Civilization Researches #1 - Institute of Cultural Studies
Civilization Researches #1 - Institute of Cultural Studies
Civilization Researches #1 - Institute of Cultural Studies
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ivane GjavaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
universitetis istoriis fakulteti<br />
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra<br />
civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)<br />
Ivane Djavakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
Faculty <strong>of</strong> History Departement <strong>of</strong> History and Theory <strong>of</strong> Culture<br />
Centre <strong>of</strong> Comparative <strong>Civilization</strong> <strong>Studies</strong> (Tbilisi)<br />
civilizaciuri<br />
civilizaciuri civilizaciuri Ziebani<br />
Ziebani<br />
<strong>Civilization</strong> <strong>Researches</strong><br />
# # 1<br />
1<br />
Tbilisi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2003
“civilizaciuri Ziebani” warmoadgens kulturis istoriisa da<br />
Teoriis kaTedrasTan arsebuli “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis<br />
centris” periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdisciplinuria da mzadaa<br />
dainteresebul pirebTan TanamSromlobisaTvis. warmodgenili masalebi<br />
unda Seesabamebodes Jurnalis saxelwodebas da ar unda aRematebodes 6<br />
6<br />
kompiuterul gverds. [A4, , AcadNusx, , 12, 12, 1,5] 1,5]. 1,5] statia warmodgenili unda<br />
iyos amonabeWdis saxiT da disketiT. literaturis miTiTebis wesi <strong>#1</strong><br />
krebulSi mocemuli statiebis Sesabamisad.<br />
dawvrilebiTi informaciisaTvis mogvmarTeT: Tsu I korp., oTaxi 77,<br />
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra; tel. 29 29 08 08 44, 44, 44, an mogvwereT<br />
eleqtronuli fostiT: culture@geo.net.ge<br />
saredaqcio saredaqcio sabWo:<br />
sabWo:<br />
nino nino nino Ciqovani Ciqovani, Ciqovani istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esori (saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare)<br />
levan levan levan gordeziani<br />
gordeziani, gordeziani istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
nana nana gelaSvili, gelaSvili, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
guram guram lorTqifaniZe, lorTqifaniZe, istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
marika marika mSvildaZe<br />
mSvildaZe, mSvildaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
malxaz malxaz malxaz macaberiZe<br />
macaberiZe, macaberiZe politikis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
qeTevan qeTevan pavliaSvili,<br />
pavliaSvili, pavliaSvili, istoriis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
nino nino fircxalava<br />
fircxalava, fircxalava filologiis mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori, pr<strong>of</strong>esori<br />
redaqcia: redaqcia:<br />
qeTevan qeTevan kakitelaSvili kakitelaSvili (mTavari redaqtori), nino<br />
nino<br />
laSxi<br />
laSxi laSxi(pasuxismgebeli redaqtori), SoTa SoTa<br />
SoTa<br />
xinCagaSvili xinCagaSvili (teqnikuri redaqtori), levan<br />
levan<br />
gaxokiZe, gaxokiZe, lela lela giorgaZe, giorgaZe, malxaz malxaz Toria Toria, Toria , Salva Salva<br />
Salva<br />
mekraviSvili, mekraviSvili, daviT daviT macaberiZe, macaberiZe, nino<br />
nino<br />
mWedliSvili, mWedliSvili, mWedliSvili, irakli irakli CxaiZe CxaiZe<br />
CxaiZe<br />
© iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti<br />
© civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)<br />
ISSN<br />
gamomcemloba gamomcemloba “artanuji”<br />
“artanuji”<br />
“artanuji”<br />
Tbilisi Tbilisi 2003<br />
2003
edaqciis misamarTi<br />
saqarTvelo, 380079, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamz., <strong>#1</strong><br />
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,<br />
I korpusi, kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra (oTaxi 77)<br />
tel: (99532) 290844<br />
el. fosta: culture@geo.net.ge<br />
Jurnalis internet-versia da sxva informacia<br />
civilizaciaTaASedarebiTi centrisa da kaTedris Sesaxeb ix.<br />
kaTedris veb-gverdze: kultura.geoweb.ge
REVIEWERS BOARD: Nino Chikovani, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Historical Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor (Head <strong>of</strong> the reviewers board)<br />
Levan Gordeziani, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Historical Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Nana Gelashvili, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Historical Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Guram Lortkipanidze, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Historical Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Marika Mshvildaze, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Historical Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Malkhaz Matsaberidze, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Political Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Ketevan Pavliashvili, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Historical Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
Nino Pirtskhalava, Doctor <strong>of</strong> Philological Sciences,<br />
Pr<strong>of</strong>essor<br />
EDITORIAL GROUP: Ketevan kakitelashvili (Chief Editor)Nino Lashkhi<br />
(Responsible Editor), Shota Khinchagashvili (Technical<br />
Editor), Levan Gakhokidze, Lela Giorgadze,),<br />
Malkhaz Toria , Shalva Mekravishvili, David<br />
Matsaberidze, Nino Mchedlishvili, Irakli Chkhaidze<br />
© Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University<br />
© Centre <strong>of</strong> Comparative <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>s<br />
ISSN<br />
Publishing House “Artanuji”<br />
Tbilisi 2003
ADDRESS OF EDITORIAL OFFICE<br />
1, I. Chavchavadze Ave, Tbilisi, Georgia, 390079,<br />
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Faculty <strong>of</strong> History, Department <strong>of</strong><br />
History and Theory <strong>of</strong> Culture<br />
T. (99532) 290844<br />
e-mail: culture@geo.net.ge<br />
More information about the journal, “The Center <strong>of</strong> Comparative <strong>Civilization</strong> <strong>Studies</strong><br />
(Tbilisi)” and Department <strong>of</strong> History and Theory <strong>of</strong> Culture: kultura.geo.web.ge
winasityvaob<br />
winasityvaoba<br />
winasityvaob<br />
Tanamedrove ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi mimdinare movlenebis fonze, civilizaciuri<br />
kvleva-Zieba gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens. bolo wlebSi kvlav win<br />
wamoiwia hanTingtoniseulma kiTxvam _ “vin xar Sen?” masze pasuxis gacema<br />
friad problemuria kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa mijnebze mcxovrebi<br />
xalxebisTvis, romelTa ricxvs Cvenc vekuTvniT.<br />
civilizaciuri identurobis problema gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda<br />
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg. misiT dainteresdnen mecnierebi,<br />
politikosebi, sazogado moRvaweni. ganaxlda kamaTi momavali ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />
saxis Sesaxeb, romelic, TiTqos, erTgvarad Senelda XX saukunis<br />
ukanasknel wlebSi, f.fukuiamasa da s.hanTingtonis naSromTa irgvliv<br />
gamarTuli cxare diskusiis Semdeg. gansjis sagania civilizaciaTa<br />
Soris dialogis SesaZleblobisa Tu maTi gardauvali konfliqtis<br />
sakiTxebi.<br />
“civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centris” bazaze dafuZnebuli<br />
Jurnalis “civilizaciuri Ziebani” mizania, warmoaCinos civilizaciur<br />
ZiebaTa kuTxiT studentTa da aspirantTa muSaobis Sedegebi, agreTve,<br />
SesaZleblobis farglebSi, gaacnos dainteresebul mkiTxvels ucxoel<br />
avtorTa sayuradRebo naSromebi, romelTa qarTuli Targmani isev<br />
studentTa da aspirantTa ZalisxmeviT xorcieldeba.<br />
madlobas movaxsenebT Cveni universitetis xelmZRvanelobas, piradad<br />
reqtors, akademikos roin metrevels Jurnalis dafuZnebasa da gamocemaSi<br />
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis; istoriis fakultetis dekans, pr<strong>of</strong>esor merab<br />
vaCnaZes, romlis Tanadgomasa da gulwrfel dainteresebas Cveni<br />
muSaobiT mudam vgrZnobT; kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedris<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>esor-maswavleblebs, romlebTan TanamSromlobis Sedegia<br />
warmodgenili Jurnali.<br />
saredaqcio sabWo
Introduction<br />
Research <strong>of</strong> civilization issues acquired special significance against the background <strong>of</strong><br />
events going under way in the contemporary world. The question: “Who are you?” – put by<br />
Samuel P. Huntington certain time ago, again acquired special significance. Finding answer to<br />
the above question is quite problematic for the people who live close to boarders dividing<br />
different cultures and civilizations. This concerns our nation as well.<br />
The problem <strong>of</strong> civilization-identity became especially topical after September 11, 2001.<br />
Scientists, politicians and public men got interested in the problem. Debates about the future<br />
world were renewed after being calmed down to certain extent in the late 20th c., after hot<br />
disputes about the works <strong>of</strong> F. Fukuiama and S. Huntington. The topic under discussion concerns<br />
the following issues: possibility <strong>of</strong> a dialogue between civilizations, or inevitability <strong>of</strong> a conflict<br />
between them.<br />
The objective <strong>of</strong> the journal “<strong>Civilization</strong> <strong>Studies</strong>”, founded on the basis <strong>of</strong> the “Center<br />
for Comparative <strong>Studies</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>s”, is to publicize results <strong>of</strong> civilization studies carried<br />
out by the graduate and postgraduate students, and to familiarize the interested reader with works<br />
<strong>of</strong> the foreign authors. The same graduate and postgraduate students will translate papers into<br />
Georgian.<br />
We are pleased to extend our gratitude to the <strong>of</strong>ficers <strong>of</strong> Tbilisi State University and<br />
personally to the Rector, academician Roin Metreveli for the support granted in founding and<br />
publishing the journal. Special thanks to the Head <strong>of</strong> the Chair <strong>of</strong> History, pr<strong>of</strong>essor Merab<br />
Vachnadze: we permanently felt his backing and frank interest in our work. Many thanks to the<br />
pr<strong>of</strong>essors and lecturers <strong>of</strong> the Chair <strong>of</strong> History and Theory <strong>of</strong> Culture: this journal is a good<br />
example <strong>of</strong> co-operation with them.<br />
Editorial Board
gisurvebT gisurvebT warmatebas<br />
warmatebas<br />
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis<br />
istoriis fakultetze kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis kaTedra erT-<br />
erTi yvelaze axalgazrdaa, iseve rogorc mecnierebis is dargi, romlis<br />
Seswavlas igi emsaxureba. kulturologiuri problematikis aqtualoba<br />
Tanamedrove etapze eWvs ar iwvevs. sruliad aSkaraa am problemaTa<br />
kvlevis rogorc wminda mecnieruli, aseve praqtikuli mniSvneloba.<br />
kaTedris pr<strong>of</strong>esor-maswavleblebTan erTad, dasaxelebul<br />
problematikaze nay<strong>of</strong>ierad muSaoben studentebi da aspirantebi. maTi<br />
ZalisxmeviT, yovelwliurad tardeba samecniero konferenciebi<br />
kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebze. Camoyalibda sxva<br />
specialobebisa da umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebTan da<br />
aspirantebTan TanamSromlobis kargi tradicia. 1999 wels kaTedrasTan<br />
daarsda “civilizaciaTa SedarebiTi kvlevis centri (Tbilisi)”, romlis<br />
TaosnobiT safuZveli Caeyara interdisciplinur kolokviums “adamiani,<br />
sazogadoeba, kultura”. mis muSaobaSi monawileoben sxvadasxva<br />
specialobis studentebi da mecnierebi: istorikosebi, fsiqologebi,<br />
filologebi, filos<strong>of</strong>osebi, sociologebi, aRmosavleTmcodneebi,<br />
politologebi... centris kvlevis problematika metad farToa da<br />
scildeba erTi konkretuli samecniero disciplinis farglebs. centri<br />
mzadaa TanamSromlobisaTvis Sesabamisi interesebis mqone yvela pirTan<br />
Tu jgufTan.<br />
warmodgenil JurnalSi swored is naSromebi ibeWdeba, romlebic am<br />
kolokviumis sxdomebze ganixileboda da, xSirad, cxovel kamaTsac<br />
iwvevda. samomavlod gamosaqveynebeli masalebic, umetesad, am gziT<br />
SeirCeva. vfiqrobT, es studentTa da aspirantTa pr<strong>of</strong>esiuli<br />
daostatebis, mecnierebis rTul gzaze maTi pirveli nabijebis<br />
xelSewyobis erT-erTi saSualeba da stimulia. axalgazrdebs kargad<br />
aqvT gacnobierebuli, ra rTul da sapasuxismgeblo saqmes SeeWidnen<br />
samecniero Jurnalis dafuZnebiT. Cveni Rrma rwmeniT, kulturologiis<br />
axalgazrda dargis warmateba swored axalgazrdebis muSaobazea<br />
damokidebuli.
gulwrfelad mivesalmebi Jurnalis dafuZnebas. imedi maqvs, igi<br />
Rirsi da Sesaferisi iqneba didi ivane javaxiSvilis mier<br />
universitetisaTvis gansazRvruli daniSnulebisa, sadac “axalgazrdoba<br />
da Wabukni, momavali Taoba, mecnier-mkvlevarTa xelmZRvanelobiT,<br />
umaRles mecnierebas iTvisebs, samecniero muSaobas eCveva da TandaTan<br />
mis Tanamoazred xdeba. aq mWidro sulieri kavSiria mecnierTa da<br />
momaval Taobas Soris”.<br />
gisurvebT warmatebas.<br />
merab merab vaCnaZe<br />
vaCnaZe<br />
istoriis fakultetis dekani, pr<strong>of</strong>esori
Sinaarsi Sinaarsi<br />
Sinaarsi<br />
daviT daviT macaberiZe<br />
macaberiZe<br />
civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba Tu civilizaciaTa dialogi.................................................. 12<br />
David Matsaberidze<br />
Correlation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>al and Political Factors in Caucasian Conflicts<br />
qeTevan qeTevan kakitelaSvili<br />
kakitelaSvili<br />
kulturuli faqtorebis roli adamianis Tavis tvinis funqciuri<br />
asimetriis reorganizaciaSi ....................................................................................................................22<br />
Ketevan Kakitelashvili<br />
The Role <strong>of</strong> <strong>Cultural</strong> Factors in Reorganization <strong>of</strong> the Human Brain’s<br />
Functional Asymmetry<br />
ivane ivane wereT wereTeli wereT eli<br />
a.j.toinbis “gamowveva-pasuxis” Teoria da saqarTvelos<br />
kulturul-istoriuli ganviTarebis zogierTi problema .................................... 29<br />
Ivane Tsereteli<br />
A.J.Toynbee’s “Challenge-Response” Theory and Some Problems <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Cultural</strong>-Historical<br />
Development <strong>of</strong> Georgia<br />
irakli irakli irakli CxaiZe<br />
CxaiZe<br />
adamiani simboloTa badis tyveobaSi ........................................................................................... 38<br />
Irakli Chkhaidze<br />
Man in Captivity <strong>of</strong> the Set <strong>of</strong> Symbols<br />
SoTa SoTa xinCagaSvili<br />
xinCagaSvili<br />
religiis faqtori kavkasiis konfliqtebSi<br />
(1990-iani wlebi) ................................................................................................................................................... 43<br />
Shota Khinchagashvili<br />
Religious Factor in Caucasian Conflicts (1990-s)<br />
maia maia qvriviSvili<br />
qvriviSvili<br />
droisa da sivrcis kategoriebis aRmniSvneli zogierTi<br />
qarTuli terminisaTvis ............................................................................................................................. 50<br />
Maia Kvrivishvili<br />
For Some Georgian Terms <strong>of</strong> Time and Space Categories.<br />
Salva Salva mekraviSvili<br />
mekraviSvili<br />
istoriis meTodologiis sakiTxisaTvis .................................................................................... 55<br />
Shalva Mekravishvili<br />
On the Issue <strong>of</strong> Methodology <strong>of</strong> History<br />
malxaz malxaz Toria<br />
Toria<br />
qarTuli sazogadoeba: diskusia faseulobiTi orientaciis<br />
zogierT sakiTxze ........................................................................................................................................... 61<br />
Malkhaz Toria<br />
The Georgian Society: Discussing Some Issues <strong>of</strong> the Value Orientation<br />
mariam mariam mamulaSvili<br />
mamulaSvili<br />
reformistuli Ziebani qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi<br />
(IX-XI ss.) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 66<br />
Mariam Mamulashvili<br />
The Reformist Quest in the Georgian Churches and Monasteries (9 th -10 th cc.)<br />
Targmanebi<br />
Targmanebi<br />
Tomas Tomas hiland hiland eriqseni eriqseni<br />
eriqseni<br />
mavrikeli kreolebi da kulturis kreolizaciis koncefcia .......................... 71<br />
Thomas Hylland Eriksen<br />
The Mauritian Creols and the Consept <strong>of</strong> Creolization
eligia, rogorc faqtori kavkasiis konfliqtebSi ................................................... 91<br />
Svante E.Cornell<br />
Religion as a Factor in Caucasian Conflicts<br />
reziumeebi reziumeebi ............................................................................................................................................................... 116<br />
Summaries ................................................................................................................................ 116
daviT daviT macaberiZe<br />
macaberiZe<br />
civilizaciaTa civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba Sejaxeba Sejaxeba Tu Tu civilizaciaTa civilizaciaTa dialogi? dialogi? A<br />
A<br />
kacobriobis istoriaSi y<strong>of</strong>ila movlenebi, romelTac mTlianad<br />
Secvales ms<strong>of</strong>lios saxe. movlenebi mravalgvari iyo: destruqciuli da<br />
konstruqciuli, dadebiTi da uary<strong>of</strong>iTi. mxolod Sedegi iyo erTnairi.<br />
es yovelive iyo raRac axlis dasabami. iqneb, aseT movlenaTa ricxvSi<br />
Caiweros 2001 wlis 11 seqtemberi, romelic bevrma axali epoqis<br />
dasawyisad miiCnia kacobriobis istoriaSi. niu-iorkis ori caTambjenis<br />
dangreva aRqmuli iqna ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi arsebuli balansis darRvevis<br />
mauwyeblad (am balansis Secvlas ki mravali natrobda da cdilobda).<br />
sainteresoa momavlis, ufro konkretulad, uaxloesi wlebis rogori<br />
xedva iyo 11 seqtembramde cota xniT adre.<br />
2000 wlis noemberSi, gaeros generaluri asambleis specialuri<br />
rezoluciiT, 2001 weli gamocxadda civilizaciaTa dialogis wlad. unda<br />
aRiniSnos, rom amaSi raRac gansakuTrebuli ar y<strong>of</strong>ila. ukve ramdenime<br />
aTeuli welia, gaero yovel momdevno wels acxadebs raime problemis<br />
wlad, romlis gadawyvetasac aucilebelia, yuradReba miaqcios mTelma<br />
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam. 2001 wlis gamocxadeba civilizaciaTa<br />
dialogis wlad Cveulebrivi movlena iyo gaeros praqtikaSi. magram<br />
swored am wels moxda ms<strong>of</strong>lios istoriaSi yvelaze didi teraqti, ris<br />
gamoc civilizaciaTa dialogis problema kidev ufro aqtualuri gaxda.<br />
2001 wlis 11 seqtemberma da mis Semdeg ganviTarebulma movlenebma<br />
(aSS xelmZRvanelobiT organizebuli antiteroristuli operacia, rasac<br />
mohyva Talibebis reJimis damxoba avRaneTSi, analogiuri operacia sadam<br />
huseinis winaaRmdeg, teroristuli aqtebi ms<strong>of</strong>lios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi)<br />
bevrs gaaxsena civilizaciaTa konfliqtis hanTingtoniseuli Teoria.<br />
sainteresoa gaeros damokidebuleba civilizaciebisadmi da<br />
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebisadmi. gaerosaTvis mravalcivilizaciuri<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios xedva Taviseburad bunebriv faqts warmoadgens; rogorc rusi<br />
mkvlevari sergei samuilovi aRniSnavs, gaeros StabbinaSi momuSave 30 000<br />
Cinovniki, romlebic ms<strong>of</strong>lios yvela qveyanas warmoadgenen, realurad<br />
qmnian maravalrasobriv, mravalkulturul biorokratiul korpuss,<br />
romlis wevrebic erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian saerTo interesebiT.
swored es eTnikuri, rasobrivi da kulturuli mravalferovneba<br />
ganapirobebs imas, rom gaero bunebrivad Rebulobs Tanamedrove<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios mravalcivilizaciur suraTs. gaeros wevri qveynebis<br />
warmomadgenlebi TavianT gamosvlebSi zogjer axsenebdnen s.f.<br />
hanTingtonsac da aRniSnavdnen, rom civilizaciaTa dialogi xels<br />
Seuwyobda hanTingtoniseuli civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Tavidan acilebas<br />
(8, 32-33).<br />
unda iTqvas, rom gaeros xelmZRvaneli wreebi ms<strong>of</strong>lios<br />
mravalcivilizaciur suraTs garkveuli SeniSvnebiT iziareben. 2001 wlis<br />
dasawyisSi, “civilizaciaTa dialogis wlis” gaxsnisas, gaeros<br />
generaluri mdivani k<strong>of</strong>i anani gamovida specialuri mimarTviT,<br />
romelSic man Camoayaliba gaeros xelmZRvanelobis <strong>of</strong>icialuri,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobiTi pozicia. k<strong>of</strong>i ananma pirvel rigSi<br />
xazi gausva imas, rom kulturuli mravalferovneba universaluri<br />
faseulobaa, magram, amasTan, “ms<strong>of</strong>lios xalxebi ufro metad<br />
gaerTianebuli arian saerTo bediT, vidre day<strong>of</strong>ili TavianTi<br />
identurobiT.” gaero, k<strong>of</strong>i ananis piriT, hanTingtons SeekamaTa<br />
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis alternativis _ civilizaciaTa dialogis<br />
sakiTxis wamoWriT, Tumca am ideis saavtoro ufleba k<strong>of</strong>i anans<br />
srulebiTac ar ekuTvnis. man agreTve Semoitana globaluri<br />
civilizaciis cneba. gaero, Tqva generalurma mdivanma, yvelaze saukeTeso<br />
formaa civilizaciaTa Soris dialogis Casatareblad. aseTi dialogis<br />
gareSe ms<strong>of</strong>lios mSvidoba ar iqneba xangrZlivi da keTildReoba ver<br />
iqneba usafrTxo. k<strong>of</strong>i ananma gansakuTrebiT gausva xazi imas, rom<br />
“TvalsaCino kulturul mravalferovnebasTan erTad arsebobs erTiani<br />
globaluri civilizacia, dafuZnebuli tolerantobisa da Tavisuflebis<br />
saerTo faseulobebze.” misi azriT, globaluri civilizacia gamoirCeva<br />
sapirispiro azrebisadmi SemwynareblobiT, kulturuli<br />
mravalferovnebisadmi pativiscemiT, “adamianis fundamenturi,<br />
universaluri uflebebisadmi” erTgulebiT. es globalizacia emyareba<br />
imis rwmenas, rom saWiroa mivesalmebodeT adamianuri kulturebis<br />
mravalferovnebas da ar gveSinodes misi. mravali omi warmoiSva imis<br />
gamo, rom adamianebs eSinodaT imaTi, visac TavianTgan gansxvavebulad<br />
Tvlidnen, “mxolod dialogis gziT SeiZleba daZleul iqnas aseTi SiSi.”
zemoT naxsenebi iyo, rom civilizaciaTa Soris dialogis idea<br />
k<strong>of</strong>i anans ar ekuTvnis. sainteresoa, vin aris am iniciativis avtori?<br />
sagulisxmoa rom es idea iranis islamuri respublikis prezidentisagan<br />
muhamed xaTamisagan wamovida. igi iranis saTaveSi mosuli axali<br />
xelisuflebis lideri iyo. mis TiToeul iniciativas imTaviTve<br />
gulisyuriT Tu ar moekideboda saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, cali yuriT<br />
mainc unda moesmina. Tumca amaze iranis xelisuflebam Tavad izruna da<br />
iuneskosTan erTad niu iorkSi, da ara parizSi, sadac ganTavsebulia am<br />
organizaciis Stab-bina, moawyo konferencia “kulturaTa dialogi da<br />
civilizaciaTa TanamSromloba’’ (4). es qmedeba imTaviTve miiqcevda<br />
saerTaSoriso yuradRebas.<br />
am varaudis gansamtkiceblad gavixsenoT m. xaTamis wina wlebis<br />
gamosvlebi da mowodebebi, romelTac yuradReba amerikulma da<br />
britanulma presam miaqcia. “niu-iork TaimsSi” da “vaSington postSi”<br />
aRniSnulia, rom m. xaTamim amerika-iranis dialogisaken mimarTuli<br />
mowodeba gaakeTa. es iyo jer kidev 1997 wels. xaTami mraval faqtorze<br />
mianiSnebda aSS-s. xaTamis azriT, aSS CamorCa swrafad cvalebad dros da<br />
am xanSi ms<strong>of</strong>lio maravalcentriani gaxda. amerika Tavis survilebs<br />
veRar moaxvevs ms<strong>of</strong>lios Tavs da xaTami imedovnebs, rom amerikeli<br />
politikosebi advilad aRiqvamen axal realobas. Tu es moxdeba, xaTamis<br />
sityvebiT, gaazrebuli dialogi iqneba maT Soris da dialogis<br />
saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mSvidobasTan, usafrTxoebasTan da<br />
simSvidesTan miaxloeba. Tumca man ar daazusta, ra saxiT apirebs aSS-<br />
sTan dialogis gamarTvas.<br />
aSS gamoepasuxa am iniciativas. aSS saxelmwifo departamentis<br />
warmomadgenelma j. folim mzady<strong>of</strong>na gamoTqva dialogisTvis, magram<br />
dasZina, rom maTi mxridan dialogSi win wamoiwevs iranis sagareo<br />
politikis, masobrivi ganadgurebis iaraRis warmoebis, terorizmis da<br />
sxva aspeqtebi. rogorc vxedavT, kulturaTa dialogSi mniSvnelovan<br />
adgils politikurad aqtualuri sakiTxebi daikavebs da maTi gadawyvetis<br />
mcdelobebs axla sruliad axal sibrtyeSi, civilizaciaTa dialogis<br />
CarCoebSi eqneba adgili.<br />
vfiqrobT, saintereso iqneba pasuxi kiTxvaze: “ra aris<br />
civilizaciaTa dialogi?”_ es SekiTxva me ar mekuTvnis. es kiTxva, sxva
mraval kiTxvasTan erTad, iranis “civilizaciaTa dialogis centrma”<br />
dasva da Tavadve mogvca pasuxi. am centris saitze Semdeg pasuxebs<br />
vxvdebiT: civilizaciaTa dialogi SeiZleba ganisazRvros am sakiTxTan<br />
dakavSirebuli ori cnebidan: dialogidan da civilizaciidan<br />
gamomdinare. orive terminTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali<br />
Sexeduleba, Teoria da mimdinareobs diskusiebi. civilizaciaTa<br />
dialogis gansazRvra SeiZleba formulirdes Teoriis am ori<br />
mimarTulebis Tanaxmad: civilizaciaTa dialogi _ es aris<br />
specializirebuli diskusia sociologiis, anTropologiis da<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iis xaziT. Tavad civilizaciaTa Soris dialogis centri ki,<br />
Tavisi azriT, yvelaze optimalur gansazRvrebas gvTavazobs:<br />
“civilizaciaTa Soris dialogi _ es aris nebismieri winaswar<br />
ganzraxuli Tu m<strong>of</strong>iqrebuli mcdeloba, damyarebuli eTikaze da ara<br />
Zalmomreobaze, imisTvis, rom gaugo sxvebs kulturul da civilizaciur<br />
sferoSi” (12).<br />
zemoT saubari iyo kulturaTa dialogisa da politikis<br />
urTierTmimarTebaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, vfiqrobT, saintereso<br />
iqneboda mogveyvana erTi nawyveti saqarTvelos prezidentis eduard<br />
SevardnaZis mier 2000 wlis 7 seqtembers gaeros samitis plenarul<br />
sxdomaze warmoTqmuli sityvidan: “xuTi wlis winaT, TbilisSi gamarTul<br />
saerTaSoriso forumze “kulturaTa dialogisaTvis,” me vTqvi, rom<br />
swored politikosi unda gaxdes sakvanZo figura kulturaTa dialogSi<br />
da Tavad politika unda iyos maTi urTierTobis saSualeba da<br />
instrumenti.” vfiqrobT, rom es sityvebi kidev ufro amtkicebs im<br />
varauds, rom kulturaTa dialogi politikisagan izolirebulad ver<br />
warimarTeba. ufro metic, aSkaraa, rom am dialogis iniciatorni da<br />
monawileni cnobili politikuri figurebi arian.<br />
seqtembris saSinelma teroristulma aqtebma niu iorksa da<br />
vaSingtonSi seriozuli eWvebi warmoSva globaluri civilizaciis<br />
arsebobis Taobaze, romelic, TiTqos, emyareba “tolerantobisa da<br />
Tavisuflebis zogad faseulobebs.“<br />
gaeros xelmZRvaneloba da mTeli aparati Zalze SeSfoTebuli iyo<br />
teroristuli aqtebiT, radgan gaeros Stab-bina, cnobili caTambjeni,<br />
aseve manhetenze mdebareobs, im adgilis axlos, sadac teraqtebamde
“tyupebi” idgnen. 2001 wlis noemberSi, avRaneTSi saomari moqmedebebis<br />
dawyebis mere, cnobili gaxda videokaseta, saidanac irkveoda, rom ben-<br />
ladenis samizne iyo Tavad gaero, romelsac is Tvlida “islamis mtrad,”<br />
xolo generalur mdivan k<strong>of</strong>i anans _ damnaSaved. 2001 wlis seqtembris<br />
Semdeg gaeros generaluri mdivani da sxva maRalCinosnebi ukve aRar<br />
iyeneben termins “globaluri civilizacia” TavianT sajaro gamosvlebSi.<br />
mis nacvlad politikur leqsikonSi Cndeba termini “kacobriobis ojaxi.”<br />
2001 wlis 11 seqtembris mere mkveTrad gaizarda civilizaciaTa<br />
dialogis aqtualoba. jon piko, romelic daniSnuli iyo gaeros<br />
generaluri mdivnis specialur warmomadgenlad da pasuxismgebeli iyo<br />
dialogis wlis RonisZiebis Catarebaze, aRniSnavda: “dialogi,<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iuri azriT, upirispirdeba terorizms. teroristebi Tvlian,<br />
rom mravalferovneba mtrobis igiveobaa, xolo maT, vinc Tvlis, rom<br />
dialogi unda Sedges, sjeraT sapirispirosi.” piko aseve Tvlida, rom<br />
debatebi civilizaciaTa Soris dialogis farglebSi SeiZleba<br />
gamxdariyo terorizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli “diplomatiis rbili<br />
instrumenti.”<br />
piko ar cdeboda. amis dasturad SeiZleba moviyvanoT erTi faqti.<br />
iranSi arsebuli civilizaciaTa dialogis centris saitze, romelsac<br />
SeiZleba centris savizito baraTi vuwodoT, mocemulia ganmarteba, Tu<br />
rogor unda Catardes dialogi xalxebsa da dialogSi CarTul ZiriTad<br />
monawileebs Soris. aqve vgebulobT, Tu ras miviRebT amis Sedegad. ai, ra<br />
informaciaa ganTavsebuli am saitze: “arsebobs am sakiTxis<br />
inteleqtualuri gageba, romelic Zalze popularulia inteleqtualebs<br />
Soris. magram mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT sazogadoebac. sazogadoeba,<br />
Tu is ar aris Segulianebuli da waqezebuli politikosTa mxridan,<br />
bunebrivad aris midrekili sxvebis Sewynarebisken da maTgan raimes<br />
swavlisken. albaT, omis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi aris urTierTdaSoreba<br />
an raimeze Tu vinmeze gulis ayra: e.i. daSorebis procesi Cveulebriv win<br />
uswrebs namdvil oms. Tu ki TviT Zmis winaaRmdeg giwevs omi, is pirvel<br />
rigSi ucxo unda gaxdes da mere ibrZoleb masTan. Tu Zmobis borkili<br />
arsebobs, SeuZlebelia gamoiwvio sabrZolo ganwyoba. es rom Tavidan<br />
iqnes acilebuli, nebismier faqtors, romelic sazogadoebaSi daSorebas<br />
iwvevs, win unda aRvudgeT. amis sanacvlod unda vcadoT, rom xalxs
vaswavloT TavianTi Tavis sxvebisTvis gacnoba, radganac gacnobas<br />
mohyveba Serigeba” (12).<br />
2001 wlis noemberSi, rogorc dagegmili iyo, gaeros generalurma<br />
asambleam Tavisi 56-e sesiis meore dRe dauTmo daskvniT debatebs<br />
dialogis wlis farglebSi. Zalze sagulisxmo iyo gaeroSi aSS mudmivi<br />
warmomadgenlis j. negropontes gamosvla. man, faqtobrivad, aRiara<br />
Tanamedrove ms<strong>of</strong>lios mravalcivilizaciuroba da Seecada<br />
civilizaciis cnebis gansazRvrebis mocemasac ki, maSin rodesac sxva<br />
momxseneblebi Tavs aridebdnen amis gakeTebas. negropontem civilizacia<br />
gansazRvra rogorc “sazogadoebis arsebobis modeli”, romelic<br />
gamoxatavs romelime xalxis saukeTeso Tvisebebsa da niWs. man pirdapir<br />
miuTiTa dasavluri civilizaciis da aSS lokalur bunebaze; misi azriT,<br />
“aSS, ra Tqma unda, ekuTvnis dasavlur civilizacias misi Rrma<br />
kulturuli fesvebiT, romlebic modian xmelTaSua zRvis antikuri<br />
samyarodan.” am gamosvliT negropontem sajarod uari Tqva dasavlel<br />
politikosTaTvis damaxasiaTebel ms<strong>of</strong>lios tradiciul<br />
evropocentristul xedvaze. amave dros, man xazi gausva, rom Tanamedrove<br />
“globalizaciis procesSi my<strong>of</strong> da urTierTdamokidebul ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi”<br />
arc erT civilizacias, arc erT kulturas, arc erT religias, arc erT<br />
eTnoss ar SeuZlia izolaciaSi cxovreba (11).<br />
Tumca, gaeros generaluri asambleis sesiaze gamosuli aSS-s<br />
prezidenti jorj buSi Tavis gamosvlaSi (10 noemberi) axlos iyo<br />
tradiciul evropocentristul ms<strong>of</strong>lios aRqmasTan da icavda<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi erTi civilizaciis arsebobis ideas. is iyenebda frazebs:<br />
“Tavad civilizacia, romlis faseulobebsac Cven viziarebT, safrTxis<br />
qveSaa”, “yoveli civilizebuli eri” da “civilizaciuri ms<strong>of</strong>lio” (10).<br />
sxva xasiaTisa iyo aziis, afrikis da laTinuri amerikis<br />
warmomadgenelTa gamosvlebi. mravalma gamomsvlelma pirdapir Tu<br />
arapirdapir miuTiTa, rom seqtembris teraqtebi ar SeiZleba ganxilul<br />
iqnas, rogorc islamuri civilizaciis Sejaxeba dasavleTTan, anu<br />
hanTingtonis koncefciis Sesabamisad. malaiziis warmomadgenelma<br />
aRniSna, rom hanTingtonma Tavis cota xnis winandel interviuSi aRiara,<br />
rom ar eloda Tavisi winaswarmetyvelebis aseT swraf realizacias da<br />
mouwoda konstruqciuli dialogisaken islamis samyarosa da dasavlur
civilizacias Soris. mravalma gamomsvlelma xazi gausva yvela<br />
arsebuli civilizaciis Tanasworobas, agreTve imas, rom miuRebelia<br />
romelime civilizaciis an saxelmwifos hegemonia. aseve aRiniSneboda<br />
Tanamedrove ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi mimdinare globalizaciis damRupveloba,<br />
romlis drosac ganviTarebuli qveynebis faseulobebs da kulturas<br />
