeba saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier valis<br />
aRebis TariRisaTvis dadgenili gacvlis oficialuri kursiT,<br />
Tu xelSekrulebiT sxva ram ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli).<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos kanoni „<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> valis Sesaxeb“ muxli1.<br />
47
48<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujets amtkicebs saqarTvelos parlamenti. 2012 wlis<br />
mTavari safinanso gegmis saerTo moculoba 7 miliard 940,4 milioni<br />
lariT ganisazRvra, rac wina wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT, 370 milioniT<br />
metia.<br />
ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis garda, 2012 wlis biujeti orientirebulia<br />
pensiebis, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sadazRvevo paketisa da maswavleblebis<br />
xelfasebis zrdaze, aseve soflis meurneobis proeqtebis ganvi<br />
Tarebaze, infrastruqturul proeqtebsa da ganaTlebis sistemaze. am<br />
sferoebis dafinansebis gazrdis saSualebas ekonomikuri zrdis tempi<br />
iZleva. navaraudevia, rom 2012 wels <strong>ekonomika</strong> 5 %iT gaizrdeba.<br />
2011 wlis gegmiT, saqarTvelos biujeti deficituria. 2011 wlis biujeti<br />
7 miliard 100 milioni lariT ganisazRvra, rac 2010 wlis maCveneblTan<br />
SedarebiT 30 milioniT aris gazrdili. deficiti ki, romelic<br />
2010 wels 6,3%s Seadgenda, 2011 wels 4,3%mde Semcirda. mTavrobis<br />
ganmartebiT, es administraciuli xarjebis Semcirebis fonze moxerxda,<br />
davaleba<br />
finansTa saministros monacemebiT 2008 wels<br />
qveynis sagareo vali 3 543 582 aTas lars Seadgenda.<br />
2009 wels es maCvenebeli 5 586 756 aTas laramde<br />
gaizarda. 2010 wels ki 6 819 762 aTasi lari Seadgina.<br />
2011 wlis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetis Tanaxmad,<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sagareo vali mimdinare<br />
wels 8 miliard 758 milion laramde gaizrdeba. am<br />
droisTvis saqarTvelos umsxvilesi kreditoria<br />
msoflio banki. meore adgili uWiravs evroobligaciebs,<br />
mesame umsxvilesi kreditoria saerTaSoriso<br />
savaluto fondi, meoTxe adgilzea germania da<br />
mexuTeze – evrokavSiri.<br />
1. statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris (www.geostat.ge) masalebis gamoyenebiT<br />
wlebis mixedviT SeadareT mTliani sagadasaxado Semosavlebi<br />
da mTliani xarjebi. ra daskvnebis gamotana SegiZliaT?<br />
2. romel wels fiqsirdeba yvelaze didi deficiti?<br />
3. ra unda moimoqmedos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m sabiujeto deficitis aRmosafxvrelad?
13-14<br />
gadasaxadebis<br />
saxeebi saqarTveloSi<br />
Tanamedrove qveynebis sagadasaxado sistema Camoyalibda am<br />
qveynebis ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis<br />
TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. Aamitom sagadasaxado sistemebi<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian gadasaxadebis struqturiT, ganakveTebiT,<br />
amoRebis wesiT.<br />
sagadasaxado sistemis umniSvnelovanesi elementia gadasaxadi.<br />
sagadasaxado sistemaSi erTerTi centraluri adgili uWiravT<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs da sagadasaxado agentebs.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
Sesabamisad, gadasaxadi aris savaldebulo, upirobo fuladi Senatani,<br />
romelsac ixdis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli, gadaxdis aucilebeli,<br />
araeqvivalenturi da usasyidlo xasiaTidan gamomdinare.<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdeli aris piri, romelsac gaaCnia dadgenili<br />
gadasaxadis gadaxdis valdebuleba.<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa sagadasaxado registracias axorcieleben<br />
sagadasaxado organoebi.<br />
sagadasaxado deklaracia aris angariSgeba kodeqsiT dadgenili<br />
gadasaxadis gamoangariSebis Sesaxeb.<br />
sagadasaxado agenti aris piri, romelmac sagadasaxado kodeqsiT<br />
dadgenil SemTxvevaSi da dadgenili wesiT unda Seasrulos<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdelis sagadasaxado valdebuleba.<br />
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistema<br />
saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemis Camoyalibebas safuZveli 1991<br />
1992 wlebSi Caeyara. aRniSnuli periodis Semdeg, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado<br />
kanonmdeblobam da sistemam arsebiTi cvlileba ramdenjerme<br />
ganicada.<br />
19982004 wlebi aris saqarTvelos pirveli sagadasaxado kodeqsis<br />
moqmedebis periodi. kodeqsiT ganisazRvra sagadasaxado sistemis<br />
struqtura da funqcionirebis zogadi meqanizmi, gadasaxadis saxeebi,<br />
maTi gamoangariSebisa da gadaxdis wesi, sagadasaxado organoebisa da<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis valdebulebebi da pasuxismgebloba, sagadasaxadosamarTlebrivi<br />
urTierToba da sxva. aRniSnuli periodis dasawyisSi<br />
arsebobda 18 gadasaxadi, xolo mogvianebiT maT ricxvs kidev 3<br />
gadasaxadi daemata.<br />
2005 wlis 1 ianvridan moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsi axalma sagadasaxado<br />
kodeqsma Secvala. adre arsebuli 21 gadasaxadidan darCa mxolod<br />
Svidi; 20072008 wlebSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Semdeg ki<br />
_ eqvsi gadasaxadi. Semcirda zogierTi gadasaxadis ganakveTebi da dabegvris<br />
obieqtebi, aseve sxvadasxva donis biujetebs Soris Tanxebis ganawilebis<br />
meqanizmebi da odenobebi.<br />
2010 wlis 17 seqtembers sagadasaxado kodeqsSi axali cvlilebebi Sevida.<br />
es kodeqsi amoqmedda 2011 wlis 1 ianvridan.<br />
49
sagadasaxado valdebulebis Tanxis gaangariSeba xorcieldeba srul larebSi. am<br />
mizniT 1 laramde sagadasaxado valdebuleba nuldeba.<br />
sagadasaxado organosTan urTierTobis xelSewyobis mizniT gadasaxadis gadamxdeli<br />
uflebamosilia isargeblos piradi sagadasaxado agentis momsaxurebiT. igi aris sagadasaxado<br />
organos TanamSromeli, romelic gadasaxadis gadamxdels uwevs xelSekrulebiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul momsaxurebas.<br />
2011 wlidan saqarTveloSi Semodis sagadasaxado ombudsmenis instituti. sagadasaxado<br />
ombudsmens biznesombudsmensac uwodeben. misi meSveobiT xorcieldeba<br />
urTierToba mewarmeebsa da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Soris. sagadasaxado ombudsmeni zedamxedvelobas<br />
uwevs saqarTvelos teritoriaze gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa uflebebisa da<br />
kanonieri interesebis dacvas, avlens maTi darRvevis faqtebs, xels uwyobs darRveuli<br />
uflebebis aRdgenas. gadasaxadis gadamxdelis uflebebis darRvevis faqtis gamovlenis<br />
SemTxvevaSi sagadasaxado ombudsmeni mimarTavs Sesabamis organos da aZlevs rekomendacias<br />
am uflebebis aRdgenis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.<br />
saqarTveloSi moqmedebs saerTo<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebrivi da adgilobrivi gadasaxadebi.<br />
50<br />
saSemosavlo<br />
gadasaxadi<br />
mogebis<br />
gadasaxadi<br />
damatebuli<br />
Rirebulebis<br />
gadasaxadi (dRg)<br />
aqcizi<br />
importis<br />
gadasaxadi<br />
gadasaxadebis saxeebi<br />
adgilobrivi<br />
gadasaxadebi<br />
saerTo-<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebrivi<br />
gadasaxadebi<br />
savaldebuloa<br />
Sesabamisi adgilobrivi<br />
TviTmmarTveli<br />
erTeulis<br />
teritoriaze<br />
qonebis<br />
gadasaxadi<br />
savaldebuloa<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
mTels<br />
teritoriaze
saSemosavlo gadasaxads is adamianebi ixdian, romlebic saqarTveloSi iReben Semosavals<br />
(miuxedavad imisa, saqarTvelos moqalaqea Tu ara. misi ganakveTi 20%ia). saSemosavlo<br />
gadasaxads biujetSi Caricxul Tanxebs Soris erTerTi mniSvnelovani adgili<br />
ukavia da igi warmoadgens mosaxleobis ZiriTad gadasaxads daqiravebiT muSaobidan.<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 2013 wlis 1 ianvridan 2014 wlis 1 ianvramde _ 18% iqneba.<br />
mogebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelia saqarTvelos sawarmo (firma) an ucxouri sawarmo<br />
(firma), romelic saqmianobs da Semosavals iRebs saqarTveloSi. (misi ganakveTi 15%ia).<br />
garda navTobisa da gazis operaciebiT miRebuli mogebis, romelic ibegreba 10%iani<br />
ganakveTiT (`navTobisa da gazis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvruli xelSekrulebebis<br />
ganxorcielebiT miRebuli mogeba, Tu es xelSekrulebebi dadebulia 1998<br />
wlis 1 ianvramde).<br />
mogebis gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtia dasabegri mogeba. igi ganisazRvreba, rogorc<br />
sxvaoba gadasaxadis gadamxdelis erTobliv Semosavalsa da sagadasaxado kodeqsiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul gamoqviTvebis Tanxebs Soris.<br />
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelia piri, romelic eweva ekonomikur<br />
saqmianobas da romlis mier nebismieri uwyveti 12 kalendaruli Tvis ganmavlobaSi<br />
ganxorcielebuli, dRg_Ti dasabegri operaciebis saerTo Tanxa aRemateba 100<br />
000 lars. aRniSnuli Tanxis gadaWarbebis SemTxvevaSi dRgs gadasaxdelad firma unda<br />
daregistrirdes ara ugvianes 2 samuSao dRisa.<br />
damatebuli Rirebuleba warmoadgens saqonlis (samuSaoebisa da momsaxurebis)<br />
Rirebulebis im nawils, romelsac mwarmoebeli amatebs mesame pirisgan SeZenili im<br />
nedleulis, masalebis, samuSaosa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas, romlebic gamoiyeneba<br />
warmoebis procesSi. dRgis gadaxdis tvirTi sabolood momxmarebels awveba da amitom<br />
mas arapirdapir gadasaxadebs miakuTvneben.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
damatebuli Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg) erTerT yvelaze mniSvnelovan<br />
gadasaxads warmoadgens. misi akrefis sqema SemuSavebul iqna<br />
frangi ekonomisti m. lores mier 1954 wels. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1958<br />
wlamde damatebuli Rirebulebis maCveneblebi gadasaxadiT dabegvris<br />
sistemaSi ar gamoiyeneboda, mas farTod iyenebdnen statistikuri<br />
miznebisaTvis. magaliTad, aSSSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 1870 wlidan<br />
gamoiyeneboda samrewvelo produqciis moculobis dasaxasiaTeblad,<br />
evropis qveynebSi ki man farTo gavrceleba me20 saukunis ocdaaTianormocdaaTian<br />
wlebSi hpova.<br />
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT aqcizis gadamxdelia piri, romelic<br />
a) awarmoebs aqcizur saqonels saqarTveloSi;<br />
b) axorcielebs aqcizuri saqonlis imports saqarTveloSi;<br />
g) axorcielebs aqcizuri saqonlis eqsports;<br />
d) axorcielebs bunebrivi airovani kondensantis an/da bunebrivi airis avtosatransporto<br />
saSualebebisaTvis miwodebas;<br />
e) axorcielebs mobiluri sakomunikacio momsaxurebis gawevas.<br />
damkveTis nedleuliT saqarTveloSi warmoebulGsaqonelze aqcizis gadamxdelad iTvleba<br />
saqonlis mwarmoebeli.<br />
aqcizi warmoadgens arapirdapir gadasaxads, romelic Sedis aqcizuri saqonlis sarealizacio<br />
fasSi. aqcizi wesdeba masobrivi moxmarebis saqonelze da igi Sedis gansazRvruli<br />
saqonlis fasSi. mravalsafexuriani dRgisagan gansxvavebiT, aqcizis gadaxda warmoebs<br />
biujetSi erTxel, aqcizuri saqonlis mwarmoeblis an importioris mier da faqtobrivad<br />
misi tvirTi saqonlis momxmarebelze gadadis. aqcizi erT SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens biujetis<br />
Sevsebis erTerT mniSvnelovan wyaros, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi moTxovnilebisa da<br />
51
miwodebis regulirebis saSualebas. aqcizi zRudavs zemogebis miRebas. swored am mizniT<br />
mTel rig qveynebSi aqciziT ibegreba mineraluri nedleulis mompovebeli kompaniebi. imisaTvis,<br />
rom Semsubuqdes aqcizis negatiuri zemoqmedeba mosaxleobis naklebad uzrunvelyofili<br />
fenebisaTvis, aqcizuri saqonlis ricxvSi tradiciulad Sedis fufunebis sagnebi<br />
(saiuveliro nawarmi, bewveuli, msubuqi avtomanqanebi da a.S.).<br />
aqcizi wesdeba Sav da feradi liTonebis jarTze, alkoholur sasmelebze, Tambaqos<br />
nawarmze, navTobproduqtebze, msubuq avtomobilebze, bunebriv airze, mobiluri sakomunikacio<br />
momsaxurebis gawevaze.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
52<br />
aqcizis ganakveTebi sxvadasxva saqonelze sxvadasxvagvaria. magali<br />
Tad, spirtian sasmelebze, romelic miRebulia yurZnis Rvinis an WaWis<br />
gamoxdiT litrze Seadgens 4,6 lars, viskize _ 5 lars, arayze _3 lars,<br />
liqiorsa da tkbil nayenze _ 4,6lars, ludze _ 0,4 lars da sxva. Tambaqos<br />
nawarmze, kerZod, filtrian sigaretze 20 Reri _ 0,6 lari, sigarebi<br />
1 Reri _0,9 lari da sxv.ADSavi<br />
da feradi liTonebis jarTis eqsporti<br />
ibegreba 120 lariT 1 tonaze. mobiluri sakomunikacio momsaxurebis<br />
ganakveTi Seadgens dasabegri operaciis Tanxis 10%s.<br />
dawvrilebiTi monacemebi ixileT saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsSi<br />
importis gadasaxadis gadamxdeli aris piri, romelic saqarTvelos ekonomikur<br />
sazRvarze gadaaadgilebs saqonels, garda eqsportisa.<br />
sxvadasxva saqoneli ibegreba sxvadasxva procentiT:<br />
a) 12%iani ganakveTiT ibegreba: Sinauri frinveli, msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi,<br />
bostneuli, xili, xorceuli, Tevzeuli yovelgvar mdgomareobaSi, Tambaqo, Cai, tansacmeli,<br />
fexsacmeli da sxva (ix. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. gv.249263);<br />
b) 5%iani ganakveTiT ibegreba Roris xorci gayinuli an damarilebuli, yveli, xaWo,<br />
Tmis saSualebebi, saponi, fexsacmlis sacxebi, plastmasis filebi, karebi, fanjrebi da<br />
sxva (ix. saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. gv. 263266);<br />
g) saqoneli ibegreba aseve importis gadasaxadis Semdegi ganakveTebiT (euro/% vol/<br />
HL<br />
niSnavs, rom erT heqtolitrze (100 litrze) gadasaxdeli importis gadaxdis Tanxa<br />
Seadgens importis gadasaxadis ganakveTis namravls mocemul saqonelSi alkoholis<br />
procentuli Semcvelobis maCvenebelze). magaliTad, Rvinoebi cqriala _ 1,5 evro/lit,<br />
yurZnis tkbili _ 0,2 evro/lit, spirits nayenebi, miRebuli yurZnis Rvinis an WaWis<br />
gamoxdis Sedegad, viski, arayi, liqiorebi _ 1,5 evro/% vol/HL,<br />
Zmari da misi Semcvlelebi<br />
– 0,4 evro/lit (ix saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsi. gv. 267268).<br />
importis gadasaxadis daricxva xorcieldeba saqonls satarifo Rirebulebis mixedviT.<br />
gadaxda xorcieldeba sagadasaxado organos mier registrirebuli sagadasaxado<br />
deklaraciis safuZvelze.<br />
qonebis gadasaxadSi Sedis:<br />
uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi;<br />
msubuqi avtomobilebis flobis gadasaxadi;<br />
TviTmfrinavebis, iaxtebisa da Sveulmfrenebis flobis gadasaxadi;<br />
saqarTvelos sawarmoebis qonebis flobis gadasaxadi (garda miwisa), romelsac<br />
ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis iyeneben. am gadasaxads aseve ixdian ucxouri sawarmoebi,<br />
romlebic saqarTvelos teritoriaze floben qonebas (garda miwisa), da is<br />
pirebi, romlebic qonebas ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis iyeneben.<br />
miwis gadasaxadi, romelic Tavis mxriv sasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis miwisa da<br />
arasasoflosameurneo daniSnulebis miwis gadasaxadad iyofa.
sawarmos/organizaciis qonebis gadasaxadis wliuri ganakveTi<br />
ganisazRvreba dasabegri qonebis Rirebulebis araumetes<br />
1 procentis odenobiT. dasabegri qonebis Rirebuleba<br />
aris saSualo wliuri sabalanso narCeni Rirebuleba<br />
qveyanaSi sabazro ekonomikis mSeneblobis procesSi sagadasaxado<br />
sistemisadmi ukmayofileba da misi mZlavri kritika<br />
upiratesad gamowveulia gadasaxadebis samarTlianobis<br />
deficitiT, rom isini xSirad arasamarTlianad aris<br />
miCneuli. optimaluri sagadasaxado sistema gulisxmobs<br />
gadasaxadiT dabegvris sayovelTaobas da moqalaqeTa Soris<br />
gadasaxadis ganawilebis Tanabrobas maTi Semosavlebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
savarjiSo 1<br />
romel gadasaxads Seicavs?<br />
rZis fasi wignis fasi Rvinis fasi<br />
a) am saqonlis fasebidan romeli moicavs gadasaxads?<br />
b) ra faqtorebi gansazRvraven rZis fass?<br />
g) mudmivi danaxarjebis ra elementebi<br />
SeiZleba hqondes rZis warmoebis yovel<br />
monawiles?<br />
d) saidan iReben fuls sawarmos mflobelebi<br />
gadasaxadebis dasafarad?<br />
e) daasaxeleT is firmebi, romelTa gadasaxadebic<br />
CarTulia wignis fasSi.<br />
gadasaxadebis klasifikacia<br />
proporciuli gadasaxadis dawesebis dros yvela gadasaxadis gadamxdeli erTnairi<br />
saprocento ganakveTiT ibegreba. magaliTad, 200 laris Semosavlis mqone piri da<br />
2000 laris Semosavlis mqone piri ibegreba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT, romelic 12%s<br />
udris.<br />
progresuli gadasaxadis dawesebis dros maRali Semosavlis mqone maRali saprocento<br />
ganakveTiT ibegreba, xolo dabali Semosavlis mqone _ dabali saprocento<br />
ganakveTiT. magaliTad, 200 laris Semosavlis mqone piri SeiZleba daibegros 6%iani<br />
ganakveTiT, xolo 2000 laris Semosavlis mqone piri _ 12%iani ganakveTiT.<br />
arsebobs fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi, romelic gansazRvruli, myari sagadasaxado<br />
ganakveTis dawesebas gulisxmobs. metwilad praqtikaSi igi gamoiyeneba raodenobrivi<br />
(naturaluri) sididis mimarT. magaliTad, avtomanqanebis importze dawesebuli fiqsirebuli<br />
gadasaxadi ganisazRvreba avtomobilebis Zravis moculobisa da wlovanebis<br />
mixedviT.<br />
Semosavlebis dabegvris politika mTels msoflioSi im azrs efuZneba, rom progresuli<br />
dabegvra yvelaze samarTliania. Tumca, sul ufro xSiria azri imis Sesaxeb, rom proporciuli<br />
dabegvra misaRebia garkveul SemTxvevebSi.<br />
53
samarTliani gadasaxadis kriteriumebi<br />
sagadasaxado sistemis optimizaciis Sefasebas sakuTari kriteriumebi<br />
gaaCnia, romelic naTlad warmoaCenen zomieri sagadasaxado<br />
dabegvris aucileblobas. ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis<br />
cnobilia sagadasaxado sistemis ZiriTadi kriteriumi.<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
54<br />
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba: sagadasaxado sistema winaaRmdegobaSi ar unda<br />
iyos resursebis efeqtian ganawilebasTan.<br />
administraciuli ubraloeba: administraciuli sistema martivi unda iyos<br />
da gamosayeneblad SedarebiT iafi.<br />
politikuri pasuxismgebloba: sagadasaxado sistema ise unda iyos agebuli,<br />
rom adamianebi daarwmunos imaSi, rom isini ixdian imitom, rom politikur sistemas<br />
SeeZlos zustad gamoxatos maTi upiratesoba.<br />
samarTlianoba: sagadasaxado sistema unda iyos samarTliani sazogadoebis sxvadasxva<br />
wevrebTan urTierTobaSi.<br />
savarjiSo 2<br />
SevafasoT gadasaxadebis samarTlianoba<br />
Tqveni azriT, akmayofilebs Tu ara mocemuli gadasaxadi kriteriumebs?<br />
gadasaxadi<br />
1. msubuqi avtomobilis flobis gadasaxadi, romelic qonebis gadasaxadSi Sedis<br />
(yoveli avtomobilis mflobelisagan gadaxdili fiqsirebuli Tanxa)<br />
2. saSemosavlo gadasaxadi<br />
(yoveli adamianis Semosavlidan amoRebuli garkveuli procenti)<br />
3. aqcizi (produqciis erTeulze dawesebuli garkveuli gadasaxadi)<br />
4. qonebis gadasaxadi<br />
(qonebis Rirebulebis mixedviT dawesebuli garkveuli procenti)<br />
gadasaxadebis samarTlianobis Sefasebis<br />
dros (savarjiSo 2) uTuod wamoiWreba iseTi<br />
sakiTxebi, romelic cxare kamaTs gamoiwvevs.<br />
ecadeT daiTanxmoT oponenti da dausabuToT<br />
Tqveni Sexeduleba jvaredini diskusiis saSualebiT.<br />
diskusiis Catarebis Sesaxeb damatebiT<br />
ganmartebas maswavleblisagan miiRebT.<br />
debatebi sakiTxze:<br />
veTanxmebi azrs da vasabuTeb...<br />
ar veTanxmebi azrs da vasabuTeb...<br />
jvaredini<br />
diskusia
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
davaleba<br />
ukrainam msoflioSi I adgili daikava gadasaxadebis raodenobis<br />
mxriv. mewarmeebi xazinaSi Tavis Semosavlebis 55,5%s ixdian.<br />
135 gadasaxadidan (oriode wlis win 147 iyo) lomis wili modis Sromis<br />
gadasaxadze maTi raodenoba aris 108. kidev 5 gadasaxadi aris mogebaze.<br />
ukrainas ukavia 181e adgili im 183 <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Soris, romlebSic<br />
iolia gadasaxadebis gadaxda.<br />
wyaro: http://buhgalter911.com/ShowArticle.aspx?a=19551&year=-1<br />
moiZieT sagazeTo statia an cnobili mewarmeebis<br />
interviu, sadac saubari iqneba calkeuli<br />
gadasaxadis saxeebze, mis samarTlianobaze,<br />
sagadasaxado sistemis problemebze an am sferoSi<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politikaze.<br />
saqarTvelos istoria _ rodidan ixdidnen gadasaxadebs?<br />
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
iseve rogorc msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, saqarTveloSic dabegvras safuZveli<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s warmoSobisTanave Caeyara. istorias cota ram SemorCa uZveles saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebuli gadasaxadebisa da dabegvris sistemis Sesaxeb. gadasaxadebis Sesaxeb<br />
mwir informacias Sua saukuneebis feodaluri da Semdgomi periodis saqarTvelos istoria<br />
gvaZlevs.<br />
Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi glexebi iyvnen, romlebic<br />
valdebulni iyvnen gadaexadaT savaldebulo begara _ amuSavebdnen patronis<br />
miwas, moyvanili mosavlis nawils ki mas aZlevdnen. XI saukunis saqarTveloSi metad<br />
gavrcelebuli iyo patronis xleba da laSqrobiT samsaxuri.<br />
dapyrobili qveynebis mosaxleoba ixdida gadasaxads _ xarks, romelsac naalafevi<br />
erqva. gadasaxadis amkrebni mimagrebulni iyvnen soflebze, sacixisTavoebze da saerisTavoebze,<br />
raTa mosaxleobisagan xarki agrovebinaT.<br />
gviandel feodalur saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iyo gadasaxadis iseTi saxe, rogoricaa<br />
SromamigebiTi renta (`miwis”, rogorc warmoebis faqtoris sargeblobisaTvis<br />
dawesebuli sazRauri), romelic mebatonis sasargeblod glexis Sromas gulisxmobda<br />
im odenobiT, rasac mebatone moiTxovda. masSi Sedioda mcenareTa daTesva,<br />
damuSaveba, morwyva, mosavlis aReba, samSeneblo saqmianoba, SeSis damzadeba, da a.S.<br />
aseve gavrcelebuli iyo gadasaxadis gadaxda renta-produqtebiT. igi gulisxmobda<br />
mebatonisaTvis gasamrjelos pirutyviT, nivTiT gadasaxads. saaRdgomod glexi<br />
valdebuli iyo mebatonisaTvis sasmelsaWmeli mierTmia, xolo qeifis an qorwilis<br />
dros _ Zroxa.<br />
glexi fulad gadasaxadsac ixdida. mas mebatonisaTvis fuli unda gadaexada qorwilis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, qvrivTan daqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi ki _ saqvrivo. glexs qaliSvilis<br />
gaTxovebisas saCeqme gadasaxadi unda gadaexada, xolo mebatonis sikvdilis Sem<br />
TxvevaSi Sesawiravi gaeRo.<br />
me18 saukunis dasasrulisaTvis gavrcelda iseTi gadasaxadebi, rogoricaa:<br />
sursaTis gadasaxadi _ ikribeboda omebis dros jaris gamosakvebad. gadasaxads<br />
ixdidnen rogorc <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>, ise sabatono da saeklesio glexebi. sursaTis gadasaxa<br />
55
didan ZiriTadi iyo xorbali da qeri. gadasaxadis akreba weliwadSi erTxel evalebodaT<br />
meliqeebs. saqarTvelos mTiani mosaxleoba am gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebuli<br />
iyo.<br />
kodis puri _ feodaluri saqarTvelos erTerTi cnobili gadasaxadi iyo. weliwadSi<br />
komlze dadgenili iyo 4 kodi (10 l. moculobis) puris gadaxda. aRniSnul gadasaxadze<br />
dawesebuli iyo SeRavaTebi im teritoriis mosaxleobisaTvis, sadac xorblis<br />
moyvana SeuZlebeli iyo (magaliTad TuSeTSi, fSavxevsureTSi da sxv.)<br />
maxta _ naturaluri da fuladi gadasaxadi iyo, romelsac soflad ixdidnen<br />
ojaxebi naturiT, 2 kodi xorbalis, 1 kodi qeris saxiT, xolo qalaqad vaWrebi da xelosnebi<br />
_ fuladi saxiT.<br />
sakomlo gadasaxadi dRevandel miwis gadasaxads waagavda. komli, romelsac miwis<br />
garkveuli farTobi ekava, valdebuli iyo miwis mepatronisaTvis gadasaxadi fuladi<br />
an naturaluri formiT gadaexada. sagadasaxado ganakveTi wlis ganmavlobaSi komlze<br />
2 abazs Seadgenda.<br />
kuluxi _ mas Rvinis saxiT ixdidnen im miwis sargeblobisaTvis, sadac venaxi iyo<br />
gaSenebuli. gadasaxadis sidide damokidebuli iyo mosavlianobaze.<br />
sabalaxe gadasaxadi _ ikribeboda agreTve xazinis Sesavsebad. misi gadamxdeli<br />
iyo is, vinc saZovars iyenebda. ibegreboda saqonlis mepatrone. saqonlis raodenoba<br />
aRiricxeboda specialur davTarSi da gadasaxadis gadamxdeli valdebuli iyo yovel<br />
100 cxvarze gadaexada 2 cxvari da erTi batkani.<br />
mali SemoRebuli iqna saqarTveloSi monRolTa batonobis periodidan da am gadasaxadiT<br />
ibegreboda Tbilisisa da goris bazris mamrobiTi sqesis mosaxleoba 15<br />
wlis asakis zemoT.<br />
Sevardeni _ Zalze originaluri gadasaxadi iyo da igi ufro momsaxurebiTi formis<br />
gadasaxads warmoadgenda. kerZod, sofels mibarebuli hqonda mefis Sevardenebis<br />
budeebi da glexs maTi movla, xolo zogierT sofels _ mefisaTvis Sevardnebis mirTmeva<br />
evaleboda.<br />
saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebis Semdeg sagadasaxado sistema Seicvala, naturaluri<br />
gadasaxadebi fuladma gadasaxadebma Secvala. Zvel gadasaxadebidan zogi darCa,<br />
zogic Seicvala da daemata, kerZod SenarCunebuli iqna kodis puris gadasaxadi, maxta,<br />
mali. SemoRebuli iqna samxedro sasursaTo begara.<br />
me19 saukunis Sua periodisaTvis SemoRebul iqna axali saxis gadasaxadebi, kerZod<br />
e.w. sapolicio gadasaxadi, romelic dRevandeli qonebis gadasaxads ufro hgavda. am<br />
gadasaxadiT ibegreboda q. TbilisSi arsebuli Senobebi, savaWro da saxelosno far<br />
Tobi. amave periodSi dawesda uZravi qonebis gadasaxadi, romliTac ibegreboda uZravi<br />
qoneba, maT Soris Senoba. gadasaxadis sidide damokidebuli iyo uZravi qonebis<br />
gamoyenebiT miRebul Semosavalze.<br />
am periodSi aseve arsebobda vaWrobis gadasaxadi, gadasaxadi daqiravebulebisaTvis,<br />
romelsac axdevinebdnen daqiravebul Sinamosamsaxureebs da muSebs fuladi formiT.<br />
aseve arsebobda mosakrebeli mesaklaveobaze anu gadasaxadi pirutyvze, rac qalaqSi<br />
dasaklavad Camorekil TiToeul sul pirutyvze fuladi gadasaxadis gadaxdas<br />
gulisxmobda.<br />
1917 wlis oqtombris gadatrialebis Semdgom periodSi (saqarTvelos damoukideblobis<br />
mokle periodSi), <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m sakuTari sagadasaxado sistemis Camoyalibeba<br />
ver moaswro da gadasaxadebis akreba ukve damkvidrebuli sagadasaxado sistemisa da<br />
wesebis mixedviT xdeboda.<br />
56
imsjeleT<br />
15<br />
vis ekisreba<br />
gadasaxadis tvirTi?<br />
ra saqoneli SeiZineT bolo dReebis ganmavlobaSi?<br />
romelime saqonlis SeZenisas gadasaxadi gadaixadeT?<br />
rogor fiqrobT, vin ixdis gadasaxads _ myidveli Tu gamyidveli?<br />
SesaZlebelia vinmem sxvisi sagadasaxadi tvirTi Tqven dagakisroT?<br />
ganmarteT mosazreba: `am samyaroSi araferi ar aris mudmivi sikvdilisa<br />
da gadasaxadebis garda”.<br />
mZimea sagadasaxado<br />
tvirTi?!<br />
vinc gadasaxadebs ewinaaRmdegeba, albaT,<br />
ar icis, rom biujetSi Setanil TiToeul<br />
lars uamravi adamiani elodeba.<br />
pirdapiri<br />
gadasaxadi,<br />
romelsac fizikuri<br />
da iuridiuli<br />
pirebi ixdian Semosavlebidan<br />
pirdapiri<br />
gadasaxadi<br />
gadasaxadebis saxeobebi<br />
gadasaxadebi<br />
arapirdapiri<br />
gadasaxadi<br />
arapirdapiri<br />
gadasaxadi, romelic<br />
ekisreba<br />
saqonels da saqmianobis<br />
saxeobebs<br />
pirdapir gadasaxadebs sxvas ver gadavaxdevinebT.<br />
arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi SeiZleba sxvas gadavaxdevinoT. mewarme, romelic gadasaxads<br />
ixdis, saSualeba aqvs daibrunos gadaxdili Tanxa saqonelze fasis momatebis<br />
saSualebiT.<br />
sagadasaxado tvirTis sxvaze dakisreba SesaZlebelia. es aris iseTi procesi,<br />
rodesac gadasaxadebi, romlebic kanoniT adamianTa erTma jgufma an erTma adamianma<br />
unda gadaixados, sinamdvileSi gadaixdeba sxva adamianis an adamianTa sxva jgufis mier.<br />
saboloo jamSi yvela gadasaxads kerZo pirebi ixdian, ramdenadac sagadasaxado<br />
tvirTs mewarmeebi da kompaniebi momxmareblebs, klientebs, pacientebs, daqiravebul<br />
muSakebs da aqcionerebs akisreben.<br />
57
savarjiSo<br />
58<br />
1<br />
vis ekisreba sagadasaxado tvirTi?<br />
moaxdineT qvemoTCamoTvlili gadasaxadebis klasifikacia imis<br />
mixedviT, aris Tu ara is pirdapiri an arapirdapiri. Semdeg CamoTvaleT<br />
is pirebi an adamianTa jgufebi, romlebic sinamdvileSi ixdian<br />
am gadasaxads _ eseni SeiZleba iyvnen: individualuri gadamxdelebi,<br />
momxmareblebi, daqiravebuli muSakebi, firmis mesakuTreebi<br />
(aqcionerebi). garkveul SemTxvevebSi mocemul gadasaxads SeiZleba<br />
ramodenime jgufi ixdides.<br />
gadasaxadis tipi<br />
msubuqi avtomobilebis flobis gadasaxadi<br />
sabaJo gadasaxadi<br />
individualuri saSemosavlo gadasaxadi<br />
aqcizi<br />
qonebis gadasaxadi<br />
`gadasaxadebi: SeiZleba Tu ara misi<br />
sxvisTvis dakisreba?”<br />
laSa universitetis III kursis studentia. igi finansur menejments swavlobs.<br />
laSa Tvlis, rom sakmaod didia da SeuZlia damoukideblad cxovreba.<br />
erTi kviris win mas 20 weli Seusrulda.<br />
erT dRes, universitetSi wasvlis win man mSoblebs amayad gamoucxada:<br />
_ `ukve didi var da minda calke, damoukideblad vicxovro. amaze didi<br />
xania vfiqrob da guSin binac ki SevarCie. dResve gadavdivar”.<br />
_ `kargia, rom damoukidebloba ginda, _ uTxra mamam. _ `mgoni swori<br />
arCevania... ar gagiWirdeba imis gaTvla, Tu ramdenad gaizrdeba Seni xarjebi<br />
marto cxovrebis SemTxvevaSi. Sen xom finansur menejments swavlob.<br />
amrigad, winaswar mofiqrebuli da gaangariSebuli geqneba yvelaferi”, _<br />
Tqva mamam da dedas gadaxeda. laSas moeCvena, rom am gamoxedvaSi ironia<br />
imaleboda.<br />
... rodesac yvela saWiro nivTi amoalaga da is iyo, dasvenebas apirebda,<br />
telefonze zaris xma gaisma. laSam yurmili aiRo. xazze binis mepatrone,<br />
qalbatoni nino iyo.<br />
_ `laSa, mTeli dilaa girekav, mindoda es ambavi Sens binaSi gadmosvlamde<br />
meTqva, magram ver dagikavSirdi.”… qalbatoni nino aRelvebuli<br />
Canda. _ `saqme imaSia, rom iZulebuli var binis qira 50 lariT gavzardo,<br />
radgan axali kanonis Tanaxmad, qonebaze gadasaxadi gaizarda, iseve rogorc<br />
bevri sxva xarjebi. merwmune, amas Zalian ganvicdi, magram sxva gza<br />
ar maqvs. yvelam gazarda qiris Rirebuleba, ase rom me nu damemdurebi,<br />
mec cud dReSi var. am TveSi binis Seketebisa da SeRebvis dawyebas vapirebdi,<br />
rasac veRar SevZleb, mebaRec unda gavuSva, misi xarjebis dasafarad<br />
fuli aRar meyofa. ra eSveleba Cems yvavilebs, ezos, mindors, aRar vici
a vqna....”<br />
laSa sawolze Camojda... qalbatoni ninos saubari aRar esmoda. is sakuTar<br />
Tavze fiqrobda. am fasad qiris safasuris gadaxda misTvis SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo.<br />
_ `ra movaxerxo? _ fiqrobda laSa. _ saxlSi xom ar mivbrundebi, Tan<br />
dResve... rao, rao, ra gadasaxadi gaizarda? ho, qonebis gadasaxadi. universitetSi<br />
xom viswavle gadasaxadebi da misi saxeebi. Tumca ver vxvdebi, Tu<br />
gadasaxadi qonebis mesakuTres dauweses, me ra SuaSi var? dae, qalbatonma<br />
ninom TviTon gadaixados es sazizRari gadasaxadebi. hm, maxsendeba benjamin<br />
franklinis sityvebi: `araferia cxovrebaSi mudmivi sikvdilisa da gadasaxadebis<br />
garda”. ras niSnavda es sityvebi, maSin arc ki davfiqrebulvar.<br />
sxvaTa Soris, axla maxsendeba, rom leqcias, romlis drosac gadasaxadebi<br />
agvixsnes, arc davswrebivar. netav ar gamecdina, imas mainc mivxvdebodi,<br />
rogor moviqce.”<br />
meore dRes daRonebuli laSa leqciebis Semdeg samuSaoze wavida. igi<br />
arasruli samuSao dRiT megobris mamis, batoni giorgis maRaziaSi muSaobda<br />
konsultantad. laSam gadawyvita baton giorgis samuSao drois gazrda<br />
da, Sesabamisad, xelfasis momateba sTxovos.<br />
_ `o, laSa, xom ici, qonebis gadasaxadi gaizarda, ramac Cemi xarjebi<br />
gaadida. calke saxli, calke maRazia... dRes mTeli dRe vangariSob, rogor<br />
movaxerxo am xarjebis dafarva ise, rom momuSaveebi ar gavanTavisuflo<br />
da fasebi ar gavzardo. xom ici, am pirobebSi<br />
Cemi mogebac Semcirdeba.” _<br />
SesCivla batonma giorgim laSas.<br />
laSa Cafiqrda. igi mixvda, rom momxmareblebi<br />
da gamyidvelebi gadasaxads<br />
arapirdapir ixdian, e.i. aseTi gadasaxadi,<br />
romliTac firma an qonebis<br />
mesakuTre ibegreba, arapirdapiri<br />
gadasaxadia. ra xdeba? firmisaTvis<br />
dakisrebuli sagadasaxado tvirTi<br />
momxmareblebma an momuSaveebma unda<br />
zidon. laSas gaaxsenda, rom iseTi<br />
gadasaxadebis, rogorebicaa saSemosavlo<br />
gadasaxadisa da sadac TviTon cxovrobda, im qonebis gadasaxadis<br />
sxvaze gadakisreba ar SeiZleba.<br />
meore dRes, laSam leqtors swored am sakiTxebis kidev erTxel gaSuqeba<br />
sTxova. saRamos man saxlSi misvla da mamisTvis daxmarebis Txovna<br />
gadawyvita. es misTvis sakmaod mZime dRe iyo.<br />
1. riTi amarTlebs qalbatoni nino qiris gadidebis gadawyvetilebas?<br />
2. ra gavlena moaxdina gadasaxadis gadidebam batoni giorgis keTildReobaze?<br />
3. ra daskvna gaakeTa laSam imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu vis uwevs gadasaxadis<br />
gadaxda?<br />
4. miuxedavad imisa, rom laSas ar hqonda qoneba da Sesabamisad masze gadasaxadic<br />
ar unda gadaexada, ra gavlena moaxdina am gadasaxadis dawesebam<br />
mis keTildReobaze?<br />
5. ra moxdeba Tu qonebaze gadasaxadi gauqmdeba?<br />
59
imsjeleT<br />
60<br />
gadasaxadebi – nebayoflobiTi sazRauri<br />
`gadasaxadi adamianze da mis sakuTrebaze `Tavdasxmis” formaa. imis<br />
miuxedavad, rom am azrs msoflioSi praqtikulad yvela eTanxmeba, gadasaxadebis<br />
gadaxdis mTavar mizezad politikuri miznebisaTvis fulis<br />
mogrovebis aucilebloba saxeldeba. am `aucileblobis” ukan <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
arsebobis idea dgas. sinamdvileSi, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> imaT sWirdebaT, vinc<br />
sxvis xarjze apirebs cxovrebas. aseTi adamianebi yovelTvis Tanaxmani<br />
arian arsebobdes gadasaxadebi, romlebsac sxvebi gadaixdian, TviTon ki<br />
misi sikeTeebiT isargebleben.<br />
gadasaxadebis gadaxda nebayoflobiTi unda iyos. aseTia Cveni lozungi!”<br />
dawereT Tqeni mosazreba gamoTqmul Sexedulebis Sesaxeb.<br />
Tanaklaselebis jgufTan erTad, sakuTar dasaxlebaSi CaatareT mcire<br />
gamokiTxva gadasaxadebis mimarT mosaxleobis damokidebulebis<br />
gamosavlenad (mag: ramdenad aucilebelia, realuria, miznobrivad<br />
da efeqturad gamoiyeneba da a.S.); miRebuli Sedegebisa da skolaSi<br />
miRebuli informaciis analizis safuZvelze dawereT Txzuleba – gadasaxadebis<br />
roli qveynis ganviTarebaSi.
? ras niSnavs barton kreinis gamoTqma – `ufaso sadili<br />
16<br />
ar arsebobs”?<br />
aris ki raime<br />
ufaso?<br />
mxolod <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s SeuZlia moamaragos qveyana sazogadoebrivi<br />
saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia saziaro<br />
moxmareba da moxmarebisagan ganuyofeloba.<br />
saziaro moxmarebis produqtebi iseTi produqtebia, romlebic<br />
SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas erTdroulad ramdenime piris mier da<br />
amiT, sxva momxmareblebisaTvis misi xelmisawvdomoba ar Semcirdes.<br />
moxmarebisagan ganuyofeli produqti iseTi produqtia, romelic<br />
ar SeiZleba amoRebul iqnas im pirebis moxmarebidan, romlebsac<br />
misi gamoyenebisaTvis fuli ar gadauxdiaT.<br />
sazogadoebrivia saqoneli, romliTac SeiZleba erTdroulad<br />
bevrma adamianma isargeblos, radganac misi miReba advilia. amave<br />
dros misi raodenoba ar mcirdeba. sazogadoebrivi saqoneli ar<br />
SeiZleba amoRebuli iqnas im pirebis moxmarebidan, romlebic masSi<br />
fuls ar ixdian. am problemas <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si `ubileTo mgzavris”<br />
(`Free Rider”) problema ewodeba.<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis magaliTebia:<br />
gzebi, erovnuli Tavdacva, sazogadoebrivi<br />
ganaTleba, Suqurebi, amindis prognozi,<br />
skverebi, SuqniSnebi, quCebis ganaTeba,<br />
policia, samaSvelo samsaxuri, erovnuli<br />
tyeebi, nakrZalebi da sxv.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier warmoebuli yvela<br />
saqoneli da momsaxureba ar aris wminda<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da momsaxureba.<br />
mxolod ori Tvisebis mqone produqtebi<br />
_ saziaro moxmarebisa da ganuyofeli<br />
moxmarebis produqtebi iTvleba wminda<br />
sazogadoebriv saqonlad da momsaxurebad.<br />
rodesac adgili aqvs saqonlis an<br />
momsaxurebis saziaro, erTobliv moxmarebas,<br />
anda roca Znelia aiZulo momxmareblebeli<br />
masSi fuli gadaixados, aseT Sem<br />
TxvevaSi, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> uzrunvelyofs am<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s SeuZlia zogierT moqalaqes<br />
Tavisi wili gadaaxdevinos dabegvris saSualebiT.<br />
am xerxiT SesaZlebelia `ubileTo<br />
mgzavris” problema gadaiWras, an, ukidures<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Serbilebuli iqnas.<br />
61
imsjeleT<br />
erovnuli<br />
Tavdacva<br />
?<br />
ese<br />
62<br />
imuSaveT jgufurad da SeajereT Sedegebi qvemoT mocemuli<br />
TiToeuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb.<br />
a) TvliT, rom mocemuli saqoneli an momsaxureba ar unda anazRaurdes<br />
gadasaxadebis saSualebiT. adamianebma am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
gamoyenebisaTvis individualurad unda gadaixadon. is vinc<br />
fuls ar ixdis, am saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gareSe unda darCes?<br />
b) Tu TvliT, rom mocemuli saqoneli an momsaxureba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetidan<br />
(sagadasaxado Semosavlebis xarjze) unda dafinansdes?<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da momsaxureba<br />
sajaro<br />
skolebi<br />
gzebi<br />
wyaldidobissawinaaRmdego<br />
jebirebi<br />
policia<br />
universiteti<br />
erovnuli<br />
parkebi<br />
amindis<br />
prognozi<br />
1. ra damokidebuleba aqvT adamianebs sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebisaTvis<br />
fulis gadaxdasTan mimarTebaSi? aqvT Tu ara maT fulis gadaxdis<br />
survili?<br />
2. ra moxdeba maSin, Tu dasaxelebuli sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da momsaxureba<br />
Tqvens mier miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT ganawildeba? ra sirTuleebi Sei<br />
Zleba warmoiqmnas am SemTxvevaSi?<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli<br />
mwarmoeblebi<br />
wvlili sargebeli<br />
mwarmoeblebi<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli<br />
moiZieT sami sagazeTo statia sazogadoebrivi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
Sesaxeb. TiToeuli statiis mixedviT CamoayalibeT sakuTari<br />
azri orgverdian TxzulebaSi.
1<br />
werili lukas!<br />
17<br />
me ra SuaSi var?<br />
gamarjoba!<br />
rogor xar? rogor cxovrob? SeeCvie amerikuli cxovrebis wess? axali<br />
megobrebi SeiZine? swavla advilia Tu rTuli?<br />
ramdeni kiTxvebi dagayare... imedia, pasuxs momwer. xom ici, Sens Sesaxeb<br />
yvelaferi mainteresebs.<br />
axla mec mogiyvebi aqaur ambebs. ici Tbilisi rogor Seicvala? axali<br />
saxlebi aSenda, skverebi SadrevnebiT galamazda, sportuli moednebi,<br />
Tanamedrove maRaziebi da savaWro centrebi gaixsna. marTalia am maRaziebSi<br />
fasebi maRalia, magram quCaSi rom midixar da mis win Caivli, gesiamovneba:<br />
mopirkeTebuli Sesasvleli trotuars faravs, lamazi mcenareebiTaa<br />
galamazebuli, avtosadgomiTa da Tanamedrove fasadiT. Tanac<br />
yvelgan iseTi sisufTavea...<br />
ai Cvens quCaze ki saSineli sibinZurea. axal saxlebs aSeneben, aris<br />
gauTavebeli xmauri, mtveri, talaxi, asfalti sul ayrilia... iseTi lamazi<br />
saxlebi Sendeba, magram Cven ra? ori welia am dangreul da dabinZurebul<br />
quCaze davdivarT.<br />
ori dRis win cudad gavxdi, maxvelebda da megona vixrCobodi. eqim<br />
Tan wamiyvanes da gairkva, rom mtverze alergia mqonia. uamravi ZviradRirebuli<br />
wamlebi daminiSnes, magram rad ginda? mtvers Cvens ubanSi<br />
ra gamolevs? ase xom ar SeiZleba? sxvebi sargebloben, Cven ki vzaraldebiT<br />
rogorc janmrTelobis mxriv, aseve materialurad. marto fexsacmelebis<br />
SekeTebis xarjebi rad Rirs? amas emateba wamlebis fuli da kidev<br />
amerikelebisTvis (albaT ukve SenTvisac) kargad cnobili moraluri<br />
ziani... mokled cud dReSi varT.<br />
qalaqis meriam samSeneblo kompaniebisaTvis specialuri brZaneba<br />
gamosca, romelic maT avalebT daasufTaon da SeakeTon maT mier gafuWebuli<br />
quCebi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakmaod soliduri TanxiT dajarimdebian.<br />
Tu amas yurad ar iReben, SesaZloa saerTod aukrZalon saqmianoba.<br />
axla imedi gagviCnda, iqneb rame gveSvelos?!<br />
momwere ra, amerikaSi rogor xdeba amgvari problemebis gadaWra?<br />
momikiTxe ojaxis wevrebi da male dabrundi saqarTveloSi. xom ici, aq<br />
sul sxvaa, aq yvelaze kargia. mogikiTxes biWebmac. yvelas gvenatrebi da<br />
geliT.<br />
daCi<br />
werilSi moZebneT is adgilebi, sadac saubaria erTi piris saqmianobis<br />
gavlenaze sxva, meore pirze;<br />
moZebneT is adgilebi, sadac erTi piris saqmianoba dadebiT gavlenas<br />
axdens sxva, meore pirze;<br />
moZebneT is adgilebi, sadac erTi piris saqmianoba uaryofiT gavlenas<br />
axdens sxva, meore pirze;<br />
moZebneT is adgilebi, sadac saubaria <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politikaze aRniSnul<br />
movlenebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
63
imsjeleT<br />
64<br />
Tanmdevi (gare) efeqtebi maSin Cndeba, rodesac erTi piris<br />
mier warmoebasTan an moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi<br />
an sargebeli gadadis, `vrceldeba~ sxva pirze, anu iseT gareSe mxareze,<br />
romelic arc mwarmoebelia da arc momxmarebeli.<br />
Tu erTi piri raimes awarmoebs an moixmars da es dadebiT gavlenas<br />
axdens sxva, gareSe pirze, maSin dadebiTi Tanamdevi (gare)<br />
efeqti warmoiqmneba.<br />
Tu erTi piri raimes awarmoebs an moixmars da es uaryofiT gavlenas<br />
axdens sxva, gareSe pirze, maSin uaryofiTi Tanamdevi (gare)<br />
efeqti warmoiqmneba.<br />
sabazro fasebi, Cveulebriv, gacvlaSi monawile mwarmoeblebisa da<br />
momxmareblebis sargebelsa da danaxarjs asaxavs. roca sabazro fasi<br />
ver asaxavs yvela danaxarjsa da sargebels amboben, rom adgili aqvs<br />
`bazris Cavardnas~. mas Tanmdevi efeqtis problemas uwodeben.<br />
romeli saxis (dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi) Tanmdevi efeqtebis magaliTebs<br />
warmoadgens Semdegi faqtebi:<br />
sazogadoebrivi radios an televiziis mxardasaWerad gaRebuli<br />
wvlili;<br />
manqanebis gamonabolqvi;<br />
ZaRlis yefa qalaqis ubanSi;<br />
binis mcxovrebi, romelic cecxlmaqrs yidulobs;<br />
mtirala bavSvebi TviTmfrinavis xalxmraval salonSi.<br />
2<br />
dabinZurebuli tba da uRimRamo cxovreba<br />
nawili I<br />
lomiZeebis ojaxs tbasTan 1 heqtari miwa hqonda. maT tbis aRmosavleT<br />
napirTan saxli aaSenes. pirvelad aq cxovreba metad sasiamovno iyo,<br />
Semdeg ki Svilebma mSoblebisagan farulad, tbaSi nagvis Cayra daiwyes,<br />
radgan nagvis fuTebis gzaze gatana ezarebodaT, saidanac Semdgom nagavi<br />
manqanebs gaaqvT. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg tba saSinlad dabinZurda da aSkara<br />
gaxda, sad iyreboda nagavi. axla lomiZeebis bavSvebi dadardianebulni<br />
arian, radgan uaxloesi SabaTkviris ganmavlobaSi, megobrebTan garTobis<br />
nacvlad, tbis gawmenda mouwevT.<br />
nawili II<br />
roca bavSvebi studentebi gaxdnen, saswavleblad sxva qalaqSi<br />
gadawyvites wasvla. lomiZeebma dabinZurebul tbasTan maTi kuTvnili<br />
miwa, samosaxlo adgilis garda, miwis biznesiT dakavebul gaiZvera kacs<br />
_ mito gaiZveraZes mihyides. gaiZveraZem saxli tbis dasavleT napirTan<br />
aaSena da manac tba nagvis Casayrelad gamoiyena.<br />
nawili III<br />
erTi wlis Semdeg gaiZveraZem miwis nakveTebis gayidva ganizraxa, tbis<br />
dabinZureba Sewyvita da teritoria 15 ojaxs samosaxlod (TiTos 50 000<br />
larad) mihyida, Tavad ki sxvagan gadasaxlda. axalma mesakuTreebma didi<br />
saxlebi aiSenes.
amdenime Tvis Semdeg nagavi wylis zedapirze amotivtivda. lomiZeebma<br />
problemis gadasaWrelad mezoblebi saTaTbirod moiwvies. ojaxebma tbis<br />
dabinZurebaSi erTmaneTi daadanaSaules da dasufTavebis xarjebis gaReba<br />
moiTxoves. dadanaSaulebulni gadasaxadis gadaxdas uarobdnen da sxva<br />
ojaxebs adanaSaulebdnen. sabolood yvela erTmaneTs waeCxuba. problema<br />
ver mogvarda. tba dabinZurebul da uRimRamo adgilad iqca.<br />
a) arsebobda Tu ara gareSe efeqtebis raime problema, sanam tbasTan<br />
mxolod lomiZeebis ojaxi cxovrobda? Tu arsebobda, rogor Sei-<br />
Zleboda misi gadaWra?<br />
b) arsebobda Tu ara gareSe efeqtebis raime problema, sanam tbasTan<br />
mxolod mito gaiZveraZe da lomiZeebis ojaxi cxovrobda? Tu arsebobda,<br />
rogor SeiZleboda misi gadaWra?<br />
g) davuSvaT, rom gaiZveraZes, rogorc mesakuTres, tbaSi nagvis Cayris<br />
kanonieri ufleba aqvs, an tba Zalian Sorsaa nebismieri kanonaRmsrulebeli<br />
organosagan, romelsac dabinZurebis SeCereba SeuZlia.<br />
ra SeiZleba moimoqmedos lomiZeebis ojaxma am SemTxvevaSi?<br />
d) ra stimulebi hqonda gaiZveraZes dabinZurebis SesaCereblad miwis<br />
gayidvamde?<br />
davaleba SeafaseT situacia, miiReT gadawyvetileba da daasabuTeT.<br />
qarxnis narCenebi mdinareSi Caedineba, ris Sedegadac Tevzi gawyda,<br />
wyali banaobisTavis da baRebis mosarwyavad gamousadegari gaxda. es<br />
gansakuTrebiT qvemo dinebasTan mcxovreblebs awuxebT. mdinaris napiras<br />
macxovreblebi ekologiuri problemis gadaWris sam variantze<br />
msjeloben. airCieT is varianti, romelic Tqveni azriT saukeTesoa.<br />
pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
varianti 1 _ radgan dabinZurebis kontroli da ekologiuri problemis<br />
gadaWra pirvel rigSi, qvemo dinebis mcxovreblebisTvis sargeblis<br />
momtania, amisaTvis maT qarxnisTvis gadaxda mouwevT, raTa nar<br />
Cenebi sxva gziT iqnas gatanili.<br />
varianti @2 _ <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m qarxana unda daxuros. es erTaderTi<br />
gzaa dabinZurebis SesaCereblad. mosaxleoba ar unda dazaraldes. am<br />
problemis nebismieri sxvagvari gadawyveta wyals mainc daabinZurebs.<br />
varianti 3 _ kompania warmoebis yvela danaxarjs ar iTvaliswinebs.<br />
mdinaris wylis dacva erTerTi aseTi danaxarjia. unda dawesdes<br />
ekologiuri gadasaxadi da igi kompanias yoveli kuburi litri wylis<br />
dabinZurebisTvis unda daekisros. es kompaniis danaxarjebis zrdas da<br />
Sesabamisad, warmoebis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. Sedegad, mdinaris wyali<br />
naklebad dabinZurdeba.<br />
65
66<br />
18<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis<br />
wrebrunva<br />
cnobilia, rom ekonomikuri sistema urTierTobis wesebs qmnis, romlis Sesabamisadac<br />
adamianebi sxvadasxva funqcias asruleben. miuxedavad imisa, rom yovelgvari dayofa pirobiTia,<br />
igi mainc dagvexmareba ekonomikuri sistemis funqcionirebis ukeT gagebaSi.<br />
ekonomikis mTavar komponentebsa da maTi urTierTqmedebis meqanizms naTlad<br />
aCvenebs ekonomikuri wrebrunvis modeli, romelic ori saxis komponentisagan Sedgeba:<br />
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi jgufebi da bazrebi.<br />
saojaxo<br />
meurneobebi<br />
gadawyvetilebis mimRebni<br />
firmebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
saojaxo meurneobebi, firmebi da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs iReben.<br />
maT Soris urTierTobebi urTierTdamokidebul ekonomikur sistemas qmnis. am sistemis<br />
ilustracias resursebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebisa da fulis wrebrunvis modeli warmoadgens.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> _ awarmoebs saqonelsa da momsaxurebas. igi anawilebs<br />
Semosavlebsa da dovlaTs. mTavrobis mier warmoebuli yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovani momsaxurebaa kanonebi da maTi aRmasrulebeli meqanizmi<br />
(sasamarTloebi da policia), Tavdacva, jandacva, transporti<br />
da ganaTleba.<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi _ ojaxebi an calkeuli adamianebi (magaliTad,<br />
ojaxi an sami studenti, romelic erTad cxovrobs da moqmedebs<br />
rogorc erTi erTeuli), romlebic saqonelsa da momsaxurebas<br />
moixmaren. maT gaaCniaT resursebi, romlebsac firmebs<br />
anazRaurebis sanacvlod mihyidian.<br />
xelfasi _ Sromis safasuri, gamoxatuli fuladi formiT.<br />
renta _ gadasaxadi miwis gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />
sargebeli (zogjer moixsenieben rogorc procenti) _ gadasaxadi<br />
fuladi sesxisaTvis.<br />
gadasaxadebi _ savaldebulo fuladi gadasaxdelebi, romlebsac<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi da firmebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s sasargeblod ixdian.<br />
nebismieri individi romelime saojaxo meurneobis wevria. individebi moqmedeben<br />
rogorc momxmareblebi da rogorc mwarmoeblebi.<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si moqmedeben rogorc momxmareblebi, rodesac isini<br />
firmebis mier warmoebul saqonelsa da momsaxurebas iZenen. aseTi gacvla produqtis<br />
bazarze xdeba. adgilobriv sasursaTo maRaziaSi sakvebis SeZena aseTi gacvlis magali<br />
Tia. saojaxo meurneobebi mudmivad iReben gadawyvetilebebs, Tu ra raodenobis Sroma,<br />
miwa da kapitali gayidon xelfasis, rentisa da mogebis sanacvlod. aseve, Semosavlis ra<br />
nawili daxarjon arsebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SesaZenad.
esursebis mflobelebi firmebs sawarmoo resursebiT amarageben. es ukanasknelni<br />
ki maT saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad iyeneben. aseT gacvlas adgili aqvs<br />
faqtorTa bazarze (anu sawarmoo resursebis bazarze). aRniSnul bazarze garigebis<br />
magaliTia, firmis mier muSisaTvis xelfasis gadaxda, miwis mesakuTrisaTvis sesxis procentis<br />
(sargeblis) gadaxda (rentis, sawarmosa da mowyobilobebisaTvis aRebuli sesxebisaTvis).<br />
firmebi saojaxo meurneobebis msgavsad funqcionireben, rogorc momxmareblebi da<br />
rogorc mwarmoeblebi. firmebi saqonelsa da momsaxurebas saqonlis bazars awvdian.<br />
yvela vinc awarmoebs _ firmas warmoadgens, miuxedavad imisa ra sididisa aris da ras<br />
awarmoebs misi sawarmo. manqanaTmSeneblebi, fermerebi, bankebi, sadazRvevo kompaniebi<br />
– firmebia. firmebi iReben gadawyvetilebas, ra raodenobis SromiTi resursebi, miwa da<br />
kapitali iqiraon an SeiZinon da ra raodenobis saqoneli da momsaxureba awarmoon.<br />
mogebis miRebas, firmebi TavianTi produqciis TviTRirebulebaze maRal fasSi cdiloben.<br />
Tu maTi saqmianoba warumatebelia, igi zarals gamoiwvevs. firmebma mogebis misaRebad<br />
is produqcia unda miawodon, romlis yidvac saojaxo meurneobebs surT, Tanac<br />
_ konkurentul fasad. Tu sawarmo iseT saqonels (momsaxurebas) ar awarmoebs, romlis<br />
SeZenac saojaxo meurneobebs surT da ar Seamcirebs fasebs ise, rom konkurencia<br />
gauwios sxva mewarmeebis mier gamoSvebul saqonels (momsaxurebas), maSin igi ganwiruli<br />
iqneba warumateblobisaTvis. Tu firma kvlav zaraliT imuSavebs, maSin man biznesi unda<br />
datovos.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> wyvets, romeli saqoneli da momsaxureba unda uzrunvelyos da ra raodenobis<br />
gadasaxadebi gadaaxdevinos saojaxo meurneobebsa da firmebs.<br />
? 1.<br />
rogor xdeba mwarmoeblebisa da momxmareblebis interesebis damTxveva?<br />
2. ra aris is Zala, romelic yvela sasurvel saqonelsa da momsaxurebas bazarze<br />
uyris Tavs?<br />
3. SeadareT Tqveni azri saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuls.<br />
erTi SexedviT saojaxo meurneobebis, firmebisa da mTavrobis arCevani da<br />
gadawyvetilebebi TiTqos erTmaneTs unda ewinaaRmdegebodes, magram sinamdvileSi isini<br />
Zalze SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben.<br />
faqtorTa bazarze<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi gasayidi<br />
Sromis saxeebsa da raodenobas irCeven,<br />
xolo firmebi SesaZeni Sromis saxeebsa<br />
da raodenobas.<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazarze<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi SesaZeni saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis saxeebsa da raodenobas<br />
irCeven, xolo firmebi gasayidi<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
saxeebsa da raodenobas.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier dawesebuli gadasaxadebi gavlenas axdens Semosavlis im nawilze,<br />
romelic saojaxo meurneobebsa da firmebs dasaxarjad aqvT gankuTvnili. saojaxo<br />
meurneobebisa da firmebis gadawyvetilebebi, SesaZeni saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb<br />
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra saqonelsa da momsaxurebas uzrunvelyofs mTavroba.<br />
mag., Tu mTavroba uzrunvelyofs saukeTeso gzatkecilebs, magram gaumarTav sarkinigzo<br />
sistemas, maSin saojaxo meurneobebi TavianTi Semosavlis did nawils avtomanqanebis<br />
SeZenas moaxmaren.<br />
67
? sanam<br />
68<br />
!<br />
ekonomikur models warmogidgenT, SeecadeT upasuxoT Semdeg<br />
kiTxvebs. pasuxebi daasabuTeT.<br />
1. rogor xdeba, rom milionobiT individualuri gadawyvetileba, romelsac saojaxo<br />
meurneobebi, firmebi da mTavroba iRebs SesabamisobaSia erTmaneTTan?<br />
2. ra aiZulebs saojaxo meurneobebs awarmoon saqonlisa damomsaxurebis<br />
zustad is saxeobebi da raodenoba, romlis yidvac firmebs surT?<br />
3. ra moxdeba Tu ekonomikis profesorebis raodenoba im universitetebis raodenobas<br />
gadaaWarbebs, romelTac maTi samuSaoze miReba surT?<br />
4. saidan ician firmebma ra saqoneli da momsaxureba unda awarmoon?<br />
5. ra moxdeba Tu firmebi ufro met saqonels awarmoeben, vidre<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi moisurveben yidvas?<br />
1<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis wrebrunvis diagramis analizisTvis mniSvnelovania<br />
imis gageba, rom erTi da igive adamiani resursebis mesakuTrec<br />
SeiZleba iyos da _ saojaxo meurneobis wevric. amavdroulad iyos firmis<br />
muSaki da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli.<br />
yvelam icis, rom soflad mcxovreb ojaxebs miwis nakveTebi aqvT, saidanac<br />
miRebuli Semosavali maTi mTeli wlis sarCoa. ganvixiloT glexis ojaxis<br />
(saojaxo meurneoba) saqmianoba, romelsac sakuTari miwis nakveTi aqvs. yvela<br />
saWiro produqts ojaxi am nakveTze ver moiyvans. sxva produqtebis SesaZenad<br />
saWiro TanxebisaTvis glexi da misi ojaxis wevrebi firmaSi xorblis moyvaniT<br />
arian dakavebulni. maT TavianTi samuSao Zala (SromiTi resursi) firmas mihyides.<br />
firma maT Sromas puris sawarmoeblad iyenebs. xolo mza produqts _<br />
purs, produqtebis bazarze yidis.<br />
glexi Tavisi xelfasidan (fuladi Semosavali) firmas puris safasurs uxdis<br />
produqtis bazarze. am bazarze miRebuli SemosavlebiT firma faravs warmoebisTvis<br />
gaweul xarjebs (xelfasebi, masalebi da sxva) da mogebas iRebs. amgvarad<br />
ikvreba ekonomikuri saqmianobis wre, romelic saqonlisa da Sromis moZraobas<br />
gamoxatavs.<br />
2<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, saojaxo meurneobebi purs firmebisgan yiduloben. firma<br />
am fuliT TanamSromlebs xelfass uxdis, yidulobs fqvils da sxva. darCenili<br />
Tanxa ki firmis (mepatronis) mogebaa. mepatroneebic xom romeliRac saojaxo<br />
meurneobis wevrebi arian _ es maTi Semosavalia.<br />
amrigad, puris safasurs saojaxo meurneobebi firmebs uxdian. puris danaxarjebi<br />
saojaxo meurneobebidan firmaSi gadadis, Semosavlebi ki xelfasisa da<br />
mogebis saxiT firmebidan saojaxo meurneobebSi brundeba. amgvarad ikvreba ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis meore (gare) wre, romelic fulis moZraobas gamoxatavs.<br />
es sabazro meurneobis Zalian martivi modelia. SeecadeT orive situacia ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis wrebrunvis diagramaze gadaitanoT.<br />
qvemoT mocemuli wrebrunvis sqemaze, isriT gamosaxulia gadasaxadebis da<br />
produqtebis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba, saojaxo meurneobebsa da firmebs Soris.<br />
xazebis gareTa qseli aCvenebs Semosavlebis nakads (fuladi gadasaxdelebi). xazebis<br />
SigniTa qseli aCvenebs mza produqciisa da sawarmoo resursebis nakads.
? 1.<br />
!<br />
saojaxo<br />
meurneobebi<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis wrebrunva<br />
saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
bazari<br />
faqtorTa<br />
bazari<br />
firmebi<br />
ra rols asruleben firmebi ekonomikuri aqtivobis wrebrunvaSi?<br />
2. ra rols asruleben saojaxo meurneobebi ekonomikuri aqtivobis wrebrunvaSi?<br />
3. rogor arian urTierTdamokidebuli firmebi da saojaxo meurneobebi?<br />
realur cxovrebaSi mewarmeebi da saojaxo meurneobebi, mkacrad gamijnulni<br />
ar arian;<br />
resursebis mesakuTreebi SeiZleba ara mxolod momxmareblebi iyvnen,<br />
aramed firmebic. garda amisa, firmebs resursebiT erTmaneTs Soris vaWroba<br />
SeuZliaT;<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> gansakuTrebul ekonomikur agents warmoadgens da arc<br />
firmebs da arc saojaxo meurneobebs ar waagavs;<br />
resursebi SeiZleba urTierTSemcvleli aRmoCndes: saqonlis erTi da<br />
igive raodenoba SeiZleba warmoebuli iqnes resursebis sxvadasxva kombinaciis<br />
gamoyenebiT.<br />
ekonomikur sistemaSi mwarmoeblebi warmoebis faqtorebze moTxovnas<br />
uzrunvelyofen da saqonelsa da momsaxurebas awvdian. amavdroulad<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi warmoebis faqtorebis miwodebas uzrunvelyofen<br />
da qmnian moTxovnas saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze. amgvarad, arsebobs ori<br />
ZiriTadi bazari:<br />
1) saqonlisa da momsaxurebis,<br />
2) warmoebis faqtorTa bazari.<br />
amave dros, <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si ori sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis wrebrunva<br />
arsebobs: fulis nakadi da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis nakadi.<br />
69
savarjiSo<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
70<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis wrebrunva<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi Tavis gankargulebaSi arsebul bunebriv<br />
resursebs, SromiT resursebs da kapitals fuladi Semosavlebis (xelfasi,<br />
renta, procenti da mogeba) sanacvlod awvdian. amgvarad miRebuli<br />
SemosavlebiT, firmebi saojaxo meurneobebisagan yiduloben<br />
resursebs axali saqonlis da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad da Semdgom<br />
Si gasayidad. amrigad, iqmneba sawarmoo resursebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis,<br />
agreTve, Semosavlebis wrebrunva.<br />
danaxarjebi Semosavlebi<br />
saojaxo<br />
meurneobebi<br />
saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
bazari<br />
saqoneli, momsaxureba<br />
sawarmoo resursebi<br />
faqtorTa<br />
bazari<br />
firmebi<br />
Semosavlebi gadasaxdelebi<br />
1. diagramis mixedviT gansazRvreT, romel bazarze awvdian<br />
firmebi fulad gadasaxadebs saojaxo murneobebs, sawarmoo faqtorebis<br />
sanacvlod?<br />
2. romel bazarze awvdian saojaxo meurneobebi fulad gadasaxdelebs<br />
firmebs, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sanacvlod?<br />
3. daasaxeleT sawarmoo resursebi, romelsac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> saojaxo<br />
meurneobebisgan Seisyidis.<br />
4. daasaxeleT saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelsac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
firmebisgan Seisyidis.<br />
1. rogor arian damokidebuli saojaxo meurneobebis wevrebi firmebze?<br />
2. rogor arian damokidebuli firmebi saojaxo meurneobebis wevrebze?<br />
3. rogoria <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s roli ekonomikuri aqtivobis wrebrunvaSi? am<br />
rolis gaTvaliswinebiT modelSi CarTeT da CaxazeT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>.<br />
4. moiyvaneT magaliTebi Tqveni qalaqis, raionis, dasaxlebis realuri<br />
cxovrebidan, romelic sqemaze mocemul TiToeul nakads Seesabameba.
III<br />
imsjeleT<br />
mewarmeoba<br />
da biznesi<br />
19-20<br />
yvelaferi<br />
biznesis Sesaxeb<br />
1. CamoTvaleT cnobili biznesmenebis saxelebi, saqmianobis sfero da is<br />
produqti, romelsac maTi firmebi awarmoeben.<br />
2. rogori firma gindaT gqondeT? romeli produqtis warmoebas isurvebdiT?<br />
firmis damoukideblad marTva girCevniaT Tu gundTan erTad?<br />
firmebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian. isini sxvadasxva saqonelsa da momsaxurebas<br />
awarmoeben da arCeuli aqvT saqmianobis organizebis sxvadasxva formebi: individualuri<br />
sawarmo, partnioroba da korporacia (saaqcio sazogadoeba).<br />
1<br />
individualuri sawarmo (erTpirovnuli mflobeloba)<br />
aris biznesis iseTi forma, romelsac erTi adamiani an ojaxi flobs<br />
da romelsac firmis valdebulebebze piradi qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba<br />
akisria.<br />
partnioroba (amxanagoba) aris biznesis iseTi forma, romelsac ramdenime<br />
adamiani flobs. isini TanamesakuTreni arian. valdebulebebis<br />
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi amxanagobac piradi qonebiT agebs pasuxs.<br />
korporacia (saaqcio sazogadoeba) aris biznesis iseTi forma,<br />
romlis sakuTreba dayofilia aqciebad, xolo aqciis mflobelebs<br />
aqcionerebs uwodeben. korporacia (saaqcio sazogadoeba)<br />
kanonis mixedviT aris iuridiuli piri. man Seqmnis dros registracia<br />
unda gaiaros da SeiZleba ganusazRvreli vadiT imoqmedos. korporacias<br />
SeuZlia Tavisi saxeliT sasamarTlos mimarTos da Sesa<br />
Zloa, TviTonac iqnas samarTalSi micemuli.<br />
aqcia _ fasiani qaRaldi, romlis mixedviTac misi mflobeli korporaciis<br />
mewile xdeba.<br />
dividendi aris aqcioneris Semosavali, romelsac is korporaciis<br />
mogebidan iRebs.<br />
mogebis miReba _ is mizania, risTvisac adamianebi ama Tu im saqmianobas<br />
iwyeben. miuxedavad misi organizaciuli formisa, yoveli<br />
firma mogebis gazrdas (maqsimizacias) da danaxarjebis Semcirebas<br />
(minimizacias) cdilobs.<br />
Tamari patara sasursaTo maRaziis mflobelia. igi yidulobs produqtebs,<br />
saWiro aRWurvilobas, transportirebisaTvis sabargo manqanas qiraobs. mis maRaziaSi<br />
1 muSa da 2 gamyidvelia dasaqmebuli. Tamari maRazias damoukideblad mar<br />
Tavs, yvela xarjs TviTon eweva da mogebasac TviTon iRebs.<br />
Tamarma sasursaTo maRazia bankidan aRebuli sesxis daxmarebiT gaxsna. igi imedovnebs,<br />
rom Tu yvelaferi kargad aewyoba, vals sam welSi dafaravs. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, iZulebuli iqneba valis dabrunebisaTvis pasuxi piradi qonebiT agos.<br />
71
? biznesis<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
72<br />
2<br />
samma megobarma _ giorgim, ninom da Teonam internetkafes gaxsna<br />
gadawyvites. firmis dafuZnebisaTvis samivem garkveuli Tanxa Seitana.<br />
yvelaze meti fuli giorgim gaiRo, yvelaze naklebi ki _ ninom.<br />
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze gadawyda, rom damfuZneblebi mogebidan wils<br />
Setanili Tanxis mixedviT miiReben. Teonas meTvalyureoba da momxmareblebTan<br />
urTierToba daevala, ninos _ Semosuli Tanxis miReba da dRis bolosaTvis<br />
sabuRaltro dakumentaciis mowesrigeba, giorgis _ qselis administrireba<br />
(marTva).<br />
jerjerobiT megobrebi Sexmatkbilebulad muSaoben, Tumca xSirad ama Tu<br />
im sakiTxebze kamaTi uwevT. es ZiriTadad giorgis exeba. guSin man ganacxada,<br />
rom metad seriozul da sapasuxismgeblo samuSaos asrulebs, risTvisac sxvagan<br />
ukeTes anazRaurebas miiRebda. aq ki, faqtiurad, ufasod muSaobs da maRali<br />
Semosavlis miRebis SesaZleblobas kargavs. man megobrebs axali TanamSromlis<br />
daqiraveba SesTvaza.<br />
3<br />
kompania `ekoproduqti” axal SesaZleblobebs avlens. misi produqti bazarze<br />
ufro da ufro popularuli xdeba. kompaniis aqciebis SeZenis survili<br />
bolo periodSi bevrs gauCnda, radganac mogeba sul ufro da ufro izrdeba.<br />
organizaciis romeli formebia ganxiluli situaciebSi?<br />
• ganviTarebul qveynebSi individualuri da saojaxo firmebi mTliani<br />
sawarmoebis raodenobaSi daaxloebiT 80%s Seadgenen.<br />
• aSS-Si daaxloebiT 15 mln. individualuri mewarmea, romelTa xelSic<br />
Tavmoyrilia biznesSi dakavebuli saxsrebis daaxloebiT 14 %.<br />
• inglisSi firmebis 96% aris mcire. masSi dasaqmebulia kerZo seqtoris<br />
mSromelTa mesamedze meti. aq mcire sawarmoebis ricxvi yovelwliurad<br />
izrdeba daaxloebiT 10%iT. maT umravlesobaSi dasaqmebulTa<br />
ricxvi 20 adamians Seadgens. am jgufis Semosavlebi ki yovelwliurad<br />
izrdeba.<br />
• ,,silikonis veli” mTels msoflioSi cnobilia. igi aSS-Si, kaliforniis<br />
StatSi mdebareobs. masSi gaerTianebulia daaxloebiT 3 aTasi firmis<br />
Zalisxmeva. isini yvelaze ufro Tanamedrove eleqtronul mowyobilobebs<br />
awarmoeben. aq dasaqmebulia 6 aTasze meti mecnierebaTa doqtori.<br />
dasaqmebulTa Soris 15 aTasamde adamiani milioneria.<br />
• saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, ZiriTadad, Semosavlis miRebis Semdegi<br />
wyaroebi aqvT: Semosavlebi daqiravebuli Sromidan, TviTdasaqmebidan,<br />
soflis meurneobis produqciis gayidvidan, memkvidreobiT<br />
miRebuli qonebidan, ucxoeTidan miRebuli gzavnilebidan, qonebis<br />
gayidvidan, axloblebisagan miRebuli fulidan, fulis sesxebidan an<br />
danazogis gamoyenebidan.
farTo gagebiT mewarmeoba ukavSirdeba pirovnebis gamorCeul Tvisebebs: pirovneba,<br />
romelic fizikuri da materialuri SesaZleblobebiT sxvvbze maRla dgas, gambedavia,<br />
swyuria Zalaufleba da cdilobs daagrovos simdidre, nebismier samuSaos warmatebiT<br />
ganaxorcielebs da sxvebsac gaiyolebs. Tumca, aseTi adamianebi gamonakliss warmoadgenen.<br />
viwro gagebiT mewarmeoba ganixileba, rogorc mogebis mizniT muSaoba.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi mewarmeoba gulisxmobs iniciativas da damoukideblobas.<br />
mewarmeobis gareSe SeuZlebelia ekonomikis ganviTareba da amitom yvela darg<br />
Si gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos mewarmeobis elementebi.<br />
magaliTad, fermerisTvis ZiriTadi sawarmoo saSualeba aris miwa. amitom fermerma<br />
kargad unda icodes miwis<br />
Taviseburebebi. igi sistematurad<br />
unda zrunavdes<br />
miwis nayofierebis amaRlebasa<br />
da SenarCunebaze.<br />
vinaidan, soflis meurneobaSi<br />
mewarmeoba dakavSirebulia<br />
klimatur<br />
pirobebTan: naleqebis raodenobasTan,<br />
vegetaciis<br />
vadebTan, mzis radiaciasa<br />
da saSualo wliur temperaturasTan,<br />
bunebrivi<br />
faqtorebis Seswavla da<br />
ekonomikuri codnis gamoyeneba<br />
soflis meurneobaSi<br />
mewarmeobis sworad organizebisa da Semosavlis miRebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.<br />
mewarmeobaSi erTerTi ZiriTadi piroba TviT mewarmis pirovnebaa. amosavali wertili,<br />
romlisganac iwyeba TiToeuli axali sawarmo, aris idea.<br />
idea SeiZleba iyos rogorc originaluri (sakuTari), aseve nasesxebi (sxvisi saqmis<br />
gagrZeleba).<br />
!<br />
ra aris saWiro, rom fermeri mewarme gaxdes?<br />
Tandayolili Tvisebebi<br />
interesi soflis meurneobisadmi;<br />
praqtikuli azrovneba;<br />
riskis unari;<br />
ZiriTadi sasoflosameurneo saqmianobis<br />
warmarTvis unari;<br />
gambedaoba;<br />
mizanmimarTuloba;<br />
damoukidebloba, rTuli amo canebis<br />
gadawyvetis SesaZleblobis<br />
rwmena;<br />
soflis da miwis siyvaruli, ar<br />
SeuSindes e.w. `talaxian saqmes~.<br />
swavliT da praqtikiT<br />
SeZenili codna da unarebi<br />
ekonomikis safuZvlebis floba;<br />
buRaltruli aRricxva, finan su ri<br />
saqmianobis analizi, menej men tisa<br />
da marketingis anbani;<br />
klientebis, konkurentebis, sa qon <br />
lis momwodeblebis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
moZiebis unari;<br />
bazarze arsebuli mdgomareobis<br />
codna;<br />
teqnikisa da warmoebis teqnologiebis<br />
codna;<br />
saqmianobis moklevadiani da grZelvadiani<br />
dagegmvis unari;<br />
siaxleebis miRebis unari.<br />
73
iznesis samarTlebrivi garemo<br />
biznesis garemos kerZo, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi qmnian. nebismieri<br />
biznesis formis wamowyeba saxelwifo kanonmdeblobiTaa gansazRvruli.<br />
saqarTveloSi biznesis mowyobis samarTlebrivorganizaciul formebs (anu maTi Seqmnis,<br />
gaZRolis, likvidaciis, Serwymadanawevrebis sakiTxebs) aregulirebs kanoni ,,mewarmeTa<br />
Sesaxeb”. am kanonis Tanaxmad, samewarmeo saqmianobad ganixileba araerTjeradi<br />
saqmianoba, romelic ganxorcielebulia mogebis miRebis mizniT. samewarmeo<br />
saqmianobis ganxorcielebis ufleba aqvs rogorc fizikur, ise iuridiul pirs.<br />
individualuri sawarmo aris fizikuri piri, yvela sxva danarCeni samarTlebrivorganizaciuli<br />
formebi _ iuridiuli piri. ,,mewarmeTa Sesaxeb” kanonis Sesabamisad<br />
saqarTveloSi mewarmes Semdegi samarTlebrivorganizaciuli formebidan SeuZlia<br />
erTerTi statusi miiRos.<br />
iuridiuli piris registraciisTvis savaldebuloa partniorTa raodenoba ganisaz<br />
Rvros 50-mde, Tu fuZndeba sps, ks, an Sps.<br />
Tu partniorTa ricxvi aWarbebs 50-s _ aseTi sawarmo saaqcio sazogadoebad yalibdeba.<br />
partniorTa ricxvi SeuzRudavia kooperativisaTvis.<br />
sawarmo kanoniT gansazRvrul ufleba movaleobebs mxolod mas Semdeg iTavsebs, rac<br />
Setanili iqneba samewarmeo reestrSi.<br />
74<br />
!<br />
ram SeiZleba moaxdinos axali ideebis gaCena Tu axali saqmis<br />
inicireba?<br />
ideis wyaro SeiZleba iyos momxmarebelTa gamoxmaureba, cvlilebebi<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> prioritetebSi (mag., <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m ekologiuri produqcia<br />
prioritetad aRiara, Seamcira romelime gadasaxadi, daawesa barieri<br />
importze), aseve nacnobebis gamokiTxva, konkurentebis produqciis<br />
Sefaseba, samecniero kvlevis Sedegebi, sxva qveynebis progresuli gamocdileba<br />
da sxva.<br />
samewarmeo reestri aris nusxa, romelTac ekonomikur urTier<br />
TobebSi samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba aqvT.<br />
SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba gulisxmobs mTlianad, mTeli<br />
Tavisi qonebiT pirdapir pasuxismgeblobas kreditorebis (mevaleebis)<br />
winaSe warmoqmnili valebulebebis (valis) dasafaravad.<br />
• individualuri sawarmo (is)<br />
• solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (sps)<br />
• komandituri sazogadoeba (ks)<br />
• SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba (Sps)<br />
• saaqcio sazogadoeba (ss)<br />
• kooperativi<br />
fizikuri piri<br />
iuridiuli piri
!<br />
sawarmos registraciisTvis saWiroa Seiqmnas wesdeba, romelSic<br />
Setanili iqneba kanoniT moTxovnili yvela parametri, urTierTobebis<br />
regulirebisaTvis aucilebeli yvela detali. sazogadoebis<br />
wesdebas xels aweren damfuZnebeli partniorebi.<br />
individualuri mewarme<br />
individualur mewarmes SeuzRudavi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba.<br />
komanditebi, Spss, sss da kooperativebis damfuZneblebi pasuxs ageben Tavisi<br />
iuridiuli (anu wesdebiT) gansazRvruli qonebiT.<br />
nebismieri tipis sazogadoebaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebis mqonea:<br />
saerTo kreba (korporaciaSi; kooperativSi);<br />
sameTvalyureo sabWo (saaqcio sazogadoebaSi);<br />
sakonsultacio sabWo (SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebaSi, saaqcio sazogadoebaSi,<br />
komanditur sazogadoebaSi);<br />
direqtorati.<br />
direqtors<br />
(ss, Sps, kooperativi)<br />
xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba eniWeba<br />
yvela partniors<br />
(sps)<br />
personalurad<br />
pasuxismgebel pirs<br />
(is, Sps, sps, koop.)<br />
sazogadoebam SesaZlebelia Seqmnas masze daqvemdebarebuli erTeuli _<br />
filiali, romelic ar warmoadgens iuridiul pirs.<br />
saaqcio sazogadoeba<br />
saaqcio sazogadoeba sawarmos iseTi formaa, romelic fizikur da iuridiul pirebs<br />
Soris urTierTSeTanxmebis safuZvelze, maTi materialuri saSualebebisa da fuladi<br />
saxsrebis gaerTianebis gziT iqmneba. saaqcio sazogadoebis sawesdebo kapitali aqciebad<br />
aris dayofili. minimaluri sawesdebo kapitali 15 000 laria. igi SeiZleba gaizardos<br />
axali aqciebis gamoSvebiT. aqcioners aqvs sazogadoebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb informaciis<br />
miRebis da Tavisi moTxovnebis wamoyenebis ufleba. sazogadoebis umaRlesi mmar<br />
Teli organoa aqconerTa saerTo kreba. is niSnavs sameTvalyureo sabWos, romelic Tavis<br />
mxriv, direqtorats niSnavs.<br />
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba<br />
fizikuri pirebi, romlebic erToblivad, erTi safirmo saxelwodebiT ewevian mewarmeobas,<br />
qmnian iuridiul pirs _ solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebas.<br />
solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoebis damfuZneblebi kreditorebis winaSe<br />
warmoqnili valdebulebebisaTvis pasuxs ageben SeuzRudavad _ mTeli Tavisi qonebiT.<br />
sazogadoebis xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba yvela partniors eniWeba, Tumca<br />
wesdebiT sxva pirobebis gaTvaliswinebacaa SesaZlebeli. yvela sakiTxi, garda Cveulebrivi<br />
samewarmeo saqmianobisa, saerTo krebaze ganixileba.<br />
75
Tu wesdeba erT partniors xelmZRanel pirad ganixilavs, maSin danarCen partniorebs<br />
sazogadoebis finansuri saqmianobis gakontrolebis ufleba aqvT.<br />
sazogadoebis mogebazarali wlis bolos iangariSeba da masSi TiToeuli partnioris<br />
wili ganisazRvreba.<br />
komandituri sazogadoeba<br />
sazogadoeba, romelSic ramdenime piri erToblivad, erTiani safirmo saxelwodebiT<br />
eweva saqmianobas, aris komandituri sazogadoeba. sazogadoebaSi iuridiuli pasuxismgblobiT<br />
(mxolod sagarantio Tanxis gadaxdiT) Sesuli pirebi ganixilebian komanditebad,<br />
personaluri pasuxismgeblobiT Sesuli pirebi _ komplementarad.<br />
komandituri sazogadoebis marTvisTvis gamoiyeneba solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
marTvis zogado wesebi, aseve analogiuri principiT xdeba mogebazaralis ganwilebac.<br />
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoba<br />
sazogadoebas, romlis pasuxismgebloba kreditorTa winaSe mTeli Tavisi qonebiT<br />
xdeba, xolo partnioris pasuxismgebloba ki sawesdebo kapitalSi misi wilis Sesabamisad<br />
Semoifargleba _ SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoba (Sps) ewodeba. Sps SeiZleba<br />
erTma an ramodenime fizikurma an iuridiulma pirma daafuZnos. SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sazogadobis sawesdebo kapitali sul mcire, 200 lars unda Seadgendes.<br />
sazogadoebis umaRlesi organoa partniorTa kreba, romelsac sameTvalyureo sabWos<br />
Seqmna SeuZlia. sazogadobas uSualod xelmZRvanelobs xmebis umravlesobiT arCeuli<br />
direqtori an direqtorebi. direqtori SeiZleba iyos erTi piri, ramdenime partniori<br />
an SromiTi xelSekrulebiT daqiravebuli piri.<br />
kooperativi<br />
kooperativi iuridiuli piria, romelic wevrTa SromiT saqmianobazea dafuZvnebuli<br />
an wevrTa meurneobis ganviTarebisa da Semosavlis gadidebis mizniT Seqmnili sazogadoebaa.<br />
biznesis organizaciis<br />
formebi<br />
76<br />
!<br />
individualuri<br />
sawarmo<br />
<br />
mewareTa mTavari amocana _ warmoebis awyoba da srulyofa, momxmarebelTa<br />
ndobis mopoveba, ZiriTadad axali samrewvelo teqnologiebisa<br />
da meTodebis danergviT xorcieldeba. es, Tavis mxriv, danaxarjebis<br />
Semcirebas iwvevs, rac metad mniSvenlovania bazris wilis<br />
mopovebisa da mogebis maqsimizaciisaTvis.<br />
biznesis organizaciuli formebi _ upiratesoba da naklovaneba<br />
upiratesobebi naklovanebebi<br />
• organizaciis simartive;<br />
• kontrolis simartive;<br />
• Tavisufali moqmedebis<br />
saSualeba. naklbad stabiluria;<br />
• <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan ar<br />
ganicdis mniSvnelovan<br />
regulirebas;<br />
• naklebad stabiluroba<br />
• Znelia fuladi saxsrebis<br />
(kapitalis) mopovebagafarTovebisaTvis;<br />
• arasakmarisad stabiluria;<br />
• SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
mqone sawarmoa;<br />
• mesakuTre iZulebulia<br />
dakavebuli iyos marTvis<br />
yvela funqciiT.
partnioroba<br />
(amxanagoba)<br />
<br />
korporacia<br />
(saaqcio sazogadoeba)<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
savarjiSo<br />
• organizaciis simartive;<br />
• marTvis specializaciis<br />
SesaZlebloba;<br />
• meti finansuri resursebis<br />
miRebis SesaZlebloba,<br />
vidre indivi<br />
dua luri sawarmos<br />
SemTxvevaSi (fuladi<br />
saxsrebis gaerTianeba);<br />
• SezRuduli regulirebis<br />
subieqti.<br />
• aqciebisa da obligaciebis<br />
gayidvis gziT<br />
kapitalis didi raodenobiT<br />
mozidvis SesaZlebloba;<br />
• aqcionerebis SezRuduli<br />
pasuxismgebloba;<br />
• stabiluroba da mudmivoba.<br />
iuridiuli piri;<br />
• specializebuli xelmZRvaneli,<br />
personalis daqiravebis<br />
SesaZlebloba.<br />
• sakuTrebis dayofis<br />
dros uTanxmoebisaken<br />
midrekileba;<br />
• erTerTi partnioris<br />
saqmidan gasvlis an gardacvalebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi<br />
avtomaturad wyvets<br />
arsebobas;<br />
• SeuzRudavi pasuxismgeblobis<br />
subieqti;<br />
• SezRuduli finansuri<br />
resursebi.<br />
• <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan<br />
mniSvnelovani regulireba;<br />
• mZime sagadasaxado<br />
tvirTi da saorganizacio<br />
xarjebi<br />
• ormagi dabegvra: korporaciul<br />
Semosavlebze da<br />
dividendebze;<br />
• dayofili sakuTreba da<br />
kontroli ( problema _<br />
`xelmZRvaneli _ Semsrulebeli“).<br />
vfiqrobT, vazrovnebT, vimedovnebT…. . .<br />
1. CamoTvaleT xuTi korporacia, romelTa produqciiTac Tqveni<br />
ojaxi sargeblobs.<br />
2. SesaZlebloba rom gqondeT, biznesis organizaciis romel formas<br />
mianiWebdiT upiratesobas da ratom?<br />
3. ra mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba SegiZliaT ipovoT im firmebs Soris,<br />
romlebic momsaxurebis sferoSi moqmedeben (mag: saparikmaxero)<br />
da im firmebs Soris romlebic warmoebis sferoSi moqmedeben (mag:<br />
farmacevtuli qarxana)?<br />
4. SeiZleba Tu ara saaqcio sazogadoeba ganvixiloT, rogorc kerZo<br />
sakuTrebaSi myofi firma?<br />
5. gansazRvreT, romeli tipis firmisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Semdegi Taviseburebebi?<br />
a) Tavisufali moqmedebis unari;<br />
b) mravali adamianis mozidvis unari;<br />
g) Zlieri ekonomikuri stimuli;<br />
d) didi kapitaluri danaxarjebi;<br />
e) riski konkurentebTan brZolis dros.<br />
77
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
78<br />
1. CamoTvaleT saqarTveloSi cnobili savaWro niSnebi (specialuri<br />
gamosaxuleba an simbolo, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba misi mwarmoebeli<br />
firmis amocnoba).<br />
2. gaixseneT msoflioSi cnobili biznesmenebi. ram ganapiroba maTi<br />
popularoba?<br />
gamoikvlieT Tqvens skolasTan (saxlTan, sofelSi, qalaqSi, raionSi)<br />
arsebuli firmebi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formis mixedviT.<br />
SeavseT cxrili da upasuxeT, romelia ufro metad gavrcelebuli<br />
forma?<br />
Ffirmebis<br />
dasaxeleba<br />
individ.<br />
sawarmo<br />
(is)<br />
solidar.<br />
pasuxismgeb.<br />
sazba<br />
(sps)<br />
komandit.sazba<br />
(ks)<br />
SezRudu<br />
li pasuxismg.<br />
saza (Sps)<br />
saaqcio<br />
sazogadoeba<br />
(ss)<br />
kooperativi
!<br />
srulyofili<br />
konkurencia<br />
Zalian<br />
m artivia<br />
mcire<br />
bevri<br />
ar<br />
arsebobs<br />
21<br />
1. ras gulisxmobs konkurencia da rogor<br />
aisaxeba igi adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze?<br />
2. ras gulisxmobs konkurencia <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si?<br />
konkurencia<br />
sxvadasxva bazarze<br />
konkurencia – aris ori an meti adamianis (firmis) miswrafeba miiRon<br />
erTi da igive saqoneli, momsaxureba an sawarmoo da finansuri<br />
resursebi. xSirad mwarmoeblebi metoqeobas uweven sxva mwarmoeblebs,<br />
momxmareblebi ki _ sxva momxmareblebs.<br />
srulyofili konkurenciis bazari _ iseTi bazaria, sadac<br />
bevri gamyidveli erTgvarovan, identur (msgavs, aradiferencirebul)<br />
produqts yidis, aseT bazarze Sesvla da gamosvla SedarebiT<br />
advilia. gamyidvelebi sabazro fass TviTon adgenen.<br />
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazari _ iseTi bazaria, sadac<br />
gamyidvelTa raodenoba mcirea da isini araerTgvarovan, gansxvavebul<br />
produqts yidian. aseT bazarze Sesvla da gamosvla SedarebiT<br />
rTulia. gamyidvelebi sabazro fass TviTon adgenen.<br />
bazris struqtura ZiriTadi niSnebis mixedviT<br />
monopolisturi<br />
konkurencia<br />
dargSi Sesvlis SesaZlebloba<br />
firmis zoma<br />
firmaTa ricxvi<br />
fasebze kontroli<br />
oligopolia monopolia<br />
blokirebulia<br />
msxvili<br />
erTi<br />
sruli<br />
79
monopolisturi konkurencia<br />
bazrebis umravlesoba Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobas ar<br />
Seesabameba. arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi, srulyofili<br />
konkurenciisgan ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdebian. bazarTa umravlesobaSi<br />
produqti araidenturia, gansxvavebulia, magram arsebobs<br />
ramdenime axlo Semcvleli. aseT bazars monopolisturi<br />
konkurenciis bazari ewodeba.<br />
oligopolia<br />
bevr bazarze Sesvla ar aris advili maRali kapitaluri danaxarjebisa<br />
da im mwarmoeblebTan konkurenciis gamo, romlebic<br />
cnobil, kargad reklamirebul samarko<br />
produqts yidian. aseTi bazari xasiaTdeba msxvili gamyidvelebis<br />
mcire raodenobiT da ara mravali wvrilmovaWriT.<br />
magaliTad, saqarTveloSi iseTi produqtebisa da momsaxurebis<br />
mwarmoebelTa Soris, rogoricaa ludi, Rvino, fiWuri<br />
kavSirgabmulobis satelefono momsaxureba, telekompaniebi<br />
_ mxolod ramdenime konkurentuli firmaa. aseT bazars oligopoliuri bazari ewodeba.<br />
bazarze ramdenime (5-dan 10-mde) mwarmoebelia, romlebic erTgvarovan (msgavs)<br />
an gansxvavebul (diferencirebul) saqonels awarmoeben, oligopolia warmoiqmneba.<br />
rodesac bazarze ramdenime msxvili firma dominirebs, SesaZloa fasebis Sesaxeb faruli<br />
SeTanxmebac moxdes.<br />
monopolia<br />
rodesac bazarze mxolod erTi gamyidvelia (mwarmoebelia),<br />
romelic gansakuTrebul, unikalur saqonels yidis,<br />
bazarze monopolia warmoiqmneba. arsebobs ekonomikis<br />
iseTi seqtorebi, sadac monopoliis arseboba bazris ganviTarebis<br />
aucilebel pirobebs uzrunvelyofs, sadac<br />
konkurencia SesaZlebelia araefeqtianic ki iyos, an saer<br />
Tod SeuZlebelia. aseT pirobebSi bunebrivi (legaluri)<br />
monopolia warmoiqmneba.<br />
monopoliis pirobebSi, rodesac bazarze erTi gamyidvelia,<br />
igi maRal fasebs awesebs, ugulebelyofs momxmareblis<br />
interesebs, qmnis arakeTilsindisier konkurentul<br />
garemos. am dros ar xdeba xarisxis mudmivi gaumjobeseba da Sesabamisad monopoliuri<br />
dargi naklebad viTardeba. bazarze SesaZlebelia iseTi situaciac Seiqmnas, rodesac mxolod<br />
erTi myidveli arsebobs. am dros arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazarze firmebi<br />
xSirad, urTierTdamokidebulebi arian – erTi firmis qmedeba did gavlenas axdens<br />
konkurentebze. arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazarze, msxvili da wvrili firmebi<br />
did mniSvnelobas aniWeben arasafaso konkurencias da reklamas.<br />
oligopolistebi xSirad mogebulni rCebian, Tu konkurentebs gaurigdebian da maT<br />
Tan TanamSromlobas daTanxmdebian. garigebaSi myofi firmebi erTdroulad irCeven da<br />
bazars karnaxoben maRal fass, romelic maTi damatebiTi mogebis garantiaa. oligopoliis<br />
dros, xSirad adgili aqvs farul SeTanxmebas saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro<br />
fasis, momxmareblis kategoriis, saqmianobis sferos, bazris wilis, resursebis wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
garigebaSi myofi oligopolistebis gaerTianebas kartels uwodeben. oligopoliur<br />
SeTanxmebas, arakanonieri xasiaTi aqvs, rac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan gamovlenasa da mowesrigebas<br />
moiTxovs.<br />
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazarze firmebi xSirad, urTierTdamokidebulebi<br />
arian – erTi firmis qmedeba did gavlenas axdens konkurentebze.<br />
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazarze, msxvili da wvrili firmebi did mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWeben arasafaso konkurencias da reklamas.<br />
80
oligopolistebi xSirad mogebulni rCebian, Tu konkurentebs gaurigdebian da maT<br />
Tan TanamSromlobas daTanxmdebian. garigebaSi myofi firmebi erTdroulad irCeven da<br />
bazars karnaxoben maRal fass, romelic maTi damatebiTi mogebis garantiaa. oligopoliis<br />
dros, xSirad adgili aqvs farul SeTanxmebas saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro<br />
fasis, momxmareblis kategoriis, saqmianobis sferos, bazris wilis, resursebis wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb. garigebaSi myofi oligopolistebis gaerTianebas kartels uwodeben.<br />
oligopoliur SeTanxmebas, arakanonieri xasiaTi aqvs, rac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan<br />
gamovlenasa da mowesrigebas moiTxovs.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
savarjiSo<br />
2<br />
? 1. ratom ar aRiareben eWvmitanilebi, vin aris monopolisti?<br />
srulyofili da arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazrebi<br />
bazris Taviseburebis gaTvaliswinebiT axseniT, rogor Seicvleba<br />
gayidvebis moculoba produqtze fasis gazrdis an Semcirebis pirobebSi?<br />
Tu:<br />
a. kaxeli mevenaxe yurZnis fass gazrdis/Seamcirebs;<br />
b. adgilobrivi eleqtrokompania fass gazrdis/Seamcirebs;<br />
g. erT-erTi fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis kompania saqarTveloSi fass<br />
gazrdis/Seamcirebs;<br />
d. yvavilebis maRazia TbilisSi fass gazrdis/Seamcirebs.<br />
konkurenciaSi Rirseuli gamarjvebis mizniT, firmebi gansakuTrebul<br />
mniSvnelobas eqsperimentebs aniWeben.<br />
• firma `makdonaldsi” axali saxis kafe-restornebis, menius, kerZebis<br />
da fasebis cvlilebis gziT mudmivad atarebs eqsperimentebs;<br />
• kompania IBM-is<br />
warmatebas garkveulwilad e.w. `Tavisuflad gasrolili<br />
isari” ganapirobebs. kerZod is, rom kompania xSirad axal, TiTqosda<br />
uazro da saocar ideebs axorcielebs, romelTac Semdgom udidesi<br />
vin aris monopolisti?<br />
agenti mevludi bazarze moqmed firmaTagan monopolistis gamovlenas<br />
cdilobs. moismineT monopolistobaSi eWvmitanilTa argumentebi.<br />
gamoricxvis meTodis saSualebiT, daexmareT agent mevluds<br />
gansazRvros, romeli bazris struqturaze moqmedebs TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
eWvmitanilTa Cvenebebs maswavlebeli gagacnobT.<br />
eWvmitanilebi bazris struqtura<br />
2. sasurvelia Tu ara monopoliis arseboba bazarze? daasabuTeT.<br />
81
82<br />
22<br />
konkurencia da<br />
SeTanxmeba<br />
imsjeleT gaixseneT arasrulyofili konkurenciis saxeebi.<br />
axseniT am sqemis Sinaarsi.<br />
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazarze firmebi xSirad, urTierTdamokidebulebi<br />
arian – erTi firmis qmedeba did gavlenas axdens konkurentebze.<br />
arasrulyofili konkurenciis bazarze, msxvili da wvrili firmebi did mniSvnelobas<br />
aniWeben arasafaso konkurencias da reklamas.<br />
oligopolistebi xSirad mogebulni rCebian, Tu konkurentebs gaurigdebian da maT<br />
Tan TanamSromlobas daTanxmdebian. garigebaSi myofi firmebi erTdroulad irCeven da<br />
bazars karnaxoben maRal fass, romelic maTi damatebiTi mogebis garantiaa. oligolpoliis<br />
dros, xSirad adgili aqvs farul SeTanxmebas saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sabazro<br />
fasis, momxmareblis kategoriis, saqmianobis sferos, bazris wilis, resursebis wyaros<br />
Sesaxeb. garigebaSi myofi oligopolistebis gaerTianebas kartels uwodeben.<br />
oligopoliur SeTanxmebas, arakanonieri xasiaTi aqvs, rac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan<br />
gamovlenasa da mowesrigebas moiTxovs.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
urTierTda -<br />
mo kidebuleba<br />
saidumlo<br />
SeTanxmeba<br />
arasrulyofili<br />
konkurenciis<br />
firmebi<br />
moqiSpe benzingasamarTi sadgurebi<br />
kaxas da giorgis qalaqis gareubanSi, gzatkecilis sxvadasxva<br />
mxares benzingasamarTi sadgurebi aqvT. maxloblad sxva sadguri ar<br />
aris. orive sadgurze erTnairi fasebia. es maT firniSze kargad Cans.<br />
a) kaxa fasis gazrdas apirebs, radgan Tvlis,<br />
rom fasis umniSvnelod gazrdis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
adamianebi daaxloebiT, igave raodenobis benzins<br />
SeiZenen. is Tvlis, rom mcire danakargebs<br />
maRali fasebiT aanazRaurebs.<br />
b) giorgi fasis Semcirebas apirebs, radgan<br />
hgonia, rom fasis umniSvnelod Semcirebis Sem<br />
TxvevaSi, kaxas momxmarebels daakargvinebs. igi<br />
darwmunebulia, rom TiToeul litrze Semosavlebis<br />
mcireoden klebas, gacilebiT meti raodenobis<br />
benzinis gayidviT aanazRaurebs.<br />
arasafaso<br />
konkurencia
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
ese<br />
neqo _ navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis orgnizacia (OPEThe<br />
Organization<br />
of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) – aris gaerTianeba, romelic navTobgadamamuSavebeli<br />
magnatebis gaerTianebis Sedegad, navTobze erTiani<br />
fasebis dawesebis mizniT Seiqmna. am organizaciis wevrebi is qveynebi<br />
arian, romelTa <strong>ekonomika</strong> mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli navTobis<br />
eqsportidan miRebul Semosavalze. misi ZiriTadi mizani navTobis<br />
msoflio fasebis kontrolia.<br />
neqo, rogorc mudmivad moqmedi ara<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> organizacia, 1960<br />
wlis 1014 seqtembers belgradis konferenciaze Seiqmna. Tavdapirvelad<br />
mis SemadgenlobaSi xuTi qveyana gaerTianda: irani, erayi, quveiTi,<br />
saudis arabeTi da venesuela. maT mogvianebiT kidev rva qveyana SeuerTda:<br />
katari (1961), indonezia (1962), libia (1962), gaerTianebuli arabTa<br />
emiratebi (1967), alJiri (1969), nigeria (1971), ekvadori (1973-1992), gabani<br />
(1975-1994).<br />
neqos Stab-bina Tavdapirvelad JenevaSi (Sveicaria) mdebareobda.<br />
1965 wlis 1 seqtembridan is venaSi (avstria) gadavida.<br />
neqos mizania organizaciis wevr qveynebs Soris saqmianobis koordinacia<br />
da saerTo politikis SemuSaveba navTobis mopovebis, fasebis<br />
dawesebisa da stabilizaciis, navTobis momxmarebelTa stabiluri momaragebis<br />
uzrunvelyofis, navTobis dargSi Cadebuli investiciebidan<br />
ukugebis miRebis mizniT.<br />
neqos wevri qveynebi msoflio navTobis maragebis 2/3s akontroleben.<br />
maT wilze msoflio navTobis mopovebis 40% da msoflio navTobis<br />
eqsportis naxevari modis.<br />
amonaweri sagazeTo statiidan:<br />
`gasul saukuneSi, msoflioSi momxdar progress umeteswilad<br />
safuZveli im qveynebis bazrebze Caeyara, sadac aris an iyo arasrulyofili<br />
konkurencia. es progresi axali saqonlis Seqmnasa da arsebulze<br />
fasis Semcirebas gulisxmobs. Cveni keTildReoba gaizrdeba, Tu<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> Tavs daanebebs bazrebis konkurentulobis SenarCunebas<br />
da maT oligopoliebad an monopoliebad gadaqcevas dauSvebs.~<br />
dawereT Tqveni Sefaseba statiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Sesaxeb.<br />
sabazro struqturis oTxi modeli (martivad)<br />
1. srulyofili konkurencia, yurZeni, kitri, vaSli...<br />
saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba ekonomistebis azriTY<br />
wminda, anu srulyofili konkurenciis bazars uaxlovdeba.<br />
saqarTveloSi uamravi fermeria, romlebsac sasoflosameurneo<br />
produqtebi mohyavT. SemodgomiT, rTvelis<br />
dros, mTeli saqarTvelo, gansakuTrebiT ki kaxeTis regioni<br />
yurZnis bazrad iqceva, sadac uamravi glexi rqawiTelis da<br />
saferavis jiSis yurZens yidis. am bazarze uamravi myidvelia,<br />
rogorc kerZo pirebi, aseve Rvinis qarxnebi.<br />
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
83
adgan yurZnis gamyidvelebis ricxvi sakmaod didia,<br />
saeWvoa, rom romelime fermerma fasis daweseba an masze<br />
gavlenis moxdena SeZlos.<br />
saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela regionSi kitri erTerTi<br />
ZiriTadi sasoflosameurneo kulturaa. davuSvaT, kitris<br />
bazarze Sesvla da adgilobrivi fermerebis bazar<br />
Si ezoSi moyvanili kitris gayidva moisurveT. bazarze<br />
kitris mravalferovnebaa, Tqveni kitri raionSi moyvanilis<br />
identuri Tu ara, msgavsi iqneba. Tu fermerebis bazarze 1 kg kitris fasi daaxloebiT<br />
0.80 laria, Tqven ki ufro Zvirad gayidvas SeecdebiT, SeiZleba erTic ver gayidoT.<br />
Tu gadawyvitavT, kitri bazarze aRar gaitanoT, mTliani miwodeba imdenad ar<br />
Semcirdeba, rom fasis gazrda gamoiwvios. Tqven ar SegiZliaT fasebis gakontroleba,<br />
radgan bazarze uamravi sxva gamyidvelia. albaT, TqvenTvis aramomgebiani iqneba<br />
arasafaso konkurenciis (magaliTad, reklamis) gamoyeneba imisaTvis, rom momxmarebeli<br />
kitrSi ufro maRali fasis gadaxdaze daiTanxmoT, radgan yvela kitri erTmaneTis<br />
msgavsia.<br />
qarTveli fermerebi saerTaSoriso bazarze arsebuli konkurenciis gamo seriozuli<br />
sirTuleebis winaSe dganan. aviRoT Tundac qarTuli vaSli. imisaTvis, rom man<br />
SeZlos jansaRi konkurencia gauwios iseT mimwodeblebs, rogoricaa moldova, poloneTi<br />
da CineTi, qarTvelma mexileebma xilis moyvanis da xexilis baRebis movlapatronobis<br />
Tanamedrove meTodebi unda aiTvison, raTa msxvili, xraSuna, aromatuli<br />
da lamazi Seferilobis vaSli awarmoon. garda amisa, mosavlis aRebis Semdeg, maT<br />
vaSli civ sacavebSi Tveebis manZilze unda Seinaxon, raTa weliwadis nebismier dros<br />
bazris moTxovnebis dakmayofileba SeZlon. garda amisa, aucilebelia Tanamedrove<br />
vaSlis jiSebis moyvana, rac saerTaSoriso bazarze konkurentunarianobis erTerTi<br />
sawindaria.<br />
2. monopolisturi konkurencia da Tqveni varcxniloba<br />
Tu qalaqSi an did dasaxlebaSi cxovrobT,<br />
Tqvenc da Tqvens megobrebsac didi arCevani gaqvT,<br />
sad gaikeToT axali varcxniloba. fasi, romelsac<br />
Cveulebrivi<br />
varcxnilobisaTvis ixdiT, albaT ramdenime<br />
laridan (fasdaklebis periodSi) ramdenime aTeul<br />
laramde (prestiJul salonSi) meryeobs. Tu<br />
amdeni stilistia,<br />
ratom ar amcirebs konkurencia fasebs ise, rom<br />
nebismieri varcxnilobis gakeTeba erTidaimave<br />
fasad iyos SesaZlebeli?<br />
pasuxs bazris struqturis erTerTi tipi _ monopolisturi konkurencia iZleva.<br />
silamazis salonebi, benzingasamarTi sadgurebi, kafeebi, restornebi, qimwmenda,<br />
bevri TvisebiT wminda konkurenciis bazrebs hgvanan. dargSi mravali konkurenti<br />
gamyidveli an firmaa da SedarebiT advilia am saxis biznesis dawyeba. monopolisturi<br />
konkurenciis dros, gamyidvelebi cdiloben momxmareblebi daarwmunon, rom<br />
maTi produqcia sxva gamyidvelebis produqciisagan gansxvavebulia da erTmaneTs<br />
konkurencias ara fasis SemcirebiT, aramed sxva saSualebebiT uweven.<br />
zogs akvirvebs varcxnilobis fasebs Soris aseTi didi gansxvaveba. ZviradRirebulma<br />
stilistma SeiZleba ganacxados, rom is ukeT akeTebs Tavis saqmes da uaxlesi<br />
varcxnilobebi icis, ris gamoc misi momsaxureba ufro Zviria. mas momxmareblis<br />
darwmuneba da fasebze gavlenac SeuZlia. saparikmaxeroebi, xSirad erTmaneTs metoqeobas<br />
arasafaso konkurenciis gziT uweven. maT momxmareblis mizidva ukeTesi adg<br />
84
ilmdebareobiT, momxibvleli garemoTi, xelsayreli samuSao saaTebiT SeuZliaT.<br />
arasafaso konkurencia farTod aris gavrcelebuli monopolisturi konkurenciis<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
3. oligopolia, burRuleulis sauzme da mobiluri telefoni<br />
oligopolia, dargSi ramdenime firmis arsebobas niSnavs.<br />
oligopoliur dargSi firma awarmoebs produqcias,<br />
romelic gansxvavdeba am dargis sxva firmebis<br />
produqciisagan (magaliTad, erTi firmis ludi an nayini<br />
gansxvavdeba sxva firmis produqciisagan), an SeiZleba<br />
garkveulwilad sxva produqtebis identuric ki iyos.<br />
radgan dargSi ramdenime gamyidvelia, maT dawesebuli<br />
fasis gakontroleba SeuZliaT. mcirericxovnobis gamo<br />
oligopoliurma firmebma konkurentebis mier dawesebul<br />
fasebs didi yuradReba unda miaqcion. magaliTad,<br />
Tuki erTi aviakompania fasebs Seamcirebs, sxvebmac mxari<br />
unda auban. oligopoliuri firmebis sididis gamo, xSirad axali firmisaTvis dargSi<br />
Sesvla da arsebul firmebTan konkurencia Znelia.<br />
ueWvelad SeniSnavdiT, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli ludis<br />
mwarmoebeli firmebi reklamaze uamrav fuls xarjaven<br />
da mas konkurenciis saSualebad iyeneben. konkurenciis ase<br />
Ti ZviradRirebuli gza damaxasiaTebelia iseTi oligopoliuri<br />
dargisaTvis, sadac diferencirebuli produqcia<br />
iyideba. magaliTad, avtomanqanebi, aviakompaniebi. reklama<br />
imdenad ZviradRirebulia, rom es faqtori dargidan konkurentebis<br />
CamoSorebas emsaxureba.<br />
saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebuli fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis<br />
momsaxurebis kompaniebs `magTikomsa”<br />
da `jeosels” Soris, konkurenciul brZolaSi<br />
gamarjvebulis dasaxeleba Znelia, radgan isini<br />
mudmivad ejibrebian erTmaneTs da cdiloben<br />
axali sixSireebis, momsaxurebis saxeebisa da<br />
produqtis danergvas. orive udides fuls xarjavs<br />
axal teqnologiebze, reklamaze, saqvelmoqmedo<br />
saqmianobaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom bolo<br />
periodSi saqarTvelos bazarze Semovida axali<br />
konkurenti _ `bilaini”, romelic ukve mZafrad<br />
CaerTo konkurentul brZolaSi.<br />
roca dargSi ramdenime msxvili mwarmoebelia, arsebobs faruli SeTanxmebis Sesa<br />
Zlebloba. es imas niSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia firmebma fasebis daweseba erToblivad,<br />
aralegalurad scadon. amitom aris, rom oligopoliebis saqmianobas xSirad didi yuradRebiT<br />
ekidebian <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> regulirebis organoebi.<br />
4. monopolia da almasebi<br />
monopoliis gansazRvreba Zalze martivia: monopolia maSin arsebobs, roca unikaluri<br />
produqtis erTaderTi gamyidvelia. realuri cxovrebidan monopoliis magali<br />
Tis motana advili ar aris, radgan nebismier biznesSi garkveuli saxis konkurenciaa.<br />
Tu patara qalaqSi saxaWapure mxolod Tqven gaqvT, ras niSnavs es, monopolia<br />
gaqvT, Tu konkurenciaSi xarT Cabmuli sxva saxis restornebTan?<br />
arian Tu ara sinamdvileSi profesionaluri sportuli gundebi geografiuli<br />
monopoliebi?<br />
85
almasis industria monopoliis nimuSia, romelic<br />
konkurenciis kontrolis uunarobis gamo daiSala.<br />
msoflioSi cnobilia kompania ,,debirsi”, (De Beers)<br />
1930-iani wlebidan dawyebuli mTeli XX saukunis man<br />
Zilze, ofisebiT Sveicariasa da samxreT afrikaSi, akontrolebda<br />
msoflioSi miwodebuli almasis udides<br />
nawils. ,,debirsi” monopoliis kargi magaliTia. almasis<br />
miwodebis kontrolma, SeaZlebina mas gasayidad miwodebuli<br />
almasis raodenoba SeezRuda da imaze met fasad<br />
gaeyida, vidre es konkurenciis pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. monopolisti rom<br />
gaxdes, kompaniam Sesvlis mkacri barierebi unda daawesos – es konkurentebis Camo<br />
Sorebis gzaa. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, nedli almasis SesyidviT, ,,debirsi” Tavidan<br />
icilebda konkurencias. is dabal fasad almasis SesyidviT da maRal fasad gayidviT<br />
bazars fasebs karnaxobda. amave dros, maRali moTxovnis SesanarCuneblad da savaWro<br />
markis gasaZliereblad, arasafaso konkurenciis formas _ reklamas (`almasi mudmivia~)<br />
iyenebda.<br />
saukunis bolos, `debirsma” monopoliuri kontroli TandaTan dakarga da monopoliidan<br />
wasvla gadawyvita. ruseTma, miuxedavad imisa, rom oficialurad jer kidev<br />
monopoliis nawili iyo, almasis miyidva uSualod sxva qveynebisaTvis `debirsis~<br />
gverdis avliT daiwyo. kanadasa da afrikaSi almasis aRmoCenam, ,,debirss” miwodebis<br />
kontroli gaurTula. afrikis saomar mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynebidan, almasis Sesyidvis<br />
eTikurma problemebma, ,,debirsis” problemebi kidev ufro gaarTula. 2000<br />
wlis ivlisSi, ,,debirsma” gamoacxada, rom is aRar apirebs almasis msoflio miwodebis<br />
kontrols da monopolia oficialurad daiSala.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom wminda monopoliis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia, `TiTqmis monopoliebis~<br />
arsebobam SeiZleba <strong>ekonomika</strong>s problemebi Seuqmnas. monopoliebs mkacri<br />
kontroli aqvT, maTive dawesebul fasebze da mcire stimuli imisa, rom efeqtianebi<br />
da inovaciurebi iyvnen.<br />
SeerTebul StatebSi monopoliebi aralegaluria, magram firmebis mxridan saku<br />
Tari monopoliis dacvis mcdeloba arsebobs.<br />
davaleba amonaweri sagazeTo statiidan:<br />
`gasul saukuneSi, msoflioSi momxdar progress umeteswilad<br />
safuZveli im qveynebis bazrebze Caeyara, sadac aris an iyo arasrulyofili<br />
konkurencia. es progresi axali saqonlis Seqmnasa da arsebulze<br />
fasis Semcirebas gulisxmobs. Cveni keTildReoba gaizrdeba,<br />
Tu <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> Tavs daanebebs bazrebis konkurentulobis SenarCunebas<br />
da maT oligopoliebad an monopoliebad gadaqcevas dauSvebs.~<br />
86<br />
aRwereT Tqveni Sefaseba statiaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Sesaxeb.
IV<br />
davaleba<br />
? mewarmeebis nawils miaCnia, rom rac met saqonels gaitans bazarze, miT<br />
mdgradoba<br />
bazarze<br />
23<br />
ra xdeba<br />
realur bazarze?<br />
1. ra xdeba realur bazarze, rodesac ramdenime gamyidvelia gaba<br />
tonebuli?<br />
2. ra xdeba realur bazarze, rodesac uamravi gamyidveli erTgvarovan<br />
saqonels yidis?<br />
3. ra xdeba bazarze, rodesac myidvelebis raodenoba Zalian mcirea?<br />
4. albaT gagigiaT gamoTqma `bazari datova”. xom ar iciT, ras gulisxmobs<br />
es fraza?<br />
5. Tqveni azriT, ra pirobebi aiZulebs mewarmes bazris datovebas?<br />
meti mogebis miRebas SeZlebs. rogor fiqrobT, aseTi logikiT muSaoba uzrunvelyofs<br />
maT gamdidrebas?<br />
1<br />
nikas skolaSi wasvlisas gzis gadakveTa miwisqveSa gadasasvleliT uwevs.<br />
iq uamravi savaWro pavilionia, sadac saTamaSoebi, tansacmeli da fexsacmeli<br />
iyideba. nikas ocnebaa skolis damTavrebisTanave musikaluri maRazia gaxsnas.<br />
mas gansakuTrebiT kuTxis pavilioni moswons. momavali maRaziis gaxsnas<br />
swored iq gegmavs. am pavilionSi Tavdapirvelad tansacmlis maRazia iyo,<br />
Semdeg saTamaSoebi iyideboda, bolos kompiuteruli momsaxurebis centri<br />
gaixsna, Tumca ori Tvec ar gasula, rac daixura. kvlav gamoCnda warwera ,,qiravdeba’’.<br />
biWma yuri mohkra frazas ,,arc momsaxurebam gaamarTla”.<br />
nikas ainteresebs, ratom ver moaxerxes mewarmeebma am pavilions momgebiani<br />
biznesis awyoba maSin, roca mezobeli maRaziebi warmatebiT muSaoben?<br />
1. daexmareT nikas biznesis warumateblobis yvela SesaZlo mizezi daafiqsiros:<br />
• cudi adgilmdebareoba;<br />
• araefeqturi momsaxureba;<br />
• cudi samuSao pirobebi;<br />
• dabali xarisxis saqoneli;<br />
• Zalian maRali fasebi;<br />
• konkurentTa simravle;<br />
• reklamis ararseboba;<br />
• arapopularuli, modas CamorCenili saqoneli;<br />
• sxva? gaakeTeT komentari Tqvens Sefasebebze.<br />
2. giocnebiaT biznesmenobaze? rogor warmogidgeniaT Tqveni<br />
cxovreba ocnebis asrulebis SemTxvevaSi?<br />
87
iznesis floba, an mis mmarTvelad yofna adamianebSi keTildReobis asociacias<br />
iwvevs: bevri fuli, kargi manqana, feSenebeluri saxli, yvela ocnebis asruleba... Tumca,<br />
vis ojaxsac biznesTan Sexeba Hhqonia, ecodineba, ra rTulia mogebis miReba. biznesis dawyebidan<br />
saocnebo cxovrebamde rTuli gzaa gasavleli. miRweuli warmateba ki samudamo<br />
ar aris. xSirad warmatebiT wamowyebul biznessac uWirs sasurveli mdgomareobis xangrZlivad<br />
SenarCuneba da bazris datoveba uxdeba.<br />
Tu momxmarebels saqoneli moswons, moTxovna izrdeba da gamyidveli mogebuli rCeba.<br />
moTxovna mZlavri sabazro faqtoria. is mewarmes ufro meti da xarisxiani produqciis<br />
warmoebis stimuls aZlevs. Tu droTa ganmavlobaSi saqonlis mimarT momxmareblis interesi<br />
klebulobs – moTxovna mcirdeba. Tu mewarmem alternatiuli saqonlis warmoebaze<br />
drulad ar ifiqra, gakotrebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba. bazris mkacri kanonebi<br />
mewarmeebs mSvidad yofnis saSualebas ar aZlevs. bazarze warmateba bizness erTguli<br />
klientebis SeZenis da mdgrad mdgomareobaSi yofnis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.<br />
mewarmem momxmareblis survilebi, midrekilebebi, prioritetebi unda Seiswavlos<br />
da maTi gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedos.<br />
nebismieri mewarmisaTvis bazarze sasurveli mdgomareoba, dargSi mniSvnelovani<br />
sabazro wilis mopovebaa.<br />
rogor SeiZleba bazris wilis gazrda? es firmebis sastarto (sawyis) pirobebsa da<br />
finansur mdgomareobazea damokidebuli.<br />
bazris wilis gasazrdelad firmebi erTdroulad ramdenime gegmis (strategiis)<br />
mixedviT moqmedeben:<br />
88<br />
!<br />
!<br />
mdgradoba bazarze biznesis momgebian mdgomareobaSi<br />
xangrZliv arsebobas niSnavs.<br />
bazarze mdgradi mdgomareobis SesanarCuneblad sawarmo<br />
iZulebulia potenciur myidvels Tavi moawonos<br />
daainteresos<br />
sakuTari<br />
produqciiT<br />
SesTavazos<br />
maRali xarisxis<br />
da/<br />
an dabali fasis<br />
mqone produqcia<br />
SesTavazos<br />
gansxvavebuli<br />
momsaxureba<br />
SesTavazos<br />
novatoruli<br />
saqoneli<br />
bazris wili ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ra nawili ukavia kompaniis mier<br />
warmoebul produqcias, am dargSi mTlianad warmoebuli produqciis<br />
raodenobidan. wils procentulad gansazRvraven. rac ufro metia mTlianad<br />
warmoebuli produqciidan (100 %dan), mocemuli kompaniis mier<br />
warmoebuli produqcia, miT ukeTesi mdgomareoba aqvs kompanias bazarze.
firmis strategia ras niSnavs? magaliTi<br />
moulodnelad<br />
gaCen<br />
i-<br />
li<br />
xelsayreli<br />
SesaZ-<br />
leblobebiT<br />
lobasargeb-<br />
momxmareblisaTvis alter<br />
natiuli saqon lis an<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
miwod<br />
eba<br />
sabazro cvlilebebis<br />
gaT valiswineba<br />
produqciis<br />
an<br />
saw<br />
arm<br />
oo<br />
procesis<br />
gaumj<br />
ob<br />
eseba<br />
sazogadoebrivi tenden<br />
ciebis operatiuli<br />
ga-mo ye neba.<br />
iseTi SesaZleblobebis gamoyeneba,<br />
rogoricaa<br />
prod<br />
u-<br />
q tze moTxovnis zrda, iafi<br />
re sursebis baz ris povna, momgebiani<br />
idei<br />
s aRmoCena,<br />
kom-<br />
pan<br />
ia<br />
Ta<br />
Serwyma,<br />
axali<br />
teqn<br />
o-<br />
logiebis danergva da sxv.<br />
firmebi produqtis an mom-<br />
saxurebis<br />
axal<br />
varia<br />
nt<br />
ebs<br />
SeimuSaveben.<br />
damatebiTi momsaxurebis<br />
SeTavazeba.<br />
firmebi mier axali produqciis<br />
Seqmna, an Zvelis<br />
da xve wa da moxmarebis<br />
gaadvileba.<br />
sazogadoebrivi<br />
cnob<br />
ie-<br />
reba da cxovrebis stili,<br />
mosaxleobis<br />
Semos<br />
av-<br />
lebis<br />
zrdasT<br />
an<br />
da<br />
sxva<br />
qveynebTan integraciis<br />
Se de gad icvleba, rac biz-<br />
nesisaTvis<br />
axal<br />
xels<br />
ayrel<br />
SesaZleb lobebs qmnis.<br />
kompaniebi yiduloben licenziebs,<br />
patentebs, savaWro niSnebs. didi<br />
xania<br />
`koka-kolasa~<br />
da<br />
`makdon<br />
ald-<br />
sis~ produqcia mxolod aSS-Si aRar<br />
iyideba.<br />
swrafi safosto momsaxurebis<br />
fir mebi `iu-pi-esi~ (UPS) da `dieiC-eli~<br />
(DHL) popularuli gaxda<br />
msofl<br />
ios<br />
nebismier<br />
wertilSi,<br />
ad-<br />
re satebisaTvis gzavnilebis 2-3<br />
dReSi mitaniT, es daexmara imaSi,<br />
rom mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris<br />
saqarTveloSic, konkurentTa momsaxureba<br />
daeCrdila da bazris lideri<br />
gamxdariyo.<br />
amerikulma kompaniam `SERVE~, ro-<br />
melic<br />
grandiozul<br />
stacion<br />
al<br />
ur<br />
avtosaremonto saxelosnoebs<br />
flobs, avtomanqanis mflobelebs<br />
dama tebiTi momsaxurebac SesTavaza.<br />
man<br />
saxelosnoebi<br />
gamoZ<br />
ax<br />
ebiT<br />
( mobiluri<br />
saremonto<br />
saxel<br />
osnoebi)<br />
gaxsna,<br />
riTac<br />
mniSvnelovan<br />
warm<br />
at<br />
e-<br />
bas miaRwia da bazris lideri gaxda.<br />
saTvaleebis<br />
Canacvleba<br />
kont<br />
aq-<br />
turi<br />
linzebiT,<br />
rZisa<br />
da<br />
nat<br />
u-<br />
raluri wvenebisaTvis minis taris,<br />
plastmasis, Tunuqis an qaRaldis<br />
SefuTviT Secvla, cifruli<br />
fotografiis bazarze gamoCena, amis<br />
saukeTeso magaliTia.<br />
Tu<br />
mosaxleobis<br />
did<br />
nawils<br />
xel<br />
ov-<br />
nuri tyavis qurTukebi ufro metad<br />
izidavs,<br />
vidre<br />
bun<br />
ebrivi,<br />
mewarmem<br />
es tendencia axali produqtebis<br />
dagegmvisas unda gamoiyenos.<br />
sam Seneblo bumi TbilisSi, sazogadoebrivi<br />
tendenciebis biznesze<br />
zegavlenis naTeli magaliTia.<br />
naxazze naCvenebia erT bazarze moRvawe xuTi msxvili kompania. maTgan yvelaze<br />
didi wili CC kompanias aqvs. is 40%is tolia. CC kompania bazris lideria.<br />
89
? • romel kompanias aqvs yvelaze mcire wili?<br />
90<br />
!<br />
ese<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
• rogor unda imoqmedos am kompaniam, wilis gazrda rom SeZlos?<br />
• rogor Seicvleba CC kompaniis mdgomareoba bazarze,<br />
Tu kompania wilis 10%iT gazrdas moaxerxebs?<br />
• CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis cnobili lideri kompaniebi.<br />
• rogor unda miaRwios kompaniam liderobas bazarze?<br />
1. rogor unda daarwmunos kompaniam momxmarebeli, rom bazarze saukeTeso<br />
saqonels swored is sTavazobs?<br />
2. CamoTvaleT TqvenTvis cnobili kompaniebis aqciebi, romelic momxmareblis<br />
yuradRebis misapyrobad Catarda.<br />
• bazarze aravis aqvs mogebis garantia!<br />
• produqtis gasaReba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor SeZlebs<br />
firma momxmarebelis darwmunebas, rom swored mis mier warmodgenili<br />
saqonelia saukeTeso. sworad SerCeuli sareklamo fraza, momxmarebels<br />
am saqonlis SeZenis survils uCens.<br />
me rom sakuTari biznesi mqondes...<br />
waikiTxeT qvemoT moyvanili sagazeTo statiis fragmentebi da<br />
TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gansazRvreT:<br />
1. Seicvleba Tu ara biznesis mier bazarze dakavebuli pozicia?<br />
2. Tu TvliT, rom Seicvleba, gansazRvreT cvlilebis mimarTuleba–<br />
gamyardeba, Semcirdeba Tu kraxiT daasrulebs arsebobas?<br />
3. Tu aRniSnuli movlena cvlilebas ar iwvevs, axseniT ratom?<br />
a) kafe `iebSi”, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sanitaruli samsaxuris inspeqciam, sanitaruli<br />
normebis darRveva daafiqsira;<br />
b) qaTmis gripis epidemiis saSiSroebasTan dakavSirebiT, sasursaTo maRaziebis<br />
qselidan amoRebuli unda iqnes qaTmis produqtebi;<br />
g) specializirebul maRazias ,,frinvelis xorci” dezinfeqcia Cautardes da<br />
orkviriani karantini dawesdes;<br />
d) erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, kompaniam Psareklamo kampaniaSi 1 milion laramde<br />
daxarja;<br />
e) maRaziis mflobelma gamyidvelebs xelfasi gauormaga.<br />
v) msoflioSi cnobilma xorcis mwarmoebelma firmam ,,XYZ’’ ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos<br />
bazarze misi Semosvlis mizani ar aris maqsimaluri mogebis miReba,<br />
aramed sazogadoebis winaSe valis moxda;<br />
z) rZis produqtebis mwarmoebelma kompania `lamam~ iafi da xarisxiani<br />
resursebis wyaro gamonaxa;<br />
T) ludis bazris ganviTarebis Seswavlis mizniT Catarebuli gamokvlevis SedegebiT,<br />
mosaxleobaSi ludis moxmarebis zrda SeimCneva. mkvlevarebis prognoziT,<br />
ludis yovelwliuri moxmareba 590 -600 mln. litrs miaRwevs. kvlevis<br />
Sedegebis gacnobis Semdeg, ludis mwarmoebelma kompaniam ,,ludi XXI”,<br />
bankidan kreditis aReba da sawarmos reorganizaciagafarToeba ganizraxa.