iTvisebs ganviTarebadi, e.i. aradasavluri qveynebis axalgazrdoba. es ki,<br />
Tavis mxriv, Seicavs tradiciuli kulturebis dasustebisa da gaqrobis<br />
safrTxes.<br />
rigi gamomsvlelebi aqcents akeTebdnen saxelmwifoTa da xalxebis<br />
siRaribeze, rac, maTi azriT, noyier niadags qmnis sxvadasxva saxis<br />
radikalizmis, Seurigeblobisa da mtrobisaTvis.<br />
yvela gamomsvleli xazs usvamda civilizaciaTa dialogis<br />
mniSvnelobasa da aucileblobas, rogorc xalxebsa da civilizaciaTa<br />
Soris mtrobisa da Seurigeblobis sawinaaRmdego yvelaze efeqtur<br />
saSualebas. debatebis damTavrebis Semdeg, gaeros generalurma<br />
ansambleam kenWisyris gareSe miiRo rezolucia, romelsac erqva<br />
“globaluri dRis wesrigi civilizaciaTa Soris dialogisaTvis.” es<br />
rezolucia unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc mraval welze gaTvlili<br />
konkretuli samoqmedo programa, aramed rogorc deklaracia<br />
ganzraxulobis Sesaxeb. masSi aRniSnulia, rom dialogis weli mxolod<br />
dasawyisi iyo civilizaciaTa urTierTgacnobis mravalwliani procesisa<br />
(9).<br />
marTalia mileniumis samitze yvelam erTxmad dauWira mxari<br />
civilizaciaTa Soris dialogs da speciluri rezoluciebic ki miiRes,<br />
magram xom ar darCa es mxolod qaRaldze daweril SeTanxmebad? amis<br />
dasturad SeiZleba moviyvanoT is faqti, rom erayis winaaRmdeg omis<br />
mzadebis dros irani kvlav civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis Tavidan acilebaze<br />
alaparakda. “erayis krizisis mogvarebisas daSvebulma nebismierma<br />
Secdomam, SesaZlebelia, civlizaciaTa Sejaxeba gamoiwvios”, _ ganacxada<br />
britaneTSi my<strong>of</strong>ma iranis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma qemal xarazim. man<br />
mzady<strong>of</strong>na gamoTqva mediatoris rolis SesrulebisTvis baRdadsa da<br />
gaeros Soris. “islamur samyaroSi xalxi ukiduresad SeSfoTebulia<br />
mosalodneli omis gamomwvevi realuri mizezebis gamo”, _ aRniSna man.<br />
Tumca man naTlad mianiSna, rom “Teirani erayis mimarT gansakuTrebul
simpaTiebs ar ganicdis.” xarazim xazgasmiT aRniSna: “Cven swored is<br />
gvawuxebs, rom am omma SeiZleba civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba gamoiwvios. xom<br />
ar aris es erayis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli omis safarqveS damaluli<br />
mTeli axlo aRmosavleTisa da islamuri samyaros arsebobis sakiTxi?”<br />
qemal xarazim aRniSna, rom is mxars uWerda eraySi diqtaturis<br />
demokratiiT Secvlas, Tumca es erayeli xalxis surviliT unda moxdes<br />
da ara ucxo Zalis mier Tavsmoxveuli aqtis saxiT (2).<br />
11 seqtembris movlenam Searyia liberaluri demokratiis, rogorc<br />
idealuri saxelmwifo wyobilebis rwmena. liberaluri demokratia ar<br />
aRmoCnda kacobriobis ganviTarebis manZilze ganvlil wyobilebaTa<br />
idealuri piki da dasasruli, rogorc amas f.fukuiama<br />
winaswarmetyvelebda. 11 seqtembris ambebis prizmaSi, TiTqos, Cans<br />
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis dapirispireba. aRmosavleTma aSS-s<br />
erovnuli siamayis, dangreuli caTambjenebis qveS dausamara liberaluri<br />
demokratiis uzenaesobisa da siZlieris mtkice rwmena.<br />
nuTu daiwyo civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? islamisiti teroristebis<br />
Tavdasxmam niu iorksa da vaSingtonze kvlav gaaaqtiura hanTingtonis<br />
koncefciis garSemo dasavleTSi mimdinare debatebi. ZiriTadi kiTxva<br />
Semdegze daiyvaneboda: iyo Tu ara es saSineli teraqtebi im epoqis<br />
dasawyisi, romelic hanTingtonma pirvelad iwinaswarmetyvela 1993 wels<br />
gamoqveynebul statiaSi? an, ufro sworad rom vTqvaT, xom ar iyo es<br />
aSS-is(dasavleTis) da muslimur civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?<br />
ben ladeni da misi organizacia “al-qaida” swored amgvarad<br />
cdilobda warmoedgina aSS-is reaqcia teroristul aqtebze. masobrivi<br />
protestebi aSS-is mier avRaneTSi saomari moqmedebebis dawyebis Semdeg,<br />
romlebic mimdinareobda pakistanSi, indoneziasa da zogierT sxva<br />
qveyanaSi, aCvenebs, rom islamuri samyaros arcTu mcire nawili<br />
iziarebda aseT Tvalsazriss.<br />
bunebrivia, aSS prezidenti da am qveynis sxva <strong>of</strong>icialuri pirebi<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>dnen aseT midgomas. antiteroristuli koaliciis formirebis<br />
dros isini akeTebdnen gancxadebebs da dgamdnen iseT nabijebs, rom ar<br />
daeSvaT muslimi xalxebis da saxelmwifoebis gaerTianeba antiamerikul,<br />
antidasavlur safuZvelze; kerZod, isini yovelnairad xazs usvamdnen,<br />
rom Zalismieri aqcia ar unda iqnes miCneuli amerikis omad islamuri
samyaros winaaRmdeg. ase magaliTad, 2001 wlis 20 seqtembers, prezidenti<br />
jorj buSi kongresis orive palatis erTobliv sxdomaze aRniSnavda, rom<br />
amerikis mteri aris ara muslimuri samyaro, aramed radikalizmze<br />
orientirebuli teroristuli qseli da nebismieri mTavroba, romelic<br />
mas mxars uWers. analogiuri gamosvlebiT gamodiodnen sxva maRali<br />
rangis amerikeli politikosebic. cnobili britanuli Jurnali “Economist”<br />
2001 wlis seqtembris erT-erT nomerSi “werda: “muslimebs unda esmodeT,<br />
rom amerikis xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielebuli intervencia bosniasa<br />
da kosovoSi iyo Tavdasxma qristianul reJimebze, mimarTuli<br />
musulmanebis dasacavad, romelnic am reJimebis msxverpli aRmoCndnen.”<br />
cxadia, amgvari viTareba kidev ufro aqtualurs xdis<br />
civilizaciaTa dialogs. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom civilizaciaTa<br />
dialogi sakmaod perspeqtiulia, miuxedavad mravali winaaRmdegobisa.<br />
ufro metic, misi ignorireba aravis mosvlia azrad.<br />
udaoa is faqti, rom 11 seqtembris teraqtma gaamZafra da<br />
gaacxovela civilizaciuri kuTvnilebisa da “meobis” Ziebis procesi. am<br />
movlenam mravali mecnieris pozicia daadastura an uaryo, cxadad<br />
gamokveTa dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis susti da Zlieri mxareebi. am<br />
faqtma dasabami daudo mTel rig movlenebs, romelic dResdReobiTac<br />
mimdinareobs ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi, mavanT ubedureba moutana, zogierTs ki<br />
safuZveli misca ganexorcielebina is miznebi da amocanebi, romlebic<br />
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mxolod ocnebis doneze rCeboda.<br />
magram civilizaciaTa konfliqtis realobad qceuli perspeqtiva<br />
Tanabrad miuRebelia rogorc dasavlelTaTvis, aseve<br />
aradasavlelTaTvis. amitom, orive mxarem scada sxvagvarad aexsna<br />
mimdinare movlenebi da SemoeTavazebina momavlis naklebkonfrontaciuli<br />
xedva. mecnierTa damokidebuleba am sakiTxisadmi calke msjelobis<br />
sagania da misi analizi jerjerobiT Cems SesaZleblobebs aRemateba,<br />
magram rac Seexeba politikosebs, maT civilizaciaTa konfliqtis Tema<br />
Caanacvles saerTaSoriso terorizmis TemiT. es SesaZleblobas aZlevs,<br />
magaliTad, dasavlel politikosebs, aRmosavleli mowinaaRmdegeebi<br />
saerTaSoriso teroristebad gamoacxadon da ar CauRrmavdnen<br />
konfliqtebis civilizaciur safuZvlebs. rogorc radio “Tavisufleba”
aRniSnavda, buSi gonivrulad gaurbis terorizmis islamTan gaigivebas<br />
(3), Tumca misi administracia am mxriv erTsulovani ar aris.<br />
rigi mecnierebis daskvniTac, saerTaSoriso terorizmi ar SeiZleba<br />
aixsnas religiuri an civilizaciuri faqtorebiT. terorizmi im<br />
uTanasworobis da usamarTlobis gamovlinebaa, rac calkeul qveynebSi<br />
da mTlianad ms<strong>of</strong>lios masStabiT arsebobs.<br />
aseT Tvalsazrisze dgas, magaliTad, Jenevis saerTaSoriso<br />
kvleviTi institutis pr<strong>of</strong>esori daniel uorneri. gazeT “24 saaTisaTvis”<br />
micemul interviuSi igi aRniSnavs, rom zogierTebi cdiloben terorizmi<br />
religiiT gaamarTlon, magram sinamdvileSi terorizmi ar SeiZleba<br />
davukavSiroT romelime religias (am SemTxvevaSi islams). uorneris<br />
TqmiT, terors mimarTaven sasowarkveTili adamianebi, sasowarkveTilebas<br />
ki warmoSobs siRatake, politikuri uflebebisa da sakuTari mosazrebis<br />
gamoxatvis uflebis arqona. erT-erTi mTavari mizezi ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi<br />
arsebuli usamarTlobaa. simdidris ganawilebaSi, ms<strong>of</strong>lios masStabiT,<br />
uzarmazari disproporcia arsebobs, es ki seriozuli problemaa (1).<br />
amave dros, politikosTa nawili miiCnevs, rom islamuri kultura<br />
dasavleTisadmi mtrulad aris ganwyobili, es kultura qmnis noyier<br />
niadags terorizmisaTvis (3).<br />
ukve cxadia, rom XXI saukuneSi terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZola<br />
saerTaSoriso politikis erT-erTi mTavari ganmsazRvreli faqtori<br />
iqneba. mis dasaZlevad unda aRmoifxvras misi gamomwvevi mizezebi,<br />
romelTa Soris pirvel rigSi saxeldeba uTanasworoba, romelic<br />
kacobriobisaTvis dResaa damaxasiaTebeli. magram ra aris am<br />
uTanasworobis safuZveli? xom ar aris amis mizezi saZiebeli<br />
civilizaciur doneze, rogorc amas hanTingtoni miiCnevda? “gansxvaveba<br />
civilizaciebs Soris ara mxolod realuria, aramed yvelaze ufro<br />
arsebiTic. es gansxvavebebi saukuneebis manZilze yalibdeboda. isini ar<br />
gaqrebian Tvalsawier momavalSi. kulturuli Taviseburebani da<br />
gansxvavebani gacilebiT naklebad eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs, vidre<br />
politikuri da ekonomikuri. amis gamo maTi gadaWra da kompromisis<br />
moZebna ufro Znelia”, _ aRniSnavda hanTingtoni (7, 9). Tu es marTlac<br />
asea, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom terorizmis problemis mosagvareblad<br />
politikosebs seriozuli Zalisxmeva da sakmao dro dasWirdebaT. es
moitans saerTaSoriso terorizmis Temidan civilizaciaTa urTierTobis<br />
sakiTxisaken Semobrunebas. civilizaciaTa dialogis formebis moZebna ki<br />
gacilebiT Znelia, vidre saerTaSoriso terorizmTan brZolis formebisa.<br />
Tanac, aseTi dialogis miRweva terorizmTan dapirispirebis yvelaze<br />
efeqturi saSualeba Cans.<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. adamianebs eSiniaT cvlilebebis. interviu daniel uornerTan. - gazeTi “24<br />
saaTi,” 28.X.2002.<br />
2. gazeTi “24 saaTi” 7.02.2003. #36.<br />
3. ratom sZuls amerikas islami an _ piriqiT. - gazeTi “meoTxe”, 27..IX_4.X.2002.<br />
4. k<strong>of</strong>i anans XXI saukuneSi mieCqareba. - “dilis gazeTi,” 4.09.2000.<br />
5. fukuiama f. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani. Tb., 1997.<br />
6. fukuiama f. kulturuli omebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. – Jurn.: arili, 2000,<br />
#6, gv.33-36.<br />
7. hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? Tb. 1997.<br />
8. С.М. Самуилов. «Диалог Между Цивилизациами» в ООН и США. – В журн.: США. Канада.<br />
Экономика, политика, культура. 2002/5 с.32-33.<br />
9. Assembly Proclaims Agenda for Dialogue Among <strong>Civilization</strong>s. Culmination to Observance <strong>of</strong><br />
International Year. 9.11.2001. Press Release GA/9955.<br />
10. Bush George W. Statement to the 56-th Session <strong>of</strong> the United Nations General Assembly. 10.11.2001<br />
(http:\\ www.un.int\ usa\ htm).<br />
11. Statement by Ambassador John D. Negroponte, United States Permanent Representative to the United<br />
Nations, on the United Nations Year <strong>of</strong> Dialogue Among <strong>Civilization</strong>s in the General Assembly.<br />
9.11.2001 (http:\\ www unit \usa\htm).<br />
12. http:\\www. dialoguecentre. org\faq htm.<br />
qeTevan qeTevan kakitelaSvili<br />
kakitelaSvili<br />
kulturuli kulturuli faqtorebis faqtorebis roli roli adamianis adamianis Tavis Tavis tvinis tvinis funqciuri<br />
funqciuri<br />
asimetriis asimetriis asimetriis reorganizaciaSi<br />
reorganizaciaSi<br />
fenomeni, romelic winamdebare naSromis kvlevis sagans warmoadgens,<br />
erTi SexedviT, TiTqos scildeba kulturologiis interesebis sferos.<br />
kvlevis meTodic aseve aratradiciulia am mecnierebisaTvis, magram<br />
daskvnebi, romelTa gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems am Temaze msjeloba,<br />
Cemis azriT, sagulisxmo unda iyos CvenTvis, ara mxolod rogorc<br />
konkretuli samecniero dargis, aramed rogorc qarTuli kulturis<br />
warmomadgenelTaTvis.<br />
sanam uSualod sakiTxze gadavidodeT, gvinda xazi gavusvaT<br />
mecnierebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze interdisciplinuri kvlevis<br />
aqtualobas da aucileblobas. es azri TandaTan mwifdeboda XIX<br />
saukuneSi, XX saukuneSi ki Seiqmna iseTi integrirebuli samecniero
mimarTulebebi, rogoricaa sociolingvistika, eTn<strong>of</strong>siqologia,<br />
neirolingvistika, socialuri fsiqologia, fsiqolingvistika da, ra Tqma<br />
unda, kulturologia, romelic gulisxmobs kulturis, rogorc<br />
araerTgvarovani fenomenis mravalmxriv Seswavlas.<br />
es naSromic kvlevis interdisciplinur meTods emyareba. Cven<br />
gamoviyeneT neir<strong>of</strong>siqologiuri kvlevis meTodebi qarTul kulturul<br />
sivrceSi arsebuli viTarebis gamosamJRavneblad da vecadeT, arsebuli<br />
tendencia konkretuli kulturuli faqtorebiT agvexsna.<br />
Cveni naSromis interesis sagans warmoadgens wamyvani xelis fenomeni<br />
da is, Tu ra gavlenas axdens wamyvani xelis Camoyalibebaze kulturuli<br />
faqtorebi. wamyvani xelis gansazRvra xdeba ara mxolod imiT, Tu<br />
romeli xeliT wers adamiani, aramed imiTac, Tu romel xels iyenebs is<br />
ufro xSirad sxvadasxva manipulaciebisa da spontanuri moqmedebebis<br />
Sesasruleblad. zogierTi avtori (blau, qolinzi) miiCnevs, rom wamyvani<br />
xeli sazogadoebis kulturis TaviseburebebiT aris ganpirobebuli da<br />
memarjveneobas ganixilaven rogorc socialur fenomens. sxvebi (levi,<br />
nagilaki) ki wamyvani xelis genetikuri warmoSobis Teorias amkvidreben<br />
(1,109). m.mayaSvili miiCnevs, rom memarjveneobis Camoyalibeba<br />
dakavSirebulia metyvelebis sruly<strong>of</strong>asTan da mis paralelur process<br />
warmoadgens. memarjveneobis CamoyalibebaSi, misi azriT, aranakleb<br />
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs marjvena xelis prioritetulobiT Seqmnili<br />
marjvenamxrivi garemocva (1,113).<br />
Tanamedrove samecniero fiziologiur da neir<strong>of</strong>siqologiur<br />
literaturaSi gaCnda cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom ukanasknel aTwleulSi<br />
dasavlur civilizaciaSi mkveTrad imata tendenciam caciobisaken.<br />
kerZod, TvalSisacemad gaizarda im adamianebis ricxvi, romlebic<br />
manipulaciebisaTvis upiratesad marcxena xels iyeneben. arsebobs<br />
monacemebi, romlis mixedviT, XX saukunis bolos caciebi aSS-is<br />
mosaxleobis 12% warmoadgendnen, maSin roca wina saukuneSi maTi ricxvi<br />
mxolod 2%-s Seadgenda (12).<br />
caciebis raodenoba, Cveulebriv, mcire iyo civilizaciis istoriis<br />
manZilze, amitom dRes maTi ricxvis uecari mateba gansakuTrebul<br />
interess iwvevs.
Cven dagvainteresa, Seicvala Tu ara viTareba am mxriv saqarTveloSi.<br />
amitom, wamyvani xelis dadgenis mizniT, CavatareT gamokvleva Tbilisis I<br />
gimnaziisa da VI gimnaziis 340 I-VI klasel gogonasa da biWze.<br />
caciobisaken tendencias vikvlevdiT wamyvani xelis dadgenis klasikuri<br />
meTodiT (5) da etlingeris koeficientis dadgenis saSualebiT.<br />
m.mayaSvils gaaCnda monacemebi caciebis raodenobis Sesaxeb (aseve<br />
adreuli saskolo asakis bavSvebSi) 1980-1995 wlebisaTvis. amdenad, Cven<br />
SegveZlo 2003 wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis Sedareba adre<br />
arsebul viTarebasTan.<br />
gamokvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom, arsebul fonTan SedarebiT,<br />
caciebis raodenoba ar gazrdila (1996 wels maTi ricxvi 10% Seadgenda,<br />
2003 wels _ 9%). magram sagrZnoblad aris momatebuli susti<br />
memarjveneebis anu im bavSvebis raodenoba, romlebTanac mkveTrad ar<br />
aris gamoxatuli marjvena xelis, rogorc wamyvani xelis funqcia. isini<br />
manipulaciebisaTvis xSirad iyeneben marcxena xels. susti memarjveneebis<br />
raodenoba 1996 wlisaTvis 15% Seadgenda, xolo 2003 wels ki 56%-mde<br />
aris gazrdili.<br />
1996 weli 2003 weli<br />
85%<br />
0%<br />
15%<br />
sustad da Zlierad gamoxatuli memarjveneobis procentuli Tanafardoba 6-12<br />
wlis bavSvebSi (Tbilisi)<br />
Zlieri memarjveneebi susti memarjveneebi<br />
riT SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli es viTareba?<br />
cnobilia, rom kidurebis motorikis kontroli xdeba sawinaaRmdego<br />
mxaris hemisferoTi, anu marjvena hemisfero akontrolebs marcxena xel-<br />
fexs, xolo marcxena hemisfero _ marjvena mxaris kidurebs (7; 8; 9; 1; 13;<br />
14). amitom unda vifiqroT, rom marjvena xelis wamyvanobis<br />
gamoxatulebis Sesusteba dakavSirebulia marcxena hemisferos aqtivobis<br />
SesustebasTan da, Sesabamisad, marcxena xeliT Sesrulebul moqmedebaTa<br />
44%<br />
0%<br />
56%
aodenobis mateba dakavSirebulia marcxena hemisferos aqtivobis<br />
matebasTan.<br />
amgvarad, SeiZleba visaubroT Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri<br />
asimetriis 1 reorganizaciaze. Cven vecadeT, mogvenaxa Tavis tvinis<br />
hemisferoTa aqtivobis reorganizaciis damatebiTi (garda caciobisken<br />
tendenciis arsebobisa) damamtkicebeli sabuTebi. aseTi sabuTi aRmoCnda<br />
cdis pirebSi, adre arsebul fonTan (1980-1995) SedarebiT, mkveTrad<br />
momatebuli marcxena wamyvani Tvalis Sexvedris sixSire (1996 wels<br />
marcxena wamyvani Tvalis maCvenebeli 13%, 2003 wels _ 38%).<br />
1996 weli 2003 weli<br />
wamyvani Tvalis maCvenebeli 6-12 wlis asakis bavSvebSi (Tbilisi)<br />
marjvena Tvali marcxena Tvali<br />
amgvarad, Cvens mier Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom bolo<br />
aTwleulSi saqarTveloSi mkveTrad imata wamyvani xelisa da Tvalis e.w.<br />
marcxenamxrivma pr<strong>of</strong>ilma, rac arsebuli codnidan gamomdinare,<br />
miuTiTebs Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetriis<br />
reorganizaciaze. isev arsebuli codnidan gamomdinare, es reorganizacia<br />
unda gamoixatebodes marcxena hemisferos aqtivobis SesustebaSi (normis<br />
farglebSi) da marjvena hemisferos aqtivobis gaZlierebaSi (normis<br />
farglebSi).<br />
87%<br />
0%<br />
13%<br />
Cveni azriT, adreuli saskolo asakis bavSvebSi aseTi<br />
reorganizaciis mizezi unda veZeboT Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciur<br />
asimetriaze kulturuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebaSi. bolo dros mkveTrad<br />
Seicvala bavSvebis inteleqtualuri datvirTvis saxe. kerZod, bavSvebi<br />
1 Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria niSnavs adamianis fsiqikuri procesebis<br />
organizaciaSi Tavis tvinis naxevasferoTa gansxvavebuli aqtiurobiT monawileobas.<br />
62%<br />
0%<br />
38%
TiTqmis aRar kiTxuloben wignebs, masobrivad arian dakavebulebi<br />
kompiuteruli TamaSebiTa da televiziiT filmebis yurebiT. amasTan, is<br />
kompiuteruli TamaSebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT popularulia<br />
bavSvebSi, agebulia, ZiriTadad, sivrceSi orientaciasa da swraf<br />
reagirebaze. garda amisa, skolaSi ariTmetikuli operaciebis Catarebisas<br />
bavSvebi iyeneben kalkulators.<br />
amgvarad, iqmneba aseTi viTareba: bavSvebis inteleqtualurma<br />
datvirTvam (adre arsebul viTarebasTan SedarebiT) gadainacvla<br />
verbaluridan (wignis kiTxva) vizualur-sivrciTze (kompiuteruli<br />
TamaSebi). amave dros, bavSvebi aRar itvirTaven Tavs e.w. ariTmetikuli<br />
azrovnebiT. verbaluri funqcia da kalkulacia, ZiriTadad, marcxena<br />
hemisferos mier sruldeba, xolo marjvena hemisfero dakavebulia<br />
vizualur-sivrciTi azrovnebiT. maSasadame, bavSvebis inteleqtualuri<br />
datvirTvis stilis Secvlas SeuZlia gaaZlieros marjvena hemisferos<br />
aqtivoba da Seasustos marcxena hemisferos aqtivoba.<br />
Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetriis reorganizacia gare<br />
faqtorebis sapasuxod, m.mayaSvilis azriT, aris Tavis tvinis<br />
adaptaciuri meqanizmebis gamovlena, romlebic evoluciis procesSi<br />
uzrunvely<strong>of</strong>en nervuli sistemis moqmedebis adaptirebas cvlad<br />
garemopirobebTan.<br />
amgvarad, savaraudod, adreuli saskolo asakis bavSvebis<br />
inteleqtualuri cxovrebis stili, rogorc erT-erTi kulturuli<br />
faqtori, moqmedebs Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciur asimetriaze da<br />
iwvevs mis reorganizacias.<br />
aseTi daskvnis gakeTebis saSualeba mogvca literaturaSi arsebulma<br />
monacemebmac, romlebic cxady<strong>of</strong>en, rom marjvena da marcxena<br />
naxevarsferos datvirTvis intensivoba pirdapir kavSirSia caciobasa da<br />
sustad da Zlierad gamoxatul memarjveneobasTan. sam tradiciul<br />
kulturaSi, romelTac ar gaaCndaT damwerloba (da, Sesabamisad, maTi<br />
warmomadgenlebis marcxena naxevarsfero naklebad iyo datvirTuli),<br />
individebi ufro ambideqstrobisaken amJRavnebdnen midrekilebas da<br />
maTTan sustad iyo gamoxatuli marjvena xelis dominantoba (11).<br />
disgrafik bavSvebsa da yru studentebze dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom enis<br />
dagvianebuli SeTviseba ganapirobebs wamyvani xelis Camoyalibebas da
ukavSirdeba caciobasa da susti memarjveneobis maRal procents (15; 6).<br />
arsebobs monacemebi, romlebic miuTiTeben metyvelebisa da<br />
memarjveneobis Camoyalibebas Soris pirdapir kavSirze. cnobili gaxda,<br />
rom metyvelebis defeqtis mqone bavSvebSi, janmrTelebTan SedarebiT,<br />
sagrZnoblad maRalia caciebisa da ambideqstrebis raodenoba (3; 4).<br />
u.tanis cdebma aCvena, rom sivrciTi azrovneba dakavSirebulia tvinis<br />
naxevarsferoTa ufro simetriul aqtivobasTan, vidre calmxriv<br />
dominantobasTan, rac, Sesabamisad, gamoixateba wamyvani Tvalis<br />
Camoyalibebaze (17).<br />
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebi mowmoben, rom susti memarjveneobis<br />
Sexvedris maRali sixSire fiqsirdeba iq, sadac marcxena hemisferos<br />
funqciuri datvirTva naklebad intensiuria, anu iseT viTarebaSi,<br />
rogoric vnaxeT Tbilisis adreuli saskolo asakis bavSvebSi. arsebuli<br />
viTarebis axsna, rogorc aRiniSna, vcadeT inteleqtualuri datvirTvis<br />
formis SecvliT da kompiuteruli TamaSebis masobrivi gavrcelebiT,<br />
ramac, Tavis mxriv, marjvena hemisferos datvirTvis intensivoba gazarda.<br />
am varaudis Semowmebis mizniT, gadavwyviteT igive eqsperimenti<br />
Cagvetarebina q.kaspSi, sadac, Cveni azriT, kompiuteruli TamaSebi<br />
naklebad iqneboda gavrcelebuli, magram, molodinis sawinaaRmdegod,<br />
aRmoCnda, rom iq bavSvebi metad Tu ara, iseve aqtiurad arian<br />
dakavebulni kompiuteruli TamaSebiT, rogorc maTi Tbiliseli<br />
Tanatolebi. Sedegic Sesabamisi miviReT: susti memarjveneebi 55%-s<br />
Seadgenen. marcxena wamyvani Tvalis maCvenebeli aseve maRalia (37%).<br />
45%<br />
0%<br />
55%<br />
(I) (II)<br />
I. sustad da Zlierad gamoxatuli memarjveneobis procentuli Tanafardoba<br />
6-12 wlis asakis bavSvebSi (q. kaspi, 2003 w)<br />
II. wamyvani Tvalis maCvenebeli 6-12 wlis asakis bavSvebSi (q. kaspi, 2003 w.)<br />
37%<br />
0%<br />
63%
amgvarad, inteleqtualuri cxovrebis msgavsi tipis mqone bavSvebis<br />
sxvadasxva jgufSi Catarebulma gamokvlevam msgavsi Sedegebi mogvca, rac<br />
kidev erTxel iZleva imis Tqmis saSualebas, rom kulturuli faqtorebi,<br />
romlebic mudmivad axdenen gavlenas adamianze, rogorc ama Tu im<br />
sazogadoebis wevrze, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen aseve adamianis<br />
Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetriis gamoxatulebaze.<br />
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa r.meTiuzis mier gamoTqmuli<br />
mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom sazogadoeba da dro, romelSic xdeba<br />
individis Camoyalibeba, Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens caciobis ricxvis<br />
zrdaze (12). gvinda, xazi gavusvaT im garemoebas, rom kulturuli<br />
faqtorebi, romelTa gavleniT moxda cvlilebebi Tavis tvinis<br />
funqcionirebaSi, globalizaciis procesis Sedegad aris CvenSi<br />
damkvidrebuli. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom tvini, romelic ganicdis<br />
kulturul gavlenas, TviTonac warmoSobs kulturis gansxvavebul<br />
formas. ase rom, albaT, es garemoebac unda iyos gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
globalizaciis sakiTxze msjelobisas.<br />
bolos gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom Cven ar gamovdivarT am procesis arc<br />
momxreebad da arc mowinaaRmdegeebad, miznad visaxavdiT mxolod<br />
gamogvemJRavnebina, Tu rogori gavlena SeiZleba iqonios kulturulma<br />
faqtorebma Tavis tvinis funqcionirebaze da, Sesabamisad, caciebis<br />
ricxvis zrdaze.<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. mayaSvili m. Tavis tvinis hemisferoTa funqciuri asimetria adamianis sivrciT<br />
orientaciaSi. disertacia biologiur mecnierebaTa doqtoris xarisxis<br />
mosapoveblad. Tb., 1998.<br />
2. Елинек Я. Большой иллюстрированный атлас первобытного человека. Прага, 1985.<br />
3. Катаргина Т.А., Крыжановская И.Л., Петрова М.А. Зрительные вызванные потенциалы и<br />
функциональная асимметрия у детей с разной степенью интеллектуальной недостаточности. М.,<br />
1993, 3, с. 72-76.<br />
4. Пучинская Л.М., Сингурова Т.А. Формирование ЭЭГ и функциональная асимметрия полушарий<br />
у детей 5-7 лет с общим недоразвитием речи. В журнале невропат. психиатрии им. Корсакова. М.,<br />
1993, 3 , с.68-72.<br />
5. Annett M.A. A classification <strong>of</strong> hand preference by assotiation on analisis. British J. Psychol., 61, 303-<br />
321, 1970.<br />
6. Bonvillian J.D., Orlansky M.D., Garland J.B. Handedness patterns in deaf persons. Brain&Cognition.<br />
1(2):141-57, 1982 Apr.
7. Cernacek J. Morphological correlates and heredity in functional asymmetry <strong>of</strong> the cerebral hemispheres.<br />
Bratislavske Lekarske Listy. 90(11):831-4, 1989 Nov.<br />
8. Corballis M.C., Lee K., McManus I.C., Crow T.J. Location <strong>of</strong> The Handedness gene on the X and Y<br />
chromosomes. American J. <strong>of</strong> Medical Genetics. vol.67, no.1, pp.50-52. 1996.<br />
9. Gazzaniga M.S. The bisected brain. Appl. Cent., Bost. N.Y., 1970.<br />
10. Gottfried AW., Bathurst K. Hand preference across time is related to intelligence in young girls, not<br />
boys. Science. 221(4615):1074-6,1983.<br />
11. Marchant L.F., McGrew W.C., Eibl-Eibesfeldt I. Is the human handedness universal? Ethological<br />
analisis from three traditional cultures. Ethology. 1995 vol.101, no.3, pp.239-258.<br />
12. Matthews R.A. A cultured left hand (The gene-culture coevolution theory can explain handedness). New<br />
Scientist, v.156 Oct 25 1997, p.30-31.<br />
13. Mosidze V.M., Mkheidze R.A. Makashvili M.A. Memory, speech, writing and spatial orientation in<br />
patients with iscemic insult to cerebral hemispheres. Intern. J. <strong>of</strong> Memory.,1.1996, 13-24.<br />
14. Mosidze V.M., Mkheidze R.A. Makashvili M.A. Disorders <strong>of</strong> visuo-spatial attention in patients with<br />
unilateral brain damage. BBR., 65, 1994, 121-122.<br />
15. O’Hare AE., Brown JK., Childhood disgraphia. Part 2. A study <strong>of</strong> hand function. Child: Care, Health &<br />
Devlopment. 15(3):151-66, 1989 May-Jun.<br />
16. Provins K.A. Handedness and speech: a critical reappraisal <strong>of</strong> the role <strong>of</strong> genetic and environmental<br />
factors in the cerebral lateralization <strong>of</strong> function. Psychological Review. 104(3):554-71, 1997 Jul.<br />
17. Tan U. The relationship between nonverbal intelligence and Geshwind scores in left-handed subjects.<br />
International J. <strong>of</strong> Neuroscience. 43(3-4):183-7. 1988 Dec.<br />
ivane ivane ivane wereTeli<br />
wereTeli<br />
a.j. a.j. toinbis toinbis `gamowveva<br />
`gamowveva-pasuxis~ `gamowveva<br />
`gamowveva pasuxis~ Teoria Teoria da da saqarTvelos<br />
saqarTvelos<br />
kulturul_istoriuli kulturul_istoriuli ganviTarebis ganviTarebis zogierTi zogierTi problema<br />
problema<br />
Zveli berZnebi samyaros or sferod y<strong>of</strong>dnen: pirveli _ buneba,<br />
romelic adamianis gareSe Seiqmna da arsebobs, meore _ kultura anu<br />
meore buneba, Seqmnili an gardaqmnili adamianis mier.<br />
kultura aris materialuri sagnebis, moqmedebebis, rwmena-<br />
warmodgenebisa da urTierTobebis mTlianoba, romelsac adamiani qmnis<br />
bunebasTan da sxva adamianebTan kavSirSi. igi warmoadgens rTul<br />
eqstrasomatur meqanizms, romelsac adamiani iyenebs gadarCenisa da<br />
arsebobisTvis brZolaSi (14, 42_43).<br />
kultura aris istoriis mier datovebuli naleqi, ambobs klaid<br />
klaqhoni (7, 21). kultura aris sazogadoebis gamocdileba, romelic<br />
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema ara genetikurad, aramed socialuri<br />
memkvidreobis gziT (12, 18). kulturas qmnis sazogadoeba. igi gamoxatavs
mis xasiaTs, mentalitets da iseve, rogorc TiToeuli adamiani<br />
mentalitetiT ganumeorebelia, yoveli kulturac originaluri da<br />
unikaluria.<br />
rodesac laparakia kulturaze, TavisTavad igulisxmeba adamiani da<br />
sazogadoeba, radgan es sami cneba warmoadgens erT ganuy<strong>of</strong>el<br />
mTlianobas. maTi Seqmna urTierTTanadroulia. adamianis, sazogadoebisa<br />
da kulturis daSoreba warmoudgenelia, radgan igi erTarsis sami saxea.<br />
kultura adamianisa da sazogadoebis gareSe da piriqiT, adamiani<br />
sazogadoebisa da kulturis gareSe warmoudgenelia.<br />
kultura SeiZleba SevadaroT miwisZvras, romelsac gaaCnia<br />
epicentri da vrceldeba garkveul teritoriaze. epicentrs warmoadgens<br />
is adgili, sadac kulturis `mamebi~ cxovrobdnen. `mamebi~ arian<br />
primitiul sazogadoebebSi dabadebuli geniosebi, romelTa originaluri<br />
aRmoCenebi da mignebebi vrceldeba sazogadoebis garkveul nawilze.<br />
geniosebi warmoadgenen sazogadoebis elitas. maTgan momdinare talRebs<br />
didi gavlena aqvs xalxTa im nawilze, romelsac a.toinbi<br />
`proletariats~ uwodebs (13), ortega i gaseti ki `masebad~ naTlavs (3).<br />
maT ar SeuZliaT Tavad miagnon da aRmoaCinon, ar gaaCniaT SemoqmedebiTi<br />
unari. isini iReben imas, rasac qmnis SemoqmedebiTi umciresoba. amitom<br />
sazogadoebis originalur mentalitets gansazRvravs geniosTa<br />
aRmoCenebi.<br />
kultura centridanulia, igi centridan miemarTeba da farTovdeba,<br />
sazogadoeba ki centriskenulia, igi centris garSemoa lokalizebuli.<br />
rac ufro did teritoriaze aqvs Zala centridan momdinare talRebs,<br />
miT ufro did sazogadoebas eyreba safuZveli. ama Tu im teritoriaze<br />
SeiZleba warmoiSvas ramdenime kulturuli epicentri, rac iwvevs maTgan<br />
momdinare talRaTa urTierTSejaxebas. es xdeba mizezi xalxTa<br />
konsolidaciisa ama Tu im centris garSemo.<br />
erT sazogadoebaSi gaerTianeba ganpirobebulia adamianTa<br />
qvecnobieri msgavsebiT, anu sazogadoebaSi eqceva `Cveniani~, xolo mis<br />
gareT rCeba `sxva~.<br />
amis simboluri gamoxatva SeiZleba koridis magaliTze.<br />
koridaze, xarsa da adamians Soris orTabrZolaSi, mayurebeli, ra<br />
warmomavlobisac ar unda iyos, adamians gulSematkivrobs. amis mizezi
isaa, rom TiToeuli mayurebeli toreadorsa Tu matadors `Tavisad~<br />
Tvlis. me da xarTan mebrZoli erTni varT, Cven orive adamianebi varT.<br />
misi gamarjveba imitom mixaria, rom misi saxiT gavimarjveT Cven,<br />
`adamianobam~. xaris damarcxeba aris aRiareba adamianis Zlierebisa<br />
samyaroSi.<br />
magram axla vnaxoT, Tu ra situacia iqneba moedanze, sadac ori<br />
sxvadasxva kulturis warmomadgeneli gundi xvdeba erTmaneTs. aviRoT<br />
Tundac ukanaskneli ms<strong>of</strong>lio Cempionati fexburTSi. finalSi erTmaneTs<br />
Sexvda braziliisa da germaniis nakrebi gundebi. mamaCemma, romelic matCs<br />
mxolod garTobis mizniT uyurebda, da ara raime fanaturi ambiciiT,<br />
Tqva, mirCevnia safrangeTma moigos, radgan Tasi CvenTan, evropaSi<br />
darCebao. amis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo is, rom igi germanelebTan, anu<br />
evropelebTan met saerTos poulobs, vidre brazilielebTan. swored es<br />
aris wyalgamy<strong>of</strong>i originaluri kulturebis matarebel sazogadoebaTa<br />
Soris.<br />
erTi kultura absoluturad gansxvavdeba meorisagan, magram mas<br />
saerTo gaaCnia mesamesTan. swored kulturaTa am SedarebiTobis gziT<br />
iqmneba civilizaciebi. civilizacia aris sivrce, romelic moicavs<br />
msgavsi kulturis mqone sazogadoebebs.<br />
kultura adamianis Svilia, civilizacia ki misi SviliSvili,<br />
radgan civilizacias uSualod adamianebi ar qmnian, mas kulturaTa<br />
urTierToba qmnis. Tu kultura warmoadgens adamianTa sazogadoebas,<br />
civilizacia kulturaTa sazogadoebaa. rogorc erT kacs ar SeuZlia<br />
kulturis Seqmna, ise erT kulturas ar SeuZlia civilizaciis Seqmna.<br />
Tumca SeiZleba erTi kultura iqces civilizaciad, magram amas mxolod<br />
sxva kulturebTan urTierTobaSi moaxerxebs im mizeziT, rom igi<br />
Tavisianad ver CaTvlis veravis da gancalkevebuli darCeba (magaliTad,<br />
iaponia da CineTi).<br />
civilizacia aris sivrce, romelic yalibdeba kulturaTa<br />
urTierTobaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani roli kulturaTa<br />
civilizaciebad dajgufebaSi eniWeba konfliqts, rogorc aqtiuri<br />
urTierTobis saxes. igi axdens kulturaTa identifikacias da debs maT<br />
Soris wyalgamy<strong>of</strong>s, anu sazRvars avlebs `Cveniansa~ da `sxvas~ Soris.