imsjeleT<br />
biznesis mdgradobaze moqmedi faqtorebi<br />
24-25<br />
bazarze biznesis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi mxolod momxmareblis<br />
moTxovnilebebze droul reagirebaze, Cadebul investiciebze,<br />
mewarmis mondomebasa da unarCvevebze ar aris<br />
damokidebuli. biznesis ,,sasicocxlo” pirobebs uamravi sxva<br />
faqtoric qmnis. sawarmoebi izolirebulad ver iarsebeben.<br />
maT funqcionireba uxdebaT garkveul garemoSi, romelic ma<br />
Tze zemoqmedebs da xSirad ,,sasikvdilo dartymebsac’’ ayenebs.<br />
yofna?<br />
aryofna?<br />
bazarze xangrZlivad rCeba sawarmo, romelsac momxmareblis saWiroebebis<br />
mimarT swrafi reagirebis unari aqvs.<br />
rogor ggoniaT, biznesis warmatebisaTvis es piroba sakmarisia?<br />
pasuxi daasabuTeT argumentebiT.<br />
1<br />
yofna<br />
aryofna<br />
qveyana samTavrobo cvlilebebis molodinSia. sainformacio saSualebebi<br />
mTeli Tvea mniSvnelovan postebze savaraudo kandidaturebs asaxeleben.<br />
Jurnalistebi acxadeben, rom biznesmenebi didi investiciebisagan<br />
Tavs ikaveben.<br />
Tqveni azriT, romeli motivebiT xelmZRvaneloben mewarmeebi am<br />
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros? sxva romeli mizezebi moqmedebs investirebis<br />
doneze? pasuxebi SeadareT momdevno gverdze mocemul sqemas.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s saSinao mdgomareobis zegavlena<br />
qveynis stabiluroba biznesis ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa. 90-ian wlebSi<br />
saqarTveloSi arsebulma politikurma qaosma da areulobam, samoqalaqo omma ekonomikis<br />
ganviTareba mniSvnelovnadDSeaferxa. axali biznesis wamowyeba udides riskTan iyo<br />
dakavSirebuli, arsebuli sawarmoebi ki erTmaneTis miyolebiT tovebdnen bazars. qveyana<br />
siRatakis zRvarze aRmoCnda. rodesac qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>m welSi gamarTva daiwyo, 2008<br />
wels ruseTsaqarTvelos omma isev daatyo daRi.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s zegavlena<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> samewarmeo saqmianobis uflebas licenzirebis wesiT iZleva, biznesis<br />
marTvas samarTlebrivi normebiT _ kanonebiT da dadgenilebebiT _ aregulirebs. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m<br />
SeiZleba, iseTi sakanonmdeblo baza da sagadasaxado foni Seqmnas, iseTi wesebi<br />
SemoiRos, romelic biznesis ganviTarebas gaarTulebs. xSirad piriqiT xdeba: mTavroba<br />
Tavisufali bazris da konkurenciis dacvas antimonopoliuri kanonebiT, ucxour<br />
saqonelze SezRudvebis dawesebiT adgilobrivi warmoebis xelSewyobas da gaZlierebas<br />
axdens. mkacri moTxovnebia sawarmoTa mxridan garemos dabinZurebasTan mimarTebaSi,<br />
maRali jarimebi mkveTrad zrdis sawarmoo danaxarjebs.<br />
axali mewarmeebi im sferoSi Cndebian, romelSic Semosavlebi da mogeba metia. nebismieri<br />
materialuri resursi, romlic erTi firmisaTvis aris xelSesaxebi, droTa ganmavlobaSi,<br />
metoqesaTvisac xelmisawvdomi xdeba. kompanias konkurentebis mxridan agresiis mogerieba<br />
(fasebis Semcireba, gayidvebis waxaliseba, sareklamo saqmianobis gaSla da sxva) mudmivad<br />
uxdeba. bazarze adgilis SenarCuneba TiToeuli sawarmosaTvis miT ufro Znelia, rac<br />
91
meti da Zlieri konkurentebi hyavs, rac metad uZneleben funqcionirebas. konkurentul<br />
brZolaSi damarcxebuli sawarmoebi bazars toveben. meore mxriv, igive konkurentebi biznesisaTvis<br />
stimulis mimcemi xdebian. bazarze adgilis SesanarCuneblad sawarmo iZulebuli<br />
xdeba bazris mkacri wesebi miiRos _ ramdenadac SesaZlebelia maRali xarisxis da<br />
dabali fasis produqcia gamouSvas, rac momxmareblisaTvis momgebiania.<br />
momxmareblis zegavlena<br />
biznesis funqcionirebis ZiriTadi mizani mogebis miRebaa. mogebas firma momxmarebelis<br />
saSualebiT Rebulobs. is Semosavali, romelic mewarmes axali nedleulis SeZenis da<br />
saqmianobis gagrZelebis saSualebas aZlevs, mxolod realizebul (gayidul) produqcias<br />
moaqvs. klientebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, sawarmo funqcionirebas didxans ver SeZlebs.<br />
swored momxmareblis kmayofileba gansazRvravs biznesis warmatebas, amitom momxmarebeli<br />
biznesis garemos umniSvnelovanesi komponentia. misi gemovneba, ganaTlebis done da kultura,<br />
religiuri kuTvnileba, socialuri mdgomareoba, asaki, Semosavlebi,<br />
cxovrebiseuli faseulobebi gavlenas axdens warmoebaze:<br />
produqcia swored maTi gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba. momxmarebels miT<br />
ufro meti Zalaufleba gaaCnia bazarze, miT ufro mniSvnelovani zemoqmedebis<br />
unari aqvs produqciis xarisxze da fasebze, rac ufro<br />
cota momxmarebeli hyavs konkretul bazars da produqts.<br />
momwodebelTa zegavlena<br />
nedleulis momwodeblebis mxridan Seferxebebi sawarmoebis<br />
funqcionirebis paralizebas, zogjer ki Sewyvetasac iwvevs.<br />
magaliTad, eleqtroenergiis an bankidan fulis nakadis Sewyvetas, xSirad warmoebis<br />
gaCereba da mniSvnelovani zarali mohyveba.<br />
geografiuli garemos zegavlena<br />
biznesisTvis mniSvnelovania rogorc bunebrivi (geografiuli) garemo: miwa, wyali,<br />
saTbobenergetikuli resursebi, klimati, bunebrivi nedleuli<br />
da sxva, aseve ekologiuri garemoc. arc Tu iSviaTad, sawarmoebi<br />
garemos abinZureben. toqsikuri narCenebi ekologiur cvlilebebs<br />
da mosaxleobis janmrTelobis gauaresebas iwvevs. Tu aseTi dar<br />
Rvevebi masStaburia, xelisufleba iZulebulia sawarmo daxuros.<br />
gansakuTrebiT saSiSi haeris, wylis da niadagis dabinZurebaa.<br />
saerTaSoriso mdgomareobis zegavlena<br />
cnobilia, rom sparseTis yureSi saomarma moqmedebebma<br />
jaWvuri reaqcia gamoiwvia navTobis importior qveynebSi. ekonomikis aRmavloba Seferxda,<br />
gaZvirda fasebi energomatareblebze (saqarTveloSi navTobze), ramac warmoebas<br />
udidesi problemebi Seuqmna. msoflioma krizisma ki qveynebis umravlesobaSi <strong>ekonomika</strong>s<br />
didi dartyma miayena.<br />
92<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
organoebi,<br />
kanonebi<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s saSinao<br />
mdgomareoba, politika<br />
konkurentebi<br />
biznesi<br />
geografiuli<br />
garemo, ekologia<br />
momxmarebeli<br />
mimwodebeli<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
mdgomareoba
imsjeleT<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
2<br />
ninom eleqtrosaqonlis damamzadebel kompaniaSi daiwyo muSaoba. mas<br />
msxvil gadamyidvelebTan uxdeba urTierToba. gogonas Zalian unda samsaxurSi<br />
warmatebas miaRwios, amitom klientebs saqonels mondomebiT<br />
uqebs. informacia imdenad gaazviada, rom verc ki mixvda, simarTles rogor<br />
daSorda. marTalia produqcia or dReSi gaiyida, magram menejers<br />
arc kmayofileba Setyobia da arc ninos Seqeba ufiqria...<br />
1) ra Sedegebs moitans ninos saqcieli kompaniisaTvis?<br />
msxvili gadamyidvelebisaTvis? ratom?<br />
2) samarTliani iqneba Tu ara firmis administracia,<br />
Tu ninos dasjas gadawyvets?<br />
3) SeafaseT menejeris saqcieli.<br />
cnobilia, rom singapuri sisufTaviTa da wesrigiT gamorCeuli qalaq<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>a.<br />
Tumca, bevrma ar icis, rom iq avtomobilis floba wliurad<br />
Rirebulebis 50%-dan 150%-mde ibegreba da gadasaxadi Tveebze nawildeba.<br />
mTavrobam es RonisZieba ucileblad miiCnia avtomobilebis gayidvebis<br />
Sesamcireblad, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi quCebi manqanebiT<br />
gadaitvirTeboda da sacobebi Seiqmneboda, rac avtomobilis mflobelebs<br />
qalaqSi gadaadgilebisas problemebs Seuqmnida.<br />
a) rogor ggoniaT, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier aseTi begaris SemoReba aris<br />
Tu ara bazris regulireba?<br />
b) avtomobilis mflobelebis mdgomareobas aseTi begara namdvilad<br />
gaaumjobesebs?<br />
g) rogori efeqti eqneba msgavsi begaris dawesebas saqarTveloSi?<br />
ra kavSirSia biznesis garemo momxmarebelTan?<br />
imuSaveT jgufebSi. gaanalizeT, rogor aisaxeba biznesze moqmedi<br />
faqtorebi momxmareblebze. daxazeT sqema, moamzadeT prezentacia.<br />
waikiTxeT bolo 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTarebasa<br />
da problemebze presaSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi, upasuxeT<br />
kiTxvebs:<br />
1. romeli problemaa umwvavesi?<br />
2. rogoria mTavrobis zegavlena biznesis ganviTarebaze, dadebiTi Tu<br />
uaryofiTi? moiyvaneT magaliTebi.<br />
3. ra gavlenas axdens saqarTveloSi biznesis ganviTarebaze:<br />
a) saqarTvelos dRevandeli saSinao mdgomareoba?<br />
b) saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba?<br />
g) <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> gadawyvetilebebi?<br />
d) urTierToba geografiul mezoblebTan?<br />
e) momxmareblis prioritetebis cvlileba?<br />
v) rogor `ebrZvian~ konkurenti sawarmoebi erTmaneTs saqarTveloSi?<br />
moiyvaneT magaliTebi.<br />
93
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
94<br />
momxmarebeli saqonlis SefuTvas iseTive yuradRebas<br />
aqcevs, rogorc TviT saqonels. arasaimedod<br />
SefuTuli produqcia ndobas ar imsaxurebs, amitom<br />
saqonlis efeqtur SefuTvas mwarmoeblebi did<br />
Tanxebs da dros uTmoben.<br />
SesafuTi masalebis warmoeba msoflioSi gayidvebis<br />
moculobiT erTerTi mniSvnelovani dargia. yovelwliurad<br />
sakonservo qilebidan dawyebuli hermetuli konteinerebiT dam<br />
Tavrebuli, miliardobiT dolaris SesafuTi masala mzaddeba da iyideba.<br />
kargi SefuTva ara marto icavs produqts, aramed xazs usvams mis upiratesobas<br />
Tavisi formiT, feriT, SemadgenilobiTa da dizainiT. SefuTva myidvelTa<br />
yuradRebas iqcevs, aadvilebs saqonlis aRqmas da ganTavsebas. arsebobs<br />
SefuTvis kodirebuli saxeobebic, isini damcav signals gamoscemen,<br />
riTac amcireben moparvis safrTxes.<br />
SefuTvis feri informaciis miwodebis saSualebasac<br />
warmoadgens, myidvels SeuZlia mokle dro<br />
Si, etiketze arsebuli informaciis gacnobamde,<br />
saqonlis Sesaxeb daskvna gaakeTos. magaliTad, sasmelis<br />
qila, romelzec wiTeli feri dominirebs,<br />
imaze miuTiTebs, rom masSi an kokakolaa, an pomidvris<br />
wveni; mwvane feri – limonis Semcvel sasmelze<br />
miuTiTebs, narinjisferi – forToxalze. Tu WurWlis sarecxi siTxe yviTeli<br />
SefuTviTaa, winaswar viciT, rom mas limonis suni eqneba, nivTebis Savi<br />
SefuTva misi eleganturobis maCvenebelia.<br />
SefuTvis Semadgeneli nawilia etiketi. is produqtis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis<br />
amocnobaSi gvexmareba. saqonlis xarisxis, Semadgenlobis, moxmarebis wesebis,<br />
gamoyenebis xangrZlivobis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb informacias iZleva.<br />
msoflios bevr qveyanaSi kanonebis meSveobiT, regulirdeba sakvebi<br />
produqtebis, medikamentebis, kosmetikuri nawarmis da mravali qimiuri da sxva<br />
preparatebis markireba. kanoni makontrolebel organoebs avaldebulebs etiketebze<br />
CamoTvlili Semadgeneli nawilebis sizustes Tvalyuri adevnon.<br />
etikets gamyidvelebi xSirad saqonlis popularobis xarisxis dasadgenad<br />
iyeneben. momxmarebels maT Segrovebas sTxoven da garkveuli raodenobis<br />
etiketisaTvis sxvadasxva prizebs sTavazoben, aTamaSeben latareas. saqonelze<br />
ganTavsebuli eleqtronuli kodebi kompaniebs produqciis moZraobaze<br />
dakvirvebis saSualebas aZlevs.<br />
araekologiuri SefuTva saqonlis xarisxs, Sesabamisad<br />
gasaRebas udides zians ayenebs, SesaZlebelia<br />
sawarmos daxurvis mizezic gaxdes.<br />
SefuTva momxmareblis damokidebulebasTan<br />
pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli. momxmareblis pirveladi<br />
reaqcia saqonelze, aRqma da damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba<br />
(moswons Tu ara saqoneli) – mniSvnelovnad<br />
gansazRvravs rogori iqneba SemdgomSi<br />
gayidvebis moculoba;<br />
produqtis da firmis imiji;<br />
mdgomareoba bazarze;<br />
saqonlis konkurentunarianoba.
26<br />
vmarTavT kompania<br />
`aTinaTs!~<br />
kompania `aTinaTi” 3 biznes erTeulisagan Sedgeba. Tqveni amocanaa, gaecnoT maT<br />
Sesaxeb monacemebs, moaxdinoT TiToeuli biznesis analizi da kompaniis momavali mdgomareobis<br />
prognozireba. gadawyvitoT, SeZlebs kompania bazarze arseboba ganagrZos?<br />
axseniT fiqrobT ase? Tu TvliT, rom biznesis mdgomareoba rTulia, dasaxeT mdgomareobis<br />
gamosworebis gegma da moamzadeT gegmis prezentacia.<br />
gaecaniT informacias warmosaxviTi kompania `aTinaTis” Sesaxeb:<br />
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba ,,aTinaTi” 3 bizneserTeulisagan Sedgeba.<br />
esenia:<br />
1. gamagrilebeli ualkoholo sasmelebis kompania `sixaruli;”<br />
2. yavis damamzadebeli sawarmo ,,geoarabika”;<br />
3. swrafi kvebis restornebis qseli `princesa”<br />
1. `sixaruli” axali sawarmoa, bazarze misi wili didi ar aris, magram<br />
ori Tvis win Catarebuli sociologiuri gamokvlevis Sedegebis<br />
mixedviT respodentTa 60%-ma maTTvis cnobili xarisxiani ualkoholo<br />
sasmelebidan pirvel rigSi, swored `sixaruli” daasaxela. ,,sixaruli”<br />
ukve 5 saxis ualkoholo sasmels uSvebs.<br />
2. ,,geoarabika” yavis damafasoebeli saSualo zomis sawarmoa. misi<br />
produqcia wlebis manZilze popularuli iyo saqarTvelos bazarze,<br />
Tumca, ukanaskneli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxSirda SemTxvevebi,<br />
rodesac sawarmom xarisxi ver uzrunvelyo. erTi Tvis win sawarmom<br />
savaWro qselidan didi raodenobiT wundebuli produqcia<br />
ukan daibruna. xelmZRvanelobam produqciis meored gadamuSaveba<br />
da mdgomareobis gamosworeba gadawyvita, magram sakmaod dabali<br />
xarisxis yavis partiebi muSebis daudevrobis gamo, savaWro qselSi<br />
meored moxvda, ramac myidvelTa da maRaziis mflobelTa ukmayofileba<br />
gamoiwvia. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sanitaruli samsaxuri am faqtiT dainteresda da daiwyo<br />
kvleva, Tu rogor moqmedebs wundebuli yava momxmareblis janmrTelobaze. kvlevis<br />
Sedegebis gamoqveynebamde warmoeba SeaCera. menejerebi Tvlian, rom sagangaSo araferia<br />
da produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba SesaZlebelia, ramdenadac rogorc danadgarebi,<br />
ise resursebi sruliad axalia. amitom, ukeTesi specialistebis moyvaniT problema gadaiWreba.<br />
3. ,,princesam” erTi restornidan daiwyo funqcionireba<br />
ramdenime wlis win. maSin saqarTveloSi msgavsi momsaxurebis Se<br />
Tavazeba siaxle iyo. Tumca bevri mimdevrebi gamouCnda, bazarze<br />
mas adgili damkvidrebuli aqvs, warmatebis mizezad menejers<br />
mzareulTa saukeTeso gundi miaCnia. restorans nedleulis<br />
xarisxTan, mowodebis drosa da transportirebasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
problemebi arasodes hqonia. `princesa” qsels afarToebs<br />
moTxovnis zrdis paralelurad: yovelwliurad, dedaqalaqSi an saqarTvelos romelime<br />
regionul centrSi erTi axali obieqti ixsneba. analitikosebis prognoziT 3-5 wlis<br />
Semdeg bazris zrdis tempi 4-6-jer Semcirdeba, konkurenciis intensiuroba ki Senar<br />
Cundeba an zrdas ganagrZobs.<br />
95
savarjiSo<br />
davaleba<br />
96<br />
imuSaveT jgufebSi.<br />
SeadgineT biznesis amJamindel da momaval mdgomareobaze maqsimaluri<br />
informaciis momcveli cxrili da yvela arsebuli monacemis<br />
mixedviT SeavseT is. TiToeuli biznesisaTvis gansazRvreT:<br />
• bazris tendenciebi;<br />
• mdgradobis pirobebi;<br />
• produqciis xarisxi;<br />
• ganviTarebis perspeqtiva.<br />
situaciis analizisas ar dagaviwydeT, rom Tqven kompania ,,aTinaTis’’<br />
ganviTarebis prognozireba unda moaxdinoT (unda gansazRvroT kompaniis<br />
momavali); amisaTvis kargad SeiswavleT mocemuli informacia.<br />
samuSao dro jgufebSi 20 wT-ia, TiToeul jgufs prezentaciisaTvis 7<br />
wuTi eTmoba.<br />
saukeTeso Sedegis misaRebad ,,gonebrivi ieriSis’’ meTodiT imuSaveT:<br />
jgufis TiToeulma wevrma gamoTqvas nebismieri mosazreba am sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebiT. azrebi daafiqsireT qaRaldze, nu gaakritikebT nurcerT<br />
ideas, bolos ideebi SeajereT da prezentacia moamzadeT. prezentaciis<br />
dasrulebis Semdeg 34 wT oponentebis SekiTxvebze pasuxebs dauTmeT.<br />
sqemis mixedviT gaiazreT da CawereT masSi romelime konkretuli<br />
biznesis (an produqtis) ganviTarebis istoria da sazogadoebrivi<br />
Sedegebi.<br />
daiwyeT saWiro resursebis CamoTvliT, axseniT ras gulisxmobs<br />
maTi efeqtianad gamoyeneba Tqvens konkretul biznesSi, moerideT<br />
zogad frazebs!!!<br />
danaxarjebi<br />
resursebze<br />
meti samuSao adgili<br />
warmoebis<br />
zrda<br />
meti mogeba<br />
bazris gazrdili wili<br />
saukeTeso xarisxi<br />
efeqtiani gamoyeneba<br />
danaxarjebi<br />
resursebze<br />
danaxarjebi<br />
resursebze<br />
danaxarjebi<br />
resursebze
imsjeleT<br />
27<br />
vin vis<br />
ajobebs?<br />
SeuZlia Tu ara mewarmes winaswar gansazRvros, ramdenad uzrunvelyofs<br />
saqonlis an momsaxurebis mis mier SeTavazebuli xarisxi<br />
produqtis konkurentunarianobas?<br />
1<br />
batoni giorgi Tvlis, rom bazari kakaos erTferovani produqtebiT<br />
aris gajerebuli, amitom mas SeuZlia xelsayreli SemTxveviT isargeblobs<br />
da sarisko wamowyeba dagegmos: bazars sxvadasxva mcenareebis Teslisagan<br />
damzadebuli inovaciuri kakaos Semcvleli produqtebi SesTavazos.<br />
maTi warmoeba giorgim erTi Tvis win daiwyo. sacdeli produqti bevrad<br />
aromatuli da gemrieli gamovida, vidre naturaluri. damwyeb mewarmes<br />
bazris dapyroba aqvs gadawyvetili.<br />
realurad migaCniaT am miznis ganxorcieleba?<br />
daexmareT bn giorgis idea sisruleSi moiyvanos. amisaTvis jgufebSi<br />
iseTi samoqmedo gegma moamzadeT, romlis etapobrivad ganxorcielebis<br />
Semdeg bn giorgi SeZlebs konkurentebis damarcxebas.<br />
gegmis prezentaciis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT, ra SemTxvevaSi gauadvildeba<br />
bn giorgis konkurentebis damarcxeba.<br />
firmebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven bazarze damkvidrebisaTvis. naTqvamia,<br />
mjobnze mjobni ar dailevao, amitom bazarze erTmaneTze ukeTesi saqoneli imdenad aqtiur<br />
konkurenciaSia, rom momxmarebels arCevanis gakeTeba uWirs.<br />
konkurentebTan brZolaSi imarjvebs is firma, romelsac aqvs<br />
• dabali fasebi;<br />
• maRali xarisxis produqcia;<br />
• orientacia siaxleebis danergvaze;<br />
• efeqtiani reklama.<br />
mxolod im sawarmoebs aqvT dabali fasebis dawesebis<br />
saSualeba, romelTac konkurentebTan SedarebiT<br />
iafad moipoves resursebi da produqtis<br />
warmoebac naklebi ujdebaT. amitom, sawarmoo<br />
resursebi saTvisac (kvalificiuri muSaxeli,<br />
nedleulis iafi sabadoebi da manqanadanadgarebi,<br />
axali teqnologiebi) firmebs Soris konkurenciaa.<br />
imis mixedviT, Tu romeli firma ufro adre aRmoaCens resursebis iaf wyaros, bazarze<br />
gamotanili saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebi mudmivad icvleba.<br />
warmatebisaken mimaval gzaze biznesmenebs uamravi winaaRmdegobis daZleva uxdebaT.<br />
problemebis dasaZlevad eqspertebi maT aseT rCevas aZleven:<br />
97
98<br />
SeamcireT warmoebis<br />
danaxarjebi<br />
droulad upasuxeT<br />
momxmareblis moTxovnas<br />
!<br />
2<br />
sworad<br />
SearCios<br />
saqonlis an<br />
momsaxurebis<br />
saxe<br />
garantirebuli<br />
warmateba<br />
izruneT efeqtur<br />
reklamaze<br />
gaaumjobeseT<br />
produqciis xarisxi<br />
damwyeb biznesmens yovelTvis unda axsovdes, rom simdidres uwyvet<br />
nakadad iRebs is, vinc icis, rogor moipovos da Semdeg rogor Seinar<br />
Cunos momxmareblis ndoba. stabilur ekonomikur garemoSi, Tu firma<br />
momxmareblis simpaTias inarCunebs, bazarze mis arsebobas saSiSroeba<br />
ar emuqreba.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kompania (SeurCieT saxeli) moswavlis Can<br />
Tebs yidis. ra Tqma unda, saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi CanTa yvela moswavlem<br />
SeiZina. Tqven ki uamravi sarealizacio saqoneli dagrCaT. moifiqreT,<br />
Tqvens raionSi CanTebis gayidvis mizniT ra xerxebs mimarTavdiT?<br />
imuSaveT jgufebSi. SeadgineT kompaniis moqmedebis gegma da moamzadeT<br />
prezentacia.<br />
gaxsovdeT, rom prezentaciisaTvis TiToeul jgufs 5 wuTi aqvs.<br />
fasebi<br />
konkretuli<br />
dros da<br />
adgils<br />
Seusabamos<br />
bazarze damkvidrebisTvis<br />
mewarmes sWirdeba<br />
SeZlos<br />
potenciuri<br />
klientebis<br />
waxaliseba<br />
sworad SearCios<br />
samoqmedo<br />
adgilmdebareoba
momxmareblis saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT dainteresebis anu gayidvebis xelSewyobis<br />
politikas mewarmeebi momxmareblis stimulirebis politikas uwodeben.<br />
stimulireba aris im meTodebis erToblioba, romelsac kompaniebi miznobriv bazrebTan<br />
da farTo sazogadoebasTan urTierTobisas mimarTaven, raTa maT mier warmoebuli<br />
produqciis yidvis sargeblianobaSi daarwmunon.<br />
realur bazarze arsebuli konkurenti firmebidan `vin vis ajobebs~ xSirad imiT ganisazRvreba,<br />
Tu ramdenad efeqturad xdeba momxmareblis stimulireba. momxmareblis<br />
SesanarCunebel RonisZiebebSi sawarmoTa umravlesoba did Tanxebs xarjavs. popularobis<br />
misaRwevad isini awyoben saqvelmoqmedo aqciebs, sxvadasxva konkursebSi awesenen<br />
prizebs, monawileoben satelevizio gadacemebSi, afinanseben festivalebs, mniSvnelovan<br />
delegaciebs, filmebs, teleradio gadacemebs.<br />
!<br />
gayidvebis stimulireba (xelSewyoba)<br />
• momxmareblis informireba produqtis Sesaxeb;<br />
• momxmareblis darwmuneba, rom es produqti maTTvis Seucvlelia;<br />
• momxmareblisaTvis kompaniis da produqtis Sesaxeb Sexseneba<br />
gayidvebis xelSewyobis Semadgeneli ZiriTadi komponentebi:<br />
piradi gayidva;<br />
reklama;<br />
sazogadoebasTan urTierToba.<br />
bazarze konkurencia xSirad iseTi mwvavea, rom firmebis urTierTSeteva namdvil br<br />
Zolas emsgavseba. gansxvaveba isaa, rom es urTierTdapirispireba farTo sazogadoebisaTvis<br />
sasargebloa. is momxmareblisaTvis SeumCnevlad mimdinareobs. xSirad ,,Tavdasxmis<br />
obieqti’’ firmac ki imdenad gvian igebs ra problemebi Seuqmnes konkurentebma, rom<br />
rom saqmis gamosworeba SeuZlebeli xdeba. yvelaze xSirad axlad daarsebuli firmebi<br />
ver uZleben konkurencias da bazars toveben.<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca firmas<br />
• bazarze uWirs SeRweva,<br />
• konkurencias damoukideblad veRar umklavdeba,<br />
• warmoebuli produqciis asortimentis gafarToeba surs,<br />
• finansuri problemebis daZleva uZneldeba,<br />
kompaniis mflobelebi iZulebuli xdebian sxva firmasTan SeerTebis gadawyvetileba miiRon.<br />
xSir SemTxvevebi, erTi sawarmo meores biznesis gafarToebis mizniT yidulobs.<br />
SeZenili firma an iSleba, an Semsyidveli firmis Semadgenel Lnawilad rCeba. aris iseTi<br />
SemTxvevebic, rodesac konkurent firmebs maTi likvidaciis mizniT yiduloben. CamoTvlil<br />
procesebs firmebis Serwymas uwodeben.<br />
vertikaluri<br />
Serwyma<br />
Serwymis saxeebi<br />
horizontaluri<br />
Serwyma<br />
konglomeraciuli<br />
Serwyma<br />
99
savarjiSo<br />
? 1.<br />
100<br />
3<br />
vertikaluria Serwyma, rodesac warmoebis sxvadasxva etapze<br />
moRvawe firmebi erTiandebian.<br />
magaliTad: `koka-kolas~ warmoebam 70-ian wlebSi misi produqciis<br />
gamavrcelebeli firma `kepiTal siti~ SeiZina.<br />
horizontaluria Serwyma, Tu erTi da imave saqmianobaSi Cabmuli<br />
ori an meti kompania gaerTiandeba.<br />
magaliTad: warmoebis gafarToebis mizniT Sokoladis mwarmoebeli<br />
sxvadasxva firmis gaerTianeba moskovSi 2002 wels, internetprovaideri<br />
kompaniebis `sanetis~ da `jorjia onlainis~ jer erTmaneTTan,<br />
Semdeg ki `kavkasus neTvorqTan~ Serwyma.<br />
konglomeraciulia Serwyma, rodesac gansxvavebuli saqmianobis<br />
ori an meti sawarmo erT mmarTvelobaSi gaerTiandeba.<br />
magaliTad: sigaretis mwarmoebelma kompaniam `kenti~ tkbileulis<br />
warmoeba SeiZina, Seiqmna erTerTi umsxvilesi konglomeranti da<br />
axali bazris didi wili daipyro. `kenti~ am dasaxelebis Kkanfets, Sokolads<br />
da saReW rezins yvela TqvenTagani icnobs.<br />
kompania `filipmorisi~ cnobilia, rogorc msoflioSi umsxvilesi Tambaqos<br />
mwarmoebeli firma, romelic aTeuli wlebis ganmavlobaSi maRalxarisxian<br />
filtrian Tambaqos awarmoebda. kompaniis wamyvanma menejerebma gaTvales,<br />
rom uaxloesi 6-7 wlis ganmavlobaSi aSS-Si Tambaqoze moTxovna mkveTrad Semcirdeboda,<br />
amitom kompaniam ori umsxvilesi korporacia: `jGene ral Foods”<br />
da `Kraft~i Seisyida da sakvebi produqciis erTerT umsxviles mwarmoeblad<br />
iqca.<br />
Serwymis romeli saxea es da ra Sedegs moutans igi kompanias?<br />
rogor SevaRwioT bazarze?<br />
dajgufdiT xuTeulebad, airCieT TqvenTvis saintereso biznesi. gansaz<br />
RvreT samoqmedo bazari. Tqveni amocana am bazarze damkvidrebaa. amisaTvis<br />
konkurentebis Sesaxeb informaciis mogroveba dagWirdebaT. gamoarkvieT<br />
romeli firmebi lideroben am bazarze?<br />
romeli Zlieri da susti mxareebi aqvT konkurentebis produqtebs<br />
da momsaxurebas?<br />
ramdenad efeqturia momxmareblisaTvis produqtis SeTavazebis formebi?<br />
ra xarvezebi rCebaT maT?<br />
moifiqreT, rogor SegiZliaT am xarvezebis Sevseba da moamzadeT<br />
prezentacia. prezentaciisaTvis TiToeul jgufs 5 wuTi aqvs.<br />
ra aris TiToeuli mewarmis warmatebis saidumlo?<br />
2. ra aris bazarze produqtis xangrZlivi sicocxlis mizezi?<br />
3. rogor unda imoqmedos biznesma bazarze yofnis gaxangrZlivebisaTvis?
imsjeleT<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
moifiqreT ra gansxvavebaa klientebis mozidvis mizniT fasis dawevasa<br />
da bazarze monopoliis damyarebis mizniT fasis dawevas Soris.<br />
bazarze axlad Sesuli kompania `fuji~ mTavar konkurent kompania<br />
`kodakze” SetevisaTvis fasdaTmobis strategias mimarTavda. TiTqmis<br />
imave xarisxis fotoqaRalds 10% iT naklebad yidida. `kodakma~ uari<br />
Tqva fasebis Semcirebaze, ramac mas bazris didi wili daakargvina.<br />
`mersedesis~ firmam gadawyvita `ieriSi~ xarisxiani da ZviradRirebuli<br />
manqana `kadilakis“ Zlier mxareze mietana. momxmarebels man<br />
axali prestiJuli saqoneli _ ufro xarisxiani da ufro Zviri manqanebi<br />
SesTavaza, riTac `kadilaks~ evropuli da amerikuli bazris mniSvnelovani<br />
nawili `waarTva~.<br />
kbilis pastebis mwarmoebelma firma `qolgeiTma~ mZafri konkurenciis<br />
dasaZlevad saintereso strategia SeimuSava: intensiur reklamebSi<br />
dargis liderze _ `krestze~ orjer meti daxarja da momxmarebels<br />
SedarebiT dabali xarisxis saqoneli iafad SesTavaza. radgan momxmarebelTa<br />
sakmaod didi raodenobisaTvis dabali fasi mniSvnelovani<br />
iyo, `qolgeiTma~ bazarze swrafad daimkvidra adgili, Semdeg ki<br />
xarisxis gaumjobeseba daiwyo, Tumca reklamebis intensivoba ar Seumcirebia.<br />
sapasuxod `krestmac~ gazarda reklamisaTvis gamoyofili<br />
Tanxebi, SeZlebisdagvarad Seamcira fasebi, magram verc konkurentis<br />
sareklamo intensivobas gautolda da verc dakarguli momxmarebeli<br />
daibruna, amitom Sewyvita reklamebSi didi Tanxebis xarjva da dRemde<br />
mxolod erTgul, misi produqciis maRal xarisxSi darwmunebul momxmarebelze<br />
muSaobs.<br />
mogebaze orientirebuli biznesmenebi eTikis principebs ar iviwyeben.<br />
magaliTad, 1982 wels SeerTebuli Statebis qalaq CikagoSi afTiaqeb<br />
Si SeZenili tkivilgamayuCebeli medikamentis – tailenolis miRebis<br />
Sedegad ramdenime adamiani daiRupa. am preparats samedicino transnacionaluri<br />
kompania `jonsonendjonsoni~ awarmoebda. gamoZiebam<br />
gamoavlina, rom medikamenti ganzrax iyo mowamluli da aCvena, rom<br />
saqme damnaSavis mier produqtis gafuWebis izolirebul SemTxvevasTan<br />
gvqonda da `jonsonendjonsoni” araferSi ar iyo damnaSave,<br />
arc SeiZleboda pasuxismgeblad CaTvliliyo. miuxedavad amisa, kompaniam<br />
,,jonsonendjonsoni” ganaxorciela gayidvis qselidan am<br />
produqtis amoRebis aqcia, romelic 100 milioni aSS dolari dajda,<br />
Tumca es samarTaldamcvel organoebs ar mouTxoviaT.<br />
produqtis amoRebis Semdeg `jonsonendjonsonis~ mogeba Semcirda,<br />
misi didi nawili gayidvidan produqtis msxvilmaStabiani amoRebis da<br />
ganadgurebis xarjebma STanTqa. masmedia yoveldRiurad avrcelebda informacias,<br />
rom momxmarebeli aRarasodes SeiZenda am produqts da kompanias<br />
daxurva emuqreboda. Tumca prognozi ar gamarTlda: mosaxleobam<br />
kompaniis pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT nakarnaxevi qceva moiwona. imis<br />
gamo, rom kompaniam aSkarad klientebis interesebi sakuTar mogebaze<br />
ufro maRla daayena, momxmareblebma kvlav daiwyes produqtis SeZena,<br />
ramac tailenols mokle xanSi tkivilgamayuCebeli wamlebis uaRresad<br />
konkurentul bazarze wamyvan poziciebze dabrunebis saSualeba misca.<br />
101
V<br />
? rogor<br />
imsjeleT<br />
102<br />
28-29<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> yovelTvis<br />
fxizladaa!!!<br />
fiqrobT, gaqreba konkurencia, Tu <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> bazars<br />
TviTregulirebisaTvis gawiravs?<br />
ramdenad konkurentulia saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomika</strong> mTlianobaSi an<br />
Tqvens mier SerCeuli calkeuli seqtori?<br />
1<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
roli bazris<br />
regulirebaSi<br />
Salis qsovilebis bazarze erTaderTi adgilobrivi mewarmea. is erovnuli<br />
armiis Sesamosad saWiro qsovils amzadebs. qsovilebis bazarze moz<br />
Rvavebuli importirebuli saqonlis konkurenciisagan Tavis dasacavad<br />
mewarme <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sgan importze gadasaxadis dawesebas moiTxovs. mas<br />
miaCnia, radgan misi warmoeba erovnuli TavdacvisaTvis mniSvnelovania,<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> valdebulia konkurentebTan brZolaSi daxmareba gauwios.<br />
1. ramdenad gamarTlebulia mewarmis pretenzia?<br />
2. ra Sedegebs moitans Salis importze SezRudvis daweseba mewarmisaTvis?<br />
3. ra Sedegebs moitans SezRudvis daweseba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>saTvis, romelic am<br />
SemTxvevaSi momxmareblis rolSia?<br />
4. rogori argumentacia iqneba gamarTlebuli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan mewarmis<br />
Txovnis uaryofis SemTxvevaSi?<br />
Tqven ukve iciT, konkurentebi ramden problemebs uqmnian<br />
mewarmes. Tu mewarme xarisxis SenarCunebaze, fasis daklebaze,<br />
inovaciebze mudmivad ar ifiqrebs, konkurenti<br />
firmebi momxmarebelTa nakads Tavis mxares mimarTaven da<br />
mas bazris datoveba mouwevs. rodesac bazarze ramdenime<br />
msxvili gamyidvelia, TiToeuli maTganis produqciaze<br />
moTxova konkurentebis safaso politikazea damokidebuli.<br />
ramden mewarmes ufiqria, ra advili iqneboda mogebis miRebakonkurentebi saerTod<br />
rom ar hyoloda, TiToeuli sawarmo sakuTari interesebis sasargeblod daawesebda
maRal fasebs, bazarze deficits Seqmnida da momxmarebels iZulebuls gaxdida maRali<br />
fasi gadaexada, ise rom aRar izrunebda xarisxze, reklamaze, inovaciebze, SefuTvaze...…<br />
magram konkurencia gardauvalia. gamyidvelebi ara Tu bazarze gabatonobas, mis urTierTxelsayrelad<br />
gasayofad SeTanxmebasac ver moaxerxeben, radgan Semosavlebis gazrdis<br />
mizniT SeTanxmebis romelime monawile fass aucileblad Seamcirebs.<br />
bazrebi konkurentuli ,,TamaSis’’ wesebs nebayoflobiT ar adgenen... konkurenciis wesebis<br />
dasacavadac, rogorc nebismieri Sejibrisas, neitraluri mxaris Carevaa saWiro.<br />
aseTi mxare <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>a, is ,, mudam fxizladaa’’, Soridan akvirdeba da icavs bazars,<br />
raTa romelime sawarmom an sawarmoTa jfufma konkurencia ar SezRudos, bazris dapyroba<br />
da resursebze kontroli ar moiwadinos. gamoricxuli ar aris e.w. ,,mtacebluri<br />
fasebis” Camoyalibeba. ,,mtacebluri fasebi” danaxarjebze naklebi fasebis dawesebas<br />
niSnavs. rodesac sawarmoebi erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebis safuZvelze erTdroulad Seamcireben<br />
fasebs, raTa bazridan gandevnon is konkurentebi, romlisTvisac aseTi fasi<br />
miuRebelia, anda dargSi ar dauSvan axali konkurentebis Semosvla. maTi bazridan gandevnis<br />
Semdeg fasebs kvlav gazrdian da yvela danakargs ainazRaureben.<br />
fasebis mtacebluri daweva didi firmebis taqtikaa, maT mniSvnelovani finansuri<br />
resursebi gaaCniaT, amitom SeuZliaT mniSvnelovan danakargebs gauZlon. moklevadian<br />
danakargebi firmam xangrZlivi mogebebiT unda daifaros, sxvanairad es politika ver<br />
gaamarTlebs, amitom fasebis mtaceblur klebas yovelTvis fasebis mniSvnelovani<br />
mateba axlavs Tan.<br />
biznesis warmarTvas aregulirebs samarTlebrivi normebi: <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> kanonebi, dadgenilebebi,<br />
wesebi da programebi, isini mxolod momxmareblis interesebis dasacavad ki<br />
ar iqmneba, aranakleb mniSvnelovania mewarmeebisTvisac.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> regulirebis gareSe Tavisufali mewarmeoba konkurenciis arsebobas<br />
yovelTvis ver uzrunvelyofs.<br />
sabazro konkurenciis uzrunvelsayofad <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> antimonopoliur anu antitrestul<br />
kanonebs iyenebs. es kanonebi icaven konkurencias, zRudaven monopolias,<br />
aregulireben sareklamo saqmianobas. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan konkurenciis dacva efeqtiania,<br />
is zegavlenas axdens ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze, xels uwyobs<br />
qveyanaSi ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da stabilizacias.<br />
? 1.<br />
licenzia <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sagan konkurenciis gareSe muSaobisaTvis<br />
gansakuTrebuli uflebis miniWebas niSnavs.<br />
romeli monopolisturi kompaniebis Sesaxeb gsmeniaT?<br />
2. ra iciT maT Sesaxeb?<br />
3. ra gavlenas axdenen isini qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze?<br />
kanoniT daSvebuli monopoliis erTerT saxes <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> licenzia warmoadgens.<br />
sazogadoebrivi komunikaciis farglebSi, licenzia <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sagan konkurenciis<br />
gareSe muSaobisaTvis, gansakuTrebuli uflebis miniWebas niSnavs.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> momxmarebels sxva kanonebiT da debulebebiTac icavs. Znelad moiZebneba<br />
saqoneli, romelic samTavrobo regulirebis raime niSans ar atarebs. magaliTad,<br />
sakvebi produqtebis mwarmoeblebi valdebulni arian SefuTvaze waaweron, ra aris yuT<br />
103
Si an qilaSi, romel ingredientebs Seicavs. guldasmiT Catarebuli gamocdis gareSe<br />
dauSvebelia wamlis gasayidad gatana.<br />
vrcelia im saqonlis CamonaTvali, romlebmac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan gadamowmeba unda<br />
gaiaron janmrTelobis da usafrTxoebis wesebTan Sesabamisobis Taobaze. magaliTad,<br />
avtomobilebis konstruqcia usafrTxoebis standartebs unda akmayofilebdes. amasTan<br />
erTad, mavne gamonabolqvis sakontrolo xelsawyoebi da avariis SemTxvevaSi mZRolisa<br />
da mgzavrebis damcavi baliSebic unda gaaCndes. konstruqciis usafrTxoeba moeTxoveba<br />
mSeneblobebsac.<br />
im moTxovnaTa Soris, romlebiTac mTavroba momxmareblebs icavs, mniSvnelovania<br />
is, rom gamyidvels nebimier gasayid saqonelze fasis naTlad aRniSvna moeTxoveba.<br />
maT Soris skolis saxelmZRvaneloebis gamomcemlobebsac. yuradReba eqceva imasac,<br />
rom reklamam momxmarebeli SecdomaSi ar unda Seiyvanos. momxmareblis usafrTxoeba<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mxridan mosaxleobis dacvis erTerTi mTavari sakiTxia. kompania pasuxs<br />
agebs misi produqtis Senaxvisa da moxmarebis procesSi momxmareblis sicocxlisa da<br />
sakuTrebis dacvaze (ar afeTqdeba, momwamvleli ar iqneba, meqanikur dazianebebs ar<br />
gamoiwvevs da sxva). kompaniebi agreTve pasuxs ageben, rom produqtis warmoebis procesi<br />
sanitaruli normebisa da qimiuri Semadgenlobis sruli dacviT midiodes.<br />
qveynis savaWro palata uflebamosilia momxmarebelTa interesebis dacvis mizniT<br />
sasaqonlo standartebi daadginos. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m ara mxolod reklamis keTilsindisierebas<br />
unda gauwios kontroli, aramed produqciis SefuTvas, etikets, Senaxvis pirobebis<br />
dacvasac.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> momxmareblis informirebulobis uflebasac icavs.<br />
? cnobilia, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> kanonmdebloba xels uSlis erTi firmis mier<br />
104<br />
ras yidulobs<br />
(Semadgenloba)<br />
garantiebi<br />
informirebulobis ufleba niSnavs, rom<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZenisas<br />
momxmarebelma icodes:<br />
savaraudo riskebi (ra<br />
uaryofiTi Sedegebi SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios moxmarebam.<br />
gaixseneT warwera sigaretze:<br />
jandacvis saministro<br />
gafrTxilebT, moweva sazianoa<br />
janmrTelobisaTvis)<br />
damzadebis<br />
TariRi<br />
Senaxvis<br />
pirobebi<br />
sxva firmis Seviwrovebas. rogor fiqrobT, konkurenciis aseT dacvas Tavisufali<br />
konkurenciis SezRudvamde xom ar mivyavarT?
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
savarjiSo<br />
2<br />
savarjiSo<br />
3<br />
davicvaT mewarmeebi da momxmareblebi.<br />
daiyaviT 2 jgufad, erTma jgufma Seadginos mewarmeTa dacvis kodeqsi,<br />
meorem _ momxmarebelTa dacvis kodeqsi. moamzadeT prezentacia.<br />
samuSaod 15 wuTi gaqvT. saboloo versia dafaze erTmaneTis gverdiT<br />
gaakariT. prezentaciis Semdeg moniSneT orive kodeqsis saerTo muxlebi,<br />
imsjeleT ratom aRmoaCnda am kodeqsebs saerTo sakiTxebi?<br />
konkurencia da mewarmeebi<br />
firmebi xSirad konkurenciis sakanonmdeblo SezRudvas moiTxoven.<br />
magaliTad, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi safrangeTSi<br />
sxvadasxva segmentis gamyidvelebi media saSualebebiT saintereso<br />
moTxovnebs axmovanebdnen da mTavrobisagan mxardaWeras<br />
moiTxovdnen. gTavazobT zogierTi maTganis fragments.<br />
ganixileT TiToeuli da imsjeleT, rogori Sedegebi mohyveboda<br />
mTavrobisagan mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi, mewarmeTa moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas<br />
a) moklevadian periodSi? b) grZelvadian periodSi?<br />
1. xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, yvela santeqnikosma, yovel saswavlo<br />
semestrSi zogad fizikasa da hidravlikaSi gamocdebi unda Caabaros,<br />
mxolod amis Semdeg mieces mas muSaobis licenzia.~<br />
2. `... axladgaxsnili momsaxurebis centris mflobelma batonma daviTma<br />
preskonferenciaze ganacxada, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>sagan dargis regulirebas<br />
moiTxovs.~<br />
_ `unda SeizRudos im diletantebis Tavisufleba, romlebic Tavs<br />
meezoveebs da saxlis damlageblebs uwodeben da mosaxleobas dabal<br />
fasebSi emsaxurebian~ – ganacxada man da yvela iseTi piris mimarT, vinc<br />
msgavs saqmianobas eweva da momsaxurebis centrSi ar aris aRricxvaze,<br />
mTavrobas gamoZiebis dawyeba da administraciuli sasjelis daweseba<br />
mosTxova.<br />
3. `ekonomistTa nawili amtkicebs, rom kanoni, romelic zRudavs<br />
konkurents, zRudavs konkurenciasac~.<br />
ra safuZveli aqvT maT aseTi gancxadebis gakeTebisaTvis?<br />
warmatebuli biznesi<br />
momxmareblis uflebebis dacva da ndobis damsaxureba TviT kompaniisaTvisac<br />
sasargebloa, radgan momxmarebeli arCevans aseTi firmebis<br />
sasargeblod akeTebs. CamoTvaleT is qarTuli kompaniebi da produqtebi,<br />
romelTac momxmareblis gansakuTrebuli ndoba moipoves.<br />
105
imsjeleT<br />
ese<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
106<br />
eTanxmebiT Tu ara ekonomistebSi gavrcelebul Semdeg azrs?<br />
imisTvis, rom SevinarCunoT konkurentunariani ekonomikuri sistema,<br />
saWiroa iseTi kanonebi Zlieri firmebis moqmedebebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
romlebic danaxarjebze ufro dabal fasSi gayidvebs krZalaven.<br />
moamzadeT Txzuleba Temaze:<br />
antimonopoliuri kanonebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.<br />
Sermanis kanoni<br />
Sermanis kanoni aSS-s kongresis mier 1890 wels iqna miRebuli. kanoni<br />
krZalavs nebismier kontraqtebs, gaerTianebebs da saidumlo garigebebs,<br />
romlebic Statebs Soris vaWrobis SezRudvisaken an vaWrobis<br />
romelime nawilis monopolizaciisaken aris mimarTuli. nebismieri ori<br />
konkurenti, romelic gaerTianda da gaxda partniori, SeiZleba damna<br />
Saved CaiTvalos konkurentebisaTvis vaWrobis garTulebisa da bazris<br />
didi nawilis Cagdebis mizniT gaerTianebisaTvis, amitom federaluri<br />
sasamarTloebi maT winaaRmdeg gamodian da gamoaqvT daskvna, rom aseTi<br />
gaerTianebebi Sermanis kanonis mixedviT unda aikrZalos (daiSalos).<br />
mag., msoflioSi yvelaze didi da ayvavebuli telekomunikaciis qseli<br />
`AT&T” 1974 wels satelefono industriis monopolizaciis mcdeloba<br />
Si iqna braldebuli da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT 1982 wels 22 lokalurad<br />
moqmed kompaniad daiSala.<br />
2000 wels mTel msoflioSi gaxmaurebulma sasamarTlom kompania<br />
`maikrosofti” monopoliad miiCnia da antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis<br />
safuZvelze, misi biznesis danawevrebis ganaCeni gamoitana.
sabazro ekonomikis daxasiaTebisTvis ukve sakmarisi codna gagaCniaT _ mis Taviseburebebs,<br />
yvelaze mniSvnelovan ekonomikur instituts _ bazars da bazarze fasebis<br />
dadgenis principebs ukve gaecaniT. am TamaSis daxmarebiT Tqven sakuTari codnis TviT<br />
Sefasebas moaxdenT da daazustebT, marTlac gaiazreT Tu ara Seswavlili Temebi. amas<br />
Tan erTad, modelireba efeqtiani mosmenis da damaxsovrebis unaris ganviTarebaSi<br />
dagexmarebaT.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
30<br />
SevamowmoT Cveni codna –<br />
viTamaSoT `samaia~<br />
viTamaSoT `samaia~<br />
mcire jgufebSi `samaia~ (sameulebi) urTierTmosmenis 3 raundi<br />
unda CaataroT. TiToeuli raundi 5 wuTs gagrZeldeba.<br />
guldasmiT waikiTxeT es instruqciebi:<br />
1. daiyaviT sameulebad. daimagreT samagrebi: A,B,C.<br />
gainawileT rolebi: A – oratoria; B B– msmeneli; C arbitria.<br />
2. A Aoratori irCevs CamonaTvalidan erT romelime Temas da saubrobs<br />
sakiTxis Sesaxeb, gamoTqvams Sexedulebebs, aqcentebs akeTebs mniSvnelovan<br />
sakiTxebze.<br />
B msmeneli yuradRebiT usmens As da Semdeg triadaSi Tavisi sityvebiT<br />
imeorebs mosmenils, ajamebs oratoris monaTxrobs da akeTebs<br />
daskvnas. gaugebrobis SemTxvevaSi orators ufleba aqvs Seawyvetinos<br />
mas Txroba da gausworos.<br />
C arbitri Tvalyurs adevnebs, raTa msmenelma oratoris naambobidan<br />
raime ar gamotovos, an naTqvami ar daamaxinjos, araferi daumatos<br />
an interpretacia ar gaukeTos. Semdeg msmenels aTbalian skalaze<br />
gameorebaSi uwers qulas.<br />
3. TamaSis ganmavlobaSi TiToeuli monawile 3-jer icvlis rols.<br />
II raundSi B monawile oratori xdeba, irCevs Temas da msjelobs. C<br />
monawile msmenelia,<br />
A monawile ki _ arbitri.<br />
4. momdevno raundSi rolebi kvlav icvleba da yvelaferi meordeba<br />
raundi oratori msmeneli arbitri<br />
• TiToeul raundSi mxolod oratori irCevs Temas;<br />
• triadaSi erTxel arCeuli Temis gameoreba dauSvebelia;<br />
• TiToeuli raundi xuTwuTiania;<br />
• oratorma Tema farTod unda mimoixilos,<br />
dauSvebelia mxolod ramdenime zogadi fraziT Semofargvla;<br />
• maswavlebeli gagafrTxilebT raundis dawyebisa da damTavrebis Sesaxeb.<br />
107
moemzadeT, jgufuri samuSaos dasrulebis da klasis Sedegebis ganxilvis Semdeg, msmenelebis<br />
kategoriidan saukeTesoebs xanmokleD prezentaciaSi im Temis Sejameba mouwevT,<br />
romelSic jgufSi maRali Sefaseba miiRes. amjerad qulas maswavlebeli wers.<br />
Sefasebas iRebs rogorc msmeneli, ise misi raundis oratori da arbitri. daexmareT<br />
erTmaneTs maRali Sefasebis miRebaSi!!!<br />
instruqcia oratorebisaTvis:<br />
waikiTxeT Temebis CamonaTvali;<br />
SearCieT sasurveli Tema;<br />
Txrobisas intonaciiT gamoyaviT ZiriTadi sakiTxebi;<br />
naTqvami daasabuTeT magaliTebiT!<br />
gansaxilveli Temebi:<br />
• kanonis uzenaesoba qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si;<br />
• ekonomikuri reformebis mizani;<br />
• garemos dacva – mTavrobis ekonomikuri funqcia;<br />
• samarTlianoba, kanoniereba da angariSvaldebuleba <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si;<br />
• mogebis miRebis stimulebi;<br />
• ratom icavs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> konkurencias?<br />
• ras niSnavs ekonomikuri samarTlianoba?<br />
• efeqtiani iuridiul-samarTlebrivi formebi mcire biznesisaTvis;<br />
• realuri mdgomareoba saqarTvelos bazarze;<br />
• bazarze firmebis Tanaarsebobis pirobebi;<br />
• konkurenciis mniSvneloba ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis;<br />
• ramdenad daculia momxmarebeli saqarTveloSi?<br />
imsjeleT<br />
108<br />
TamaSis dasrulebis Semdeg imsjeleT:<br />
• ramdenad kargad ismendiT?<br />
• TiToeulisaTvis ra iyo rTuli oratoris sityvebis perifrazirebisas?<br />
• xom ar iyo SemTxveva, roca msmenels sakiTxis Sesaxeb oratorze meti<br />
informacia hqonda? Zneli iyo aseT SemTxvevaSi TamaSis wesebis dacva,<br />
ar CagerToT sakuTari azrebi?<br />
• Tqveni romeli unarebi daganaxaT am TamaSma?<br />
• ramdenad swori daskvnebi gaakeTa B monawilem Aoratoris naambobidan?<br />
davaleba jgufurad moamzadeT kolaJi ,,mTavrobis roli saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si’’.<br />
masalebi sainformacio saSualebebidan da presidan moagroveT.
VI<br />
imsjeleT<br />
biznesis<br />
dagegmva<br />
31-32<br />
minda fuli, minda manqana,<br />
mogzauroba, ...biznesi minda<br />
1. rogor gesmiT biznesis ideis arsi?<br />
2. moiyvaneT sxvadasxva tipis biznesis ideis ramdenime magaliTi.<br />
3. Tqvens mier warmodgenili ideebidan romelia Yyvelaze momgebiani dRevandel<br />
pirobebSi?<br />
4. ra pirobebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom saintereso da mimzidveli idea<br />
momgebian biznesad iqces?<br />
nebismieri saqmianoba ideiT iwyeba. dRes warmatebuli<br />
da momgebiani yvela biznesic ideidan daiwyo. biznesmenebi<br />
amboben, rom ,,saWiro dros saWiro saqmianobis wamowyeba<br />
biznesis warmatebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria’’. sir<br />
Tule mxolod ,,saWiro saqmianobis’’ droulad mofiqreba<br />
anu momgebiani biznesis ideaa. idea SeiZleba iyos axali<br />
(inovaciuri), an saidanme gadmoRebuli, magram drouli<br />
aRmoCndes da warmateba (gamdidreba) moitanos.<br />
1<br />
ninos Zalian uyvars namcxvari ,,kalaTi”, magram dedas mis gamosacxobad<br />
xSirad ar scalia. ninom TviTon iswavla am namcxvris gamocxoba da<br />
pirvelive cdaze kargi Sedegi miiRo. naxelavi megobrebmac mouwones da<br />
waiwuwunes, ra iqneba, skolis bufetSi aseTi namcxvari rom iyidebodeso.<br />
swored maSin gauCnda ninos biznesis wamowyebis idea. aRtacebuls mTeli<br />
Rame ar uZinia, warmoidgina rogor gamdidrdeba da zafxuls mogzaurobaSi<br />
gaatarebs. Zalian lamazi, originaluri SefuTvac ki moifiqra da dilaadrian<br />
megobars _ Teonas miakiTxa, romelic sul advilad daiTanxma<br />
markis daxatvaze.<br />
gogonebi saqmes Seudgnen: namcxvris receptis mixedviT saWiro masalebis<br />
da SefuTvagaformebisaTvis aucilebeli qaRaldisa da markerebis<br />
SesaZenad Teonas mamidisagan fuli isesxes, romelic biznesideiT aRfr<br />
Tovanda da icoda ra gogonebis Sromismoyvareobis ambavi, maT warmateba<br />
uwinaswarmetyvela. gogonebma meore dRe SromaSi gaatares: nino acxobda,<br />
Teona fuTavda da Tavisive moxatul markebs awebebda. samuSaos dam<br />
TavrebisTanave mZime tvirTiT skolis bufets<br />
miakiTxes.<br />
_,,skolaSi kremiani namcxrebis gayidva<br />
akrZalulia!”_ civad upasuxa gamyidvelma.<br />
gogonebi gaogndnen. maTma xvewnamudaram<br />
Sedegi ver gamoiRo, amitom sursaTis maRaziisaken<br />
gaeSurnen.<br />
109
iznesis dawyebis msurvelebs xSirad didi ocnebebi aqvT: sakuTari<br />
idea unikalurad eCvenebaT, erTbaSad bevris miRweva da<br />
bevri fuli surT. yvelaferi ki imiT mTavrdeba, rom isini imgvar<br />
miznebs isaxaven, romelTa miRwevac ar ZaluZT an saerTod Seu<br />
Zlebelia. erTi qila erbos istoria yvelam viciT, amitom ideebs<br />
sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT.<br />
mewarmeobis unari ara mxolod xelsayreli SesaZleblobis<br />
droulad danaxva, aramed masze mizanmimarTuli reagirebacaa.<br />
biznesis dasawyebad mxolod saintereso idea sakmarisi ar aris.<br />
saqmianobis wamosawyebad firmis iuridiuli registracia an specialuri nebarTvis<br />
garda, biznesis dawyeba uamrav informacias, nedleuls, kapitals, Sromas, dros<br />
da mravali samuSaos Sesrulebas saWiroebs. saqmis dawyebamde mosagvarebeli saqmeebis<br />
ganawileba, Tanmimdevrobis dadgena da Sesrulebis meTodebis SemuSavebaa saWiro.<br />
swored es aris biznesis gegma _ ra aris gasakeTebeli, rogor unda gakeTdes da rodis,<br />
romeli momxmareblisaTvis unda Seqmnas produqcia. Tu es yvelaferi winaswar<br />
ar ganisazRvra, SeiZleba didi danaxarjebi iqnas gaweuli, magram<br />
Sedegi savalalo iyos. mewarmes mxolod maSin SeuZlia biznesis<br />
organizebaze ifiqros, Tu winaswar, gegmis mixedviT Sesrulebuli<br />
finansuri gaTvlebi mogebis garantias iZleva. ideidan biznesis<br />
organizebamde misasvleli gza biznesgegmaze gadis. am gzis<br />
warmatebiT gavlis SemTxvevaSi, idea saqmian winadadebad gadaiqceva,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi is ocnebad darCeba.<br />
110<br />
_,,licenzia gaqvT?”_ ikiTxa gamyidvelma da roca mixvda, rom gogonebma<br />
SekiTxva ver gaiges, gaimeora: _,,namcxvris warmoebis nebarTva gaqvT?” radagan<br />
nebarTva ar arsebobda, namcxvari arc am da arc sxva maRaziaSi Caibares.<br />
magram ,, mewarmeebs” farxmali ar dauyriaT. iqve saxeldaxelo daxli<br />
moawyves da namcxvris gayidva daiwyes.<br />
,,Tavdadebuli’’ reklamis miuxedavad, myidveli ar Cndeboda. _,,nuTu Cvens<br />
garda aravis uyvars es namcxvari?” _ kiTxulobdnen gaocebuli gogonebi.<br />
_,,nawilobriv asea. Tanac bevrs ar izidavs quCaSi Ria daxlze namcxvris<br />
yidva. amasTan, axla marxvaa da visac uyvars, isic ar yidulobs.” auxsna<br />
maT gamvlelma.<br />
radgan sxva gamosavali ar darCaT, gogonebma namcxvarze megobrebis<br />
dapatiJeba ganizraxes. am namcxvris moyvaruli marTlac bevri ar aRmoCnda,<br />
zogierTs maTi damzadebulis mimarT ndoba ar aRmoaCnda, magram<br />
yvelaze didi dartyma win elodaT: siCqaris gamo cxeli namcxvari SefuTes<br />
da yvela maTgani Cacomebuli aRmoCnda.<br />
,,kidev kargi, rom aravin Caibara. seriozuli usiamovnebebi ar agvcdeboda’’.<br />
_ fiqrobdnen gogonebi.<br />
usiamovnebebi ki mainc SexvdaT. deda saocrad areulma samzareulom<br />
gaabraza, mamidam valis dabruneba Seaxsena.<br />
daRlili gogonebis gancdebi aravis esmoda, yvela daSvebul Secdomebze<br />
miuTiTebda. mogzaurobaze ocneba ukve SeuZlebeli iyo…. . .<br />
ra Secdomebi dauSves gogonebma? moifiqreT sqema, romlis mixedviT<br />
moqmedebis SemTvevaSi isini warmatebas miaRwevdnen.
imsjeleT<br />
112<br />
!<br />
savarjiSo<br />
• aRwereT saqmiani ideis ganxorcielebis sqema.<br />
• ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT samewarmeo saqmianobaSi CarTul adamianebs,<br />
sakuTari warmoebis efeqtianobis gasazrdelad?<br />
• rogor SeiZleba danakargebis Tavidan acileba?<br />
biznesis gegmis dawera biznesis dawyebis pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
etapia. gegma sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:<br />
1. aris biznesis warmarTvis gzamkvlevi. gvexmareba saqmianobis Tanmimdevrulad<br />
da efeqtianad warmarTvaSi;<br />
2. aris Sefasebis saSualeba. mewarmes saSualebas aZlevs, garkveuli periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, saqmianobisagan miRebuli faqtiuri Sedegebi Seafasos;<br />
3. aris fuladi saxsrebis mozidvis saukeTeso saSualeba. investori an<br />
banki kredits mxolod saintereso da dasabuTebuli biznesgegmis<br />
safuZvelze iZleva.<br />
imuSaveT oTx-xuT kacian jgufebad.<br />
TiToeul jgufs evaleba Seqmnas kompania: dairqvas saxeli,<br />
moifiqros kompaniis saqmianobis sfero da ZiriTadi produqti. Tqven<br />
axlad Seqmnili kompaniis direqtorTa sabWos warmoadgenT. pirveli<br />
sxdomis mizani kompaniis momavali saqmianobis dagegmvaa. TiToeul<br />
jgufs baraTebis TiTo kompleqti Sexvdeba. baraTebze is kiTxvebia<br />
dawerili, romelze pasuxis gacemac biznesis wamowyebisaTvis aucilebelia.<br />
davaleba: baraTebi garkveul kategoriebad daaxarisxeT, daajgufeT<br />
da TiToeuli kategoria daasaTaureT. baraTebi im TanamimdevrobiT<br />
gadanomreT, romlis mixedviTac es sakiTxebi Tqveni biznesideis<br />
realizebisas unda gadawydes. baraTze is kiTxvebia mocemuli,<br />
romelic nebismieri saqmianobis dagegmvisas da ganxorcielebisas<br />
gaCndeba. gadanomrili baraTebi rigiTobis mixedviT gaakariT dafaze.<br />
TiToeulma kompaniam mis mier arCeuli moqmedebaTa Tanamimdevrobis<br />
logikuroba unda daasabuTos.<br />
gafrTxileba: jgufi valdebulia yvela baraTi gamoiyenos.<br />
direqtorTa sabWos samuSao dro 20 wuTia, prezentaciis _ 5 wuTi.<br />
Semdeg airCieT eqspertTa sabWo, romelic obieqturad Seafasebs<br />
warmodgenili biznesgegmebis (baraTebis rigiTobis) siswores.<br />
eqspertTa Sefasebis sisworis Semowmeba ki, qvemoT warmodgenili sqemis<br />
mixedviT ukve ,,kompaniebs’’ SeuZliaT.