konfliqti mizez-Sedegobrivia. misi mizezi xdeba sazogadoebis<br />
gansxvavebul mizanTa urTierTSejaxeba, xolo konfliqtis Sedegia<br />
sazogadoebis mowesrigeba, radgan konfliqtis Sedegi gansazRvravs<br />
sazogadoebis momaval cxovrebas.<br />
sanam uSualod Temis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, msurs, oriod<br />
sityviT a.j.toinbis `gamowveva-pasuxis~ Teoriaze visaubro.<br />
toinbi cdilobs, ipovos Zala, romelic dadebiTi faqtoris rols<br />
asrulebs sazogadoebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis gzaze. am Zalas, misi<br />
azriT, warmoadgens `gamowveva~, romelic momdinareobs bunebrivi da<br />
adamianuri garemodan.<br />
bunebriv `gamowvevad~ SeiZleba warmovidginoT mdinaris delta,<br />
mTa, tye, miwis gamoSroba da sxva. adamianuri garemos gamowvevad igi<br />
Tvlis dapyrobas, dartymas, zewolas.<br />
a.toinbis azriT, `gamowveva~ unda iyos mkacri da mudmivi. amasTan<br />
erTad, mas Tan unda axldes Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba, raTa<br />
sazogadoeba moeqces ganviTarebis `oqros SualedSi~.<br />
teritoriis mimarT, romelsac ar gaaCnia aranairi mimzidveloba,<br />
saxelmwifoTa, xalxTa, erTobaTa interesi dundeba, xolo teritoriiT<br />
daintereseba mas ayenebs mkacri adamianuri garemos `gamowvevaTa~ winaSe,<br />
rac xdeba ZiriTadi stimuli aq sazogadoebis arsebobisa. xSirad es<br />
teritoria xdeba ganuwyveteli zewolis adgili. aseT teritoriebs<br />
toinbi uwodebs `forpostebs~ da maT ganixilavs im teritoriasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi, romelic amave sazogadoebas ekuTvnis, magram zewolis<br />
ararsebobis gamo ganixileba rogorc `zurgi~.<br />
rogorc davinaxeT, sazogadoebis warmoSobisaTvis aucilebelia,<br />
arsebobdes `gamowveva~, igi iyos mkacri, mudmivi da eqceodes<br />
ganviTarebis `oqros SualedSi~.<br />
sainteresoa, Tu rogor miesadageba gamowveva_pasuxis Teoria<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istorias; ram<br />
ganapiroba dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze sazogadoebis<br />
Camoyalibeba.<br />
mouxda.<br />
pirvel rigSi, aRsaniSnavia garemocva, sadac mas arsebobis dawyeba
odesac civilizebuli ms<strong>of</strong>lios sazRvrebi gafarTovda da man<br />
kavkasions miaRwia, saqarTvelo moeqca Zlier saxelmwifoTa garemocvaSi.<br />
teritorias, sadac qarTul sazogadoebas Caeyara safuZveli, odiTganve<br />
gaaCnda interesis aRZvris stimuli. misi geografiuli mdebareoba<br />
bevrisTvis iyo oqros sawmisi.<br />
ZiriTadi stimuli qarTuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebisaTvis iyo<br />
is bunebrivi pirobebi, romlebic aq arsebobda, resursebi, simdidre da<br />
misi mdebareoba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris. swored aman daayena<br />
saqarTvelo adamianuri garemos mkacr gamowvevaTa winaSe, rac<br />
TavisTavad gaxda am teritoriaze arsebuli tomebisa Tu mosaxleobis<br />
erT sazogadoebad Camoyalibebis stimuli, e.i. mizezi qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis arsebobisa unda veZeboT dainteresebaSi, romelic<br />
gamoixata mis garSemo my<strong>of</strong>i saxelmwifoebis mxriv, radgan swored am<br />
dainteresebam misca stimuli qarTul sazogadoebas, raTa mosulTa<br />
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi maqsimalurad gamoeyenebina bunebrivi pirobebi da<br />
simdidre.<br />
toinbis azriT, gamowveva aris stimuli, magram sainteresoa erTi<br />
ram: TviTon gamowvevasac SeiZleba gaaCndes stimuli, magaliTad,<br />
saqarTvelos bunebrivi pirobebi gaxda stimuli im gamowvevaTa<br />
arsebobisa, romlis winaSec dadga qarTveloba da romelic TviTon iqca<br />
sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis stimulad. qarTul istoriul sinamdvileSi<br />
metad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu ra stimuli aqvs safuZvlad gamowvevas.<br />
amis gasagebad saWiroa, istorias gadavxedoT.<br />
daviwyoT imiT, rom toinbis aqvs aseTi cneba _ istoriuli kvlevis<br />
inteligibeluri, anu gonebiT wvdomadi areali (13, 19_36). Tu Cven gvinda,<br />
gavigoT qarTuli sazogadoebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebis mizezebi, unda<br />
gadavxedoT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, garemocvas, romelSic mouxda mas<br />
arseboba.<br />
pirvel inteligibelur arealad, romelSic qarTvel tomebs mouxda<br />
cxovreba, unda CaiTvalos mtkvar-araqsis, TrialeTisa da kolxuri<br />
kulturebi. isini ar warmoadgenen erTi tomis kulturebs, aramed<br />
sxvadasxva tomTa kulturuli erTobebia (8). es erTobebi centridanulia,<br />
masSi Semavali yvela tomis Tu xalxis cxovrebaze did gavlenas axdens<br />
centridan momdinare kulturuli talRebi. centrebi cvalebadia: jer
iyo mtkvar-araqsis midamoebSi, Semdeg TrialeTSi gadainacvla da<br />
Semdgom _ kolxeTSi. aq Cven ver vxedavT erT da Zlier sazogadoebas,<br />
romelic centriskenulia da erTi centris garSemoa lokalizebuli.<br />
swored amitom, miuxedavad mravalsaukunovani urTierTobebisa, am<br />
teritoriaze Camoyalibda ara erTi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianeba,<br />
aramed ramdenime, moxda sazogadoebaTa lokalizeba.<br />
vfiqrob, swored aqaa saZiebeli qarTuli kulturis saTaveebi,<br />
radgan am kulturul urTierTobaTa daSlis Semdeg Cndeba mravali<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturis sazogadoeba, tomi, romelTa Sorisac<br />
mimdinareobs aqtiuri urTierToba _ konfliqtebi. swored am<br />
konfliqtebSi uSualo monawileobiT moxda qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
gaerTianebebis Camoyalibeba diaoxisa da kolxas saxiT.<br />
maSindeli viTareba am teritoriaze qaosuria. qarTveli tomebis<br />
gverdiT Cndeba xurituli tomebis mier Camoyalibebuli miTanis samefo,<br />
romelSic, advili SesaZlebelia, moeqca qarTvel tomTa garkveuli<br />
nawili. aqve Cndeba xeTebisa da asureTis samefoebi, mogvianebiT ki<br />
miTanis samefos adgilze aRmocenda urartu. am samefoebs ganuwyveteli<br />
konfliqtebi hqondaT rogorc erTmaneTTan, aseve qarTvelur tomebTanac.<br />
SemdgomSi miTanis, xeTebisa da urartus samefoebi ganadgurda, ramac<br />
ganapiroba aq mcxovreb xalxTa asimilacia qarTul tomebSi. amas daemata<br />
isic, rom qarTul tomebs gaumezoblda am samefoTa gamanadgurebeli<br />
axali tomebi, romelTa didi nawili dasavleTidan iyo Semosuli. didi<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba frigiis samefos Seqmnas, romelSic garkveuli roli<br />
iTamaSes qarTulma tomebma _ muSqebma da qaSqebma. Semdeg frigiac<br />
daiSala. muSqebi da qaSqebi CrdiloeTisken gadasaxldnen da didi<br />
gavlena moaxdines qarTuli kulturis formirebaze (4, 346_378).<br />
Tavisuflad SeiZleba qarTuli kulturis miCneva ZvelaRmosavluri,<br />
mcireaziuli civilizaciis Svilad. is saxelmwifoebi, romlebic am<br />
teritoriaze arsebobda, ganadgurda. mxolod qarTveluri tomebi<br />
gadarCnen da swored es tomebi unda CaiTvalos maTi kulturuli<br />
tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad, radgan qarTuli mentalitetis Camoyalibeba<br />
mimdinareobs swored am `did sazogadoebaSi~. am civilizaciaSi<br />
arsebobis xana SeiZleba CaiTvalos qarTuli mentalitetis “bavSvobis
xanad”. igi zrdasrul periods aRwevs maSin, roca saxelmwifo religiad<br />
qristianoba cxaddeba.<br />
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba mTlianad<br />
gansazRvrulia qarTuli kulturis dasavluri orientaciiT. amis erT-<br />
erTi mizezi iyo is, rom saqarTvelo yovelTvis cdilobda, mokavSired<br />
moeZebna saxelmwifo, romelic dainteresebuli iyo misi teritoriiT,<br />
magram didi pretenziis gamocxadebis saSualeba ar hqonda, radgan mas<br />
xels uSlida am teritoriis romelime uSualo didi mezobeli. ase iyo<br />
romisa da iranis urTierTobisas, rodesac qarTvelebma airCies romTan<br />
kavSiri, risi gvirgvinic qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba<br />
gaxda.<br />
magram, iqneb, dasavleTisaken orientacia qvecnobieris,<br />
mentalitetis bralic iyos. dabejiTebiT ver vityviT, magram SesaZloa,<br />
frigiis daSlis Semdeg CrdiloeTSi gadmosaxlebuli qaSqebisa da<br />
muSqebis tomebi, romelTac didi roli iTamaSes qarTuli kulturis<br />
formirebaSi, Tavisi mentalitetiT ufro dasavleTelebi iyvnen, vidre<br />
aRmosavleTelebi. frigiidan Semosulma tomebma qarTul mentalitetSi<br />
daleqes is, ramac ganapiroba qarTuli kulturis dasavluri orientacia.<br />
am mosazrebis dasturad mimaCnia is, rom rogorc ki odnavi saSualeba<br />
Cndeba, saqarTvelo cdilobs urTierToba daamyaros dasavleTTan. ase<br />
moxda romi-iranis, iran-bizantiis urTierTobis dros da, sabolood, aman<br />
ganapiroba ruseTTan dakavSirebac.<br />
ra Tqma unda, yvelanairi urTierToba ganapirobebs kulturis<br />
reformacias. magram rac Seexeba kulturis ganviTareba-aRmavlobas, es<br />
xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca saqarTvelo garkveul rols TamaSobs sxva<br />
sazogadoebaTa konfliqtSi, magram ar warmoadgens maTi brZolebis<br />
uSualo arenas.<br />
ase iyo, magaliTad, romsa da parTias Soris konfliqtis dros,<br />
rodesac brZolis vels somxeTi warmoadgenda. saqarTvelos, rogorc<br />
uSualo mezobels, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda im mxriv, Tu vis mxares<br />
daiWerda is am brZolaSi. amis gamo, vercerTi maTgani ver axdenda<br />
zewolas qarTlze. qarTli, jer rogorc romis momxre, xolo Semdeg<br />
sruliad damoukideblad ibrZvis somxeTSi batonobisTvis.
istoriulad kavkasia xSirad iyo ori an ramdenime saxelmwifos<br />
urTierTSoris brZolis asparezi. xSir SemTxvevaSi brZolis vels<br />
swored saqarTvelo warmoadgenda, rac iwvevda xan erTi, xan meore<br />
saxelmwifos uRelqveS y<strong>of</strong>nas.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, a.toinbis Teoriis mixedviT, arsebobs ramdenime<br />
situacia, romelSic SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis ganviTareba. axla<br />
vnaxoT, ra momentebi moqmedebs erTiani saqarTvelos Camoyalibebis<br />
periodSi.<br />
rogorc viciT, arsebobda ori damoukidebeli samefo: dasavleTiT<br />
_ egrisi, aRmosavleTiT _ qarTli. maTi erT sazogadoebad Camoyalibebis<br />
mTavar stimulad iqca arabTagan momdinare mkacri gamowveva. arabebma<br />
daipyres qarTli, maT forpostad Semdeg iqca Tbilisis saamiro. egrisi<br />
da saamiros gareT darCenili teritoriebi ganixileba rogorc `zurgi~.<br />
saqarTvelo daiSala samefo-samTavroebad, romlebic aqtiurad ibrZvian<br />
dampyrobelTa winaaRmdeg. `zurgi~ Zalas ikrebs. saqarTvelos daSla<br />
aris dasawyisi arabTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli brZolisa. `zurgis~<br />
gaZlierebam nel-nela Seaviwrova arabTa forposti. mkacr gamowvevaze<br />
gacemuli adekvaturi pasuxi gaxda ara marto gamarjvebis mizezi, aramed<br />
man daaCqara qarTuli saxelmwifoebis erT sazogadoebad Camoyalibeba,<br />
qarTveli eTnosis erad qceva.<br />
gacilebiT ufro Znelia brZola, rodesac esa Tu is sazogadoeba<br />
iqceva erTi saxelmwifos erT mTlian forpostad. Turq-selCukTa uRlis<br />
moSoreba saqarTvelom ver SeZlo manam, sanam ar daiwyo jvarosnuli<br />
omebi da areuloba Turq-selCukTa saxelmwifoSi. am Semamsubuqebelma<br />
garemoebam da gamowvevis simkacrem saqarTvelo gaxada axlo<br />
aRmosavleTis uZlieresi qveyana.<br />
erT faqtze minda yuradRebis gamaxvileba. arabebis zewolam<br />
ganapiroba saqarTvelos daSla. Tu es daSla gaxda sazogadoebis<br />
ganviTarebis safuZveli, ratom monRolTa zewoliT daSla ar gaxda<br />
analogiuri procesis dasawyisi?<br />
daviwyoT imiT, rom qarTulma sazogadoebam Camoyalibebis TiTqmis<br />
erTi da igive etapi ramdenjerme ganvlo. pirveli etapi iwyeba uxsovari<br />
droidan da mTavrdeba kolxasa da diaoxis CamoyalibebiT. meore etapi<br />
moicavs periods maTi ganadgurebis Semdgom, qarTlisa da egrisis
Camoyalibebidan vidre laSa-giorgis CaTvliT. wyalgamy<strong>of</strong>ad am<br />
periodebs Soris SeiZleba miviCnioT jer urartul, Semdeg kimerielebisa<br />
da sxva momTabare tomTa Semosvla, radgan es periodi aris ara<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis, an Tundac arsebulis SenarCunebis, aramed<br />
misi dakninebis istoria.<br />
igive SeiZleba iTqvas monRolTa Semosvlaze. es periodic<br />
wyalgamy<strong>of</strong>ia, radgan isic sazogadoebis dakninebis istoriaa.<br />
monRolebidan momdinare gamowveva, ramac ganapiroba erTiani<br />
sazogadoebis daSla, aris safuZveli axali etapis dasawyisisa, romelic<br />
Tanamedroveobamde modis. monRolebisgan wamosul mkacr gamowvevas,<br />
romelic Semdgom sxva saxelmwifoebma ganagrZes, mTeli xuTi saukunis<br />
manZilze ar gamouCnda Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba. swored amitom,<br />
ruseTTan saqarTvelos urTierToba am erTiani ciklis gagrZelebad<br />
mimaCnia, radgan 1783 wlis traqtati am gamowvevaze pasuxis gacemis<br />
mcdeloba iyo.<br />
marTalia, saqarTvelom gaerTianeba ruseTis zewolis qveS<br />
moaxerxa, magram amiT pirveli etapis gamowvevaze man ase Tu ise pasuxi<br />
gasca. amis Semdgom iwyeba ruseTidan momdinare gamowvevaze pasuxis<br />
Zieba, raTa saqarTvelom miaRwios daniSnulebamde, anu geografiuli<br />
mdebareoba, romlis baton_patronadac ruseTi mogvevlina, kvlav<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis saqmes moxmardes.<br />
am brZolis miuxedavad saqarTvelom ori saukune ver igema<br />
Tavisufleba, radgan gamowvevas aranairi Semamsubuqebeli garemoeba ar<br />
axlda. kompensaciis mizezi Seiqmna dasavleTis gamoCena amierkavkasiisa<br />
da, saerTod, aRmosavleTSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. kodua e. sociologia. Tb., 1998.<br />
2. naTaZe g. saqarTvelos istoriis mokle sociologiuri mimoxilva. I. Tb., 1937.<br />
3. ortega i gaseti x. masebis amboxi. Tb., 1993.<br />
4. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi. I. Tb., 1970, II, Tb.,1973.<br />
5. fukuiama f. istoriis dasasruli da ukanaskneli adamiani. Tb., 1998.<br />
6. SCepanski i. sociologiis elementaruli cnebebi. Tb., 1997.<br />
7. Ciqovani n. kulturologia: formirebadi disciplinis zogierTi problema. Tb., 1998.<br />
8. jafariZe o. saqarTvelos arqeologia. Tb., 1991.<br />
9. hanTingtoni s. civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba? Tb., 1997.<br />
10. Политология. Под ред. Б.И.Краснова. М., 1995.<br />
11. Случевская И.В. О межцивилизационном взаимодействии. Механизмы культурообразования в<br />
Латинской Америке. – Культурология XX век. Дайджест. 1. М., 1998, с.15-30.
12. Тайлор Э.Б. Первобытная культура. М., 1989.<br />
13. Тойнби А.Дж. Постижение истории. М., 1996.<br />
14. Уайт Л.А. Понятие культуры. – В кн.: Антология исследований культуры, т.1. Интерпретации<br />
культуры. СПб., 1999, с.17-48.<br />
irakli irakli CxaiZe<br />
CxaiZe<br />
adamiani adamiani "simboloTa "simboloTa badis" badis" tyveobaSi<br />
tyveobaSi<br />
pirvely<strong>of</strong>il adamians enis meSveobiT SeeZlo gamoexata da xmis<br />
miwvdenis manZilze gadaeca Tavisi azrebi. saxviTi xelovnebisa da<br />
damwerlobis warmoSobasTan erTad adamianis SesaZleblobebi am mxriv<br />
mniSvnelovnad gafarTovda. satransporto saSualebaTa ganviTarebam,<br />
wignis beWdvam es unari kidev ufro gazarda, XX saukuneSi ki -<br />
telegrafis, telefonis, radios, televiziisa da sxva sainformacio<br />
saSualebaTa meSveobiT is, faqtobrivad, usazRvro gaxda.<br />
Tanamedrove kulturologiaSi erT-erTi yvelaze axalgazrda da<br />
gavleniania simboluri skola, romlis Camoyalibeba zemoT naxsenebma<br />
masobrivi informaciis saSualebaTa mZlavrma ganviTarebam ganapiroba.<br />
adamians gars artyia ara realuri, aramed xelovnuri, simboluri<br />
samyaro.<br />
simboluri azrovnebis, rogorc adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erT-<br />
erTi umTavresi niSnis Sesaxeb mecnierebs sxvadasxva mosazreba aqvT. maT<br />
Soris yuradsaRebia amerikuli kulturanTropologiis TvalsaCino<br />
warmomadgenlis lesli uaitis gansazRvreba: "kultura warmoadgens<br />
saganTa da movlenaTa klass, damokidebuls mxolod adamianisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel unarze _ simboluri mniSvneloba mianiWos azrebs,<br />
moqmedebebs, sagnebs, anu moaxdinos maTi simbolizacia da aRiqvas am<br />
simboloTa mniSvneloba" (3, 93). aseT sagnebsa da movlenebs igi<br />
simbolatebs uwodebs. simbolatebia ideebi, rwmena-warmodgenebi,<br />
urTierTobani, ena, Sromis iaraRi, nivTebi da a.S. uaitis gansazRvrebaSi<br />
mniSvnelovania agreTve is, rom simbolatebis ganxilva SesaZlebelia<br />
mxolod eqstrasomatur konteqstSi, radgan simbolatTa somatur<br />
konteqstSi ganxilva scildeba kulturologiis sazRvrebs da<br />
fsiqologiis kompetenciaSi Sedis. aqve, Tavad uaitis mosazrebidan<br />
gamomdinare, ganvmartoT termini “simbolo”. simbolo (an simboloebi)<br />
aris saganTa da movlenaTa klasis mxolod adamianis gonebisaTvis
wvdomadi fenomeni. am terminis qveS ar igulisxmeba pirdapiri miniSneba<br />
detalze. a<br />
ra Tqma unda, am ganmartebas ara aqvs universalurobis pretenzia.<br />
warmodgenil naSromSi daveyrdnobiT gamoCenil germanel filos<strong>of</strong>oss,<br />
simboluri skolis udides warmomadgenels ernst kasirers da<br />
simboloTa badis ganmartebisaTvis amovalT miseuli koncefciidan.<br />
gamoCenili germaneli idealisti filos<strong>of</strong>osi ernst kasireri<br />
daibada 1874 wels germaniaSi. gardaicvala 1945 wels niu-iorkSi. igi iyo<br />
neokantianelTa marburgis filos<strong>of</strong>iuri skolis warmomadgeneli,<br />
hamburgis universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esori da Semdeg reqtori. 1933 wels<br />
kasireri tovebs germanias da midis emigraciaSi, moRvaweobas ganagrZobs<br />
oqsfordis, geteborgisa da ufsalis, xolo 1941 wlidan _ ielisa da<br />
kolumbiis universitetebSi.<br />
e.kasireris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi naSromia "ra aris adamiani?".<br />
magram, sanam uSualod wignis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, romlis avtori<br />
neokantianelad aris miCneuli, upriania gavixsenoT Tavad kantis<br />
mosazrebebi adamianis arsis Sesaxeb.<br />
1793 wels kanti werda k.f.Stoidlins, rom mis mier SemuSavebuli<br />
gegma, wminda filos<strong>of</strong>iis damuSavebisa, gaiSala oTxi amocanis saxiT: 1.<br />
ra SemiZlia vicode? 2. ra unda vqna? 3. ras unda vimedovnebde? 4. ra aris<br />
adamiani? (1, 6). pirvel sakiTxs pasuxobs metafizika, meores _ morali,<br />
mesames _ religia, meoTxes _ anTropologia. amis Semdeg kanti wers:<br />
"arsebiTad, SeiZleba es samive migveTvala anTropologiisadmi, radgan<br />
pirveli sami kiTxva miekuTvneba ukanasknels’’.<br />
rogor gavigoT es? ra anTropologiazea aq laparaki da ra aris<br />
misi amocana? kanti gvixsnis: anTropologia aris adamianTmcodneoba,<br />
romelic iy<strong>of</strong>a or disciplinad. pirveli aris fiziologiuri, xolo<br />
meore _ pragmatistuli. pirveli ikvlevs, Tu ra Seqmna bunebam imiT, rom<br />
Seqmna adamiani, xolo pragmatistuli anTropologia ki miznad isaxavs<br />
imis garkvevas, Tu ras qmnis adamiani Tavisi Tavisufali moqmedebiT.<br />
anTropologia, fiziologiurica da pragmatistulic, kantis azriT, ar<br />
Sedis filos<strong>of</strong>iis SemadgenlobaSi. codna, romelsac anTropologia<br />
gvawvdis, exeba empiriul sinamdviles, xolo filos<strong>of</strong>ia da, saxeldobr,<br />
kantis filos<strong>of</strong>ia aris ara empiriuli, aramed transcendenturi, anu
exeba ara sagnebs, aramed saganSemecnebis saxeobebs. amrigad, kantis<br />
azriT, anTropologia ver moTavsdeboda filos<strong>of</strong>iis farglebSi.<br />
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, man upasuxod datova kiTxva _ ra aris<br />
adamiani? _ radgan masze pasuxis gacema, misive mosazrebiT, filos<strong>of</strong>iis<br />
kompetenciaSi ar Sedioda.<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema scada da es sakmaod originalurad<br />
moaxerxa ernst kasirerma zemoxsenebul naSromSi. man adamianis arsis<br />
gansazRvrisas udidesi mniSvneloba mianiWa simbolur azrovnebas an<br />
simbolur bades, rogorc es naSromis saTaurSia moxseniebuli. "adamiani,<br />
_ ambobs kasireri, _ aRar cxovrobs mxolod bunebriv samyaroSi, igi<br />
simboluri samyaros mkvidria. ena, miTosi, xelovneba da religia am<br />
samyaros nawilebia. isini Zafebia, riTac iqsoveba simboluri bade,<br />
adamianuri gamocdilebis mravalkvanZovani xaliCa".<br />
aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom kiTxva _ ra aris adamiani? _ wmindad<br />
dasavluri sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. am kiTxvis arsi<br />
isaa, rom adamiani sakuTar Tavs gverdidan uyurebs da sakuTari Tavidan<br />
gamosvliT cdilobs daadginos adamianis arsi da mniSvneloba.<br />
savaraudoa, rom aRmosavluri sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli am SekiTxvas<br />
Semdegnairad dasvamda: vin var me, radgan aRmosavlurobis ZiriTadi<br />
principi sazogadoebis sakuTari Tavidan gansazRvraa.<br />
axla ki gadavideT simbolurobis principis uSualod<br />
kasireriseuli interpretaciis ganxilvaze da simboluri azrovnebis<br />
mniSvnelobaze adamianis arsSi.<br />
biolog iohanes fon iqskiulis mosazrebiT dauSvebelia imis Tqma,<br />
rom arsebobs absoluturi realoba, romelic erTgvaria yvela cocxali<br />
organizmisaTvis. sinamdvile ar aris erTaderTi da homogenuri movlena.<br />
igi usazRvrod mravalferovania da imdenive gegma da wyobileba aqvs,<br />
ramdeni saxeobis cocxali organizmic arsebobs. yoveli organizmi, TviT<br />
umdablesic ki, mTlianad aris Camjdari Tavis garemoSi. agebulebis<br />
mixedviT mas moepoveba aRqmisa da reaqciis garkveuli bade _<br />
receptoruli da efeqtoruli sistemebi, romelTa erTiani qmedebis<br />
gareSe cocxali organizmi ver SeZlebda sicocxlis SenarCunebas.<br />
rasakvirvelia, adamianuri samyaro ar warmoadgens gamonakliss am<br />
biologiur wesebSi, magram mas aqvs erTi axali Tviseba, romelic
adamianuri arsebobis gansakuTrebul niSan-Tvisebad gvevlineba.<br />
receptorul da efeqtorul sistemebs Soris adamianTan vxvdebiT<br />
samyarosTan damakavSirebel mesame rgols, romelsac, kasireris azriT,<br />
simboluri sistema anu simboluri bade SeiZleba vuwodoT. es axali<br />
monapovari mTlianad gardaqmnis adamianis arsebobas. adamiani cxovrobs<br />
ara ufro vrcel sinamdvileSi, vidre cxoveli, aramed igi realobis<br />
axali ganzomilebis binadaria. gansxvaveba gaRizianebaze adamianisa da<br />
cxovelis pasuxebs Soris TvalsaCinoa. adamianis pasuxs amuxruWebs<br />
azrovnebis neli da rTuli procesi, romelsac zemoTnaxsenebi bade<br />
ganapirobebs.<br />
marTalia, kasireri neokantianelia, magram am SemTxvevaSi igi<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba kants da adamianis arsis problemis gadawyvetas<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>ias andobs. mecnieri yovelives Zalian kargad arTmevs Tavs da<br />
Tavis simarTles empiriuli masaliTac asabuTebs, romlis motanac, Temis<br />
Teoriuli xasaiTidan gamomdinare, mizanSeuwonelia.<br />
epiqtetes sityvebia: "ara sagnebi aSfoTeben adamians, aramed _<br />
sakuTari Sexedulebebi sagnebze" (1, 58). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
"Sexedulebebi sagnebze" jer kidev antikuri epoqis avtorebis gansjisa<br />
da fiqris sagans warmoadgenda. sainteresoa platonis mosazrebebi. man<br />
Tavisi maswavleblis, sokrates msgavsad, miznad daisaxa bunebis<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iuri gaazreba. platonis azriT, adamianobis umaRlesi<br />
gamovlineba aris filos<strong>of</strong>iuri azrovneba; misi TqmiT, filos<strong>of</strong>ia<br />
aZlierebs sulis gonier nawils, romlis saSualebiTac Cven veuflebiT<br />
Cvens vnebebs, Cvens mgrZnobelobas da miT uzrunvelvy<strong>of</strong>T bednierebasa<br />
da saTnoebas (5, XXXII). platoni ambobda, rom mxolod filos<strong>of</strong>iurad<br />
moazrovne adamianebs ZaluZT Caswvdnen sagnebis zogad cnebas da<br />
aRmoaCinon maTi faruli azriseuli Sinaarsi.<br />
Tu saganTa da movlenaTa "zogad cnebebs" jaWvis saxiT SevaerTebT,<br />
SeiZleba gavavloT paraleli simbolur badesTan. umTavresi gansxvaveba<br />
is iqneba, rom zogadi aRqmis unars platoni mxolod filos<strong>of</strong>iurad<br />
moazrovne adamianTa unarad miiCnevs, magram antikuri avtorisgan da,<br />
miT umetes, platonisagan es ar unda gagvikvirdes.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, simbolurobis sakiTxebis msgavsi problemebi<br />
saTaves jer kidev antikur epoqaSi iRebs.
XVIII saukuneSi moRvawe germaneli filos<strong>of</strong>osi a.baumgarteni,<br />
romelmac esTetikas, rogorc damoukidebel samecniero disciplinas<br />
daudo saTave, adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebel erT-erT umTavres niSans _<br />
cnobierebas _ sam nawilad hy<strong>of</strong>s. misi azriT,<br />
igi Sedgeba nebis, grZnobisa da azrovnebisagan. swored am<br />
ukanasknel nawils pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT simboluri bade da<br />
baumgartensa da kasirers Sorisac movnaxoT garkveuli msgavseba.<br />
pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili adamiani uaRresad gamWvirvale simboluri badiT<br />
iyo SemosazRvruli. kacobriobis da, Sesabamisad, adamianis ganviTarebis<br />
Sedegad, es bade ufro da ufro mkvrivi da gaumWvirvale xdeboda.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, kasireri Tvlida, rom adamiani ar cxovrobs mxolod<br />
bunebriv samyaroSi. Tumca igi, garkveulwilad, mainc aris realuri<br />
samyaros mkvidri. germaneli mecnieri XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi<br />
moRvaweobda da, bunebrivia, ar icnobda Tanamedrove teqnikuri progresis<br />
miRwevebs. Cven XXI saukunis adamianebi varT. aris ki es yovelive kargis<br />
momtani, xom ar iqneba mizanSewonili, gavixsenoT osvald Spengleri da<br />
misi "evropis daisi"?<br />
"civilizacis niSania imperializmi, pirovnebis gaufasureba da<br />
masaSi gaTqvefa, _ gveubneba Spengleri, _ adamiani kargavs Rirebulebas<br />
da ZiriTadi faseuloba fuli xdeba, adamianis adgils ikavebs da mas<br />
TandaTan imorCilebs manqana, rac bolos uRebs yovelgvar<br />
Tavisuflebas" (3, 127). "civilizaciebi warmoadgenen yvelaze xelovnur da<br />
yvelaze ukidures mdgomareobas, romlis Seqmnis unari sazogadoebis<br />
ufro maRal tips gaaCnia. esaa aRsasruli, romelic mosdevs<br />
Camoyalibebas, rogorc sikvdili sicocxles, gaqvaveba _ ganviTarebas" (3,<br />
126). xom ar miaRwia simbolurma badem gamkvrivebisa da gaumWvirvalobis<br />
piks? xom ar SeiZleba, igi davukavSiroT Spengleriseuli "civilizaciis"<br />
cnebas? pirvely<strong>of</strong>ili adamiani uaRresad gamWvirvale simboluri badiT<br />
iyo SemosazRvruli. kacobriobis da, Sesabamisad, adamianis ganviTarebis<br />
Sedegad, es bade ufro da ufro mkvrivi da gaumWvirvale xdeboda xom ar<br />
miaRwia simbolurma badem gamkvrivebisa da gaumWvirvalobis piks? xom ar<br />
SeiZleba, igi davukavSiroT Spengleriseuli "civilizaciis" cnebas?<br />
xom ar miaRwia simbolurma badem gamkvrivebisa da gaumWvirvalobis<br />
piks? xom ar SeiZleba, igi davukavSiroT Spengleriseuli "civilizaciis"
cnebas? aris ki dadebiTi adamianis sulieri kulturisaTvis bunebasTan<br />
kavSiris sruli gawyveta? am etapze mxolod sakiTxis dasmiT<br />
SemovifarglebiT da amjerad misi ganxilvisagan Tavs SevikavebT.<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. kasireri e. ra aris adamiani? Tb., 1983.<br />
2. Уайт Л. Наука о культуре. – В кн.: Антология исследований культуры. Т.1. СПб., 1997.<br />
3. kulturologia(kulturis istoria da Teoria). I naw. Tb., 2001.<br />
4. Культурология XX век. Энциклопедия. Том II. СПб., 1997.<br />
5. aristotele. poetika. Tb., 1944.<br />
SoTa SoTa xinCagaSvili<br />
xinCagaSvili<br />
religiis religiis religiis faqtori faqtori kavkasiis kavkasiis konfliqtebSi<br />
konfliqtebSi<br />
(1990 (1990-iani (1990 (1990 iani wlebi wlebi) wlebi<br />
Cemi mizania, ganvixilo 90-iani wlebis kavkasiuri eTnokonfliqtebis<br />
religiuri safuZvlebis da faqtorebis garkveuli aspeqtebi, ZiriTadad,<br />
qristianobasa da islamTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
religia yovelTvis gvevlineba, rogorc kulturis erT-erTi<br />
Semadgeneli nawili, misi saxis erT-erTi Camomyalibebeli da<br />
ganmsazRveli faqtori. aseve, is erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sferoa<br />
adamianis cxovrebaSi _ adamianisa da RmerTis urTierTobebis fenomeni,<br />
romelic xSirad gansazRvravs Tavad adamianis damokidebulebas<br />
arsebuli garemosa da realobisadmi, sakuTar rols masSi.<br />
sanam uSualod kavkasiis konfliqtebs ganvixilavT, aucilebelia<br />
gavixsenoT harvardis universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esoris s.hanTingtonis mier<br />
deklarirebuli debuleba pirovnebis TviTidentifikaciis Sreebis<br />
(doneebis) Sesaxeb, romelic naklebad sakamaTo gamodga, vidre misive<br />
hipoTeza civilizaciaTa gardauvali Sejaxebis Taobaze (1, 132-136).<br />
amerikeli politologi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs religiis faqtors<br />
pirovnebis TviTidentifikaciis, TviTgansazRvris procesSi, romelmac<br />
SeiZleba, Tavis mxriv, daCrdilos eTnikur-kulturuli msgavsebis<br />
SegrZneba, moaxdinos misi nivelireba, an sulac gaigivdes masTan.<br />
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia es islamisaTvis, romelic, VII<br />
saukunidan moyolebuli, mraval mimdinareobad Tu ganStoebad daiyo,
evrjer icvala saxe da transformirda. mas Tavisuflad SeiZleba<br />
vuwodoT yvelaze mzardi klasikuri religia Tanamedrove ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi.<br />
Zveli droidanve sityva “islami” da termini “islamuri” scildeboda<br />
misi dedasamSoblos _ arabeTis naxevarkunZulis da TviT aziis<br />
farglebs. swored aman ganapiroba sxvadasxva regionis xalxebSi am<br />
religiis gansakuTrebuli, originaluri saxeebis warmoSoba. maT Soris<br />
erT-erTi saintereso movlenaa kavkasiuri islami, romelic gviani Sua<br />
saukuneebidan ori ordenis _ “naySbandies” da “yaderies” saxiT iyo<br />
warmodgenili. aRniSnuli regioni, Tavisi geografiuli<br />
adgilmdebareobidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva civilizaciaTa kontaqtis<br />
zonad rCeboda da aq Semosuli klasikuri religiebi, kerZod ki<br />
qristianoba da islami, originaluri, xSirad mkveTrad gamoxatuli<br />
erovnuli xasiaTiT gamoirCeoda (2, 7-22).<br />
hanTingtons Tu davesesxebiT, civilizaciaTa Soris gaCaRebul<br />
lokalur omebs xSirad religiuri saburveli mosavs. Aam mxriv<br />
kavkasiuri konfliqtebis xelaRebiT Sefaseba sakamaToa, Tumca<br />
religiuri faqtori CvenTvis gansaxilvel konfliqtebSi ucxo ar aris.<br />
daZabulobis kerebSi, dapirispirebuli erebis mexsierebaSi, Cveulebriv,<br />
ukan iwevs iseTi mniSvnelovani mxareebi, rogoricaa qristianobisa da<br />
islamis saerTo “abraamistuli” tradicia, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobisa da<br />
religiuri Semwynareblobis principi (yurani, 60:8). konfliqtur kerebSi,<br />
romelTac wiTel xazad gasdevs eTnikuri SuRli, erTi religiisadmi<br />
kuTvnileba Semrigeblis rols ver TamaSobs. xSiria mcdeloba Tavad am<br />
konfesiur erTianobaSi Tu msgavsebaSi eWvis Setanisa, gansxvavebulis,<br />
rogorc uary<strong>of</strong>iTis, warmoCenisa.<br />
gasuli saukunis bolo aTwleuli sisxliani aRmoCnda<br />
kavkasiisaTvis _ yarabaRis, samaCablos, afxazeTis, prigorodnisa da<br />
CeCneTis omebma regions asi aTasamde adamianis msxverpli da milion<br />
eqvsasi aTasamde ltolvili gauCina (isini, ZiriTadad, azerbaijanSi,<br />
saqarTveloSi, inguSeTsa da CrdiloeT oseTSi arian koncentrirebulni).<br />
aman, bunebrivia, Seaferxa Tavisufali bazris principebze gadasvlis Tu<br />
demokratiul faseulobaTa aTvisebis isedac mtkivneuli procesi.<br />
socialurma krizisma noyieri niadagi Seuqmna regionSi sxvadasxva seqtis<br />
TareSs, romelTa agresiulma moRvaweobam, eTnikurobis ukiduresi da
naZaladevi politizirebis pirobebSi, cudi roli iTamaSa eTnosTa Soris<br />
urTierTobebSi, Tumca, meore mxriv, mcdari iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom<br />
zemoTxsenebuli Sejaxebebi regionSi wmnida religiuri Tu eTnikuri<br />
xasiaTisa iyo.<br />
kavkasia gamoirCeva ara marto eTnosTa, aramed religiaTa<br />
siWreliTac. kerZod, aq warmodgenilia oTxive ms<strong>of</strong>lio klasikuri<br />
religia:<br />
• qristianoba, marTlmadideblobis saxiT, saqarTvelos garda,<br />
gvxvdeba CrdiloeT oseTSi, afxazebsa da kavkasiis rusul diasporebSi<br />
(kazakur diasporebSi), aseve somxeTSi, grigorianuli mimdinareobis<br />
saxiT (mxedvelobaSi rom ar miviRoT sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg<br />
amerikuli organizacia “ieRovas mowmeebis” mravalricxovani da<br />
aRmosavleT evropeli protestantebis mcireodeni mimdevarni);<br />
• islamic araerTgvarovani saxiTaa warmodgenili: 75%<br />
azerbaijanelebisa Siitia, iseve, rogorc am qveyanaSi mcxovrebi<br />
TaliSebi Tu sxva erovnuli umciresoba. sunituri ganxra ki sakmaod<br />
Zlieria CrdiloeT kavkasiis mosaxleobis umravlesobaSi, aseve aWaris<br />
avtonomiuri respublikis, azerbaijanis (25%), alaniisa (20-30%) da<br />
afxazeTis (35%) mosaxleobaSi;<br />
• iudaizmis mimdevaria 20 000-mde qarTveli ebraeli, aseve<br />
ZiriTadad azerbaijanSi da daRestanSi warmodgenili TaTebis (mTis<br />
ebraelebis) sazogadoeba.<br />
• budizmis mimdevrebi ki arian yalmuxebi, romlebic specialur<br />
literaturaSi xSirad arc moixsenieben kavkasiaSi mcxovrebTa Soris,<br />
Tumca maT (122 000 mosaxle) mWidro urTierToba aqvT samxreTiT<br />
mcxovreb daRestnur erebTan (3).<br />
bari buzani, amerikeli politologi, Tavis naSromSi “xalxebi,<br />
saxelmwifoebi da safrTxeebi” gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />
regionaluri uSiSroebis sistemis SemuSavebas, uSiSroebis sistemis<br />
regionalur doneze organizebas im saxelmwifoTa mier, romlis<br />
mosaxleoba erT, met-naklebad izolirebul, mWidrod dasaxlebul<br />
regionSia moqceuli. regionaluri usafrTxoebis sistemis sworad<br />
funqcionirebis erT-erTi safuZveli ki religiebs Soris urTierTobis<br />
mogvarebaa (4, 187).