#<br />
romeli<br />
aucilebeli<br />
samuSaoebia<br />
Sesasrulebeli?<br />
#<br />
ras warmoadgens<br />
Cveni produqti,<br />
momsaxureba?<br />
#<br />
sad jobia<br />
reklamis<br />
ganTavseba?<br />
#<br />
sawarmos<br />
organizebis ra<br />
alternativebi<br />
gvaqvs?<br />
#<br />
ramdeni muSaki<br />
gvWirdeba?<br />
#<br />
ra finansuri<br />
kapitali gvaqvs<br />
amJamad?<br />
#<br />
ra gamocdileba<br />
gagvaCnia?<br />
#<br />
rogoria<br />
produqtis miRebis<br />
teqnologia?<br />
#<br />
romel biznesSi<br />
(dargSi)<br />
vsaqmianobT?<br />
#<br />
romeli<br />
danadgarebi<br />
dagvWirdeba?<br />
#<br />
ras warmoadgens<br />
Cveni bazari?<br />
#<br />
ra Zlieri da<br />
susti mxareebi<br />
aqvT Cvens<br />
konkurentebs?<br />
#<br />
ra sididis farTi<br />
gvWirdeba?<br />
#<br />
ra finansuri<br />
resursebi<br />
gveqneba momdevno<br />
eqvsi Tvis<br />
ganmavlobaSi?<br />
#<br />
rogor mivaRwioT<br />
warmatebas?<br />
#<br />
marTvis rogori<br />
sistema iqneba<br />
efeqtiani?<br />
#<br />
SeviZinoT Tu ara<br />
manqana?<br />
# #<br />
vin arian Cveni<br />
klientebi?<br />
#<br />
romelia gasaRebis<br />
mTavari raioni?<br />
#<br />
rogori fasebi<br />
aqvT dawesebuli<br />
konkurentebs?<br />
#<br />
ra da ramdeni<br />
mowyobiloba<br />
gvWirdeba?<br />
#<br />
rogori iqneba<br />
kompaniis mogeba<br />
erTi wlis Semdeg?<br />
#<br />
rogori iqneba<br />
reklamis<br />
intensivoba?<br />
#<br />
ra riskebTan<br />
gveqneba saqme?<br />
rogor davizRvevT<br />
Tavs?<br />
#<br />
rogori imijis<br />
Seqmna gvsurs?<br />
ra Tanxa<br />
dagvWirdeba?<br />
#<br />
romeli marketin<br />
guli moTxovnilebebi<br />
gvaqvs?<br />
#<br />
ra konkurentuli<br />
upiratesoba gvaqvs<br />
arCeul bazarze?<br />
#<br />
vin arian Cveni<br />
konkurentebi?<br />
#<br />
romeli bankis<br />
sasesxo pirobebia<br />
ukeTesi?<br />
#<br />
gavarkvioT,<br />
romeli<br />
kanonebis<br />
moqmede-<br />
bis sivrceSi varT?<br />
#<br />
rogor movaxdenT<br />
produqtis<br />
gasaRebas?<br />
113
iznesis gegma mniSvnelovani dokumentia, amitom is nabeWdi saxiT mzaddeba.<br />
• biznesis gegmis Tavfurcels satitulo gverdi hqvia. masze kompaniis saxeli da misamarTi<br />
iwereba. momdevno gverdze ganTavsdeba monacemebi kompaniis, mflobelebis<br />
Sesaxeb, biznesis gegmis mTliani Rirebuleba, wilobrivi ganawileba.<br />
• Semdegi gverdi biznes-gegmis Sinaarsi anu sarCevia, rasac TviTon gegma mohyveba.<br />
• biznes-gegma aucileblad unda Seicavdes erTi wlis biujets _ savaraudo yovelTviuri<br />
finansuri xarjebis da Semosavlebis gegmas, romelic pirveli Tormeti Tvis<br />
mixedviT unda iyos gawerili.<br />
• yovelTviuri biujetis xarjviTi nawili yvela savaraudo danaxarjs unda iTvaliswinebdes,<br />
maT Sorisaa xarjebi.<br />
• reklamis Rirebuleba<br />
• SefuTva<br />
• xelfasebi<br />
• sxva xarjebi<br />
• gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebi<br />
sul xarjebi<br />
114<br />
1.<br />
sawarmo<br />
ideis arsi<br />
• dargi<br />
• kompania<br />
• produqti<br />
4. marketingi<br />
3.<br />
5.<br />
martivi biznesis gegmis komponentebi<br />
gasaRebis gegma<br />
• fasebis dadgena<br />
• gasaRebis strategia<br />
• reklama<br />
• gavrceleba<br />
organizacia<br />
marTvis gegma<br />
• organizaciuli struqtura<br />
• ZiriTadi funqciebi<br />
• daqvemdebarebulebis<br />
raodenoba<br />
• marTvis principebi<br />
bazris analizi<br />
• potenciuri momxmarebeli<br />
• bazris sidide<br />
• asaTvisebeli segmenti<br />
• konkurenciis analizi<br />
• Cveni upiratesobani<br />
daskvna<br />
• riskis analizi<br />
• sxva alternativebis Sefaseba<br />
• proeqtis Sejameba / perspeqtiva<br />
2.<br />
produqciis warmoeba<br />
• resursebi<br />
• momwodeblebi<br />
• sawarmoo procesebi<br />
• mowyobilobebi<br />
• saWiro farTi<br />
• saWiro muSaxeli<br />
6.<br />
bazari<br />
warmoeba<br />
finansebi<br />
finansebis dagegmva<br />
• firmis daarsebis xarjebi<br />
• amoqmedebisaTvis saWiro<br />
xarjebi<br />
• dafinansebis wyaroebi<br />
• biujeti
!<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
gaxsovdeT!<br />
skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, rodesac realuri biznesis wamowyebis<br />
gadawyvetilebas miiRebT, nu daiviwyebT, rom nebismieri ideis realizeba<br />
did riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. gaixseneT am saxelmZRvaneloSi<br />
mocemuli rCeva da kidev erTxel gadaikiTxeT.<br />
sifrTxiliT moekideT biznesis miznebis SemuSavebas da gaiTvaliwineT:<br />
• pirvel rigSi, bazarze sakuTari adgili gansazRvreT; yuradRebis koncentracia<br />
im sferoze moaxdineT, sadac gansakuTrebiT Zlieri xarT da<br />
sadac sxvebi, msxvili korporaciebic ki, konkurencias ver gagiweven;<br />
• akeTeT mxolod is, rac yvelaze ukeT gexerxebaT: kargad dafiqrdiT,<br />
sanam farTo asparezze gasvlas gadawyvetdeT. radgan erTbaSad<br />
yvelafris gakeTebas mainc ver SeZlebT, orientacia imis<br />
keTebaze aiReT, rac yvelaze ukeT gexerxebaT, biznesi im sferoSi<br />
daiwyeT, romelsac ukeT icnobT;<br />
• daakonkreteT sakuTari miznebi: masStaburi da ramodenime welze<br />
gaTvlili gegmebi mxolod zogad mimarTulebas gansazRvras. umjobesia,<br />
konkretuli, erTwliani miznebi daisaxoT, moqmedebebi<br />
detalurad SeimuSavoT da yovelTviurad maTi Sesrulebis kontroli<br />
awarmooT. ase mudmivad gecodineba ra mdgomareobaSia Tqveni<br />
biznesi, rogor midis saqmeebi.<br />
• kritikulad moekideT ideas: Tu biznesis dagegmvis procesSi bazris kvlevam<br />
daganaxaT, rom idea ar varga, guli dagwydebaT, magram nu moeridebiT<br />
mis Secvlas, amiT momavalSiU uamrav problemas aicilebT Tavidan.<br />
• XX saukunis 80-ian wlebamde kompiuteri iseTi didi zomis iyo, rom mTel<br />
oTaxs ikavebda da misi SeZena mxolod finansurad Zlier organizaciebs<br />
SeeZloT. 1976 wels stiven jobss gabeduli biznes-idea gauCnda, gadawyvita<br />
kompiuteri iolad mosaxmar, iaf da ojaxur pirobebSi gamosayenebel,<br />
yvelasaTvis saWiro xelsawyod gadaeqcia. man eleqtrikos stiven vozniakTan<br />
erTad kompania ,,epl kompiuteri’’ daarsa da iseTi ideis ganxorcieleba<br />
daiwyo, romelic maSin saswaulis tolfasad iTvleboda. jobsi<br />
Tavdauzogavi SromisaTvis mzad iyo da warmatebasac miaRwia.<br />
• daviT sarajiSvili TbilisSi 1848 wels daibada. is jer ruseTsa da germaniaSi,<br />
Semdeg safrangeTSi swavlobda. im periodSi franguli koniaki<br />
mTel msoflioSi popularuli da Zalian Zviri iyo. sarajiSvili koniakis<br />
warmoebiT dainteresda da saqarTveloSi samamulo nedleuliT misi<br />
damzadeba gadawyvita. 1885 wels man TbilisSi sawyobi aaSena, sadac sakoniake<br />
spirts muxis kasrebSi aZvelebda. am gabedul wamowyebas yvela<br />
skeptikurad uyurebda. warmatebaSi darwmunebulma sarajiSvilma ki bazris<br />
gafarToeba dagegma. misi firma 1889 wels alkoholiani sasmelebis<br />
ukve ramodenime saxeobas amzadebda franguli teqnologiiT. is 1 aryis,<br />
1 liqioris da 7 koniakis qarxanas aerTianebda da produqciiT ara mxolod<br />
saqarTvelos bazars, aramed ruseTis imperiasac amaragebda. misi<br />
produqciis fasi gacilebiT xelmisawvdomi iyo, xarisxi ki _ Zalian maRali,<br />
amitom rusuli bazris TiTqmis 25% daipyro. es qarTuli produqtis<br />
manamde arnaxuli warmateba iyo.<br />
1913 wlisaTvis sarajiSvilis safirmo koniaks saerTaSoriso gamofenebsa<br />
Tu degustaciebze 9 oqros da 5 vercxlis medali hqonda miRebuli.<br />
115
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
ese<br />
116<br />
1. romeli ZiriTadi etapebi SeiZleba gamovyoT saqmiani organizaciis<br />
formirebis procesSi?<br />
2. ra aris biznesgegma da ratom aris is aucilebeli axali biznesis<br />
dasaarseblad?<br />
3. vis da ra mizniT sWirdeba biznesis gegmaSi warmodgenili informacia?<br />
4. moifiqreT oTxi kiTxva, romelic firmas sakuTari Tavis daxasiaTebaSi<br />
daexmareba.<br />
5. airCieT warmoebis romelime forma da zemoT SemoTavazebuli sqemis<br />
mixedviT gansazRvreT erTi Tvis savaraudo xarjebi.<br />
gaanalizeT:<br />
• romeli kiTxvebis pasuxi unda icodeT, rom erTi Tvis biujeti zustad<br />
gansazRvroT?<br />
• SeiZleba Tu ara, movaxdinoT biznesis warmatebis prognozireba, Tu<br />
ar gveqneba informacia savaraudo Semosavlebis Sesaxeb?<br />
• konkretuli samewarmeo saqmianobis ganxilvis safuZvelze CamoTvaleT<br />
mogebis gazrdisa da xarjebis Semcirebis faqtorebi.<br />
6. aris Tu ara mewarme im adamianebis bedze pasuxismgebeli, romelsac<br />
daasaqmebs? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
dawereT Txzuleba:<br />
`mewarmis roli qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi~.
imsjeleT<br />
33<br />
SeviswavloT<br />
bazari<br />
1. rogor gesmiT bazris kvleva?<br />
2. ra informacias unda flobdes mewarme, rom ufleba hqondes Tamamad<br />
ganacxados: ,,me am bazars vicnob’’?<br />
bazarze poziciebs is kompania imyarebs, romelic momxmareblis moTxovnebze swrafad<br />
reagirebs, siaxleebs sTavazobs mas. amitom biznesis dagegmisa da ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs momxmareblis moTxovnis Seswavlas. biznesis gegmis SemuSavebamde<br />
mizanSewonilia zogierTi sakiTxis winaswari gamokvleva.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
TbilisSi uamravi kafea, romlebsac msgavsi meniu da fasebi aqvT. isini erTmaneTs<br />
konkurencias adgilmdebareobis, komfortis, momsaxurebisa da reklamebis<br />
saSualebiT uweven. rac ufro met momxmarebels miizidaven, miT met<br />
sabazro wils miisakuTreben. xSirad xdeba, rom erTi kafes mier Semotanili<br />
siaxle (momsaxureba, produqti, interieris detalebi) Zalian swrafad vrceldeba<br />
sxva kafeebSic. siaxleebis Semomtans/novators ki liderobis SesanarCuneblad<br />
kvlav da kvlav saintereso SeTavazebebis mofiqreba uxdeba.<br />
1) ratom ar wyvets novatori kafe sul axal-axali siaxleebis Se-<br />
Tavazebas da damatebiTi xarjebis gawevas, Tu icis, rom am siaxles<br />
konkurentebi Zalian swrafad gadaiReben?<br />
2) rogor axerxeben novatori kompaniebi iseTi siaxleebis mofiqrebas<br />
da SeTavazebas, romelic momxmarebels moswons?<br />
3) ratom ar cdilobs yvela kompania TviTon iyos novatori?<br />
daasaxeleT biznesis iseTi sfero, romelSic survili geqnebodaT<br />
saqmianoba dagewyoT, rogorc individualur mewarmes da romelsac<br />
didi dafinanseba ar sWirdeba. ideebidan amoarCieT sami sfero,<br />
romelsac yvelaze kargad icnobT. daiyaviT 3 jgufad. TiToeulma<br />
jgufma TiTo bazris kvleva unda moaxdinos.<br />
gansazRvreT biznesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela niSnebi:<br />
• dargSi arsebuli sawarmoebis raodenoba;<br />
• saqonlis tipebi;<br />
• dargSi Sesvlis simartive, konkurentebi;<br />
• rogor garemoSi mogiwevT funqcionireba;<br />
• danaxarjebis done;<br />
• saqonlis (momsaxurebis) fasi;<br />
• bazarze damkvidrebis strategia;<br />
• daarsebidan ra droSi miaRwevT warmatebas?<br />
• biznesis wamowyebis savaraudo biujeti.<br />
117
118<br />
moamzadeT argumentebis prezentacia,<br />
a) ratom aris momgebiani am saqmianobis wamowyeba?<br />
b) ratom ar Rirs am saqmianobis wamowyeba?<br />
g) Ria kenWisyris saSualebiT gaakeTeT klasis arCevani, biznesis<br />
warmodgenili saxeebidan, romlis wamowyeba ufro momgebiania?<br />
albaT mixvdiT, rom am savarjiSoSi miRebuli daskvna zedapirulia, SesaZlebelia<br />
is realobisagan Zalian Sors idges, radgan Tqven kvleva ar giwarmoebiaT, mxolod intuiciasa<br />
da gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT gaakeTeT daskvnebi.<br />
biznesis dagegmisa da ganviTarebisaTvis mizanSewonilia zogierTi sakiTxebis winaswari<br />
Seswavla an gamokvlevis Catareba.<br />
konkretulad vin iqneba<br />
momxmarebeli: asakobrivi<br />
da sqesobrivi<br />
Semadgenloba, profesia,<br />
ganaTlebis done,<br />
gemovneba, Semosavlebi,<br />
surs Tu ara<br />
momxmareels<br />
SeTavazebuli<br />
saqonlis an<br />
momsaxurebis SeZena<br />
rogori<br />
fasebi aqvT<br />
konkurentebs?<br />
rogori<br />
konkurentebi<br />
gvyavs<br />
bazris kvleva<br />
sad SeiZleba iafad<br />
iqnes SeZenili<br />
mowyobilobebi Tu<br />
resursebi? sad<br />
yiduloben maT<br />
konkurentebi?<br />
rogori Senobebi<br />
da danadgarebia<br />
saWiroa<br />
ratom moswons<br />
momxmarebels<br />
konkurentebis<br />
produqcia?<br />
ra riskebia<br />
mosalodneli<br />
ramdeni fulia<br />
(kapitali) saWiro<br />
Senobebis,<br />
danadgarebis<br />
SesaZenad<br />
swored am da msgavs kiTxvebze pasuxis Zieba warmoadgens bazris kvlevas. ra Tqma unda<br />
unda, pirdapir aseT kiTxvebze pasuxs TviT yvelaze ganaTlebuli adamianic ki ver gascems.<br />
man jer informacia unda moagrovos.<br />
bazris kvleva axali informaciis mopovebasa da analizs gulisxmobs. rogorc<br />
iciT, firmebis stimuli, mogebis miRebaa, rac mxolod im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebiT SeiZleba, romelzec moTxovna maRalia. imisaTvis, rom firmebma saqoneli da<br />
momsaxureba awarmoon, resursebi unda Seisyidon. resursebi ki (rogorc adamianuri,<br />
ise materialuri) Zalian Zviria, amitom sawarmoTa mflobelebi cdiloben maqsimalurad<br />
Seamciron danakargebi, Seafason yvela alternativa da rac SeiZleba efeqtianad<br />
gamoiyenon arsebuli resursebi. alternativebis Sefaseba kvlevis saSualebiT miRebuli<br />
monacemebis safuZvelze xdeba.<br />
dagegmili mogebis misaRebad kvlevis Catareba aucilebelia. mewarmem pirvel rigSi<br />
bazari unda Seiswavlos, Semdeg moifiqros, rogor `waarTvas~ konkurentebs momxmarebeli.<br />
kvlevis Sedegad bazris xedvis are farTovdeba: Rrmavdeba codna momxmareblis,<br />
misi survilebis, Semosavlebis, gadaxdisunarianobis Sesaxeb.
kargad Catarebuli kvleva mewarmes saSualebas aZlevs Seiswavlos konkurentebi,<br />
momxmareblis kmayofilebisa da ukmayofilebis mizezebi, winaswar gansazRvros riski,<br />
airCios bazarze SeRwevis moqnili strategia.<br />
kvlevis Catareba did dros moiTxovs. winaswar unda momzaddes kiTxvebi da anketebi,<br />
daigegmos dakvirveba da saWiro dro. Semdeg sxvadasxva gziT miRebuli informacia<br />
gaerTiandes da gaanalizdes. radgan momxmarebeli uamravia da yvela maTganis gamokiTxva<br />
rTuli iqneba, kvlevis dros koncentrireba miznobriv bazarze xdeba.<br />
pirdapiri<br />
interviu<br />
(gamokiTxva)<br />
anketebi<br />
( dabeWQ<br />
dili<br />
kiTxvarebi)<br />
bazris segmenti SeiZleba SeirCes:<br />
informaciis Segrovebis gzebi<br />
dokumentebis<br />
analizi<br />
uSualo<br />
dakvirveba<br />
gamocdileba<br />
da intuicia<br />
• teritoriuli anu geografiuli niSniT _ potenciur myidvelebs sxvadasxva<br />
adgilebSi (msoflios regionebSi, qveynebSi, qveynis regionebSi, qalaqebSi, kvartlebSi)<br />
xSirad gansxvavebuli moTxovnilebebi da gemovneba aqvT. Tu yovelive es mniSvnelovan<br />
rols TamaSobs produqciis gasaRebaSi, azri aqvs geografiul segmentacias.<br />
• momxmarebelTa tipebis mixedviT _ momxmarebelTa kategoriebad dayofa xdeba<br />
saqmianobis (biznesmenebi, turistebi, moswavleebi da a.S.) gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
• qcevis mixedviT _ xdeba moxmarebis moculobis (zogi bevr produqts iZens, zogi naklebs)<br />
an sixSiris, fasebze orientaciis, specifikuri gemovnebis, produqtis maxasiaTeblebze<br />
reaqciebis mixedviT momxmareblis dayofa.<br />
• qceviT segmentaciasTan saqme gvaqvs maSin, rodesac ikvleven, romel savaWro markas<br />
aniWebs momxmarebeli upiratesobas, romeli radio da telegadacemebi moswons, ufro<br />
xSirad ras kiTxulobs (Jurnalebs, gazeTebs, mxatvrul Tu specialur literturas),<br />
dReSi saSualod ramden saaTs uyurebs televizors an ra dros uTmobs wignis kiTxvas,<br />
dRis romeli nawili aqvs kiTxvisaTvis gamoyofili da sxva.<br />
• produqciis gamokvleva misi sacdeli partiis warmoebas gulisxmobs.<br />
eqsperimenti,<br />
testireba<br />
miznobrivi bazari _ momxmareblis is konkretuli jgufi,<br />
romelzec orientirebulia kompania Tavisi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gayidvisas.<br />
miznobrivi bazris formireba xdeba erTi an ramdenime sabazro<br />
nawilis (segmentis) kvlevis, Sefasebisa da SerCevis gziT.<br />
kvlevis aucilebloba gamowveulia imiTac, rom xSirad mewarmes momxmarebelTan uSualo<br />
Sexeba ar aqvs. is saqoneli, romelic seriulad (didi raodenobiT) iwarmoeba, momxmarebelTan<br />
moxvedramde grZel gzas gadis.<br />
119
saqonlis moZraoba<br />
120<br />
mewarme<br />
biTumad movaWre<br />
sacalod movaWre<br />
momxmarebeli<br />
gansazRvreba<br />
produqtis mwarmoebeli<br />
movaWre, romelic mewarmisgan didi<br />
raodenobiT produqts yidulobs<br />
gayidvis mizniT<br />
movaWre, romelic biTumad yidulobs<br />
produqts calobiT gayidvis mizniT<br />
adamiani, romelic yidulobs da<br />
moixmars mza produqcias<br />
magaliTi<br />
qarxana<br />
sawyobi<br />
maRazia<br />
Tqven<br />
momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, marketingis menejerebi<br />
marketingis struqturas anu kompleqss amuSaveben.<br />
marketinguli kompleqsis elementebia:<br />
• saqoneli, idea an momsaxureba (Product);<br />
• fasi (Price);<br />
• adgili (Place);<br />
• stimulireba (Promotion).<br />
marketingis menejerebi am komponentebisagan Tavisebur `narevs~ (Mix) qmnian, romelic<br />
cnobilia marketingis `4 P~s saxeliT, inglisuri dasaxelebebis sawyisi asoebis<br />
gaerTianebidan gamomdinre.<br />
biznesis dagegmva faqtiurad, marketinguli samuSaoebiT iwyeba.<br />
miznobrivi bazris SerCeva da gamokvleva marketingis sferoa.<br />
saqoneli<br />
fasi<br />
marketinguli<br />
kompleqsi<br />
miznobrivi<br />
bazari<br />
stimulireba<br />
marketinguli kvleva uwyveti procesia. mewarme mudmivad saqmis kursSi unda iyos<br />
imis Sesaxeb, ra surs momxmarebels (romeli saqoneli, romeli momsaxureba), rogori<br />
fasia misTvis xelsayreli, rogor jobia gasaReba, gayidvis romeli forma an romeli<br />
adgilia ufro efeqturi, stimulirebis (saqonliT dainteresebis) romel xerxebze reagirebs<br />
myidveli, produqtis an SefuTvis vizualuri mimzidvelobis romeli maCvenebelia<br />
efeqtiani.<br />
momxmareblis qceva da marketinguli kompleqsi mWidro urTierTkavSirSia. pirveli<br />
meores gansazRvravs, meore ki zemoqmedebas axdens pirvelze. orive maTganis formireba<br />
garemo Zalebis _ qveynis an regionis socialuri, kulturuli, ekonomikuri, politikuri,<br />
demografiuli da sxva faqtorebis zegavleniT xdeba.<br />
adgili
momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, marketingis menejerebi<br />
marketingis struqturas anu kompleqss amuSaveben.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
bunebrivi<br />
resursebi<br />
marketingis kompleqsi<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
konkurencia<br />
socialur<br />
kulturuli<br />
garemo<br />
produqti<br />
fasi<br />
momxmarebeli<br />
adgili<br />
stimulireba<br />
mecnierebaTa<br />
teqnologiebi<br />
demografiuli<br />
mdgomareoba<br />
politikursakanonmdeblo<br />
garemo<br />
kompania FORD Motor Сompany avtomobilebi da avtonawilebi iyo.<br />
miuxedavad warmatebisa, kompanias bazris kvleva ar Seuwyvetia. uwyvetad<br />
swavlobda axali manqanebis myidvelTa Cvevebs, maTi survilebis cvlilebebs,<br />
ikvlevda momxmareblis SenaZeniT kmayofilebis dones. kvlevebi aseve<br />
yidvis procesebis da potenciuri moxmarebis Sesaswavladac tardeboda.<br />
1986 wels kompaniis wminda mogeba 2,5 miliardi amerikuli dolari iyo.<br />
2006 wels, TiTqmis 2-jer meti. swored momxmareblis survilebis mudmivad<br />
Seswavla da gaTvaliswineba ganapirobebs am kompaniis stabilur<br />
warmatebebs.<br />
saukuneze metia, rac 1903 wels daarsebuli kompania aproeqtebs, awarmoebs<br />
da xuT kontinentze yidis rogorc msubuq, ise satvirTo avtomobilebs,<br />
Zravebs, saTadarigo nawilebs.<br />
swored kvlevebma daanaxa kompanias, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove<br />
avtomflobelisaTvis mcire litraJi, manqanis saimedooba da garantiis<br />
xangrZlivoba. miuxedavad imisa, rom FORD Motor Company xarisxis<br />
garantias yovelTvis iZleoda, kompaniam momxmareblis survilebis gaTvaliswinebiT<br />
SeimuSava axali proeqtebi mikro da mcirelitraJiani avtomobilebisaTvis,<br />
daixvewa rogorc garegani, ise Sinagani stili, saloni<br />
iseTive myudro da komfortuli gaxda, rogorc luqsis tipis avtomobilebSi<br />
iyo. garda amisa, momxmarebels avtomobilebis sxvadasxva variaciebi<br />
da Zravis samudamo ufaso servisi SesTavaza. FORDis avtomobilebze<br />
moTxovna isev mzardia. kompaniis Semosavlebi matulobs. `Cveni xarisxi<br />
momxmareblis survils emTxveva~ acxadeben kompaniis mesveurebi. Sedegi<br />
saxezea: 2005–2006 wels, kompania FORD Motori kvlav msoflios aTi<br />
yvelaze warmatebuli kompaniis siaSia da me-9 adgils ikavebs.<br />
wyaro: http://mony.cnn.com./magazines/fortune/<br />
121
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
122<br />
1. daaxasiaTeT Tqveni ojaxi, rogorc momxmarebeli.<br />
2. daaxasiaTeT Tqveni klasi, rogorc momxmarebeli.<br />
3. rogori momxmarebeli xarT TviTon? magaliTad,<br />
TqvenTvis aucilebeli saqonlis SeZenis ramdeni wyaro arsebobs?<br />
ra sixSiriT iZenT tansacmels?<br />
tansacmlis SeZenisas, ra aris TqvenTvis mniSvnelovani? amoar<br />
CieT sami umTavresi: a) feri; b) komfortuloba; g) gamZleoba; d)<br />
qsovili; e) fasi; v) unikaluroba; z) marka; T) firma; i) moduroba;<br />
k) gamoyenebis xangrZlivoba; l) TanatolebSi gavrceleba/cnobadoba.<br />
4. gaanalizeT, zemoT miRebuli monacemebi da daasaxeleT Tanaklaselebi,<br />
romlebic Tqvens msgavs momxmareblad (analogiuri samomxmarebli<br />
qcevis mqoned) migaCniaT?<br />
5. ra unda iyos im saqonlis maxasiaTeblebebi, romelsac Tqvens Tanatolebs<br />
sTavazoben mewarmeebi?
1<br />
34<br />
biznesis<br />
dafinanseba<br />
Tqveni megobari sakuTari sawamos gaxsnas apirebs. erT dRes movida,<br />
giTxraT, rom saxsrebi ar yofnis danadgaris SesaZenad da sesxad dabadebis<br />
dReze saCuqrad miRebuli 100 lari gTxovaT.<br />
imuSaveT jgufebad da CamowereT did furcelze.<br />
• ra SekiTxvebs dausvamdiT megobars, vidre sesxis micemaze daTanxmdebiT?<br />
• ra SemTxvevaSi daTanxmdebiT fulis sesxad gacemas?<br />
• ra pirobebs wauyenebT msesxebels?<br />
• sesxis micemaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, ras urCevdiT megobars, sad<br />
eZebos damatebiTi dafinansebis wyaro?<br />
• samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg, gaacaniT Tanaklaselebs jgufis namuSevari<br />
da sxvadasxva jgufis samuSaoSi msgavsi pasuxebi moniSneT.<br />
• Tqveni azriT, ram ganapiroba pasuxebis msgavseba? xom ar niSnavs es sifrTxilis<br />
gamoCenas sakuTari Tanxebis xarjvasa da sesxis dabrunebas<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT?<br />
• eqnebaT Tu ara igive an msgavsi kiTxvebi bankis TanamSromlebs, Tu Tqveni<br />
megobari kreditis aRebas bankidan moindomebs?<br />
marTalia, adamianTa umravlesoba biznesis sferoSi moRvaweobas fulis saSovnelad iwyebs,<br />
magram biznesis wamowyeba soliduri Tanxebis gareSe SeuZlebelia.<br />
dasrulebuli da kargad gamarTuli biznesgegma naTlad gviCvenebs sul ramdeni fulia<br />
saWiro ideis realizebisaTvis, risTvis aris saWiro es Tanxebi, rodis da ra raodenobis fuladi<br />
saxsrebi iqneba saWiro. Tu biznesi Tavisi miznebisaTvis saxsrebs produqciasa da momsaxurebis<br />
realizaciis Sedegad miRebuli Tanxebidan Rebulobs, amboben, rom samewarmeo<br />
saqmianoba Sida saxsrebiT finansdeba; magram es warmatebuli biznesis asawyobad sakmarisi<br />
ar aris, gansakuTrebiT saqmianobis dasawyisSi, amitom saWiroa gare saxsrebis mozidva.<br />
arsebuli Tu moziduli Tanxebis udidesi nawili sawarmos daarsebis an gafarToebisaTvis<br />
saWiro kapitaluri resursebis SeZenas anu investirebas xmardeba. aranakleb mniSvnelovania<br />
warmoebisaTvis saWiro resursebis SeZena da maragebis Seqmna.<br />
investireba _ im kapitaluri resursebis SeZena, romlebic saWiroa<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad. igi SeiZleba gamoixatebodes<br />
korporaciis aqciebis flobaSi, uZrav qonebaSi an nagebobebsa da mowyobilobaSi.<br />
kapitaluri resursebis SeZenas da sawarmos saqmianobas fuladi an<br />
sxva tipis saxsrebi anu finansebi sWirdeba.<br />
biznesis wamowyebis msurveli uamravia, maT saintereso ideebi aqvT, magram saWiro<br />
Tanxebis mopoveba uWirT. zogierTs ki riskis gawevis eSinia, amitom biznesis wamowyebamde<br />
adamianebi yvelanair alternativebs afaseben. TiToeul ideasTan mimarTebaSi maT<br />
sami ZiriTadi kiTxva awuxebT: ramdeni fuli dasWirdeba ideis ganxorcielebas, rogor<br />
moaxdinon saWiro Tanxebis mobilizeba? (sad iSovon fuli?) eqnebaT Tu ara imdeni Semosavali,<br />
rom valebi dafaron da mogeba darCeT?<br />
123
sawarmoebi axal kapitalur<br />
resursebSi investirebisaTvis banks<br />
mimarTaven. grZelvadiani sesxis saxes<br />
obligacia warmoadgens. sawarmoebi<br />
obligaciebs investiciisaTvis saWiro<br />
naRdi fulis miRebis mizniT yidian.<br />
obligaciis Semsyidvelebi sawarmos<br />
kreditorebi anu mevaleebi xdebian. isini<br />
gadaxdili Tanxis mixedviT, yovelwliurad<br />
fiqsirebul sargebels iReben.<br />
vadis gasvlis Semdeg ki _ srul Tanxas.<br />
korporaciebi obligaciebis gayidvas<br />
maSin iwyeben, rodesac firmas axali teqnologiebis<br />
SesaZenad, sawarmoo operaciebis<br />
gafarToebis, sxva korporaciebis mierTebis an Serwymis dasafinanseblad kapitalis<br />
mozidva sWirdeba.<br />
124<br />
gare saxsrebis mozidva<br />
sesxebis aReba aqciebis gayidva axali mflobelis mozidva<br />
mcire da saSualo biznesis dafinanseba ufro xSirad moklevadiani sesxebiT xdeba.<br />
moklevadiani sesxebi sxvadasxva saxisaa:<br />
komerciuli krediti _ resursebis an saqonelis SeZena kreditiT anu SemdgomSi<br />
gadaxdis angariSiT.<br />
safinanso dawesebulebidan aRebuli sesxebi _ sesxebi bankebidan, finansuri<br />
kompaniebidan.<br />
sxva kompaniebisagan an pirebisagan aRebuli sesxebi.<br />
dafinansebis miReba axali mflobelebisgan _ sawarmos dafinanseba aqciebis gamoSvebis<br />
gziT SeuZlia. aqcia, `mflobelobis~ sinonimia. aqciebis gayidva moklevadiani<br />
kreditis kidev erTi wyaroa.<br />
mcire sawarmos daarsebas an gafarToebas didi investiciebi ar sWirdeba. dafinansebis<br />
wyaro SeiZleba iyos:<br />
piradi danazogebi;<br />
ojaxi da megobrebi;<br />
amxanagobis daarseba;<br />
aqciebis gayidva;<br />
komerciuli bankidan aRebuli sesxi;<br />
uZravi qonebis gayidviT an gaqiravebiT miRebuli Semosavali.<br />
sawarmos finansuri mdgradoba niSnavs, rom produqciis realizaciis Sedegad<br />
miRebuli Semosavlebidan sawarmos SeuZlia:<br />
yvela mimdinare vali da gadasaxadi dafaros;<br />
mosalodneli Semosavlebidan momavali valdebulebebi dafaros;<br />
fuladi saxsrebi axal kapitalur resursebSi daabandos;<br />
gauTvaliswinebeli xarjebi dafaros.
iznesis dasafinanseblad bankidan sesxis aReba martivi ar aris. mewarmem bankis ndoba unda<br />
moipovos. banki momavali klientis kreditunarianobas swavlobs:<br />
ikvlevs reputacias _ amowmeben dosies (monacemebs), yvela adrindeli angariSi da<br />
vali droulad aris Tu ara dafaruli.<br />
amowmebs gadaxdisunarianobas _ Semosavlis wyaros, amJamindel davalianebebs da nakisr<br />
valdebulebebs.<br />
axdenen qonebis Sefasebas _ iTvlis bankSi ganTavsebul fuls, uZrav da moZrav qonebas.<br />
SesaZlebelia kreditorma kapitalis nawili giraos saxiT daitovos.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
daiyaviT jgufebad, CamowereT pirobebi, romlsac Tqveni azriT mewarme<br />
unda akmayofilebdes, raTa banki darwmunebuli iyos, rom krediti<br />
ar gaiflangeba da is sesxis patiosani gadamxdeli iqneba.<br />
moamzadeT prezentacia. samuSao dro 10 wuTia.<br />
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
arsebobs aqciebis ori saxe: Cveulebrivi da privilegirebuli. orive korporaciis<br />
mflobelobas niSnavs, magram Cveulebrivi aqciebis mflobelebs sawarmos aqcionerTa<br />
saerTo krebaze kenWisyraSi monawileobis ufleba aqvT, privilegirebuli aqciebis<br />
mflobelebi ki, korporaciis likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi dividendebs da qonebis wils<br />
pirvel rigSi miiReben.<br />
mcire sawarmoebi sasesxo programebis farglebSi yovedRiurad miliardobiT aqcias<br />
yiduloben da yidian mTel msoflioSi. aqciebiT vaWrobisaTvis mravali safondo<br />
birJa anu aqciaTa bazari arsebobs. rodesac korporacia pirvelad uSvebs aqciebs,<br />
igi TanamSromlobs sainvesticio bankTan an firmasTan, romelic aqciebis gamoSvebas<br />
garantirebuls xdis.<br />
aqciebis sawyis gayidvas pirveladi bazari ewodeba. aqciebis Tavdapirveli gayidvis<br />
Semdeg xalxi maT gamomSvebi kompaniisgan damoukideblad yidulobs da yidis.<br />
swores am meorad bazars uwodeben safondo birJas anu aqciaTa bazars.<br />
finansurad mdgradi didi korporaciebi zogjer e.w. venCuruli anu sarisko kapitaliT<br />
afinanseben siaxleTa danergviT dakavebul patara firmebs. imis gamo, rom<br />
principulad axali saqonlis danergva yovelTvis did riskTan aris dakavSirebuli,<br />
axali produqtebisaTvis saWiro dafinanseba da kapitali sariskod iTvleba. cxadia,<br />
warumateblobis SemTxvevaSi kapitali dakargulia, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi ki msxvili<br />
korporacia TviTon iwyebs am produqtis masStabur warmoebas.<br />
? Tqven<br />
rom sakuTari sawarmos gaxsnis idea gqondeT, rogor moaxdendiT mis<br />
dafinansebas? dafinansebis es forma airCieT imitom rom realuri Sansi gaga<br />
CniaT, Tu imitom, rom upiratesobas dafinansebis am wyaros aniWebT?<br />
125
VII<br />
? 1.<br />
126<br />
ojaxis<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong><br />
35<br />
ojaxidan<br />
bankisaken<br />
ra saWiroebebi gaaCnia oTxwevrian (ded-mama, 12 da 16 wlis ori Svil i)<br />
ojaxs 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi?<br />
2. ra maqsimaluri Semosavali SeiZleba qondes oTxsulian ojaxs saqar<br />
TveloSi, Tu orive mSobeli mcire biznesSia dasaqmebuli?<br />
3. gawvdeba Tu ara es Semosavali ojaxis saWiroebebs?<br />
ojaxis wevrebma winaswar unda gansazRvron moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Tanmimdevroba<br />
– ra, sad da rodis SeiZinon, raTa ojaxis gankargulebaSi arsebuli fuli gonivrulad<br />
gamoiyenon: SeiZinon sakvebi, saTbobi masalebi, tansacmeli, gadaixadon gadasaxadebi. Znelia<br />
samomavlo xarjebis dagegmva, Tu ar ici, rogor Semosavalze unda gaTvalo es xarjebi.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
ojaxis (gundis) biujeti<br />
ojaxi (4 wevrisgan Semdgari gundi) damoukideblad cxovrobT da Tqveni<br />
saerTo Semo savali 600 lars Seadgens. es Tanxa fiqsirebulia. fuli<br />
gonivrulad daxarjeT. (am sakiTxis irgvliv konsultacia SegiZliaT<br />
ufrosebisganac miiRoT). mocemuli monacemebis gamoyenebiT SeadgineT<br />
biujeti. mniSvnelovani xarjebi biujetSi unda dafiqsirdes. es xarjebi<br />
fiqsirebulia da misi Secvla mxolod maswavlebels SeuZlia.<br />
xarjebis kategoria<br />
bina (Senoba)<br />
ZiriTadi sakvebi<br />
msubuqi sauzme<br />
tansacmeli<br />
telefoni<br />
bunebrivi airi/SeSa<br />
eleqtroba<br />
benzinis an avtobusis gadasaxadebi<br />
cxovelebis sakvebi<br />
kinos,<br />
Teatris<br />
da<br />
sportul<br />
i<br />
RonisZiebebis bileTebi<br />
dazogva<br />
jami<br />
1 Tve (lari)<br />
600<br />
me-2 Tve (lari)<br />
600
1. geyofaT Tu ara es Tanxa damoukideblad sacxovreblad erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi?<br />
2. ram moaxdina gavlena Tqvens arCevanze biujetis muxlebidan?<br />
3. SeadareT gundebis biujetebis msgavseba da gansxvaveba.<br />
4. SeadgineT axali biujeti II TvisaTvis Semdegi axali pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT:<br />
a. eleqtroenergiis gadasaxadi 10 %iT gaizarda.<br />
b. sawvavis fasi 5%-iT Semcirda.<br />
g. sadResaswaulo sauzmis fasi 50 %-iT Semcirda.<br />
d. benzinis fasebi da avtobusis gadasaxadi 25 %-iT gaizarda.<br />
e. ZiriTad sakveb produqtebze fasebi 15 %-iT gaizarda.<br />
v. fasebi tansacmelze ucvleli darCa.<br />
z. satelefono momsaxureba 3 procentiT Semcirda.<br />
T. sabinao momsaxurebis fasi ucvlelia.<br />
5. rogor reagirebda gundi fasebis cvlilebaze?<br />
6. mogewonebodaT Tu ara damoukideblad cxovreba aseT pirobebSi?<br />
7. vis mimarTavdiT dasaxmareblad sesxisaTvis ?<br />
8. biujetis gazrdili deficitis SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdiT Tu ara banks?<br />
yovelTvis arseboben adamianebi, romlebic fuls agroveben anu danazogs akeTeben da meore<br />
mxriv _ adamianebi, romlebic fuls sesxuloben. danazogi maSin keTdeba, roca calkeuli<br />
adamianebi, firmebi da qveynebi mTlianad ar iyeneben mimdinare Semosavlebs. ekonomistebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, danazogi aris Semosavali, romelic moxmarebisaTvis ar daxarjula.<br />
albaT gagikeTebiaT danazogi imisaTvis, rom momavalSi raime geyidaT. Tqveni, rogorc<br />
moswavlis danazogi, romelic mSoblebisa da naTesavebis mier naCuqari an yoveldRiuri saxarjo<br />
fulisgan Sedgeba, saxlSic mSvenivrad Seinaxeba. ufrosebis mier dazogili Tanxa ki umjobesia<br />
bankSi ganTavsdes, radgan saxlisagan gansxvavebiT, fulis bankSi SenaxviT adamianebi<br />
sxva damatebiT fuls gamoimuSaveben sargeblis saxiT, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, bankSi danazogis<br />
daculobaze.<br />
bankebi _ institutebi, sadac adamianTa erTi nawili fuls inaxavs da<br />
sargebels gamoimuSavebs, xolo meore nawili _ fuls sesxulobs da<br />
sanacvlod sargeblis ganakveTs ixdis.<br />
danazogi _ Semosavlebis nawili, romelic ar iqna daxarjuli gadasaxadebisa<br />
da sayidlebisaTvis.<br />
meanabre _ adamiani, romelic bankSi danazogs inaxavs.<br />
bankebi da sxva safinanso institutebi im arxis rols asruleben, rom<br />
liTac SemnaxvelTa finansuri saSualebebi miemarTeba msesxeblebisa<br />
da investorebisaken. bankebsa da sxva safinanso institutebs finansur<br />
Suamavlebs uwodeben. isini iReben anabrebs da gascemen sesxebs.<br />
sargebeli _ gadasaxadi sxvisi fuliT sargeblobisaTvis (xSirad mas<br />
procents uwodeben).<br />
investicia _ manqanebis, Senobanagebobebis, mowyobilobebis warmoeba<br />
da yidva, romelic momavalSi ufro meti raodenobis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba.<br />
piradi investireba _ fasiani qaRaldebis (aqciebi, obligaciebi) yidva,<br />
rac ufro sariskoa, vidre Semnaxvel angariSze fulis ganTavseba,<br />
radganac fasiani qaRaldebis Rirebuleba SeiZleba Seicvalos. samagierod,<br />
aseTma dabandebam SeiZleba bevrad meti mogeba moitanos, vidre<br />
Semnaxvelma angariSebma.<br />
127
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sayidlad adamianebi mTel Semosavals ar xarjaven, fuls<br />
zogaven. Semosavlis nawils produqtis samomavalod yidvis mizniT inaxaven. saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis mimdinare moxmareba dazogvis alternatiul Rirebulebas warmoadgens.<br />
fulis sesxebisas, adamianebi sxvis fuls iyeneben. nasesxeb fuls momavalSi xarjaven.<br />
amitom sayidlebisaTvis ufro cota fuli rCebaT, ris gamoc saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze,<br />
romlis momavalSi unda SeeZinaT uars amboben. es saqoneli sesxis alternatiul Rirebulebas<br />
warmoadgens.<br />
dauxarjavi Semosavlis nawili SeiZleba safinanso institutebSi ganTavsdes. safinanso<br />
institutebi kredits im adamianebze gascemen, romelTac kapitaluri an sxva resursis<br />
yidva surT. bankebi msesxebelsa da gamsesxebels Soris Suamavlis rols asruleben, riTac<br />
fulis mflobels saqmes uadvileben _ moZebnos is, visac fulis sesxeba surs. ra Tqma<br />
unda, bankis SeTavazebuli pirobebi orive mxares unda akmayofilebdes. amasTanave, bankebi<br />
yuradRebiT adevneben Tvals msesxeblebs, raTa darwmundnen imaSi, rom es ukanasknelni<br />
sesxs daabruneben, Tanac droulad da sargeblis gadaxdis pirobiT. swored es gaxlavT<br />
kreditis Tviseba: sargeblis gadaxda, vadianoba, dabruneba.<br />
roca sakuTari fuli sakmarisi ar aris; roca adamianebs axali saqmianobis dawyeba<br />
surT, esaWiroebaT fuli mSeneblobis dafinansebisaTvis, mowyobilobebis, saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis yidvisaTvis, isini sesxs iReben.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulis ukeT garkvevaSi saklaso oTaxSi `namdvili~ banki movawyoT.<br />
kiTxvebi da<br />
davalebebi<br />
128<br />
meanabreebi<br />
fuls inaxaven<br />
meanabreebi sargebels<br />
iReben,<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
komerciuli<br />
banki<br />
banki gascems<br />
sesxebs<br />
banki iRebs<br />
sargebels<br />
1. SeadgineT Taviseburebebis sia, romlebic Tqveni azriT, finansur<br />
Suamavals unda gaaCndes. daasaxeleT mizezebi, romlis gamoc es Taviseburebebi<br />
mniSvnelovania.<br />
2. imsjeleT kreditis rolis Sesaxeb sakuTari ojaxis, raionis magaliTze.<br />
cnobilia, rom bolo periodSi saqarTveloSi mkveTrad gaizarda kreditis<br />
aRebis msurvelTa raodenoba. es pirvel rigSi imaze metyvelebs, rom<br />
adamianebis umravlesobas xelfasi sabanko momsaxurebiT sargeblobis<br />
saSualebas aZlevs. sabanko sesxebis yvelaze meti wili sayofacxovrebo<br />
teqnikis, binebis mSeneblobis, avtomobilebis SeZenisa da studenturi<br />
sesxebisaTvis ixarjeba.
savarjiSo<br />
2<br />
savarjiSo<br />
3<br />
qalbaton lilis savaWro centri<br />
qalbatoni lili samSeneblo firma ,,lilis” mflobeli da mmarTvelia.<br />
misi ori qaliSvili da vaJi kompaniis Tanamflobelebi arian. kompania<br />
ukve 11 welia muSaobs. axlaxans qalbatonma lilim axlomdebare<br />
10 heqtri miwa iyida da igi aq savaWro centris mSeneblobas gegmavs. am<br />
centrSi erTi didi universami, TxuTmeti mcire maRazia, ori restorani<br />
da avtosadgomi ganTavsdeba. ,,lilis” gaangariSebiT, roca centri<br />
gaixsneba, iq 3000 adamiani imuSavebs: nawili sruli samuSo ganakveTiT,<br />
nawilic arasruli samuSao ganakveTiT.<br />
am proeqtis realizaciisaTvis qalbaton lilisaTvis aucilebelia<br />
damatebiT 600 000 laris mozidva. igi erT-erTi bankis warmomadgenels<br />
Sexvda da gancxadebac dawera sesxis miRebis Sesaxeb. kompaniis<br />
gancxadebis detaluri Seswavlis Semdeg, banki daTanxmda sesxis gacemas.<br />
sesxis sanacvlod banki yovelTviurad sesxad gacemuli Tanxis<br />
16%-s miiRebs. savaWro centris mSenebloba erTi wlis Semdeg daiwyeba.<br />
samuSao rom vadaSi Sesruldes ,,lili” apirebs muSaTa sami damatebiTi<br />
brigadis daqiravebas.<br />
1. raSi mdgomareobs qalbaton lilis problema?<br />
2. rogor moiqca igi?<br />
3. ratom sWirdeba banks gancxadeba sesxis miRebaze?<br />
4. ratom aqvs banks SesaZlebloba fuli qalbaton lilis asesxos?<br />
5. ra miiRes Semnaxvelebma sanacvlod?<br />
6. ra aris SemnaxvelebisaTvis alternatiuli Rirebuleba?<br />
7. ratom iRebs banki qalbatoni lilisagan sargebels?<br />
8. ra aris qalbatoni lilisaTvis alternatiuli Rirebuleba?<br />
9. ra gavlenas axdens adgilobriv bazarze axali savaWro centris gaxsna?<br />
10. vin imuSavebs savaWro centrSi?<br />
11. rogor gamoiyeneben muSakebi TavianT Semosavlebs?<br />
qalbaton lilis savaWro centris ekonomikuri wrebrunvis diagrama.<br />
imuSaveT wyvilebSi. aageT wrebrunvis diagrama savaWro centrisaTvis,<br />
Semdegi situaciebis gamoyenebiT:<br />
Semnaxvelebs dauxarjavi Semosavli aqvT;<br />
bankebi da sxva finansuri Suamavlebi;<br />
sesxebi firmebisaTvis (`lili~);<br />
samuSao adgilebi mSeneblobaze;<br />
momuSaveebi iReben sesxs;<br />
dazogva _ samomavlod saqonlis da momsaxurebis yidva;<br />
samuSao adgilebi savaWro centrSi;<br />
momuSaveebi iReben Semosavals;<br />
sesxebi firmebs (`lili~);<br />
Semnaxvelebs aqvT aRuricxavi Semosavali;<br />
bankebi da sxva safinanso Suamavlebi sesxebi firmebisaTvis<br />
(`lili~).<br />
129
130<br />
!<br />
kiTxvebi da<br />
davalebebi<br />
sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi ZiriTad safinanso momsaxurebas bankebi<br />
saojaxo meurneobebsa da firmebs uweven. amiT isini ekonomikur zrdas<br />
uwyoben xels.<br />
bankebi calkeul adamianebs sTavazoben Semnaxvel angariSze da CekebiT<br />
fulis usafrTxo adgilas Senaxvas. anabrebis did nawils bankebi sesxad<br />
gascemen, rac zogierT adamians exmareba daiwyos an gaafarTovos saku<br />
Tari biznesi, xolo zogs _ iyidos saxli da ZviradRirebuli saqoneli,<br />
magaliTad, macivari da avtomobili. zogi adamiani ki fuls ZviradRirebuli<br />
momsaxurebisaTvis sesxulobs, magaliTad Svilebis ganaTleba, samedicino<br />
momsaxureba an sazRvargareT dasveneba.<br />
ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi investiciebisa da biznesis<br />
ganviTarebis stimulirebaze sakvanZo rols finansuri bazari (aqciebisa<br />
da obligaciebis bazari) asrulebs. milionobiT investori aTasobiT<br />
didi kompaniis saqmianobas da maT investiciebTan dakavSirebul gegemebs<br />
aanalizeben, konkurencias uweven erTmaneTs, cdiloben gonivruli riskis<br />
fasad TavianTi fuli iseT firmebSi daabandon, romlebsac SedarebiT<br />
meti mogeba eqnebaT.<br />
1. aris Tu ara damzogvelis roli moqalaqis umTavresi roli? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
2. ra mogeba moaqvs TqvenTvis im adamianis rolis Sesrulebas, romelic<br />
danazogs akeTebs?<br />
3. rogor ukavSirdeba Tqveni, rogorc gadawyvetilebis mimRebis roli im adamianis<br />
rols, romelic danazogs akeTebs?<br />
4. gamokiTxeT sami ufrosi asakis adamiani da gaarkvieT, romeli nivTebis sayidlad<br />
sesxuloben isini fuls. daiyaviT jgufebad. gaaerTianeT mTeli klasis<br />
mier miRebuli monacemebi da TiToeul jgufs daaveleT aagos sqema,<br />
5. imuSaveT mcire jgufebad. amoWeriT bankebis da Semnaxveli da sakredito<br />
da safinanso institutebis sakredito gancxadebebi da/an darekeT bankebSi,<br />
sakredito organizaciebSi, raTa daadginoT sasesxo sargeblis sidide da gacemis<br />
procedura, romelic saWiroa avtomobilis sayidlad. pirveladi 5000<br />
laris SenataniT da pirveladi Senatanis gareSe. mieciT jgufebs aagon diagrama,<br />
sqema an grafiki miRebuli informaciis Sesadareblad.<br />
6. eTanxmebiT Tu ara i. WavWavaZis mosazrebas: `Cveni ubedureba is aris, rom<br />
sesxiT sargebloba ar viciT. bankma yvela CvenTagani unda SeaCvios valis<br />
pirnaTlad gadaxdas.~ /gaz. `iveria~, 1891 w.#124/.<br />
sabanko sesxebi saqarTvelos studentebisaTvis<br />
2006-2007 saswavlo wlidan saqrTvelos ganaTlebis saministrom studentebisTvis<br />
ganaTlebis xelSewyobis programa daiwyo. igi finansur mxardaWeras gulisxmobs maTTvis,<br />
vinc <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> granti ver miiRo (an nawilobriv miiRo). nebismier students Sesa<br />
Zlebloba eZleva, swavlis safasuris dasafarad SeRavaTiani krediti aiRos. am axali sabanko<br />
produqtis SeqmniT sruliad Seicvala studentebis damokidebuleba swavlisadmi<br />
_ studenti, romelmac swavlisaTvis nasesxebi fuli gadaixada, ufro momTxovni gaxda<br />
rogorc sakuTari Tavis, ise saswavleblis mimarT. es ki ganaTlebis xarisxis amaRlebis<br />
winapirobaa.
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
tfilisis qarTuli saadgilmamulo banki<br />
saqarTveloSi batonymobis gadavardnis dawyebisTanave, gamoCenilma<br />
qarTvelma sazogado moRvawem dimitri yifianma, romelic im dros aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos Tavadaznaurobis winamZRoli iyo, wamoayena<br />
bankis daarsebis idea.<br />
ilia WavWavaZe aqtiur monawileobas iRebda bankis wesdebis SemmuSavebel<br />
sxdomebSi. 1873 wlis maisSi igi bankis wesdebis damtkicebis<br />
dasaCqareblad da sabanko saqmeebis Sesaswavlad, daviT yifianTan da<br />
dimitri yazbegTan erTad ruseTs gaemgzavra. 1874 wlis 28 maiss finansTa<br />
ministrma reiternma bolos da bolos daamtkica Tbilisis saTavadaznauro<br />
saadgilmamulo bankis wesdeba.<br />
1875 wlis Tebervlidan amoqmedda Tbilisis saTavadaznauro saadgilmamulo<br />
banki, romelsac mTeli 30 wlis manZilze 1905 wlis 23<br />
ivnisamde saTaveSi edga ilia WavWavaZe.<br />
banki iyo pirveli erovnuli organizacia, romelic qarTvelTa aqtiurobiT<br />
da mondomebiT Seiqmna. iliam ganmarta saadgilmamulo<br />
kreditis mniSvneloba `miwis da miwaTmoqmedebis gankargebisa da ga<br />
ZlierebisaTvis~. `daniSnuleba saadgilmamulo kreditisa gankargebaa<br />
mamuldedulisa, gaZliereba miwaTmoqmedTa Ronisa da momcemlobisa~.<br />
`Cveni qveyana miwaTmoqmedi qveyanaa da erTaderTi warmoeba, romelsac<br />
igi amoqmedebs, sasoflo meurneobaa. amitom saadgilmamulo kredits,<br />
rogorc kredits, sagnad marto is unda hqondes, rom gaaZlieros soflis<br />
meurneobis warmoeba da radgan es warmoeba ganuyoflad SeerTebulia<br />
miwasTan da miwaTmoqmedebasTan, amitomac saadgilmamulo krediti<br />
irCeva yovel sxva kreditisagan im gansakuTrebuli TvisebebiT, romlebic<br />
warmosdgebian TiTon miwaTmoqmedebis da miwis ekonomiuri bunebisagan~.<br />
`saadgilmamulo bankis arsis gamosaxatavad n. nikolaZe metad tevad<br />
cnebas xmarobs – ganaxlebis banki. Tu adre igi Tavadaznaurobis keTildReobis<br />
SesanarCuneblad iyo Cafiqrebuli, TergdaleulTa xelSi<br />
erovnuli cxovrebis ganaxlebis iaraRad gadaiqca~ (ak. baqraZe).<br />
SenobaSi, romelSic banki mdebareobda amJamad saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
erovnuli biblioTekis I korpusia ganTavsebuli (l. gudiaSvilis N3).<br />
ilia WavWavaZis warmoTqmuli sityva, 3 Tebervals<br />
Tfilisis Tavadaznaurobis krebaSi<br />
`es wuTis sofeli iseTia, rom vinc TviTon ar mxneobs, vinc TviTon ar<br />
ibrZvis dRiuris lukmisaTvis, imisi bedi gadawyvetilia. imas SeiZleba<br />
erTs dRes, an ramodenime xans kacma kacTmoyvarebiT uSvelos, magram mas<br />
mermed isev mSieria, isev gasaZRomia – da erTi gkiTxavT: rodemdis unda<br />
vaZRoT Cven?<br />
me darwmunebuli var, rom rac dRes bankSi fulia, sul rom dResve davurigoT<br />
mconare mSivrebs, xval ufro bevri mSieri mogvadgeba, – xval<br />
riTRa gavce pasuxi? rac dRes banks fuli aqvs, aTjer imazed meti fuli<br />
SegvZina Cven ymebis ganTavisuflebam, – gana magan mohspo ivanes da petres<br />
SimSili?<br />
vinc TviTon ar Wirnaxulobs, vinc TviTon Tavis marjveniT ar cdilobs<br />
Tavis stomaqis avsebas, is, batonebo, cxrilia, romelic mainc ar aivseba,<br />
Tunda mTeli mtkvari gauwyvetliv zed miuSvaT. ra Tanxa gauZlebs mSiers<br />
mconareobas? marto imisTana Tanxa, romelmac imodeni unda imatos,<br />
131
132<br />
ramodensac daaklebT. Tu Cvengani vinme amisTana grZneuls Tanxas Seadgens,<br />
Cven imisaTvis didis sixaruliT gza dagviclia.<br />
vimeoreb: erTxel da orjel rom gaaZRoT mconare mSieri, eg kacmoyvareobaa,<br />
magram maincadamainc amiT samudamod wyluls ver gavimTelebT,<br />
imitom rom Tavis Tavis wyluli TviTon mconare mSieri aris. an rad gvinda,<br />
rom amgvar kacTaTvis egre vwuxvarT da Cveni mwuxareba iqamdin migvyavs,<br />
rom gvinda banki mag mwuxarebas vanacvaloT. mconareobas rom sazrdo mivsceT,<br />
eg mconareobis waqezebasa da gamravlebas moaswavebs. waqezeba, xelis<br />
gamarTva gaWirvebuls bejiTobas unda, imitom rom marto bejiTobaa Cveni<br />
mxsneli da qveynisaTvis nayofieri, – da ara mSiers mconareobas, romelic<br />
imodenad dids pirs aRebs, ramodenadac dids lukmas awvdiT da romelic<br />
ramodenad Zlieria, imodenad aRaribebs qveyanasa. Cvenis qveynis iara mconareobaa.<br />
rac adre moviSorebT mag iaras, miT ufro male movipovebT janmr<br />
Telobas, dRegrZelobas da keTildReobasa.<br />
uwinac miTqvams da exlac mogaxsenebT, rom banki am mxriT, ese igi, imiT,<br />
rom fuls asesxebs, kacis amSenebelic aris da damRupavica. vinc bejiTia da<br />
mxne, visac goneba aqvs, gulmodgine Sromis survili da mxolod fuli aklia,<br />
rom Tavisi saqme warimarTos, RvTis wyaloba Tqvena gaqvT, rom imisaTvis<br />
banki yovlad mxsneli saxsari iyos. magisTana kacs ara sastiki kanoni, bankis<br />
simkvidris qvakuTxedad dadebuli, ver daabrkolebs, ver daafTxobs, guls<br />
winadve ver gauxeTqs, imitom, rom mxne da bejiTia. bejiToba kidev TiTqmis<br />
yovlad SemZlebelia, angariSiania, icis, rom fuls windauxedavaT aravin<br />
ar gaasesxebs, Tu fulis daRupva ar unda. amisTana kacs im bejiTobasTan, im<br />
mxneobasTan, im Seuwyvetel Sromis survilTan oRond fulis Sovnis gzac<br />
mieciT da rac unda Zneli gza iyos, igi im gzas usaTuod gadalaxavs. marto<br />
amisTana kaci unda Sehxarodes Cvens banksa da Cvenc, mowyaleno xelmwifeno,<br />
marto magisTana kacs unda wavxarodeT. kaci bejiTi, mxne, Sromis moyvare<br />
ramodensac Tavis Tavs Sehmatebs Cvenis bankis SemweobiT, imodenas Sehmatebs<br />
Cvens qveyanasaca: Tavis Semosavals oci kodic rom moumatos, Cveni<br />
qveyana uwindelzed ocis kodiT ufro mdidari Seiqmneba imis meoxrebiT da<br />
Cvenis bankis SemweobiT.<br />
Tu SevswuxdebiT visTvisme, swored amisTana kacisaTvis unda viwuxoT.<br />
Tu es asea, maS Cvengan ramdenjerme warmoTqmuli mwuxareba maszed, rom<br />
bankis kanonebi sastikiao, notariusTan mezareba misvlao da sxva amgvari,<br />
– metia da saTakilo amisTana kacisaTvisa. metyvian, rom Tu marTla marto<br />
magisTana kacebs unda uxarodesT banki, magisTana kacebi CvenSi cotani<br />
ariano, maS banki raRad gvindodao? mec srulis Cemis gulistkiviliT dageTanxmebiT,<br />
rom magisTana kacebi CvenSi bevrni ar arian, magram Cveni uguliTadesi<br />
survilia, rom marto magisTanani gamravldnen. sxvani ki, ese igi,<br />
isini visac banki uxarian marto imisTvis, rom fulebs male visesxebo da im<br />
fulebiT qeifs gavswevo, imaTTvis aramc Tu Cveni banki, yovelgvari banki<br />
winadve gaTxrili samarea.<br />
Cveni banki, marTalia, amisTana kacsac fuls asesxebs, radganac Cveni<br />
banki kacs ki ar andobs fuls, aramed mis uZravs qonebas, magram es sesxi<br />
mouRebs kidec bolos amgvars kacsa.<br />
sesxs moSoreba unda da eg moSoreba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, roca kaci nasesxs<br />
fuls xeirianad moixmarebs. Tu ara da gaeyideba mamuli da amiT ukanaskneli<br />
lukma gamoecleba piridama. amgvars kacs ara eSveleba ra. nuravis nu gvaqvs<br />
imedi, rom amgvars kacs bankma uSvelos rame. vinc Tvisis xeliT wyluls xelaxlad<br />
iwylulebs, imas vera moarCens ra sikvdilis meti.~
VIII ekonomikuri<br />
politikis sakiTxebi<br />
savarjiSo 1<br />
36<br />
konstitucia<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>s icavs<br />
qvemoT mocemulia sabazro ekonomikis Taviseburebebi. daasaxeleT<br />
TiToeuli Taviseburebis Sesabamisi magaliTebi Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTvelos realobidan.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis eqvsi ZiriTadi principi<br />
1. kerZo sakuTreba<br />
SromiTi resursebi, bunebrivi resursebi, kapitaluri resursebi,<br />
agreTve, <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si warmoebuli saqoneli da momsaxureba, metwilad<br />
kerZo pirebisa da kerZo institutebis sakuTrebaa, vidre <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
sakuTreba. amgvari kerZo sakuTreba da kanoniT uzrunvelyofili garigebebis<br />
Tavisufleba adamianebs resursebis yidvisa da gamoyenebis<br />
farTo areals sTavazobs.<br />
2. mewarmeobisa da arCevanis Tavisufleba<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad kerZo mewarmeebs aqvT<br />
resursebis yidvisa da gamoyenebis Tavisufleba, agreTve sakuTari<br />
Sexedulebisamebr maTi bazarze gayidvis Tavisufleba. momxmareblebs<br />
im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis nakrebis yidvis Tavisufleba gaaCniaT,<br />
romlebic yvelaze metad akmayofilebs maT ekonomikur moTxovnilebebs.<br />
muSakebi ki Tavisufalni arian im samuSaos moZebnaSi, romlis Sesabamisi<br />
kvalifikaciac gaaCniaT.<br />
3. piradi interesis motivi<br />
`uxilavi xeli~, romelic sabazro ekonomikis mamoZravebel Zalas<br />
warmoadgens, TiToeuli adamianis mier pirad interesebze agebul motivacias<br />
emyareba. momxmareblebis mizania sakuTari biujetidan maqsimaluri<br />
kmayofilebis miReba; mewarmeebi TavianTi firmebisaTvis rac<br />
SeiZleba meti mogebis miRwevas cdiloben; muSakebs maRali xelfasebi<br />
surT; resursebis mflobelebi ki _ yvelaze maRal fasad sakuTari<br />
qonebis ijariT gacemas an gayidvas cdiloben.<br />
4. ekonomikuri metoqeoba<br />
ekonomikuri metoqeoba niSnavs, rom myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs<br />
nebismier bazarze Tavisuflad Sesvla da gamosvla SeuZliaT, da bazarze<br />
damoukideblad moqmedi myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi arian. swored<br />
konkurencia zRudavs erTi ekonomikuri erTeulis mier meoris mimarT<br />
ekonomikuri Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebas, im pirobebSi, roca<br />
TiToeuli maTgani piradi interesebis mixedviT moqmedebas cdilobs.<br />
133
134<br />
5. bazrebisa da fasebis sistema<br />
sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si ZiriTad makoordinirebel meqanizms bazari<br />
warmoadgens da ara <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier centralizebuli dagegmva. bazari<br />
konkretuli saqonlis myidvelebsa da gamyidvelebs akavSirebs.<br />
gamyidvelebisa da myidvelebis upiratesobebi, Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva<br />
bazarze arsebul miwodebasa da moTxovnaze aisaxeba; produqtebsa da<br />
resursebze arsebuli fasebis sistema maTi arCevanis Sedegia. swored<br />
es fasebia maCvenebeli, romlis mixedviTac bazris monawileebi piradi<br />
interesebidan gamomdinare, TavianTi arCevanis Tavisuflebas zomaven.<br />
6. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s SezRuduli roli<br />
konkurentuli sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong> xels uwyobs resursebis efeqtianad<br />
gamoyenebas. raki <strong>ekonomika</strong> TviTregulirebadia _ igi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
arsebiT ekonomikur Carevas ar saWiroebs. Tumca sabazro sistemasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi `warumateblobebi~ da arasasurveli<br />
Sedegebi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s aqtiur, magram SezRuduli ekonomikuri rolis<br />
aucileblobas ganapirobebs.<br />
axla, roca sabazro ekonomikis Taviseburebebi gavixseneT, sainteresoa, rogor<br />
uwyobs xels qveynis konstitucia ekonomikuri sistemis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi?<br />
konstitucia rogorc ekonomikur, aseve politikur dokuments warmoadgens. es mtkicebuleba<br />
WeSmaritia yvela qveynis konstituciis mimarT. ekonomikuri da politikuri<br />
Tavisufleba arsebiTia qveynis keTildReobisa da zrdisaTvis. swored amitom sxvadasxva<br />
qveynis konstituciaSi Setanilia sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis mxardamWeri da mastimulirebeli<br />
bevri piroba. amrigad, qveynis ekonomikis arsebiT Strixebs konstitucia<br />
gansazRvravs.<br />
gadavxedoT konsituciis preambulas: `saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi<br />
nebaa daamkvidron demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba,<br />
socialuri da samarTlebrivi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>, uzrunvelyon adamianis sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani, ganamtkicon <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebrivi damoukidebloba<br />
da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba, eyrdnobian ra qarTveli<br />
eris mravalsaukunovani <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebriobis tradiciebs da saqarTvelos 1921 wlis<br />
konstituciis ZiriTad principebs, saqveynod acxadeben am konstitucias.~<br />
? axseniT,<br />
savarjiSo 2<br />
rogor SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas es fraza sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
Carevis dasabuTebisaTvis, magaliTad, kanoni minimaluri xelfasis Sesaxeb,<br />
socialuri dacva, umuSevrobis kompensacia, usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva.<br />
waikiTxeT Sesatyvisi nawyvetebi saqarTvelos konstituciidan<br />
da ganixileT, rogor uWers mxars konstitucia am principebs.<br />
muxli 30-e, punqti I _ Sroma Tavisufalia. punqti II _ `<strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
valdebulia xeli Seuwyos Tavisufali mewarmeobisa da konkurenciis<br />
ganviTarebas... garda kanoniT daSvebuli SemTxvevebisa. momxmarebel-<br />
Ta uflebebi daculia kanoniT~.
ese<br />
fulis mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis Sesaxeb<br />
95-e muxlis Sesabamisi punqtebis mixedviT: 1. saqarTvelos fuladsakredito<br />
sistemis funqcionirebas uzrunvelyofs saqarTvelos erovnuli<br />
banki. 2. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki SeimuSavebs da axorcielebs fulad-sakredito<br />
da savaluto politikas parlamentis mier gansazRvruli<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad. erovnuli banki aris bankTa baki,<br />
saqarTvelos mTavrobis bankiri da fiskaluri agenti. 4. erovnuli banki<br />
damoukidebelia Tavis saqmianobaSi. erovnuli bankis ufleba-movaleoba,<br />
saqmianobis wesi da damoukideblobis garantia ganisazRvreba organuli<br />
kanoniT. 5. fulis saxelwodeba da erTeuli ganisazRvreba kanoniT.<br />
saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb<br />
23-e muxlis II ganyofilebaSi naTqvamia, `inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis<br />
Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofilia. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis<br />
ufleba xelSeuvalia.~<br />
eqsportis Sesaxeb<br />
94-e muxlis I punqtSi naTqvamia, rom. ,,savaldebuloa gadasaxadebis<br />
da mosakreblebis gadaxda kanoniT dadgenili odenobiTa da wesiT”.<br />
94-e muxlis II punqti: ,,gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis struqturas,<br />
SemoRebis wess adgens mxolod kanoni.” III muxlis me-2 punqtis mixedviT<br />
,,mxolod saqarTvelos umaRles <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> organoTa gansakuTrebul<br />
gamgeblobas miekuTvneba:... a) sagareo politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobani;<br />
v) sagareo vaWroba, sabaJo da satarifo reJimebi; z) <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
finansebi da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sesxi; fulis moWra; sabanko, sakredito da<br />
sadazRvevo kanonmdebloba.~<br />
Cxrekvebi da dakavebebi<br />
me-20 muxlis II punqti amtkicebs, rom `aravis ar aqvs ufleba Sevides<br />
sacxovrebel binaSi da sxva mflobelobaSi, maT mflobel pirTa nebis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
agreTve Caataros Cxreka, Tu ar aris sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba<br />
an kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gadaudebeli aucilebloba~<br />
procedura<br />
me-15 muxlis I punqtis mixedviT: `sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali<br />
uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni. 17 muxlis I punqtis mixedviT ,,adamianis<br />
pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia. dauSvebelia adamianis wameba, mis<br />
mimarT arahumanuri, sastiki an pativisa da Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobisa<br />
Tu dasjis meTodebis gamoyeneba.<br />
uflebamosilebis SenarCuneba<br />
me-18 muxlis I punqti amtkicebs, rom adamianis Tavisufleba xel-<br />
Seuvalia. Tavisuflebis aRkveTa an piradi Tavisuflebis sxvagvari<br />
SezRudva dauSvebelia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis gareSe.<br />
erTad imsjeleT SerCeuli citatebis Sesaxeb.<br />
moamzadeT Txzuleba, romelSic unda axsnaT, rogor uwyobs xels<br />
konstituciis debulebebi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebisa da ekonomikuri<br />
sistemis gansxvavebul tips<br />
135
? <br />
136<br />
37-38<br />
mTliani Sida produqti da<br />
mTliani erovnuli produqti<br />
gadmoscems Tu ara monacemebs ekonomikuri zrdis, inflaciisa da umuSevrobis<br />
Sesaxeb axali ambebis sainformacio samsaxuri?<br />
ra saxis informacia moismineT ukanasknel xans?<br />
ekonomistebs xSirad uwevT <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, dasaqmebis, Semosavlebisa<br />
da fasebis realuri donis gazomva.<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi sazomia mTliani Sida produqti.<br />
saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) aris erTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos farglebSi, qarTuli da ucxouri<br />
firmebis mier warmoebuli yvela saboloo moxmarebis saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis (produqtis) sabazro RirebulebaTa jami.<br />
saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqti (mSp)<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
mSp<br />
qarTuli firmebi<br />
ucxouri firmebi<br />
Semosavlebi, mogeba<br />
ra aris saboloo produqti?<br />
saboloo produqti, magaliTad, puri, Seicavs iseT Sualedur produqtebs, rogoricaa<br />
fqvili, safuari da marili. am resursebis Rirebuleba ukve CarTulia saboloo<br />
produqtis – puris RirebulebaSi da amrigad, mSp-Si mxolod puris fasi Sedis da ara<br />
puris fass damatebuli mis dasamzadeblad gamoyenebuli resursebis fasebi.<br />
im Saqris Rirebuleba, romelsac sakonditro firma tkbileulis dasamzadeblad yidulobs,<br />
ar Sedis mSp-Si. Saqari, am SemTxvevaSi, Sualeduri produqtia. mSp-Si Sedis im<br />
tkbileulis Rirebuleba, romelic am Saqrisgan aris warmoebuli da romelsac Cven sabolood<br />
vyidulobT.<br />
ra Sedis mSp-Si?<br />
mSp-Si Sedis mxolod saboloo moxmarebis produqti<br />
(saqoneli da momsaxureba);<br />
mSp-Si Sedis ucxouri biznes-firmebis mier miRebuli mogeba<br />
da is Semosavlebi, romlebsac ucxoeli moqalaqeebi<br />
saqarTveloSi iReben.<br />
mSp
savarjiSo 1<br />
gaiTvaliswineba Tu ara es, rogorc mSp-is nawili?<br />
qvemoTCamoTvlilTagan, romeli gaiTvaliswineba, da romeli<br />
ar gaiTvaliswineba am wlis mSp-is gaangariSebisas? axseniT Tqveni<br />
gadawyvetileba.<br />
138<br />
1. ekonomikis fakultetis studentisaTvis gamoyofili <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
granti;<br />
2. fermeris mier axali traqtoris yidva;<br />
3. wyalsadenis muSis mier meoradi satvirTo manqanis yidva;<br />
4. meqanikosis momsaxureba, romelic aremontebs sakuTari<br />
avtomobilis radiators;<br />
5. pensia, romelsac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> uxdis moxucebuls;<br />
6. biznes-firmebis maragebis gadideba;<br />
7. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier axali tankebis SeZena erovnuli gvardiisaTvis;<br />
8. Semosavali, romelic miiRo stilistma Tmis SeWrisaTvis;<br />
9. Semosavali, romelic aqciebis gayidvis gziT miiRo<br />
kompania `koka-kolam~.<br />
ra Sedis mep-Si?<br />
mep-i moicavs im mogebas, romelsac iReben saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis sakuTrebaSi<br />
myofi ucxouri kompaniebi, da im Semosavlebs, romlebsac iReben sazRvargareT momuSave<br />
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi (ucxouri faqtorebi).<br />
ra ar Sedis mep-Si?<br />
mep-Si ar Sedis is mogeba, romelsac iReben saqarTvelos teritoriaze arsebuli<br />
ucxoeli moqalaqeebis sakuTrebaSi myofi kompaniebi, da is Semosavlebi, romlebsac<br />
iReben saqarTveloSi momuSave ucxoeli moqalaqeebi (ucxouri faqtorebi).<br />
saqarTvelos mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)<br />
saqarTvelo<br />
qarTuli firmebi<br />
Semosavlebi, mogeba<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
mep<br />
msoflio qveynebi
davaleba<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
140<br />
1. mSp-Si Cven viTvaliswinebT axali saqonlis an momsaxurebis mxolod<br />
saboloo sacalo fass. ratom?<br />
2. rodesac saxlis mflobeli muSaobs saxlis dalagebaze an remontze,<br />
am Sromis fasi ar gaiTvaliswineba mSp-Si. ratom?<br />
3. arsebobs ki raime saqoneli an momsaxureba, romelic ar Sedis mSp-Si,<br />
magram mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens Cvens keTildReobaze?<br />
4. SeiZleba Tu ara, CaiTvalos, rom mSp zustad asaxavs keTildReobas,<br />
Tu es maCvenebeli Seicavs im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebulebas,<br />
romlebic amcireben zogierTi adamianis keTildReobas?<br />
bednierebis indeqsma yvelaze<br />
bednieri qveyana gamoavlina<br />
bednierebis msoflio barometris bolo<br />
gamoSvebis monacemebiT dRes dedamiwis<br />
mosaxleobis 53%-s SeuZlia sakuTar Tavs<br />
bednieri uwodos. es monacemebi 2012 wlis<br />
9 ianvars gamoaqveyna organizaciam `WIN-<br />
Gallup International~ 58 qveynis 52913 aTasi<br />
adamianis gamokiTxvis Semdeg.<br />
sruliad ubedurad miaCnia Tavi respodentebis 13%-s, xolo maTma<br />
31%-ma ver SeZlo Tavis mikuTvneba verc erTi kategoriisTvis, 35%-ma<br />
ki ver gasca zusti pasuxi. gamokiTxvam aCvena, rom cxovrebiT yvelaze<br />
ukmayofilo aRmoCndnen saSualo asakis adamianebi (33%), im dros roca<br />
pensionerebsa da axalgazrdebs Soris es maCvenebeli Sesabamisaad 43%<br />
da 44%-s Seadgenda.<br />
sainteresoa, rom bednierebis maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad dabalia<br />
aTeistebs Soris, vidre morwmuneebs Soris.<br />
planetaze yvelaze optimisturebi aRmoCndnen fijis mcxovreblebi.<br />
maTi mosaxleobis 89% kmayofilia sakuTari TaviTac da garemoTic.<br />
garda amisa, yvelaze bednieri qveynebis siaSi moxvdnen: Nnigeria, gana, niderlandebi<br />
da Sveicaria. naTelia, rom qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri<br />
maCveneblebi yovelTvis arsebiT gavlenas ar axdens misi moqalaqeebis<br />
msoflmxedvelobaze.<br />
rac Seexeba yvelaze arabednierebs, isini cxovreben rumineTSi, egvipteSi,<br />
litvaSi, eraySi, aSS-Si, libansa da pakistanSi. magram pesimiszis<br />
rekordsmenebi gaxdnen irlandielebi, romlebic saSualo evropul<br />
maCvenebels 20%-iT CamorCebian.<br />
am monacemebis gamoqveynebam didi sazogadoebrivi rezonansi da kamaTi<br />
gamoiwvia.<br />
progresis reitingi<br />
`progresis reitingSi~ ruseTma 97-e<br />
adgili daikava 101-dan. siis I adgilze<br />
saqarTvelo aRmoCnda.<br />
angariSi avtorebma qveynebi daal
ages msoflio bankis monacemebis, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis da sxva saerTa-<br />
Soriso analitikuri centrebis monacemebis (konkurentunarianobis indeqsis, biznesis<br />
keTebis pirobebi, adamianis potencialis ganviTareba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba da korufciis<br />
done) safuZvelze.<br />
aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelos maCveneblebi 2006 wlidan yvela sakvanZo indeqsiT gaizarda<br />
da aiwia 207 poziciiT. am gadaadgilebaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula biznesis<br />
keTebis pirobebis indeqsma, romlis mixedviTac Tbilisi bolo 5 weliwadSi 112-dan 12-e<br />
adgilze gadavida.<br />
reitingis Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen ar CaerToT SedegebSi politikuri elementebi.<br />
rogorc analitikosebi Tvlian, saqarTvelos warmatebis saidumlo imaleba im reformebis<br />
miRma (aTze meti reforma), romelic saqarTveloSi saqmiani klimatis gasaumjobeseblad<br />
gatarda.<br />
magaliTad, bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi Seiqmna aRmosavleT evropaSi da centralur<br />
aziaSi SedarebiT efeqturi sistema mSeneblobebis nebarTvisa.<br />
reitingis II adgili makedoniam daikava. Mmisi saerTo zrda reitingebis mixedviT 160<br />
pozicias Seadgens.<br />
III adgilze dominikis respublika aRmoCnda 114 punqtiani zrdiT.<br />
IV adgili egviptem daikava 94 poziciiis gazrdiT.<br />
V adgili ki – xorvatiam (94 poziciis zrda).<br />
siis dasawyisSi figurirebs gvatemala da albaneTi.<br />
ruseTma bolodan V adgili daikava.<br />
masze cudi mdgomareoba aqvs venesuelas, nikaraguas, ukrainas da bolivias.<br />
wyaro: http://beway.ru/n/indeks-schastya-vyyavil-samuyu-schastlivuyu-stranu-104<br />
141
? rogor arkveven eqimebi pacientebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobas?<br />
142<br />
39<br />
ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri<br />
maCveneblebi<br />
ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebia: ekonomikuri zrda, umuSevrobis done,<br />
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi), inflacia, deflacia.<br />
ekonomikuri zrda _ sazogadoebis mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebis zrda anu realur mSp-s mdgradi mateba.<br />
umuSevrobis done _ samuSaos aqtiur maZiebelTa wili (%)<br />
dasaqmebulebisa da umuSevrebis, anu samuSao Zalis mTlian raodenobaSi.<br />
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) _ fasebis donis cvlilebebis<br />
yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebuli sazomia. mas iyeneben erTi<br />
wlis fasebis donis Sesadareblad wina an momdevno periodebis<br />
fasebis donesTan.<br />
savarjiSo 1<br />
gaiTvaliswineba Tu ara es, rogorc mSp-is nawili?<br />
gaecaniT cxrilSi mocemul informacias. daiyaviT jgufebad,<br />
airCieT maCveneblebi da SeadareT monacemebi. Sedegebi warmoadgineT<br />
werilobiT. rodesac yvela jgufi mzad iqneba, CaatareT erToblivi<br />
prezentacia.<br />
saqarTvelos ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi – 2004-2011 ww.<br />
realuri mSp<br />
(zrdis tempi)<br />
nominaluri mSp<br />
(mln lari)<br />
mSp erT sul<br />
mosaxleze (lari)<br />
mSp erT sul mosaxleze<br />
(aSS dolari)<br />
samomxmareblo<br />
fasebis indeqsi<br />
(saSualo periodis<br />
ganmavlobaSi)<br />
mimdinare angari-<br />
Si (procentulad<br />
mSp- Tan)<br />
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011<br />
faqt. faqt. faqt. prog. prog. prog. prog. prog.<br />
5.9 9.6 9.4 10.0 7.5 7.0 7.0 7.0<br />
9824.3 11621.0 13783.9 16527.2 18878.0 21218.9 23851.7 26813.8<br />
2275.5 2679.8 3124.5 3746.3 4279.2 4809.8 5406.6 6078.0<br />
1187.2 1478.4 1758.7 2243.3 2593.4 2915.0 3276.7 3683.6<br />
5.7 8.3 9.2 8.5 5 - 7 5.0 5.0 5.0<br />
-6.6 -10.8 -15.2 -23.1 -20.7 -20.4 -19.8 -19.1<br />
wyaro:<br />
saqarTvelos mTavroba, ZiriTadi monacemebi da mimarTulebebi 2008-2011 wlebisaTvis
savarjiSo 1<br />
ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis analizi _<br />
saqarTvelos msgavsi qveynebi da ekonomikuri<br />
keTildReoba<br />
cxrilSi mocemulia saqarTvelos, xorvatiisa da slovakiis ZiriTadi<br />
makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi. 1998 weli gardamavali periodi iyo samive<br />
qveynis ekonomikisaTvis. wina savarjiSos msgavsad, aqac mogeTxovebaT<br />
statistikuri monacemebze dakvirveba da daskvnebis gakeTeba.<br />
ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCveneblebi –<br />
saqarTvelo, xorvatia, slovakia – 1998 weli<br />
(monacemebi gamosaxulia erovnul valutaSi)<br />
maCveneblebi qveynebi<br />
saqarTvelo* xorvatia** slovakia***<br />
mSp sabazro fasebiT<br />
(mimdinare fasebiT) 7231 138391 717399<br />
mSp sabazro fasebiT<br />
(mudmivi fasebiT)<br />
1775 126929 490529<br />
mSp-is zrda (% weliwadSi) 2.90 2.52 4.40<br />
kerZo moxmareba<br />
(mudmiv fasebSi)<br />
mTliani Sida investiciebi<br />
(mudmiv fasebSi)<br />
saerTo <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebrivi<br />
moxmareba (mudmiv fasebSi)<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
eqsporti (mudmiv fasebSi)<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
importi (mudmiv fasebSi)<br />
2103 77957 241448<br />
291 30041 187885<br />
198 32252 111672<br />
743 53768 338246<br />
1620 67093 388723<br />
inflacia, samomxmareblo<br />
fasebi (% weliwadSi) 3.57 6.43 6.70<br />
mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, sul 5445000 4501000 5391000<br />
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis<br />
ricxovnoba, sul<br />
2666580 2115470 2911140<br />
umuSevroba, sul (% Sromisunariani<br />
mosaxleobis ricxvidan) . . . . . . 11.60<br />
* monacemebi gamosaxulia mln. qarTul larebSi;<br />
** monacemebi gamosaxulia mln. xorvatul kunaSi;<br />
*** monacemebi gamosaxulia mln. slovakur kronebSi;<br />
wyaro: World Development Indicators CD-ROM, World Bank, 2000<br />
cxrilis monacemebis gaanalizebis Semdeg upasuxeT Semdeg kiTxvebs:<br />
a) Tqveni azriT, am sami qveynidan, romeli qveyana iyo ekonomikurad<br />
ufro ganviTarebuli 1998 wels?<br />
b) ra maCveneblebiT ganisazRvreba qveynis ekonomikuri siZliere?<br />
g) SesaZlebelia Tu ara samive qveynis RirebulebiTi maCveneblebis<br />
Sedareba? Tu SesaZlebelia, rogor unda moxdes es Sedareba?<br />
143
imsjeleT<br />
144<br />
40<br />
daveZeb da ver<br />
vpoulob...<br />
ra asociaciebs iwvevs TqvenSi sityva „umuSevroba“?<br />
ra SeiZleba iyos adamianis umuSevrobis mizezi?<br />
ra migaCniaT qveyanaSi masobrivi umuSevrobis mizezebad?<br />
1<br />
ani mezoblebis saqmianobiT dainteresda da aRmoaCina, rom biZia giorgi<br />
me_2 welia uSedegod eZebs samuSaos, misi meuRle, qalbatoni eTeri<br />
diasaxlisia, arasodes umuSavia da arc apirebs. maTi vaJi laSa profesiiT<br />
eqimia, staJirebas prestiJul saavadmyofoSi gadis, marTalia xelfass<br />
ar iRebs, magram icis rom or TveSi erT-erTi TanamSromli pensiaze gava<br />
da mis adgils daikavebs. laSas umcrosi da nino ojaxi rom arCinos maRaziaSi<br />
yoveldRiurad 10 saaTi muSaobs. ninos samuSaos dakargvis Zalian<br />
eSinia. icis rom samuSaos povna sakmaod rTulia: misi megobari qeTi samuSaos<br />
ukve aRar eZebs, radgan ori wlis ganmavlobaSi dasaqmeba verafriT<br />
moaxerxa. ninos meore megobari, Tamuna, ki dReSi 2sT-iT mezoblis bavSvs<br />
itovebs, minimalur anazRaurebas iRebs da normalur samuSaoze ocnebobs,<br />
raTa mZimed avadmyof dedas aucilebeli wamlebi uyidos. marTalia,<br />
Tavisufali samuSao adgili jer ar Cans, magram is imeds ar kargavs, kvlav<br />
moTminebiT eZebs Sesaferis samsaxurs. rac Seexeba qalbaton nanas, is sakuTari<br />
surviliT wamovida samsaxuridan, ori Tvis Semdeg axal xangrZliv<br />
eqspediciaSi apirebs wasvlas.<br />
Tqveni azriT, zemoCamoTvlili individebidan, vis SeiZleba anim uwodos<br />
1. dasaqmebuli;<br />
2. umuSevari;<br />
3. samuSao Zalis gareT darCenili;<br />
4. arasrulad dasaqmebuli;<br />
5. imeddakarguli muSaxeli;<br />
6. nebayoflobiT umuSevari.<br />
axseniT<br />
ratom moaxdineT aseTi ganawileba?<br />
Tqveni sityvebiT rogor ganmartavT zemoT CamoTvlil TiToeul<br />
ekonomikur termins?<br />
momavlis imedebs adamianebis umravlesoba sakuTar an ojaxis wevrebis SromiT SemosavalTan<br />
akavSirebs. samuSaos dakargva cxovrebis donis SemcirebasTan asocirdeba,<br />
rasac xSirad gaWirveba, SimSili, nerviuloba, ojaxuri konfliqtebi da uimedoba mosdevs.<br />
samuSaos Sovna advili ar aris, aravin icis umuSevrad yofna ramdeni wlis manZilze<br />
gagrZeldeba.
z<br />
r<br />
d<br />
a<br />
s<br />
r<br />
u<br />
l<br />
i<br />
m<br />
o<br />
s<br />
a<br />
x<br />
l<br />
e<br />
o<br />
b<br />
a<br />
dasaqmebulni<br />
umuSevrebi<br />
samuSaos Zalis<br />
gareAT myofni<br />
saavadmyofos eqimi, samSeneblo<br />
kompaniis inJineri<br />
yvela, visac samsaxuri da sxva<br />
SromiTi Semosavali ar aqvs<br />
studenti, diasaxlisi,<br />
pensioneri, avadmyofi<br />
}<br />
samuSao<br />
Zala<br />
dasaqmebulebi da umuSevrebi erTad samuSao Zalas qmnian. qveyanaSi rac ufro meti<br />
adamiania SromiT dakavebuli, ufro metia am qveynis mSp. samuSao Zala Sromisunariani<br />
mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaa. umuSevroba makroekonomikuri problemaa.<br />
dasaqmeba – anazRaurebis miRebis mizniT gaweuli saqmianoba.<br />
umuSevrad iTvleba Sromis asakis (16 wlidan zeviT) mqone piri,<br />
romelsac surs, SeuZlia muSaoba da aqtiurad eZebs Sesaferis samuSaos.<br />
qveyanaSi umuSevrobis mdgomareobas ekonomistebi umuSevrobis<br />
doniT gansazRvraven.<br />
umuSevrobis done – samuSao ZalaSi samuSaos aqtiur maZiebelTa<br />
wili. mis gamosaTvlelad oficialurad registrirebul umuSevar-<br />
Ta mTliani raodenoba unda gaiyos samuSao Zalaze.<br />
umuSevarTa mTliani raodenoba<br />
umuSevrobis done = __________________ X100%<br />
samuSao Zala<br />
umuSevari adamianebis garkveuli nawili samuSaos aqtiurad eZebs, zogierTi maTgani<br />
nebayoflobiT umuSevaria _ ar moswons SeTavazebuli samuSao da ukeTesis molodinSi<br />
Zebnas ganagrZobs, nawili iZulebiT umuSevaria _ yvelanair samuSaoze Tanaxmaa, magram<br />
dabali (Seusabamo) kvalifikaciis, samuSao adgilebis ar arsebobis an asakis gamo, ver<br />
axerxebs dasaqmebas. samuSao adgilis xangrZlivi da warumatebeli Ziebis gamo gulgatexili<br />
moqalaqeebi xSirad uars amboben dasaqmebis mcdelobaze. maT imeddakarguli<br />
muSaxeli ewodebaT.<br />
sxvadasxva qveyanas umuSevarTa registraciis Tavisi wesi gaaCnia. mag. aSS-Si umu-<br />
Sevrad iTvleba adamiani, romelsac samsaxuri ar gaaCnia, SeuZlia da mzadaa imuSaos da<br />
bolo eqvsi kviris manZilze aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos. Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis<br />
meTodologiis mixedviT, umuSevrad iTvleba piri, visac mocemul momentSi samuSao<br />
da Sesabamisad misgan miRebuli Semosavali ara aqvs, aqtiurad eZebs mas da mzad aris<br />
Seudges muSaobas.<br />
? vin iTvleba umuSevrad saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT?<br />
145
dasaqmebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, umuSevaria saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT<br />
gansazRvruli samuSao asakis Sromisunariani piri, romelsac ara aqvs samuSao,<br />
eZebs mas da mzad aris samuSaos Sesasruleblad. samuSaos maZiebelia samuSao asakis<br />
Sromisunariani piri (umuSevari an dasaqmebuli), romelic registrirebulia dasaqmebis<br />
samsaxurSi da misi meSveobiT eZebs samuSaos.<br />
146<br />
umuSevrobis saxeebi<br />
friqciuli struqturuli cikluri sezonuri<br />
friqciuli umuSevroba mimdinare, gardauvali umu-<br />
Sevrobaa. is samuSaos ZebnasTan an molodinTan, saswavleblis<br />
damTavrebasTan, sacxovrebeli adgilis SecvlasTan,<br />
samuSao pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.<br />
aseTi umuSevrobis gamomwvev mizezad erTis mxriv damqiraveblisaTvis<br />
samuSao Zalis Sesaxeb informaciis arqonaa<br />
miCneuli, meore mxriv, muSaxelisaTvis sasurveli vakansiebis<br />
Sesaxeb informaciis nakleboba. aseT umuSevrobas<br />
xSirad nebayoflobiTad miiCneven. magaliTad universitetis kursdamTavrebuli, romelic<br />
maRalanazRaurebad samuSaos eZebs, droebiT umuSevrad rCeba, radgan SemoTavazebul<br />
samsaxurebSi xelfasi ar akmayofilebs.<br />
struqturuli umuSevroba teqnologiur ZvrebTan aris dakavSirebuli,<br />
ris Sedegadac zogierT profesiaze moTxovna izrdeba,<br />
zogierTze klebulobs. Tu samuSao Zala Tavisi kvalifikaciiT<br />
ekonomikis axal moTxovnebs ar Seefereba, samuSao adgils ver miiRebs.<br />
amis gamo zogierT sferoSi dasaqmeba mcirdeba. realurad,<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si samuSao adgilebi aris, magram swrafi mecnierul-teqnologiuri<br />
progresis gamo adamianebs samuSaos Sesasruleblad<br />
kvalifikacia ar yofniT. magaliTad, rogorc ki ofisi kompiuterebs<br />
SeiZens ofisis yvela menejers, romelic kompiuterul<br />
programebs ar flobs samuSaodan gaanTavisufleben.<br />
cikluri umuSevroba ekonomikuri ciklis daqveiTebis<br />
fazasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am dros sawarmoTa garkveuli<br />
nawili ixureba. arsebuli samuSao adgilebi yvela dargSi<br />
arasakmarisia. Sromis miwodebis msurveli bevria, dasaqmebas<br />
ki mxolod nawili axerxebs, amitom danarCenebi umuSevrad<br />
rCebian.<br />
sezonuri umuSevroba bunebriv sezonebTan aris dakav-<br />
Sirebuli, roca am samuSaoze erT sezonSi gazrdili moTxovnaa,<br />
meoreSi ki – Semcirebuli an saerTod ar arsebobs. aseT<br />
sferoSi dasaqmebul adamianTa kategoria weliwadis nawils<br />
nebayoflobiT umuSevrobaSi atarebs. magaliTad, zamTris<br />
kurortze Txilamurebis gamqiravebeli zafxulSi umuSevrad<br />
rCeba.<br />
Tu qveyanaSi umuSevrobis done ar icvleba, im adamianTa<br />
saerTo raodenoba, vinc samuSao dakarga, im adamianTa raodenobas<br />
utoldeba, vinc muSaoba daiwyo.
imsjeleT<br />
davaleba<br />
mxars dauWerT Tu ara sistemas, romelSic sruli Tanasworobis miRwevis<br />
mizniT Semosavlebi Tanabrad ganawildeba anu nebismier samuSaoze<br />
dasaqmebuli adamianebi erTnair xelfass miiReben?<br />
gaCndeba Tu ara aseT sistemaSi problemebi?<br />
iqneba Tu ara aseT sistemaSi umuSevroba?<br />
romeli samuSao adgilebi darCeba Seuvsebeli?<br />
1. gamoTvaleT ekolendis umuSevrobis done, Tu umuSevarTa mTliani<br />
raodenoba aris 120 000, xolo samuSao Zala qveyanaSi _ 4 800 000-ia?<br />
2. CaatareT saojaxo gamokiTxva da moipoveT informacia imis Sesaxeb,<br />
romeli organizaciebi exmarebian moqalaqeebs dasaqmebaSi.<br />
3. umuSevrobis romel tips miekuTvnebian Semdegi pirovnebebi?<br />
a) maRalkvalificiuri buRalteri, direqtorTan uTanxmoebis gamo<br />
samuSaos tovebs da sxva adgils eZebs;<br />
b) soflidan qalaqSi Camosuli gogona restoranSi damlageblis<br />
adgils eZebs;<br />
g) mbeWdav-memanqaneTa ganyofilebidan yvela, vinc kompiuterul<br />
programebs ar flobda gaanTavisufles;<br />
d) ekonomikuri krizisis gamo bevri sawarmo daixura da specialistebi<br />
umuSevrad darCnen;<br />
4. ras akeTebT an gaakeTebT imisaTvis, rom skolis damTavrebis Semdeg<br />
umuSevarTa rigebSi ar moxvdeT?<br />
5. CamowereT umuSevrobis saxeebi, maTi gamowvevi mizezebi da umuSevrobis<br />
konkretul saxesTan brZolis xerxebi.<br />
147
148<br />
1<br />
41<br />
esec <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
problemaa?<br />
mTavrobisa da parlamentis Senobebis win xalxis masa saprotesto mitings<br />
awyobs. tele da radio Jurnalistebi sainformacio gamoSvebebisaTvis<br />
reportaJebs amzadeben. operatori cdilobs lozungebis teqsti<br />
kadrSi moaxvedros. maTi Sinaarsi ZiriTadad aseTia:<br />
`mogveciT samuSao!~<br />
`sad aris dapirebuli milioni samuSao adgili?~<br />
`muSaoba gvinda, samuSao ar aris!~<br />
`mTavroba valdebulia damasaqmos!~<br />
msgavs suraTs msoflios mraval qveyanaSi SexvdebiT.<br />
umuSevrebi warmatebuli ekonimikis mqone<br />
qveynebSic arian. umuSevrobis done nuls arasodes<br />
utoldeba. dasaqmebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis<br />
gamo umuSevrebi protests gamoTqvamen da<br />
pasuxs mTavrobisagan iTxoven.<br />
?<br />
ramdenad samarTlianad migaCniaT umuSevarTa pretenziebi mTavrobis<br />
mimarT?<br />
rogor ggoniaT, umuSevroba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> problemaa?<br />
rogor unda gadaWras mTavrobam <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si umuSevrobis problema?<br />
eTanxmebiT Tu ara m. veleris gamonaTqvams – `visac muSaoba unda, SesaZleblobebs<br />
poulobs, visac saqmis keTeba ar unda – mizezebs eZebs.~<br />
ratom? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
ekonomikis stabilizacia mTavrobis umniSvnelovanesi funqciaa. am funqciis Sesrulebisas<br />
is sxvadasxva programebisa da politikis gatarebiT umuSevrobis Semcirebas<br />
cdilobs.<br />
cikluri umuSevrobis<br />
dasaZlevad xSir<br />
SemTxvevaSi fiskaluri<br />
da monetaruli<br />
politika gamoiyeneba.<br />
gadawyvetilebebi<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
daqveiTebis SeCerebis<br />
da samuSao adgilebis<br />
gazrdis xelSesawyobad<br />
aris mimarTuli.<br />
mTavrobis mier<br />
gatarebuli<br />
RonisZiebebi<br />
struqturuli<br />
umuSevrobis<br />
Sesamcireblad<br />
mTavrobis politika<br />
samuSaodan<br />
daTxovnili<br />
muSakebis<br />
gadamzadebaze da<br />
dasaqmebis axali<br />
SesaZleblobebis<br />
Seqmnazea<br />
mimarTuli.<br />
umuSevrobis done Qqveynis ekonomikuri sijansaRis erT-erTi mTavari sazomia.<br />
qveyanaSi umuSevrobis maRali done SromiTi resursebis nawilobriv (arasrul) gamoyenebas<br />
da mosaxleobis dabal Semosavlebs gulisxmobs.
Sromis bazarsac, iseve rogorc <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si arsebul sxva bazrebs, moTxovnisa da miwodebis<br />
Zalebi marTaven. rodesac <strong>ekonomika</strong> didi raodenobiT produqcias awarmoebs,<br />
izrdeba moTxovna Sromaze, Sesabamisad Sromis anazRaurebac izrdeba.<br />
imsjeleT<br />
davaleba umuSevrobis tipebs SeusabameT konkretuli RonisZi ebe bi, romelTa<br />
gatarebac SeuZlia mTavrobas umuSevrobis dasaZlevad. imuSaveT jgufebSi<br />
150<br />
ra Sedegebi SeiZleba moitanos umuSevrobam ekonomikuri kuTxiT?<br />
araekonomikuri kuTxiT?<br />
ori axalgazrdidan, romelic samuSaos eZebs, erTi _ Tornike mSoblebTan<br />
cxovrobs, Weri da sakvebi garantirebuli aqvs, swavlas ganagrZobs<br />
universitetSi, Tan aqtiurad eZebs iseT samuSaos, romelic<br />
swavlaSi xels ar SeuSlis. meore, laSa ki binas TviTon qiraobs, Tavs<br />
sakuTari SemosavliT irCens da swavlis saSualeba ara aqvs. isic mudmiv<br />
samsaxurs eZebs.<br />
romeli maTgani ufro xangrZlivad darCeba umuSevarTa rigebSi?<br />
samuSaoze mowyobasTan, aseve masze uaris TqmasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi sxvadasxva<br />
adamianisTvis sxvadasxvaa. am gansxvavebebs maTi kvalifikacia, muSaobis staJi, asaki, Semosavlebis<br />
sxva wyaroebis arseboba an molodinebi gansazRvravs. zemoT mocemuli situaciis<br />
gaanalizebiT, ra Tqma unda, Tornike xangrZlivad darCeba umuSevarTa rigSi, radgan<br />
sasurveli samuSaos povnamde muSaobas ar daiwyebs. laSas lodinis saSualeba ar aqvs, is<br />
yvelanair samuSaos daTanxmdeba, Tumca ukeTesi samuSaos Zebnas gaagrZelebs.<br />
1. SeecadeT presaSi Sesabamisi monacemebi moiZioT da kiTxvebs<br />
upa suxoT:<br />
a) oficialuri monacemebiT ras udris umuSevrobis done saqar<br />
TveloSi?<br />
b) ramdenad realurad asaxavs es monacemi situacias?<br />
g) Tqveni azriT, ra SeiZleba iyos umuSevrobis oficialuri statistikis<br />
uzustobis mizezi?<br />
d) ratom ar registrirdeba Sesabamis samsaxurebSi yvela dausaqmebe<br />
li umuSevrad?<br />
umuSevrobis tipi RonisZiebebi<br />
friqciuli umuSevroba<br />
struqturuli<br />
umuSevroba<br />
cikluri<br />
umuSevroba<br />
informaciis gavrceleba vakansiebis Sesaxeb;<br />
dasaqmebis samsaxuris gaaqtiureba;<br />
subsidiebi saqmianobis wamosawyebad;<br />
subsidiebi xelfasebis gasacemad;<br />
kanoni dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis<br />
gamartivebis Sesaxeb;<br />
dasaqmebis sazogadoebrivi samsaxuris Seqmna.<br />
moifiqreT, rogor SeuZlia mTavrobas umuSevrobis xangrZlivobis<br />
Semcireba?
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
dasaqmeba aris anazRaurebis miRebis mizniT, individualuri an sazogadoebrivi<br />
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad gaweuli saqmianoba.<br />
dasaqmebis donis gamosaTvlelad saWiroa, 1 6 welze meti asakis dasaqmebuli<br />
adamianebis saerTo raodenoba ( maT Soris pensioneri dasaqmebulebic),<br />
gavyoT potenciur samuSao Zalaze da Sedegi procentebSi<br />
gamovsaxoT.<br />
dasaqmebulebi<br />
16<br />
wlis<br />
zeviT<br />
dasaqmebis done = *100%<br />
potenciuri<br />
samuSao<br />
Zala<br />
Sromis<br />
fasi<br />
(Sromis miwodeba)<br />
moTxovna Sromaze II wels<br />
dasaqmebulTa<br />
raodenoba<br />
moTxovna Sromaze I wels<br />
naxazidan Cans, rom Tu ekonomikuri krizisis gamo Sromaze moTxovna er-<br />
Ti<br />
wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi<br />
ecema,<br />
mcirdeba<br />
dasaqmebulTa<br />
raodenobac<br />
da<br />
Srom<br />
is<br />
fasic.<br />
moifiqreT: ras gviCvenebs Q Q da W W monakveTebi.<br />
2 1 2 1<br />
dasaqmeba saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri saqmianobebis mixedviT 2006 w.<br />
soflis<br />
meurneoba<br />
mrewveloba mSeneblobaj andacva vaWroba restorani,<br />
sastumro<br />
151
? <br />
152<br />
42-43<br />
erT problemas<br />
meore mosdevs...<br />
aleqsandre makedoneli ambobda: `Sromaze mefuri da fufunebaze monuri,<br />
araferiao ”. ras niSnavs es gamonaTqvami?<br />
1<br />
patara sasauzmis mTeli personali samuSaodan imis gamo daiTxoves,<br />
rom sasauzmem quCis meore mxares axlad gaxsnil restoranTan konkurencias<br />
ver gauZlo.<br />
sasauzmis asakovan mzareulebs gigas da nodars restoranSi muSaobis<br />
dasawyebad kvalifikacia ar hyofniT; arada, Tavisi xelfasiT orive sakmaod<br />
did ojaxebs arCenda. gigas invalidi Svili, moxucebuli mSoblebi<br />
da diasaxlisi meuRle hyavs, nodars _ studenti Svilebi.<br />
umuSevrad darCenilebma daxmarebisaTvis dasaqmebis saagentoebs miakiTxes,<br />
Tan isic ganacxades, rom nebismieri sirTulis samuSao pirobebi<br />
maTTvis misaRebia da dabal xelfaszec daTanxmdebodnen. amasTan erTad,<br />
mokle droSi kvalifikaciis amaRlebasac dapirdnen. saagentoSi maTi sakontaqto<br />
monacemebi ki datoves, magram darwmunebuli arc erTi ar aris,<br />
rom xelaxali dasaqmeba droulad moxdeba. aRmoCnda, rom Tavisufali<br />
samuSao adgilebi jer-jerobiT ar aris. amitom gadawyvites xvalidan sasauzmeebis,<br />
patara restornebis da kafeebis Semovla daiwyon da maT saku-<br />
Tari Sroma SesTavazon.<br />
? ra<br />
SeiZleba vuwodoT process, romelic samuSaodan daTxovnis<br />
Semdeg daiwyes gigam da nodarma?<br />
grZelvadiani iqneba Tu moklevadiani CamoTvlili<br />
pirebis umuSevroba? romel argumentebs eyrdnoba<br />
Tqveni mosazreba?<br />
Tqveni dakvirvebiT, rogoria dasaqmebulTa Soris<br />
asakiani da axalgazrda specialistebis Tanafardoba?<br />
romel profesiazea meti moTxovna?<br />
process, romlis meSveobiTac mSromelebi maTi gemovnebis da unaris Sesabamis samuSaos<br />
pouloben samuSaos Zieba ewodeba.<br />
radgan adamianebi erTmaneTisagan moTxovnebiT da kvalifikaciiT gansxvavdebian,<br />
isini samuSaos survilisa da unaris mixedviT eZeben, yvela samuSao adgili YmaTTvis erTnairad<br />
gamosadegi ar aris.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom damsaqmeblebsac da samuSaos maZieblebsac gancxadebebis gan-<br />
Tavseba gazeTebsa, internetSi, radiosa Tu satelevizio morbenal striqonze SeuZliaT,<br />
ganTavsebisaTvis saWiro xarjebis gaReba yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aris, amitom<br />
informacia samuSaos maZieblisa da samuSaos Sesaxeb nela vrceldeba.<br />
sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi samuSao adgilebze mwvave konkurenciaa, samuSaos is<br />
miiRebs, visac im konkretul sferoSi yvelaze maRali kvalifikacia aqvs. maRali profe-
siuli unaris mqone muSakebze moTxovna yovelTvis arsebobs, Sesabamisad maTi anazRaurebac<br />
maRalia. mewarmeebma ician, rom aseTi muSakebis Sromis nayofiereba maRalia (sxvebze<br />
met da xarisxian produqcias qmnian), amitom maT ukeTes samuSao pirobebs uqmnian.<br />
daCqarebuli teqnologiuri progresis gamo, sawarmoebi axleburi da mravalgvari unar-Cvevebis<br />
mqone muSakebs moiTxoven. xSirad samuSao arsebobs, ufrosi asakis adamianebs<br />
ki damqiravebelTa Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisi codna ar gaaCniaT: uWirT an<br />
saerTod ver saubroben ucxo enaze, ar floben kompiuterul programebs, Tanamedrove<br />
teqnologiebs. radgan cxovrebis winsvlam aseTi saWiroebebi moitana, bevr qveyanaSi e.w.<br />
,,zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis programebiT’’ ufrosi asakis adamianebs gadamzadebaSi, profesiis<br />
SecvlaSi, axali unarebis ganviTarebaSi exmarebian. Tu adamians muSaobis dawyeba<br />
surs, man sicocxlis bolomde siaxleebis Seswavlis da profesiuli srulyofis mzadyofna<br />
unda gamoTqvas.<br />
samuSaos ZiebiT gamowveuli umuSevroba gardauvalia. rac meti samuSao adgilia<br />
qveyanaSi, miT naklebia samuSaos Ziebis dro.<br />
umuSevrobas seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi moaqvs rogorc ekonomikuri, ise<br />
socialuri kuTxiT umuSevrebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis, mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.<br />
ekonomikuri danakargebi socialuri problemebi<br />
warmoebuli da bazarze<br />
gatanili produqciis<br />
raodenobis Semcireba;<br />
sawarmoebis mier<br />
biujetSi sagadasaxado<br />
Senatanebis Semcireba;<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> xarjebis<br />
zrda umuSevarTa<br />
Semweobebis gasacemad;<br />
qveynidan samuSao Zalis<br />
migracia.<br />
cxovrebis donis gauareseba;<br />
Sromis bazarze konkurenciis zrda;<br />
Sromis anazRaurebis Semcireba;<br />
socialuri uTanasworobis<br />
gaZliereba;<br />
umuSevarTa Soris stresebis,<br />
avadmyofobebis, narkomaniis,<br />
alkoholizmis, danaSaulebis zrda;<br />
ojaxuri da sazogadoebrivi<br />
konfliqtebi;<br />
kadrebis diskvalifikacia;<br />
ojaxebis ngreva;<br />
saerTo socialuri daZabuloba,<br />
romelic SeiZleba socialur<br />
afeTqebamdec mivides.<br />
socialur problemebs ekonomistebma umuSevrobis araekonomikuri Sedegebi<br />
uwodes. xangrZlivi umuSevroba adamianebSi stresebs iwvevs. maTi nawili samuSaos Sovnis<br />
imeds kargavs da wyvets samuSao adgilis Zebnas. isini samuSao Zalidan gamoTiSulad<br />
iTvlebian, Tumca realurad muSaoba surT. roca adamiani sakuTar qveyanaSi dasaqmebis<br />
imeds kargavs, legalurad an aralegalurad cdilobs iseT qveyanaSi moxvdes, sadac<br />
dasaqmeba ar gauWirdeba. dabali ekonomikuri ganviTarebis qveynebis samuSao Zalis<br />
didi nawili qveyanas tovebs da samuSaos sxvadasxva qveynebSi eZebs. iwyeba masobrivi<br />
SromiTi migracia. swored amitom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebis umetesoba mosaxleobis ekonomikur<br />
gaaqtiurebaze da umuSevrobis donis Semcirebaze zrunavs, rac Tavis mxriv<br />
ekonomikuri progresis saSualebas iZleva. sxvadasxva samTavrobo programebi yovelTviuri<br />
Semweobis saxiT finansur daxmarebas uweven umuSevrebs, maT dasaqmebis<br />
specialuri saagentoebi droebiT dasaqmebaSi exmarebian. problemis simwvavis gamo,<br />
2012 wlis ivlisSi saqarTveloSi dasaqmebis saministro Seiqmna.<br />
153
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
154<br />
viTamaSoT arCevnebi<br />
jgufuri muSaoba<br />
umuSevroba sazogadoebis mtkivneuli problemaa. mosaxleobis gulis<br />
mosagebad saarCevno programebSi politikosebi yovelTvis umuSevrobis<br />
Semcirebis da axali samuSao adgilebis garantias iZlevian. arCevnebSi<br />
gamarjvebis Semdeg ki danapirebis Sesruleba uWirT.<br />
imisaTvis rom kargad gaiazroT Tu romeli sakiTxebis gadaWrasTan da<br />
romel sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli umuSevrobis problemis daZleva,<br />
viTamaSoT `arCevnebi.~<br />
daiyaviT aranakleb oTx jgufad. TiToeul jgufs mianiWeT nomeri da Fair-<br />
CieT lideri, romelic `saqarTvelos mTavrobaSi~ mosaxvedrad ibrZolebs.<br />
jgufis danarCeni wevrebi mas daexmarebian moamzados `saqarTveloSi<br />
umuSevrobis daZlevis programa”, romelsac klasis winaSe waradgens.<br />
gamarjvebuli kandidati modelirebul ,,mTavrobaSi” moxvdeba.<br />
umuSevrobis daZlevis programa /aranakleb Svidpunqtiani/, im Tanmimdevruli<br />
RonisZiebebis CamonaTvali unda iyos, romelTa ganxorcielebac<br />
Tqveni azriT xels Seuwyobs adamianebis dasaqmebis mniSvnelovan zrdas.<br />
gafrTxileba!<br />
Tqvens programaSi ar unda moxvdes winadadeba `samuSao adgilebis Sesaqmnelad<br />
gavxsni bevr axal sawarmos.~ `mTavrobis wevrebi~ sawarmoebs<br />
TviTon ver gaxsnian.<br />
prezentaciebs yuradRebiT mousmineT, dasrulebis Semdeg yvela Tqvengani<br />
amomrCeveli xdeba. maswavleblis mier darigebul misawebebel furclebze<br />
daawereT Tqveni jgufis nomeri. es furceli Tqvens xmas gamoxatavs. is<br />
dafaze im jgufis grafaSi miakariT, romlis programac yvelaze metad mogewonaT.<br />
ufleba ar gaqvT sakuTar jgufs misceT xma!<br />
Sefaseba!!!<br />
gamarjvebuli iqneba is jgufi, romlis programac met xmas miiRebs, Sesabamisad<br />
jgufis TiToeuli wevri maswavleblisagan umaRles Sefasebas<br />
daimsaxurebs. umaRles Sefasebas miiRebs is monawilec, romelic argumentirebulad<br />
axsnis sakuTar arCevans.<br />
rCeva!!!<br />
gaixseneT dasaqmebis ra realuri perspeqtiva arsebobs Tqvens regionSi,<br />
romeli dargis aRorZinebaa SesaZlebeli da moamzadeT saintereso saarCevno<br />
programebi. moifiqreT efeqturi saarCevno lozungi.<br />
gisurvebT warmatebas!<br />
#<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
7<br />
kandidati<br />
#1<br />
kandidati<br />
#2<br />
kandidati<br />
#3<br />
kandidati<br />
#4
iznes seqtori monacemebi monacemebi monacemebi monacemebi monacemebi<br />
drois periodi 2010 w I kvart.. II kvart. 2011 IIIkvart. IV kvart.<br />
2011w<br />
w<br />
2011 w 2011w<br />
brunva mln.lari 24400.7 5719.1 6124.3 6879.8 7627.7<br />
gamoSvebuli 13303. 7 2962.1 3341.2 3767.4 4166.2<br />
produqcia, mln.lari 13303. 7 2962.1 3341.2 3767.4 4166.2<br />
dasaqmebulTa 592.7 643.0 683.9 717.7 806.9<br />
raodenoba, kaci 397 806 350 258 352 100 360 064 379 172<br />
dasaqmebulTa saSualo<br />
Tviuri Sromis<br />
anazRaureba, lari<br />
592.7 643.0 683.9 717.7 806.9<br />
wyaro:<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. 2012w. sawarmoTa deklarirebuli monacemebi. www.geostat.ge.<br />
? 1.<br />
rogor icvleba 2011 wlis TviToeul kvartalSi biznes seqtorSi<br />
a) gamoSvebuli produqciis raodenoba?<br />
b)dasaqmebulTa raodenoba?<br />
g)dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri Sromis anazRaureba?<br />
2. rogor axsniT 2011 wlis pirvel kvartalSi dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri<br />
anazRraurebis zrdas dasaqmebulTa Sesabamisi raodenobis zrdis fonze?<br />
wyaro:<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. 2012w. sawarmoTa deklarirebuli monacemebi. www.geostat.ge.<br />
2<br />
dasaqmeba biznes seqtorSi<br />
daiyaviT sam jgufad. davuSvaT, TiToeuli jgufi aris mTavrobis mrCeveli<br />
da dagevalaT saintereso ekonomikuri proeqtebis wamowyeba<br />
I jgufi. adamianebis dasaqmebis, materialuri resursebis warmoebis<br />
mizniT;<br />
II jgufi. gacvlis da moxmarebis gazrdis mizniT;<br />
III jgufi. ganawilebis procesebis srulyofis mizniT.<br />
moifiqreT TiTo realisturi, ganxorcielebadi da Sedegze orientirebuli<br />
programa da warmoadgineT klasis winaSe.<br />
155
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
savarjiSo<br />
2<br />
156<br />
zogierTi sociologis azriT, samuSaos dakargviT gancdil stress mxolod<br />
meuRlis an uaxloesi megobris gardacvaleba an dapatimreba Tu aRemateba.<br />
msoflio bankis mier saqarTveloSi umuSevrobis maqsimaluri maCvenebeli<br />
1992 wels aris dafiqsirebuli.<br />
saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT gansxvavebulia ekonomikurad aqtiuri<br />
mosaxleobis raodenoba da dasaqmebis maCveneblebi. statistikuri monacemebis<br />
mixedviT dasaqmebulTa umetesobas TviTdasaqmebulebi Seadgenen.<br />
qveyanaSi saSualod dasaqmebulTa 57.3% TviTdasaqmebulia.<br />
samuSaos maZieblebTagan mxolod mcire nawils eniWeba umuSevris statusi<br />
da eniSneba Semweoba. magaliTad, bolo wlebSi TbilisSi umuSevris statusi<br />
mieniWeba da Sesabamisad Semweobas iRebs umuSevarTa mxolod 6,3-7%.<br />
15 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobis ganawileba<br />
ekonomikuri aqtivobis mixedviT regionalur WrilSi, 2011<br />
kaxeTi Tbilisi<br />
Sida<br />
qarTli<br />
qvemo<br />
qarTli<br />
aWaris<br />
a.r<br />
samegre<br />
lo-zemo<br />
svaneTi<br />
imereTi<br />
*<br />
danarCeni<br />
regionebi<br />
**<br />
*raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis CaTvliT; ** samcxe-javaxeTi, guria, mcxeTa-mTianeTi;<br />
cxrilebSi mocemuli maCveneblebi miRebulia Sinameurneobebis integrirebuli gamokvlevidan.<br />
aTasi<br />
kaci<br />
saqarTve<br />
lo<br />
sul aqtiuri<br />
mosaxleoba 195.0 437.4 144.1 195.5 189.3 211.0 370.4 216.6 1959.3<br />
dasaqmebuli 177.6 309.4 131.2 177.2 155.3 176.2 336.1 201.2 1664.2<br />
daqiravebuli 41.8 251.2 35.0 54.4 56.8 44.5 101.8 46.4 632.0<br />
TviTdasaqmebuli 135.8 57.3 96.2 122.5 98.1 127.7 233.6 154.1 1025.4<br />
gaurkveveli 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.4 4.0 0.7 0.7 6.8<br />
umuSevari<br />
mosaxleoba samu-<br />
17.4 128.0 12.8 18.3 34.0 34.8 34.3 15.4 295.1<br />
Sao Zalis gareT<br />
umuSevrobis<br />
82.7 361.6 59.6 108.8 94.1 87.6 161.4 90.0 1045.9<br />
done %<br />
aqtiurobis done<br />
8.9 29.3 8.9 9.4 18.0 16.5 9.3 7.1 15.1<br />
%<br />
dasaqmebis done<br />
70.2 54.7 70.7 64.2 66.8 70.7 69.6 70.6 65.2<br />
% 64.0 38.7 64.4 58.2 54.8 59.0 63.2 65.6 55.4<br />
imuSaveT jgufebSi<br />
qvemoT mocemulia umuSevrebis sia. miuTiTeT, umuSevrobis romel<br />
saxeobas warmoadgens TiToeuli _ friqciulis, struqturulis Tu<br />
cikluris. gansazRvreT romeli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politika an programa iqneba<br />
efeqturi, TiToeuli umuSevaris dasaxmareblad.<br />
1. universitetis kursdamTavrebuli, romelic pirvelad eZebs samuSaos;<br />
2. rusTavis metalurgiuli qarxnis mefolade, romelic qarxanis daxurvis<br />
Sedegad umuSevrad darCa;<br />
3. buRalteri, romelmac samsaxuri datova ojaxTan erTad sacxovreblad<br />
sxva qalaqSi gadasvlis gamo;<br />
4. durgali, romelic umuSevari darCa saamSeneblo masalebis gaZvirebisa da<br />
gadasaxadebis gazrdis gamo binaTmSeneblobis Semcirebis Sedegad;<br />
5. xorcis produqtebis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnis muSaki, romelic samsaxuridan<br />
produqciis realizaciis Semcirebis gamo warmoebis SezRudvis<br />
Sedegad daiTxoves;<br />
6. diasaxlisi, romelmac muSaobis dawyeba gadawyvita;<br />
7. Zveli qselebis satelefono sadguris operatori, romlis samuSao adgili<br />
gauqmda satelefono kompaniis mier axali kompiuterizebuli mowyobilobebis<br />
damontaJebis gamo;<br />
8. sapensio asakis gamo ganTavisuflebuli profesori.<br />
ra ganzogadebas gaakeTebdiT umuSevrobis sami saxis Sesamcireblad<br />
mimarTuli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politikis/programebis Sesaxeb?
imsjeleT<br />
savarjiSo<br />
1<br />
44-45<br />
inflacia<br />
CamoTvaleT, romeli saqoneli da momsaxureba gaZvirda bolo erTi wlis<br />
ganmavlobaSi?<br />
ramdeni procentiT gaZvirda Saqris fxvnili erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tu<br />
1kg am produqtis fasi erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 1,5 laridan 2.3 laramde<br />
Seicvala?<br />
vin darCa Saqris gaZvirebiT mogebuli? vin dazaralda?<br />
ratom izrdeba fasebi saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze yovelwliurad?<br />
ratom aris, rom zogierT qveyanaSi fasebi Zalian xSirad matulobs, ma-<br />
Sin, roca sxva qveynebSi stabiluria?<br />
1<br />
zogjer mTavrobis wevrebi da politikosebi acxadeben, rom SeuZliaT<br />
„socialuri daavadebebi“ – siRaribe, usaxlkaroba da SimSili aRmofxvran,<br />
Tu biujetSi sakmarisi fuli iqneba.<br />
davuSvaT, aRmoCnda milioneri, romelsac gadawyvetili aqvs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetSi<br />
asi milioni dolaris Setana, Tu misi piroba Sesruldeba: momavali Tvidan<br />
TiToeul adamians pensia, xelfasi, stipendia da daxmareba 10 – jer gaezrdeba.<br />
gansazRvreT, rogor Seicvleba qveyanaSi situacia momavali Tvidan, Tu<br />
mTavroba milioneris winadadebas miiRebs? daasabuTeT Tqveni prognozi.<br />
? 1.<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara msgavsi socialuri siduxWiris „gankurneba“<br />
mosaxleobisaTvis fulis darigebiT?<br />
2. SesaZleblad migaCniaT, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier meti fulis dabeWdva<br />
da brunvaSi gaSveba, moxmarebis gazrdisa da qveynis<br />
keTildReobis sawindari gaxdes?<br />
maswavlebeli auqcionze gasayidad unikaluri tkbileulis<br />
Sekvras gamoitans. auqcionisTvis erTaderTi misaRebi ,,kupiura”<br />
maswavleblis mier darigebuli ekonolarebi iqneba.<br />
1. unikaluri tkbileulis sawyisi fasi 2 ekonolaria. gamarjvebuli<br />
fasi dawereT dafaze.<br />
2. maswavlebeli erTxel kidev dagirigebT „fulian“ konvertebs,<br />
romelSic 3-jer meti fulia da auqcionze gasayidad tkbileulobis<br />
meore Sekvras gamoitans. am SekvraSic imave raodenobis da saxis<br />
tkbileulia, ramdenic pirvel SekvraSi iyo. sawyisi fasic igivea.<br />
auqcioni grZeldeba. dawereT gamarjvebuli fasi.<br />
3. SeadareT auqcionis orive raundis Sedegebi.<br />
?<br />
1. ratom aiwia fasma meore auqcionze, roca kanfetebis raodenoba<br />
igive iyo?<br />
2. rogor imoqmeda moswavleebisTvis meti fulis micemam meore<br />
raundSi kanfetebis raodenobaze ?<br />
3. ra Sedegi moitana saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobis<br />
ucvlelobis SemTxvevaSi fulis raodenobis gazrdam?<br />
157
158<br />
inflacia _ (laTinurad `inflation”~ gaberva) xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi<br />
fasebis saerTo donis zrdis procesi. fasebis mniSvnelovnad<br />
gazrda fulis gaufasurebas iwvevs. inflacia fulis gaufasurebis,<br />
misi msyidvelobiTi unaris mniSvnelovnad Semcirebis procesia.<br />
cxovrebis fasi _ Tanxa, romelic adamianis arsebobisaTvis aucilebel<br />
saqonelSi (sakvebi, tansacmeli, bina da sxva) unda gadavixadoT.<br />
Tu qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba bevrad<br />
ufro Dswrafad izrdeba, vidre fulis raodenoba, saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze<br />
fasebis dacema iwyeba. am process deflacia ewodeba.<br />
fulis msyidvelobiTi unari aris fulis Rirebuleba. fulis Rirebuleba<br />
inflaciis periodSi mcirdeba da deflaciis dros izrdeba.<br />
mcocavi<br />
roca fasebis<br />
matebis<br />
wliuri tempi<br />
ar aRemateba<br />
5-10% -s<br />
fasebis zrdis sididis mixedviT arCeven<br />
inflaciis sam saxes<br />
Wenebadi<br />
saSualo<br />
wliuri tempi<br />
icvleba<br />
10-50% -is<br />
farglebSi da<br />
metad<br />
hiperinflacia<br />
saSualo<br />
wliuri<br />
zrdis tempi<br />
aRemateba<br />
100%-s<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si fulis raodenobis gacilebiT swrafi zrda, vidre qveyanaSi warmoebuli<br />
produqciis raodenobis zrdaa, inflacias iwvevs. inflaciis gamomwvevi<br />
ZiriTadi mizezebia:<br />
moTxovnis zrda sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo saqonelze moTxovna gazrdilia, iqmneba<br />
deficiti da fasebi matulobs.<br />
danaxarjebis zrda warmoebis danaxarjebze (resursebi, nedleuli) fasebis zrdas<br />
Tan sdevs saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasebis zrda;<br />
miwodebis Soki warmoebis moculobasTan SedarebiT fulis miwodebis metismetad<br />
swrafi zrda fasebis matebas iwvevs;<br />
xelfasisa da fasis spirali: xelfasebis zrdis tempi xSirad warmoebis zrdis temps<br />
win uswrebs, mewarmeebi mogebis SesanarCuneblad fasebs xelovnurad zrdian.<br />
inflacia ar niSnavs absoluturad yvela saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fasis zrdas.<br />
klebadi moTxovnis mqone produqtebze, rogoricaa moZvelebuli, arasezonuri, meoradi<br />
an modidan gasuli saqoneli, fasebi SeiZleba Semcirdes. Tumca, bazarze arsebuli<br />
yvela saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fasebis saSualo done matulobdes.<br />
inflacia zogadad qveynisaTvis sazianodaa miCneuli. Tumca, fasebis moulodneli zrda<br />
mosaxleobis erTi nawilisaTvis Tu wamgebiania, meore nawilisaTvis mogebis momtani xdeba.