kavkasiaSi istoriulad arsebuli tradiciuli religiebis<br />
mSvidobiani urTierTTanaarsebobis problema dakavSirebulia regionSi<br />
ucxo Zalebis mier importirebuli seqtebis mwvave sakiTxTan. es Seexeba<br />
rogorc qristianul eklesias, aseve islams. kavkasiis eTnokonfliqtebze<br />
saubrisas gansakuTrebiT unda gamovyoT islamis reaqciuli<br />
mimdinareobis, seqtanturi ganxris _ vahabizmis _ problema, romelsac<br />
specialistebi islamis ukiduresad politizebul, militaristul<br />
movlenad (fenomenad) moixsenieben (aRsaniSnavia, rom igi, qristianuli<br />
seqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, humanitarul saqmianobas sakmaod warmatebulad<br />
uTavsebs teroristul moRvaweobas, ris gamoc mTavari katalizatoris<br />
rols TamaSobs im tragikul movlenebSi, rac 90-iani wlebidan viTardeba<br />
CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi da ris gamoc ucxoeli eqspertebi am regions<br />
“ms<strong>of</strong>lios axali wesrigis uwesrigobas” uwodeben). ucxour<br />
literaturaSi xazgasmulia, rom kavkasiuri konfliqtebis TiTqmis<br />
umravlesoba aRmocenda avtonomiur warmonaqmnebSi, maSin rodesac<br />
avtonomiebs unda uzrunveleyo iq mcxovrebi erovnuli Tu religiuri<br />
umciresobebis samoqalaqo ganviTarebisa da usafrTxoebis sayovelTaod<br />
aRiarebuli uflebebi. swored es warmoadgens avtonomiis mTavar<br />
daniSnulebas, rac praqtikulad xorcieldeba rogorc centraluri<br />
xelisuflebis gavlenis Sekveca arsebul regionze. Tumca es sayovelTao<br />
principebi naklebad iyo gaTvaliswineuli XX saukunis kavkasiis<br />
mmarTvelebis mier da am avtonomiebma ufro neli moqmedebis bombis<br />
roli iTamaSa, vidre eTnokonfliqturi Tu konfesiuri harmonizatorisa.<br />
“perestroikis” Semdgom periodSi samxreT kavkasiis respublikebis<br />
saxiT imierkavkasiis mTielebs magaliTi miecaT damoukideblobisaTvis<br />
brZolaSi, Tumca imave xanebSi am moZraobas alternativa gamouCnda<br />
kavasiel xalxTa konfederaciis saxiT, romelic Tavs 1918 wlis 11 maiss<br />
gamocxadebuli mTiel xalxTa respublikis samarTalmemkvidred<br />
acxadebda. es organizacia miznad isaxavda kavkasiis xalxebs Soris<br />
socialur-kulturuli da politikuri TanamSromlobis gaumjobesebas,<br />
eTnikuri Tu sxva saxis uTanxmoebebisa da konfliqturi situaciebis<br />
Tavidan acilebas, an mSvidobiani gziT mogvarebas da gareSe mtris<br />
Setevisagan saerTo, koordinirebuli Tavdacvis sistemis SemuSavebas. es<br />
yvelaferi, maTi azriT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda mas Semdeg, rac ruseTis
imperiis daSlis fonze rogorc CrdiloeTi, aseve samxreT kavkasiis<br />
TiToeuli respublika Tu avtonomia damoukidebeli politikuri<br />
erTeulis statuss miaRwevda. es ukanaskneli Tezisi, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
sakmaod uxeSad iyo SemuSavebuli da ar iTvaliswinebda arc regionis<br />
istoriul warsuls, arc im dros regionSi arsebul sxvadasxva<br />
garemoebas. isini ugulebely<strong>of</strong>dnen Turquli warmoSobis xalxebis<br />
interesebs regionSi, ris gamoc maT mier soxumSi, nalCikSi,<br />
vladikavkazSi, groznosa Tu mahaCyalaSi gamarTuli konferenciebis<br />
miRma darCnen balyarelebi, yaraCaelebi, yumuxebi, noRaelebi, lezgebi da<br />
dargoelebi. metic, male cxadi Seiqmna am organizaciis ususuroba. imis<br />
gamo, rom kavkasiel xalxTa konfederaciis moqmedeba (afxazuri<br />
separatizmis mxardaWera, rac faqtobrivad saqarTvelosadmi ruseTis<br />
agresiis mxardaWeras niSnavda, CeCnuri gamaTavisuflebeli moZraobisadmi<br />
dapirispireba da a.S.) ZirSive ewinaaRmdegeboda Tavis principebs; mas<br />
male saxeli gautyda, Tumca konfederaciis mier deklarirebuli<br />
moTxovnebi didxans popularobiT sargeblobda kavkasiis xalxebSi. am<br />
organizaciis moRvaweobis Sedegi ki is gaxldaT, rom Crdilo-dasavleT<br />
kavkasiaSi “saerTo-adiReuri” Sovinisturi ideebiT aRtkinebuli<br />
axalgazrdebi Sekriba afxazeTSi sabrZolvelad, riTic konfliqtis<br />
gamRviveblis roli iTamaSa.<br />
rogorc zemoT iTqva, 90-iani wlebis konfliqtebi kavkasiis<br />
regionSi wminda religiuri xasiaTisa ar iyo. rogorc ankaris<br />
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis axlo aRmosavleTis institutis<br />
TanamSromeli, filos<strong>of</strong>iis doqtori svante korneli aRniSnavda,<br />
imisaTvis, rom konfliqts religiuri vuwodoT, saWiroa mravali<br />
garemoeba dafiqsirdes: erT-erTi mxaris mier dapirispireba religiur<br />
prizmaSi unda ganixilebodes, unda SeimCneodes konfliqts gareT<br />
romelime jgufisadmi religiuri solidarobis niSnebi da a.S., rasac<br />
zemoTCamoTvlil yvela kavkasiur konfliqtze namdvilad ver vityviT.<br />
ase rom, misi TqmiT, am eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad<br />
asrulebs ori dapirispirebuli mxaris gammijnavi faqtoris rols.<br />
radganac CeCenebi da rusebi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi, inguSebi da<br />
osebi CarTulni arian erTmaneTTan omSi, sxvadasxva religiuri<br />
aRmsarebloba iqca im damatebiT faqtorad, ramac gazarda ormxrivi
SuRli da undobloba, anu religiuri niSani iyo eTnikurobis<br />
gansmazRvreli erT-erTi faqtori. metic, religiis, kerZod ki islamis,<br />
faqtoris gamoyeneba omis propagandis dros yovelTvis warmatebuli ar<br />
y<strong>of</strong>ila. bunebrivia, somxeTis da azerbaijanis sulieri liderebi<br />
konfliqtis dros SeuerTdnen TavianTi xalxis moTxovnebs, Tumca es<br />
sakmaod gvian da aSkara sazogadoebrivi azris zewolis Semdeg gaakeTes.<br />
magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, somexTa kaTalikosis vazgen I-isa Tu samxreT<br />
kavkasiis Seixis aiaTola alah-Sukur faSazades politikurad<br />
angaJirebuli werilebis gamo yarabaRis problema ar SeiZleba religiur<br />
omad Sefasdes. meore magaliTic moviyvanoT: 1994 wels ruseT-CeCneTis<br />
konfliqtis gaCaRebisTanave generali dudaevi cdilobda jihadisaken<br />
mowodebiT kavkasieli muslimi xalxis mxardaWeris mopovebas, Tumca<br />
gamoxmaureba mxolod tajikeTidan iyo. aseT konfliqtur situaciebSi,<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, eTnikuri TviTidentifikacia ufro did rols asrulebs,<br />
vidre religiuri erTobis grZnoba (3). magaliTad prigorodnis raionSi<br />
mcxovrebi osebi aviRoT, romelTa nawili sunituri aRmsareblobis iyo.<br />
maT, faqtobrivad, rusebis mxardamxar genocidi mouwyves iq mcxovreb<br />
Tanamorwmune inguSebs. meore mxriv, muslimi adiRelebi qristian<br />
afxazebs exmarebodnen qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. amis mizezi,<br />
garkveulwilad, Tavad kavkasiur islamSi eTnikurobiT gapirobebuli<br />
mravalmxrivobaa, meore mxriv ki unda aRiniSnos Tavad erovnuli<br />
jgufebisadmi afilaciis tendencia, romelmac Tavi gansakuTrebiT XX<br />
saukuneSi, stalinis erovnuli politikis gatarebis periodSi, da mis<br />
Semdgom iCina. manamde CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebSi ar arsebobda myari<br />
eTnikuri TviTidentifikaciis gancda, am terminis klasikuri gagebiT.<br />
batonobda gvarovnuli erTianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovneba. mas<br />
Semdeg, rac moskovis mTavari mizani gaxda urTierTmonaTesave kavkasieli<br />
xalxebis gaTiSva, im doneze, rom maTi urTierToba moskovis gavliT<br />
warmarTuliyo, kavkasielebSi erovnuli grZnoba gansakuTrebiT gamwvavda.<br />
gamTiSveli politika, pirvel rigSi, sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis<br />
administraciul danawevrebas gulisxmobda. amis magaliTia kavkasiuri<br />
ojaxis afxazur-adiRuri jgufi (Cerqezi xalxi, romlis<br />
TviTsaxelwodebaa “adiRe”), romelic ruseTis mfarvelobis qveS<br />
aTwleulobiT y<strong>of</strong>nis Sedegad sam respublikaSi iqna gadanawilebuli
(yabardoelebi _ yabardo-balyareTSi, Cerqezebi _ yaraCai-CerqezeTSi da<br />
adiRebi _ adiRes respublikaSi), sadac isini ver qmnian erovnul<br />
umravlesobas. aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi Zlieri erovnuli grZnoba,<br />
Cerqezuli TviTidentifikacia. SeiZleba amanac ganapiroba is faqti, rom<br />
adiReelebis yovel mesame ojaxs afxazeTSi nabrZoli wevri hyavs<br />
daRupuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cerqezebi cdiloben, ar gaaRizianon<br />
gverdiT mcxovrebi rusi, kazaki mosaxleoba da orientacia erovnuli<br />
konsolidaciisaken aiRon, da ara reislamizaciisaken. amiT isini<br />
radikalurad gansxvavdebian vainaxebisagan.<br />
mTlianobaSi rom gavaanalizoT, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi<br />
konfliqtebis religiuri safuZvlebi gansakuTrebiT susti da<br />
umniSvnelo iyo, aRaravis axsovda Samiliseuli mowodeba wminda omisaken,<br />
rac, garkveulwilad, aTeizmis aTwleulebiTac iyo gapirobebuli, Tumca<br />
SemdgomSi viTareba Seicvala. amis mizezi, rogorc adiRes respublikis<br />
prezidenti aRniSnavs, islamis modaSi Semosvlaa. es ar SeiZleba mxolod<br />
vahabitur ideologias davabraloT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom religiuri<br />
Tu eTnikuri TviTgamorkveva gasuli aTwleulebis kavkasiis regionSi<br />
mudmivad antirusuli ganwyobis fonze mimdinareobda. amJamad ki,<br />
rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris mmarTveloba warsuls Cabarda, am<br />
mmarTvelobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ideologia ar Secvlila<br />
yvelasaTvis saerTo regionuli alternativiT (Tundac evropuli<br />
liberaluri modeliT). saerTo dabneulobis fonze ki, TiToeuli<br />
sazogadoeba kavkasiaSi damoukideblad eZiebs ideologiur partniors.<br />
ideologia yovelTvis moiZebneba, sakiTxavia mxolod _ ramdenad<br />
Sesaferisi da adekvaturia igi eris istoriuli tradiciebisa da<br />
Taviseburebebisa. aseve unda gvaxsovdes, rom dabneulobas, Cveulebriv,<br />
SfoTi sdevs Tan, sadac xSiria ideologiis ararseboba, saxelmwifo<br />
donezec ki, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukve sakmaod saSiSi ideologiaa.<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. kulturologia (kulturis istoria da Teoria). I nawili. Tb., 2001.<br />
2. Alexandre Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush C. Mystics and Commmissars: Sufism in the Soviet Union". Hurst<br />
and Company, London, 1985.<br />
3. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study <strong>of</strong> Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus. www.cornell.nu\
4. Barry Buzan, People, States & Fear: An Agenda for International Security <strong>Studies</strong> in the Post-Cold War Era,<br />
Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991.<br />
maia maia qvriviSvili<br />
qvriviSvili<br />
droisa da sivrcis sivrcis kategoriebis aRmniSvneli zogierTi zogierTi zogierTi qar qarTuli qar Tuli<br />
terminisaTvis<br />
terminisaTvis<br />
mxolod adamiani, rogorc homo istoricus-i, awesrigebs warsuls da<br />
garemomcvel ares, aniWebs maT mniSvnelobas.<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi kategoria, romelic awesrigebs<br />
warsuls, aris dro. dro, ufro metad, adamianis gonebis produqtia,<br />
vidre raRac, rac TavisTavad arsebobs. qaosidan kosmosamde ayvanili<br />
sivrce mxolod adamianis warmosaxvaSia da misi gonebis nay<strong>of</strong>ia; es<br />
yvelaferi, TavisTavad, mxolod adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
inteleqtualuri movlenebia. "dro" da "sivrce" _ adamianis gamocdilebis<br />
ganmsazRvreli parametrebia (10, 12-35). am da sxva kategoriebis meSveobiT<br />
adamiani ayalibebs samyaros sakuTar models (8, 30), romelSic<br />
gamovlenilia mis mier samyaros aRqma da sinamdvilis gaazreba,<br />
SexedulebaTa sistema samyaroze, masSi arsebul Zalebze, mimdinare<br />
procesebze, adamianis adgilze samyaroSi.<br />
drois da sivrcis Sesaxeb pirveli warmodgenebi yalibdeba, albaT,<br />
ukve paleoliTSi. es kategoriebi saxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvarad<br />
aRiqmeba adamianis mier, rac TavisTavad gamoxatulebas povebda<br />
kulturis yvela sferoSi, sxvadasxva niSan-simbolos saSualebiT. cxadia,<br />
rom simboluri niSnebis forma da mniSvneloba mudmivi da erTnairi<br />
ver iqneboda, ramdenadac sazogadoebis Sexeduleba garemomcvel<br />
samyaroze icvleboda da rTuldeboda (8, 45, 62).<br />
adamianma aRmoaCina samyaros oTxi mxare, TiTeouls Tavisi<br />
mniSvneloba mianiWa, gamosaxa igi ori urTierTgadamkveTi wrfiT, Tavisi<br />
Tavi ki am gadakveTaTa centrSi moaTavsa (9, 153-155). sivrce dahyo<br />
samganzomilebian Tanabar monakveTebad da am day<strong>of</strong>is drosac Tavisi<br />
Tavi isev centrSi moaqcia; qveskneli – dedamiwa (e.i. adamiani) _<br />
zeskneli. am sivrcobriv zonebs droiTi parametrebi Seusabama: warsuli,<br />
awmyo da momavali, rasac xalxis genealogiac daukavSira _ winaprebi,
dRevandelni da momavalni. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es samyaros idealurad<br />
mowesrigebuli formaa, romlis mxatvrul saxes warmoadgens kosmiuri xe,<br />
qarTul sinamdvileSi arsebuli dedaboZi da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
praqtikuli, mxatvruli da miTologiur-religiuri tradiciuli<br />
ceremoniebi _ saqorwino, micvalebulis kultTan da nay<strong>of</strong>ierebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli da a.S. (3, 174, 178, 190).<br />
am mxriv sainteresoa, Tu rogor Semoinaxa enam es uZvelesi rwmena-<br />
warmodgenebi. dedaboZi Sedgeba ori sityvisagan: "deda" da "boZi". "deda"<br />
mSobelia, dasawyisia raRac axlis. "boZi" sulxan-sabasTan ganmartebulia,<br />
rogorc monacemi, saboZvari, boZebuli, moniWebuli, mcire sveti (1, 112).<br />
boZidan warmoebuli sityvebi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT raRacis boZebas,<br />
Cuqebas, miniWebas niSnavs: saboZvari - "uadresTagan misacemeli" (2, 21),<br />
boZebuli da a.S.<br />
aseTive mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari sxvadasxva istoriul wyaroebsa da<br />
dokumentebSi: “da saufliswulod eboZnes queyanani”... (4, 67), ...da [bag]rat<br />
kurapalatsa nab(o)Zv(a)ri...” “da miboZna, rome tyueni” (5, 25, 18).<br />
sainteresoa "meboZiris” ganmarteba: “sada gzani Seiyrebian, gina<br />
jvaredini gza” (2, 458). xom ar niSnavs es kosmiuri xis, e.i. zeciuris da<br />
miwieris SeerTebas dedamiwaze. am azris, tradiciis gagrZelebad<br />
SeiZleba miviCnioT sveticxovelis arseboba qarTul qristianul<br />
tradiciaSi da masze dafuZnebuli deda-eklesia. sveti xom zecidan<br />
daeSva da RvTiuriY madli moitana: “...ixiles maTca sueti igi, cecxlisa<br />
saxed Camovidoda...” (4, 114). sainteresod gveCveneba dakrZalvis wesSi<br />
arsebuli erTi tradicia: micvalebulis dasveneba gzajvaredinze.<br />
arqaul sazogadoebaSi arsebobs ms<strong>of</strong>lgagebis erTaderTi forma _<br />
miTologia, sadac droisa da sivrcis kategoriebi Tvisobrivad<br />
erTgvarovania, ganuy<strong>of</strong>el mTlianobas, e.w. qronotips warmoadgenen. am<br />
qronotips raRac saidumlo Zala miewereba. miTologiur warsulSi<br />
moxda samyaros, sakraluri droisa da sivrcis gaCena, romelTac<br />
gansakuTrebuli Zala miewerebaT, isini emociuradaa datvirTuli:<br />
SeiZleba iyvnen keTilnic da borotnic. arsebobs sakraluri dro,<br />
romelic dakavSirebulia "sawyis" drosTan, zustad aseve arsebobs<br />
sakraluri sivrce, gansazRvruli wminda adgilebi, damorCilebulni
gansakuTrebul zebunebriv Zalebs: adamiani, kosmiuri xe, wminda mTa da<br />
a.S. (9, 152-156, 166, 187-189).<br />
am mxriv sainteresod migvaCnia "qarTlis csovrebaSi" daculi<br />
cnoba qarTvelTa miTiuri winapris qarTlosis Sesaxeb: “…...da ese<br />
qarTlos movida... da ganavida mTasa mas zeda... da uwoda mas saxeli Tusi<br />
qarTli.” Semdgom aq Cndeba qarTlosis saflavic. xdeba adgilis<br />
sakralizeba, es mTa sakraluria, aq ganisvenebs miTiuri winapari, am<br />
adgilidan gavrcelda mTeli qarTlis qveynis da Semdeg mTeli<br />
saqarTvelos saxelwodeba. “... da vidre aRmarTebamde mun-zeda kerpi<br />
armazisi erqua mTasa mas qarTli...” (4,8). desakralizebuli sivrce<br />
xelaxla sakralizdeba, oRond axali normebis anu axali kerpis xarjze.<br />
adamianis sacxovrisi samyaros mikromodelia, romelmac Tavisi<br />
asaxva hpova, pirvel rigSi, garegnul formebSi: sacxovreblis mrgvali<br />
forma icvleba kvadratuliT an sworkuTxa formiT, saxuravis<br />
konstruqciac icvleba. cnobilia, rom sacxovrebeli, rogorc Caketili<br />
sivrce, warmoSobisTanave akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebda sazogadoebis Sesabamis<br />
moTxovnaTa ZiriTad principebs. yovel momdevno saukuneSi axal<br />
socialur dakveTaTa Sesabamisad xdebdoa am ideis axleburi inJineruli<br />
realizacia (3, 42). saxuravi ganasaxierebda cas. sulxan-sabas leqsikonis<br />
mixedviT, "cas" rTuli, mravalfeniani agebuleba aqvs, magram igi<br />
usazRvro ar aris. misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, usazRvro mxolod<br />
RmerTia. cis garda arsebobs “ze-ca”, e.i. Cveulebriv caze maRla mdgomi.<br />
sivrcobrivi erTeulis mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs “skneli” _<br />
“zeskneli”, “qveskneli”, “ukanaskneli”, “gareskneli”, romelTa sakoordi-<br />
nacio RerZze ganlagebiT iqmneba mTliani samyaros suraTi. “ukana-<br />
skneli”, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT, samyaros im nawilis aRmniSvneli termini<br />
Cans, romelic gamoixateboda mimarTebiT “ukan”, “uku” da ukan e.i. “ukun”<br />
erTi da igive mniSvnelobisa unda iyos. isini aRniSnaven ukan moxedvas,<br />
dabrunebas, ukusvlas, ukana mxares, da a.S. amave dros, “ukuni” da<br />
“ukuniTi-ukunisamde” maradisis aRmniSvnelia. sabas ganmartebiT, “ukuni”<br />
bneli wyvdiadia. amave dros, “ukuniTi-ukunisamde”, “ukuni” da “saukuno”<br />
aRniSnaven maradis, drois did monakveTs.<br />
sainteresodaa ganmartebuli “dro”: “dro” ese ars JamTa keTil-<br />
avobisa saxeli, vinaTgan vityviT: ima mefisa Jamsa keTil dro maqvnda da
an dro ars anu udroo da egeviTarni”. erT SemTxvevaSi dros aqvs<br />
msazRvreli, Semdeg msazRvrelis gareSe ixmareba, magram imaves (keTil<br />
dros) gulisxmobs. amiT “dros” Sinaarsi farTovdeba. “Jami nawili ars<br />
dRisani, xolo droni uxnieresni JamTani, rameTu erTsa drosa Sina<br />
mravalni Jamni warxdebian.” Jami droSi Sedis, magram dros maradiulobis<br />
mniSvnelobac SeiZleba mieniWos, mTavaria, rom “dro” sikeTesTan<br />
ziarebas gulisxmobs, udrooba sikeTis moklebas. dro _ sikeTe, an dro<br />
_ boroteba, SeiZleba sivrcesac gulisxmobdes da SiZleba erTgvari<br />
qronotopiuli gaazreba vigulisxmoT, amis kargi magaliTia _<br />
“wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli”. wuTi drois Zalze mcire monakveTia “erTi wami sameoc<br />
wuTia _ dRe, sawuTo, sawuTro” (2, 387).<br />
sawuTosa da sawuTroze ambobs: “gina e[s] s<strong>of</strong>eli” (2, 70). s<strong>of</strong>els<br />
ki ase ganmartavs saba: “sam saxed iTqmis: saukuno igi s<strong>of</strong>eli da<br />
wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli da kacis bunebac s<strong>of</strong>lad iTqmis”. istoriul wyaroebsa da<br />
dokumentebSi “s<strong>of</strong>eli” mravali mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari: s<strong>of</strong>eli,<br />
rogorc mTeli ms<strong>of</strong>lio, samyaro, rogorc saaqao da saiqio cxovrebis<br />
aRmniSvneli: “acxovne yoveli s<strong>of</strong>eli...” (4, 90) “..sadaca iqadagos saxareba<br />
ese.. munca iTqmodis yovelsa s<strong>of</strong>elsa” (4 88), “..grwmenian ieso qriste..<br />
cxovrebisaTvis yovlisa s<strong>of</strong>lisa xorciTa mosruli..” (4, 115), "...TviT<br />
unda xsna s<strong>of</strong>lisa...” (4, 77), “...ra(meTu) mravalni wyalobani hyuna Cem<br />
z[ed]a s<strong>of</strong>elsa amasa Sina...” (5, 69), “...dReTa S(in)a sikudilisa da s<strong>of</strong>liT<br />
gansvlisa misiTa...” (5, 61).<br />
s<strong>of</strong>eli, rogorc qveyana, mxare, daba: “ ..iyvnen s<strong>of</strong>lisa mis kacni<br />
cecxlisa da wylis msaxur...” (4, 200). “...aravin ipova sxua, msgavsi misi,<br />
ionTa s<strong>of</strong>elsa Sina..” (4, 83), “...romelTa daipyres s<strong>of</strong>eli...” (4, 165),<br />
“...romlisa s<strong>of</strong>lisani xarT...” (85), “...ivltoda yoveli kaci qalaqad da<br />
s<strong>of</strong>lad...” (4, 91), “...romeli s<strong>of</strong>elsa Sua aRaSena...” (4, 199), “...raTa<br />
dautevon s<strong>of</strong>lebi da qalaqebi...” (4, 91), “...vTxove [l]n oTxni s<strong>of</strong>elni...”<br />
(5 18), “...da monast[e]rni da s[o]f[e]lni, romel me momigian...” (5, 26).<br />
vfiqrobT, sainteresoa Tu rogor da ra mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari<br />
xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli. igi gulisxmobs mTel im dros,<br />
mTel qveyanas sadac da rodesac adamiani Tavis sicocxles atarebs:<br />
“am tial wuTis<strong>of</strong>elSi<br />
bevri ambebi y<strong>of</strong>ila...
yvelas hklavs TiTo ram sevda,<br />
vinc ki am qveynad Sobila” (6, 31).<br />
anda: “bindisferia s<strong>of</strong>eli,<br />
ufro da ufro binddeba,<br />
ra aris Cveni sicocxle,<br />
CitiviT gagvifrindeba.<br />
...s<strong>of</strong>elSi SemoaRamda,<br />
bindma ZaRliviT dafliTa” (6, 31).<br />
“aCqarebiTa s<strong>of</strong>eli<br />
aravis mouWamia,<br />
vinac rom aCqarebula,<br />
bolo dros daunania” (6, 31).<br />
“s<strong>of</strong>elo, mieT-moeTo,<br />
sabrunavisa maxeo,<br />
zogsa caTamdis aiyvan,<br />
zogsa ukuRma dahxevo” (6, 33).<br />
“s<strong>of</strong>eli” saaqao da saiqio cxovrebis sinonimadacaa naxmari:<br />
“...daclilan nasaxlarebi,<br />
zogan sul mwindad ayrilan,<br />
am s<strong>of</strong>els aRar damdgaran,<br />
im s<strong>of</strong>lis mkvidrni Saqmnilan” (6, 35).<br />
xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi mravladaa aseTi magaliTebi, romelTa<br />
srulad CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. erTi ram ki udavoa, werilobiT<br />
ZeglebSi Tu qarTul folklorSi, terminebs _ “s<strong>of</strong>eli”, qveyana”,<br />
“wuTis<strong>of</strong>eli” _ erTi da igive azri aqvT miniWebuli da erTi da igive<br />
mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari. isini gamoiyeneba rogorc, zogadad, mTeli<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios, samyaros, konkretuli mxaris, dabis, qveynis, agreTve saaqao<br />
da saiqio cxovrebis aRmniSvneladac.<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. orbeliani sulxan-saba. leqsikoni qarTuli. t.1, Tb., 1991.<br />
2. orbeliani sulxan-saba. leqsikoni qarTuli. t.2, Tb., 1993.
3. surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simbolika. Tb., 1993.<br />
4. qarTlis cxovreba. I, Tb., 1955.<br />
5. qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, IX-XIII ss. Tb., 1984.<br />
6. qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t.VII, Tb., 1977.<br />
7. Ахундов М. Д. Концепции пространства и времени: истоки, эволюция, перспективы. М., 1982.<br />
8. Гуревич А. Я. Категории средневековой культуры. М.,1984.<br />
9. Религиозные традиции мира. I. М.,1996.<br />
10. Шпенглер О. Закат Европы. М., 1997.<br />
Salva Salva mekraviSvili<br />
mekraviSvili<br />
istoriis istoriis meTodologiis meTodologiis sakiTxisaTvis<br />
sakiTxisaTvis<br />
ukanaskneli ori aswleulis ganmavlobaSi ms<strong>of</strong>lio arnaxuli<br />
siswrafiT icvleboda. amA radikalur cvlilebebSi uzarmazari<br />
roli iTamaSa samecniero progresma. xdeboda samyaros axali<br />
modelis TandaTanobiTi formireba; mimdinareobda Ziebani<br />
Tanamedrove sociohumanitaruli codnis yvela sferoSi, maT Soris,<br />
rasakvirvelia, istoriografiaSic, romelmac Rrma transformaciebi<br />
ganicada, da es procesi dResac grZeldeba (7, 175).<br />
ra Tqma unda, istoriis Teoriuli gaazreba araerTxel<br />
momxdara saistorio mecnierebis Camoyalibebidan moyolebuli,<br />
magram XIX saukunidan am problemam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba<br />
SeiZina. Mmravalma mkvlevarma gaaanaliza istoriis Teoriul-<br />
meTodologiuri sakiTxebi; Seiqmna fuZemdebluri naSromebi,<br />
romlebmac saTave daudes sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs<br />
sociokulturuli kvlevis aRniSnul sferoSi da stimuli misces<br />
axali meTodologiuri midgomebis Camoyalibebas.UUUUU<br />
pretenzia ar maqvs istoriis meTodologiis mTlian da<br />
sruly<strong>of</strong>il analizze, magram Sevecdebi, ganvixilo zogierTi<br />
mimdinareoba da koncefcia, rac, vfiqrob, saintereso unda iyos<br />
dRevandel qarTul istoriografiaSi Seqmnili garkveuli Teoriuli<br />
vakuumis fonze.<br />
cnobil germanel filos<strong>of</strong>oss f. nicSes aqvs naSromi aseTi<br />
saTauriT: ,,sicocxlisaTvis istoriis sargeblobisa da zianis<br />
Sesaxeb’’ (,,VOM NUTZEN UND VORTEIL DER HISTORIE FÜR DAS LEBEN’’),<br />
sadac Taviseburadaa gaazrebuli saistorio problematika.<br />
f. nicSes azriT, arsebobs istoriisa da misi meTodologiis<br />
sami saxeoba: monumenturi, antikvaruli da kritikuli (6, 168).