? ra<br />
pirobebSi gamoiwvevs damatebiTi Semosavlebi an danaxarjebi inflacias?<br />
ra pirobebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom fulis miwodebis gazrdam inflacia ar<br />
gamoiwvios?<br />
vin SeiZleba darCes mogebuli inflaciis Sedegad?<br />
vin SeiZleba darCes mogebuli deflaciis* Sedegad?<br />
moulodneli inflacia azaralebs fiqsirebuli Semosavlebis<br />
mqone adamianebs da maT, vinc fuli gaasesxa fiqsirebuli sargeblis<br />
ganakveTiT. mogebuli rCeba is, vinc fuli isesxa fiqsirebuli sargeblis<br />
ganakveTiT. amdenad, inflacia ufro Semosavalebis gadanawilebas<br />
axdens, da ara mTliani realuri Semosavlebis Semcirebas.<br />
inflaciis msgavsad, deflaciac adamianebis garkveuli jgufisaTvis<br />
momgebiania, sxva jgufebs ki azaralebs. anu fasebis sayovelTao Semcirebas<br />
(arasasurvel deflacias) Sedegad resursebis gaflangva moaqvs.<br />
imsjeleT<br />
raSi xarjavs saqarTvelos mosaxleoba damatebiT (aradagegmil) Semosavlebs?<br />
ra moxdeba, Tu erT dRes, yvela meanabre sabanko angariSebidan fuls<br />
moxsnis da xarjvas daiwyebs?<br />
wyaro:<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. 2012w. www.geostat.ge.<br />
davaleba<br />
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012<br />
8.8 11.0 5.5 3.0 11.2 2.0<br />
1. rogor prognozs gaakeTebdiT fasebis saerTo donis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
warmoebis moculoba izrdeba 2%-iT weliwadSi, fulis miwodeba<br />
ki – 12%-T?<br />
2. rogori socialuri Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves inflacias, Tu<br />
qveyanaSi 25%-iani inflaciaa?<br />
biznesmeni,<br />
romelmac bankidan<br />
krediti aiRo<br />
binis mflobeli,<br />
romelmac mdgmurTan<br />
erTwliani xelSekruleba<br />
gaaforma<br />
pensionerebi<br />
vin<br />
moigebs<br />
da vin waagebs<br />
qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan?<br />
kreditorebi<br />
sajaro skolis<br />
pedagogebi<br />
* deflacia – produqtebisa da momsaxurebis fasebis Semcirebis grZelvadiani procesi.<br />
advokatebi<br />
Semnaxvel<br />
bankSi anabris<br />
mflobelebi<br />
159
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
ese<br />
160<br />
inflacia istoriis sxvadasxva etapze uamravi qveynisaTvis seriozuli<br />
problema iyo. man moicva romis imperia, espaneTi da inglisi me-<br />
Teqvsmete saukuneSi,. SeerTebuli Statebi _ samoqalaqo omis periodSi,<br />
germania _ me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, SeerTebuli Statebi da<br />
samxreT amerikis mravali qveyana _ gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi, sab-<br />
WoTa ruseTis gardamavali <strong>ekonomika</strong>. 90-ian wlebSi am problemam kvlav<br />
iCina Tavi: centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa, baltiispireTi, agreTve<br />
postsabWouri qveynebis umravlesoba inflaciam moicva.<br />
`bednieri Zveli dro~<br />
CaatareT bebia-babuebis da asakovani mezoblebis gamokiTxva, Tu romeli<br />
saqoneli iyo maT axalgazrdobaSi Zalian iafi. CamowereT 10 mniSvnelovani<br />
produqti. gaarkvieT maTi Zveli fasebi da SeadareT amave<br />
saqonlis an momsaxurebis dRevandel fass. gansazRvreT inflaciis<br />
maCvenebeli (ramdeni %-iT gaizarda am produqtebis fasebi sawyis fasTan<br />
SedarebiT?).<br />
qarTuli inflaciis istoria<br />
CaatareT saojaxo gamokiTxva: ojaxis wevrebis gamokiTxvis saSualebiT<br />
saqarTveloSi XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis Hhiperinflaciis da<br />
misi Sedegebis Sesaxeb moipoveT informacia. gaarkvieT, rogor moxda<br />
inflaciis procesis SeCereba? mopovebuli informacia TxzulebaSi<br />
ganazogadeT.
imsjeleT<br />
46<br />
aravis unda<br />
iyos Raribi<br />
1. icnobT Rarib adamianebs? mdidrebs?<br />
2. ra niSnebis mixedviT moaxvedreT es adamianebi<br />
erT an meore kategoriaSi?<br />
3. aRwereT Raribi adamianis portreti, ara mxolod<br />
sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli garegnuli<br />
stereotipis mixedviT.<br />
4. CamowereT maCveneblebi, romeliTac Tqveni<br />
azriT SeiZleba siRaribis Sefaseba.<br />
5. ufro xSirad ra asakis adamianebi gvxvdebian Raribebis kategoriaSi?<br />
6. rogor SeiZleba siRaribis zRvaris Semcireba?<br />
1<br />
dResdReobiT msoflioSi 2 miliardze meti adamiani zRvars miRma<br />
cxovrobs. miuxedavad ekonomikuri aRmavlobisa, mTel rig ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi dRiTidRe matulobs Raribebis ricxvi, amavdroulad izrdeba<br />
disproporcia mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris.<br />
? Tqveni<br />
azriT, ra aris amis mizezi?<br />
msoflioSi<br />
yovel 3,6 wamSi erTi adamiani<br />
SimSiliT iRupeba<br />
maT Soris arian<br />
bavSvebic<br />
wyaro:<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. 2012w. www.geostat.ge.<br />
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011<br />
279,474 368,431 436,309 430,603 411,091<br />
(%) 6.4 8.4 9.9 9.7 9.2<br />
161
ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi siRaribe saqarTvelosTvisac<br />
mwvave problemad iqca, rac dakavSirebuli iyo, erTis mxriv, saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebul rTul politikur situaciasTan, xolo meores<br />
mxriv, arasworad gatarebul ekonomiur-socialur politikasTan.<br />
cneba siRaribis Sinaarsi yvelasaTvis naTelia, magram siRaribis<br />
oficialuri gansazRvreba SemoTavzebuli iqna 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si,<br />
romlis mixedviTac ojaxi Raribad iTvleba, Tu misi Semosavali naklebia<br />
soflis meurneobis saministros mier dadgenili ojaxis normaluri<br />
uzrunvelyofisaTvis gasawevi xarjebis gasammagebul raodenobaze.<br />
soflis meurneobis saministro yovelwliurad awarmoebs sursaTis moxmarebis normaluri<br />
donis aucilebeli danaxarjebis Sefasebas, romelic sakmarisia kvebis racionis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
Semdeg am sididis samze gamravlebiT miiReba siRaribis oficialuri zRvari. es gansazRvreba<br />
martivad SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT: dabalSemosavliania ojaxi, romelic kvebaze, saSualod,<br />
sakuTari Semosavlis 1/3-s xarjavs.<br />
saqarTveloSi Raribi ojaxi sakuTari Semosavlis 80%-ze mets kvebaze xarjavs, rac Cvens qveyanaSi<br />
ojaxebis Semosavlebis Zalze dabal doneze miuTiTebs.<br />
2008 wels gaerom gansazRvra saerTaSoriso absoluturi siRaribis (siRatakis) zRvari, romelic<br />
Seadgens $ 1,25 (2005 wlis msyidvelobiTi unarianobis paritetis mixedviT).am kriteriumiT<br />
siRatakis zRvars qvemoT saqarTveloSi cxovrobda mosaxleobis 13,4 % (2009 wlis adamianuri<br />
ganviTarebis moxseneba HD Report). imave kriteriumiT, azerbaijansa da ukrainaSi Rataki iyo mosaxleobis<br />
2 %, xolo somxeTSi- 3,7,%.<br />
2011 wlis TebervalSi saqarTveloSi oTxsuliani ojaxis saarsebo<br />
minimumad iTvleboda 281,2lari ( anu TveSi $165. weliwadze gadaangariSebiT<br />
es Tanxa daaxloebiT 2000 aSS dolars Seadgens). es ricxvi<br />
SegviZlia, SevadaroT aSS-isoficialur statistikur monacemebs.<br />
aSS-Si oTxsuliani ojaxisTvis siRaribis zRvrad 2009 wels gansaz-<br />
Rvruli iyo 21 756 dolari; e.i. aSS-Si saqarTveloze 10-jer da metad<br />
ufro ,,mdidari” Raribebi cxovroben.<br />
162<br />
jami = 925 milioni<br />
mSieri adamianebi<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebi 19<br />
axlo aRmosavleTi da samxreT afrika 37<br />
laTin. amerika da karibis zRvis qveynebi 53<br />
saharis afrika 239<br />
azia da wynari okeanis auzi 578
siRaribis zRvari - Semosavlis is donea, romlis qvemoTac SeuZ<br />
lebelia adamianis kvebis minimaluri donis da misi sxva (arakvebiTi)<br />
ZiriTad moTxovnilebaTa erToblivi dakmayofileba. es damaxasiaTebelia<br />
calkeuli qveynisaTvis da ar eqvemdebareba sxva qveynebis<br />
analogiur maCveneblebTan Sedarebas.<br />
qveyanaSi, sadac cxovrebis ufro maRali donea sazogadoebas siRaribis ufro maRali<br />
zRvari aqvs. albaT, gainteresebT, risTvisaa saWiro siRaribis zRvaris dadgena? es gvesaWiroeba<br />
imisaTvis, rom gamovavlinoT mosaxleobis yvela jgufi, visi Semosavlebic<br />
dadgenili donis qvemoTaa da maT daxmareba an garkveuli momsaxureba gaewioT, raTa<br />
maTi Semosavali dadgenil donemde amaRldes.<br />
siRaribis donis gansazRvra garkveulwilad Seicavs subieqturobis elements. amis<br />
gamo, sxvadasxva meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad siRaribis sxvadasxva zRvars viRebT.<br />
saqarTveloSic, gaangariSebis gansxvavebuli midgomis safuZvelze, siRaribis 4 sxvadasxva<br />
zRvari Camoyalibda: `oficialuri siRaribis zRvari” eyrdnoba oficialur<br />
minimalur kvebis kalaTas da gansazRvravs samuSao asakis mqone mamakacebis saarsebo<br />
dones. kvebis kalaTis Rirebuleba, romlis Semadgenloba<br />
tolia 2500k/kal/dReSi, siRaribis zRvris 70%-s Seadgens,<br />
xolo danarCeni arakvebiT komponentebze modis. es aris<br />
fuladi Tanxa, romelic moicavs jandacvis, ganaTlebis,<br />
yvela saxis gadasaxadebis gadaxdis odenobas.<br />
`gadasinjuli siRaribis zRvari~ iyenebs kvebis kala-<br />
Tis nakleb kaloriulobas (2200k/kal/dReSi) da mcireoden<br />
gansxvavebas uCvenebs sakvebi da arasakvebi produqtebis<br />
proporciebSi (65:35). `rekomendirebuli siRaribis zRvari~,<br />
romelic Camoyalibda msoflio bankis mier, statistikis<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> departamentTan da Sesabamis saministroebTan TanamSromlobis Sedegad,<br />
iyenebs ufro iafi kvebis kalaTas.<br />
arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi, rom siRaribes saqarTveloSi ufro gansxvavebuli<br />
xasiaTi aqvs, vidre sxva dabal Semosavlian qveynebSi.<br />
dRes siRaribis daZleva gaerosa da mTeli rigi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier<br />
dasaxelebulia rogorc yvelaze mniSvnelovani globaluri problema.<br />
?<br />
Tqveni azriT, ramdenad SeiZleba siRaribis mixedviT ganisazRvros adamianis<br />
ufleba da Tavisufleba?<br />
siRaribe aris adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebis erT-erTi yvelaze ganmsazRvreli<br />
faqtori, vinaidan Raribebi moklebulni arian arCevanis Tavisuflebas, maT xSirad<br />
ara aqvT sacxovrebeli adgili da normaluri kveba, ver iReben ganaTlebasa da janmrTelobis<br />
dacvis momsaxurebas, yovelive imas, rasac SeZlebuli adamiani aRiqvams rogorc<br />
bunebriv movlenas.<br />
siRaribe SeiZleba gagebul iqnas ori mimarTulebiT _ absoluturi da SedarebiTi<br />
mniSvnelobiT.<br />
warmoidgineT, rom SegiZliaT iyidoT aucilebeli sakvebi, bina da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
eqimTan vizitic moaxerxoT anu ar iyoT Raribi da SegeZloT fizikuri arseboba.<br />
ekonomistebi am mdgomareobis amsaxvel maCvenebels siRaribis absolutur maCvenebels<br />
uwodeben. magram dameTanxmebiT, rom adamianis xarisxiani cxovrebis done sxva<br />
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobebsac gulisxmobs. aucilebelia, rom<br />
dabali Semosavlis gamo adamianma Tavi moralurad daCagrulad da sazogadoebisagan<br />
gariyulad ar igrZnos. SegviZlia warmovadginoT Zalze mdidari sazogadoeba (magali-<br />
163
Tad aSS), sadac mosaxleobis naklebad uzrunvelyofil jgufebs SeuZliaT Tavs ufleba<br />
miscen iqonion yvelaferi, rac saWiroa cxovrebisaTvis, magram mainc Raribebi iyvnen,<br />
radgan maT ar SeuZliaT daikmayofilon mTeli rigi moTxovnilebebi: garTobis, mogzaurobis,<br />
fulis Tavisuflad xarjvis da rasakvirvelia, araferi im fufunebidan, romelic<br />
adamianisaTvis Zalze mimzidvelia da gamosulia<br />
fiziologiuri moTxovnilebis farglebidan. aseT<br />
analizs SefardebiTi siRaribis cnebasTan mivyavarT.<br />
aseTi midgomiT Raribebad SeiZleba CaiTvalon isini,<br />
visi Semosavlebic ar aRemateba qveyanaSi saSualo Semosavlebis<br />
50%-s (SeiZleba 40%- an - 60%-s).<br />
saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris<br />
monacemebiT siRaribis absoluturi da fardobiTi<br />
zRvrebi (larebSi) asea warmodgenili:<br />
60<br />
40<br />
164<br />
23.03225945<br />
8.893543562<br />
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011<br />
26.17274118<br />
12.80776797<br />
24.63656985<br />
10.89311925<br />
22.0612544<br />
8.79859738<br />
26.03701056<br />
11.26434581<br />
24.09636289<br />
10.06076371<br />
22.8<br />
8.1<br />
23.7<br />
10.7<br />
23.28229867<br />
9.440541942<br />
17.87797559<br />
6.519400496<br />
24.93511049<br />
12.05245605<br />
21.33942073<br />
9.233301895<br />
18.03031899<br />
6.955041119<br />
siRaribis done an sxvagvarad, Raribebis raodenobis indeqsi,<br />
Raribi mosaxleobis wilia mTel mosaxleobaSi.<br />
26.18065312<br />
11.92359438<br />
22.13932694<br />
9.459947611<br />
17.62200374<br />
7.332259395<br />
24.31871771<br />
10.20171784<br />
21.01497659<br />
8.786105963<br />
18.63603719<br />
7.996658986<br />
26.74561012<br />
11.94124632<br />
22.74535193<br />
9.995475815<br />
18.84027551<br />
7.798309849<br />
26.86258259<br />
12.94008204<br />
22.97229376<br />
10.44666229
siRaribe da saqarTvelo<br />
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
saqarTvelos yvela regionSi siRaribis done sakmaod maRalia, Tumca bolo wlebSi<br />
SeiniSneba mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis tendencia, rogorc monacemebi gviCveneben, gansakuTrebiT<br />
maRalia siRaribis done guriaSi, raWa-leCxumSi, zemo da qvemo svaneTsa da<br />
samegreloSi.<br />
arsebobs sxvadasxva mosazrebebi, rom siRaribes saqarTveloSi ufro gansxvavebuli<br />
xasiaTi aqvs, vidre sxva dabalSemosavlian qveynebSi. zogierTi mkvlevari amtkicebs, rom<br />
saqarTveloSi arc erTi msoflio praqtikaSi miRebuli siRaribis maCvenebeli ar gamoiyeneba.<br />
da amas ase asabuTebs:<br />
janmrTelobis mdgomareobisa da siRaribis donis urTierTdamokidebulebis tipiuri<br />
universaluri tendencia saqarTveloSi ar muSaobs.<br />
saqarTveloSi gamoxatuli ar aris cnobili urTierTdamokidebuleba ganaTlebis<br />
niSniT mosaxleobis aRwerasa da siRaribis dones Soris. siRaribis dones, gansxvavebiT,<br />
tradiciulad Raribi qveynebisgan, araviTari gavlena ar aqvs kvebaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
Raribi qarTuli ojaxis tipiuri kvebis racioni ganisazRvreba istoriuli tradiciebiT<br />
da ara siRaribis doniT.<br />
erTaderTi moculobiTi maCvenebeli, romelic mkafiod yofs mosaxleobas Raribebad<br />
da araRaribebad da asaxavs maT cxovrebis wess, aris ojaxisa da pirovnebis danaxarjebi<br />
(TiTqmis igive iTqmis sakvebze gaweul danaxarjebze).<br />
araviTari mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba ar SeiniSneba soflis da qalaqis mosaxleobis mier<br />
moxmarebas Soris. am TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo gansxvavdeba msoflios Raribi qveynebis<br />
umravlesobisgan da aqvs moxmarebis igive struqtura, rogorc ekonomikurad ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebs. amave dros, soflis mosaxleoba naturiT sakveb produqtebs gacilebiT<br />
ufro metad moixmars, vidre qalaqis mosaxleoba. metic, soflebSi naturiT sakvebis moxmareba<br />
izrdeba ekonomikuri keTildReobis SemcirebasTan erTad.<br />
xelfasis, rogorc Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaros roli, bevrad maRalia qalaqad. soflad<br />
ki xelfasi mxolod Semosavlebis 10-12%-s Seadgens. soflad maRalia Semosavlebi<br />
soflis meurneobis produqtebis gayidvidan, igi 80-85%-s udris, miwa Sinameurneobebis<br />
didi nawilis Semosavlebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens. rac Seexeba arasasoflo TviTdasaqmebidan<br />
miRebul Semosavlebs, misi roli ufro mcirea, SeiZleba gaizardos samewarmeo<br />
klimatis gaumjobesebis SemTxvevebi.<br />
Raribi mosaxleobis saarsebo wyaros mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs axloblebis<br />
Tanadgoma, adre dagrovebuli qonebis gayidva da nasesxebi fuli. amgvari Semosavlebis<br />
daaxloebiT mesamedi modis.<br />
siRaribe qalaqad da soflad mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebul movlenas warmoadgens. siRaribe<br />
qalaqad ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia arasakmaris kvebasTan, rac saerTo jamSi ufro<br />
mwvave da Rrma siRaribis maCvenebelia.<br />
soflad ki siRaribe arasakmaris kvebasTan iSviaT SemTxvevaSia dakavSirebuli, Tumca<br />
es mxolod im faqtiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom soflad kvebis produqtebis moxmarebas<br />
ZiriTadad sakuTari warmoebis sursaTi gansazRvravs.<br />
soflad mosaxleobis umTavres problemas fuladi resursebis deficiti da infrastruqturis<br />
arasakmarisi ganviTareba ganapirobebs, rac Sesabamisad amcirebs xelmisawvdomobas<br />
momsaxurebis ZiriTad saxeebze.<br />
miuxedavad siRaribis SedarebiT ufro mwvave da Rrma xasiaTisa, qalaqad SedarebiT<br />
ukeTesi mdgomareobaa ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis momsaxurebaze misawvdomobis<br />
mxriv. qalaqad mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva ufro metia. qalaqis mosaxleobas<br />
SedarebiT ufro miuwvdeba xeli ganaTlebis miRebaze, rac maTi dasaqmebis da<br />
165
Sesabamisad ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis perspeqtivas qmnis.<br />
is faqti, rom qalaqTan SedarebiT siRaribis done soflad TiTqmis yovelTvis dabalia,<br />
sulac ar niSnavs, rom soflad siRaribis problema naklebad mwvave xasiaTisaa. soflad<br />
siRaribis zRvars zemoT yofnas gansazRvravs sakuTari mosavali an sakuTari warmoebis<br />
mecxoveleobis da mefrinveleobis produqtebi. es ki mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia klimatur<br />
pirobebze. siRaribis zrda SeiZleba agrarul regionebSi gaxSirebulma gvalvebmac<br />
gamoiwvios. amdenad soflad siRaribis zRvars zemoT yofnis mTavar ganmsazRvrel<br />
resurss miwa warmoadgens.<br />
saojaxo meurneobebis gamokvlevis arsebuli monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi<br />
Sromisunariani mosaxleobis naxevarze meti soflis meurneobaSia dasaqmebuli, xolo<br />
mTliani mosaxleobis naxevarze cota naklebi cxovrobs soflad (amasve mowmobs 2002<br />
wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwerisdaaRwia daaxloebiT ormocma milionma adamianma.<br />
angariSSi aseve naTqvamia, rom swrafi ganviTarebis mqone ramodenime qveyanaSi – mag.:<br />
ruseTSi da yazaxeTSi –Semosavlebi Raribi mosaxleobis sasargeblod gadanawilda, ris<br />
gamoc siRaribis done mosalodnelze ufro swrafi tempiT Semcirda. amis sapirispirod,<br />
saqarTvelosa da poloneTSi Semosavlebis gadanawileba Raribi mosaxleobis sasargeblod<br />
ar moxda da siRaribis done gaizarda. yvelaze mkveTrad siRaribe dedaqalaqebSi<br />
Semcirda.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, rekomendirebulia gagrZeldes samewarmeo reforma, soflis<br />
swrafi ganviTareba da CamorCenil regionebSi arsebuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyoba. reformis sxva prioritetebs Soris saxeldeba ZiriTadi momsaxurebis<br />
xarisxis gaumjobeseba, ukeTesi da ufro mizanmimarTuli socialuri dacvis uzrunvelyofa,<br />
gansakuTrebiT Raribi momsaxure pirebisaTvis da bavSvebisaTvis.<br />
angariSis avtorTa azriT, ekonomikuri zrdis dasaCqareblad da Raribi mosaxleobisaTvis<br />
misi sargeblianobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa: <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier socialuri<br />
dacvis minimaluri garantiebis Seqmna upirveles yovlisa unda ganxorcieldes mosaxleobis<br />
uRaribesi, siRatakis zRvars miRma darCenili fenebisaTvis, minimaluri xelfasisa<br />
da minimaluri pensiis e.w saarsebo minimumis safuZvelze dawesebis meSveobiT.<br />
rogor davZlioT siRaribe?<br />
msoflios ganviTarebis 2000/2001 wlis angariSis mixedviT, qveynebma unda ganaxorcielon<br />
Semdegi qmedebebi raTa daZlion siRaribe:<br />
daaCqaron ekonomikuri zrda;<br />
daaCqaron swori ekonomikuri ganviTareba rac xels uwyobs SesaZleblobebis zrdas<br />
RaribebisaTvis;<br />
unda daafinanson bavSvebis janmrTeloba, kveba da ganaTleba;<br />
Seamciron Semosavlebis uTansworoba;<br />
Seamciron Raribebis mowyvladoba ekonomikuri kataklizmebis, maT Soris vaWrobis<br />
Sokebis CaTvliT;<br />
unda uzrunvelyon mTavrobebis pasuxismgebloba da transparantoba;<br />
aicilon Tavidan samoqalaqo omis saSiSroeba.<br />
siRaribesTan brZolis politika gansxvavebuli unda iyos moxucebisa da studentebisaTvis,<br />
umuSevrebisa da invalidebisaTvis, martoxela dedebisaTvis da a.S. vinaidan yvela<br />
maTganisaTvis siRaribis zRvris zeviT asvlis albaTobebi gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad<br />
unda tardebodes maTTvis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s xelSemwyobi politikac.<br />
ese<br />
166<br />
rogor daZlios saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma Raribma siRaribe?
47-48<br />
ekonomikuri zrda Tu<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTareba?<br />
? daasaxele<br />
maRali ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mqone romel qveynebs icnobT?<br />
ratom iTvleba es qveynebi ekonomikurad Zlierad?<br />
1<br />
teleekranze araerTxel ginaxavT msoflios uRaribesi qveynebi: adamianebi,<br />
romlebic xangrZlivi SimSilis gamo ise dasustebulan, rom moZraoba<br />
uWirT, usaxlkaroebi, mTel cxovrebas sibinZuresa da autanel<br />
sicxeSi Tu yinvaSi Cabnelebul maTxovrebiT savse quCebSi rom atareben,<br />
masobrivi epidemiis safrTxis qveS.<br />
? 1.<br />
CamoTvaleT ukiduresad gaWirvebuli aseTi qveynebi.<br />
2. ras uwodeben gansakuTrebiT dabali cxovrebis donis mqone qveynebs?<br />
ras urCevdiT aseTi qveynis mTavrobas, riT unda daiwyos qveynis<br />
ekonomikur-socialuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis<br />
aqtiuri moqmedebebi?<br />
Tqveni azriT, gansxvavdeba Tu ara ganviTarebadi qveynebis am-<br />
Jamindeli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba msoflios uZlieresi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebis<br />
im mdgomareobisagan, roca isini ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
stadiaSi Sediodnen?<br />
ra gaZlevT aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels?<br />
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ekonomikuri keTildReoba, gamoxatuli erT sul mosaxleze mSps<br />
raodenobiT, gansxvavebulia. msoflios umdidres qveynebSi adamianebis saSualo Semosavali,<br />
uRaribes qveynebTan SedarebiT, ramodenime aTeuljer metia.<br />
167
168<br />
SezRuduli da<br />
klebadi resursi<br />
miwa,<br />
Sroma,<br />
kapitali<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebis zrdis faqtorebi<br />
adamianebis mzardi<br />
moTxovnilebebi<br />
axali<br />
teqnologiebi,<br />
telefonebi,<br />
dasvenebis<br />
formebi da sxv.<br />
mosaxleobis<br />
raodenobis<br />
swrafi zrda<br />
XXI saukunes,<br />
kacobriobis 6<br />
mlrd. Sexvda<br />
qveyanaSi cxovrebis done saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis unarze<br />
– mwarmoeblobazea damokidebuli. wlidan wlamde, Taobidan Taobamde,<br />
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi qveynaSi warmoebis SesaZleblobis<br />
mudmiv zrdas ekonomistebi ekonomikur zrdas uwodeben.<br />
ekonomikur zrdas ganapirobebs ekonomikuri efeqtianoba da<br />
sruli dasaqmeba.<br />
„ekonomikuri zrdis„ cneba ganviTarebuli ekonomikis mdgomareobis asaRwerad gamoiyeneba.<br />
aseT qveynebSi erT sul mosaxleze gaangariSebuli mTliani Sida produqtis sidide<br />
maRalia. Sesabamisad, maRalia cxovrebis donec. warmoebaSi axali teqnologiebis<br />
danergva kidev ufro aumjobesebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis SesaZleblobebs<br />
da inovaciuri produqtebis (axali Taobis kompiuterebi, avtomobilebi, TviTmfrinavebi<br />
da sxva) Seqmnas, rac Tavis mxriv cxovrebis donis Semdgom amaRlebas uwyobs<br />
xels. Tavis mxriv, ekonomikuri zrda fasebis stabilur dones ganapirobebs.<br />
zogierT qveynebSi warmoebis zrdis tempi mosaxleobis zrdis temps CamorCeba. ase-<br />
Tia afrikis, aziis, samxreT amerikis bevri qveyana. aseT qveynebSi ekonomikuri zrda<br />
ar SeimCneva. isini isev cudi socialur-ekonomikuri pirobebiT, umuSevrobis maRali<br />
doniT, siRatakiT, gaunaTleblobiT, sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblebiT gamoirCevian.<br />
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba saSualod 46,5 welia.<br />
ganuviTarebeli qveynebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis asaRwerad ufro „ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis“ cneba gamoiyeneba, vidre ekonomikuri zrdis. am qveynebSi ganviTareba<br />
gaigivebulia masobrivi siRatakis, SimSilis, avadmyofobis, uwignurobis, ubinaobis da<br />
umuSevrobis, uTanasworobis daZlevasTan.<br />
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis procesi mosaxleobis cxovrebis<br />
donis amaRlebas gulisxmobs.
ganviTarebad qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis miRweva<br />
mxolod xangrZlivi periodis ekonomikuri zrdis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli. prioriteti<br />
mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcias* eniWeba, amitom es procesi rogorc qveynis<br />
mTavrobis, ise mosaxleobis mxridan sakmao drosa da Zalisxmevas, moTminebasa da Tanamimdevrul<br />
gadawyvetilebebs moiTxovs. ekonomikuri zrda fasebis stabilur donesa da<br />
ekonomikur uzrunvelyofas ganapirobebs.<br />
? daakvirdiT<br />
msoflio<br />
cxrili 1. warmoebis wliuri zrdis tempi, %-Si<br />
qveynebis jgufebis mixedviT 1970-2004 wlebSi<br />
wlebi 1970-80 1990-2000 2000 2004<br />
4.<br />
3<br />
ganviTarebuli qveyneb i<br />
3.6<br />
2.73 .8 2.8<br />
ganuviTarebeli qveyneb i<br />
5.5<br />
5.65 .7 4.6<br />
afrika<br />
3.<br />
6<br />
2.<br />
3<br />
2.<br />
8<br />
3.<br />
4<br />
azia<br />
5.<br />
1<br />
7.<br />
6<br />
6.<br />
8<br />
6.<br />
5<br />
axlo<br />
aRmosavleTi<br />
6.<br />
4<br />
4.<br />
0<br />
5.<br />
8<br />
4.<br />
5<br />
laTinuri<br />
amerika<br />
6.<br />
1<br />
3.<br />
4<br />
4.<br />
0<br />
-0.<br />
1<br />
gardamavali qveynebi<br />
maT Soris saqarTvelo<br />
wyaro: FMI; L’Etat du monde. P.: 2006<br />
monacemebs da axseniT<br />
ratom ar Seicvala mniSvnelovnad warmoebis zrdis tempi ganviTarebul<br />
qveynebSi mocemul periodSi?<br />
rogor xdeboda warmoebis zrda saqarTveloSi mocemul periodSi ?<br />
ram ganapiroba ekonomikuri zrdis aseTi tempi ?<br />
ganviTareba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc mravalmxrivi procesi, romelic iwvevs mniSvnelovan<br />
cvlilebebs socialur struqturaSi, adamianTa qcevebSi, sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi,<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si da dasaqmebaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
arsi qveynis ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvela sferos gardaqmnaa, rac gulisxmobs:<br />
1. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis maRal xarisxs;<br />
2. mrewvelobis ganviTarebas;<br />
3. qalaqebis urbanizacias (zrda-ganviTarebas);<br />
4. mosaxleobis kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo donis amaRlebas;<br />
5. ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis, siRaribis daZlevas;<br />
6. qveynis ekonomikuri meqanizmis srulyofas;<br />
7. infrastruqturis ganviTarebas.<br />
infrastruqturis ganviTareba im dargebis da sawarmoebis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs,<br />
romelTa saqmianobac ekonomikis funqcionirebisaTvis xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis:<br />
gzebis, xidebis, rkinigzis, arxebis, aerodromebis mSenebloba, eleqtro da wyalmoma-<br />
3.<br />
3<br />
5.0- 3.0<br />
-6.6<br />
* mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefcia gulisxmobs ekonomikuri zrdis iseT formas, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
sazogadoebis keTildReobas mokle, saSualo da xangrZlivi vadiT. igi efuZneba princips, romlis<br />
Tanaxmad, dRevandelobis moTxovnilebebi unda dakmayofildes ise, rom safrTxe ar Seeqmnas momaval<br />
Taobebs. mdgradi ganviTareba gulisxmobs pirobebis Seqmnas grZelvadiani ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis<br />
garemos dacvis sakiTxebis maqsimaluri gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
4.<br />
7<br />
6.6<br />
2.0<br />
3.<br />
0<br />
4.1<br />
5.4<br />
169
agebis uzrunvelyofa, jandacvaze, momsaxurebaze, ganaTlebaze…<br />
da a.S.<br />
ra Tqma unda, dasaxelebuli amocanebis warmatebiT<br />
gadaWra drois mcire monakveTSi SeuZlebelia, miT<br />
ufro, mxolod sakuTari resursebis xarjze. amitom,<br />
metad mniSvnelovania saerTaSoriso mxardaWera, magram<br />
am mxardaWeras maSin SeuZlia sargeblis motana,<br />
Tu mocemuli qveyana aqtiurad qmnis Tavisi ganviTarebis<br />
pirobebs, warmoebis met SesaZleblobebs, zrunavs<br />
cxovrebis zogadi donis amaRlebaze.<br />
saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da ekonomikurad Zlieri qveynebi ganviTarebad qveynebs<br />
finansur daxmarebas uweven. sxva <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebis xalxTan da sawarmoebTan urTierToba<br />
ganviTarebad qveynebs demokratiuli da ekonomikuri cvlilebebis stimuls aZlevs da<br />
problemebis daZlevaSi exmareba.<br />
Tu saqarTvelo SeZlebs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis iseTi tempis miRwevas, rom momavalma<br />
Taobebma icxovron ukeT, vidre wina Taobebi cxovrobdnen. momaval Taobebs<br />
ufro meti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis moxmareba unda SeeZloT, vidre wina Taobebs, ma-<br />
Sin realuri ekonomikuri zrda miRweuli iqneba.<br />
imsjeleT<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
170<br />
imuSaveT jgufebSi da moifiqreT argumentebi<br />
romeli gancxadeba SegviZlia gavakeToT?<br />
saqarTvelo ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gzas adgas!<br />
saqarTvelo aqtiuri ekonomikuri zrdis procesSia!<br />
bolo wlebSi saqarTvelom metnaklebad<br />
gadaWra ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis<br />
ramdenime problema. daiwyo kvebis<br />
mrewvelobis ganviTareba, ganaTlebis reforma,<br />
infrastruqturis ganviTareba, Tumca,<br />
mTeli rigi dargebi faqtobrivad kvlav<br />
ar funqcionirebs, amave dros saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebuli sawarmoebi nedleulisa da masalebis<br />
moTxovnis did nawils importiT ikmayofileben. mcirea im sawarmoTa<br />
wili (13%), visi produqciac, nawilobriv an mTlianad saeqsportoa.<br />
mTliani Sida produqtis SeqmnaSi mcirea mZime mrewvelobis wili (17.6%).<br />
urbanizaciis koeficienti saqarTveloSi Seadgens 55.7%-s. am maCvenebliT<br />
igi CamorCeba ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebs, magram aRemateba<br />
ganuviTarebeli qveynebis analogiur maCvenebels. igive SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas kulturul-saganmanaTleblo donezec.<br />
ekonomikuri zrdis stimulirebas xelisufleba sxvadasxva gziT cdilobs:<br />
ucxouri investirebis xelSewyobiT;<br />
biujetis saxsrebis dazogviTa da investirebiT;<br />
ganaTlebis sistemis gaZlierebiT;<br />
adamianTa da sakuTrebis uflebebis dacviT;<br />
politikuri stabilurobis SenarCunebiT;<br />
mezobel qveynebTan aqtiuri savaWro urTierTobebis damyarebiT;<br />
axali teqnologiebis danergvisa da mecnieruli kvlevebis<br />
xelSewyobiT.
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
ekonomikuri reformebi<br />
bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri reformebi ganxorcielda.<br />
aRniSnuli reformebi mimarTuli iyo mimzidveli samewarmeo garemos Camoyalibebisken,<br />
rac ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebis, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis,<br />
ekonomikis yvela dargSi samewarmeo aqtivobis zrdisa da qveynis mosaxleobis keTildReobis<br />
amaRlebis safuZvels warmoadgens.<br />
qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sedegad Camoyalibda efeqtiani, profesionaluri<br />
da gamWvirvale sajaro samsaxuri.<br />
ekonomikis deregulirebisaken mimarTuli politikis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier regulirebadi sferoebis raodenoba da gamartivda regulirebis<br />
procedurebi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli privatizaciis politika, ramac xeli Seuwyo, rogorc<br />
pirdapiri ucxouri da adgilobrivi investiciebis, aseve kerZo seqtoris rolis zrdas<br />
qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si.<br />
qveynis ekonomikuri politikis erT-erTi umTavresi mizania qveyanaSi kerZo mewarmeobis<br />
ganviTareba, misTvis xelsayreli garemos Seqmnis gziT. ekonomikuri reformebi mimarTulia<br />
liberalizaciasa da kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebaze dafuZnebul ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofisken.<br />
am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos xelisuflebam gadadga mniSvnelovani nabijebi:<br />
liberaluri sagadasaxado politika - sagadasaxado sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis<br />
Sedegad, saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kanonmdebloba erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluria<br />
evropaSi. mniSvnelovnad aris Semcirebuli gadasaxadebis rogorc raodenoba 21-dan<br />
6-mde (2004-2008), aseve, sagadasaxado ganakveTebi. saqarTveloSi moqmedi sagadasaxado kodeqsis<br />
mixedviT dReisaTvis moqmedebs eqvsi gadasaxadi, maT Soris 5 saerTo <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> da 1<br />
adgilobrivi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom 2007 wels sagadasaxado kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebis Sedegad, mniSvnelovani<br />
cvlilebebi ganxorcielda sagadasaxado sistemaSi. kerZod, 2008 wlis 1 ianvridan<br />
gauqmda socialuri gadasaxadi da Seiqmna erTiani saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (2008w.<br />
- 25%; 2009 wlidan - 20%), xolo mogebis gadasaxadis ganakveTi Semcirda 20%-dan 15%-mde. gadasaxadis<br />
gadakveTi dividendebsa da procentebze dReisaTvis Seadgens 5%-s nacvlad 2005<br />
wels arsebuli10%-sa. garda amisa, saqarTveloSi dainerga mniSvnelovani proceduruli da<br />
instituciuri siaxleni, sagadasaxado davebis ganxilvis gamartivebuli sistema, rac kidev<br />
ufro mimzidvels gaxdis qveyanas mewarmeebisa da ucxoeli investorebisaTvis. dagegmilia<br />
sagadasaxado sistemis Semdgomi liberalizacia.<br />
sabaJo reforma – saqarTvelos sabaJo kodeqsis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad gamartivda sabaJo<br />
procedurebi. sabaJo tarifebis reformis Sedegad, gaamartivda da Semcirda sagareo<br />
vaWrobasaTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi.<br />
saimporto tarifebis raodenoba gauqmda produqciis daaxloebiT 90 procentze da amas-<br />
Tan, amJamad moqmedebes mxolod sami saxis tarifi (0%, 5%, 12%), adre arsebuli 16-is nacvlad.<br />
sabaJo gadasaxadebi dawesebulia mxolod zogierTi saxis sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze<br />
da samSeneblo masalebze. garda amisa, qveyanaSi ar moqmedebs raodenobrivi SezRudvebi<br />
(qvotebi) importsa da eqsportze.<br />
biznesis licenzirebis/nebarTvebis modernizebuli sistema – licenziebisa da nebarTvebis<br />
sistemis reformirebis Sedegad, licenziebisa da nebarTvebis raodenoba 84 procentiTaa<br />
Semcirebuli. dReisaTvis, licenziebi da nebarTvebi saWiroa mxolod maRali riskis<br />
Semcveli produqciisa da momsaxurebis, bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebisa da specifikuri<br />
saqmianobis warmoebisaTvis.<br />
mniSvnelovnad gamartivda licenziebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis procedurebi, damkvidrda<br />
,,erTi sarkmlis” da ,,dumili Tanxmobis niSania” principi.<br />
Tavisufali industriuli zona - qveyanaSi sainvesticio garemos kidev ufro liberal-<br />
171
izaciisa da Sesabamisad, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT, miRebul iqna<br />
kanoni “Tavisufali industriuli zonebis Sesaxeb”, romlis Tanaxmad, aseTi zona SesaZloa<br />
Seiqmnas 10 heqtarze met teritoriaze, saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT, misive, an<br />
investoris iniciativis safuZvelze. zonaSi moqmedebs gansxvavebuli sagadasaxado reJimi,<br />
gamartivebulia registraciisa da sxva procedurebi.<br />
Tavisufali zonebis daarseba da funqcionireba xels Seuwyobs Tanamedrove teqnologiebis<br />
Semodinebas, gaaCens moTxovnas kvalificiur SromiT Zalaze da dadebiTad aisaxeba<br />
rogorc regionis, aseve qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebaze.<br />
teqnikuri regulirebis sistemis reforma – saerTaSoriso bazarze qarTuli produqciisa<br />
da momsaxurebisaTvis teqnikuri barierebis moxsna saqarTvelos ekonomikis Semdgomi<br />
ganviTarebis erT-erT aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens.<br />
am miznis realizebisaTvis, saqarTveloSi ganxorcielda teqnikuri regulirebis sferos<br />
reforma, romelic xels Seuwyobs:<br />
• saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi teqnikuri barierebis aRmofxvras;<br />
• sainvesticio garemos gajansaRebas;<br />
• qarTuli produqciis ucxour bazrebze SeRwevadobis SesaZleblobis gazrdas;<br />
• saerTaSoriso da evrokavSiris moTxovnebTan daaxloebas;<br />
• vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, rac<br />
ZiriTadad gamoixateba savaldebulo standartebidan nebayoflobiT standartebze gadasvlaSi;<br />
• teqnikuri regulirebis sferoSi momsaxurebis gamWvirvalobas.<br />
aRniSnuli reformis Sedegad moxda nebayoflobiTi standartebis sistemaze gadasvla<br />
da sistemaSi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s maregulirebeli rolis Semcireba, rac mniSvnelovnia samewarmeo<br />
saqmianobis gafarToebisaTvis.<br />
saqarTveloSi nebayoflobiTi standartizaciis danergva mewarmes saSualebas<br />
aZlevs:<br />
• SearCios qveyanaSi registrirebuli standarti Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis;<br />
• aiRos nebismieri qveynis an nebismieri saerTaSoriso an regionuli standarti da gamoiyenos<br />
saqmianobisaTvis;<br />
• SeimuSaos sakuTari standarti axali produqciisaTvis, daaregistriros standartebis,<br />
teqnikuri reglamentebis da metrologiis erovnul saagentoSi da gamoiyenos Tavisi saqmianobisaTvis;<br />
• miiRos konsultaciebi standartebis SerCevisa da SemuSavebisaTvis.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> qonebis privatizacia - saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier sainvesticio garemos<br />
gaumjobesebisa da kerZo investiciebis mozidvisaTvis mimdinare reformaTagan mniSvnelovania<br />
2004 wels dawyebuli privatizebis procesi, romlis umTavresi mizania <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
sakuTrebaSi darCenili obieqtebis gan<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebrioba qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis stimulirebisaTvis, kerZo seqtoris zrdisa da ganviTarebisaTvis, adgilobrivi<br />
da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvisaTvis, qveyanaSi arsebuli resursebis efeqtiani<br />
gamoyenebisTvis da a.S.<br />
liberaluri Sromis kodeqsi – saqarTvelos axalma Sromis kodeqsma SromiTi urTier-<br />
Tobebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani siaxleebi Seitana, gaamartiva ra urTierTobebi damsaqmeblebsa<br />
da dasaqmebulebs Soris.<br />
reformis Sedegad, Heritage Foundation-is da sxva analitikuri centrebis mier saqarTvelos<br />
Sromis kodeqsi aRiarebulia, rogorc msoflios erT-erTi yvelaze liberaluri,<br />
radgan man mniSvnelovnad Seamcira daqiravebis da samuSaodan gaTavisuflebis xarjebi.<br />
SeRavaTiani sagareo-savaWro reJimebi - saqarTvelos sagareo-savaWro brunva 2003 wlidan<br />
zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, rasac qveynis liberaluri savaWro politikac uwyobs<br />
xels.<br />
172<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos ekonomikis da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros masalebi.<br />
http://www.economy.ge
Tanamimdevrulma RonisZiebebma mkveTri ekonomikuri zrdis efeqti 3_4 weliwadSi<br />
unda moitanos. TiToeuli adamiani qveynis ekonomikis nawilia, amitom ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
xelSewyoba TiToeuli maTganis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebiT xdeba, ekomomikuri<br />
zrdis Sedegi TiToeul maTganTan midis.<br />
qveyanaSi ekonomikuri zrda TvalsaCino maSin iqneba, Tu saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebis moculobis zrdasTan erTad, mniSvnelovnad amaRldeba cxovrebis<br />
saSualo done, roca amas mosaxleobis udidesi nawili sakuTar Tavze igrZnobs.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
ese<br />
davexmaroT mTavrobas!<br />
warmoidgineT, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri mrCevlebi<br />
xarT da miiReT davaleba, moamzadoT tipiuri ekonomikuri<br />
problemebis sruli CamonaTvali.<br />
romel problemebs SeitandiT Tqvens siaSi?<br />
ras urCevdiT mTavrobas, ra RonisZiebebi unda gaataros am problemebTan<br />
gamklavebis mizniT?<br />
RonisZiebebis programis Sesadgenad SegiZliaT imuSaoT jgufebSi.<br />
1. ra igulisxmeba qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi?<br />
2. ekonomikis romel sferoebs moicavs saqarTvelos ganviTarebis<br />
ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi? romeli mimarTuleba migaCniaT prioritetulad?<br />
pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
3. msoflios zogierTi uRaribesi qveyana ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebas<br />
Sida bazarze orientirebuli politikiT cdilobs. es<br />
danarCen samyarosTan urTierTobis SezRudvas niSnavs. ase-<br />
Ti gadawyvetilebis argumentad samamulo bazris ucxouri<br />
saqonlis konkurenciisagan dacva da adgilobrivi warmoebis<br />
ganviTareba ganixileba. marTebulad migaCniaT Tu ara aseTi<br />
gadawyvetilebebi? pasuxi daasabuTeT.<br />
4. eTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis interesebSi Sedis<br />
ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis finansuri da Hhumanitaruli<br />
daxmarebis gaweva, radgan es qveynebi SemdgomSi ekonomikurad<br />
Zlieri qveynis produqciis momxmareblebi gaxdebian.<br />
5. gamoiwvevs Tu ara saerTaSoriso vaWrobis SezRudvis, magaliTad<br />
tarifebis mniSvnelovnad Semcireba an gauqmeba, swraf ekonomikur<br />
zrdas?<br />
6. Tqveni azriT, ra aucilebeli RonisZiebebi unda gatardes qveyanaSi<br />
imisaTvis, rom TiToeulma ojaxma igrZnos ekonomikuri<br />
zrda?<br />
7. romel socialur jgufs sWirdeba saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad<br />
sazogadoebis Tanadgoma?<br />
dawereT Txzuleba saqarTvelos momavalze. aRwereT, rogor warmogidgeniaT<br />
is mas Semdeg, rac zemoT CamoTvlili reformebi ganxorcieldeba.<br />
173
IX<br />
174<br />
ფისკალური და<br />
მონეტარული<br />
პოლიტიკის როლი<br />
ეკონომიკაში<br />
49<br />
ფისკალური პოლიტიკა<br />
imsjeleT gaixseneT, ra informacias gvaZlevs ekonomikis Sesaxeb mTliani Sida<br />
1<br />
produqti (GDP)?<br />
albaT, teleekranebidan ara erTxel mogismeniaT pensiebis da socialuri<br />
daxmarebebis, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> dazRvevis gazrdis moTxovna. pretenziebi<br />
gansakuTrebiT arCevnebis win matulobs. politikosebi ki, gabedulad<br />
iZlevian dapirebebs gadasaxadebis Semcirebasa da socialuri daxmarebebis<br />
gazrdis, ufaso saavadmyofoebis gaxsnis, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> valis gastumrebis<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
davuSvaT, rom xarT ekonomikis eqsperti da satelevizio gadacemaSi<br />
migiwvies. Tqvengan moiTxoven SeafasoT gadasaxadebis da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
biujetis xarjebis erTdroulad Semcirebis dapirebebis Sesrulebis<br />
sakiTxi.<br />
1) rogor komentars gaakeTebdiT? romel argumentebs moiyvandiT?<br />
2) ra rCevas miscemT qveynis mTavrobas, rogor moaxdinos qveyanaSi ekonomikuri<br />
ryevebis regulireba?<br />
3) rogor iqmneba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujeti?<br />
4) romeli ZiriTadi muxlebia gaTvaliswinebuli qveynis biujetSi?<br />
5) flobT Tu ara informacias saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sabiujeto prioritetebis<br />
gansazRvris procesTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
6) Tqveni azriT, Tu qveyana ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSia, mTavroba<br />
unda Caerios <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si? ratom? ra formiT unda moxdes es Careva?<br />
xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi instrumenti, romelic <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
ekonomikuri miznebis misaRwevad sWirdeba (`<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ori xeli“)<br />
aris: fiskaluri politika, romlis saSualebiTac mTavroba gansaz-<br />
Rvravs gadasaxadebsa da xarjebs da monetaruli politika, romlis<br />
saSualebiTac igi marTavs fulis mimoqcevas.
fiskaluri (sabiujeto-sagadasaxado) politika (ing. Fiscal<br />
policy) aris samTavrobo politika, romlis mizania <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si<br />
stabiluri ekonomikuri sistemis biznes-ciklis uzrunvelyofa,<br />
moklevadiani ekonomikuri ryevebis Semcireba da stabiluri ekonomikuri<br />
sistemis SenarCuneba, anu fiskaluri (sabiujeto-sagadasaxado)<br />
politika aris mTavrobis politika danaxarjebis, gadasaxadebis<br />
da sesxebis Sesaxeb.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m rom SeZlos makroekonomikuri balansis SenarCuneba, unda gamoiyenos<br />
moklevadiani fiskaluri politikis ZiriTadi instrumentebi - <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetis<br />
Semosavlebi da xarjebi - gadasaxadebi da saerTaSoriso safinanso valdebulebebi,<br />
transferebi, da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidvebi da maTi saSualebiT<br />
moaxdinos mTliani Sida produqtis da saerTo moTxovnis stabilizacia.<br />
efeqtiani sagadasaxado politikis gatarebas SeuZlia mniSvnelovnad Seuwyos xeli<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ZiriTadi ekonomikuri amocanebis gadaWras.<br />
sagadasaxado politika moqmedebs sakanonmdeblo da sxva normatiuli aqtebis miRebis<br />
safuZvelze, romlebic adgens qveyanaSi:<br />
gadasaxadebis saxeebs;<br />
gadamxdelTa wres;<br />
sagadasaxado ganakveTebs;<br />
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs;<br />
gadamxdelTa pasuxismgeblobas;<br />
gadasaxadebis ganawilebas biujetis doneebs Soris.<br />
175
efeqturi<br />
sagadasaxado<br />
datvirTva<br />
vin atarebs<br />
realurad ama Tu<br />
im gadasaxadis<br />
tvirTs ? vin<br />
sargeblobs<br />
am gadasaxadis<br />
gauqmebiT an<br />
SemcirebiT?<br />
Tu qveyanaSi xarjebis Semosavalze gadameteba qmnis biujetis<br />
deficits, maSin mTavroba pirvel rigSi afinansebs biujetis mimdinare<br />
xarjebs. Tu deficitis aRmofxvra mainc ar moxerxda, maSin<br />
gamoiyeneba biujetis xarjebis sekvestris meqanizmi.<br />
ra SeiZleba gaxdes araefeqturi sabiujeto politikis mizezi?<br />
biujetis deficiti;<br />
maRali sagareo vali;<br />
qveyanaSi arsebuli dabali sainvesticio aqtioba;<br />
mouwesrigebeli biznes-garemo;<br />
sawarmoo seqtoris dabali aqtivoba;<br />
eqsportis dabali maCveneblebi.<br />
176<br />
gadasaxadebis<br />
dagegmva<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
uzrunvelyofa<br />
finansuri<br />
resursebiT<br />
sagadasaxado<br />
politikis ZiriTadi<br />
maCveneblebi<br />
optimaluri sagadasaxdo dabegvra<br />
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis SemoRebis<br />
Semdeg bazris romeli segmenti xdeba<br />
mimzidveli investorisaTvis da iwyeba<br />
kapitalis modineba?<br />
sagadasaxado politika<br />
gadasaxadebis<br />
regulireba<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
sagadasaxado<br />
politikis<br />
amocanebi<br />
sameurneo<br />
saqmianobis<br />
regulirebis<br />
pirobebis Seqmna<br />
sagadasaxdo<br />
kapitalizacia<br />
rogoria<br />
gadasaxadebis<br />
SemcirebiT<br />
gamowveuli<br />
gverdiTi<br />
efeqti? ramdenad<br />
gamoixateba<br />
konkretuli<br />
saqonlis bazris<br />
monawileTa<br />
kapitalis zrdaSi?<br />
gadasaxadebis<br />
kontroli<br />
mosaxleobis SemosavlebSi<br />
uTanabrobis<br />
aRmofxvris mizniT<br />
socialuri daxmarebebis<br />
uzrunvelyofa
ekonomikuri krizisis an aRmavlobis pirobebSi, mTavrobas<br />
SeuZlia Secvlos gadasaxadebis saxe da masStabi,<br />
xarjebis struqtura, iseve rogorc sesxebis moculoba da<br />
formebi, rom amiT xeli Seuwyos finansuri sistemis funqcionirebas,<br />
stimuli misces ekonomikuri zrdas da Seamciros<br />
krizisis efeqti daucveli jgufebis mimarT. amiT<br />
mTavroba pirdapir an arapirdapir gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri<br />
resursebis gamoyenebaze.<br />
sabiujeto sistema - qveynis yvela <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> struqturebis<br />
biujetebis (fondis) erTianoba, romelic dafuZnebulia administraciul-teritoriul<br />
mowyobaze, ekonomikur urTierTobebsa da<br />
iuridiul normebze.<br />
sabiujeto procesi - <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> xelisuflebis organoebis<br />
kanoniT gansazRvruli saqmianoba, romelic moicavs biujetebis<br />
Sedgenas, ganxilvas, miRebasa da SesrulebisaTvis. sabiujeto procesis<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia sabiujeto regulireba. is warmoadgens<br />
sxvadasxva donis biujetebs Soris Semosavlis wyaroebis kanoniT<br />
gansazRvrul gadanawilebas.<br />
sekvestri - darCenili finansuri wlis manZilze sabiujeto xarjebis<br />
yovelTviuri proporciuli Semcireba biujetis xarjviTi<br />
nawilis yvela muxlis mixedviT.<br />
gaixseneT, rom GDP = C + I + G+NX. formulis marcxena mxares warmoadgenda mTliani<br />
Sida produqti (mSp), anu im yvela saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba, rasac<br />
awarmoebs warmoebis <strong>ekonomika</strong>. marjvena mxares: kerZo moxmareba (C), kerZo investireba (I),<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier saqonlisa da momsaxurebis SeZena (G) da eqsportis minus importi (wminda<br />
eqsportis NX). am gantolebas naTelia, rom xelisuflebas gavlenebi ekonomikur saqmianobas<br />
(mSp) pirdapir an arapirdapir akontroleben G moqmedi (C), investiciebis da eqsport-imports<br />
Soris Tanafardobis SecvliT ( NX SecvliT) icvleba gadasaxadebi, transferebi da xarjebi.<br />
fiskaluri politika, pirdapir zrdis an amcirebs saerTo moTxovnas, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> xarjebis.<br />
cxrili 1. saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetis ZiriTadi maCveneblebis dasaxeleba (mln. lari)<br />
d a s a x e l e b a 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011<br />
Semosavlebi 802.7 933.3 1,732.9 2,213.0 3,293.3 4,293.6 5,517.7 4,917.0 5,421.5 6,388.8<br />
gadasaxadebi 567.9 602.3 975.3 1,407.3 2,130.3 3,010.5 4,541.6 4,161.7 4,592.4 5,802.0<br />
saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 18.5 20.0 16.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1,218.3 1,053.2 1,119.0 1,439.5<br />
mogebis gadasaxadi 9.3 11.8 11.3 0.0 324.9 533.1 592.1 517.7 576.0 832.2<br />
dRg 370.9 368.5 598.7 987.4 1,332.7 1,973.7 2,069.0 2,051.8 2,203.1 2,784.3<br />
aqcizi 118.3 135.7 213.1 295.1 338.6 428.6 518.4 443.2 560.8 615.2<br />
sabaJo gadasaxadi 50.9 66.3 131.8 124.2 132.4 52.0 51.9 35.9 70.4 93.2<br />
importis gadasaxadi 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 - - - - - -<br />
sxva araklasificirebuli gadasaxadebi 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.6 1.7 23.1 91.8 60.0 63.1 37.6<br />
socialuri Senatanebi 154.8 222.7 402.2 428.8 502.8 722.1 - - - -<br />
grantebi 22.6 48.4 160.1 104.5 194.0 208.6 617.2 387.7 471.4 263.1<br />
sxva Semosavlebi 57.4 59.9 195.3 272.4 466.2 352.4 359.0 367.5 357.7 323.7<br />
xarjebi 839.7 915.6 1,432.2 2,012.7 2,669.4 3,890.0 5,554.7 5,367.2 5,466.5 5,926.8<br />
Sromis anazRaureba 93.9 131.5 233.0 336.7 451.5 603.5 913.1 941.6 993.5 1,012.5<br />
saqoneli da momsaxureba 183.1 169.3 319.2 420.2 678.5 1,483.8 1,508.8 879.9 881.6 989.0<br />
procenti 146.7 168.5 142.4 120.1 100.5 97.4 119.3 167.2 200.7 282.7<br />
subsidiebi 92.0 57.0 112.7 421.5 419.0 267.3 362.5 447.3 196.3 196.7<br />
grantebi 65.1 69.8 128.2 181.4 222.7 197.3 858.9 861.2 1,099.6 1,220.0<br />
socialuri uzrunvelyofa 258.9 319.5 480.5 466.0 597.2 892.5 1,286.1 1,419.9 1,481.1 1,540.9<br />
sxva xarjebi 0.0 0.0 16.2 66.8 200.0 348.2 506.1 650.1 613.7 685.0<br />
177
iujetis saoperacio saldo -37.0 17.7 300.7 200.3 623.9 403.6 -37.0 -450.3 -45.0 462.0<br />
arafinansuri aqtivebis cvlileba 100.0 94.2 248.1 23.1 278.7 274.0 324.6 746.7 873.5 755.8<br />
biujetis mTliani saldo -137.0 -76.5 52.6 177.2 345.2 129.6 -361.6 -1,197.0 -918.5 -293.8<br />
finansuri aqtivebis cvlileba -4.5 64.2 93.6 110.7 264.4 144.1 600.5 -499.5 357.4 289.3<br />
saSinao -4.5 64.2 93.6 110.7 264.4 144.1 600.5 -499.5 357.4 289.3<br />
sagareo 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0<br />
monetaruli oqro da nasesxobis<br />
specialuri ufleba<br />
178<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos parlamentis 2010 wlis 17 dekembris ¹4107–rs kanoni „saqarTvelos 2011 wlis<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetis Sesaxeb“.<br />
davaleba<br />
imsjeleT<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0<br />
valdebulebebis cvlileba 132.5 140.7 41.0 -66.5 -80.8 14.5 962.2 697.5 1,276.0 583.2<br />
saSinao 47.6 50.0 12.5 -32.0 -25.9 -20.0 -52.4 26.4 123.5 35.2<br />
sagareo 84.9 90.7 28.5 -34.5 -54.9 34.5 1,014.6 671.1 1,152.5 548.0<br />
daakvirdiT monacemebs da axseniT<br />
romeli muxlebSia gamoxatuli zrdis dinamika? romel muxlebSia<br />
gamoxatuli klebis dinamika ?<br />
Tqveni azriT ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?<br />
rogor efeqts moitanda aseTi cvlilebebi socialurad daucveli<br />
mosaxleobisTvis?<br />
imuSaveT jgufebSi da moifiqreT argumentebi saqarTvelos<br />
fiskaluri politikis sasargeblod da sawinaaRmdegod.<br />
saqarTvelom metnaklebad gadaWra ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa<br />
efeqturi sagadasaxado _ sabiujeto politikis gatarebiT.<br />
qveynis ekonomikuri politikis Semadgeneli nawili safinansosabiujeto<br />
politika, moicavs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si finansebis organizaciisa<br />
da gamoyenebis RonisZiebaTa erTobliobas <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> funqciebisa da<br />
amocanebis gansaxorcieleblad. safinanso-sabiujeto politika erTiania<br />
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze da tardeba sagadasaxado, fuladsakredito,<br />
fasebis da savaluto politikasTan SeTanxmebiT. fiskalur<br />
politikas qveyanaSi atarebs mTavroba, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>. saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
biujetis proeqts SeimuSavebs saqarTvelos finansTa saministro.<br />
saqarTvelos sabiujeto politikis samarTlebriv baziss warmoadgens<br />
saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsi, romelic saqarTvelos parlamentis<br />
mier 2009 wlis 18 dekembers iqna miRebuli da 2010 wlis 1 ianvridan<br />
Sevida ZalaSi.saqarTvelos parlamenti iRebs kanons `saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
biujetis Sesaxeb~, romlis farglebSi mtkicdeba saqarTvelos<br />
centraluri biujeti, cal-calke ganisazRvreba afxazeTisa da aWaris<br />
erTeulebis biujetebisaTvis gadasacemi miznobrivi transfertebi.<br />
aseve parlamentis mier mtkicdeba specialuri <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> fondebis<br />
Semosavlisa da gasavlis ZiriTadi maCveneblebi.<br />
wyaro. www.parlament.ge. saqarTvelos mTavrobis ZiriTadi<br />
monacemebi da mimarTulebebi/ 2007-2010 )
? Tqveni azriT, ras gulisxmobs e.w. `qamrebis SemoWeris politika~?<br />
savarjiSo<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
ese<br />
kidev erTxel davexmaroT mTavrobas!<br />
warmoidgineT, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri mrCevlebi<br />
xarT da miiReT davaleba, moamzadoT momavali wlis fiskaluri politikis<br />
prioritetebis gegma. RonisZiebebis programis Sesadgenad Segi-<br />
ZliaT jgufebSi imuSaoT.<br />
ekonomistebis ramdenime jgufi msjelobs, Tu rogor unda<br />
moiqces mTavroba ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi ekonomikuri<br />
ciklebis samarTavad da procesis gasaadvileblad. maTi azrebi gaiyo:<br />
ekonomistebis I jgufi moiTxovs: SevamciroT gadasaxadebi, magram<br />
samTavrobo xarjebi igive davtovoT. is pirovnebebi, romlebsac<br />
gadasaxadebis Semcirebis Sedegad gauCndaT zedmeti Semosavali,<br />
am fuls isev <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si daabandeben.<br />
ekonomistebis II jgufi moiTxovs: mTavrobam gazardos xarjebi<br />
ufro metad, vidre mas Semosavali aqvs gadasaxadebis saxiT. amiT<br />
mTavroba fuls Cadebs isev <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si da amiT daaCqarebs ekonomikuri<br />
aqtivobis tempebs.<br />
ekonomistebis III jgufi amtkicebs, rom orive midgoma mxolod<br />
moklevadian efeqts moitans. amasTan arsebobs safrTxe, rom gadasaxadebis<br />
Semcirebas mivyavarT ekonomikis zedmetad stimulaciisaken,<br />
rasac Sedegad inflacia moyveba da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s <strong>ekonomika</strong><br />
ufro rTul situaciaSi aRmoCndeba. inflaciis ZiriTadi<br />
mizezi mTavrobis araswori fiskaluri da erovnuli bankis araswori<br />
monetaruli politikaa. saWiroa kombinirebuli gegma situaciis<br />
regulirebisaTvis.<br />
ekonomistebis IV jgufi amtkicebs, rom qveyanaSi inflaciis<br />
90% gamowveulia gare faqtorebiT. msoflio bazarze midis Zalian<br />
rTuli procesebi: navTobi, iseve rogorc sabaziso kvebis<br />
produqtebi (wiwibura, Saqari, xorbali) Zvirdebada momavali<br />
wlis mosavlis bedi arasaxarbieloa. inflaciuri procesebi ga-<br />
Zlierdeba gardauvalia.<br />
imsjeleT, ra safuZveli aqvs ekonomikis eqspertTa am prognozs?<br />
gaiyaviT jgufebad da moifiqreT TiToeuli jgufis mxardam-<br />
Weri argumentebi<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s fiskaluri politika da Cemi ojaxi.<br />
179
imsjeleT<br />
180<br />
50<br />
monetaruli<br />
politika<br />
1. raSi xarjavs saqarTvelos mosaxleoba damatebiT (aradagegmil) Semosavlebs?<br />
2. ra moxdeba, Tu erT dRes, yvela meanabre sabanko angariSebidan fuls<br />
moxsnis da xarjvas daiwyebs?<br />
3. ra pirobebSi gamoiwvevs damatebiTi Semosavlebi an danaxarjebi inflacias?<br />
4. ra pirobebia saWiro imisaTvis, rom fulis miwodebis gazrdam inflacia<br />
ar gamoiwvios?<br />
5. SegaSfoTebT Tu ara informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom qveyanaSi inflaciam<br />
20 %-s gadaaWarba? ratom?<br />
1<br />
warmoidgineT, rom qveyanaSi fulma gaufasureba daiwyo. SeSfoTebulma<br />
mosaxleobam uZravi qonebis SeZena daiwyo, magram fasebis yoveldRiuri<br />
matebis gamo, saxlebis, binebis, miwis nakveTebis Tu manqanebis mepatroneebi<br />
gayidvisagan Tavs ikaveben. ician, rom aRebuli fulic gaufasurdeba, amitom<br />
simdidris Senaxva qonebis saxiT urCeviaT.<br />
miwis nakveTebiT da saxlebiT vaWrobis Semcirebam binaTmSeneblobis Semcireba<br />
gamoiwvia. Sesabamisad mSeneblebi, durglebi da avtoxelosnebi samuSaos<br />
gareSe darCnen. xe-tyis da liTonis masalebiT vaWrobamac sagrZnoblad<br />
iklo. manqanebiT vaWrobis Semcirebam zogierTi avtosaremonto saxelosnoebis<br />
daxurva xelosnebis umuSevrad darCena gamoiwvia.<br />
ekonomikis ministrma satelevizio interviuSi ganacxada, rom radgan inflacia<br />
sabazro ekonomikis `mudmivi senia~, aqtiuri RonisZiebebis gatareba<br />
saWiro ar aris, bazari TviTon daaregulirebs mas yovelgvari damatebiTi<br />
Carevis gareSe.<br />
? rogor<br />
fiqrobT, qveynis prezidentsa da mis gunds moewonebaT ase-<br />
Ti politika? ratom?<br />
rogor Seafaseben mTavrobis aseT pozicias opoziciuri Zalebi?<br />
Tqven rogor SeafasebT ekonomikis ministris pozicias?<br />
ra rCevas miscemT mTavrobas, rogor daareguliros qveyanaSi<br />
ekonomikuri situacia?<br />
inflaciis regulirebisaTvis mTavroba monetarul<br />
politikas atarebs.<br />
monetaruli politika qveyanaSi fulis<br />
fasis, kreditebis raodenobis, sargeblis<br />
ganakveTis, bankebis rezervebis normis<br />
dadgenas niSnavs.