aanalizebs ra samive tips, avtori gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs<br />
istoriis kritikul meTods: ,,cxadi xdeba, rom monumentur da<br />
antikvarul meTodebTan erTad aucilebelia mesame saSualebac _<br />
kritikuli. adamiani unda flobdes da drodadro amsxvrevdes<br />
kidec warsuls, raTa SeeZlos, rom SemdgomSic ganagrZos cxovreba<br />
... am mizans igi aRwevs imiT, rom warsuli gamohyavs istoriis<br />
samsjavroze, axdens mis dawvrilebiT dakiTxvas, dabolos, gamoaqvs<br />
misTvis ganaCeni ... magram es metad saxifaTo operaciaa _ SeiZleba<br />
Secde, araswori ganaCeni gamoitano, daamsxvrio is, risi damsxvrevac<br />
ar SeiZleba (6, 178).<br />
humanitaruli codnis sistemaSi arsebiT sakiTxs warmoadgens<br />
problema adamianis pirovnebis rolis Sesaxeb istoriul procesSi.<br />
ganmanaTleblobisa da romantizmis epoqis istorikosebs ar SeeZloT<br />
istoriis yovelmxriv da mTlianobaSi aRqma. individs isini ZiriTadad<br />
xedavdnen rogorc martoxela gmirs. Kkvlevis sagani iyo erisa da<br />
saxelmwifos istoria. met yuradRebas iqcevda politikuri procesebi<br />
da movlenebi, xolo socialuri sakiTxebidan prioritetiT sargeblobda<br />
vaWroba, saqalaqo cxovreba, burJuazia da sxva; mTeli procesi ki<br />
ganixileboda ganuxreli progresisa da evropuli civilizaciis<br />
Camoyalibebis niSniT (4, 166).<br />
miuxedavad XVIII saukunis bolo meoTxedisa da XIX saukunis<br />
kolosaluri socialuri Zvrebisa, romlebmac istoriis asparezze<br />
gamoiyvanes farTo masebi, evropuli istoriografia kvlav Zveli<br />
meTodologiis CarCoebSi rCeboda. aseT damokidebulebas reaqciis<br />
saxiT moevlina marqsizmi. Kk. marqsma da f. engelsma win wamoswies<br />
istoriisa da misi mamoZravebeli Zalebis im droisaTvis axleburi<br />
gageba. maTi TvalsazrisiT ideologia, samarTali, saxelmwifo<br />
xelisufleba da a.S. sxva araferia, Tu ara ,,zednaSeni’’ farTo<br />
social-ekonomikur ,,bazisze’’. istoriuli procesis mamoZravebeli<br />
Zalebi unda moZebniliyo ara politikaSi, filos<strong>of</strong>iasa da<br />
ideologiaSi, aramed sazogadoebis materialur cxovrebasa da klasTa<br />
brZolaSi. marqsistuli moZRvrebiT, istoria esaa ,,bunebriv-istoriuli<br />
procesi’’, romelSic Tanabari garduvalobiT vlindebian bunebisa<br />
da warmoebis kanonebi.Ppirovneba marqsisaTvis, pirvel yovlisa,
garkveuli socialuri jgufis warmomadgenelia, mxolod aseTi saxiT<br />
SeuZlia individs miipyros marqsisti mkvlevaris yuradReba (4, 167).<br />
marqsizmma gaamdidra saistorio mecniereba, aRmoaCina da<br />
xazi gausva ra socialuri da politikuri cxovrebis materialuri<br />
safuZvlebis mniSvnelobas. Mmagram es moZRvreba seriozuli<br />
naklovanebiTac xasiaTdeba. ,,yvelaferSi eWvi Seitane’’ _ Tavis am<br />
sayvarel devizs k. marqsi arasodes iyenebda sakuTari Teoriis<br />
mimarT. Mmarto is rad Rirs, rom kultura _ adamianis cxovrebis es<br />
umniSvnelovanesi mxare, faqtiurad, marqsizmis fuZemdebelTa<br />
interesis miRma darCa (4, 170). A<br />
amgvari midgoma gakritikebuli iqna XIX-XX ss. Mmijnaze cnobili<br />
neokantianelebis _ v. vindelbandis, h. rikertis da m. veberis SromebSi.<br />
pirvelad humanitarul mecnierebebSi mkveTrad iqna postulirebuli<br />
radikaluri dapirispirebuloba mecnierebas kulturis Sesaxeb<br />
(ulturwissenschaften) da mecnierebas bunebis Sesaxeb (Naturwissenschaften)<br />
Soris. neokantianelTa Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, istorikosis yuradRebis<br />
centrSi eqceva istoriis adamianuri Sinaarsi da amis mTavari<br />
gamoxatuleba _ kultura (4,168-169). AaRniSnuli mimdinareoba<br />
emyareboda axal epistemologiur da meTodologiur principebs. Tuki<br />
marqsistulma swavlebam social-ekonomikuri formaciebis Sesaxeb<br />
istorikosebs dautova SezRuduli asparezi Tavisufali kvleva-<br />
ZiebisaTvis da miajaWva isini mkacr, mzamzareul sqemas, romelic<br />
mxolod konkretuli ilustraciebiT unda Sevsebuliyo;<br />
maqs veberis ,,idealuri tipebis’’ Teoria, marTalia,<br />
iTvaliswinebda, rom istorikoss kvlevis dawyebidanve unda<br />
exelmZRvanela garkveuli hipoTeziT, winaswari eskiziT, magram mas<br />
muSaobis msvlelobisas unda Seemowmebina am idealur-<br />
tipuriKkonstruqciis safuZvlianoba, daezustebina igi, modifikacia<br />
gaekeTebina da, Tu saWiroa, Zirfesvianad Seecvala kidec, Tu ki<br />
is winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda kvleva-Ziebis SedegebTan (4, 169).<br />
kulturis yuradRebis centrSi dayenebam cvlileba SeitanaMmis<br />
interpretaciaSi. im periodis istorikosebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma<br />
mkveTrma gamijvnam religiur-kulturul warmodgenebsa da materialur-<br />
praqtikul Semoqmedebas Soris warmoaCina mTeli Tavisi
aradamajerebloba, rodesac m.veberma Tavis monografiaSi<br />
,,protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli’’ damajereblad uCvena<br />
uwyveti kavSiri idalursa da materialurs, religiur doqtrinasa<br />
da SromiT eTikas Soris. misi novatoruli midgoma social-<br />
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, kulturis, religiuri eTikisa da<br />
individualizmis istoriis konteqstSi ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
Zalze nay<strong>of</strong>ieri aRmoCnda da perspeqtivaSi gza gauxsna kvlevis<br />
axal etaps _ istoriul sinTezs (4, 170).<br />
axali perspeqtivebis praqtikuli realizacia did sirTuleebs<br />
awydeboda. pr<strong>of</strong>esionalur istoriografiaSi codnis dagroveba kvlav<br />
pozitivisturi meTodologiis egidiT grZeldeboda.<br />
aRniSnul stereotipSi rRveva periferiidan (Tu SeiZleba ase<br />
iTqvas) daiwyo. XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi istorikosTa Soris<br />
aRmocenebulma moTxovnilebam _ mTlianobaSi, sistemaSi gaazrebuliyo<br />
kacobriobis sinamdvile, mniSvnelovanwilad stimulirebuli iyo<br />
eTnologiidan, an rogorc sxvagvarad uwodeben_kulturuli anTropo-<br />
logiidan, wamosuli impulsebiT.Ddasavlel eTnologs, romelic<br />
awarmoebda savele samuSaoebs egzotikur tomebTan, aucileblad unda<br />
SeemuSavebina specifikuri kiTxvari da gansakuTrebuli meTodebi,<br />
romlebiTac moaxdenda sociumis cxovrebis aRwerasa da analizs.<br />
mkvlevari xSirad awydeboda im problemas, rom tomisa da misi<br />
Semadgeneli jgufebis cxovrebis iseTi gansxvavebuli gamovlinebebi,<br />
rogoricaa religia, magia, rituali, miTi, ojaxur-naTesauri kavSirebi,<br />
dResaswaulebi da a.S. imdenad mWidrodaa urTierTdakavSirebuli, rom<br />
maTi gageba cal-calke SeuZlebeli Canda. kvlevis evropuli modelebi<br />
(kulturisa da sazogadoebis, idealurisa da materialuris,<br />
,,zednaSenisa’’ da ,,bazisis’’ dapirispirebebi) am sakiTxebis<br />
gadasawyvetad umweo da aradamajerebeli aRmoCnda (4, 170-171).<br />
dRis wesrigSi dadga istoriis calkeul ,,departamentebad’’<br />
gamijvnis daZleva, rasac saqme mTlianobaze warmodgenis gaqrobamde<br />
mihyavda. axali midgomis Teoriuli axsnebi deklarirebuli iqna<br />
XXs. dasawyisSi anri beris mier, romelmac daaarsa ,,istoriuli<br />
sinTezis Jurnali’’, xolo anTropologiuri problematikisaken<br />
garRvevis pionerebad mogvevlinnen m. bloki da l. fevri. MmaT mier
safuZvelCayrili ,,analebis’’ skola cdilobda tradiciuli TxrobiTi<br />
istoria Seecvala “totaluri”, “sinTezuri” _ mravalganzomilebiani da<br />
mravalmxrivi _ istoriiT, romelic moicavda sazogadoebaSi arsebuli<br />
urTierTobebis yvela sferos: socialurs, ekonomikurs, politikursa<br />
da kulturuls. SemuSavebuli iqna Sesabamisi meTodologiuri<br />
aparatic: m. blokma Taviseburi midgoma Camoayaliba wyaroebis<br />
Sesaswavlad; xolo l. fevri moiTxovda kvlevis kompleqsuri<br />
(,,totaluri’’) meTodis danergvas.<br />
ukanasknel periodSi istoriuli sinTezisaken wingadadgmul<br />
nabijad SeiZleba miviCnioT ingliseli kulturologis, kembrijis<br />
universitetis pr<strong>of</strong>esoris, piter berkis SesaniSnavi naSromi<br />
,,istoria da socialuri Teoria’’ (1992 w.). igi warmoadgens ,,pasuxis<br />
mcdelobas or macdurad martiv kiTxvaze. rogor unda gamoiyenon<br />
socialuri Teoria istorikosebma? ra sargebloba SeiZleba moutanos<br />
sociologiis Teoretikosebs istoriam?’’ (1, 1). avtori yuradRebas<br />
amaxvilebs am monaTesave mecnierebebis warmomadgenelTa Soris<br />
arsebul ,,yruTa dialogze’’ da cdilobs am problemis daZlevis<br />
optimaluri gzis Cvenebas. Mmkvlevari mimoixilavs ra socialuri<br />
cvlilebebis evoluciur da revoluciur (Sesabamisad ,,spenserisa’’ da<br />
,,marqsis’’) modelebs, ,,romelTagan TiToeuls Tavisi Rirsebebi da<br />
sisusteebi aqvs’’, ayenebs maTi sinTezis SesaZleblobis sakiTxs. ,,es<br />
SeiZleba alqimiuri qorwinebis msgavs raimed mogveCvenos, sxva<br />
sityvebiT ki _ winaaRmdegobaTa SeerTebad, magram miuxedavad<br />
yvelafrisa, zogierT aspeqtSi mainc, spenserisa da marqsis<br />
modelebi ki ar ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed avsebs erTmaneTs’’ (1, 168).<br />
istoriografiaSi axali gzebis mudmivi Ziebis generatori<br />
TviTon warsulis amouwuraobaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia<br />
im kiTxvaTa mudmivi cvlilebiT, romlebsac Cven vusvamT warsuls<br />
(,,kulturaTa dialogi’’). MmarTalia, istoriis Zveli paradigmebis<br />
nacvlad axlis SemuSavebis procesi metad rTuli da<br />
winaaRmdegobrivia, magram dReisaTvis ueWvelia erTi ram: yvelaze<br />
imedismomcemi perspeqtivebi im mimarTulebebSi ixsneba, romlebic<br />
prioritets kulturis kategorias aniWeben. Aamas mivyavarT sagnis
axlebur gagebamde, saistorio kvlevis konceptualuri aparatisa da<br />
meTodologiuri bazis cvlilebamde (7, 176).<br />
zemoTqmulis naTeli magaliTia ,,inteleqtualuri’’, an rogorc<br />
meorenairad uwodeben, ,,ideaTa’’ istoria, romelic gaCnda XIXs.<br />
bolos. Tavidan am arcTu prioritetuli mimdinareobis interesebis<br />
sfero uzogades ideebsa da cnebebTan erTad moicavda politikuri,<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iuri, mecnieruli da religiuri azrovnebis istoriis<br />
specializirebul Seswavlasac, magram, realurad, kvlevis mTavar<br />
obieqtad kvlav politikuri istoria rCeboda (7, 177).<br />
Ooriode sityva TviTon saxelwodebaze. iseve, rogorc<br />
saistorio codnis sxva sferoebis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad,<br />
,,ekonomikuri istoria’’, ,,politikuri istoria’’), termini<br />
,,inteleqtualuri istoria’’ migviTiTebs kvlevis fokusSi moqceul<br />
moRvaweobis konkretul aspeqtze an sferoze (7, 177).<br />
Aam mimarTulebis warmomadgeneli amerikeli filos<strong>of</strong>osi da<br />
istorikosi artur lavjoi upiratesobas aZlevda termins ,,ideaTa<br />
istoria’’, rac asaxavda misi originaluri midgomis specifikas. Ees<br />
midgoma gamoixateboda droSi moaruli universaluri ,,idea-<br />
blokebis’’ izolirebasa da SeswavlaSi. ,,ideaTa istoria, _ werda<br />
lavjoi,_ iyenebs ZiriTadad igive masalas, rasac azrovnebis<br />
istoriis sxva ganStoebebi ..., magram mas amuSavebs gansakuTrebuli<br />
xerxiT’’ (7, 178). Aam proceduris analogias lavjoi xedavda<br />
analitikur qimiaSi _ struqturis SigniT ESeRwevasa da misgan<br />
Semadgeneli elementebis gamoyafaSi. Uunda Seqmniliyo Sesaswavli<br />
ideis maqsimalurad sruli ,,biografia’’ istoriuli ganviTarebis<br />
yvela stadiasa da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis gansxvavebul<br />
sferoebSi (filos<strong>of</strong>ia, mecniereba, literatura, xelovneba, religia,<br />
politika). ,,ideaTa istoriis’’ koncefciaSi moiazreboda literaturis<br />
istoriac, romlis funqciasac lavjoi xedavda, rogorc adamianTa<br />
mamoZravebeli ideebisa da grZnobebis, ise sazogadoebrivi azris<br />
formirebis procesis SeswavlaSi (7, 178).<br />
ganxiluli Teoriuli mimdinareobebis garda, arsebobs mravali sxva<br />
koncefciac, romelic warmatebiT SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli saistorio<br />
kvleva-Ziebisas. rac Seexeba qarTul istoriografias, sabWour periodSi
is ZiriTadad marqsizm-leninizmis TeoriiT sargeblobda, “romlisaganac<br />
axla TiTqos iolad ganTavisuflda, magram sanacvlod raime<br />
mimarTulebisa da skolisTvis ar miumarTavs” (3, 465). amitom minda,<br />
naSromi Cveni ufrosi kolegis sityvebiT davasrulo: “unda damkvidrdes<br />
Teoriuli, meTodologiuri pluralizmi, rac uTuod waadgeba qarTuli<br />
istoriografiis Semdgomi aRmavlobis saqmes” (3, 467).UK UK<br />
gamoyenebuliLliteratura<br />
gamoyenebuliLliteratura<br />
1. berki p. istoria da socialuri Teoria, Tb. , 2002.<br />
2. guruli v. pr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmisa da arapr<strong>of</strong>esionalizmis dapirispireba. _ Jurn.<br />
,,saistorio vertikalebi’’, Tb., 2003., # 1.<br />
3. yoranaSvili g. saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis problemebi, Tb., 2002.<br />
4. Гуревич А.Я. К пониманию истории как науки о человеке. - Историческая наука на рубеже веков,<br />
М., ,,Наука’’, 2001.<br />
5. Кондаков И. История как феномен культуры. - Препринт №4, Независимый теоретический<br />
семинар, M., 1996.<br />
6. Ницше Ф., О пользе и вреде истории для жизни. - Сочинения.Т.1., М., “Мысль”, 1990.<br />
7. Репина Л.П., “Второе рождение” и новый образ интеллектуальной истории. - Историческая наука на<br />
рубеже веков. М., “Наука”, 2001.<br />
malxaz malxaz Toria<br />
Toria<br />
qarTuli qarTuli qarTuli sazog sazogadoeba: sazog sazogadoeba:<br />
adoeba: diskusia diskusia faseulobiTi faseulobiTi orientaciis orientaciis zogierT zogierT<br />
sakiTxze<br />
sakiTxze<br />
“. . . eklesia ki ar unda gardaiqmnas saxelmwifod, . . . piriqiT,<br />
saxelmwifom unda daamTavros imiT, rom ecados gaxdes eklesia” (8, 73).<br />
aseTia, erTi SexedviT metad ucnauri msjeloba Teodor dostoevskis<br />
romanidan “Zmebi karamazovebi”, romelic ruseTSi eklesiis<br />
gansakuTrebul rolze miuTiTebda. es azri, marTalia, ufro Secvlili<br />
formiT, magram arsobrivad TiTqmis imave mniSvnelobiT, qarTul<br />
sinamdvileSic gvxvdeba. dostoevskis romanis personaJi, romelic<br />
saeklesio piri iyo da sjeroda Tavisi sityvebis, XIX saukunis rusul<br />
realobas gamoxatavs. SesaZlebelia, maSindel “dedilo ruseTSi” bevri<br />
WeSmariti rusi asec fiqrobda, magram roca XX saukune miiwura – ra<br />
xdeba? es kiTxva SeiZleba daebados adamians, vinc saqarTveloSi<br />
arsebul viTarebas daakvirdeba. aq sruliad seriozulad sjeraT<br />
qarTveli eris gansakuTrebuli istoriuli misiisa, misi RvTisgan<br />
rCeulobisa. sjeraT, rom ufali aucileblad qarTulad ganikiTxavs
adamianTa modgmas da a.S. es garemoeba safuZvels aZlevs zog avtors,<br />
raTa aRniSnos, rom saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia ar<br />
warmoadgens saxelmwifosagan gamijnul instituts, romelsac sakuTari<br />
samoqmedo sivrce gaaCnia. qveyanaSi jer kidev igrZnoba, rom saxelmwifos<br />
totaluri y<strong>of</strong>na yvelgan, yvela sivrceSi normalur viTarebad miiCneva,<br />
metic, rodesac xdeba “mosaxleobis masobrivi dabruneba eklesiaSi”,<br />
iSleba zRvari sazogadoebasa da eklesias Soris. . . eklesiis utyvi da<br />
uxmo Zalaufleba mkvidrdeba aramarto saxelmwifo derefnebSi, aramed<br />
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. religiuri terminologia msWvalavs<br />
politikosTa metyvelebas da es Tanamedrove politikosis imijis Seqmnis<br />
saSualebaa” (6, 176).<br />
zemoT dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian rTulia, Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom Tanamedrove etapze xdeba faseulobaTa<br />
gadafaseba, rac sabWouri sociokulturuli sistemis rRvevas mohyva.<br />
sazogadoebaSi mesianuri ideebis popularizaciac, SesaZlebelia, agreTve<br />
drois faqtoriT iyos ganpirobebuli.<br />
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg saqarTveloSic prioritetulad<br />
iqna aRiarebuli demokratiuli saxelmwifos Seqmna da<br />
evrostruqturebSi integrireba; magram, rogorc Cans, es arCevani<br />
sruliadac ar aris sayovelTao da arseboben alternatiuli<br />
orientaciis momxreebi, romelTac sakmao gavlena aqvT sazogadoebaze.<br />
isini miiCneven, rom dasavluri faseulobebi (e.i. liberalur-<br />
demokratiuli principebic) miuRebelia saqarTvelosaTvis, radgan<br />
safrTxes uqmnis qarTul tradiciul RirebulebaTa sistemas, saerTod<br />
kulturas da maTi danergva erovnul gadagvarebamde miiyvans qarTul<br />
eTnoss. dasavlur civilizacias, rogorc wesi, miakuTvneben<br />
dasavleTevropul saxelmwifoebs da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs. es<br />
ukanaskneli gamoirCeva politikur-ekonomikuri miRwevebiT da cdilobs<br />
sakuTari faseulobebis sxva kulturebSi danergvas. safrTxec,<br />
ZiriTadad, aSS-s kulturuli eqspansiis saxiT moiazreba. mas rigi<br />
qveynebisa, magaliTad, irani, CrdiloeT korea, upirispirdeba imiT, rom<br />
cdilobs sakuTar kulturul realobaSi Caiketos da amiT Tavi daicvas<br />
misTvis ucxo Rirebulebebis zemoqmedebisagan. amerikis kulturul<br />
gavlenas Tavs arideben sakuTriv dasavleTevropuli qveynebic.
evroparlamentSi safrangeTis warmomadgeneli katrin lalumieri<br />
aRniSnavda, rom globalizaciis atmosfero “ganapirobebs ideaTa<br />
standartizacias da cxovrebis wesis erTgvarovnebas, pirvel rigSi,<br />
amerikuli modelis Sesabamisad. yvela, visTvisac Zvirfasia sakuTari<br />
istoria, tradiciebi, ena, filos<strong>of</strong>ia da religia, SeSfoTebulia<br />
aRniSnuli tendenciiT. adamianebi gulgrilad ver uyureben sakuTari<br />
kulturis rRvevas, radgan es iwvevs ara mxolod gaRaribebas, aramed<br />
erovnuli TviTSegnebis, da sabolood, arsebobis azris dakargvasac” (7,<br />
25-26).<br />
aseT dros, TiTqos, ar unda iyos gasakviri qarTuli sazogadoebis<br />
garkveul nawilSi dasavleTisadmi negatiuri ganwyobis arseboba. magram<br />
aris Tu ara CvenSi gaazrebuli, Tu, kerZod, raSi mdgomareobs realuri<br />
safrTxe? yvelaferi dasavluri marTlac cudia? an gamogviyvans<br />
mdgomareobidan dasavlur faseulobebTan dapirispireba? xom ar aris<br />
imis saWiroeba, rom erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT sakuTriv liberalur-<br />
demokratiuli faseulobebi da romelime dasavluri saxelmwifos<br />
politikuri interesebi?<br />
zemoTaRniSnul antidasavlur ganwyobas ar iziareben is adamianebi,<br />
romlebic prioritets samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aniWeben da, bunebrivia,<br />
dasavluri tradiciiT xelmZRvaneloben, rac gaRizianebas iwvevs<br />
garkveul wreebSi. gaRizianeba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos imiTac, rom<br />
dasavluri Rirebulebebi maT pirdapir, meqanikurad gadmoaqvT qarTul<br />
sinamdvileSi, sadac am RirebulebaTa danergvisaTvis Sesabamisi<br />
tradicia naklebad an saerTod ar arsebobs. esec, erTis mxriv, meore<br />
ukiduresobad Cans, rasac aRniSnaven SedarebiT zomierebi. maTi azriT,<br />
angariSi unda gaewios qarTul tradiciebs, mentalur Taviseburebebs,<br />
magram perspeqtivaSi prioritetulad unda iqnas miCneuli qarTuli<br />
sazogadoebis dasavluri modeliT Camoyalibeba, radgan is yvelaze<br />
optimaluria ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi arsebul sxva sociokulturul sistemebs<br />
Soris.<br />
Cven am ukanasknel mosazrebas viziarebT. liberaluri demokratia,<br />
romelic iTvaliswinebs adamianis uflebaTa dacvas, pluralizms, kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis dacvas, kanonis uzenaesobas, xelisuflebis day<strong>of</strong>as,<br />
konfesiur da eTnikur Semwynareblobas da a.S., TavisTavad, ar uqmnis
safrTxes ama Tu im kulturis TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas, anu SesaZlebelia<br />
“modernizacia vesternizaciis gareSe”, e.i. dasavluri civilizaciis<br />
miRwevaTa gaTaviseba ise, rom ar moxdes tradiciul faseulobaTa<br />
sistemis rRveva. amis warmatebul magaliTad xSirad asaxeleben iaponias,<br />
romelic absoluturad aradasavluri kulturaa, magram SeZlo<br />
modernizacia.<br />
Tu ramdenad ganxorcielebadia saqarTveloSi bevrisTvis<br />
sasurveli demokratiuli sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba, jerjerobiT<br />
Znelad prognozirdeba. dRes ki CvenSi xSirad aitaceben im moRvaweTa<br />
moTxovnebs, romlebic erovnuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis dacvis lozungiT<br />
gamodian. es moTxovnebi iTvaliswinebs Tanamedrove etapze<br />
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis funqciis gazrdas, misTvis sazogadoebaze<br />
pirdapiri zneobrivi kontrolis uflebis miniWebas, marTlmadideblobis<br />
erovnuli ideologiis rangSi ayvanas da saxelmwifo religiad<br />
gamocxadebas. yvelaferi es, maTi azriT, saWiroa, raTa davupirispirdeT<br />
momravlebuli seqtebis “aRviraxsnil”, “satanur” qmedebebs, savaluto<br />
fondisa da sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mtaceblur zraxvebs, maT<br />
mier qveynis ekonomikis daqcevas, holivudis filmebs, romlebic ryvnian<br />
qarTvel axalgazrdobas, yvelafer imas, “rac mohyveba saqarTveloze<br />
navTobsadenis gavlas” (6, 178). amgvari ideebi moicavs Tanamedrove<br />
qarTuli sazogadoebis sakmaod did nawils. “TandaTan ikveTeba, rom mas<br />
sWirdeba eklesia ara iseTi, romelic sakuTari religiuri wesiT<br />
cxovrobs, aramed iseTi, romelic Tavisi arsebobiT SeWrili da<br />
SedRvebilia “sazogadoebaSi”, romelic saxelisuflo struqturebisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli kanonebiT moqmedebs” (6, 178). amitom saqarTveloSi<br />
adamianTa garkveul kategorias ar akmay<strong>of</strong>ilebs konstituciaSi<br />
dafiqsirebuli “marTlmadideblobis gansakuTrebuli roli” da Tvlian,<br />
rom es mxolod reveransia imasTan SedarebiT, rac sinamdvileSi unda<br />
iyos.<br />
istoriul warsulSi eklesias, saero xelisuflebasTan erTad,<br />
mniSvnelovani misia ekisra, zog SemTxvevaSi ki ufro met funqcias<br />
iRebda sakuTar Tavze da im rTul periodSi, roca “qarTvelebi<br />
iryeodnen viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa”, swored eklesia iyo<br />
qveynis sulieri mesaWe. amas moiTxovda maSindeli realoba. dRes ki,
miuxedavad imisa, rom is moTxovnebi, romlebic eklesiis rolis gazrdas<br />
iTvaliswinebs, gamoZaxils poulobs mosaxleobaSi, eklesias ar ZaluZs<br />
imave valdebulebis aReba, rasac warsulSi asrulebda. mTlianobaSi<br />
sazogadoeba Tvisobrivad sxvaa da araerTgvarovani. saxeze gvaqvs<br />
konfesiuri da eTnikuri siWrele da amitom marTlmadideblobis<br />
saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis aqti, albaT, sasurvel Sedegs ar<br />
mogvitans. miT umetes, ideologiis TvalsazrisiTac marTlmadideblobis<br />
ganxilva utopiuria, radgan igi religiaa da ara ideologia. e.i. is ar<br />
aris moZRvreba saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mowyobaze, sazogadoebis<br />
struqturaze, ekonomikis funqcionirebis principebze da a.S. erovnuli<br />
ideologiis aspeqtSi misi ganxilva ukve moaswavebs imas, rom man moicva<br />
socialuri y<strong>of</strong>is sxvadasxva sfero. religiam damatebiTi, ara mxolod<br />
moZRvrebis funqcia aiRo. sakuTriv ideologiis, rogorc saxelmwifos<br />
<strong>of</strong>icialuri doqtrinis, arseboba gamoricxavs, Tundac, sxva<br />
ideologiebis, alternatiuli saazrovno sistemebis arsebobas. amgvari<br />
koniunqtura ufro totalitarul sazogadoebas axasiaTebs. eklesias ar<br />
ZaluZs, raime saxis arsebiTi zegavlena moaxdinos dRevandel<br />
saxelmwifoSi urTierTobaTa im tipis Camoyalibebaze, rasac demokratia<br />
ewodeba. man unda gaiazros is cvlilebebi, rac posttotalitaruli<br />
xanis saqarTveloSi xdeba da gansazRvros Tavisi adgili Tvisobrivad<br />
ganaxlebul sazogadoebaSi (3, 166-167).<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. gabisonia T. eklesia demokratias fexs ver auwyobs. – Jurn. sazogadoeba da politika,<br />
3, Tb., 2000.<br />
2. erqomaiSvili v. ideologiis arsebobis mizanSewonilobis problema. – Jurn.<br />
sazogadoeba da politika, 3, Tb., 2000.<br />
3. kacitaZe k. qarTulma marTlmadideblurma eklesiam demokratias fexi unda auwyos. –<br />
Jurn. sazogadoeba da politika, 3, Tb., 2000.<br />
4. nodia g. ideologia erovnuli da sxva. . . – Jurn. sazogadoeba da politika, 3, Tb.,<br />
2000.<br />
5. cqitiSvili a. konkordiumi: qarTvel RvTismsaxurTa xelSekruleba keisarTan. – gaz.<br />
rezonansi. 2.10.2000.<br />
6. WiaberaSvili z. Zalaufleba da patriarqis taxti. – sazogadoeba da politika, 3. Tb.,<br />
2000.<br />
7. Лялюмьер К. Борьба за культурное многообразие. – Label France, № 38, январь, 2000.<br />
8. Достоевский Ф.М. Братья Карамазовы. Л., 1970.
mariam mariam mamulaSvili<br />
mamulaSvili<br />
reformistuli reformistuli Ziebani Ziebani qarTul qarTul eklesia eklesia-monastrebSi<br />
eklesia monastrebSi<br />
monastrebSi (IX (IX-XI (IX<br />
XI XI ss.)<br />
ss.)<br />
sayovelTaod miRebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom Sua saukuneebis<br />
sazogadoebrivi y<strong>of</strong>is yvela ZiriTad moments religia gansazRvravda.<br />
qristianul samyaroSic religia ganapirobebda adamianis zneobrivi<br />
idealis, kulturuli, politikuri cnobierebis Camoyalibebas. sasuliero<br />
institutebis wiaRSi mimdinare movlenebi xSir SemTxvevaSi rezonanss<br />
hpovebda sazogadoebis saero nawilSic da qveynis socialur da<br />
politikur cxovrebazec axdenda gavlenas.<br />
sainteresoa, rom dasavluri sazogadoebis im saxiT formirebas,<br />
romelic mas dReisaTvis gaaCnia (pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis,<br />
saxelmwifos urTierTmimarTebis principi, ideaTa sistema, qcevisa da<br />
mentalobis kompleqsi da sxv.) qristianulma religiamac ganapiroba,<br />
radgan qristianuli ms<strong>of</strong>lgagebis wyalobiT simZimis centri awmyodan<br />
momavalze gadadis, qristianoba siaxles eswrafvis, perspeqtiulia da a.S.<br />
isic faqtia, rom bizantiuri civilizaciis marcxic qristianuli (am<br />
SemTxvevaSi aRmosavlur-marTlmadidebluri) religiis konservatiuli<br />
xasiaTiTac SeiZleba aixsnas, radgan aRmosavlur marTlmadidebluri<br />
qristianoba xels veRar uwyobda sazogadoebis aRmaval ganviTarebas, ris<br />
Sedegic gaxldaT bizantiuri civilizaciis kraxi (9, 108) saqarTvelos,<br />
marTalia, ar Seuwyvetia arseboba, magram “aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi . . .<br />
misi socialuri qsovili da erovnuli fsiqika XIII-XIV ss. doneze<br />
gaiyina” (7, 24-25).<br />
zemoTqmulis fonze SevecdebiT gaviazroT saqarTvelos religiur-<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi idealebi, is socialur-politikuri texilebi,<br />
romlebic uSualod ukavSirdeboda qarTul eklesia-monastrebSi<br />
mimdinare procesebs. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba gamovyoT: a)<br />
grogol xanZTelis, b) giorgi mTawmindelis, g) daviT aRmaSeneblisa da<br />
d) Tamaris epoqebi.<br />
rogorc S.nucubiZeE aRniSnavda, “qristianoba, rogorc ideologia,<br />
politikuri angariSis sakiTxi iyo. aRmosavleTis, iranis agresiuli<br />
politikis perspeqtivis gamo, romelic zoroastrizmis droSiT utevda<br />
saqarTvelos, qveynis progresulma Zalebma, rogorc gairkva, dasavleTis,<br />
bizantiis qristianoba amjobines” (5,108). amgvarad, IV saukuneSi,
qristianobis miRebiT qarTli berZnul-bizantiuri samyaros nawilad<br />
iazrebs Tavs, sabolood calsaxad acxadebs di<strong>of</strong>izitur mrwamss, rac<br />
mogvianebiT mas saSualebas aZlevs Tavi bizantiis politikur memkvidred<br />
CaTvalos. qarTuli samyaro axdens bizantiuri kulturis srul<br />
nacionalizacias, e.i. sazogadoeba erTgvarad erTveba im politikur,<br />
religiur, civilizaciur saazrovno urTierTobebSi, romelic aRniSnuli<br />
epoqis ideals warmoadgenda.<br />
CvenTvis saintereso periodis pirveli monakveTi bizantinizmis<br />
mZlavri gavleniT aRiniSneba. xanZTeli da misi mowafeni TavianT<br />
savaneebs “berZnuli wesis” mixedviT awyoben. grigol xanZTeli “meore<br />
ierusalimad” (konstantinopols) apirebs wasvlas (3, 145), megobars<br />
sabawmindis “wesis daweras da warmocemas” sTxovs (3, 145), sadac<br />
siriulTan erTad berZnuli mwignobrobacaa ganviTarebuli. aRsaniSnavia<br />
isic, rom xanZTelis epoqaSi wodebriobis principi SeWrili da<br />
gabatonebuli ar aris (6, 142). amasTan, qarTul politikur Tu<br />
sazogadoebriv y<strong>of</strong>aSi aSkaraa sasuliero xelisuflebis upiratesoba,<br />
saeklesio cxovrebis wesi ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebda qveynis<br />
socialur-politikuri da kulturuli saxis Camoyalibebas. amgvarad,<br />
aRniSnul epoqaSi (cota ufro adrec) saeklesio-kulturuli cxovrebis<br />
bizantiuri wesis upiratesoba aSkaraa, rasac mowmobs “vaxtang<br />
gorgasalis cxovrebaSi” daculi cnobebi, aietisa da fartaZis cnobili<br />
polemika, ioane sabanisZis mier qarTvelTa adgilis gaazreba oikumenaSi,<br />
giorgi merCules TxzulebaSi daculi cnobebi da sxv. aRsaniSnavia isic,<br />
rom QqarTvelebi yovelivesTan erTad bizantiis kulturul-politikuri<br />
agresiis safrTxesac acnobiereben da win sweven misgan gansxvavebul<br />
praqtikul argumentebs.<br />
swored am mxriv, X-XII saukuneebSi qarTveli xalxis mentalobaSi<br />
mniSvnelovani texilebi SeiniSneba. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa XI<br />
saukunis monastrebSi mimdinare procesebi, kerZod, giorgi aTonelisa da<br />
daviT aRmaSeneblis reformebi. giorgi aTonelma samonastro marTva-<br />
gamgeblobaSi Zmobis uflebebi gaafarTova, gaauqma wodebrivi<br />
privilegiebi da win piradi Rirsebebi wamoswia. aristokratiuli<br />
tradiciebis Secvla, eklesiisa da monazvnobis demokratizacia, garda<br />
imisa, rom dadebiTad moqmedebda samonastro idealebze, gavlenas
axdenda qveynis socialur da politikur cxovrebaze. amasTan, giorgi<br />
mTawmindeliseuli samonastro reformis suliskveTeba ruis-urbnisis<br />
krebaze (monastrebze dayrdnobiT) saeklesio ierarqiazec gavrcelda.<br />
aRniSnul reformas mkvlevari a.joxaZe respublikanizmis idead miiCnevs<br />
da socialur movlenaTa WrilSi ganixilavs (7, 24-34). aRmaSenebelma<br />
eklesiidan moakveTina “mTavarTa da warCinebulTa Svilni uRirsad<br />
gamoCinebulni” da piradi Rirsebis mqoneni daawinaura. aRniSnulma<br />
reformam daarRvia saero da sasuliero xelisuflebis<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis manamde arsebuli tradicia. eklesia mefes,<br />
saxelmwifos daeqvemdebara. wina periodTan SedarebiT erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani tendenciac SeiniSneba: adreul saukuneebSi, rogorc<br />
aRvniSneT, “berZnul wess” eniWeboda upiratesoba, mTawmindelTa epoqidan<br />
ki amgvari wonasworoba irRveva. marTalia, saqarTvelo bizantiis<br />
erTmorwmuned rCeboda, magram qarTvelebi ar uerTdebian 1054 wlis<br />
anaTemas, giorgi mTawmindeli uary<strong>of</strong>s kaTolikuri eklesiis wiaRSi<br />
eresis arsebobas “... hromTa vinaiTgan erTgzis icnes RmerTi, arRara<br />
odes midrekil arian da arca odes wvaleba Semosrul ars maT Soris. . .<br />
da arara aris amas Sina gany<strong>of</strong>ileba, oden sarwmunoebai marTali iyos”<br />
(2, 309). am kuTxiT sainteresoa ioane mTawmindelis “ltolva spaniad”<br />
da mis mier evropaSi qarTvelTa naTesavis Zieba (1, 234). arc giorgi<br />
aTonelis pozicia da arc ioanes mier naTesavis Zieba ar gaxldaT<br />
ubralo axireba – giorgi aTonels kmay<strong>of</strong>ili romaelebi wminda papis<br />
winaSe wayvanas hpirdebian, ioanes ki ganSorebis simwaris ver atanis gamo<br />
kvlav mTawmindaze abruneben bizantielebi (2, 329-330; 1, 235). sainteresoa<br />
ioanes da ZmaTa misTa urTierToba “hromis qveynidan mosul” monazonTan<br />
(2, 242) Tu benediqtel berebTan (2, 243), romelTac aTonze adgili uyides<br />
da monasteri aaSenebines aTonelma qarTvelebma (8, 17).<br />
yovelivesTan erTad sainteresoa m.TamaraSvilis cnobebic, romlis<br />
mixedviTac, efTvime grZeli da ioane petriwi roms dadiodnen salocavad<br />
da aRiarebdnen papis avtoritets, rom efTvimes da giorgis neStni roms<br />
wausvenebiaT 1250 wels, ierusalimis jvris monastris berebi<br />
tamplierebTan megobrobdnen (4, 90). sagulisxmoa isic, rom petriwonis<br />
maSenebeli grigol bakurianisZe krZalavs monasterSi berZenTa miRebas<br />
da sxv. amasTan, rogorc e.xinTibiZe aRniSnavs, XI saukuneSi
konstantinopolis akademiis daxurvis Semdeg qristianuli filos<strong>of</strong>iuri<br />
azri saqarTveloSi imave gziT ganviTarda, ra gziTac wavida<br />
filos<strong>of</strong>iis progresi dasavleT evropaSi. es msgavseba ki epoqis saerTo<br />
suliskveTebiT, azrovnebis ganviTarebis saerTo kanonzomierebiT unda<br />
y<strong>of</strong>iliyo ganpirobebuli (8, 23). yovelive amis garda, SesaZlebelia<br />
visaubroT qarTveli moRvaweebis Semwynareblur religiur azrovnebaze,<br />
petre iberis (romelsac S.nucubiZis gamokvlevebis mixedviT “Tavisianad“<br />
racxdnen mon<strong>of</strong>iizitebic da di<strong>of</strong>izitebic) da kirion kaTalikosis<br />
(romelsac z.aleqsiZe monoTelitobis erT-erT Semoqmedad miiCnevs)<br />
msgavsad, an kidev maTi evropisaken ltolvis politikur aspeqtebze<br />
gavamaxviloT yuradReba: Tu mTawmindelebs saqarTvelos diplomatiuri<br />
misiis erTgvar xelmZRvanelebad moviazrebT, maSin unda davuSvaT, rom<br />
maTi pozicia bizantiasTan da dasavleTTan mimarTebaSi piradi mrwamsis<br />
garda ganpirobebuli unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyo qarTuli politikuri<br />
orientaciiTac, romelic dasavleTSi mokavSiris Ziebisaken iyo<br />
mimarTuli.<br />
rogorc aRvniSneT, saeklesio cnobiereba ayalibebda<br />
individualuri da sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis tips da mTawmindelTa<br />
epoqis demokratiuli tendenciebi saero cxovrebasa da azrovnebazec<br />
axdenda gavlenas, rasac aRmaSeneblisa da Tamaris zeobaSi momxdari<br />
movlenebic mowmobs. vgulisxmobT Tbilisis TviTmmarTvel politikur<br />
erTeulad gamocxadebas XI s. 80-ian wlebSi da yuTlu arslanis dasis<br />
gamosvlas. am movlenaTa Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, magram CvenTvis am<br />
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania “erTianobis da Tanadgomis” momenti, rac<br />
giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebaSi respublikuri suliskveTebisa da wes-<br />
wyobilebis damkvidrebas saero cxovrebisa da “simdidriT aRzevebulTa”<br />
dasisaTvis misabaZ magaliTad qceula” (6, 142).<br />
CvenTvis mravlismetyvelia is faqti, rom Tamaris saqmros<br />
kandidaturas darbazobaze ayenebs Tbilisis moqalaqeTa erT-erTi<br />
Tavkaci, abulasan iobis Ze, xolo giorgi rusi didvaWar zanqan<br />
zorababels Camohyavs saqarTveloSi (arsebobs azri, rom giorgi rusi<br />
swored mesame wodebisaTvis Sesaferisi kandidatura iyo, radgan igi<br />
odesRac novgorodis qalaq-respublikis mTavari iyo da, amdenad, misTvis<br />
ucxo ar unda y<strong>of</strong>oliyo mesame wodebis politikuri pretenziebi (7, 27).
iqneb am mizezTa gamoc giorgi rusis kandidatura miuRebeli aRmoCnda<br />
Tamaris dasisaTvis. misi gaZevebis Semdeg mefis xelisufleba SezRuduli<br />
ki darCa, magram igi ukve didgvarovanTa kontrols daeqvemdebara.<br />
gaZlierda saeklesio xelisufalTa gavlenac samefo karze da<br />
saqarTvelo TiTqmis Teokratiul saxelmwifod Camoyalibda<br />
(vgulisxmobT miqael kaTalikosis precendents, romelic erTdroulad<br />
ijda sakaTalikoso da mwignobarTuxuces-Wyondidelis taxtze).<br />
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SeiZleba davaskvnaT Semdegi:<br />
1. saeklesio reformam saqarTveloSi marcxi ganicada, rac<br />
yvelaze ufro aSkarad miqael kaTalikosisa da nikolaoz gulaberisZis<br />
dapirispirebisas gamoikveTa. amasTan, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom saeklesio<br />
reformis Semdeg demokratiuli tendenciebi saero cxovrebaSic iWreba,<br />
rasac yuTlu arslanis dasis programiT nagulisxmevi da samonastro<br />
cxovrebaSi gabatonebuli respublikuri principebis msgavseba mowmobs.<br />
2. CvenTvis saintereso periodSi qarTveli sasuliero<br />
ierarqebis bizantiasTan damokidebuleba cvlilebas ganicdis. mas<br />
axasiaTebs dasavleTis kaTolikur eklesiasTan siaxlove, Tumca,<br />
“batonymobis droindelma qarTulma eklesiam sabediswero nabiji<br />
gadadga: man piri aRmosavleTisaken ibruna da xeli veRar Seuwyo<br />
sazogadoebis aRmaval ganviTarebas” (7,36). Tumca unda aRiniSnos isic,<br />
rom is politikuri foni, romlis garemocvaSic aRmoCnda saqarTvelo<br />
bizantiis dacemis Semdeg, aranakleb wamgebiani iyo Cveni qveynisaTvis,<br />
vidre marTlmadidebluri qristianuli cnobiereba.<br />
amgvarad, saeklesio cxovrebam CvenSi Camoayaliba rogorc<br />
individualuri, ise sazogadoebrivi da politikuri cnobierebis tipi;<br />
eklesia-monastrebSi arsebulma ganwyobam gavlena moaxdina saero<br />
cxovrebazec da is tendenciebi, romelic arsebobda jer qarTul<br />
eklesia-monastrebSi, xolo Semdeg politikur-saero cxovrebaSi, udaod<br />
didi mniSvnelobis movlena gaxldaT qveynis cxovrebaSi, Tumca<br />
sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo saqarTvelos socialuri ganviTarebac sxva<br />
gziT warimarTa. politikuri fonis Secvlis Semdeg ki saqarTvelo<br />
xangrZlivi droiT mowyda dasavlur samyaros da stabilurad moeqca<br />
misTvis miuRebeli mahmadianuri samyaros garemocvaSi, ramac gamoiwvia<br />
qveynis kulturis Tu socialuri ganviTarebis erTgvari stagnacia.
mogvianebiT qarTulma eklesiam kvlav calsaxad mimarTa Tavisi mzera<br />
konstantinopolis, xolo ufro mogvianebiT ruseTis marTlmadidebluri<br />
eklesiebisaken, Tumca “mcire aRorZinebis” epoqis sasuliero da saero<br />
elita kvlav cdilobs kaTolikur samyarosTan daaxloebas, rasac, sxva<br />
mizezebTan erTad, saero politikuri momentebic ganapirobebda.<br />
gamoyenebuli gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
literatura<br />
1. giorgi mTawmindeli. cxovreba ioanesi da efTvimesi. _ Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />
Zeglebi. Tb., 1978.<br />
2. giorgi mcire. giorgi mTawmindelis cxovreba. _ Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />
Zeglebi. Tb., 1978.<br />
3. giorgi merCule. grigol xanZTelis cxovreba. _ Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />
Zeglebi. Tb., 1978.<br />
4. gamsaxurdia z. werilebi, esseebi. Tb., 1990.<br />
5. nucubiZe S. Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria. t. I. Tb., 1958.<br />
6. javaxiSvili iv. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. Tb., 1982.<br />
7. joxaZe a. 800-wlovani batonymobis marwuxebSi. _ kreb. Wkua vaisagan. Tb., 1994.<br />
8. xinTibiZe e. qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tb.,<br />
1982.<br />
9. Тойнби А.Дж. Постижение истории. М., 1997.<br />
Targmanebi<br />
Targmanebi<br />
Tomas Tomas Tomas hiland hiland erikseni erikseni<br />
erikseni<br />
mavrikeli mavrikeli kreolebi kreolebi da da kulturis kulturis kreolizaciis kreolizaciis koncefcia<br />
koncefcia<br />
Tomas hiland eriqseni cnobili norvegieli<br />
mkvlevaria, oslos universitetis socialuri<br />
anTropologiis pr<strong>of</strong>esori. igi mSobeli xalxis<br />
Tu sxva sazogadoebebis kvlevisas aqtiuriad<br />
iyenebs komparativistikas, rogorc samecniero<br />
meTods, romelic, misive sityvebis Tanaxmad,<br />
"ufro naTlad wamroaCens ama Tu im<br />
sazogadoebis Tvisobriv mxareebs."<br />
winamdebare naSromi warmoadgens 1999 wlis<br />
dekemberSi oqsfordSi wakiTxuli leqciis<br />
stenogramas, sadac ganxilulia kulturis<br />
kreolizaciis Teoria indoeTis okeaniis<br />
maskarenis kunZulebis (ZiriT. mavrikis) mcxovrebi<br />
kreolebis magaliTze, mdidar eTnografiul da<br />
lingvistur masalaze dayrdnobiT.
kulturuli kreolizaciis Teoria, romelic anTropologiaSi<br />
pirvelad ulf hanerzma Semoitana, gulisxmobs ori an ramdenime<br />
gansxvavebuli kulturisa Tu tradiciis Serwymas. Tanamedrove masobrivi<br />
komunikaciebisa da kapitalizmis epoqaSi kreolizacis araerTi magaliTi<br />
SegviZlia davinaxoT ms<strong>of</strong>lios nebismier mxareSi, magram kulturaTa<br />
urTierTSerevis done aSkarad sxvadasxvagvaria. kulturis kreolizaciis<br />
Teorias akritikebdnen kulturis metismeti xazgasmis gamo (TiTqos<br />
“Serwymamdeli” kulturebi sawyis etapze sufTa, “wminda” mdgomareobaSia,<br />
Sead. fridmani, 1994). ra Tqma unda, SeniSvnebi yovelTvis<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia, Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom zemoTxsenebuli<br />
koncefcia, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, didad gvexmareba gavigoT da avxsnaT<br />
Tanamedrove kulturuli procesebi, romelTaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
moZraoba, cvalebadoba da mkrTali sazRvrebi.<br />
termini „kreolizacia”, romelsac anTropologebi iyeneben,<br />
enaTmecnierebidanaa nasesxebi. lingvistikam, Tavis mxriv, es sityva<br />
istorul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT gaixsena, kerZod, koloniebis<br />
epoqasTan kavSirSi, rodesac xdeboda xalxTa jgufebis sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilidan ayra da gadasaxleba sxvadasxva plantaciebSi. aseTi saxis<br />
movlenebs adgili hqonda luizianas, iamaikis, trinidadis, reunionisa da<br />
mavrikis xalxTa cxovrebaSi. indoeTis okeanisa da karibis kunZulebis<br />
auzis mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili (Tu yvela ara), vinc koloniuri<br />
ekonomikis wnexis qveS iyo moqceuli, kreolad iwodeboda.<br />
Tavdapirvelad “criollo”-s evropels (Cveul. espanels) uwodebdnen,<br />
romelic “axal samyaroSi” (amerikaSi _ S.x.) iyo Sobili, gansxvavebiT<br />
naxevarkunZulelisagan; dRes am sityvas igive Sinaarsi aqvs reunionSi,<br />
sadac yvela am kunZulze dabadebuli, rasobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad,<br />
“kreolia”, ganxvavebiT “zoreilebisagan”, romlebic metropoliur<br />
safrangeTSi daibadnen. trinidadSi „kreoli” adgilobrivs niSnavs, garda<br />
azielisa. surinamSi „kreoli” Savkaniania, maSin rodesac mezobel<br />
gvianaSi kreoli evropul yaidaze mcxovrebi piria. miuxedavad am<br />
gansxvavebebisa, isini Sinaarsobrivad exmianebian kreolizaciis Teorias:<br />
kreolebi ayrili, gadasaxlebuli xalxia, isini “axali samyaros”<br />
kuTvnilebaa, Serevis raRac formis Sedegi, gansxvavebuli Zveli, Rrma<br />
fesvebis mqone xalxisgan. winamdebare naSromis mizania kreolis
koncefciis ganxilva mavrikelTa magaliTze _ rogorc lingvisturi, ise<br />
eTnografiuli kuTxiT, da Semdgom, amis safuZvelze, misi Sedareba<br />
kulturisa Tu xalxebis kreolizaciis zogad TeoriasTan.<br />
isini, visac ar Cvevia terminebis aRreva, xSirad svamen kiTxvas: ras<br />
niSnavs sinamdvileSi kreoli? marTlac, yvela sferoSi SeiZleba<br />
Segvxvdes es termini, kulinariiTa da luizianuri arqiteqturiT<br />
dawyebuli, karibuli enebiTa Tu indoeTis okeaniis xalxebiT<br />
damTavrebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom lokalur doneze am termins<br />
sxvadasxva Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva aqvs, lingvistikaSi arsebobs<br />
kreoluri enebis, xolo anTropologiaSi _ kulturuli kreolizaciis<br />
mecnieruli, zusti gansazRvreba. Tumca konkretul sazogadoebebSi<br />
“kreolis” gagebasa da samecniero literaturaSi kreolis an<br />
“kreolizebulis” definiciebs Soris Tvisobrivi kavSiri ar aris. am<br />
mcire naSromis ZiriTad principad gamogvadgeba gregori beiTsonis rCeva,<br />
romlis mixedviTac, Tu kvlevis dros romelime termins vsesxulobT,<br />
saWiroa swored im sferos mivmarToT, romelsac vesesxebiT, raTa<br />
CavwvdeT analogiis Sinagan logikas. igi aRniSnavda: “terminebis<br />
sesxebisas me yovelTvis maferxebda pirveladi disciplinidan<br />
memkvidreobiT miRebuli mkacri formulirebebi” (beiTsoni, 1972: 75). ase<br />
rom, kargi iqneboda gadagvexeda mavrikeli kreolebisaTvis, raTa<br />
CvenTvis ufro naTeli gaxdes kulturis kreolizaciis movlena.<br />
mavriki mavriki da da mavrikeli mavrikeli mavrikeli kreolebi<br />
kreolebi<br />
tropikul sartyelze mdebare mavriki madagaskaridan<br />
aRmosavleTiT 800 kilometriTaa daSorebuli. esaa mWidrod<br />
dasaxlebuli, xmauriani, demokratiuli kulnZulovani qveyana. misi<br />
mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba TiTqmis milions aWarbebs; erT<br />
kvadratul kilometrze 550 mosaxle modis. iq ar arsebobs aborigeni<br />
mosaxleoba, am kunZulis yvela mcxovrebi sxva mxareebidan<br />
(safrangeTidan, CineTidan, afrikidan, madagaskaridan da indoeTidan) am<br />
bolo sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi emigrirebuli xalxis STamomavalia.<br />
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT naxevari indusia, romelic sam qvejgufad<br />
iy<strong>of</strong>a: Crdilo indoelebi (indurenovanebi), Tamilebi, Telugebi da<br />
maratebi, romlebic, eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, erTmaneTTan Tavs ar
aigiveben. yvelaze did eTnikuri jgufs warmoadgens Crdilo indusebi,<br />
romlebic mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis daaxloebiT 35% Seadgenen,<br />
17% muslimi indoelia, daaxloebiT 28% kreoli an feradkaniani<br />
kaTolikea, malagasiuri (madagaskareli _ S.x.) an Sereuli ojaxidan, 3%<br />
_ Cinuri da daaxloebiT 2% _ franko-mavrikuli warmomavlobis.<br />
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mavrikis kunZulze arsebuli yvela<br />
kultura Tu iq mcxovrebi yvela eTnikuri jgufi, sxvadasxva doneze,<br />
kreolizebulia. magaliTad, boipuris dialeqti, romelzec bevri indo-<br />
mavrikeli saubrobs, sxva enebis imdenad did gavlenas ganicdis, rom ukve<br />
gaugebari xdeba biharSi (Stati indoeTSi _ S.x.) mcxovrebTaTvis,<br />
romlebic am dialeqtze saubroben. franko-mavrikelebi _ iseve, rogorc<br />
yvela mavrikeli _ miirTmevs “karis” brinjiT 1 . TiTqmis yvela mavrikeli<br />
Tavisuflad flobs frangulze dafuZnebul kreolur enas, igi<br />
mosaxleobis absoluturi umravlesobisaTvis mSobliuria. mavrikelebis<br />
cxovrebis wesSi da ms<strong>of</strong>lmxedvelobaSi daleqili da Serwymulia, erTi<br />
mxriv, im eTnikuri jgufebis elementebi, romlebic qmnian mavrikis<br />
mosaxleobas, meore mxriv, garedan _ rogorc dasavleTidan, aseve<br />
indoeTidan da aRmosavleT aziidan _ momavali kulturuli gavlena.<br />
miuxedavad mavrikis sazogadoebis aSkara kulturuli<br />
kreolizebulobisa, Cveulebisamebr, uSualod kreolad iq afrikuli da<br />
malagasiuri warmoSobis xalxi iwodeba. ukve 1850-ian wlebSi mRvdeli<br />
patrik bitoni Tavis wignSi “kreolebi da kuliebi 2 ” (bitoni, 1997)<br />
erTmaneTs adarebda or did _ afrikuli da induri warmoSobis _ xalxs.<br />
es ar aris SemTxveviTi. SegviZlia Tavisuflad ganvacxadoT, rom<br />
kreolis mavrikuli gageba kulturuli kreolizaciis Teorias<br />
ukavSirdeba. mavrikelTa winaprebi afrikisa da madagaskaris mxareebis<br />
monebi iyvnen, romelTa Camoyvana da kunZulze dasaxleba franguli<br />
kolonizaciisTanave (1715 w.) daiwyo da 1810 wlamde gagrZelda, vidre<br />
monebiT vaWroba aikrZaleboda. rogorc monobaze dafuZnebul nebismier<br />
koloniaSi, il-de-fransis (ase uwodebdnen adgilobrivebi imdroindel<br />
frangul mmarTvelobas) gamgeblebic sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufis<br />
warmomadgenlebs ereodnen, riTac iSleboda tradiciuli ojaxuri<br />
struqtura, Ziri eTxreboda politikuri mmarTvelobis formebs. Tumca<br />
ar arsebobda saerTo kulturuli safuZveli, saerTo ena, sanaTesao
struqtura, kosmologia, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis tradiciuli sistema,<br />
romelic ganaxlebuli formiT yvelasaTvis misaRebi iqneboda.<br />
kulturuli memkvidreoba, istoriuli uwyvetobis, Tanmimdevrobis<br />
SegrZneba monaTa sazogadoebaSi Zalauneburad SezRuduli iyo.<br />
kreoluri kultura, rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi, mavrikis kunZulzec<br />
swrafad ganviTarda _ franguli enis leqsikis, gamartivebuli<br />
gramatikisa da specifikuri gamoTqmis SerwymiT. bernardin de san pieris<br />
mogzaurobis wignSi “mgzavroba il-de-fransSi” (1773 w.) moxseniebulia<br />
aqa-iq dafiqsirebuli kilokavi, romelic struqturulad aSkarad axlos<br />
dgas Tanamedrove mavrikul kreolur enasTan.<br />
rac Seexeba kulturis sxva sferoebs, aRsaniSnavia zogierTi<br />
religiuri rwmena-warmodgena da Cveuleba, romelmac Cvenamde Secvlili<br />
formiT moaRwia, miuxedavad kreolebis kaTolikobisa, romelTa mona-<br />
winaprebs aiZulebdnen moqceuliyvnen qristianul aRmsareblobaze.<br />
TumcaRa, yvelaze saxasiaTo “afrikuli kvali” musikasa da cekvaSia<br />
SemorCenili _ e.w. “sega”, romelic, faqtobrivad, mavrikul erovnul<br />
musikadaa miCneuli, aSkarad afrikuli warmoSobisaa.<br />
rogorc sxva kreolebis, mavrikelebis istoriac saTaves<br />
emigraciuli procesebidan iRebs _ mogoneba, kavSiri pirvandel<br />
sacxovrisTan kreolebma koloniaSi moxvedrisTanave dakarges. swored<br />
aman gansazRvra axali kulturuli da socialuri formebis<br />
Camoyalibebis aucilebloba, rac ukiduresad mZime pirobebSi<br />
mimdinareobda.<br />
ara ara-kreolebi<br />
ara kreolebi<br />
mokled SevadaroT erTmaneTs kreolebisa da sxva mavrikuli<br />
jgufebis mdgomareoba. Cinuri warmoSobis mavrikelebi _ yvelaze gvian<br />
mosulebi kunZulze (maTi umravlesoba XX s. dasawyisSi ewvia mas) _<br />
kaTolikobas eziarnen da mniSvnelovanwilad kreoluri enac aiTvises,<br />
magram mtkiced SeinarCunes TavianTi naTesauri struqtura, materialuri<br />
kulturis bevri mxare, ZiriTadi ritualebi, aseve sakmaod mWidro<br />
urTierTobas inarCuneben aRmosavleT aziaSi mcxovreb naTesavebTan. rac<br />
Seexeba franko-mavrikelebs, maTi umravlesobis winaprebi XVIII saukuneSi<br />
mavrikze Casuli kolonizatorebi arian, romelTa kavSiri Tavdapirvel
samSoblosTan sul ufro da ufro sustdeba, Tumca mTeli am xnis<br />
manZilze isini ekonomikur-kulturuli TvalsazrisiT dominirebad<br />
diasporas warmoadgendnen kunZulze (es mdgomareoba, garkveulwilad,<br />
dResac SenarCunebulia). napoleonis omebis dros, rodesac britanelebma<br />
mavriki daipyres, sruli kapitulaciis pirobiT franko-mavrikelebs<br />
garantirebuli hqondaT tradiciebis, enisa da religiis xelSeuxebloba.<br />
rac Seexeba sxva indo-Cinur eTnojgufebs, isini mavrikze Casvlis<br />
droisaTvis monebze ukeTes mdgomareobaSi ar unda y<strong>of</strong>iliyvnen (Sead.<br />
Tinqeris wigni “sakontraqto” xasiaTis eqspluatatoruli sistemis<br />
Sesaxeb _ “monobis axali forma”, 1974). isini 1840-iani wlebidan<br />
CamohyavdaT madrasidan, kalkutidan, bombeidan, raTa<br />
axladgaTavisuflebul monebs daqiravebuli muSaxelis saxiT<br />
Canacvlebodnen. CasvlisTanave, maTda samwuxarod, gadaanawiles banakebSi,<br />
sakmaod mZime pirobebSi. iq, marTalia, Tavisuflebi iyvnen, magram is<br />
Tavisufleba nominaluri xasiaTisa iyo; realurad maTi uflebebi<br />
sakmaod izRudeboda, ar gaaCndaT elementaruli say<strong>of</strong>acxovrebo nivTebi.<br />
isini marTlac “monobis axal formaSi aRmoCndnen”. Tumca monebisgan<br />
mainc gansxvavdebodnen, rac xazgasasmeli momentia kreolurobasa da<br />
kreolizaciaze saubrisas. isini mosulebi arian indoeTis sxvadasxva<br />
mxareebis: biharis, aRmosavleT uta-pradeSis, andra pradeSis da<br />
maharaSTras samosaxloebidan, maT mavrikze Caitanes rwmena-warmodgenebi<br />
da saritualo Cveulebebi, ena, sanaTesao struqtura, kvebis kultura,<br />
gamartivebuli kasturi wyoba da Sesabamisi politikuri organizaciis<br />
formebi (maT Soris panCaiatebi _ s<strong>of</strong>lis sabWoebi). ufro metic, axal<br />
miwaze damkvidrebulma indusebma SeTxzes, TiTqos mavrikis samxreTSi<br />
arsebuli patara tba grand basini iziarebda md. gandis wminda wyals<br />
(dRes yvelaze did indur festivalad indoeTis farglebs gareT<br />
miCneulia yovelwliuri maha shivaratris piligrimoba did basinze).<br />
daqiravebuli muSaxelis pirvelive talRis CasvlisTanave aigo taZrebi,<br />
xolo mas Semdeg, rac ufro farTo uflebebi moipoves, isini s<strong>of</strong>lebSi<br />
dasaxldnen, romlebsac dReisaTvis tipuri induri s<strong>of</strong>lis ieri aqvT<br />
miRebuli.<br />
miuxedavad kulturuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis aseTi donisa, Zneli ar<br />
iqneba gamovyoT indo-mavrikeli xalxis kulturis da sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis is mxareebi, romlebic aSkarad kulturis kreolizaciis<br />
Sedegia: Cacmis kulturiT dawyebuli _ fuladi urTierTobebis (da<br />
daqiravebuli Sromis) principebis sayovelTaobiT damTavrebuli.<br />
jamjamis sistema, esoden mniSvnelovani indur provinciebSi, frangebis<br />
gamoCenisTanave gaqra; Sesabamisad, gaqra kasturi sistemisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani momenti (mavrikel indusebSi<br />
mxolod oTxi kastaa, romlebic gavlenas axdenen iqauri mosaxleobis<br />
politikur, saqorwino Tu adamianur urTierTobebze, Tumca ara iseTi<br />
xarisxiT, rogorc es Tavad indoeTSia).<br />
indo-mavrikul sazogadoebebSi, romlebsac warmoadgenen Crdilo<br />
indusebi, Crdilo indoeli muslimebi da Tamilebi, SesamCnevi<br />
gansxvavebebia kulturuli TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis, aseve TviTidentifikaciis<br />
sakiTxebis, dasavluri enebisa (inglisurisa Tu frangulis) da<br />
dasavluri kulturisadmi damokidebulebis, kulturuli memkvidreobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Tumca maTi ganxilva Cveni kvlevis mizans ar warmoadgens.<br />
naSromi, pirvel rigSi, miznad isaxavs, erTi mxriv, kreolebis, meore<br />
mxriv _ ara-kreoli mavrikelebis istoriul ganviTarebaSi kulturuli<br />
da politikuri identurobis problemis kvlevas. arakreol mavrikelebs<br />
saSualeba aqvT, TavianTi politikuri da saarsebo interesebidan<br />
gamomdinare, nebismier dros xazi gausvan sakuTari kulturis ara-<br />
mavrikul warmoSobas da ZirZvel tradiciebs, isinic, kreolebis<br />
msgavsad, kunZulze diasporas warmoadgenen _ Soreul warsulSi ayril-<br />
gadasaxlebulebs; magram genealogiuri da kulturuli kavSiri<br />
winaprebis samSoblosTan maT saSualebas aZlevs, ilaparakon TavianTi<br />
istoriis uwyvetobaze, romelic preistoriuli droidan iRebs saTaves da<br />
metic, xalxis cnobierebaSi dakavSirebulia warsulis did<br />
civilizaciasTan _ iqneba es Cinuri, induri, muslimuri Tu evropuli.<br />
aseTi saxis TviTgansazRvra, romlis realuri safuZvlis danaxva xSirad<br />
arcTu ise advilia, gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo 1990-ian wlebSi, rac<br />
aramarto erTa TviTgamorkvevis, aramed mavrikis kunZulis ayavavebis<br />
periodsac daemTxva. gasuli saukune aRiniSna mavrikeli indusebis<br />
warmatebuli moRvaweobiT indoeTis<br />
politikur asparezze; muslimi mavrikelebi,<br />
romlebic, tradiciulad, ufro religiur,
vidre eTnikur (indur an pakistanur) safuZvelze axdenen<br />
TviTidentifikacias, oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi aviTarebdnen<br />
urTierTobebs arabul samyarosTan. dRes sakmaod aqtiuria mavrikeli<br />
Tamilebis erovnul-politikuri moRvaweobac, magaliTad, maT<br />
arqiteqtorebi da muSebi daiqiraves Tamil nadudan, raTa SesaniSnavi<br />
Tamiluri taZari aegoT CrdiloeT mavrikSi. franko-mavrikelebi, Tavis<br />
mxriv, xSirad moinaxuleben TavianT istoriul samSoblos. igive<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas muslim indo-mavrikelebze, romlebic, sxvadasxva wminda<br />
adgilis molocvis paralelurad, pakistanSi mSobliur s<strong>of</strong>lebs ewvevian<br />
xolme.<br />
martosuli martosuli kreolebi<br />
kreolebi<br />
zemoTaRniSnuli tradicia, romelic aZlierebs kavSirs diasporasa<br />
da metropolias Soris, amave dros, xels uwyobs mavrikuli mosaxleobis<br />
erT muStad Sekvras, SekavSirebas, radgan aneitralebs ufesvobis,<br />
gariyulobis, usamSoblobisa da kreolizaciis grZnobas. rac Seexeba<br />
Tavad kreolebs, maT naklebi safuZveli aqvT, sxva xalxebs miakuTvnon<br />
Tavi da maTi miswrafebebi gaiziaron. marto imis aRniSvna rad Rirs, rom<br />
mxolod ramdenime erTeuli kreoli cnobs Tavs afrikuli kulturis<br />
memkvidred. mecnierebi Seecadnen Cinuri warmoSobis mavrikelis, indo-<br />
mavrikelis da sxvaTa msgavsad, kreolis sinonimad gamoeyenebinaT termini<br />
“afro-mavrikeli”, Tumca warumateblad. TiTze CamosaTvlelia is<br />
mSoblebi, romlebic TavianT Svilebs aSantis Tu iorubas arqmeven, am<br />
dros ki Jaki da mari masobrivad gavrcelebuli sakuTari saxelebia.<br />
pirdapiri kavSiri kreolebsa da afrikelebs Soris minimaluria; mavrikis<br />
ayvavebuli, warmatebuli safeiqro warmoebis gafarToeba madagaskarze<br />
ucxo eTnikuri warmoSobis investorebis mier xorcieldeba.<br />
afrikuli kulturis memkvidred kreolis gamocxadebas marTlac<br />
myife safuZveli eqneboda. aRmosavleT Tu dasavleT afrikis sxvadasxva<br />
kuTxidan Camosuli monebis mavrikze moxvedrisTanave moxda maTi aRreva,<br />
ris Sedegadac amJamad nebismier kreols gauWirdeba Tavisi winapris<br />
konkretuli samSoblos mikvleva. sxva mavrikuli sazogadoebebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, kreolebi ganicdian koloniamdeli istoriis, memkvidreobis
arqonas, dRes maT ar SeuZliaT, Tavi konkretul did civilizacias<br />
miakuTvnon, an romelimesTan mWidro kavSirebze isaubron.<br />
1990-iani wlebidan mavrikis sazogadoebis yvelaze mwvave problema<br />
iyo le malaise créole _ martosuli kreoli (sityvasityviT: “Sewuxebuli<br />
kreoli” _ S.x.) _ kreoluri sindromi. 1980-iani da 1990-iani wlebi<br />
kunZulze cxovrebis donis amaRlebiTa da ganaTlebis sistemis<br />
gaumjobesebiT aRiniSna, romlis fonze aSkarad gamoCnda kreoluri<br />
sazogadoebis CamorCena, romelic am procesebis miRma aRmoCnda.<br />
zogierTebi amis mizezad Tvlidnen kreolur kulturas, romelSic did<br />
rols TamaSobs individualizmi, Tavisufleba da momxmarebloba,<br />
aRniSnaven agreTve mis specifikur sazogadoebriv wyobas. am ukanasknelSi<br />
sustia naTesauri movaleobani, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia sxva<br />
jgufebisaTvis. naTqvami ufro TvalsaCino rom iyos, magaliTisaTvis<br />
aviRoT indusebi, romlebic dResdReisobiT politikur hegemonias<br />
axorcieleben kunZulze. maTTvis, piriqiT, damaxasiaTebelia naTesauri<br />
grZnobebi, nepotizmi, saidanac gamomdinareobs maTi dominireba<br />
saxelmwifo seqtorSi. unda vaRiaroT, rom indusebis damokidebuleba<br />
kreoluri kulturisadmi bevr rameSi marTebulia. metic, rogorc wina<br />
gamokvlevebSi aRvniSne (eriqseni, 1988), Zlieri individualizmi, esoden<br />
damaxasiaTebeli kreolebisaTvis, sulac ar gamomdinareobs “afrikuli<br />
fesvebidan”: igi saTaves iRebs monobisdroindeli socialuri<br />
pirobebidan, rodesac ojaxi da naTesaobis sistema dangreuli iyo, ris<br />
Sedegadac individualizmi gamoikveTa, rogorc mTavari, upirvelesi<br />
Rirebuleba; socialuri urTierTobebic, Tavisi bunebiT, ufro<br />
individualizebuli da formaluri gaxda. Tanamedrove demokratiuli,<br />
kapitalisturi samyaros asparezze kreolebs aSkarad susti poziciebi<br />
aqvT, rac gamomdinareobs maTi naklebganviTarebuli socialuri<br />
wyobidan da, rogorc es ukve davaskveniT, “simboluri dedaqalaqis”<br />
arqonis faqtidan, romelic warmosaxviTi “memkvidreobiTobis” moments<br />
ukavSirdeba.<br />
aqve kargi iqneboda mogvexseniebina is politikosebi, romlebic<br />
mavrikis uaxles istoriaSi aqtiurad cdilobdnen ganesazRvraT sakuTari<br />
kulturisa da xalxis adgili Tanamedrove ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi. maTgan<br />
gamovy<strong>of</strong>di sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi moRvawe warmatebuli
politikuri lideris, aw gansvenebuli gaetan diuvalis<br />
Tvalsazriss. kerZod, igi xazs usvamda kreolis<br />
sicocxlismoyvareobas (joie-de-vivre) da cxovrebis<br />
evropul stils, romelsac upirispirebda<br />
koleqtivistur, tradicionalistur da uRimRamo, ganuviTarebel indo-<br />
mavrikul kulturas. unda iTqvas, rom diuvali memarjvene iyo da<br />
naklebad iTvleboda Raribebisa da uufleboTa damcvelad. mavrikeli<br />
kreolebis TviTgansazRvris saintereso formaa tradiciuli segasa da<br />
regis 3 bolodroindeli musikaluri sinTezi, romlis Sedegia “segi”<br />
(seggae). igi iyo ara marto 1990-iani wlebis yvelaze popularuli<br />
adgilobrivi musikaluri mimdinareoba, aramed man gado garkveulwilad<br />
dagvianebuli xidi, erTis mxriv, seiSelis kreolebsa da mavrikel<br />
kreolebs, xolo meore mxriv, karibis rastafariul moZraobas Soris 4 .<br />
rogorc Cans, istoriuli paralelebi da kulturuli msgavsebani<br />
indoeTis okeaniasa da karibis kunZulebs Soris dResac aqtualuria:<br />
mxolod a.w. oqtomberSi, pirvelad, mavrikis kunZulma umaspinZla<br />
trinidadul stil-bends, medoleTa jgufs 5 . marTalia, cota vinme Tu<br />
dainteresebula miTologiis sferoSi eTiopiis afrikuli mosaxleobis<br />
fesvebis ZiebiT, magram axali urTierTobebi afro-karibul kulturasTan<br />
bevr kreols gauadvilebs “Tavisianis” povnas da gadaalaxvinebs<br />
TviTidentifikaciis dilemas, riTac ganisazRvreba “simboluri<br />
dedaqalaqis” sakiTxic. saerTo-kreoluri sawyisebisa da maTi<br />
matareblebis Zieba kreolebs TviTgansazRvrasa da romeliRac didi<br />
erTobisadmi kuTvnilebis problemis daZlevaSi daexmareba.<br />
mavrikuli sazogadoeba, mravali TvalsazrisiT, gacilebiT<br />
izolirebuli da konservatiulia, karibulTan SedarebiT. Zveli<br />
plantatorebis STamomavlebis winaaRmdeg amxedrebis nacvlad, mavrikeli<br />
kreolebi kvlavac frank<strong>of</strong>ilebad rCebian da sulac ar apireben<br />
plantatoruli elitis mier miCenili adgilisaTvis alternativis povnas.<br />
Tumca, mdgomareoba SeiZleba Seicvalos (ix. eriqseni, 1999 w., imave wlis<br />
Tebervlis mavrikis areulobebis analizi). mzardi mobiluroba kreolebs<br />
Soris ZiriTadad individualur an birTvul-ojaxur doneze SeimCneva,<br />
gansxvavebiT sxva sazogadoebebisagan. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, am
olo dros arsebobs tendencia, romlis mixedviT, warmatebuli kreoli<br />
ukve aRar iTvleba kreolad. mavrikeli kaTolikeebis warmodgenebi,<br />
erovnuli TvalsazrisiT, wminda wylis stereotipebiTaa aRsavse da isini<br />
SeiZleba ganvixiloT kontinuumSi: TavSi _ TeTrkaniani (evropeli),<br />
ganswavluli, qalaqeli, mdidari, frangulenovani pirovneba; boloSi _<br />
Savkaniani (afrikeli), gaunaTlebeli, s<strong>of</strong>leli, Raribi, kreolur enaze<br />
mosaubre adamiani. am or ukiduresobas Soris arsebobs uamravi<br />
socialuri gansxvaveba, TumcaRa kani, feri, ena, sacxovrebeli adgili,<br />
ganaTleba da simdidre mTavari maxasiaTeblebia. rodesac kreoli am<br />
skalaze zeviT miiwevs, igi, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc<br />
“feradkaniani” (gen de couleur), anu, rogorc pirovneba, romelic<br />
miiswrafvis evropuli an franko-mavrikuli faseulobebis SeTvisebisaken.<br />
faqtobrivad, es klasifikacia ar warmoaCens sinamdvileSi arsebul kanis<br />
fers, Tumca warmatebul kreols TiTqmis yovelTvis SeuZlia TeTrkanian<br />
mandilosanze daqorwineba. maSasadame, mavrikze xmarebadi “kreoli”<br />
gulisxmobs aramarto monis STamomavalsa da kulturulad aRreuls,<br />
aramed dabal socialur klassac _ milieu populaire-s proletariats. amas<br />
istoriuli winapiroba aqvs: qalaqSi mcxovreb saSualo klass koloniur<br />
mavrikze ZiriTadad Savkaniani mona-qalisa da TeTrkaniani mebatonis<br />
STamomavlebi warmoadgendnen. isini Tavisuflebi iyvnen, ganaTlebac<br />
hqondaT miRebuli, Tumca ar gaaCndaT kerZo sakuTreba; miuxedavad<br />
sayovelTao socialuri cvlilebebisa, koloniuri klasifikacia mavrikze<br />
kvlav cocxalia.<br />
kreolis kreolis ori ori saxe<br />
saxe<br />
zogierTi piri, romelic yvela maxasiaTebliT kulturulad<br />
kreolizebulia (genetikurad aRreuli, sxvadasxva tradiciaTa sistemis<br />
gamziarebeli) da, erTi SexedviT, mavrikis kulturuli “mozaikis”<br />
ganuy<strong>of</strong>el nawils warmoadgens, adgilobrivTa Soris ar iwodeba<br />
“kreolad”. es, rogorc aRvniSne, swored rom dRemde moqmedi koloniuri<br />
socialuri klasifikaciis bralia, romelic imdroindeli mouqneli da<br />
karCaketili koloniuri ekonomikis tradiciebsac Seicavs.<br />
meore mxriv, varaudoben, rom lokaluri klasifikacia ufro kargad<br />
Seesatyviseba kreolizaciis analitikur koncefcias. mSvenier magaliTad
gamodgebian Cemi nacnobebi, romlebic saSualo klass ekuTvnian da<br />
mavrikuli qalaqis erT-erT kvartalSi cxovroben. kaci Tamilia, xolo<br />
meuRle _ Crdilo indusi. vaJi, Sesabamisad, Sereuli qorwinebis pirmSoa.<br />
vinaidan mamamisi Tamilia, biWma, wesiT, ganaTleba skolaSi Tamilur<br />
enaze unda miiRos, Tumca es ena mis ojaxSi arc gaJRerebula. Tavad<br />
ojaxis cxovrebis wesi namdvilad rom kreolizebulia _ kvebis,<br />
Cacmulobis, saxlis interieris, ritualebisa Tu musikis CaTvliT; maTSi<br />
orive _ induri da evropuli gavlenaa warmodgenili. aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
arcaa gasakviri, rom am ymawvils ar surs Tamilurad gakveTilebis<br />
mosmena da acxadebs, rom igi kreolia, vinaidan misTvis mSobliuri ena<br />
kreoluria. mSoblebi, CemTan amaze saubrisas, aRniSnaven, rom araferi<br />
aqvT amis sawinaaRmdego, radgan maTTvis eTnikuri momenti<br />
meorexarsxovania, Tumca aRelvebT ganaTlebis done. biWma, rogorc<br />
bevrma sxva araafrikuli warmomavlobis mavrikelma _ da ara rogorc<br />
ubralod Sereuli qorwinebis nay<strong>of</strong>ma _ Tavi kreolad miiCnia, iqidan<br />
gamomdinare, rom kreolur enaze metyvelebda da ar ekuTvnoda kunZulze<br />
arsebul arc erT sxva aziur da evropul diasporas. am saxis procesebi,<br />
romelsac mavrikze “kreolizaciis” axal formas uwodeben, enaTesaveba<br />
kreolizaciis anTropologiur koncefcias.<br />
eTnikuri identurobisagan gansxvavebiT, kreoluri identurobis<br />
mniSvnelovani mxarea cvalebadoba da Riaoba. zogjer amboben: “dRes<br />
bevri kreoli daemgvana indoels”. bevri mavrikeli, qristianuli<br />
saxeliTa da “kreoluri” ojaxiT, kreoluri kavSirebiTa da cxovrebis<br />
wesiT marTlac waagavs indoels. yovelive amis mizezi gadagvareba da<br />
Sereuli qorwinebebia. Cveulebriv, kreolebi ufro tolerantebi arian<br />
Sereul qorwinebebTan dakavSirebiT, vidre sxva mavrikuli<br />
sazogadoebebi; ufro savaraudoa adamiani kreoli gaxdes, vidre indusi,<br />
Cino-mavrikeli Tu franko-mavrikeli. maSasadame, Savkaniani muSaTa klasis<br />
garda, romlis umravlesobis winapari mona iyo, kreolebad iTvlebian<br />
agreTve Tanamedrove “postmodernuli” jgufebi, mxolod da mxolod<br />
imitom, rom mraval mizezTa gamo, ver jdebian verc erT sxva jgufSi.<br />
garda amisa, Sereuli qorwinebebis ricxvis zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
bevri mavrikeli samyaros sayovelTao kreolizaciis konteqstSi
ganixilavs: tu dimunn pu vini kreol. kulturuli Serevisa Tu aRrevis<br />
Tvalsazrisi mniSvnelovania, iseve rogorc individualizmis idea.<br />
sanam Tavad sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, marTebuli iqneboda<br />
oriode sityviT SevxebodiT kreolur (morisiul) enas, ramdenadac igi<br />
naTels fens ara marto kreolebis mdgomareobas da adgils mavrikul<br />
sazogadoebaSi, aramed gvexmareba kreolizaciis koncefciis sworad<br />
gagebaSic. kreoluri ena XVIII saukuneSi Seiqmna Tavad kreolebis mier,<br />
Tumca mTeli mavrikis mosaxleobisTvis amJamad igi “lingua franka”-s<br />
warmoadgens, xolo bevri maTganisaTvis _ mSobliur enasac. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, kreoluri enis <strong>of</strong>icialur enad gamocxadebis cdebi warumateblad<br />
mTavrdeboda: 1982 wels xelisuflebaSi pirvelad mosulma radikalurma<br />
partiam scada kreoluri enis damkvidreba mediasa da skolebSi, Tumca,<br />
raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, did winaaRmdegobas Sexvda ara indo- da<br />
franko-mavrikelebisgan, aramed, Tavad kreolebis mxridan. saerTod,<br />
kreolTa uflebebisaTvis mebrZoli jgufi friad mcirericxovania da<br />
cnobilia, rogorc memarcxene frTa. miuxedavad imisa, rom kreoluri<br />
erTaderTi enaa, romelic TiTqmis yvela mavrikelisaTvis gasagebia, maT<br />
ar surT misi <strong>of</strong>icialur enad aRiareba. sainformacio saSualebebSi,<br />
saganmanaTleblo sistemasa da saxelmwifo administraciaSi inglisuri<br />
da frangulia gabatonebuli. franguli kulturis sferoSi dominirebadi<br />
enaa, inglisuri ki samoqalaqo administrirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.<br />
kreolis aseTi damokidebuleba sami mizeziT SeiZleba avxsnaT: pirvel<br />
rigSi, kreoluri ena isev da isev miiCneva “frangulis Ratak<br />
Svilobilad” _ gaRaribebul, zedapirul da martiv dialeqtad. meore<br />
mizezia imis SiSi, rom inglisurisa da frangulis xarjze kreoluris<br />
aqtiuri gamoyeneba, SeiZleba, mavrikis izolaciis mizezi gaxdes, radgan<br />
kreoluri sxvagan mxolod seiSelis kunZulebzea gavrcelebuli. mesame<br />
mizezs isev kreolis kulturuli identurobis, TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobis<br />
sakiTxTan mivyavarT, miTumetes, rom es ena adgilobrivebisaTvis,<br />
faqtobrivad, kreolTa eTnikur jgufTan da kreolizaciasTanaa<br />
asocirebuli. sainteresoa, rom mxolod ramdenime eTnikuri kreoli<br />
moiTxovs misi enis <strong>of</strong>icialur enad aRiarebas. igi kreolia SefardebiT<br />
konteqstSi; es waagavs mdgomareobas evropis socialistur banakSi: zogi<br />
momxrea multikulturizmis Zlieri formebisa, sxvebi ki calsaxad
uary<strong>of</strong>en kulturul tradiciebs, rogorc adamianis TviTidentifikaciis<br />
safuZvels.<br />
mavrikis kunZulebis mosaxleoba icvleba, masTan erTad _<br />
kreolebis Sexedulebebic. maSin, rodesac “kreolis” tradiciuli gageba<br />
rasobrivi xasiaTisaa, igi SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis aRrevis Sedegic<br />
iyos _ qristianobis miRebis, Sereuli qorwinebebis da sxvadasxva<br />
mSoblebis yolisa. bolo sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis<br />
aRweram dagvanaxa, rom kreoluri ena mavrikeli mosaxleobis salaparako<br />
enaa, ase y<strong>of</strong>ila warsulSic; es migvaniSnebs imaze, rom pirovneba,<br />
romlis istoriuli ena kreoluria (da ara romelime aRmosavlur<br />
enaTagani an franguli), Tavis Tavs miiCnevs mavrikelad da ara sxva<br />
Zveli civilizaciis memkidred, anu im sazogadoebis wevrad, romelic<br />
daefuZna aRrevis princips.<br />
kreolebi kreolebi da da kreolizacia<br />
kreolizacia<br />
SevajeroT yovelive zemoTqmuli: mavrikuli warmodgena<br />
kreolurobaze, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebulia enasa da eTnikurobasTan,<br />
Tumca ara marto maTTan. marTalia, indo-mavrikelebis umravlesoba<br />
kreolur enaze metyvelebs, maT Soris salaparako, saurTierTobo enad<br />
kvlav hindi rCeba. es ki niSnavs, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom isini<br />
cxovroben migrirebul da areul sazogadoebaSi, kvlav inarCuneben<br />
istoriul TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas, damyarebuls siwmindis, warsulis<br />
uwyvetobisa da sazRvrebis warmodgenebze.<br />
kreolis, rogorc eTnikuri jgufis gagebas gansazRvruli<br />
kriteriumi ar gaaCnia: Sen SegiZlia iyo kreoli, Tu xar Tundac muslimi<br />
_ davuSvaT, afrikuli warmoSobisa _ da metyveleb kreolur enaze. Sen<br />
SegiZlia iyo kreoli, Tu xar Tundac induri warmomavlobis, qristiani<br />
da Seni cxovrebis wesiT kreoluri faseulobebisadmi erTgulebas<br />
amJRavneb. am TvalsazrisiT, kreolis eTnikuri kategoria, romelsac ar<br />
axasiaTeba Zlieri aqcenti warmomavlobaze, Riaa axali wevrebisaTvis da,<br />
garkveulwilad, swored amis gamo, politikurad Zalzed sustadaa<br />
organizebuli. kreoluroba niSnavs arevas da aRrevas, Riaobas da<br />
individualizms.