monetarul politikas qveynis mTavari banki atarebs. saqarTveloSi aseTi banki saqarTvelos<br />
erovnuli bankia. qveynis mTavari bankebi xelisuflebis mier aris daarsebuli<br />
sabanko sistemisa da qveyanaSi fulis raodenobis kontrolis mizniT.<br />
qveynis ekonomikis interesebidan gamomdinare, centraluri banki amcirebs an zrdis<br />
qveyanaSi fulis miwodebas da kreditis xelmisawvdomobas. centraluri bankebis<br />
ZiriTadi roli inflaciis da/an deflaciis Tavidan acileba, fulis miwodebis<br />
gansazRvraa.<br />
monetaruli<br />
politikis<br />
gatareba<br />
erovnuli bankis funqciebi<br />
bankebis<br />
bankiris<br />
funqcia<br />
sabanko<br />
sistemis<br />
regulureba<br />
operaciebi Ria<br />
bazrebze –<br />
obligaciebis<br />
yidva-gayidva<br />
monetaruli politikis gatareba. centraluri banki<br />
mniSvnelovan kontrols axorcielebs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si fulis<br />
miwodebaze, sargeblis ganakveTsa da kreditis xelmisawvdomobaze<br />
(sargeblis ganakveTze). rodesac fulis<br />
miwodebis saSualo done matulobs, izrdeba inflaciis<br />
donec. fulis miwodebis ise daregulireba, rom mkveTri<br />
inflacia an deflacia ar gamoiwvios, centraluri bankis<br />
seriozuli problemaa. centraluri banki uSvebs<br />
erovnul valutas – banknotebsa da monetebs.<br />
operaciebi Ria bazarze. msoflios bevri qveyana Tavisi centraluri bankis saSualebiT<br />
yidulobs da yidis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> fasian qaRaldebs. radgan fasiani qaRaldebis SeZena<br />
fuliT xdeba, Sesabamisad <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si fulis masa izrdeba an klebulobs. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
mier fasiani qaRaldebis SeZena zrdis fulis masas, gayidva – amcirebs fulis masas <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si.<br />
centraluri bankebisaTvis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> fasiani qaRaldebiT vaWroba monetaruli<br />
politikis ZiriTi iaraRia.<br />
rogorc bankebis banki. sabanko sistema or safexuriania: centraluri bankebi da<br />
komerciuli bankebi. centraluri bankebi komerciul bankebs sxvadasxva momsaxurebas<br />
sTavazoben. magaliTad, centraluri banki im milionobiT Ceks amuSavebs, romlebic<br />
mTeli qveynis komerciuli bankebis angariSebze aisaxeba. Tanamedrove eleqtronuli<br />
sagadasaxado sistemis saSualebiT im bankebidan, sadac calkeuli pirebis an firmebis<br />
mier Ceki gamoiwera, im bankebSi xdeba gadaricxva, sadac fuli angariSze aisaxa. msgavsi<br />
operaciebis ganxorcieleba maSinac ki SesaZlebelia, roca es bankebi milionobiT kilometriT<br />
aris erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli. centraluri banki komerciul bankebze<br />
gascems kreditebs – asrulebs „bankebis bankis“ funqcias. saprocento ganakveTs,<br />
romelsac centraluri banki aseT kreditebze awesebs, diskonturi norma ewodeba.<br />
diskontis Semcireba zrdis fulis miwodebas.<br />
sabanko sistemis regulireba. centraluri banki aregulirebs qveyanaSi bankebis<br />
saqmianobas da usafrTxo saqmianobis uzrunvelsayofad zedamxedvelobas uwevs maT.<br />
centraluri banki komerciuli bankebisagan fulis garkveuli rezervis Seqmnas<br />
iTxovs. rezervi sabanko anabrebis is nawilia, romlis gasesxebac ar SeiZleba.<br />
rezervebis zrda fulis miwodebas amcirebs, zrdis moTxovnas. xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
centraluri bankebi damoukidebelia <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo<br />
Stoebisagan. qveynis mTavar banks iseTi monetaruli politikis gatarebis ufleba aqvs.<br />
romelic <strong>ekonomika</strong>s Tavidan aacilebs an Seamcirebs inflacias. msgavs politikas centraluri<br />
banki maSinac atarebs, roca misi gadawyvetilebebi politikosebSi an sazogadoebaSi<br />
arapopularulia.<br />
181
182<br />
!<br />
fasebis saerTo done fulze moTxovna–miwodebis kanoniT regulirdeba.<br />
fulis Warbi miwodeba inflaciis erT-erT gamomwvev mizezad ganixileba.<br />
centraluri banki uSvebs erovnul valutas – banknotebsa da monetebs.<br />
fulis bazris regulirebisaTvis Eerovnuli bankis<br />
mier gatarebuli RonisZiebebi<br />
fulis masis<br />
gazrdisaTvis<br />
!<br />
imsjeleT<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
fulis masis<br />
SemcirebisaTvis<br />
amcirebs sarezervo moTxovnebs<br />
zrdis<br />
yidulobs<br />
obligaciebs<br />
/operaciebi Ria bazarze/<br />
yidis<br />
diskontur ganakveTs<br />
amcirebs zrdis<br />
gaixseneT!<br />
TamaSSi `auqcioni~ maswavlebeli `centraluri bankis~ funqcias<br />
asrulebda. is iRebda gadawyvetilebebs fulis miwodebis Secvlaze.<br />
Tqven mowmeni iyaviT, Tu rogor gaizarda fasebi brunvaSi didi raodenobiT<br />
fulis gaSvebis Semdeg.<br />
ratom aris qveynisaTvis centraluri bankis damoukidebloba ukeTesi?<br />
ra mizezebi SeiZleba hqondeT oficialur pirebs, roca isini mkacr<br />
monetarul politikas uWeren mxars?<br />
Tqveni azriT ras gulisxmobda uil rojersi gamonaTqvamSi `dedamiwis<br />
arsebobis dasawyisidan moyolebuli sami udidesi gamogoneba<br />
Seiqmna: cecxlis Senaxva, borbali da centraluri banki~.<br />
sabanko sistema<br />
me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mxolod 18<br />
centraluri banki iyo, 1999 wlisaTvis ki TiTqmis yvela qveyanas hqonda<br />
centraluri banki. maT Soris:<br />
saqarTveloSi – erovnuli banki;<br />
aSS-Si – federaluri sarezervo sistema (Federal Reserve (Fed));<br />
ruseTSi – centro banki (Центро Банк);<br />
germaniaSi – bundes banki (Bundes Bank);<br />
inglisSi – inglisis banki (Bank of England).<br />
sabanko sistemis ganviTarebis mxriv gansakuTrebuli miRwevebiT<br />
gamoirCeva qveynebi: iaponia, aSS, avstralia, honk-kongi, Sveicaria,
luqsemburgi, germania, avstria, safrangeTi, didi britaneTi. amave<br />
qveynebSi bankebisadmi mosaxleobis ndobis xarisxi yvelaze maRalia.<br />
Tanamedrove sabanko sistema xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi yalibdeboda.<br />
cnobilia, rom Cvens welTaRricxvamde 2700 wlis win babilonsa<br />
da asureTSi fuladi saxsrebis Senaxva da sasesxo operaciebi kanonebiT<br />
regulirdeboda. sesxebi gaicemoda ara marto fuladi formiT, aramed<br />
calkeuli saqonlis saxiTac: finikiT, SaliT, zeTiT.<br />
monaTmflobelur saberZneTSi monastrebi fulis da Zvirfaseulobis<br />
sacavadac gamoiyeneboda. zogierTi RvTismsaxuri bankiris funqciasac<br />
asrulebda. maT ebaraT sacavebis gasaRebebi, sistematurad aRricxavdnen<br />
arsebul simdidres, Semosavlebs da gasavlebs. SemdgomSi es<br />
tradicia mTel evropaSi gavrcelda.<br />
qarTuli fulis istoria<br />
mravalsaukunovani arsebobis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo<br />
yovelTvis iyo msoflios mniSvnelovani movlenebis<br />
aqtiuri monawile. amdenad, gasakviri ar aris, rom pirveli<br />
monetebis SemoRebidan arc ise didi xnis Semdeg, Zv.w.<br />
VI saukuneSi Zvel kolxeTSi, ukve mimoqcevaSi iyo vercxlis<br />
moneta „kolxuri TeTri“, romelic msoflios erTerT<br />
uZveles monetad miiCneva.<br />
kolxuri stateri,<br />
Zv. w. III s.<br />
saqarTveloSi ar aris kuTxe, sadac Semonaxuli ar iyos sxvadasxva liTonisagan<br />
damzadebuli monetebi Soreuli warsulidan. aq aRmoCenili qarTuli<br />
da ucxouri monetebis Tanmimdevruli cvalebadoba zustad asaxavs Cveni qveynis<br />
warsuls da qveyanaSi momxdar istoriul movlenebs. qarTuli monetebis mimoqcevis<br />
26 saukunovan periodSi droisa da pirobebis Sesabamisad icvleboda<br />
monetis garegnuli mxarezed aRbeWdili mefeebis saxelebi, warweraTa Sinaarsi,<br />
monetebis formebi. zogjer moWril fulze ucxo siuJetebi da ucxouri<br />
warwerebi Cndeboda, rac politikur-ekonomikuri mizezebiT iyo nakarnaxevi.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelo TiTqmis uwyvetad<br />
inarCunebda <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebriobis erT-erT um-<br />
Tavres regalias - sakuTar fuls. maSin, roca VI saukunis<br />
80-ian wlebSi qarTlSi arabebi batonobdnen<br />
qarTlis erismTavrebi gurgeni da stefanozi<br />
farnavaz I -s moneta<br />
axerxebdnen moeWraT moneta, romelsac asomTavruli<br />
warwerebi da qristianuli religiis simbolo - jvari amSvenebda.<br />
mogvianebiT, daviT III kurapalatma moWra vercxlis moneta, romelzec<br />
gamosaxuli iyo jvari da ewera: „qriste Seiwyale daviT kurapalati“. gaer-<br />
Tianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe bagrat III ki arabuli tipis monetebs<br />
Wrida, rac ekonomikuri mosazrebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. qarTveli mefeni<br />
xSirad uSvebdnen orenovan monetebs, ZiriTadad<br />
gavrcelebuli iyo qarTul-berZnuli,<br />
qarTul-arabuli, qarTul-sparsuli monetebi.<br />
qarTulwarweriani monetebidan aRsaniSnavia<br />
moneta, romelzec moxseniebulni arian<br />
„mefeT-mefe giorgi“ da „mefe da dedofali<br />
Tamari“. igi giorgi III-m maSin gamouSva, roca<br />
Tavisi asuli Tanamosaydred gamoacxada. aseve<br />
aRmoCenilia daviT aRmaSeneblis unikaluri<br />
moneta, romelic britaneTis muzeumSia dac-<br />
kolxuri TeTri<br />
183
184<br />
uli. masze ikiTxeba teqsti: „qriste, adide daviT,<br />
mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa da somexTa“.<br />
abazi fulis erTeuli, vercxlis moneta. SemoiRo<br />
iranSi abas I-ma (aqedan saxelwodeba). abazi<br />
swrafad gavrcelda mezobel qveynebSi kerZod,<br />
saqarTveloSi.<br />
daviT aRmaSeneblis<br />
unikaluri moneta<br />
1804 wlidan TbilisSi daiwyo axali tipis, e.w.<br />
rusul-qarTuli vercxlisa da spilenZis monetebis<br />
moWra, romelTa Sublze qarTuli asoebiT<br />
amotvifruli iyo „Tbilisi“, zurgze - nominali,<br />
TariRi da monetis momWrelis rusuli inicialebi.<br />
1918 wels damoukidebeli saqarTvelos demokratiuli<br />
respublikis droebiTma mTavrobam<br />
sakuTari fulis niSnebis SemoReba gadawyvita. 1919 wlidan brunvaSi iyo<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis fulis bonebi, romelTa warwerebic<br />
qarTuli iyo, Tumca ukana mxares rusul-franguli warwerebic hqonda.<br />
bonebs axlda mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisa da finansTa ministris xelmowerebi.<br />
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis xelisufleba myari valutis Seqmnasac<br />
apirebda, risTvisac eskizic ki Seiqmna,<br />
magram 1921 wels sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos<br />
aneqsiam proeqtis ganxorcielebas xeli<br />
SeuSala.<br />
erovnuli valutis SemoReba mxolod 1995<br />
wels moxerxda, roca 2 oqtombridan brunva daiwyo<br />
larma. qarTuli laris qveyanaSi damkvidre-<br />
biT gagrZelda qarTuli fulis moWris mravalsaukunovani tradicia.<br />
sityva ,,lari", romelic SeirCa qarTuli erovnuli valutis ZiriTadi er-<br />
Teulis saxelwodebad, Zveli qarTuli sityvaa da niSnavs zogadad ganZs, qonebas.<br />
saxelwodeba „lari“ qarTuli fulis erTeulis dasaxelebad 1991 wels wamoayena<br />
akademikosma v. CantlaZem ministrTa kabinetisaTvis Sedgenil proeqtSi.<br />
erovnul banks gaaCnia ufleba, ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos teritoriaze<br />
fulis niSnebis gamoSveba. aseve, erovnul banks aqvs eqskluziuri ufleba,<br />
daamzados mimoqcevis an sxva mizniT, samaxsovro fulis<br />
niSnebi. erovnuli bankis sabWo gansazRvravs da<br />
amtkicebs laris banknotebisa da monetebis dizains,<br />
Semadgenlobas da sxva maxasiaTeblebs, ris Semdegac<br />
nikoloz I-is dros<br />
moWrili abazi<br />
iwyeba fulis niSnebis beWdvisa da moWris procesSi<br />
CaSveba. qarTuli fulis niSnebi wamyvan evropul organizaciebSi<br />
mzaddeba.<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriaze mza fulis niSnebis transportirebas da Semdgom<br />
erovnuli bankis sacavebSi maT Senaxvas erovnuli banki uzrunvelyofs.<br />
mosaxleobas fulis niSnebi komerciuli bankebis meSveobiT miewodeba.<br />
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki sistematurad axorcielebs xmarebisaTvis<br />
gamousadegari fulis niSnebis mimoqcevidan<br />
amoRebas da maT Canacvlebas Sesabamisi<br />
odenobis axali monetebiTa da banknotebiT.<br />
gamousadegari fulis niSnebis ganadgureba<br />
erovnuli bankis sabWos mier<br />
dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad xdeba.<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos erovnuli banki;<br />
http://www.nbg.gov.ge; icode.ge<br />
daviT VI dirhemia<br />
giorgi XII-s dros<br />
moWrili abazi
X saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobebi<br />
da ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTareba<br />
51-52<br />
es Cemi<br />
qveyanaa<br />
teritoria: qveynis farTobi Seadgens 69.700 kv. km-s.<br />
sazRvrebis sigrZe — 1771 km-s, maT Soris saxmeleTo — 1.461 km (somxeTi, azerbaijani<br />
322km, ruseTi 723km, TurqeTi 25km2) da sazRvao — 310km.<br />
buneba: qveynis teritoria ZiriTadad mTebs ukavia, buneba mravalferovania _ subtropikebidan<br />
kavkasionis myinvarebamde; umaRlesi mwvervalia mTa Sxara 5.068m, udablesi<br />
wertili _ Savi zRva (0m); saxnav-saTesi miwa _ 16%, saZovrebi _ 25%, tyeebi _<br />
34%. mTavari mdinareebi mtkvari da rioni.<br />
bunebrivi resursebi: tyeebi, hidroenergia, manganumi, rkinis madani, spilenZi, qvanaxSiris<br />
da navTobis mcire maragi; mTisa da zRvis klimaturi kurortebi.<br />
dRevandeli administraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT saqarTveloSi 2 avtonomiuri<br />
respublika, 64 municipaliteti da 5 TviTmmarTveli qalaqi, maT Soris, dedaqalaqi<br />
Tbilisia. konstituciis Tanaxmad qveynis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>-teritoriuli mowyoba unda ganisazRvros<br />
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze centraluri xelisuflebis iurisdiqciis<br />
aRdgenis Semdeg.<br />
mosaxleobis raodenobis dadgena mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris saSualebiT xdeba.<br />
1989 wlis aRweriT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 5,443,000 kaci iyo. 2012 wlis oficialuri<br />
monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis mier kontrolirebad<br />
teritoriaze mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 4.497 mln-s Seadgens.<br />
eTnikuri Semadgenloba (saqarTvelos 2002 wlis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT): qarTvelebi<br />
_ 83,8%, azerbaijanelebi _ 6,5%, somxebi _ 5,7%, rusebi _ 1,5%, osebi _<br />
0.9 %, iezidebi _ 0.4%, berZnebi _ 0.3%, qistebi _ 0.2%, ukrainelebi _ 0.2%, afxazebi<br />
_ 0,1%;<br />
religiuri Semadgenloba (ZiriTadad saqarTvelos 2002 wlis aRweris Sedegebis<br />
mixedviT): marTlmadidebeli qristianebi _ 84.00%, muslimanebi — 9.9%, somexi grigorianelebi<br />
_ 3.9%, kaTolikeebi _ 0.8%, iezidebi – 0.4%, iudevelebi — 0,1%, nesterianelebi<br />
– 0.1% da sxvebi.<br />
didi qalaqebi: Tbilisi _ 1.162.400, quTaisi _ 194.700, rusTavi _ 120.800, baTumi _<br />
124.300, soxumi _ 43.000, gori _ 49.500, zugdidi _ 84,000, foTi _ 47,800, cxinvali _<br />
7,000.<br />
saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomika</strong> tradiciulad Semoifargleba Savi zRvis turizmiT; citrusis,<br />
xilisa da vazis kulturiT; manganumisa da spilenZis mopovebiT; Semdegi samrewvelo<br />
produqciis warmoebiT: Rvino, liToni, manqanameqanizmebi, qimikatebi da safeiqro<br />
nawarmi.<br />
185
qveyana energoresursebis, bunebrivi airisa da navTobis produqtebis didi raodenobiT<br />
importioria. Sida energoresurss hidroenergia warmoadgens, romelic sakmarisi<br />
araa. saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomika</strong> did sabiujeto kriziss ganicdida. swori sagadasaxado<br />
politikis gatarebisa da korufciasTan aqtiuri brZolis Sedegad, 2005 wlidan saqarTvelos<br />
biujeti aRar aris deficituri, piriqiT _ biujeti preficituria.<br />
saqarTvelo energo-resursebis simcires ganicdis, magram bolo wlebSi energiis miwodeba<br />
TandaTanobiT umjobesdeba, ise rom Tbilisi sinaTlis qalaqadac ki gamocxadda.<br />
qveyana did imedebs amyarebs saerTaSoriso satransporto derefanze: navTobsadenze<br />
da gazsadenze.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
186<br />
baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadeni (ing.: Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline<br />
- BTC) - 1.760 km sigrZis sadenia, romlis daniSnulebaa gadaumuSavebel<br />
navTobis transportireba kaspiis zRvaSi azerbaijanis Siraq-guneSlis<br />
navTobis sabadodan xmelTaSuazRvis sanapiromde. is gadis baqoze,<br />
Tbilissa da mTavrdeba jeihanSi, TurqeTis xmelTaSuazRvispira port-<br />
Si. es aris msoflioSi sigrZiT meore navTobsadeni (pirvelia druJbas<br />
navTobsadeni, romelsac navTobi ruseTidan centralur evropaSi<br />
gadaaqvs). misi mSenebloba saqarTveloSi 2005 wels dasrulda.<br />
milsadeni mTel sigrZeze miwaSia Camarxuli. umaRles wertilSi, sadac<br />
igi kavkasiis mTebs kveTs milsadeni zRvis donidan 2800 metris<br />
simaRles aRwevs. mas dReSi erTi milioni bareli navTobis gatareba<br />
SeuZlia da azeri-Siragi-gunaSlis sabados sruli ganviTarebis saeqsporto<br />
moTxovnebs pasuxobs.<br />
BTC milsadeni srul eqspluataciaSi 2006 wels iqna gaSvebuli. milsadenSi<br />
gatarebuli navTobis nakadi stabilurad izrdeboda da gasul<br />
wels igi dReSi daaxloebiT 800 000 barel navTobs awvdida msoflio bazrebs.<br />
am navTobsadenis operirebis Sedegad, proeqtis funqcionirebis<br />
periodSi, pirdapiri satranzito Semosavlebis saxiT, saqarTvelos<br />
biujeti daaxloebiT 50 milion aSS. dolars miiRebs.<br />
dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni<br />
dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni (WREP)<br />
baqo-sufsis milsadenis<br />
saxeliTaa cnobili. dasavleT marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeni<br />
BP-is<br />
mier ganxorcielebuli pirveli investiciaa saqarTveloSi da<br />
1999 wlidan funqcionirebs.<br />
baqo-sufsis adreuli navTobis milsadenis mSenebloba azerbaijanis<br />
saerTaSoriso saoperacio kompaniam daafinansa. milsadenis<br />
mSeneblobis farglebSi aseve moxda sufsis terminalis mSeneblobac.<br />
baqo-sufsis adreuli navTobsadenis sigrZe 830km-ia (saqarTvelos monakveTi<br />
375km), sufsis terminalis tevadoba - erTi milioni bareli.<br />
dasavleTis marSrutis saeqsporto milsadeniT xorcieldeba kaspiis<br />
zRvis teritoriaze mdebare Ciragis sabadodan, sangaCalis terminalis<br />
gavliT navTobis CatvirTva sufsis terminalSi. WREP-is<br />
gavliT sangaCalidan<br />
navTobi 1998 wlis dekemberSi gamouSves, 1999 wlis ianvrSi ki saqarTveloSi<br />
Semovida.<br />
saeqsporto saqonelia: citrusi, Cai, Rvino, mineraluri wylebi, soflis meurneobis<br />
sxva produqtebi; sxvadasxva saxis manqana-meqanizmebi da liTonebi; qimikatebi; safeiqro<br />
nawarmi.<br />
importirebuli saqonelia: navTobi, marcvleuli (xorbali) da sxva sakvebi produqtebi,<br />
manqana-meqanizmebi, satransporto aRWurviloba.
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
turizmis ganviTarebis istoria<br />
saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTareba 19-20 saukuneebis<br />
mijnaze iwyeba. faqtiurad igi masStabur xasiaTs<br />
XX saukunis meore naxevridan, gansakuTrebiT<br />
ki meore msoflio omis Semdgomi wlebidan iRebs. am<br />
periodSi eqspluataciaSi Sevida keTilmowyobili<br />
turistuli bazebi da sastumroebi TbilisSi, soxumSi,<br />
baTumSi, quTaisSi, varZiaSi da sxva. daiwyo<br />
turizmis aRmSeneblobis procesi gagraSi, qobuleTSi,<br />
abasTumanSi, wyaltuboSi da sxva.<br />
gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi saqarTelos aRericxeboda<br />
624 sastumro, turistuli baza, moteli, kempingi da sxva msgavsi dawesbuleba,<br />
rac jamSi 1522 aTass adgils Seadgenda. SedarebiT susti iyo samoqalaqo sastumroebis<br />
qselis ganviTareba. es monacemebi TavisTavad metyvelebdnen saqarTvelos<br />
did turistul potencialze, magram maT miRma unda davinaxoT is, rom turizmi, romelic<br />
arsebobda gasuli saukunis 80 wlebSi, Tavisi formiT da SinaarsiT warsuls<br />
Cabarda. masTanave dagvitova bevri araswori Sexeduleba da stereotipi.<br />
msoflio statistikis mixedviT, qveynis Semosavlebis 2/3-ze meti Sida turizmze<br />
modis da mxolod 1/3-ia saerTaSoriso turizmidan.<br />
saqarTvelos Sesabamisi infrastruqturisa<br />
da saTanado menejmentis pirobebSi ramdenime<br />
mln turistis miReba SeuZlia. turizmi kompleqsuri<br />
dargia. es ar aris saqmianobis mxolod erTi<br />
sfero. masTan dakavSirebulia transporti, sastumro,<br />
kveba, gasarTobi, samedicino da sainformacio<br />
momsaxureba. am dargebis erToblivi funqcionireba<br />
ekonomikis gaZlierebis sawindaria.<br />
saqarTvelos gaaCnia udidesi turistuli da<br />
sakurorto potenciali. saqarTvelo amJamad<br />
aRiqmeba rogorc axali, jer kidev ucnobi qveyana<br />
da amdenad sainteresoa misi aRmoCena yoveli mogzaurisTvis Tu turistisTvis. qveynis<br />
monaxulebis survils kidev ufro aZlierebs 1999 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri<br />
aRmoCena, rodesac Tbilisis maxloblad, dmanisSi aRmoaCines paleoliTuri xanis<br />
uZvelesi adamianis ConCxis fragmenti, romelic TariRdeba 1 milion 700 aTasi wliT.<br />
am aRmoCeniT saqarTvelo gaxda pirveli evropelis<br />
samSoblo.<br />
qveyanaSi 12 000 istoriuli Zegli, 150<br />
muzeumi da mravali saganZuria, romelic<br />
dRiTidRe, TandaTanobiT izrdeba. wyaro:<br />
saqarTvelos turizmis departamenti.<br />
turizmi dRes<br />
turizmis seqtori aris erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
swrafad mzardi seqtori saqarTveloSi. arsebobs<br />
mravali SesaZlebloba turizmis<br />
sferoSi investiciebis gansaxorcieleblad,<br />
dawyebuli sazRvao kurortebiT gagrZlebu-<br />
187
li mTis kurortebiT, saTxilamuro<br />
sportiT, mineraluri wylebiT, gamajansaRebeli,<br />
kulturuli da sxva<br />
saxis turizmiT. saqarTvelos TiTqmis<br />
yvela regioni mdidaria turistuli<br />
RirSesaniSnaobebiT.<br />
saqarTveloSi turizmis ganviTarebis<br />
naTeli magaliTia aWaris regionis<br />
Savi zRvis sanapiro. regionSi<br />
moqmedebs an gaxsnis procesSia praqtikulad<br />
yvela msoflio brendis<br />
sastumro.<br />
viTardeba da aqatualuri xdeba<br />
Rvinis turizmi. ucxoelebis daintereseba qarTuli mevenaxeobiTa da Rvinis warmoebiT<br />
sul ufro izrdeba. soflis meurneobis saministro da turizmis departamenti am<br />
faqts Rvinis turizmis ganviTarebiT da msoflio bazarze qarTuli Rvinis popularizaciiT<br />
xsnian.<br />
„turizmis msoflio organizaciis“ angariSis Tanaxmad, turizmi mTel msoflioSi<br />
TiTqmis 5%-iT gaizarda da 2011 wels turistebis ricxvma 983 milions miaRwia.<br />
zrdis dinamikiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis<br />
zogierTi qveyana. am regionSia gaerTianebuli saqarTveloc, romlis turistuli nakadis<br />
zrdis maCvenebeli 39 %-ia. es maCvenebeli mezobel azerbaijanSi 22%-s Seadgens,<br />
somxeTSi - 11%-s, xolo ruseTSi ki - 12%-s.<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeT saministro; http://www.mfa.gov.ge<br />
qarTuli naosnoba<br />
baTumis sazRvao navsadguri istoriulad iTvleboda kavkasiis regionis logistikur<br />
centrad. kerZod, is aris saqarTvelos erT-erTi navsadguri, romlis saSualebiT<br />
saqarTvelo gaxda tranzituli qveyana. dRes baTumis navsadguri TamaSobs did rols<br />
regionis cxovrebaSi da ganviTarebaSi.<br />
baTumis da foTis Savi zRvis portebi rkinigziT uerTdeba kavkasiis da centraluri<br />
aziis qveynebs da Savi zRvis regions akavSirebs. foTis ports pirdapiri saborne mimosvla<br />
aqvs iliCevskis (ukraina), varnis (bulgareTi) portebTan. kidev erTma sarkinigzo<br />
boranma daiwyo mimosvlebi foTis port da port kavkasias (ruseTi) Soris.<br />
baTumi aris saqarTvelos udidesi saporto qalaqi da warmoadgens navTobis mniSvnelovan<br />
saeqsporto wertils. 1878 wels dafuZnebuli, baTumis bunebriv yureSi mdebare<br />
navsadguri, qalaqis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSia. saqarTvelos azerbaijanuli<br />
da yazaxuri navTobis gadazidvebma baTumis porti evropa-aziis satransporto derefnis<br />
makavSirebel xidad aqcia. baTumis portSi itvirTeba navTobi da navTobproduqtebi<br />
8 heqtaris farTobis da 755 metri sigrZis 4 navmisadgomze. mSrali tvirTi itvirTeba<br />
17.5 heqtaris farTobze gaSlil 1590 metri sigrZis or navmisadgomze.<br />
ports aqvs SesaZlebloba gadazidos 15-18<br />
mln. tona navTobproduqtebi wliurad. mSrali<br />
tvirTebisTvis es maCvenebeli 2.3-2.5 milion tonas<br />
Seadgens wlis ganmavlobaSi. sakonteinero<br />
gadazidvebis terminalis gansazRvruli tvirTbrunva<br />
47-50 aTas konteiners Seadgens weliwadSi.<br />
qalaqi foTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi<br />
saporto qalaqia, romelic Cven welT aRricxvamde<br />
VII saukuniT TariRdeba. Tanamedrove<br />
porti aSenebuli iqna 1907 wels. foTis porti<br />
188
49 heqtarzea ganlagebuli da mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi<br />
muSaobs. amJamad portis mflobelobaSi<br />
aris tvirTis transportirebis kompleqsi<br />
romelic 14 navmisadgomisgan Sedgeba da 2650 metri<br />
sigrZisaa. 11 navmisadgomi aRWurvilia 6-40<br />
tonaze gaTvlili portatuli amweebiT. tvirTis<br />
transportirebisaTvis saWiro pirobebi morgebulia<br />
yvelanairi tvirTis da Txevadi produqtis<br />
gadasazidad. tvirTbrunva foTis portSi mudmivad<br />
izrdeba.<br />
yulevis porti mdinare xobisxevis SenakadTanaa.<br />
ports 100,000 da 65,000 toniani gemebis sam misadgomze miRebis saSualeba eqneba. yulevis<br />
porti erTerTi yvelaze Rrma portia Sav zRvaze.<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
`risxviT aenTo mefe aiet, SurisZieba ubrZana kolxebs,<br />
da Seacures kolxebma zRvaSi auracxeli sabrZolo gemi.~<br />
apolonios rodoseli<br />
Zv. w. V saukunis erTi ucxouri wyaros Tanaxmad fazisSi Tavs iyrida<br />
samoc sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxi. aq gadioda msoflio mniSvnelobis<br />
didi savaWro-satranzito magistrali, romelic Soreuli indoeTidan<br />
moemarTeboda kaspiis zRvamde, xolo Semdgom, amierkavkasiis<br />
qveynebze gavliT (md. mtkvari – suramis uReltexili – md. yvirila – md.<br />
rioni) aRwevda Sav zRvamde dRevandel foTTan (Zveli fasisi). am gzis<br />
calkeuli monakveTebi, romelTac Tavdapirvelad lokaluri mniSvneloba<br />
hqondaT, isaxeboda jer kidev winare elinistur periodSi. elinisturi<br />
xanidan ki, rodesac vaWrobam `msoflio~ xasiaTi miiRo, gaimarTa<br />
erTiani gza fasisidan indoeTamde.<br />
strabonis cnobiT fasisSi didi moculobiT iwarmoeboda gemTsaSeni<br />
masala: xe-tye, selis tilo, qereli, fisi da cvili.<br />
qsenofonte mosinikTa Sesaxeb: `miiRes ra erTgulebis sawindari<br />
elinTagan, mosinikebi wavidnen da meore dRes gamocxadnen 300 naviT,<br />
romlebSiac sam-sami kaci ijda. TiToeuli navidan or-ori napirze amovida<br />
da mwyobrSi Cadga, TiTo ki navSi darCa. navSi darCenilni gabrundnen,<br />
amosulebi ki sabrZolo wesiT moewynen Semdegnairad: dalagdnen<br />
aseulebad gundis msgavsad – erTmaneTis pirdapir. yvela maTgans epyra<br />
suros foTlis moyvanilobis, xaris TeTri tyaviT SemoWimuli dawnuli<br />
fari. marjvena xelSi eWiraT eqvsi arSinis sigrZis xelSubebi, romelTac<br />
win maxvilebi hqondaT, xolo ukan – momrgvalebuli bolo. meomrebs<br />
tilos tomris msgavsi qsovilis muxlamde perangi emosaT, Tavze ki<br />
paflagonielTa msgavsi tyavis muzaradi exuraT; garda amisa, maT hqondaT<br />
rkinis Subnajaxi. maSin erTma maTganma daiwyo simRera da danarCenebic<br />
simReriT daiZrnen, gaiares elinTa hoplitebis win da erTbaSad<br />
ekveTnen mters~.<br />
apolonios rodoselis (Zv. w. III saukune) cnobiT `kolxebs Senaxuli<br />
aqvT mamapapuri Zveli kirbebi, werilsvetebi, da im kirbebze naCvenebia<br />
gzebi yovelTa zRvaTa da xmelTa~.<br />
germaneli mkvlevaris karl riteris azriT `es firfitebi iyo<br />
pirveldawyebiTi rukebi da SesaZloa isini hqonda herodotes, roca man<br />
CamoTvala CrdiloeTis xalxebis, bosforisa da pontos savaWro gzebi~.<br />
189
190<br />
misive azriT – `kartografiuli xelovnebis pativ–dideba sruliadac ar<br />
ekuTvnis mcire aziis berZnebs. es firfitebi bevrad ufro adre gamoiyeneboda<br />
kolx mogzaur–vaWarTa mier~.<br />
zemoTTqmuli imaze metyvelebs, rom Cveni winaprebi ara marto Tavisi<br />
drois mowinave sazRvaosno codnas flobdnen, aramed ganviTarebul<br />
damwerlobasac.<br />
saxelganTqmuli mkvlevari tur heierdali Tvlis, rom xis gemebis<br />
ageba finikielebze uadres unda daewyoT xeTebsa da xmelTaSua zRvis<br />
mcire aziis sanapiroze mcxovreb xalxebs, romelTac kedris xis masala<br />
uxvad moepovebodaT.<br />
aqve gavixsenoT rusTvelis mier<br />
aRwerili mekobreTa navi: `gamoCnda<br />
navi mekobre droSiTa metad grZeli-<br />
Ta, mas navsa, navT salewelad, saxnisi<br />
hgia ZeliTa~.<br />
kolxTa maRali sanaosno kultura<br />
naTlad Cans argonavtebis miTSic.<br />
Tavad berZenTa aRiarebiT, rom ara<br />
jadoqroba, argonavtebi aietis mier<br />
dadevnebuli flotisgan Tavs ver daixsnidnen.<br />
aseve mravlismetyvelia dRemde Semonaxuli gamoTqma – `lazis baRi<br />
zRvaao~.<br />
XIX saukunemde modis kvali mdinaris swrafi gadalaxvis mizniT sagangebo<br />
samarjvebis gamoyenebisa. rogorc Cans, es iyo saxeldaxelo boranis<br />
msgavsi ram, rumbebisa Tu tikebisagan Sekruli.<br />
Tu ratom dakarga winaparma es upiratesoba, amisi gaCxreka Sors wagviyvans.<br />
erTi mizezi ioane-zosimeseuli lazares (anu Cveni enis, anu Cveni<br />
eris) gadaRla da xangrZlivi miZineba unda iyos.<br />
xumroba saqme xom ar aris ramdenime aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi mowinave<br />
civilizaciis tvirTis tareba.<br />
wyaro: zneni samamaconi, naosnoba/k. WumburiZe/ http://alternativa.ge/2009/04/29<br />
saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli erTeulebi
saqarTvelos adgili msoflio TanamegobrobaSi<br />
saqarTvelo aris:<br />
1. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis (gaero – UNO,United Nations Organization, SemoklebiT<br />
UN, United Nations) wevri;<br />
2. evrosabWos (EU, European Union) wevri;<br />
3. evropaSi usafrTxoebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (euTo – OSCE, Organization<br />
for Security and Co-operation in Europe) wevri;<br />
4. Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizaciis (BSEC – Organization Of The<br />
BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION) wevri;<br />
5. `guamis~ (GUUAM – saqarTvelo, ukraina, uzbekeTi, azerbaijani da moldova) gaer-<br />
Tianebis wevri;<br />
6. saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis (IMF, International Monetary Fund) wevri;<br />
7. msoflio bankis (WB, World Bank) wevri;<br />
8. msoflio savaWro organizaciis (WTO, World Trade Organization) wevri;<br />
9. evropis ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis bankis (EBRD, European Bank for Reconstruction<br />
and Development) wevri.<br />
savarjiSo<br />
ra viciT Cveni qveynis Sesaxeb?<br />
mocemuli masalidan airCieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxi (sakiTxebi),<br />
gaerTiandiT mcire jgufebad da 10 wuTis manZilze SeecadeT daamuSaoT<br />
arCeuli sakiTxebi. daaxasiaTeT Tqvens mier arCeuli saqarTvelos<br />
bunebrivi resursebi, moiSvelieT saqarTvelos geografiidan da istoriidan<br />
codna da gaakeTeT patara Canaxati.<br />
saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi<br />
miwis resursebi<br />
damatebiTi<br />
sakiTxavi<br />
miwa erT erTi mTavari erovnuli simdidrea, romelsac<br />
gansakuTrebuli<br />
gafrTxileba da dacva esaWiroeba. niadagis wilad saqarTvelos<br />
bunebrivi simdidris TiTqmis naxevari modis.<br />
saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa. baris zona qveynis teritoriis mxolod 40% moicavs.<br />
aq miwis resursebi xasiaTdeba sasoflosameurneo aTvisebis maRali doniT, savargulebis<br />
maRali bunebrivi nayofierebiT.<br />
miwis resursebis teritoriuli ganawileba vertikaluri zonalobis princips<br />
emyareba:<br />
I zona (zRvis donidan 250 metramde) _ upiratesad gavrcelebulia<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelos subtropikuli kulturebi.<br />
II zona (250-500m) _ mebaReoba-mebostneobis, mevenaxeobis, memindvreobis (ZiriTadad<br />
simindi) gavrcelebis areali.<br />
III zona (500-1000m) _ Warbobs TavTaviani kulturebi, bunebrivi sakvebi savargulebi,<br />
mecxoveleoba.<br />
191
IV zona (1000-1500m) _ saTib-saZovrebi: memindvreoba sustadaa ganvi Tarebuli.<br />
V zona (1500-2000m) _ ZiriTadad saTib-saZovrebi.<br />
VI zona (2000 metris zemoT) _ miwaTmoqmedeba ar arsebobs.<br />
gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos teritoria SeiZleba daiyos sam nawilad:<br />
1. samiwaTmoqmedo teritoria _ 15.8%;<br />
2. bunebriv-sameurneo farTobi (tye, buCqnari, saTib-saZovrebi) _ 70.6%;<br />
3. soflis meuneobaSi gamouyenebeli miwa _ 13.6%.<br />
miwis resursebis ekologiuri problemebidan aRsaniSnavia savargulebis mniSvnelovani<br />
sawilis (33%) erozia. yovelwliurad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi savargulebis<br />
erTi heqtaridan irecxeba 100-300 tona niadagi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi<br />
_ 150-200 tona, ris gamoc dabalintensiur savargulebad iqca 25 aTasi heqtari, 20<br />
aTasi ki mTlianad gamovida<br />
mwyobridan. energokrizisis da<br />
ukontrolobis gamo gaCexilma<br />
tyeebma ufro metad gaaZliera<br />
qarismieri erozia. niadagi dabinZurebulia<br />
mZime toqsikuri<br />
liTonebiT. gansakuTrebiT maRalia<br />
toqsikuri elementebis Semcveloba<br />
saavtomobilo gzebis<br />
gaswvriv 10-kilometrian zolSi,<br />
dabali xarisxis sawvavis gamoyenebis<br />
gamo. saqarTveloSi 218<br />
aTasi heqtari miwa damlaSebuli<br />
da bicobiania.<br />
gasakviri ar aris, rom uZvelesi civilizaciis qveyana marcvleuli kulturebis<br />
erT-erT samSoblosac warmoadgenda. msoflioSi cnobili xorblis 19 saxeobidan<br />
saqarTveloSi dRemdea SemorCenili 14 saxeoba. saqarTvelo, aseve, adreuli mevenaxeobisa<br />
da meRvineobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan kerad iTvleba. msoflioSi cnobili vazis<br />
4 aTasi saxeobidan saqarTveloSi SemorCenilia 500 maTgani.<br />
saqarTvelos mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba moqceulia didi kavkasionis qedis Sua da<br />
dasavleT nawilSi, Savi zRvisa da kaspiis zRvis auzTa Soris, romelTa zemoqmedeba<br />
gansazRvravs aqauri bunebrivi pirobebis mravalferovnebas da saukeTeso garemos<br />
qmnis originaluri da maRalxarisxovani mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis mkveT rad gansxvavebul TaviseburebaTa safuZvelze qveynis<br />
teritoria dayofilia orad, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelod, romelzedac<br />
gamoyofilia xuTi mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis zona. (ixile sqema).<br />
wylis resursebi<br />
qveyana mdidaria miwisqveSa da miwiszedawylebiT. saqarTveloSi 25 aTasze meti<br />
didi da mcire mdinarea 61.5 kuburi km wylis CamonadeniT da 850 tba 0.7 kuburi km<br />
wylis maragiT. qveynis hidroenergetikuli resursebis potenciali 60 miliardi kvt<br />
saaTs aRwevs, rac dReisTvis 11 procentiTaa gamo yenebuli.<br />
saqarTvelo mdidaria mineraluri wylebiTac. dReisaTvis<br />
aRricxulia 2300-mde mineraluri wyaro, romelTa<br />
saerTo debetic 130 milioni litri weliwadSi. gamoyenebis<br />
maCvenebeli aqac Zalian dabalia.<br />
192<br />
tyis resurebi da maTi dacva<br />
saqarTvelo mTagoriani qveyanaa. amitom aq tyeebi
TiTqmis mTlianad mTis ferdobebzea (97,7%).<br />
dasavleT saqarTvelos tyeebi iwyeba zRvis donidan<br />
da faravs dablobebsa da mTiswina kalTebs, zRvis donidan<br />
5000m simaRleze.<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, mSrali raionebis dablobebsa<br />
da mTiswina kalTebze (Siraqi, eldari, mcxeTis modamoebi<br />
da sxva), zRvis donidan 400-dan 600 m-mde gavrcelebulia<br />
ariduli anu naTeli tyeebi.<br />
tye dedamiwis ekologiur sistemaTa mTliani kompleqsisaTvis globaluri da sasicocxlo<br />
faqtoria. biosfroSi Jangbadis 60%-ze mets gamoyofs xmeleTis mcenareuloba<br />
da misi mTavari komponenti _ tye.<br />
tyes mravalmxrivi funqciebi aqvs: pirvel rigSi igi mzis energiis mZlavri akumulatoria.<br />
is arsebiTad gavlenas axdens klimatis formirebaze, bunebaSi wylis wrebrunvaze,<br />
atmosferoSi airgacvlaze da amgvarad, es qmnis adamianisaTvis saWiro pirobebs.<br />
tye asufTavebs haers mtvrisagan. erTi heqtari tye wlis ganmavlobaSi, 50-70 tona<br />
mtvers filtravs, xolo amis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos tyeebi mTlianad _ 135-190<br />
mln. tonamde.<br />
tye aregulirebs Tovldnobis intensivobas, mniSvnelovnad amcirebs haeris siswrafes,<br />
icavs sasargeblo faunas da mikroorganizmebs. tyis mravali mcenare gamoyofs<br />
fotoncitebs, romlebic Trgunaven damaavadebel organizmebs da amiT ajansaReben<br />
garemos. tye _ mZlavri sanitarulhigienuri faqtoria, romelic uzrunvelyofs<br />
adamianis sicocxles da janmrTelobas.<br />
tyes gaaCnia udidesi sanitarul-higienuri da samkurnalo Tviseba. Seufasebelia<br />
misi esTetikuri mniSvnelobac. tye aris atmosferos qimiuri Semadgenlobis SenarCunebis<br />
erT-erTi faqtori, gansakuTrebiT sami nivTierebis _ Jangbadis, naxSirbadis<br />
da azotis balansSi. gaTvlilia, rom 1 ha tyes SeuZlia, weliwadSi STanTqas 5-10 tona<br />
naxSirmJava airi da gamoyos 10-20 tona Jangbadi. tyeebs xatovnad planetis `mwvane<br />
filtvebs” uwodeben.<br />
aseve udidesia tyeebis wvlili azotis bunebriv balansSi. rogorc cnobilia fo-<br />
Tlebi, wiwvebi, totebi da fesvebis nawilebi, xvdebian ra niadagSi, baqteriebis daxmarebiT<br />
TandaTanobiT sasuqad gardaiqmnebian. tyeebs SeuZliaT aqtiurad gaauvnebelyon<br />
qimiuri da atmosferuli dabinZureba, gansakuTrebiT am TvisebiT gamoirCevian<br />
wiwvovani mcenareebi, romlebic gamoyofen fitoncidebs, romlebic klaven mravali<br />
daavadebis gamomwvev mikrobebs, ajansaReben haers.<br />
tyes eniWeba gansakuTrebuli roli mdinareebis hidrologiuri uzrunvelyofis<br />
saqmeSi, niadagis eroziis, gaudabnoebis aRmofxvraSi udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba<br />
mdinareebis, wyalsacavebis, arxebis napirebze tyis SenarCunebas, radganac isini bunebrivi<br />
filrtis rols asruleben da wyals icaven dabinZurebisagan.<br />
qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebasa da mosaxleobis cxovrebaSi, tyis gansakuTrebuli<br />
mniSvneloba misi dacvis aucileblobas ganapirobebs. tyis dacva <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebrivi<br />
amocanaa. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> tyis fondi 3006,4 aTasi heqtaria, xolo tyiT dafaruli<br />
farTobi _ 2773,4 aTasi heqtari anu qveynis teritoriis 39,9 procenti.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> nakrZalebi da erovnuli parkebi<br />
`nakrZali miwis iseTi nakveTia, romelic gamoyofilia saerTo saxmari farTobidan<br />
da gamocxadebulia xelSeuxebel teritoriad. nakrZalSi dasacavia yoveli cocxali<br />
(mcenare, mdelo, cxoveli) da RirsSesaniSnavi mkvdari buneba (gamoqvabuli, karstuli<br />
mRvime, stalaqtitebi, wyaro, klde da sxva). nakrZalSi akrZalulia xis moWra, balaxis<br />
Tibva, saqonlis Zoveba, nayofis Segroveba da krefa, sokos Segroveba, nadiroba“ _<br />
ase ganmartavda niko kecxoveli nakrZalis raobas da aqve dasZenda `. . . magram es ar<br />
niSnavs, rom adamiani nakrZalis cxovrebaSi ar Caereva _ adamiani valdebulia Tvaly-<br />
193
uri adevnos nakrZals da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Caerios kidec mis cxovrebaSi (mavnebelTa<br />
Seseva, mtacebeli cxovelebis metismeti gamravleba an metismeti Semcireba.<br />
cnobilia, rom msoflios zogierT nakrZalSi mglis amowyvetis Sedegad iremTa arve<br />
daCiavda. saWiro gaxda mglis ukan dabruneba”<br />
`nakrZalSi ar unda irgvebodes egzotikuri mcenareni. aRdgena unda xdebodes adgilobrivi<br />
saxeobebiT. araviTar SemTxvevaSi nakrZalSi ar unda SeviyvanoT sxva mxaris<br />
cxoveli, radgan igi arRvevs arsebul myar wonasworobas. ueWvelad didi Secdoma<br />
iyo, rodesac borjomis xeobaSi alutis ciyvi Seiyvanes, romelic ise momravlda, rom<br />
adgilobrivi ciyvi gandevna” _ ganagrZobda igi.<br />
saqarTveloSi nakrZalebsa da erovnul parkebs 239 aTasi heqtari ukavia, rac qveynis<br />
teritoriis 3,4 da tyiT dafaruli farTobis 8,6 %-s Seadgens. saqarTvelos nakrZalebSi<br />
aRricxulia aseulobiT saxeobis yvavilovani mcenare, aTeulobiT saxeobis<br />
cxoveli.saqarTvelos <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> nakrZalebi da erovnuli parkebia: algeTis<br />
(TeTriwyaro, manglisi), axmetis (axmeta), ajameTis (baRdaTi, varcixe), biWvinTa-miuseris<br />
(gagra), vaSlovanis (dedofliswyaro), kintriSis (qobuleTi), kolxeTis (wyaltubo),<br />
lagodexis (lagodexi), liaxvis (gori), mariamjvaris (sagarejo, ninowminda), riwis<br />
(gudauTa), saguramos (mcxeTa, saguramo), saTaflias (wualtubo), fsou-gumisTis<br />
(soxumi), yazbegis (yazbegi) <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> nakrZalebi, borjom-xaragaulis (borjomi),<br />
kolxeTisa da Tbilisis erovnuli parkebi (Tbilisi).<br />
wiaRiseuli resursebi da mopovebiTi mrewveloba<br />
saqarTvelo erT-erTi mdidari qveyanaa bunebrivi resursebiT. amJamad cnobilia<br />
300-mde mineralur-sanedleulo sabado, romelTagan naxevarze meti saeqs ploatacioa.<br />
Seswav lilia 11 nav Tobis sabado, 28 milioni tona maragiT. amasTan, varaudoben<br />
navTobis moZiebulia 400 milioni tona qvanaxSiris sabadoebi. aWaraSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze<br />
varaudoben didi raodenobis bunebrivi airis arsebobas.<br />
qveynisaTvis did simdidres warmoadgens WiaTuris manganumi, romlis maragi dReisaTvis<br />
215 milioni toniT ganisazRvreba. varaudoben spilenZisa da tyvia-TuTiis,<br />
baritis, diatonitis samrewvelo maragebs. didi raodenobiTaa cementis warmoebisaTvis<br />
saWiro nedleuli, mosapirkeTebeli masalebi, marmarilo, liTonuri dariSxani da<br />
sxv.<br />
mniSvnelovani resursuli potencialis rangSi unda iqnas ganxiluli qveynis geopolitikuri<br />
mdebareobac, rac evropis da aziis qveynebs Soris damakavSirebel derefnis<br />
rolSi gamoixateba.<br />
sakurorto potenciali<br />
Tvalwarmtaci buneba, mravalferovni landSafti, Savi zRvis sub-tropikuli zona,<br />
mdinareebi da CanCqerebi, kldeSi nakveTi qalaqebi, kurortebi da mineraluri wylebi,<br />
istoriuli Zeglebi, tradiciuli qarTuli stumarTmoyvareoba da ganTqmuli qarTuli<br />
samzareulo _ saqarTvelos turizmis qveynad qmnis.<br />
saqarTveloSi aris 102 kurorti da 182 sakurorto adgili, romlebic unikalur<br />
simdidres warmoadgens. aq 100-mde karstuli mRvimea, romelTa gamoyenebac sxvadasxva<br />
daavadebaTa samkurnalodaa SesaZlebeli. mniSvnelovania kulturul ZeglTa simravle<br />
da eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi.<br />
saqarTvelos bunebriv-resursuli potenciali saqarTvelos bunebriv-resursuli<br />
potenciali moicavs bunebis, havis, reliefis, niadagebis, wylis safaris, mcenareuli<br />
geologiuri agebulebis, sasargeblo wiaRiseulis, maTi maragebis da a.S. daxasiaTebasa<br />
da Sefasebas.<br />
sqemaSi mocemulia saqarTvelos bunebriv-resursuli potenciali mrewvelobis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
194
wyaro:<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
da<br />
davalebebi<br />
ese<br />
feradi metlurgiisa<br />
da oqros mompovebeli<br />
mrewvelobisTvis:<br />
spilenZi, tyvia–<br />
TuTia, oqro,<br />
vercxli, dariSxani<br />
samTo–qimiuri<br />
mrewvelobisTvis:<br />
bariti, andeziti,<br />
bentonituri Tixebi,<br />
diatomiti, kalciti,<br />
mineraluri saRebavebi,<br />
talki<br />
metalurgiuli<br />
mrewvelobisTvis:<br />
manganumi, spilenZi,<br />
cecxlgamZle Tixa,<br />
dolomiti, safluse<br />
kirqvebi, qviSebi<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
bunebriv-resursuli<br />
potenciali<br />
mrewvelobis<br />
ganviTarebisTvis<br />
(Rirebuleba 55 mlrd<br />
aSS dilari)<br />
saSen masalaTa<br />
mrewvelobisTvis:<br />
kirqva, Tixebi,<br />
saagure Tixa,<br />
perlitebi,<br />
marmarilo, teSeniti,<br />
tufi, TabaSiri<br />
saTbob–<br />
energetikuli mrewvelobisTvis:<br />
navTobi, qvanaxSiri,<br />
bunebrivi airi<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
saministro,<br />
statistikis<br />
departam<br />
enti,<br />
2005 weli<br />
1. CamoTvaleT saqarTvelos teritoriul-administraciuli erTeulebi;<br />
2. daaxasiaTeT saqarTvelos adgili msoflio TanamegobrobaSi;<br />
3. daaxasiaTeT saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi;<br />
4. rukaze daitaneT saqarTvelos bunebrivi resursebi;<br />
5. SeadgineT cxrili, sadac CawerT saqarTvelos administraciulteritoriul<br />
erTeulebs da im bunebriv resursebs, romlebic am regionebSi<br />
arsebobs;<br />
6. moZebneT saqarTvelos regionebi, sadac msgavsi bunebrivi resursebi<br />
arsebobs;<br />
7. ra damokidebulebaa bunebriv-resursul potencialsa da mrewvelobis<br />
ganviTarebas Soris?<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikis perspeqtivebi.<br />
195
msoflio ekonomikisaTvis mniSvnelovania moxdes<br />
krizisebis swori da drouli prognozireba, raTa<br />
winaswar SemuSavdes is RonisZiebebi, romlebic xels<br />
Seuwyobs aRniSnuli krizisebis sinqronulad, rbilad<br />
gadatanas.<br />
ekonomikuri krizisi sabazro ekonomikis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
Tvisebaa da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom - aucilebeli<br />
atributic. vinaidan mas zogjer pozitiuri<br />
efeqtebic aqvs.<br />
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena sxvadasxva<br />
qveynis mimarT gansxvavebulia, es damokidebulia imaze, Tu TiToeuli qveyana ramdenadaa<br />
integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikur procesebSi, romelic moicavs qveynis ekonomikis<br />
damokidebulebas eqsport-importze, transacionaluri kompaniebis arsebobas, mezobel<br />
qveynebSi arsebul ekonomikur mdgomareobas. aseve mniSvnelovania misi geopolitikuri<br />
mdebareoba, aqvs Tu ara xelisuflebas SemuSavebuli ekonomikuri safrTxis damcavi meqanizmebi<br />
da RonisZiebebi.<br />
196<br />
53<br />
ekonomikuri da<br />
finansuri krizisebi<br />
ekonomikuri krizisi aris ekonomikuri ciklis Semadgeneli<br />
faza iseve, rogorc piki, fskeri da aRmavloba.ekonomikuri<br />
krizisebis warmoSoba obieqturi kanonzomierebaa da misi gverdis<br />
avla TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.<br />
qveyanaSi ekonomikuri krizisis<br />
arsebuli donis da stadiis<br />
ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi maCveneblebi<br />
mTliani Sida produqtis realuri zrdis tempi<br />
inflaciisa da umuSevrobis done<br />
safinanso-sabanko sistemis ndoba<br />
qveyanaSi investiciebis moculoba da misgan<br />
miRebuli mogebis procenti<br />
mosaxleobis socialuri daculoba<br />
ganaTlebis done<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> valdebulebebis<br />
Sesrulebis xarisxi<br />
da sxva<br />
im SemTxvevaSi Tu am maCveneblebis<br />
dacemas aqvs xangrZlivi xasiaTi (zedized<br />
2 kvartali) maSin ekonomikis<br />
aseT mdgomareobas ewodeba recesia,<br />
xolo Tu es procesi ufro xangrZlivia<br />
Semdeg yalibdeba depresia.<br />
ekonomikuri krizisebi XIX saukunis<br />
pirveli naxevridan iRebs saTaves<br />
da is pirvel etapze meordeboda<br />
8-10 weliwadSi erTxel. xolo XX<br />
saukuneSi misi gamovlinebis periodebi<br />
SedarebiT xangrZlivia.<br />
ekonomikuri krizisis ZiriTadi mizezebi:<br />
• mogebis normis Semcireba;<br />
• gaurkveveli situacia fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze;<br />
• momavlisadmi rwmenis dakargvis sxvadasxva subieqturi da obieqturi faqtorebi da<br />
sxva.
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
XX saukunis 30-ani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisi<br />
msoflio ekonomikisaTvis pirveli mniSvnelovani gakveTili iyo XX saukunis<br />
30-ani wlebis ekonomikuri krizisi. es iyo periodi, rodesac msoflio<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis centrma evropidan gadainacvla amerikis SeerTebul<br />
StatebSi. Tumca, am krizisis gamomwvevi mizezebi dRevandeli msoflio<br />
ekonomikuri krizisis gamomwvevi faqtorebisagan gansxvavebuli iyo da Sedegebic<br />
ufro mZime. kerZod mosaxleobis dabali msyidvelobiTunarianobis<br />
gamo warmoebul produqciaze mniSvnelovnad daeca moTxovna, ramac gamoiwvia<br />
didi raodenobiT saqonlis gausaRebloba, `Cawola~. amas Sedegad mohyva<br />
savaWro, samrewvelo, satransporto kompaniebis da aseve msxvili sabanko<br />
struqturebis masobrivi gakotreba, fasiani qaRaldebis katastrofuli gaufasureba.<br />
1932 wels aSS-s samrewvelo produqciis moculoba TiTqmis 50%iT<br />
Semcirda, 80%-iT Semcirda avtomobilebis warmoeba. gakotrda aTasobiT<br />
banki, sagareo vaWroba Semcirda 3-jer da qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong> daeca 1911 wlis<br />
doneze. umuSevrobam moicva mosaxleobis naxevari.<br />
imdroindeli mmarTvelebi iZulebuli iyvnen gamoeyenebinaT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
stimulirebis, regulirebis da ekonomikis dagegmvis ufro aqtiuri meqanizmebi.<br />
mis mier SemuSavebuli iqna ekonomikuri krizisidan gamosvlis e.w<br />
`axali kursi~. es iyo <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> regulirebis cnobili keinsianizmis<br />
Teoriebis realizacia.<br />
j.m keinsi, romlis zogadi Teoriis arsi mdgomareobda imaSi, rom sabazro<br />
meqanizmi veRar moqmedebs avtomaturad. bunebaSi ar arsebobs srulyofili<br />
konkurencia, rom sabazro ekonomikis gamarTuli, mdgradi funqcionireba<br />
SeuZlebelia Tu ar moxda <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Careva <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si. keinsma faqtiurad<br />
daasabuTa, rom <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Careva <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si, mTavrobis funqciebis<br />
gafarToeba erTaderTi saSualebaa ekonomikuri krizisebis, depresiis, umu-<br />
Sevrobis Tavidan asacileblad, rom ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis pirobebSi<br />
yvela mniSvnelovani problemis gadawyveta unda veZeboT ara resursebis miwodebis<br />
sferoSi, aramed moTxovnis sferoSi. swored efeqtiani moTxovna,<br />
misi komponentebi, moxmareba da dagroveba aris ekonomikuri zrdisa da wonasworobis<br />
mTavari wyaro.<br />
swored aRniSnuli Teoria gaxda safuZveli imisa, rom amerikis SeerTebulma<br />
Statebma moaxdina aqtiuri Careva qveynis <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si da ganaxorciela<br />
radikaluri maregulirebeli da iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi.<br />
aseTma kompleqsurma RonisZiebebma qveyana katastrofuli mdgomareobidan<br />
gamoiyvana.<br />
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri krizisi da krizisidan gamosavlis Zieba<br />
Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis ZiriTad mizezad miCneulia<br />
amerikis umsxvilesi ipoTekuri kompaniebis gauzrebeli, xSir SemTxvevaSi<br />
araprognozirebadi moqmedeba; kerZod, obligaciebis didi raodenobiT gayidva,<br />
misi gaumWirvaloba, sakredito da sainvesticio funqciebis Serwymaareva.<br />
ramac momxmareblisTvis ipoTekuri kreditebis aReba gaamartiva da<br />
mimoqcevaSi dolaris moculobis mkveTri zrda<br />
gamoiwvia. amas mohyva sabanko seqtoris sruli<br />
kraxi. am process Tan sdevda safondo birJis<br />
krizisi; finansuri instrumentebis arasworad<br />
gamoyeneba; navTobis fasebis SesamCnevi gaZvireba;<br />
saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis xSirad<br />
araswori Sefasebebi da rac yvelaze mTavaria aSSs<br />
maregulirebeli samsaxurebis (`federaluri<br />
197
198<br />
rezervebis samsaxuri~) mier procesebis ignorireba, umoqmedeba, maTi gaumar-<br />
Tavi da upasuxismgeblo saqmianoba.<br />
krizisamde aSS-Si ipoTekuri kreditebi Zalian iafi iyo - wliuri 5%, Tanac<br />
adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobiT, ipoTekiT datvirTuli qonebis gayidvis<br />
SesaZlebloba arsebobs. ipoTekuri programebi sxva mxrivac Zalian moqnili<br />
iyo. magaliTad, momxmarebeli pirvel wlebSi Zalian mcire Tanxas ixdida. es<br />
yvelaferi macdurad gamoiyureboda mosaxleobisaTvis da rom ara aSS-is ipo-<br />
Tekuri obligaciebi, romelic qveynis mTavari safondo da saimedo instrumentia,<br />
es krizisi SeiZleba, aseTi katastrofuli ar yofiliyo. swored es<br />
obligaciebi iyides umxvilesma finansurma institutebma da gavrcelda ara<br />
marto amerikis kontigentze, aramed evropaSic, `dominos~ principiT.<br />
am krizisSi mTeli msoflios sabanko sistema aRmoCnda CaTreuli, ramac mosaxleobaSi<br />
panika gamoiwvia da xalxma Tavisi anabrebis dabruneba masobrivad<br />
moiTxova, ramac situacia kidev ufro daamZima.<br />
amerikeli mecnieris, nobelis premiis lauriatis jozef stiglicis azriT<br />
(amJamad xelmZRvanelobs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis antikrizisul<br />
biuros) swored globalizacia da erovnuli ekonomikebis urTierTgam-<br />
Woloba gaxda damatebiTi faqtori krizisis gaRrmavebisa. mis rekomendaciebs<br />
Soris, mniSvnelovania rom msoflio, erovnuli da kerZo finansuri<br />
institutebi gaxdes maqsimalurad gamWirvale, daculi iqnes erTiani standartebi<br />
finansur seqtorSi, Seiqmnas valutis erTiani, msoflio rezervebi.<br />
ekonomikis kargaxsnilobas urTierTsapirispiro movlenebi mosdevs: erT<br />
mxriv mimdinareobs sxvadasxva qveynebis meurneobaTa integracia, iqneba TavisufalivaWrobis<br />
zonebi, xolo meore mxriv calkeuli qveynebi amJRavneben<br />
msoflio batonobis survils.<br />
msoflio ekonomikis globalizaciis gaRrmavebam Tavisi negatiuri mxareebi<br />
mkafiod gamoavlina. krizisma gadainacvla TiTqmis yvela kontinentze,<br />
Seirya sabanko seqtorebi aziis udides qveynebSi - CineTSi, indoeTSi, iaponia-<br />
Si, agreTve msxvil qveynebSi braziliaSi, ruseTSi, kanadaSi.<br />
krizisis masStaburobam da gavrcelebis siswrafem mTavrobis dabneuloba<br />
gamoiwvia. Tavidan TiToeuli saxlemwifo cdilobda damoukideblad Sebr-<br />
Zoleboda krizisul procesebs, magram Semdgom yvelasTvis naTeli gaxda,<br />
rom avtonomiur reJimSi krizisis daZleva SeuZlebeli iyo. swored amitom<br />
aucilebeli gaxda msoflios did <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>ebs SeTanxmebulad da sinqronulad<br />
emoqmedaT, didi oceulis saxiT.<br />
2009-2010 wlebi iyo mcdeloba, msoflios ekonomikuri krizisisTvis Tavi<br />
daeRwiaT, Tumca es mcdeloba arcTu advili gamodga. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
msoflio globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis dros `didma oceulma~<br />
(`did oceulze~ modis mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis 70%-mde, mTliani Sida<br />
produqtis 90% da msoflio vaWrobis 80%) krizisis mZime Sedegebis maqsimalurad<br />
Sesarbileblad gadamwyveti roli Seasrula.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeul qveyanas sakuTari miznebi da amocanebi<br />
hqonda, saboloo gadawyvetilebis miReba mainc erTiani konsensusiT<br />
xdeboda, rac ZiriTadad Semdeg mimarTulebebs moicavda:<br />
ekonomikis <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> stimulireba;<br />
saerTaSoriso finansuri institutebis regulirebis gamkacreba<br />
da maTi saqmianobis gamWvirvaleobis gazrda;<br />
proteqcionizmis minimizacia vaWrobisa da ekonomikis sxva<br />
seqtorebSi.