ac Seexeba kreolur enas, igi ganixileba SedarebiT primitiul da<br />
SezRudul salaparako dialeqtad, romelsac ar gaaCnia istoria da<br />
literatura, gansxvavebiT didi civilizaciis enebisagan, rogoricaa<br />
inglisuri, franguli, urdus, mandarinis da indusTa ena. misi gamoyeneba<br />
gapirobebulia unariT, gaaerTianos saerTo urTierTobis prizmaSi<br />
erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli jgufebi.<br />
dResdReisobiT, kulturis kreolizaciis koncefciis<br />
anTropologiuri mniSvneloba mavrikul gagebas uaxlovdeba.<br />
kreolizacia aris procesi, romlis meSveobiT axali saerTo kulturuli<br />
formebi da urTierTobebis axali SesaZleblobani kontaqtis Sedegad<br />
erTmaneTs erwymian. kreolizacia xazs usvams kulturuli procesebis<br />
dausrulebel, moqnil da ganusazRvrel bunebas, gansxvavebiT<br />
warmodgenisagan kulturaze, rogorc gansazRvrul, urTierTobaTa<br />
stabiluri sistemis mqone fenomenze.<br />
mavrikelTa msjelobaSi warmodgena cvlilebaze, pirovnul<br />
arCevansa da hibridulobaze mudmivad dapirispirebulia tradiciis,<br />
stabilurobis, damkvidrebuli, gansazRvruli faseulobebisadmi<br />
erTgulebis da siwmindis cnebebTan. aseTi saxis kamaTi, faqtobrivad,<br />
meordeba samecniero wreebSic, sadac ganixilaven uZraobisa da<br />
cvalebadobis, Caketilobisa da Riaobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebs.<br />
mavrikuli gagebiT, kreolis fenomeni _ iqneba es eTnikuri jgufi<br />
kreolebisa, kreoluri ena Tu kreolizebuli xalxi _ TiTqmis<br />
yovelTvis warmoaCens ZiriTad Tvisebas, rasac mudmivad Seicavs<br />
kulturis kreolizaciis perspeqtiva. rogorc davinaxeT, kulturulad<br />
myari TviTSegnebis mqone sazogadoebebis mier dominirebad garemoSi<br />
kreolebis, rogorc erovnuli kategoriis ZiriTadi problemaa susti<br />
Sinagani organizacia da lideris mudmivi sakiTxi, agreTve<br />
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis ararseboba, romelic ar iZleva<br />
sxvasTan TviTidentificirebis saSualebas. zogierTi kreoluri<br />
organizacia cdilobs miekedlos, mieTvisos ucxo, sxva eTnojgufebs da<br />
Tavisi kreoluri TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adoba mis Targze gamoWras. amave dros,<br />
SeiniSneba aqtiuri sawinaaRmdego moZraobac _ mavrikulis, rogorc<br />
“sisxlaRreuli” kulturisadmi ergTguleba, “memkvidreobiTi<br />
kulturebisagan” elementebis sesxeba da Tanaarseboba (magaliTad, bevri
indo-mavrikeli ukravs segas), aseve Riaoba cvlilebebisadmi. orive<br />
tendencia Tanaarsebobs da naTlad isaxeba politikur diskusiebSi.<br />
mniSvnelovani parametrebia gamosaxuli sqemaze: debatebi, ZiriTadad,<br />
exeba kulturis msgavsebisa da kulturaTa sxvadasxvaobis<br />
urTierTmimarTebas _ am SemTxvevaSi, mavrikieli politikosebi, TavianTi<br />
evropeli kolegebisgan gansxvavebiT, upiratesobas mravalferovnebas<br />
ufro aniWeben, vidre homogenizacias. meore mxriv, laparakia siwmindisa<br />
da aRrevis cnebaTa urTierTmimarTebaze. rogorc sqema gviCvenebs,<br />
kamaTis es mxare mavrikis kunZuls scildeba da, SesaZloa, naTeli<br />
mohfinos dasavlur politikur ideologiasac ki (da, amasTanave,<br />
SesaZloa, akademiur kamaTs kulturis bunebis Sesaxeb).<br />
modiT, sabolood ganvsazRvroT, rogor esmis kreolizacia<br />
lingvistikas. am dargSi termin kreols (kreolurs) mravalmxrivi<br />
datvirTva aqvs. magaliTad, axladgamocemuli Penguin-is ganmartebiTi<br />
leqsikonis mixedviT, kreoluri ena aris pijini (lingua franca), romelic<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi deda-enad iqca. aseTi enis struqturuli da<br />
stilisturi mxareebis gavrcelebis process kreolizacia kreolizacia ewodeba”<br />
(xazgasma enciklopediisaa). SemdgomSi ganmartebulia, rom<br />
dekreolizacia xdeba maSin, roca romelime Cveulebrivi ena gavlenas<br />
axdens kreolurze, ris Sedegicaa “post-kreoluri kontinuumi”, romelic
standartuli enisagan daSorebuli dialeqtebis uazro, uwesrigo<br />
sistemas warmoadgens. post-kreoluri kontinuumis mSvenieri, TvalsaCino<br />
magaliTia enobrivi mdgomareoba trinidadSi, sadac salaparako ena<br />
standartuli inglisuridan Camoyalibebul, originalisagan sakmaod<br />
daSorebul dialeqts warmoadgens.<br />
anTropologiisaTvis kulturuli kreolizaciis mavrikuli gageba<br />
ufro axloa, vidre kreolis lingvisturi ganmarteba. Tundac is rad<br />
Rirs, rom kulturis kreolizaciis Cveneuli gageba sulac ar aris im<br />
masStabis, rogoric manamde arsebuli kulturuli pijinizaciis procesi.<br />
sxva mxriv, kulturuli kreolizacia iSviaTad iRebs dasrulebul,<br />
konkretul saxes. gasakviria, rom dRes mavrikelebis garkveuli nawili<br />
cdilobs gaafetiSos da didi mniSvneloba mianiWos sakuTar kulturul<br />
fesvebs, rac winaaRmdegobaSia kreolizebulobasTan. post-kreoluri<br />
kontinuumis formula did rezonanss unda iwvevdes anTropologTa<br />
Soris, radgan igi uary<strong>of</strong>s absolutur sazRvrebs da, samagierod, xazs<br />
usvams sxvadasxvaobas erT enaze molaparake sazogadoebebs Soris.<br />
dekreolizaciis koncefciis gamoyeneba ar aris maincdamainc<br />
momgebiani anTropologiur kvlevebSi, radgan ar arsebobs aranairi<br />
empiriuli xerxi “standartul kulturasa” da “kreolur kulturas”<br />
Soris zRvris gavlebisa, rogorc amas enaTmecnierebi akeTeben.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, migraciul procesebTan dakavSirebiT “dekreolizacia”<br />
SeiZleba vixmaroT, rogorc migrantebis mcdeloba _ dabrundnen<br />
samSobloSi, anu gaeqcnen kulturul aRrevas da daicvan Tavi sxva didi<br />
kulturis momZlavrebisagan.<br />
amrigad, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, lingvisturi analogiebis<br />
gamoyeneba yovelTvis warmatebuli ar aris. Tumca termini “kreoluri<br />
sazogadoeba” mniSnelovania, radgan, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, mavrikeli<br />
kreolebis mdgomareoba kulturis kreolizaciis Teoriis sayuradRebo<br />
mxareebs warmoaCens: Riaoba da cvlilebebisadmi midrekileba,<br />
kulturuli moqniloba, Sereuli buneba, individualizmi da simyife<br />
koleqtiuri kuTvnilebis doneze. rogorc mTel ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi, kreoli,<br />
kreolurobis gareT Tu mis sazRvrebSi, upirispirdeba kulturul<br />
TviTmy<strong>of</strong>adobas. sxvaTa Soris, es daskvna adasturebs kreoluri<br />
sazogadoebebis xSirad aRniSnul modernulobas. karibis regionisa da
indoeTis okeaniis sakiTxebiT dakavebuli zogierTi mkvlevari miuTiTebs<br />
am arealze mosaxle xalxebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sust sanaTesao<br />
struqturaze, individualizmsa da urTierTobaTa pragmatul xasiaTze;<br />
sxvebi yuradRebas amaxvileben “droebiT”, kulturuli kuTvnilebis<br />
gardamaval da moZrav kategoriaze. Cemi mxriv, aRvniSnavdi, rom<br />
kreolizaciis koncefcia, romelic am bolo dros anTropologiaSi<br />
gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove rTuli movlenebis analizis procesSi,<br />
kreoluri sazogadoebebisaTvis saukuneebis manZilze arsebuli realoba<br />
iyo.<br />
literatura:<br />
literatura:<br />
I. gregori beiTson, (1972). “mopovebuli eTnografiuli masalis gaazrebis cdebi”. ix.<br />
Steps to an Ecology <strong>of</strong> Mind. New York: Basic Books.<br />
II. bitoni, patrik (1977 [1859]) kreolebi da kuliebi, anu xuTi weli mavrikze. londoni,<br />
kenikati.<br />
III. gaeTan benua (1985) afro-mavrikeli: esse. mavriki, moka: mahaTma gandis instituti;<br />
IV. Tomas h. eriqseni, kulturul sxvaobaTa da kuTvnilebaTa urTierTmimarTebis<br />
sakiTxi: eTnikuroba da nacionalizmi mavrikSi. oslo, socialuri anTropologiis<br />
departamenti.<br />
V. misive _ multieTnikurobis problemebi: gakveTili 1999w. mavrikis areulobebisa.<br />
leqcia wakiTxuli konferenciaze “nacionalizmi, identuroba da umciresobaTa<br />
uflebebi”, bristolis universiteti, 16-19 seqtemberi, 1999 w.<br />
VI. jonaTan fridmeni (1994) kulturuli identuroba da globaluri procesi, londoni,<br />
SAGE.<br />
VII. ulf hanerzi (1992) kulturuli dilema: kvlevebi kulturuli organizaciis<br />
analizisa. niu-iorki: Columbia University Press.<br />
VIII. Penguin Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Language (1999). Harmondsworth: Penguin.<br />
IX. bernardin de san-pieri (1983 [1773]) Voyage à L'Ile de France, parizi, maspero<br />
X. hiu tinkeri (1974) monobis axali forma: induri samuSao xelis eqsporti okeanis<br />
gaRma 1880-1920. oqsfordi: Oxford University Press.
komentarebi mTargmnelisagan:<br />
1. kari kari ( (curry) ( ( ) ) _ _ cxare induri (Tamiluri) kerZi xorciTa da<br />
bostneuliT, Cveulebriv, miirTmeven brinjTan erTad.<br />
2. kuliebi kuliebi _ arapr<strong>of</strong>esionali, aradaxelovnebuli muSaxeli<br />
indoeTSi, CineTSi da sxva aRmosavluri qveyanaSi.<br />
aseve warsulSi indoelis aRsaniSnavadac ixmareboda (uxeSi forma).<br />
warmoiSva Telugiuri da Tamiluri sityvidan “dRiuri muSa;<br />
daqiravebuli”<br />
3. regi regi _ _ vestinduri warmoSobis musikaluri stili, romelic,<br />
socialuri da politikuri Tematikis simRerebis wyalobiT,<br />
popularul mimdinareobad iqca 1960-iani wlebis iamaikaSi.<br />
4. rastafarianizmi<br />
rastafarianizmi rastafarianizmi – iamaikuri warmoSobis seqta, romelic<br />
Savkanian adamianebs rCeul xalxad ganixilavda da miiCnevda, rom<br />
vestindoelebi odesRac daubrundebodnen afrikas. isini eTiopiis<br />
y<strong>of</strong>il imperators hail selasis (1916-30ww.Si swored ras tafaris<br />
saxeliT cnobils) mesiad miiCnevdnen.<br />
5. stil stil bendi bendi ( (steel ( band) _ musikaluri jgufi, romelic ukravs<br />
vestindur liTonis tamtamebze.<br />
inglisuridan inglisuridan Targmna Targmna SoTa SoTa SoTa xinCagaSvilma<br />
xinCagaSvilma
svan svante svan te korneli<br />
korneli<br />
religia, religia, rogorc rogorc faqtori faqtori kavkasiur<br />
kavkasiur<br />
konfliqtebSi<br />
konfliqtebSi<br />
svante korneli _ postsabWouri sivrcis<br />
erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobebisa da samxreT-<br />
dasavleT aziis regionuli politikis mkvlevari.<br />
misi gansakuTrebuli interesis sagans warmoagens<br />
Tanamedrove samxreT kavkasiis saWirboroto<br />
sakiTxebi _ eTnopolitika, avtonomiuri sistemebi<br />
da separatizmi. daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze'”separatistuli<br />
avtonomiebi: eTnoteritoriuloba da konfliqti samxreT kavkasiaSi”. 2000<br />
wlis bolos gamovida misi cnobili naSromi “patara erebi da didi<br />
interesebi: kavkasiis eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebis kvleva.” winamdebare<br />
Targmanic udaod mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli sakiTxebiT dainteresebuli<br />
pirebisTvis. masSi sakmaod sainteresodaa ganxiluli saqarTvelosa da<br />
Cvens mezobel qveynebSi datrialebuli sisxliani konfliqtebi; korneli<br />
gverds uvlis hanTingtonis koncefciis zogadi gadamRerebis tendencias<br />
da kompenentur analizs ukeTebs regionSi eTnikurobis ukiduresi<br />
politizaciis, rogorc sisxliani omebis mTavar gamomwvev mizezs.<br />
1980-iani wlebis bolodan kavkasiaSi mimdinare konfliqtebi mediaSi<br />
da samecniero wreebSi, ZiriTadad, ganixileboda religiur<br />
konfliqtebad. konfliqtis monawile mxareebs Soris arsebuli
eligiuri gansxvavebebi xazgasmulia da xSirad gazviadebulic ki.<br />
kavkasia ganixileba “civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” magaliTad. am statiis<br />
mizania, eWvi Seitanos kavkasiuri konfliqtebis amgvar SefasebaSi,<br />
daamtkicos, rom religia mcire rols asrulebda am konfliqtebSi,<br />
romlebic uTuod eTnopolitikuri da teritoriuli xasiaTisaa. aq ar<br />
momxdara gare Zalebis SemWidroeba religiuri niSniT. empiriuli<br />
sinamdvile gviCvenebs, rom religiam, eTnikurobasTan SedarebiT,<br />
gacilebiT naklebi roli iTamaSa.<br />
“sajaroobis” periodSi, 1986 wels, kavkasiaSi 5 Tu 8 eTnikuri<br />
konfliqti mZvinvarebda [1] . nawilobriv am mizeziT, nawilobriv ki<br />
regionsa da mis Crdiloel mezoblebs Soris Zveli kavSirebis aRdgenis<br />
gamo, garkveul wreebSi kvlav damkvidrda kavkasiis, rogorc axlo<br />
aRmosavleTis «CrdiloeTidan Semkvrelis» Sefaseba. marTlac, sami<br />
kavkasiuri saxelmwifos urTierToba axlo aRmosavleTTan swrafad<br />
ganviTarda. somxeTi Tavis Tavs uwodebs «meore israels» am regionSi da,<br />
Tavisi identurobidan gamomdinare, ueWvelad aris axloaRmosavluri<br />
saxelmwifo [2] . saqarTvelos surs, daasabuTos Tavisi evropuli<br />
identuroba, azerbaijani ki, politikuri da socialuri orientaciis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, raRacnairad “gaCxerilia” dasavleTs, TurqeTs, iransa da<br />
ruseTs Soris.<br />
religia religia kavkasiur kavkasiur konfliqtebSi<br />
konfliqtebSi<br />
axlo aRmosavleTis msgavsad, eTnikuri da kulturuli<br />
mravalferovnebis cnobili faqtis gamo, kavkasia warmoadgens<br />
religiurad Wrel rukas. kavkasiaSi warmodgenilia oTxi ms<strong>of</strong>lio<br />
religia. religiuri mravalferovnebisa da eTnikuri konfliqtebis gamo,<br />
damkvirveblebi xedaven aSkara logikur kavSirs religiur da eTnikur<br />
faqtorebs Soris, amitomac esaxebaT religia gadamwyvet faqtorad<br />
kavkasiur konfliqtebSi. hanTingtonis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
“civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” Teoriis mxardamWerebma kavkasiis<br />
konfliqtebis empiriuli monacemebi imis dasturad miiCnies, rom<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi sazRvrebi civilizaciur mijnebze gadis, rac ZiriTadi<br />
safuZvelia civilizaciaTa day<strong>of</strong>isa religiuri niSniT [3] .
am statiis mizania, uaryos kavkasiis konfliqtebis, rogorc<br />
religiur gansxvavebebze damyarebuli dapirispirebis warmoCena.<br />
SevecdebiT imis damtkicebas, rom religia Zalze SezRudul rols<br />
TamaSobda regionis konfliqtebSi – mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac<br />
religia eTnikuri identurobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtoria. am<br />
konteqstSi SeiZleba imis mtkiceba, rom konfliqtebi bunebiT<br />
eTnopolitikuria, radganac eyrdnoba eTnikurobis (da ara religiis)<br />
politizacias.<br />
kavkasiis kavkasiis religiebi<br />
religiebi<br />
islamSi arsebobs ori mimdinareoba. Siituri islami<br />
azerbaijanelebis (75%) mTavari religiaa. is aris, agreTve,<br />
azerbaijaneli TaliSebisa da azerbaijanis teritoriaze mcxovrebi<br />
mcirericxovani daRestnuri eTnikuri jgufebis religia. sunituri<br />
tradiciebi arsebobs rogorc Safitebis skolaSi, daRestnis xalxebs<br />
Soris, aseve hanafis skolaSi, romelic CeCnebisa da inguSebis, Cerqezi<br />
xalxis (adiReelebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi), yaraCaelebisa da<br />
balyarelebis, saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi aWarlebis, aseve osTa<br />
umciresobisa (20-30%) da muslimi afxazebis (35%) religiaa [4] .<br />
qristianoba aseve sxvadasxva formiTaa warmodgenili kavkasiaSi.<br />
regionSi qristianobis ZiriTadi sayrdeni aris qarTuli orTodoqsuli<br />
da somxuri apostolur-orTodoqsuli eklesia. garda amisa, osebis<br />
umetesoba orTodoqsi qristiania [5] ; maT igive wes-Cveulebebi aqvT, rac<br />
rusebs. es ukanasknelni arian warmodgenili kavkasiaSi, rogorc<br />
axalmosaxleebi/xiznebi (uxeSi gamoTvlebiT, daaxloebiT 3% somxeTSi,<br />
4% azerbaijanSi, 6% saqarTveloSi, isini arian agreTve CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasiaSi). afxazebis nawili qristiania, nawili ki mahmadiani. saerTod,<br />
afxazebi warmarTuli tradiciebis SenarCunebis, islamisa da<br />
qristianobis Serevis da, sazogadod, dabali religiuri pr<strong>of</strong>ilis<br />
saintereso magaliTs warmoadgnen. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg<br />
dasavleT evropidan kavkasiaSi ramdenime protestantulma misiam SeaRwia,<br />
magram maT cota mimdevari gamouCnda.
kavkasiaSi aseve warmodgenilia iudaizmi adgilobrivi TaTebis anu<br />
mTaSi mcxovreb ebraelTa saxiT, romlebic cxovroben azerbaijansa da<br />
daRestanSi. maT kargi urTierToba aqvT regionis saxelmwifoebTan. isini<br />
siamayiT amboben: “mTels ms<strong>of</strong>lioSi mxolod or adgilze cxovroben<br />
ebraelebi ase erTad _ israelSi da aq” [6] . TaTebis garda, aSqenazi<br />
ebraelebi cxovroben baqoSi, Tumca maTi umetesoba emigraciaSi wavida<br />
israelSi. es iyo ara diskriminaciis, aramed zogadad qveyanaSi arsebuli<br />
metad mZime pirobebis Sedegi. ebraul Tems emateba agreTve daaxloebiT<br />
20000 qarTveli ebraeli.<br />
dasasruls, budizmi, romelic ruseTis axlandeli konstituciis<br />
Tanaxmad, erT-erTi “adgilobrivi” religiaa, aris yalmuxebis religia,<br />
romlebic cxovroben kaspiis zRvis Crdilo-dasavleT sanapiroze,<br />
daRestnis CrdiloeTiT. yalmuxeTi, Cveulebriv, ar ganixileba kavkasiis<br />
nawilad, magram is arc ruseTis sxva regionis nawilia. garda amisa,<br />
urTierTkavSiri yalmuxebsa da maT samxreTkavkasiel xalxebs Soris<br />
Rrmavdeba.<br />
cxadia, rom kavkasia religiurad Zalze mravalferovani regionia.<br />
amave dros, aq vxedavT ramdenime mimdinare da potenciur konfliqts<br />
eTnikur jgufebs Soris. 1980-iani ww. bolodan mimdinare xuTma<br />
SeiaraRebulma konfliqtma ubedureba daatexa kavkasias. esenia: mTiani<br />
yarabaRis konfliqti, erTis mxriv, azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs, meore<br />
mxriv, azerbaijanelebsa da mTiani yarabaRis somxebs Soris, romelmac<br />
ifeTqa 1987 wels; afxazeTisa da saqarTvelos konfliqti, romelic<br />
daiwyo 1988 wels, magram omSi mxolod 1992 wels gadaizarda; 1989 wlis<br />
samxreT oseTisa da saqarTvelos konfliqti; CeCnebisa da rusebis<br />
konfliqti, romelic daiwyo 1991 wels, magram misi eskalacia moxda 1994<br />
wels; da bolos, 1992 wlis oqtomber-noembris CrdiloeT oseTisa da<br />
inguSeTis konfliqti.<br />
am xuTidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo mTiani yarabaRisa da<br />
CeCneTis konfliqtebi. am ukanasknelze kvali afxazeTis konfliqtmac<br />
datova. dasavleTis masmedia am or konfliqts, rogorc wesi,<br />
Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: “konfliqti qriastian somxebsa da muslim<br />
azerbaijanelebs,” an “muslim CeCnebsa da orTodoqs rusebs” Soris. es<br />
Sefaseba tipiuria dasavluri masmediisaTvis da xSirad warmoadgens
konfliqtebis mizezTa axsnis safuZvels. religiuri gansxvavebebis<br />
arseboba sakmaris safuZvlad miiCneva SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisaTvis.<br />
amis Sedegad mcivilizciaTa Sejaxebis Teoretikosebma, magaliTad, s.f.<br />
hanTingtonma, gamoiyenes kavkasiis SemTxveva, gansakuTrebiT mTiani<br />
yarabaRis konfliqti, axla ki CeCneTs CaeWidnen, rogorc civilizaciaTa<br />
dapirispirebis magaliTs. erTi SexedviT, faqtebi TiTqos adasturebs<br />
konfliqtebis amgvar interpretacias. xuTi konfliqtidan sami TiTqos<br />
aSkara religiuri xasiaTisa iyo, meoTxe _ naklebad, xolo mexuTes<br />
amasTan saerTo araferi hqonda. pirveli sami SemTxvevaa: 1) mTiani<br />
yarabaRis konfliqti, sadac erTmaneTs daupirispirdnen somexi<br />
orTodoqsi qristianebi da muslimi azerbaijanelebi; 2) CeCneTSi _<br />
orTodoqsi qristiani rusebisa da suniti muslimi CeCnebis konfliqti; 3)<br />
prigorodnis raionis konfliqti orTodoqs-qristian osebsa da sunit<br />
inguSebs Soris. afxazeTis konfliqts Sualeduri adgili ukavia,<br />
radganac aq dapirispirebuli arian, erTi mxriv, qristiani qarTvelebi<br />
da, meore mxriv, nawilobriv qristiani, nawilobriv ki muslimi afxazebi,<br />
orive SemTxvevaSi Zlieri warmarTuli gavleniT. da bolos,<br />
saqarTvelosa da samxreT oseTs Soris konfliqtSi ar figurirebs<br />
religiuri faqtori, radganac orive mxare orTodoqsi qristiania.<br />
am konteqstSi, Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom religias ar hqonda<br />
araviTari mniSvneloba am konfliqtebSi. es arc aris am statiis mizani.<br />
amasTanave, SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT im TvalsazrisSi, romelic religias<br />
am konfliqtebis katalizatorad miiCnevs. es azri damtkicebuli iqneba<br />
empiriulad, qvemoT moyvanili dakvirvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. èèè<br />
religiuri religiuri konfliqtis konfliqtis konfliqtis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
maxasiaTeblebi<br />
imisTvis, rom religiuri maxasiaTebliT aRvweroTYkonfliqti, ar<br />
aris sakmarisi mxolod is, rom konfliqtSi monawile mxareebi sxvadasxva<br />
religiis mimdevrebi iyvnen. religia unda idges konfliqtis dRis<br />
wesrigSi. religia unda iyos konfliqtis sakiTxi, an konfliqti,<br />
monawile mxareTagan erT-erTis mier mainc, unda gaiazrebodes<br />
gamokveTili religiuri terminebiT. amasTanave, erT-erTi mxare unda<br />
moelodes sxva qveynebSi erTmorwmuneTa gaerTianebas,rogorc<br />
konfliqtze reaqcias. SeiZleba isaubro konfliqtSi religiis faqtoris
CarTvaze, Tu qvemoTmoyvanili pirobebidan erT-erTi mainc<br />
dakmay<strong>of</strong>ilebulia:<br />
1. erT-erTi mxare mainc mimarTavs azrovnebis religiur aspeqts,<br />
raTa moaxdinos konfliqturi qcevis dakanoneba.<br />
2. partiaTa polarizacia ganmtkicebulia religiuri<br />
identurobiT an Teologiuri perspeqtivebiT [7] .<br />
kavkasiuri kavkasiuri kavkasiuri konfliqtebi<br />
konfliqtebi<br />
kavkasiuri konfliqtebis analizisa da maTi bunebis<br />
identificirebis mcdelobisas SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom konfliqtebis<br />
ZiriTadi safuZveli teritoriis kontrolia. kavkasiis oTxi konfliqti<br />
moicavs eTnikur avtonomiur teritoriebs, romelTa liderebi cdiloben<br />
gamoglijon isini Sesabamisi centraluri xelisuflebis kontrols.<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlidan da arsebuli konstituciuri vakuumidan<br />
gamomdinare, TxuTmetive mokavSire respublikas erTdroulad mieca<br />
damoukideblobis gamocxadebis SesaZlebloba. mxolod prigorodnis<br />
SemTxvevaa gansxvavebuli. es aris konfliqti teritoriis nawilisaTvis<br />
ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval or respublikas Soris, romelic erT<br />
dros inguSeTis kontrolis qveS iyo, magram 1944 wels gadaeca<br />
CrdiloeT oseTs [8] . statiaSi mocemulia TiToeuli konfliqtis mokle<br />
istoria, raTa ukeTesad CavwvdeT regionSi konfliqtebis dinamikas.<br />
mTiani mTiani yarabaRi<br />
yarabaRi<br />
mravali faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti<br />
udides safrTxes uqmnida saerTaSoriso uSiSroebas. is Seicavda rogorc<br />
Sidasaxelmwifo (mTiani yarabaRi azerbaijanis winaaRmdeg), aseve<br />
saxelmwifoTa Soris (azerbaijani somxeTis winaaRmdeg) ganzomilebas,<br />
agreTve regionuli eskalaciis potencials, radgan masSi SesaZloa<br />
CarTuliyo TurqeTi, irani da ruseTi. mTiani yarabaRis konfliqti<br />
SeiZleba CaiTvalos gamonaklis SemTxvevad sabWoTa erovnul<br />
politikaSi: sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebobda ori somxuri politikuri<br />
erTeuli _ somxeTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublika da mTiani<br />
yarabaRis avtonomiuri olqi. am dros ki, vTqvaT, somxebs saqarTveloSi<br />
ar hqondaT avtonomia; arc azerbaijanelebs _ saqarTveloSi an
daRestanSi. arc rusebi sargeblobdnen aseTi uflebiT yazaxeTSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom erTobis saxelwodeba geografiulia da ara<br />
eTnopolitikuri.<br />
dapirispirebam azerbaijanelebsa da somxebs Soris pirvelad<br />
ifeTqa 1905 wels, ruseTis pirveli revoluciis dros da kvlav iCenda<br />
xolme Tavs sabWoTa saxelmwifos sisustis Jams [9] . samxreT kavkasiis<br />
damoukideblobis xanmokle periodi 1918-1920 wlebs Soris, aRsavse iyo<br />
konfliqtebiT [10] . 1987 wels centridan zewolis Sesustebam gamoiwvia<br />
faruli daZabulobis xelaxali eskalacia [11] . “perestroikis” dros<br />
konfliqti kvlav aRmocenda rogorc saxalxo demonstraciebis, aseve<br />
politikuri brZolis saxiT, ramac gamoiwvia Zalmomreobis eskalacia.<br />
teritoria, sadac somxebi da azarbaijanelebi gverdigverd cxovrobdnen,<br />
ormxrivi eTnikuri wmendis areali gaxda. 1988 wlis TebervalSi<br />
adgilobrivma sabWoebma mimarTes azerbaijanis, somxeTisa da sabWoTa<br />
kavSiris umaRles sabWoebs, raTa mTiani yarabaRi somxeTis sabWoTa<br />
respublikis iurisdiqciaSi gadasuliyo. es Txovna baTilad da<br />
Zaladakargulad scno azerbaijanisa da sabWoTa kavSiris xelisuflebam.<br />
aman gamoiwvia Zalmomreobis afeTqeba yarabaRis mosaxleobis jgufebs<br />
Soris, rasac mohyva sumgaiTis tragedia, sadac somxebi eTnikuri<br />
Zaladobis msxverpli gaxdnen. rbevas xelmZRvanelobdnen somxeTidan<br />
devnili azerbaijanelebi [12] .<br />
1990-91 ww. mimdinareobda araorganizebuli partizanuli omi,<br />
rogorc yarabaRsa da mis SemogarenSi, aseve azerbaijan-somxeTis mTel<br />
sasazRvro teritoriaze [13] . am fonze orive mxarem, gansakuTrebiT ki<br />
somxeTma, daiwyo SeiaraReba. sul male mZime SeiaraRebac gamoCnda [14] . 1991<br />
wlis agvistos moskovis putCis periods daemTxva situaciis<br />
mniSvnelovani gauareseba da sabWoTa kavSiris kolafsi, rac imas<br />
niSnavda, rom sabWoTa saxelmwifos centraluri mmarTveloba<br />
azerbaijansa da somxeTSi swrafad sustdeboda, es ki ori qveynis<br />
damoukideblobasTan erTad iwvevda konfliqtis internacionalizacias.<br />
saqme srulmasStabiani omisaken midioda. momdevno or weliwadSi<br />
somxeTis SeiaraRebulma Zalebma moaxerxes kontrolis damyareba mTian<br />
yarabaRze, aseve azerbaijanis dasavleT da CrdiloeT teritoriebze,<br />
rasac mohyva ltolvilTa 800000 kaciani nakadi [15] .