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi da saqarTvelo<br />
saqarTveloSi msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena SedarebiT naklebad igrZnoba,<br />
rac ZiriTadad gamowveulia qveynis ekonomikis SedarebiT dabali integrirulobiT<br />
msoflio <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si. msoflio bazarze saqarTvelo, warmodgenilia rogorc importiori<br />
qveyana, vinaidan importi TiTqmis 5-jer aWarbebs eqsports.<br />
Cven miviReT daxmareba 4,5 miliardi dolaris odenobiT, saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobidan<br />
da safinanso institutebidan, ramac saSualeba mogvca SegvenarCunebina laris<br />
kursi da garkveulad ekonomikuri stabiluroba.<br />
ZiriTadi ekonomikuri problemebi qveyanas ufro agvistos saomari moqmedebebisgan<br />
Seeqmna, vidre msoflio ekonomikuri krizisisgan. 2009 da 2010 wlebs Semosuli investiciebis<br />
odenobam sagrZnoblad moiklo. es gamomdinare iyo msoflio ekonomikuri<br />
krizisidan, vinaidan ucxouri investiciebi mTels msoflioSi 30%-mde Semcirda.<br />
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom 2010 wels saqarTveloSi ekonomikis stimulirebisaTvis<br />
ganxorcielda TiTqmis 1,5 mlrd laris stimulireba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetidan. xolo 2011<br />
wels gansazRvruli iyo TiTqmis amdenive. aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania dedaqalaqis programa,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebs Zveli Tbilisis reabilitacias, samSeneblo kompaniebis<br />
stimulirebas, samuSao adgilebis SenarCunebas, sabanko seqtoris CarTvas am saqmeSi da<br />
a.S. instituciurad biujetidan aRniSnuli stimulirebis ganxorcieleba, ar aris klasikuri<br />
forma da SesaZlebelia sakamaTo iyos, magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom dRes<br />
qveyana imyofeba rTuli ekonomikuri gamowvevebis winaSe da yvelaferi unda gakeTdes,<br />
raTa droulad daZleuli iqnas krizisis Sedegebi da daiwyos ekonomikuri zrda.<br />
dResdReobiT qveyana TiTqmis mTlianad damokidebulia importze saubaria sasursaTo<br />
produqciaze. mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba damokidebulia mTel rig struqturul<br />
reformebze: kreditebis gacema, Teslis da warmoebis saSualebebis SesaZenad, warmoebis,<br />
miwodebisa da gasaRebis organizaciebis Seqmna, produqciis realizaciisaTvis<br />
Senaxvis pirobebis gaumjobeseba. amitom yvelaze mniSvnelovania <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetidan<br />
mxardaWera, soflis meurneobis ganviTarebaze.<br />
? rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba iseT qveyanas, ro-<br />
goric saqarTveloa importis saxiT Semohqondes<br />
xaxvi, pomidori, badrijani, kartofili?<br />
soflis meurneoba aris materialuri warmoebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dargi, sasoflo-sameurneo<br />
kulturebis moyvana da Sinauri cxovelebis moSeneba memcenareobisa da<br />
mecxoveleobis produqciis miRebis mizniT. soflis meurneobis mTavari dargebia: meabreSumeoba,<br />
mebostneoba, mebocvreoba, mevenaxeoba,meTevzeoba meTesleoba, memcenareoba,<br />
menadireoba, metyeveoba, mefrinveleoba, mefutkreoba meRoreoba, mecxeneoba,<br />
mecxvareoba, mecxoveleoba, meCaieoba, mexileoba. 2012 wlidan soflis meurneobis dafinanseba<br />
150 milioni lariT izrdeba da inflaciis prevenciis mimarTulebiT soflis<br />
meurneobis xelSewyoba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.<br />
? ra<br />
gavlenas axdens msoflio safinanso krizisi saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomika</strong>ze?<br />
finansuri resursebi ufro Zviri gaxda da da xelmisawvdomoba Semcirda. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, saqarTvelos <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si TavisTavad fuladi nakadebis Semcireba da<br />
investiciebis Semcirebac moxda. aman ubralo momxmareblis donezec ki gamoiwvia<br />
kreditebis gaZvireba. cnobilia, rac ufro Zviria fuli, ufro naklebi fulia ekonomi-<br />
199
kaSi. ufro naklebi fuli niSnavs ekonomikis Senelebas an dacemas.<br />
msoflio finansuri krizisis saqarTveloze gavlenis Taobaze gansxvavebul azri arsebobs:<br />
ruseTis safinanso da safondo bazarze ganviTarebuli krizisi saqarTveloze<br />
gavlenas ver moaxdens, radgan am or bazars Soris Zalian susti kavSiri arsebobs. gacilebiT<br />
seriozulia msoflio birJebze warmoqmnili krizisi.<br />
rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sabanko seqtors, is pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis klebas<br />
da, Sesabamisad, sakredito resursebis simwires jer kidev agvistos movlenebamde<br />
ganicdida. samxedro krizisma ki saqarTvelos sabanko seqtoridan kapitalis 12%-is gadineba<br />
gamoiwvia. bolo dros bankebSi gadinebuli kapitalis dabruneba daiwyo.<br />
msoflios safondo birJebze aqciaTa kursis vardnas - kriziss - win uswrebda<br />
gadawyvetileba saqarTvelosTvis saerTaSoriso finansuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb. ruse-<br />
Tis samxedro agresiis Sedegad dazaralebuli saqarTvelos ekonomikis reabilitaciisTvis<br />
aSS-ma erTi miliardi dolari, evrokavSirma 500 milioni evro, xolo saerTaSoriso<br />
savaluto fondma 750 milioni aSS dolari gamoyo. maTi didi nawili saqarTvelos<br />
infrastruqturisa da sainvesticio mimzidvelobis aRdgenas moxmardeba. kerZod ki,<br />
saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis kreditiT saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis savaluto<br />
rezervebi Seivso, rac saqarTveloSi finansuri stabilurobis ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens.<br />
msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis gavlena<br />
qarTul sabanko seqtorze<br />
saqarTveloSi bolo wlebia sabanko sfero mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda da saqarTvelos<br />
ekonomikis xerxemladac Camoyalibda, 2008 wlis dasawyisisTvis sabanko sistemis<br />
aqtivebma 8 miliards gadaaWarba, rac qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis 40%–ze metia.<br />
swored aman gamoiwvia is aJiotaJi, rac sabanko seqtorSi Seqmnil mdgomareobas<br />
mohyva,radgan sabanko sferoSi arsebul mdgomareobaze mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli<br />
qveynis mdgomareoba.<br />
sabanko seqtori krizisis dros yvelaze metad mgrZnobiarea da am mxriv arc qarTuli<br />
SemTxveva yofila gamonaklisi. ivnisSi Cvens qveyanaSi moqmedma TiTqmis yvela bankma<br />
gazarda saprocento ganakveTebi kreditebze,bankebidan masiurad xdeboda TanamSromlebis<br />
daTxovna, gaZvirda ipoTekuri da samomxmareblo kreditebi,ramac problemebi<br />
Seuqmna rogorc samSeneblo kompaniebs, ise adgilobriv warmoebasac.<br />
es movlena bankebma msoflio finansur krizissa da inflacias miaweres.amas isic<br />
daemata rom agvistos xuTdRiani omis Semdeg mosaxleobam masiurad daiwyo bankebidan<br />
anabrebis gatana,saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis informaciiT,agvisto–seqtemberSi<br />
bankebidan 300 milion larze meti iqna gatanili,saqarTvelosi arsebuli bankebis aqtivebi<br />
ki 700 milioni lariT Semcirda,am yvelaferma komerciul bankebs ufro gaumZafra<br />
problemebi da zogierTi maTgani kraxis winaSec ki aRmoCnda.<br />
saqarTvelom finansuri resursebi tranSebis saxiT miiRo saerTaSoriso savaluto<br />
fondis krediti saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis rezervebis Sesavsebad iqna gamoyenebuli,<br />
rac saqarTvelosi finansuri stabilurobis ZiriTad faqtors warmoadgens.savaluto<br />
fondis daxmrebam laris kurss gaamyara.<br />
Tu gsurT CauRrmavdeT ekonomikis klasikosebis mosazrebebs, flobT inglisurs<br />
da musikac giyvarT, Semdegi internetresursi namdvilad dagainteresebT:<br />
200<br />
"Fear the Boom and Bust" a Hayek vs. Keynes Rap Anthem<br />
In Da Fed [With Lyrics] - An EPIC Economics Rap<br />
Fight of the Century: Keynes vs. Hayek Round Two<br />
Dorian Electra - Roll With The Flow
? <br />
Tqveni azriT, ra adgili ukavia saqarTvelos Tanamedrove msoflioSi?<br />
rogor fiqrobT, qveyanaSi ekonomikuri saqmianoba ramdenad emsaxureba<br />
Zlieri <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s aRmSeneblobas?<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri saqmianobis romeli sfero migaCniaT mniSvnelovnad<br />
misi saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebisaTvis?<br />
1<br />
umsxvilesma evropulma farmacevtulma kompaniam amierkavkasiaSi<br />
gran diozuli saqmis wamowyeba gadawyvita da proeqtis ganxorcielebis<br />
mizniT <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s SerCeva daiwyo. man eqspertebs sTxova SeefasebinaT<br />
saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis da somxeTis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Ziri-<br />
Tad maCveneblebi da warmoedginaT daskvna saukeTeso sainvesticio garemos<br />
Sesaxeb.<br />
? 1.<br />
საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობების<br />
54<br />
მნიშვნელობა ქვეყნის ეკონომიკის<br />
განვითარებისთვის<br />
davuSvaT, Tqven xarT am jgufis eqsperti, ra daskvnas warudgendiT<br />
potenciur investors?<br />
2. romel faqtorebs daeyrdnobiT daskvnis gakeTebisas?<br />
3. daixmareT internetresursebi da SeavseT qvemoTmocemuli<br />
cxrili, Semdeg ki gadaamowmeT Tqveni pirveladi daskvna:<br />
# indikatori saqarTvelo azerbaijani sasomxeTi<br />
1 mTliani erovnuli<br />
produqti<br />
2 mTliani Sida<br />
produqti<br />
3 ekonomikis zrdis<br />
tempi<br />
4 samomxmareblo<br />
kalaTis odenoba<br />
5 siRaribis done<br />
6 umuSevrobis done<br />
7 humanuri<br />
ganviTarebis indeqsi<br />
globalizaciis pirobebSi Tanamedrove urTierTdamokidebul samyaroSi saerTaSoriso<br />
TanamSromloba umniSvnelovanes rols TamaSobs qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.<br />
globalizaciis pirobebSi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis warmarTvisas, „ekonomikuri<br />
ganzomileba" udides mniSvnelobas iZens. qveynebi cdiloben iseTi saerTaSoriso urT-<br />
201
ierTobebi daamyaron, rom ukeT daicvan msoflio bazarze ekonomikuri da politikuri<br />
interesebi, romelis ekonomkur interesebs emsaxureba.<br />
msoflio meurneobis sistema rTuli meqanizmia, romlis SemadgenlobaSic arian<br />
erovnuli ekonomikebi, transerovnuli korporaciebi da qveynebis gaerTianebebi.<br />
msoflio bazarze erovnuli ekonomikebis TanamSromloba ganmtkicebulia saqonlis,<br />
momsaxurebisa da ekonomikuri resursebis moZraobiT.<br />
saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva qveynis individebs, jgufebs,<br />
mewarmeebsa Tu kompaniebs Soris myardeba. maTi klasifikacia SesaZlebelia Semdegi<br />
formebis mixedviT:<br />
1. saerTaSoriso vaWroba saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT;<br />
2. samuSao Zalis saerTaSoriso migracia;<br />
3. kapitalis saerTaSoriso migracia;<br />
4. teqnologiebis (codnis) saerTaSoriso gadacema;<br />
5. qveynebs Soris sawarmoo specializacia;<br />
6. saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobebi;<br />
7. saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri organizaciebis saqmianoba.<br />
202<br />
`mTel msoflioSi mTavrobebi agrZeleben fulis Cadebas <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si da<br />
saprocento fsonebi maRali ar gaxlavT~, - ambobs ganviTarebadi bazrebis<br />
jgufis Franklin Templeton Investments-is mmarTveli direqtori mark mobiusi.<br />
misi prognoziT, msoflio <strong>ekonomika</strong> zrdas gaagrZelebs - Tumca arcTu<br />
ise swrafi tempiT. mobiusi gansakuTrebiT perspeqtiuls uwodebs braziliis,<br />
ruseTisa da TurqeTis bazrebs - kerZod, im bankebis aqciebs, romlebic ar<br />
arian datvirTuli evropuli valebiT.<br />
wyaro. www.forbesgeorgia.ge<br />
qveynis savaluto Semosavlebi miT metia, rac ufro warmatebiT eweva qveyana eqsportul<br />
saqmianobas. Tu qveyanaSi importi ufro warmatebulad xorcieldeba, vidre<br />
eqsporti, maSin sWarbobs savaluto resursebis gadineba. Sesabamisad, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
savaWro balansis dadebiTi saldos Camoyalibebas, anu saeqsporto produqciis si-<br />
Warbes didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.<br />
qveynebs Soris saukuneebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli urTierTobebi Tanamedrove<br />
`sainformacio eraSi“ Seicvala da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganmsazRvreli vaWrobis<br />
liberalizacia, qveynebis produqciis erTmaneTis bazrebze Tavisufali daSveba da vaWrobis<br />
Semaferxebeli barierebis Semcireba gaxda.<br />
stabiluri ekonomikuri zrda <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Zlierebis safuZvelia. sagareo politikis<br />
erT-erTi mTavari mimarTulebaa qveynebTan urTierTmomgebiani ekonomikuri<br />
TanamSromlobis ganviTareba, romelic xels Seuwyobs qveyanaSi investiciebis mozidvas<br />
da saeqsporto bazris diversificirebas.<br />
mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis formatebi vaWrobis da ekonomikuri kavSirebis<br />
ganmtkicebis, ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis xelSewyobis mizniT<br />
gamoyenebulia mravalmxrivi formatebi, rogoricaa gaeros qvedanayofebi, ganyofilebebi<br />
da specializebuli saagentoebi (maT Soris WB, IMF, UNECE, WFP, ECOSOC), vaWrobis<br />
msoflio organizacia (WTO), evropis sainvesticio banki (EIB), aziis ganviTarebis<br />
banki (ADB), Savi zRvis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis organizacia (BSEC), demokratiisa<br />
da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis organizacia – suami. ekonomikuri TanamSomlobisa da<br />
ganviTarebis organizacia (OECD) da sxva, romlebic miznad isaxavs wevr-qveynebs Soris<br />
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, regionis warmatebuli ganviTarebis<br />
xelSewyobas da saerTaSoriso da evropul struqturebTan urTierTobaTa daaxloebas.<br />
muSavdeba mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri proeqtebi.
imsjeleT<br />
zbignev kazimeJ bJezinski,<br />
polonel-amerikeli politologi,<br />
sociologi da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> moRvawe<br />
cnobilia zbignev bJeJinskis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras efuZneba<br />
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi ze<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s amerikis SeerTebuli<br />
Statebis Zliereba. mas miaCnia, rom: „vercerTi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> ver Seedreba<br />
amerikas <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s Zlierebis oTx mTavar komponentSi, esenia -<br />
samxedro, ekonomikuri, teqnologiuri da kulturuli komponentebi.“<br />
Tqven ras daasaxelebdiT saqarTvelos Zlierebis komponentebad?<br />
masStaburi regionuli proeqtebi, romlebSic saqarTvelo monawileobs, samuSao<br />
adgilebis Seqmnis, qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisa da konkurentunarianobis ga-<br />
Zlierebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria.<br />
saqarTvelos gaaCnia transnacionaluri proeqtebis ganxorcielebis kargi gamocdileba,<br />
gansakuTrebiT energetikisa da trasnportis sferoSi. am tipis urTierTobebis<br />
Semdgomi gaRrmaveba, erToblivi regionuli ekonomikuri proeqtebis dagegmvisa da<br />
realizaciis saqmeSi monawileoba saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani<br />
faqtoria.<br />
XXI saukuneSi energetikuli usafrTxoebis politika <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> politikis ganuyofeli<br />
nawili gaxda. am TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso arenaze mimdinare procesebSi<br />
saqarTvelos Tavisi gamokveTili roli gaaCnia - mniSvnelovania qveynis teritoriaze<br />
energetikuli, satransporto da satranzito mniSvnelovani magistralebis arseboba.<br />
saqarTvelos energetikuli usafrTxoebis politikis prioritetia energoresursebis<br />
satranzito qveynis statusis ganmtkiceba. Tavisi geografiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare,<br />
saqarTvelos SeuZlia mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba evropis energetikul<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyosayofad. saqarTveloze gadis centraluri aziisa da kaspiis<br />
zRvis energoresursebis iseTi satranzito magistralebi, rogoricaa “baqo-Tbilisijeihanis”<br />
da “baqo Tbilisi-sufsis” navTobsadenebi da “baqo-Tbilisi-erzerumis”<br />
gazsadeni. arsebobs didi potenciali aRniSnuli regionebidan energoresursebis<br />
saqarTvelos gavliT evropis bazrebze transportirebis, raTa moxdes transkaspiuri<br />
gazsadenis, da sxva perspeqtiuli proeqtebis realizacia.<br />
SeerTebuli Statebis mTavroba yovelTvis gamoxatavda inovaciebisa da teqnologiuri<br />
miRwevebis mxardaWeras da evraziaSi energetikuli usafrTxoebis gaZlierebis survils.<br />
„amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos ganzraxuli gvaqvs uzrunvelvyoT<br />
gaZlierebuli TanamSromloba umaRlesi ganaTlebis, biznesisa da samecniero kvlevis<br />
sferoSi../wyaro. aSS-saqarTvelos qartia strategiuli partniorobis Sesaxeb/<br />
saqarTvelos ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
ekonomikuri urTierTobis gaRrmaveba sxvadasxva ganviTarebul qveynebTan da<br />
saerTaSoriso struqturebTan. mag., sagulisxmoa israelTan ekonomikis, turizmisa<br />
da kulturis sferoebSi TanamSromloba, ukrainasTan, germaniasTan, CineTTan savaWro<br />
urTierTobebis ganviTareba.<br />
2012 wlis ianvar-ivnisSi saqarTveloSi saqonliT sagareo savaWro brunvam 4866<br />
mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis maCvenebelze 17 procentiT metia. aqedan,<br />
eqsporti 140 mln. aSS dolari iyo (10 procentiT meti), xolo importi – 3725<br />
mln. aSS dolari (19 procentiT meti). saqarTvelos uaryofiTma savaWro balansma<br />
2012 wlis ianvar-ivnisSi 2585 mln. aSS dolari da sagareo savaWro brunvis 53 procenti<br />
Seadgina.<br />
203
saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobaSi Camoyalibebul zogad tendenciebs asaxavs grafikuli<br />
gamosaxuleba 2007-2012 wlebis ianvar-ivnisis dinamikuri mwkrivis mixedviT.<br />
sagareo vaWrobis zogadi maCveneblebi 2007-2012 ww. ianvar-ivnisSi (mln. aSS dolari)<br />
4000<br />
3000<br />
2000<br />
1000<br />
0<br />
-1000<br />
-2000<br />
-3000<br />
204<br />
544<br />
es<br />
sainteresoa<br />
ese<br />
2223<br />
-1679<br />
796<br />
3195<br />
-2400<br />
513<br />
2062<br />
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012<br />
735<br />
2315<br />
-1548 -1580<br />
ექსპორტი იმპორტი სალდო<br />
1037<br />
3119<br />
-2082<br />
saqarTvelosa da garesamyaros urTierTdamokidebuleba.<br />
1140<br />
3725<br />
-2585<br />
SeRavaTiani sagareo-savaWro reJimebi.<br />
saqarTvelos sagareo-savaWro brunva 2003 wlidan zrdis tendenciiT<br />
xasiaTdeba, rasac qveynis liberaluri savaWro politikac uwyobs xels.<br />
saqarTveloSi moqmedebs SeRavaTiani savaWro reJimebi:<br />
• Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimi – dsT-s qveynebTan da TurqeTTan (2008<br />
wlis 1 noembridan);<br />
• ,,upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi” (MFN) – msoflio savaWro organizaciis<br />
wevr qveynebTan;<br />
• preferenciebis ganzogadebuli sistema (GSP) – aSS-sTan, kanadas-<br />
Tan, iaponiasTan, Sveicariasa da norvegiasTan;<br />
• GSP+ – evrokavSirTan (7200 saxeobis produqciaze) 2005 wlidan.<br />
saqarTvelos 33 qveyanasTan aqvs gaformebuli xelSekruleba ormagi<br />
dabegvris Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb, xolo 32 qveyanasTan - investiciebis<br />
urTierTdacvisa da waxalisebis Taobaze.<br />
mimdinareobs mosamzadebeli samuSaoebi evrokavSirTan Tavisufali<br />
vaWrobis SeTanxmebis (FTA) molaparakebebis dawyebis Tobaze.<br />
wyaro: saqarTvelos ekonomikis da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros masalebi.<br />
http://www.economy.ge
proeqtebi<br />
proeqti ¹1 `axali ambebis reportaJebi saqarTvelos regionebidan<br />
proeqti ¹2 ekonomikur maCveneblebze nadiroba<br />
proeqti ¹3 fasebi da dro – rogor gaZvirda cxovreba<br />
proeqti ¹4 cxovrebis done<br />
proeqti ¹5 socialuri mdgomareobis analizi<br />
proeqti ¹6 bazris analizi<br />
proeqtebze muSaobisas saintereso masalaebis mopovebaSi<br />
dagexmarebaT Semdegi internet-resursebi:<br />
1. www.geostat.ge – saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri;<br />
2. www.newsgeorgia.ge _axali ambebi. sainformacio saagento, saqarTvelo;<br />
3. http://moe.caucasus.net _ garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro;<br />
4. www.ncsa.ge - globaluri garemos dacvis mizniT qveynis SesaZleblobaTa gaZlierebis<br />
saWiroebis TviTSefaseba<br />
5. www.climatechange.telenet.ge – garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro;<br />
klimatis cvlilebis departamenti<br />
6. www.parliament.ge _ saqarTvelos parlamenti;<br />
7. www.civil.ge/geo _saqarTvelos gaeros asociacia _ internet-Jurnali;<br />
8. www.president.gov.ge _ saqarTvelos prezidenti;<br />
9. http://www.mfa.gov.ge _ saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro;<br />
10. http://www.geocities.com/kanonebi _ saqarTvelos kanonTa krebuli;<br />
11. http://www.geplac.org - ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTulevropuli<br />
sakonsultacio centri;<br />
12. www.president.gov.ge _ saqarTvelos prezidenti;<br />
13. http://www.geocities.com/kanonebi _ saqarTvelos kanonTa krebuli;<br />
14. http://www.geplac.org _ ekonomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qar-<br />
Tul-evropuli sakonsultacio centri;<br />
15. http://www.delgeo.cec.eu.int/ge/eu_global_player/index1.html _ evrokomisiis warmomadgenloba<br />
saqarTveloSi;<br />
16. http://www.eu-integration.gov.ge/geo/georgiaandeugallery.php - saqarTvelos evrokavSirSi<br />
integraciis samTavrobo komisia.<br />
17. http://www.economy.gov.ge - ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro;<br />
12. http://www.economy.ge/geo/departments.php?key=5 _ ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saministro,<br />
transportis departamenti;<br />
13. http://www.statistics.ge/Main/Ge/Agriculture/index.html - saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli<br />
sasoflo-sameurneo aRwera.<br />
205
absoluturi upiratesoba _ Tanabari raodenobis<br />
resursebis pirobebSi sxva mwarmoebelTan<br />
SedarebiT saqonlis an momsaxurebis<br />
meti erTeulis warmoebis SesaZlebloba. ix.,<br />
aseve, SedarebiTi upiratesoba.<br />
adamianuri kapitali _ adamianTa jamrTeloba,<br />
ganaTleba, kvalifikacia da unarebi.<br />
adamianuri resursebi _ saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebisTvis saWiro adamianuri<br />
Zalisxmevis raodenoba da xarisxi.<br />
alternatiuli Rirebuleba – momdevno uke-<br />
Tesi alternativis Rirebuleba, romelzec<br />
uari unda vTqvaT, radgan SezRuduli resursebi<br />
gamoyenebulia sxva miznisaTvis.<br />
arasrulyofili konkurencia _ sabazro<br />
struqtura, romelSic firmebi ar arian fasis<br />
mimRebebi, magram samagierod unda ipovon<br />
fasisa da gamoSvebis iseTi done, romlis<br />
drosac SesaZlebeli iqneba mogebis maqsimizacia.<br />
ix., aseve, srulyofili konkurencia.<br />
arapirdapiri gadasaxadi _ gadasaxadi, romlis<br />
sagadasaxado tvirTis gadabareba gadasaxadis<br />
gadamxdels (kerZo an iuridiul pirs)<br />
sxva adamianze an adamianTa jgufze SeuZlia.<br />
aqcizi _ produqtis erTeulze dawesebuli<br />
gadasaxadi.<br />
aSkara danaxarjebi _ igive sabuRaltro danaxarjebi<br />
nedleulze, masalebze, eleqtroenergiaze,<br />
teqnologiebze, xelfasze da a.S.<br />
bazari _ adgili, instituti sadac xSirad<br />
warmoebs saqonlis da momsaxurebis gacvla.<br />
bazari _ adgili, sadac myidvelebi (momxmareblebi)<br />
da gamyidvelebi (mwarmoeblebi)<br />
erTmaneTs xvdebian.<br />
bazris struqtura _ bazris konkurenciis<br />
done, romelic xasiaTdeba dawyebuli mravali<br />
myidveliTa da gamyidveliT, damTavrebuli<br />
ramdenime an sulac erTi myidveliTa da<br />
gamyidveliT. ix., aseve, konkurencia.<br />
bazris warumatebloba (Cavardna) - zogier-<br />
Ti saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sistematuri<br />
Warbwarmoeba an naklwarmoeba, romelic warmoiqmneba<br />
araregulirebad sabazro sistemaSi<br />
da Tan axlavs iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli, Tanamdevi efeqtebi<br />
an arasrulyofili konkurencia.<br />
bazris wili - ra nawili ukavia kompaniis<br />
mier warmoebul produqcias am dargSi mTlianad<br />
warmoebuli produqciis odenobidan.<br />
206<br />
ekonomikuri terminebis leqsikoni<br />
barteri _ erTi saqonlis an momsaxurebis<br />
sxva saqonelze an momsaxurebaze pirdapiri<br />
gacvla fulis gamoyenebis gareSe.<br />
biujeti _ iuridiuli dokumenti, sadac aRwerilia<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s fuladi Semosavlebi<br />
da xarjebi.<br />
bunebrivi resursebi - bunebis mier naboZebi<br />
nobaTi - miwa, okeaneebi da mdinarebi, navTobi<br />
da mineraluri wylebi, klimaturi pirobebi.<br />
firmebi _ ekonomikuri erTeulebi, romlebic<br />
iyeneben saojaxo meurneobis sawarmoo resursebs,<br />
raTa saqoneli an momsaxureba saojaxo<br />
meurneobebsa da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> organizaciebs<br />
miawodon. ix., aseve, korporaciebi, amxanagobebi,<br />
erTpirovnuli mflobelobebi.<br />
gadasaxadebi _ savaldebulo gadasaxdelebi,<br />
romelsac saojaxo meurneobebi da firmebi<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s sasargeblod ixdian.<br />
gacvla – erTi saxis saqonlisa an momsaxurebis<br />
gacvla sxva saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze<br />
an fulze.<br />
gacvlis kursi _ erTi qveynis fuladi er-<br />
Teulis fasi gamoxatuli sxva qveynis fuladi<br />
erTeuliT.<br />
gasamrjelo - SromiTi resursebis safasuri,<br />
romelic, xelfasisgan gansxvavebiT, ar<br />
aris damokidebuli namuSevari saaTebis raodenobaze.<br />
ix., aseve, xelfasi.<br />
dazogva _ gankargvad Semosavlebs (Semosavali<br />
gadasaxadis gadaxdis Semdeg) gamoklebuli<br />
samomxmareblo danaxarjebi.<br />
dargi – firmebis jgufi, romelic msgavs<br />
produqtebs awarmoebs.<br />
dasaqmeba- anazRaurebis miRebis<br />
mizniT gaweuli saqmianoba.<br />
dasaqmebis done - mTeli mosaxleobis<br />
16 welze meti asakis dasaqmebuli<br />
adamianebis (maT Soris pensioneri<br />
dasaqmebulebic) procentuli wili samuSao<br />
Zalaze..lika<br />
dasaqmebis done _ mTeli mosaxleobis<br />
16 wlis da zemoT asakis dasaqmebul-<br />
Ta procentuli wili. ix., aseve, umuSevrobis<br />
done.<br />
deficiti _ situacia, romelic warmoiqmneba,<br />
roca saqonelze moTxovnis raodenoba miwodebis<br />
raodenobaze metia, anu roca saqonelis<br />
fasi sabazro wonasworul fasze naklebia.
deflacia _ qveyanaSi warmoebuliQyvelaQsaqonlis<br />
da momsaxurebis fasebis<br />
saerTo donis Semcireba.<br />
dividendi _ aqcioneris Semosavali, romelsac<br />
is iRebs korporaciis mogebidan.<br />
erTpirovnuli mflobeloba _ biznesis samar-<br />
Tlebrivi forma, roca mesakuTreebs ufleba<br />
aqvT firmis mTel mogebaze. magram, amave dros,<br />
personalurad arian pasuxismgebelni firmis<br />
valebze da korporaciis mesakuTreebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT ar aqvT SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba.<br />
ekonomikuri efeqtianoba _ niSnavs SezRuduli<br />
resursebis yairaTian gamoyenebas.<br />
ekonomikuri zrda _ qveyanaSi Seqmnili realuri<br />
mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) zrda.<br />
ekonomikuri mogeba _ firmis mTlian Semosavals<br />
minus yvela aSkara da faruli sawarmoo<br />
danaxarji, yvela alternatiuli Rirebulebis,<br />
maT Soris mogebis CaTvliT.<br />
ekonomikuri Tavisufleba _ arCevanis Tavisufleba:<br />
momxmareblebisaTvis – Tu rogor<br />
daxarjon an dazogon Semosavali, muSakebisaTvis<br />
– sad daiwyon an Seicvalon samuSao,<br />
mewarmeebisaTvis – daiwyon axali biznesi an<br />
daxuron Zveli firma.<br />
ekonomikuri Tanasworoba _ aris ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis samarTlianoba gacvlis an<br />
Semosavlebis ganawilebis dros _ dabegvrisas,<br />
dabalSemosavliani ojaxebisaTvis daxmarebis<br />
programebis sasargeblod da sxv.<br />
ekonomikuri stabiluroba _ tendenciebi,<br />
rodesac <strong>ekonomika</strong> ar irRveva inflaciiT,<br />
deflaciiT, umuSevrobis maRali doniT da<br />
sxva arasasurveli movlenebiT.<br />
ekonomikuri stimulebi _ motivaciuri faqtorebi,<br />
romlebic zemoqmedeben calkeuli<br />
pirebisa da organizaciebis qcevaze, maT Soris<br />
firmebsa da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> organoebze. sabazro<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si fasebi, mogeba da zarali<br />
mniSvnelovan ekonomikur stimulebs warmoadgens.<br />
ekonomikuri sistema _ kanonebis, adamianuri<br />
faseulobebis, interesebis, organizaciebis<br />
erToblioba, sadac xdeba ekonomikuri<br />
gadawyvetilebebis miReba.<br />
sazogadoebis mier gamoyenebuli institucionaluri<br />
struqtura, romelsac sazogadoeba<br />
iyenebs imis<br />
ekonomikuri cikli _ qveyanaSi ekonomikuri<br />
aqtivobis saerTo donis ryevebi gafarToebisa<br />
da SezRudvis periodebis monacvleobiT,<br />
rac xSirad xasiaTdeba sxvadasxva xangrZlivobiT<br />
da sirTulis xarisxiT. rogorc wesi,<br />
izomeba realuri mTliani Sida produqtiT<br />
(mSp).<br />
embargo _ konkretul qveyanasTan vaWrobis<br />
sruli gamoricxva.<br />
erToblivi miwodeba – cxrili an grafiki,<br />
romelic gviCvenebs gamoSvebuli produqciis<br />
(realuri mSp) moculobas, romelic SeiZleba<br />
iwarmoos fasebis sxvadasxva donis pirobebSi.<br />
grZelvadian periodSi grafiki gviCvenebs realuri<br />
mSp-s mudmiv dones fasebis sxvadasxva<br />
donisaTvis, rasac gansazRvravs ekonomikis<br />
sawarmoo SesaZlebloba sruli dasaqmebis<br />
pirobebSi. moklevadian periodSi erToblivi<br />
miwodebis grafiki gviCvenebs realuri mSp-s<br />
sxvadasxva dones fasebis cvlilebisas.<br />
erToblivi moTxovna - cxrili (an grafiki),<br />
romelic gviCvenebs gamoSvebuli produqciis<br />
(realuri mSp) moculobas, romelzec arsebobs<br />
moTxovna fasebis sxvadasxva donis pirobebSi.<br />
vaWroba _ nebayoflobiTi gacvla or an met<br />
individs an/da qveyanas Soris sargeblis<br />
miRebis mizniT.<br />
zRvruli amonagebi _ warmoebis saerTo amonagebis<br />
cvlileba saqonlis damatebiTi er-<br />
Teulis gayidvisas.<br />
zRvruli danaxarjebi _ warmoebis saerTo<br />
danaxarjebis cvlileba warmoebuli produqciis<br />
erTi erTeuliT zrdis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
zRvruli Semosavali - warmoebis mTliani<br />
Semosavlis cvlileba saqonlis damatebiTi<br />
erTeulis gayidvisas.<br />
zRvruli produqti _ warmoebuli produqtis<br />
nazrdi, damatebiTi produqti (gamoSveba), romelic<br />
Seiqmna damatebiTi momuSavis (cvalebadi<br />
resursi) xarjze.<br />
Tanmdevi (gare) efeqtebi - ,,mesame piris”<br />
efeqtebi, roca produqciis warmoebasTan an<br />
moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli sargeblis an<br />
danaxarjis nawili gavlenas axdens (gadadis)<br />
masze, visac pirdapir arc uwarmoebia da arc<br />
mouxmaria. ix., aseve, bazris Cavardna.<br />
individualuri sawarmo (erTpirovnuli<br />
mflobeloba) _ biznesis iseTi forma,<br />
romelsac erTi adamiani an ojaxi flobs da<br />
romelsac firmis valdebulebebze piradi<br />
qonebrivi pasuxismgebloba akisria.<br />
207
inflacia - qveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlis da<br />
momsaxurebis fasebis saSualo donis zrda.<br />
sxvanairad, inflacia fulis gaufasurebis,<br />
misi msyidvelobiTi unaris mniSvnelovnad<br />
Semcirebis procesia.<br />
kapitaluri resursebi (ZiriTadi kapitali) _<br />
saqoneli, romelic warmoebulia da gamoiyeneba<br />
sxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad.<br />
magaliTad: Senobeba-nagebobebi,<br />
iaraRebi da manqana-mowyobilobebi.<br />
qvotebi – limitebi, romlebic wesdeba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
mier SemoRebuli kanonebis an normatiuli<br />
aqtebis Sesabamisad saerTaSoriso<br />
vaWrobaSi importirebuli an eqsportirebuli<br />
saqonlis raodenobis SezRudvisaTvis.<br />
mbrZaneblur <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si, Cveulebriv, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
sagegmo organoebi gansazRvraven saqonlis<br />
da momsaxurebis mwarmoeblebis sawarmoo<br />
mizans.<br />
klebadi zRvruli sargeblianoba _ farTod<br />
gavrcelebuli damokidebuleba, roca saqonlis<br />
yoveli momdevno damatebiTi erTeulis<br />
moxmarebiT miRebuli kmayofileba (zRvruli<br />
moxmareba) mcirdeba.<br />
konglomeraciuli Serwyma- gansxvavebuli<br />
saqmianobis ori an meti sawarmos<br />
erT mmarTvelobaSi gaerTianeba.<br />
konkurencia _ ori an meti adamianis an organizaciis<br />
miswrafeba miiRon erTi da igive<br />
saqoneli, momsaxureba an sawarmoo da finansuri<br />
resursebi. momxmareblebi metoqeobas uweven<br />
sxva momxmareblebs, mwarmoeblebi ki _<br />
sxva mwarmoeblebs. ix., aseve, sabazro struqtura.<br />
korporacia – biznes-firmis samarTlebrivi<br />
forma, sadac mesakuTreebis savalo pasuxismgebloba<br />
firmis winaSe SezRudulia investirebis<br />
mizniT Sesyiduli aqciebis wilis<br />
mixedviT. korporacia registrirdeba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
mier da firmis individualur mesakuTreTagan<br />
damoukideblad moqmedebs, rogorc<br />
iuridiuli erTeuli.<br />
klienti – calkeuli piri, romelic saqonelsa<br />
da momsaxurebas yidulobs. kriteriumi _<br />
sargeblianobis standartebi an zomebi, romlebsac<br />
Aadamianebi imisaTvis iyeneben rom<br />
Seafason, ra ufro mniSvnelovania.<br />
likviduroba _ zogierTi, magram ara yvela<br />
finansuri da fizikuri aqtivebis maxasiaTebeli.<br />
maRallikviduri aqtivebis qceva naRd<br />
fulad SesaZlebelia Zalian mokle droSi<br />
umniSvnelo danaxarjebiT an danaxarjebis<br />
gareSe.<br />
208<br />
marketingi – ideebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
koncefciis, faswarmoqmnis, promouSenisa<br />
da gavrcelebis dagegmvisa da Sesrulebis<br />
procesi<br />
mbrZanebluri (sakomando) <strong>ekonomika</strong> - <strong>ekonomika</strong>,<br />
sadac warmoebisa da ganawilebis (distribuciis)<br />
sakiTxTa umetesoba wydeba centralizebuli<br />
dagegmviTa da kontroliT.<br />
mdgradoba bazarze- biznesis momgebian mdgomareobaSi<br />
xangrZlivi arseboba.<br />
mewarmeoba _ adamianuri resursi, romelic<br />
sakuTar Tavze iRebs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
warmoebisaTvis saWiro sawarmoo<br />
resursebis organizebis risks.<br />
mewarmeebi - adamianebi da firmebi, romlebic<br />
sawarmoo resursebs iyeneben saqonlis<br />
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad.<br />
mewarmeobis unari- bazarze axali an ukeTesi<br />
saqonlis da momsaxurebis Semosatanad xelsayreli<br />
SesaZleblobebis danaxva da maTze<br />
drouli reagireba, SezRuduli resursebis<br />
konkurentebze efeqtianad gamoyeneba da axali<br />
ideebis da teqnologiebis danergva.<br />
mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep) – mTliani<br />
Sida produqtis (mSp) alternativa, romelic<br />
izomeba erT weliwadSi warmoebuli saqonlis<br />
da momsaxurebis RirebulebiT. mep-i<br />
zomavs qveynis rezidentebis (moqalaqeTa) ku-<br />
Tvnili resursebiT warmoebul produqcias,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, Tu sad aris es resursebi<br />
ganlagebuli. mSp gansazRvravs qveynis sazRvrebSi<br />
arsebuli resursebiT warmoebul Sedegs,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, Tu visi sakuTrebaa es<br />
resursebi.<br />
mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) _ kalendaruli<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi warmoebuli<br />
yvela saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
sabazro Rirebuleba. ix., aseve, mTliani erovnuli<br />
produqti (mep).<br />
mTliani Semosavali _ Semosavali, romelsac<br />
firma iRebs saqonlis realizaciidan. igi<br />
iangariSeba, rogorc gamoSvebuli produqciis<br />
fasisa da raodenobis namravli.<br />
miwa (bunebrivi resursebi) - ,,bunebis nabo-<br />
Zebi”: okeaneebi, haeri, mineraluri resursebi<br />
da tyeebi, aseve miwis aTvisebuli nakveTebi,<br />
romelTa gamoyeneba SeiZleba saqonlisa da<br />
momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis. rodesac xorcieldeba<br />
investireba miwisa da bunebrivi<br />
resursebis gasaumjobeseblad, es resursebi<br />
nawilobriv kapitalur resursebad gardaiqmneba.
miwodeba - cxrili an grafiki, romelic<br />
gviCvenebs, Tu saqonlis an momsaxurebis ramdeni<br />
erTeuli surT da SeuZliaT gayidon<br />
mwarmoeblebs fasis yvela SesaZlo donis pirobebSi<br />
drois garkveul periodiSi.<br />
miwodebis determinanti _Pmiwodebis cvlilebis<br />
arafasismieri faqtori.<br />
miwodebis kanoni _ rac ufro maRalia saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis fasi, miT metia miwodebis<br />
sidide. da piriqiT, rac naklebia fasi,<br />
miT ufro nakleb saqonelsa da momsaxurebas<br />
miawodeben gamyidvelebi.<br />
mogeba - mewarmeTa unaris da riskis Sedegad<br />
miRebuli Semosavali, romelic iangariSeba<br />
firmis saerTo amonagebidan yvela pirdapiri<br />
da arapirdapiri xarjebis gamoklebiT.<br />
mogebis Cveulebrivi norma (normaluri mogeba)<br />
– sakmaod maRali mogeba imisTvis,<br />
rom aanazRauros mewarmis mier konkretuli<br />
saqonlis da momsaxurebis warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
aSkara da faruli danaxarjebi<br />
(alternatiuli Rirebulebis CaTvliT), romliTac<br />
mwarmoebeli ver axerxebs mocemul<br />
bazarze Sesvlas an gamosvlas. Cveulebrivi<br />
mogeba aris warmoebis ekonomikuri danaxarji,<br />
radgan mogebis SedarebiT dabali done<br />
mwarmoebels aiZulebs mimarTos saqonlis an<br />
momsaxurebis warmoebisaTvis resursebis gamoyenebis<br />
raime sxva SesaZleblobas.<br />
moTxovna - survili, romelic SesaZlebelia<br />
dakmayofildes saqonlis an momsaxurebis<br />
moxmarebiT.<br />
moTxovna _ cxrili (grafiki), romelic gviCvenebs,<br />
Tu ra raodenobis saqonlis an momsaxurebis<br />
yidva surT da SeuZliaT myidvelebs<br />
nebismier SesaZlo fasad drois garkveul<br />
periodSi.<br />
moTxovnis kanoni – rac ufro izrdeba saqonlisa<br />
da momsaxurebis fasi (sxva Tanabar pirobebSi),<br />
miT ufro mcirdeba moTxovnis sidide.<br />
moTxovnis determinanti _ moTxovnis cvlilebis<br />
arafasismieri faqtori.<br />
momsaxureba - adamianebis, firmebis an <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
uwyebebis saqmianoba ekonomikuri<br />
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
momxmarebeli - adamiani, romelic saqonelsa<br />
da momsaxurebas iyenebs sakuTari ekonomikuri<br />
moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad.<br />
monetaruli politika - qveynis centraluri<br />
bankis mier fulis mowodebasa da kreditis<br />
xelmisawvdomobis saqmeSi gatarebuli cvli-<br />
lebebi da RonisZiebebi fasebis stabilurobis,<br />
sruli dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis<br />
zomieri donis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
monopolia - bazris iseTi struqtura, sadac<br />
erTaderTi gamyidveli konkretul bazarze<br />
awarmoebs an yidis yvela saqonelsa an momsaxurebas<br />
da am bazarze sxva firmebis Sesvlis<br />
barierebi Zalian maRalia.<br />
monopolisturi konkurencia - bazris satruqtura,<br />
sadac odnav diferencirebul saqonels<br />
SedarebiT mcire mewarmeTa didi raodenoba<br />
yidis da am bazarze axali firmebis<br />
Sesvlis barierebi dabalia.<br />
monofsonia - bazris struqtura, sadac erTaderTi<br />
myidveli Seisyidis konkretuli<br />
saqonlis, momsaxurebis an sawarmoo resursebis<br />
mTel raodenobas.<br />
mudmivi (fiqsirebuli) danaxarjebi _ iseTi<br />
danaxarjebi, romlebic ar icvleba warmoebis<br />
moculobis cvlilebis dros. maT miekuTvneba<br />
Senobebis, nagebobebis kapitalur remontTan,<br />
administraciasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi.<br />
ix. aseve, cvalebadi danaxarjebi.<br />
mtacebluri fasebi - danaxarjebze naklebi<br />
fasebis daweseba.<br />
mwarmoeblebi - adamianebi da firmebi, romlebic<br />
sawarmoo resursebs iyeneben saqonlis<br />
da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad.<br />
mwarmoebloba - drois erTeulSi gamoSvebis<br />
(saqonlis an momsaxurebis) moculobis Sefardeba<br />
warmoebaSi gamoyenebuli resursebis<br />
(warmoebis faqtorebis) erTeulTan.<br />
obligacia - saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba<br />
garkveuli Tanxis gansazRvrul vadaSi dabrunebis<br />
Sesaxeb, nasesxebi Tanxis sargeblis<br />
dadgenili ganakveTis CaTvliT.<br />
oligopolia - bazris struqtura, sadac mcire<br />
raodenobis SedarebiT msxvili firmebi<br />
awarmoeben an yidian saqonlis an momsaxurebis<br />
mTel raodenobas konkretul bazarze da axali<br />
firmis bazarze Sesvlis barierebi sakmaod<br />
maRalia. zogi oligopolia awarmoebs erTgvarovan<br />
saqonels, zogi ki - gansxvavebuls.<br />
partnioroba (amxanagoba) - individualuri<br />
mflobelobis msgavsi biznes-firmis samarTlebrivi<br />
forma, romelic iTvaliswinebs ori<br />
an meti mesakuTris arsebobas. isini winaswar<br />
gansazRvruli ganakveTis safuZvelze Tanxmdebian<br />
mogebis an wagebis wilis Sesaxeb.<br />
rogorc wesi, yvela partniori pasuxismgebelia<br />
firmis valebze da ar aris daculi<br />
SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobiT, rasac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
avrcelebs korporaciis mflobelebze.<br />
209
pirdapiri gadasaxadi _ romelsac gadasaxadis<br />
gadamxdeli uSualod <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s uxdis.<br />
progresuli gadasaxadi _ maRali Semosavlis<br />
mqone maRali saprocento ganakveTiT ibegreba,<br />
xolo dabali Semosavlis mqone dabali<br />
saprocento ganakveTiT.<br />
proporciuli gadasaxadi _ rodesac yvela<br />
gadasaxadis gadamxdeli erTnairi saprocento<br />
ganakveTiT ibegreba.<br />
preficiti - mdgomareoba, rodesac <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
gadasaxadebidan miRebuliGGda sxva Semosavlebi<br />
aWarbebs <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> xarjebs. igi,<br />
Cveulebriv, ganisazRvreba TormetTviani periodiT,<br />
anu qveynis safinanso wliT.<br />
procenti - realuri da finansuri kapitalis<br />
drois garkveuli periodiT gamoyenebisaTvis<br />
dawesebuli gadasaxadi, romelsac resursebis<br />
gamomyenebeli uxdis resursebis mflobels.<br />
racionaluroba (gonivruli, mizanSewonili)<br />
_ ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Semosavlebis<br />
maqsimaluri sargebliT gamoyenebis survils<br />
gulisxmobs. racionalurobis antonimia _<br />
iracionaluroba.<br />
racionaluri molodini – arsebuli informaciis<br />
safuZvelze - maT Soris <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s<br />
dRevandeli da momavali politikuri<br />
aqciebis Sedegebis winaswari ganWvretiT<br />
Camoyalibebuli molodini inflaciis momavali<br />
tempis an sxva ekonomiuri movlenebis<br />
Taobaze.<br />
realuri mTliani Sida produqti (realuri<br />
mSp) - mTliani Sida produqti, romelic iangariSeba<br />
dolarebSi ucvleli msyidvelobiTi<br />
kursiT. mas angariSoben nominaluri<br />
mSp-s (mimdinare fasebiT gamoTvlili mSp)<br />
Sesabamisi fasebis indeqsTan, rogorc wesi -<br />
fasebis farul deflatorTan SesabamisobaSi<br />
moyvaniT.<br />
renta _ gadasaxadi miwis an sxva saxis sakuTrebis<br />
gamoyenebisaTvis.<br />
recesia – qveynis ekonomikuri saqmianobis dacemis<br />
done, romelic, Cveulebriv, izomeba realuri<br />
mTliani Sida produqtis SemcirebiT<br />
ukanaskneli ori kvartlis (magaliTad, eqvsi<br />
Tvis) ganmavlobaSi.<br />
sabazro <strong>ekonomika</strong> _ aris ekonomikuri sistema,<br />
romelic bazarze myidvelebisa da<br />
gamyidvelebis koordinirebiT pasuxs scems<br />
kiTxvebs: ra, rogor da visTvis.<br />
sabuRaltro mogeba _ mogeba, romelsac firma<br />
iRebs mTlian Semosavalsa da aSkara danaxrjebs<br />
Soris sxvaobiT.<br />
210<br />
sagadamxdelo balansi - qveynis saerTaSoriso<br />
transaqciebis, saqonlis, momsaxurebis,<br />
fizikuri da finansuri aqtivebis aRricxva,<br />
gamoxatuli fuladi maCveneblebiT.<br />
sagadasaxado ganakveTi _ aris gadasaxadis<br />
odenoba, romelic procentebSi gamoisaxeba.<br />
saqarTveloSi gadasaxadi gamoiangariSeba fulad<br />
gamosaxulebaSi da gadaixdeba larebSi.<br />
savaWro balansi - qveynis sagadamxdelo balansis<br />
angariSTa nawili, romelic moicavs<br />
mxolod saqonlis importsa da eqsports<br />
(igive saqoneli, anu ,,xelSesaxebi sagnebi”).<br />
rodesac savaWro balanss ,,araxelSesaxebi<br />
sagnebi” anu momsaxureba emateba, miiReba qveynis<br />
sagadamxdelo balansi, aRricxuli mimdinare<br />
fasebSi.<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqoneli - saqoneli, romlis<br />
erTi piris mier gamoyeneba ar amcirebs<br />
im saqonlis raodenobas, rac sxvebisaTvis<br />
aris xelmisawvdomi da romlis moxmarebac<br />
ar SeiZleba iyos SezRuduli mxolod imaT-<br />
Tvis, vinc ixdis saqonlisTvis. sazogadoebrivi<br />
saqonlis magaliTebia: Suqurebi, quCis<br />
ganaTeba da erovnuli Tavdacva.<br />
saziaro moxmareba _ saqoneli da momsaxureba<br />
SeiZleba moixmaros erTze metma pirma<br />
da amave dros ar Semcirdes sxvebis mier mosaxmari<br />
produqtis raodenoba.<br />
sakuTrebis uflebebis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa<br />
– sakuTrebis yvela uflebis dacva<br />
sxvebis mier ukanono mitacebisa da kontrolisagan.<br />
samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi (sfi) - fasebis<br />
indeqsi, romliTac izomeba samomxmareblo<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fiqsirebuli kalaTis<br />
Rirebuleba da dardeba am kalaTis<br />
Rirebuleba sabaziso periodTan. ix., aseve<br />
fasebis deflatori.<br />
samuSao Zala - <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>Si 16-wlisa<br />
da meti asakis yvela is adamiani, romelic<br />
dasaqmebulia an aqtiurad eZebs samuSaos.<br />
saojaxo meurneobebi - calkeuli pirebi an<br />
saojaxo erTeulebi, romlebic rogorc momxmareblebi<br />
yiduloben saqonels da momsaxurebas,<br />
xolo rogorc resursebis mflobelebi<br />
yidian an aqiraveben sawarmoo resursebs. ix.,<br />
aseve, wrebrunvis modeli.<br />
sargeblianoba - momxmareblis moTxovnilebaTa<br />
dakmayofilebis abstraqtuli sazomi,<br />
romelic gamomdinareobs saqonlis, momsaxurebis<br />
moxmarebidan.<br />
saqoneli - xelSesaxebi sagnebi, romlebic akmayofileben<br />
ekonomikur moTxovnilebebs.
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazari _ bazari,<br />
sadac saqonelsa da momsaxurebas yiduloben<br />
da yidian.<br />
saqonelSemavsebeli _ saqoneli an momsaxureba,<br />
romelic sxva saqonlis da momsaxurebis<br />
gareSe SeiZleba gamouyenebeli iqnas. magali-<br />
Tad, avtomanqanis zeTi da benzini.<br />
saqonelSemcvleli (substituti) _ saqoneli<br />
an momsaxureba, romelic SeiZleba sxva<br />
saqonlis an momsaxurebis nacvlad iqnas gamoyenebuli.<br />
magaliTad, saqonelSemcvlelia<br />
karaqi da erbo.<br />
saSualo erToblivi danaxarjebi _ firmis<br />
warmoebis erToblivi xarjebi Sefardebuli<br />
warmoebuli produqciis raodenobasTan.<br />
xSirad igi gamoisaxeba saSualo erToblivi<br />
danaxarjebis grafikiT, romelic gviCvenebs<br />
firmis sawarmoo SesaZleblobebs gamoSvebis<br />
nebismier doneze.<br />
sawarmoo resursebi _ ZiriTadi saxis resursi,<br />
romelic gamoiyeneba saqonlis da momsaxurebis<br />
sawarmoeblad. saxeldobr, miwa anu bunebrivi<br />
resursebi, adamianuri resursebi (maT<br />
Soris Sroma da mewarmeoba) da kapitaluri<br />
resursebi.<br />
sawarmoo SesaZleblobaTa zRvari - cxrili<br />
an grafiki, romelic gviCvenebs ekonomikis<br />
sawarmoo simZlavres sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi<br />
ori saqonlis an saqonlTa jgufis<br />
im SesaZlo kombinaciis meSveobiT, romelTa<br />
warmoebac SesaZlebelia arsebuli sawarmoo<br />
resursebis raodenobis, teqnologiis donis<br />
pirobebSi.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> deficiti _ mdgomareoba, roca<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s sagadasaxado da sxva Semosavlebi<br />
naklebia <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> danaxarjebze.<br />
is, Cveulebriv, TormetTviani periodiT gaiangariSeba,<br />
rac Seesabameba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s safinanso<br />
wels. deficiti unda dafinansdes<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sesxebiT. erovnuli mTavrobis<br />
mier wliuri deficitis mTlian jams minus<br />
wliuri nametebi aris <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> vali.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> vali - mTavrobis mTeli vali<br />
maT mimarT, visganac isesxa, raTa daefara dagrovebuli<br />
gansxvaveba biujetis wliur deficitsa<br />
da biujetis wliur namets Soris.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s ekonomikuri funqciebi _ sabazro<br />
<strong>ekonomika</strong>Si <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> uwyebebi amyareben<br />
da inarCuneben samarTlebriv sistemas<br />
komerciuli da sazogadoebrivi qcevis regulirebisaTvis,<br />
konkurenciis xelSewyobisaTvis,<br />
sazogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoebis<br />
uzrunvelyofisaTvis bazris Cavardnebze<br />
reagirebis mizniT, Tanmdevi efeqtebis koreqtirebisaTvis,<br />
Semosavlebis gadanawilebisaTvis<br />
da makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis<br />
politikis gatarebisaTvis. am funqciebis<br />
Sesasruleblad <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>m dabegvrisa da/<br />
an sesxis aRebis saSualebiT unda gadaanawilos<br />
resursebi.<br />
siWarbe _ situacia, romelic warmoiqmneba,<br />
roca miwodebis moculoba aRemateba<br />
moTxovnis moculobas, anu roca saqonelis<br />
fasi sabazro wonasworul fasze dabalia.<br />
socialuri gadasaxadi _ gadasaxadi Sromis<br />
anazRaurebis fondidan.<br />
specializacia _ situacia, rodesac adamianebi<br />
awarmoeben ufro SezRuduli asortimentis<br />
saqonels da momsaxurebas, vidre moixmaren.<br />
specializacia zrdis Sromis nayofierebas,<br />
magram igi aseve moiTxovs vaWrobas da aZlierebs<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebas.<br />
sruli dasaqmeba – (aseve, umuSevrobis bunebrivi<br />
done ) mTeli samuSao Zalis dasaqmeba,<br />
friqciuli da struqturuli umuSevrebis<br />
gamoklebiT. sruli dasaqmeba niSnavs, rom<br />
Sromisunariani da Sromis msurveli mosaxleobis<br />
moTxovna samuSao adgilebze dakmayofilebulia.<br />
srulyofili konkurencia - bazris struqtura,<br />
sadac mravalricxovani mcire firmebi<br />
awarmoeben da yidian erTnair saqonels. am<br />
saxis firmebi ar gansazRvraven fasebs da<br />
arc sferoSi Sesvlisa da gamosvlis raime<br />
mniSvnelovani barierebi arsebobs. Sesabamisad,<br />
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi am dargis<br />
firmebi miiReben mxolod Cveulebriv mogebas.<br />
ix., agreTve, arasrulyofili konkurencia.<br />
struqturuli umuSevroba - umuSevroba, romelic<br />
gamowveulia <strong>ekonomika</strong>Si iseTi cvlilebebiT,<br />
roca warmoiqmneba Seusabamoba samuSaos<br />
maZiebelTa kvalifikaciasa da arsebuli<br />
vakansiebis moTxovnebs Soris.<br />
strategia – miznis misaRwevi moqmedebis<br />
ZiriTadi gegma (marketingSi).<br />
tarifi _ gadasaxadi importirebul saqonel-<br />
sa an momsaxurebaze.<br />
tradiciuli <strong>ekonomika</strong> – <strong>ekonomika</strong>, romelSic<br />
warmoebisa da ganawilebis ekonomikuri sakiTxebis<br />
gadaWra emyareba warsulis Cvevebsa<br />
da adaT-wesebs.<br />
trestebi _ imgvar sawarmoTa gaerTianebebi,<br />
romlebic SekavSirebis gareSe, metoqeebi<br />
iqnebodnen.<br />
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transfertuli gadasaxdelebi - gadaxdebi,<br />
romelTa sanacvlod ar xdeba saqonlis da<br />
momsaxurebis miwodeba. <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s transfertuli<br />
gadasaxadelebi moicavs: socialuri<br />
uzrunvelyofis gadasaxadebs da umu-<br />
Sevrobis dazRvevis gadasaxadebs.<br />
umuSevroba - umuSevroba arsebobs maSin,<br />
roca adamianebi, romelTac surT imuSaon TavianTi<br />
kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad arsebuli<br />
anazRaurebis sistemis pirobebSi, ver Souloben<br />
samuSaos, an elodebian axali samuSaos<br />
dawyebas, an aqtiurad eZeben samuSaos, magram<br />
ar gaaCniaT saTanado kvalifikacia mocemul<br />
momentSi arsebuli samuSao adgilebis<br />
dasakaveblad.<br />
umuSevroba – makroekonomikuri problema,<br />
roca adamianebi, romelTac surT imuSaon TavianTi<br />
kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad, arsebuli<br />
anazRaurebis sistemis pirobebSi aqtiurad<br />
eZeben, magram ver Souloben samuSaos, an ar<br />
gaaCniaT saTanado kvalifikacia mocemul momentSi<br />
arsebuli samuSao adgilebis dasakaveblad.<br />
umuSevrobis done - mTel samuSao ZalaSi<br />
umuSevarTa procentuli wili. ix., aseve, dasaqmebis<br />
done.<br />
universaluroba – yvela saqoneli da momsaxureba<br />
pirad sakuTrebaSia da yvela privilegia<br />
da SezRudva maT gamoyenebaze mTlianad<br />
gansazRvrulia.<br />
urTierTdamokidebuleba - mdgomareoba, rodesac<br />
erTi pirovnebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi<br />
an movlenebi, romlebsac<br />
adgili aqvs msoflios erT nawilSi an ekonomikis<br />
erT dargSi, gavlenas axdens sxva<br />
pirebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze an<br />
msoflios sxva nawilSi mimdinare movlenebze<br />
an ekonomikis sxva dargebze.<br />
urTierTSemavsebeli saqoneli - saqoneli an<br />
momsaxureba, romlebic erTad moixmareba. magaliTad.<br />
marjvena da marcxena winda, Cogani<br />
da CogburTis gakveTili.<br />
faruli danaxarjebi _ xelidan gaSvebul<br />
SesaZleblobebi, anu alternatiuli danaxarjebi.<br />
fasi - fulis raodenoba, romelsac adamianebi<br />
ixdian saqonlisa da momsaxurebis yidvisas<br />
an Rebuloben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
gayidviT.<br />
faqtorebis bazari _ bazari, sadac warmoebis<br />
faqtorebs yiduloben da yidian.<br />
212<br />
fiskaluri politika - sagadasaxado SemosavlebSi<br />
da gasavlebSi federaluri mTavrobis<br />
mier sruli dasaqmebis, fasebis stabilurobis<br />
da ekonomikuri zrdis misaRwevad gatarebuli<br />
cvlilebebi (RonisZiebebi).<br />
fiqsirebuli gadasaxadi _ gulisxmobs<br />
gansazRvruli, myari sagadasaxado ganakveTis<br />
dawesebas.<br />
friqciuli umuSevroba - moklevadiani umu-<br />
Sevroba, romelic dakavSirebulia Sromis bazarze<br />
samuSao Zalis moZraobasTan. magaliTad,<br />
roca adamianebi icvlian samuSaos an<br />
pirvelad iwyeben samsaxurs.<br />
fuli - yvelaferi, rac miRebulia saqonlis<br />
an momsaxurebis saboloo gadaxdisaTvis da<br />
amrigad gacvlis saSualebis funqcias asrulebs.<br />
fuli aseve gamoiyeneba Tvlis er-<br />
Teulad, amiT saSualebas gvaZlevs erTmaneTs<br />
SevadaroT sxvadasxva saqonlisa da momsaxurebis<br />
ekonomikuri Rirebuleba da aris,<br />
agreTve, dazogvis saSualeba.<br />
fulis myidveloibiTi unari - fulis Rirebuleba.<br />
fulis mimoqcevis siCqare -– qveynis savaluto<br />
erTeulis brunvis drois saSualo xangrZlivoba<br />
weliwadSi.<br />
SedarebiTi upiratesoba - saqonlis an momsaxurebis<br />
sxva mwarmoebelTan SedarebiT naklebi<br />
alternatiuli RirebulebiT warmoebis<br />
SesaZlebloba. SedarebiTi upiratesoba<br />
specializaciisa da vaWrobis ekonomikuri<br />
safuZvelia. ix., aseve, absoluturi upiratesoba.<br />
SezRuduloba - mdgomareoba, rodesac adamianis<br />
moTxovnileba aWarbebs mis dasakmayofileblad<br />
arsebuli resursebis raodenobas.<br />
SezRudulobis problemis winaSe dganan individebi<br />
da organizaciebi, firmebisa da <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
uwyebebis CaTvliT.<br />
Semosavali - saojaxo meurneobebis mier sakuTari<br />
sawarmoo resursebis gayidviT an<br />
ijariT miRebuli saxsrebi. magaliTad, daqiravebuli<br />
mSromelebi Rebuloben xelfass an<br />
jamagirs sakuTari Sromis sanacvlod.<br />
Sereuli ekonomikuri sistema _ ekonomikur<br />
sistema, romelSic <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> kontrolis<br />
elementebi Serwymulia kerZo mflobelobas-<br />
Tan.<br />
Sromis danawileba - mdgomareoba, rodesac<br />
momuSaveebi asruleben sawarmoo procesis<br />
mxolod erT an ramdenime safexurs (mag., amwyob<br />
konveirze muSaoba).
Cveulebrivi aqcia - korporaciis sakuTrebis<br />
nawilobrivi ufleba, romelic TiToeuli aqciis<br />
mflobels saSualebas aZlevs moiTxovos<br />
Sesabamisi wili korporaciis aqtivebidan<br />
da Semosavlebidan.<br />
Cveulebrivi saqoneli - saqoneli, romelzec<br />
moTxovna izrdeba momxmareblis Semosavlis<br />
zrdis Sesabamisad.<br />
cvalebadi xarjebi - xarjebi, romlebic icvleba<br />
firmis warmoebis moculobis donis<br />
cvlilebebis Sesabamisad. ix., aseve, mudmivi<br />
xarjebi.<br />
cikluri umuSevroba - qveynis ekonomikuri<br />
saqmianobis saerTo donis ryevebiT gamowveuli<br />
umuSevroba. ix., aseve, biznes cikli.<br />
cxovrebis fasi _ Tanxa, romelic unda gadavixadoT<br />
saqonelSi, romelic aucilebelia<br />
adamianis arsebobisaTvis: sakvebSi, tansacmelSi,<br />
binaSi da sxva.<br />
warmoebis faqtorebi – ix. sawarmoo resursebi.<br />
wonasworuli anu sabazro fasi - fasi, romlis<br />
drosac myidvelebis mier moTxovnili<br />
raodenoba udris gamyidvelebis mier miwodebul<br />
raodenobas.<br />
wrebrunva (Semosavlis) - ekonomikuri modeli,<br />
romelic gviCvenebs saojaxo meurneobebisa<br />
da biznes-firmebis urTierTqmedebas<br />
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis da sawarmoo<br />
resursebis bazrebze gacvlis saSualebiT.<br />
xelfasi - Sromis safasuri, romelic pirdapir<br />
kavSirSia samuSao drois danaxarjebTan<br />
an gamoSvebuli produqciis moculobasTan.<br />
ix. gasamrjelo.<br />
Wenebadi inflicia– inflaciis saSualo<br />
wliuri tempi icvleba 10-50% -is farglebSi<br />
da da metad.<br />
hiperinflacia – inflaciis saSualo wliuri<br />
zrdis tempi aRemateba 100%-s.<br />
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