1994 wels miRweul iqna cecxlis Sewyveta, romelic dRemde<br />
SenarCunebulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris ar<br />
dganan samSvidobo Zalebi, adgili hqonda mxolod mcireoden Setakebebs.<br />
saerTaSoriso molaparakebebi, mimarTuli mxareTa daaxloebisaken,<br />
marcxiT damTavrda, miuxedavad euTos (OSCE) minskis jgufis mxridan<br />
intensiuri saSuamavlo mcdelobebisa, romelsac saerTaSoriso mandati<br />
aqvs konfliqtis gadawyvetisTvis.<br />
afxazeTi<br />
afxazeTi<br />
im konfliqtTagan, romlebic Tavs daatyda saqarTvelos<br />
damoukideblobis mopovebamde, yvelaze sastiki da mZime iyo afxazeTis<br />
konfliqti. saqarTvelos damoukideblobamde afxazeTi avtonomiuri<br />
sabWoTa socialisturi respublika iyo. afxazebi saqarTveloSi<br />
mcxovrebi 80 eTnikuri jgufidan yvelaze mousvenarni da ricxobrivad<br />
mniSvnelovani iyvnen saqarTvelosTvis. saqarTvelos mTliani mosaxleoba<br />
5,4 milions Seadgenda. qveyanaSi cxovrobda 95000 afxazi. afxazeTi<br />
gasabWoebul iqna 1921 wlis martSi da iwoda afxazeTis sabWoTa<br />
socialistur respublikad, rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris xelSekrulebaze<br />
Tavisi surviliT xelmomweri mxare da cnobil iqna saqarTvelos<br />
revoluciuri komitetis mier. swored es aris is safuZveli, romelze<br />
dayrdnobiT afxazebi moiTxoven damoukideblobas [16].<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris dros arsebul daZabulobaTa (romlebic<br />
drodadro amoxeTqavda xolme) gamomJRavnebis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze<br />
TvalsaCino iyo 1988 weli. ,,perestroikis’’ pirobebSi rogorc<br />
saqarTvelom, aseve afxazeTma ipoves saSualebebi damoukideblobis<br />
Taobaze TavianT moTxovnaTa gamarTlebisTvis [17] . 1988 wels eqvsma<br />
afxazma liderma sabWoTa xelmZRvanelobas miswera werili, sadac<br />
Camoyalibebuli iyo pretenziebi saqarTvelos mimarT [18] . 1989 wlis<br />
martSi, igive forumma Seadgina peticia, romliTac moiTxova afxazeTis<br />
respublikis reinstitucionalizacia sabWoTa kavSiris respublikad, rac<br />
saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan gasvlas niSnavda. am moTxovnam mxardaWera<br />
hpova afxazeTis araafxazi mosaxleobis udides nawilSi. 1989 wlis<br />
zafxulis SetakebebSi Tormeti kaci daiRupa da ramdenime aseuli daiWra
[19] . 1990 wlis agvistoSi, regionis umaRlesma sabWom afxazeTi gamoacxada<br />
sruluflebian mokavSire respublikad, riTac gamoeyo saqarTvelos.<br />
konfliqtis mTavar katalizatorad iqca 1991 wlis martis<br />
sayovelTao sakavSiro referendumi, romelic gorbaCovis mier<br />
warmodgenil samokavSireo xelSekrulebas efuZneboda. saqarTvelos<br />
xelmZRvanelobam aukrZala qveynis mosaxleobas am referendumSi<br />
monawileoba. miuxedavad amisa, afxazebma, romlebic dadebiTad iyvnen<br />
ganwyobilni sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebisadmi, referendumSi<br />
monawileoba da mtkiced dauWires mxari sabWoTa kavSiris SenarCunebas.<br />
afxazeTma aRadgina 1925 wlis konstitucia, romelic mas gansazRvravda<br />
rogorc damoukidebel, magram “specialuri xelSekrulebis safuZvelze<br />
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialistur respublikasTan gaerTianebul<br />
respublikas” [20] . amiT man praqtikulad gamoacxada Adamoukidebloba,<br />
Tumca Ria datova kari saqarTvelosTan federaciuli gaerTianebisTvis<br />
[21] .<br />
am qmedebaze saqarTvelos reaqcia gamomJRavnda 14 agvistos<br />
samxedro moqmedebebiT. es xorcieldeboda im SeiaraRebuli<br />
dajgufebebis mier, romlebic naklebad kontrolirdebodnen<br />
saxelmwifos mier. ukandaxeulma afxazurma SenaerTebma mxardaWera<br />
miiRes CrdiloeTidan, saidanac Crdilo kavkasieli moxaliseebi,<br />
ZiriTadad Cerqezebi da CeCnebi, moevlinen maT mSvelelad. ramdenime<br />
kviris ganmavlobaSi qarTuli SeiaraRebuli Zalebi ukan ixevdnen<br />
gaiZvera rusi samxedro SenaerTebis moqmedebaTa wyalobiT, romlebic<br />
sinamdvileSi afxazebs uWerdnen mxars [22] . omi gagrZelda zamTramde,<br />
rodesac saomari moqmedebebi droebiT Sewyda.<br />
1993 wlis martSi afxazebma ganaaxles Setevebi CrdiloeT regionSi<br />
ganlagebuli sayrdeni punqtebidan da seqtemberSi, saqarTveloSi<br />
Sinaareulobis dros, aiRes qalaqi soxumi, aiZules saqarTvelos<br />
prezidenti e. SevardnaZe, qalaqidan gaqceuliyo. amis Sedegad, afxazeTis<br />
mTeli teritoria moeqca afxazuri mTavrobis kontrolqveS [23] .<br />
afxazeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi Zalismieri gziT, eTnikuri wmendis<br />
Sedegad iqnen gamoyrilni. gaeros damkvirveblebma daaskvnes, rom orive<br />
mxare damnaSave iyo adamianTa uflebebis aSkara darRvevaSi [24] . gaerom,<br />
romelic mTavari mediatori iyo afxazeTSi, miuxedavad molaparsakebebis
amdenime raundisa, konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi marcxi ganicada..<br />
daZabuloba kvlav didi iyo da saomari moqmedebebi ganaxlda 1998 wlis<br />
maisSi, afxazeTis samxreTiT, galis regionSi, romelic sakuTriv<br />
saqarTvelos esazRvreba. aman gaaqarwyla axlo momavalSi konfliqtis<br />
gadwyvetis yvela imedi.<br />
samxreT samxreT oseTi<br />
oseTi<br />
samxreT oseTSi procesebi, romlebic gamoaSkaravda 1989 wels,<br />
xanmokle periodis manZilze ganviTarda. 1987 wlidan saqarTveloSi<br />
politikuri atmosfero TandaTan nacionalisturi da Sovinisturi<br />
xdeboda, gansakuTrebiT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb erovnul umciresobebTan<br />
mimarTebaSi. 1988 wlis noemberSi miRebul iqna kanoni, romelmac<br />
ganamtkica qarTuli enis poziciebi saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze [25] .<br />
es SeiZleba miCneul iqnes centrsa da regions Soris “kanonTa omis”<br />
mosamzadebel safexurad, romelic seriozulad daiwyo 1989 wlis<br />
damdegs [26] . amasobaSi, axlad formirebulma osurma saxalxo frontma<br />
“adamon nixasma” [27] gamoxata Tavisi mxardaWera afxazTa mier<br />
saqarTvelos Semadgenlobidan gasvlis moTxovnebisadmi da gagzavna<br />
peticia moskovSi, CrdiloeT da samxreT oseTis gaerTianebis moTxovniT<br />
[28] . 10 noembers samxreT oseTis uzenaesma sabWom aamaRla avtonomiuri<br />
sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis statusi. saqarTvelos parlamentma<br />
dauyovnebliv gaauqma es gadawyvetileba da saqarTvelos<br />
xelmZRvanelobam moawyo marSi cxinvalze im sababiT, rom unda daecva<br />
qalaqis qarTuli umravlesoba [29] . SeiaraRebuli Setakeba Tavidan iqna<br />
acilebuli sabWoTa kavSiris Sinagani Zalebis mier. qarTvelTa<br />
gamodevnas Tan axlda osebis gadaadgileba CrdiloeT oseTisaken. maTi<br />
raodenoba 30000 – 100000 kacs Soris meryeobda. aq Sediodnen is osebic,<br />
romlebic cxovrobdnen samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri regionis gareT [30] .<br />
1991 wlis Sua xanebSi saqarTvelo bombavda samxreT oseTis<br />
dedaqalaqs, im mizniT, rom mosaxleoba iZulebuli gamxdariyo, iqidan<br />
gaqceuliyo. noemberSi adgili hqonda mZevlad ayvanis seriebs da<br />
cxinvali alyaSemortymul iqna qarTuli jaris mier. Crdilokavkasieli<br />
moxaliseebi mzad iyvnen intervenciisaTvis da ruseTmac Riad daiWira<br />
osebis mxare. situaciis seriozuloba da aqamde lokaluri konfliqtis
farTo kavkasiur omSi gadazrdis SesaZlebloba, romelic awonasworebda<br />
saqarTvelosa da ruseTs, iyo xelSemwyobi faqtori SevardnaZisa<br />
(romlic prezident z. gamsaxurdias gandevnis Semdeg axali mosuli iyo<br />
xelisuflebaSi) da boris elcinis erTmaneTTan daaxloebisaTvis. 1992<br />
wlis 22 ivniss orma liderma xeli moawera soWis SeTanxmebas, CrdiloeT<br />
da samxreT oseTis liderTa TandaswrebiT, romelTac xeli ar moaweres<br />
mas. gansakuTrebiT samxreT oseTis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen ukmay<strong>of</strong>ilo<br />
misi formulirebiT. cecxlis Sewyveta ar momxdara 28 ivniss da<br />
samSvidobo Zalebi, romelic Sedgebodnen rusebis, qarTvelebis da<br />
osebisgan, Cadga konfliqtis zonaSi. 14 ivliss pirveli<br />
mSvidobismy<strong>of</strong>elebi ganlagdnen poziciebze da mas Semdeg saomari<br />
moqmedebebi Sewyvetilia.<br />
CeCneTi<br />
CeCneTi<br />
istoriulad, CeCnebi yvelaze metad ewinaaRmdegebodnen ruseTis<br />
mmarTvelobis miRebas. isini ruseTis winaaRmdeg sxva xalxebze xSirad<br />
da xangrZlivad janydebodnen da amis Sedegad maT ufro meti represiebi<br />
igemes ruseTisagan, vidre maTma mezoblebma [31] . 1989-1990 wlebis<br />
“suverenitetis paradis” dros CeCnebis reaqcia volgispireTis<br />
TaTrebisgan da mezobeli respublikebisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo.<br />
CeCnebis erovnuli moZraoba ufro radikaluri, ufro emociuri<br />
datvirTvis matarebeli gaxda, vidre sabWoTa kavSirSi arsebuli sxva<br />
saxalxo frontebi. garda amisa, CeCnebis mdgomareoba, CrdiloeT<br />
kavkasiis sxva erebTan SedarebiT, demografiuli TvalsazrisiT, ukeTesi<br />
iyo. maTi ricxvi erT milions udrida. am faqtma, CeCnebis gabedulebasTan<br />
erTad, agreTve im movlenam, rom CeCnebis erovnul moZraobaSi<br />
dominirebdnen CeCnuri sazogadoebis radikaluri Zalebi, moamzada<br />
niadagi moskovTan konfliqtisaTvis.<br />
1990 wlis noemberSi groznoSi Catarda CeCenTa sayovelTao<br />
kongresi, sadac mkafiod gamoikveTa joxar dudaevis qarizmatuli<br />
pirovneba [32] . 1991 wlis agvistos gadatrialeba iqca signalad<br />
dudaevisTvis, romelmac moiwvia erovnuli kongresi da amxila<br />
gadatrialeba, rasac CeCneTis <strong>of</strong>icialuri lideri, doku zavgaevi<br />
usityvod daeTanxma. seqtemberSi ZaliT iqna garekili respublikis
umaRlesi sabWo [ 33] . dudaevma 27 oqtombrisTvis saprezidento arCevnebi<br />
daniSna da droulad _ 2 noembramde, damoukideblobis gamocxadebis<br />
dRemde _ iqna arCeuli prezidentad. rusebis mxridan separatizmis<br />
CaxSobis mcdelobas CeCnebis sapasuxo cecxli mohyva. amis Semdeg omi<br />
sami wliT Sewyda [34] .<br />
amasTanave, ruseTma 1993 wlis Sua xanebidan daiwyo dudaevis<br />
SeiaraRebuli opoziciis dafinanseba da gamxneveba. 1994 wlis dekemberSi,<br />
rodesac konfliqtSi misi monawileoba aSkara gaxda, ruseTma pirdapiri<br />
intervencia gadawyvita. 1994 wlis 11 dekembers ruseTis Zalebi SeiWrnen<br />
CeCneTSi, im rwmeniT, rom CeCneTs ramdenime kviraSi daaSoSminebdnen.<br />
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom es ase ar moxda. CeCnebma didi winaaRmdegoba<br />
gauwies rusebs. omi, sxvadasxva xangrZliobis pauzebiT, 1996 wlis<br />
seqtembramde gagrZelda. rusebma moaxerxes CeCneTis umetesi teritoriis<br />
okupireba, magram ver SeZles mTebSi asvla, saidanac ajanyebulebi<br />
agrZelebdnen winaaRmdegobas.<br />
1996 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi ruseTma uari Tqva sabrZolo<br />
operaciebis Sewyvetaze da CeCnebis poziciebs artileriis cecxli<br />
dauSina. CeCnebma masiuri SeteviT ieriSi miitanes groznoze da sxva<br />
mTavar qalaqebze da moaxerxes qalaqze kontrolis damyareba. es swored<br />
im dros moxda, rodesac elcini ruseTis prezidentis fics debda [35] .<br />
amas Sedegad mohyva molaparakebebis dawyeba, rac damTavrda 1996 wlis 28<br />
agvistos samSvidobo SeTanxmebiT [36] . sainteresoa erTi garemoeba: es<br />
SeTanxmeba ar Seicavda raime gadawyvetilebas CeCneTis statusis<br />
sakamaTo sakiTxze. radganac ruseTma uaryo, daTanxmeboda CeCneTis<br />
damoukideblobas da CeCneTmac iuara ruseTSi darCena, mxareebi<br />
SeTanxmdnen am sakiTxis 5 wliT _ Serigebamde da rekonstuqciamde _<br />
gadadebaze.<br />
CeCnurma mxarem es gamarjvebad miiRo da ganmarta ruseTis mier<br />
CeCneTis damoukideblobis aRiarebisken gadadgmul nabijad. magram<br />
ruseTi uary<strong>of</strong>s am interpretacias da amtkicebs, rom CeCneTs,<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTlis mixedviT, ara aqvs ruseTis federaciis<br />
Semadgenlobidan gasvlis ufleba. amas mravali damkvirvebeli eTanxmeba,<br />
Tumca arian mcirericxovanni, am naSromis avtoris CaTvliT, romlebic<br />
amtkiceben, rom arsebobs kanonieri safuZveli CeCneTis
damoukideblobisaTvis [37] . yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT arc erT<br />
qveyanas ar uRiarebia CeCneTi da, albaT, arc erTi maTgani ar cnobs mas,<br />
Tu ruseTma ar aRiara igi pirvelad. amasTanave, CeCneTma de facto moipova<br />
damoukideblobis iseTi xarisxi, romelic aSkarad aRemateba TaTarstanis<br />
statuss, da romelic avtonomiazec metia. CeCneTs yavs sakuTari, xalxis<br />
mier arCeuli mTavroba, Tavisi armiiT akontrolebs sakuTar sazRvrebs<br />
da gaaCnia damoukidebeli saxelmwifos yvela elementi. realurad,<br />
ruseTs ar gaaCnia administraciuli kontroli CeCneTze, ver<br />
axorcielebs federalur kanonebs am teritoriaze. amrigad, 1997 wlis<br />
maisis samSvidobo xelSekruleba SeiZleba interpretirdes CeCneTis<br />
gasvlad ruseTis federaciidan [38] . rogorc paul goblma aRniSna, CeCneTi<br />
da ruseTi am droisaTvis SeiZleba SeTanxmdnen im formulaze, romlis<br />
ZaliTac CeCneTi yvelaferSi damoukidebelia, oRond ara aqvs Sesabamisi<br />
statusi [39] .<br />
prigorodni<br />
prigorodni<br />
Cven ar mogvepoveba masalebi inguSebsa da osebs Soris arsebul<br />
istoriul konfliqtebze. SesaZloa, arsebobda azri, rom inguSebi, aseve<br />
sxva adgilobrivi kavkasieli xalxebi arian arian mTielebi mTielebi, mTielebi xolo osebi, e.w.<br />
“mTiswineTelebi,” aris xalxi, romlebic cxovroben rogorc mTaSi, aseve<br />
barSi. ufro metic, inguSebi adgilobrivebi arian, maSin rodesac osebi<br />
regionSi dasaxldnen mxolod VI saukuneSi. es ori xalxi sxvadasxva<br />
aRmsareblobisaa. inguSebi arian suniti muslimebi, osebi ki _<br />
umeteswilad orTodoqsi qristianebi. problemas safuZveli Caeyara meore<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lio omis dros, rodesac inguSebi centralur aziasa da cimbirSi<br />
deportirebul xalxebs Soris aRmoCndnen. radganac CeCneT-inguSeTis<br />
avtonomiuri sabWoTa socialisturi respublika gauqmebul iqna 1946<br />
wlis ivnisSi, misi teritoria daiSala da gadanawilda mis mezoblebs<br />
Soris [40] . yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom qalaq vladikavkazis<br />
prigorodnis raioni, romelic qalaqs CrdiloeTidan, aRmosavleTidan da<br />
samxreTidan esazRvreba, gadaeca CrdiloeT oseTs. deportaciisTvis<br />
gankuTvnil regionad miCneul iqna inguSeTis teritoriis naxevari [41] .<br />
rodesac 1957 wlis noemberSi CeCneT-inguSeTis avtonomiuri sabWoTa<br />
socialisturi respublika aRdgenil iqna winandel uflebebSi,
prigorodnis raioni darCa CrdiloeT oseTis SemadgenlobaSi da iq<br />
dabrunebul inguSebs TavianT saxlebSi osebi daxvdaT Sesaxlebuli,<br />
romelTac maT TavinT saxlebSi dabrunebis neba ar darTes [42] .<br />
miuxedavad amisa, 1989 wlisTvis bevrma inguSma, legalurad Tu<br />
aralegalurad, moaxerxa prigorodniSi dabruneba da am raionis<br />
garkveul nawilebSi umravlesoba Seadgina. ,,perestroikis’’ dros<br />
inguSebma miznad daisaxes prigorodnis raionis dabruneba TavianTi<br />
kontolis qveS. boris elcinma Tavdapirvelad keTilganwyoba gamoiCina<br />
inguSTa moTxovnebis mimarT da im komisiam, romelic iZiebda am saqmes,<br />
aRmoaCina, rom inguSTa moTxovnebi kargad iyo dasabuTebuli.<br />
CrdiloeT oseTSi, romelic am axali politikuri situaciis winaSe<br />
aRmoCnda, gabatondnen is komunisturi Zalebi, romelTac surdaT Zveli<br />
wesrigis aRdgena. unda aRiniSnos, rom maT TavianTi sabWouri saxeli<br />
bolo dromde SeinarCunes [43] . rogorc erTi rusi damkvirvebeli<br />
aRniSnavda, “sabWoTa supersaxelmwifos wyobilebisa da samxedro-<br />
administraciuli sistemis dangreva patara oseTSi aRqmul iqna ara<br />
rogorc gaTavisufleba da erovnulobis gamococxleba, aramed sagareo<br />
usafrTxoebisa da saSinao stabilurobis kompleqsis darRveva” [44] .<br />
amasobaSi situacia uaresdeboda. 1991 wlis martSi inguSTa<br />
SeiaraRebulma Zalebma scades ZaliT daebrunebinaT TavianTi saxlebi da<br />
aprilSi moxda Setakebebi inguSebsa da osebs Soris, ris Sedegadac erTi<br />
osi daiRupa da ToTxmeti inguSi daiWra. 1992 wlis oqtomberSi, osebis<br />
tankis inguS gogonaze gadavlis faqti sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom<br />
regionSi dawyebuliyo xanmokle samoqalaqo omi, romelmac 600 kaci<br />
Seiwira. rusebma osebis mxare daiWires konfliqtis dasasruls da<br />
gaasaxles prigorodnis raionis inguSebi. molaparakebebs araviTari<br />
Sedegi ar mohyolia. arc ltolvilTa repatriacia momxdara da arc<br />
regionis statusi gansazRvrula. daZabulobam kvlav iCina Tavi 1996 wels<br />
da konfliqti kvlav gaRvivda.<br />
konfliqtebis konfliqtebis xasiaTi<br />
xasiaTi<br />
zemoT aRwerili xuTi konfliqti SeiZleba klasificirdes<br />
eTnopolitikur konfliqtebad. isini ar Seicavdnen ideologiur<br />
komponents da ekonomikuri faqtori mxolod konfliqtis xelisSemwyobad
gvevlineboda. mizezi, ris gamoc ori subieqti erTmaneTSi ver Tanxmdeba<br />
erTis mier raRac garkveuli teritoriis kontrolze, aris eTnikuroba,<br />
agreTve metoqeoba sxva eTnikuri erTobis mimarT da SiSi imisa, rom<br />
Senze ibatoneben sxva jgufis wevrebi. am TvalsazrisiT, konfliqtebis<br />
mTavari ganmsazRvrelia Tavdacvis problema, romelic SiSs efuZneba.<br />
sxvagvarad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris urTierTdapirispirebuli<br />
eTnikuri erTobebis SigniT arsebuli nacionalizmis gamovlineba; isini<br />
erTimeoriT sazrdooben da ZlivsZliobiT Tu iarsebeben erTimeoris<br />
gareSe. maT SeiZleba ewodoT politizebul eTnikurobaze damyarebuli<br />
eTnopolitikuri konfliqtebi.<br />
am eTnopolitikur konfliqtebSi religia xSirad asrulebs ori<br />
erTobis gammijnavi faqtoris rols. rodesac vsaubrobT eTnikurobaze,<br />
aucilebelia warmovaCinoT is gansxvavebebi, romelic arsebobs or jgufs<br />
Soris.<br />
yvela SemTxvevaSi meomari jgufebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian<br />
salaparako eniT, cxovroben erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT, aqvT<br />
sxvadasxvagvari socialuri organizacia, aqvT gansxvavebuli istoria da<br />
istoriografia da amasTanave mudmivi ormxrivi eWvi erTmaneTis miamrT.<br />
ramdenadac CeCnebi da rusebi, somxebi da azerbaijanelebi, inguSebi da<br />
osebi CarTulni arian erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi, sxvadasxva religiis<br />
aRmsarebloba iqca im damatebiT faqtorad, ramac gazarda ormxrivi<br />
SuRli da undobloba.<br />
eTnikurobis, eTnikurobis, da da ara ara religiis religiis, religiis politizacia<br />
politizacia<br />
politizacia<br />
sakiTxis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom swored eTnikuroba da ara<br />
religia iqna politizebuli. religias mxolod erT-erTi, Tavisi<br />
gansazRvruli adgili uWiravs eTnikuri identurobis ganmsazRvrel sxva<br />
faqtorebs Soris. magaliTad, saqarTvelos sabWoTa wyobilebis dros<br />
hqonda sami avtonomiuri teritoria: afxazeTi, aWara da samxreT oseTi.<br />
religiuri niSniT gansxvavebulia mxolod aWara, romelic dasaxlebuli<br />
iyo muslimi qarTvelebiT. magram im faqtma, rom aWarlebsa da<br />
qarTvelebs religiuri gansxvavebis miuxedavad, saerTo ena da<br />
identurobis mravali saerTo elementi aqvT, ganapiroba maT Soris<br />
Zalismieri dapirispirebis acileba. meores mxriv, afxazebis nawili
qristiania, osebic _ orTodoqsi qristianebi, magram eTnikuri<br />
identurobis yvela sxva determinanti maT qarTvelebisagan ganasxvavebs.<br />
am faqtis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saTanadod ver iqneba Sefasebuli am<br />
konfliqtebis simwvave. afxazeTis omSi xandaxan Cndeba konfliqtis<br />
gadawyvetasTan miaxloebis niSnebi, xandaxan ki igi iseTi gadauWreli<br />
Cans, rogorc CeCneTisa da mTiani yarabaRis konfliqtebi. afxazeTi<br />
erTaderTi konfliqtia, sadac 1998 wlis maisSi adgili hqonda omisaken<br />
aSkara mibrunebas.<br />
ganvixilavT ra religiuri konfliqtis zemoT aRniSnul or<br />
faqtors, sakmaod Zneli iqneba romelime, an erT-erTi maTganis mainc am<br />
konfliqtebTan misadageba. arcerT SemTxvevaSi, konfliqtis arc erTi<br />
monawile mxare ar mimarTavs religias imisTvis, rom moaxdinos<br />
konfliqtis legitimacia. miuxedavad amisa, WeSmaritebaa is faqti, rom<br />
Seurigebel mxareebs Soris azrTa garkveuli sxvadasxvaoba gadaizarda<br />
religiis eqstremistul interpretaciamde. es gansakuTrebiT marTebuli<br />
iqneba CeCneT-ruseTis omTan mimarTebaSi, sadac islami gamoyenebul iqna<br />
xalxis gaerTianebisaTvis. amasTanave, CeCneTis SemTxvevaSi wes-CveulebaTa<br />
an adaTis batonoba islamur kanonebze bevris gaocebas iwvevs [45] . yvela<br />
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac religias momarTavdnen, mas politikur<br />
instrumentad iyenebdnen. anatol lievenis sityviT, joxar dudaevma 1994<br />
wlis noemberSi aRniSna, rom SariaTis, islamuri kanonebis SemoReba<br />
iqneboda gza ruseTis agresiis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad; magram Tu<br />
rusebi Sewyvetdnen TavianT agresias, SariaTi gauqmdeboda [46] .<br />
faqtia, rom somxeT-azerbaijanis konfliqtisas somexi qristianebi<br />
da islamis mimdevari azerbaijanelebi SeuerTdnen TavianTi xalxis<br />
Sesabamis moTxovnebsa da demonstraciebs, romlebsac adgili hqonda 1988<br />
wlis TebervalSi. vazgen I-ma, somexTa kaTalikosma, 1988 wlis 25<br />
Tebervals werili miswera gorbaCovs da sTxova, rom mieRo<br />
mTianiYyarabaRis moTxovna somxeTTan SeerTebis Taobaze [ 47] . somxeTis<br />
televiziiT gamosvlisas man aseve mxari dauWira am moTxovnebs [48] .<br />
daaxloebiT amave dros umaRlesi samRvdeloeba Seikriba erevanSi da<br />
mTiani yarabaRis aneqsia moiTxova [49] . 1988 wlis miwuruls, aiaTola alah-<br />
Suqur faSazade, samxreT kavkasiis muslimTa lideri, gamovida<br />
sazogadoebis winaSe, mas Semdeg, rac igi gaakritikes Cumad y<strong>of</strong>nis gamo
da azerbaijanis mTavrobas TavdaWerilobisken mouwoda. muharamis<br />
dawyebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic SiitebisTvis glovis dRea, faSazadem<br />
brali dasdo islamis mtrebs da mouwoda morwmuneebs mobilizaciisaken<br />
[50] . vazgen I-ma axali deklaracia gamoaqveyna 1989 wels, sadac man<br />
daadastura Tavisi mrwamsi mTiani yarabaRis TviTgamorkvevis Taobaze [51] .<br />
miuxedavad amisa, sulieri liderebi arasodes iyvnen movlenaTa<br />
wina xazze da maTi moqmedebebi ganpirobebuli iyo ara religiuri<br />
aRtkinebiT mtris mimarT, aramed imiT, rom ar darCeniliyvnen movlenebis<br />
miRma. ufro metic, isini ikribebodnen imisTvis, rom emsjelaT<br />
konfliqtis irgvliv da gandgomodnen Zalmomreobas [52] . magaliTad, 1994<br />
wels vazgen I, faSazade da ruseTis orTodoqsuli eklesiis winamZRvari<br />
erTad mouwodebdnen somxeTisa da azerbaijanis liderebs, raTa<br />
Serigebuliyvnen da mieRwiaT mSvidobisTvis [53] . konfliqtis adreul<br />
safexurze liderTa mier gakeTebuli gancxadebebis Seswavla gviCvenebs,<br />
rom isini “mxars uWerdnen” saxalxo moZraobebs da mouwodebdnen<br />
“morwmuneebs mobilizaciisken,” magram es mowodebebi ar iyo mimarTuli<br />
Riad romelime jgufisaken da ar ubiZgebda xalxs Zalmomreobisken;<br />
piriqiT, isini TavianT mTavrobebs TavdaWerilobisken mouwodebdnen.<br />
sulieri liderebi amtkicebdnen, rom TavianTi qveynebis politikosebi da<br />
xalxi naklebad iyvnen ganwyobilni omisTvis. WeSmaritad, es is ar aris,<br />
rasac SeiZleba moelode “religiuri konfliqtisgan.”<br />
islamuri fundamentalizmis saSiSroebis gamo Znelia faSazades<br />
dadanaSauleba religiuri konfliqtis mxardaWeraSi. “sandi telegrafis”<br />
mier dasmuli SekiTxvis _ swams Tu ara mas SariaTis _ pasuxad is<br />
acxadebs: “ra Tqma unda, me mwams SariaTis,” magram ironiuli RimiliT<br />
dasZens: “me rom ar viyo Seixi, SesaZloa, sxvagvarad mepasuxa.” xalxs<br />
unda hqondes sasurveli tipis mTavrobis arCevis ufleba [54] .<br />
veravin daiwyebs imis mtkicebas, rom religiuri identuroba da, ra<br />
Tqma unda, ara Teologiuri xasiaTis problemebi, iyo ZiriTadi faqtori,<br />
romelic xels uwyobda konfliqtSi monawile mxareTa polarizacias.<br />
mxareTa polarizacia emyareba eTnikur da politikur safuZvlebs.<br />
religiuri religiuri erToba erToba<br />
erToba
osniis omis msgavsad, kavkasiaSic arsebobs “civilizaciuri<br />
gaerTianeba”. sworia is faqti, rom ruseTi ganixileba azerbaijanis<br />
winaaRmdeg somxeTis, xolo inguSeTis winaaRmdeg _ osebis mxardamWerad.<br />
ruseTi aseve miiCneva muslimTa mowinaaRmdeged, radganac is<br />
upirispirdeba muslimebs, bosniidan da kosovodan moyolebuli, kavkasiis<br />
gavliT, tajikeTamde arsebul teritoriebze. magram ruseTi aseve mxars<br />
uWers afxazebsa da aWarlebs saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg, da qveyana,<br />
romelTanac ruseTs kavkasiaSi yvelaze didi metoqeoba aqvs, aris<br />
saqarTvelo, da ara azerbaijani.<br />
ramdenadac muslimuri ms<strong>of</strong>lio sakmaodaa Sewuxebuli, Znelia<br />
raime farTo aliansi Seiqmnas azerbaijanis an CeCneTis mxardasaWerad.<br />
marTalia, iyo demonstraciebi umetes muslimur qveynebSi CeCneTis mimarT<br />
ruseTis politikis gamo [55] , magram realurad baltiis qveynebi da<br />
poloneTi iyvnen is saxelmwifoebi, romelTac yvelaze Zlier dauWires<br />
mxari ajanyebul CeCnebs [56] . magram amave dros, swored TurqeTi, da ara<br />
islamuri irani, iyo is qveyana, romelmac aqtiurad dauWira mxari<br />
azerbaijansa da CeCneTs am konfliqtebSi. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi<br />
evraziis masStabiT yvelaze sainteresod da aSkarad religiasTan<br />
mimarTebaSi eTnikurobis prioritetuloba Cans kavkasiaSi iranis mier<br />
gatarebul politikaSi. mravali mizezis gamo, romlic ukavSirdeboda<br />
iranSi mcxovreb daaxloebiT 20 milioni damonebuli azerbaijanelis<br />
mimarT iranis SiSs, iranma Sewyvita azerbaijanelebis winaaRmdeg omSi<br />
somxebis mxradaWera, miuxedavad imisa, rom azerbaijani aris erT-erTi<br />
didi saxelmwifo, sadac mosaxleobis umravleosoba, iranis msgavsad,<br />
Siitia [57] . samxreT kavkasiaSi amJamad yvelaze kargi ormxrivi<br />
urTierTobebi azerbaijanelebsa da qarTvelebs Soris arsebobs, maSin<br />
rodesac zogierTi somexi <strong>of</strong>icialuri piri aRniSnavs, rom Tu ara<br />
azerbaijanTan konfliqti, maSin somxeTs aucileblad eqneboda omi<br />
saqarTvelosTan, im faqtis gamo, rom saqarTvelos somxeTTan mosazRvre<br />
regionSi, axalqalaqSi, arsebobs mravalricxovani da kompaqturi<br />
somxuri umciresoba [58] .<br />
am faqtis Suqze, is gancxadebebi da analizi, romlebic gvxvdeba<br />
dasavlur mediaSi da samecniero wreebSi, Zalze niSandoblivia.<br />
magaliTad, semuel hanTingtoni rus analitikosTan erTad amtkicebs, rom
“araformaluri koaliciebi viTardeboda civilizaciur mijnebze.<br />
qristianuli somxeTi, saqarTvelo, mTiani yarabaRi da CrdiloeT oseTi<br />
gars ertymis muslimur azerbaijans, afxazeTs, CeCneTsa da inguSeTs” [59] .<br />
Sovinisti gamsaxurdias reJimis dros saqarTvelos gulTbili<br />
urTierToba hqonda dudaevis CeCneTTan. amave konteqstSi, hanTingtoni<br />
Tavisi Tezisis gansamtkiceblad dasZens: “muslimebi ruseTis<br />
fedearciaSi gaerTiandnen CeCnebis irgvliv”, aiRes ra magaliTi<br />
CuvaSeTis respublikisagan, romelmac gaaTavisufla Tavisi moqalaqeebi<br />
CeCneTSi samsaxurisagan [60] . CuvaSeTi erT-erTi respublika iyo, romelmac<br />
gaaprotesta ruseTis moqmedebebi, magram CuvaSeTis respublikaSi<br />
mosaxleobis umetesi nawili qristiania da muslimebi umciresobaSi<br />
arian, im faqtis miuxedavad, rom am xalxs Turquli fesvebi aqvs. sxva<br />
CrdiloeTkavkasielebi daRestansa da inguSeTSi, romelTac rogorc<br />
eTnikuri, aseve religiuri kavSiri aqvT CeCnebTan, gamoxatavdnen<br />
protests da cdilobdnen Tavidan aecilebinaT ruseTis armiis SeWra,<br />
maSin rodesac sxva muslimi xalxebi centralur aziasa da ruseTSi<br />
simSvides inarCunebdnen [61] .<br />
am saxis Sefasebebma gamoiwvia siZneleebi saqarTvelo-samxreT<br />
oseTis konfliqtis gagebaSi; aseve siZneleebi warmoiSva saqarTvelo-<br />
afxazeTis konfliqtis gaazrebaSi, radganac afxazTa umetesoba muslimi<br />
araa, gansxvavebiT TurqeTSi mcxovrebi afxazebisagan. civilizaciaTa<br />
Sejaxebis Teoriis damcvelTa umetesi nawili afxazebs muslimebad<br />
miiCnevs, an saerTod ugulebely<strong>of</strong>s am konfliqts, iseve rogorc<br />
uary<strong>of</strong>en 1990 wlis yirgizTa da uzbekTa konfliqts yirgizeTis oSis<br />
regionSi da 1989 wlis muslim Turq-mesxTa eTnikur wmendas uzbekeTis<br />
muslimTa mxridan.<br />
imis mtkiceba, rom kavkasiis romelime konfliqtis dros adgili<br />
hqonda muslimTa gaerTianebas, Zalze gazviadebuli iqneba. am<br />
konfliqtebis ganxilvam civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis saxiT, iugoslaviis<br />
konfliqtis msgavsad, marcxi ganicada da ver moaxdina gavlena<br />
ms<strong>of</strong>lios muslimebze. samagierod, es Zalze warmatebuli aRmoCnda<br />
dasavleTSi, SesaZlebelia imitom, rom iq media am faqts ufro aqtiurad<br />
aSuqebda. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, faqti isaa, rom dasavlurma qveynebma<br />
didi uinteresoba gamoiCines im faqtebis mimarT, romlebic gazviadebis
gareSe SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc konfliqtebi qristianebsa da<br />
muslimebs Soris, rogorc es moxda bosniis, kosovos, mTian yarabaRis,<br />
CeCneTisa da inguSeTis SemTxvevebSi. serbTa eTnikuri wmenda bosniaSi<br />
imdenad axlos iyo evropasTan, rom SeuZlebelia misi uary<strong>of</strong>a,<br />
damaxinjeba an SecdomiT ganmarteba. mTiani yarabaRis movlenebi,<br />
daaxloebiT 600000 azerbaijanelis eTnikuri wmenda somxeTis mier<br />
azerbaijanSi okupirebul teritoriebze ver miiCqmala, iseve rogorc<br />
omisa da adamianTa uflebebis uzarmazari darRvevis faqtebi CeCneTSi.<br />
cru Sexedulebebma da konfliqtTa martivma ganmartebebma dasavlur<br />
mediaSi, rac aisaxa dasavluri politikis formirebaSi, kinaRam gamoiwvia<br />
civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis winaswarmetyvelebis axdoma.<br />
daskvnebi daskvnebi<br />
daskvnebi<br />
ramdenadac kavkasiis konfliqtebi erTmaneTTan<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebaSia, naTelia, rom religia ar iyo gadamwyveti<br />
faqtori arc erT maTganSi. religiuri niSani iyo eTnikurobis<br />
ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi faqtori. religiis nakleb mimzidveloba,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom is potenciurad Zalze sasargeblo iyo morwmuneTa<br />
gaerTianebisTvis, iyo Sedegi sabWoTa aTeizmis 70 wliani batonobisa,<br />
romelmac udaod Seamcira religiis roli y<strong>of</strong>ili sabWoTa xalxebis<br />
individualur Tu socialur cxovrebaSi. Tu es asea, maSin ra iyo is<br />
gadamwyveti faqtori, ramac gavlena moaxdina movlenebze? Cven ukve<br />
aRvniSneT eTnikuri politikis mniSvneloba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,<br />
mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli gareSe mtrisZatis SeqmnasTan. garda amisa,<br />
sxvadasxva, xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego urTierTobebis erTmaneTSi<br />
aRreva _ magaliTad, CeCneT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi _<br />
Seferadebulia erTi gansakuTrebuli faqtoriT: “realpolitikiT.”<br />
avtoris avtoris avtoris avtoris SeniSvnebi<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
SeniSvnebi<br />
[1] sxva sami konfliqti aris dnestrispireTis, oSis (yirgizeTis) da<br />
tajikeTis. arc erTi es konfliqti ar mimdinareobs sxvadasxva<br />
religiuri aRmsareblobis mimdevrebs Soris da mxolod oSis (uzbekeT-<br />
yirgizeTis) konfliqti aris faqtobrivad eTnikuri konfliqti.
[2] ix. William Ward Maggs, “somxeTi da azerbaijani: axloaRmosavluri orientacia”, Current<br />
History, January 1993.<br />
[3] Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>s?”, in Foreign Affairs, Summer 1993. The<br />
thesis was expanded in Huntington’s The Clash <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>s and the Remaking <strong>of</strong> World<br />
Order, New York; Simon&Schuster, 1996.<br />
[4] Alexandre Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, Muslims <strong>of</strong> the Soviet Empire: A Guide,<br />
London; Hurst&Co., 1985, pp. 127-222.<br />
[5] unda aRiniSnos, rom winaqristianuli warmarTuli tradiciebi oseTSi<br />
Serwymulia rogorc islamTan, aseve qristianobasTan. igive situaciaa<br />
afxazeTSi. osur warmarTobaze ix. Sebastian Smith, Allah’s Mountains – Politics and<br />
War in the Russian Caucasus, London: Tauris, 1998, pp. 80-83.<br />
[6] ix. Inga Saffron, “The Mountain Jews <strong>of</strong> Guba,” in The Philadelphia Inquirer, 21 july 1997,<br />
reprinted in Azerbaijan International, vol. 6 no.2, Summer 1998.<br />
[7] am konfliqtebis amomwuravi analizi ix.gamosacemad momzadebul<br />
wignSi “ Small Nations and Great Powers - A Study <strong>of</strong> Ethnopolitical Conflicts in the Caucasus,<br />
Richmond: Curzon Press, 1990. konfliqtebis Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sesaxeb ix agreTve:<br />
Svante E.Cornell, "Peace or War? The Prospects <strong>of</strong> Conflicts in the Caucasus", in the Iranian<br />
Journal <strong>of</strong> Internarional Affairs, vol.7, no.2, Summer 1997; "The Unruly Caucasus", in Curent<br />
History, vol.96 no.612, October 1997.<br />
[8] ix. Kjell-Ake Nordquist, “Religion and Armed Conflicts: Some Observations”, in States in<br />
Armed Conflict 1989, ed. Karin Lindgren, Uppsala University Dept <strong>of</strong> Peace an dConflict<br />
Research, Report no.32.<br />
[9] ix Svante E, Cornell, “Conflicts in the North Caucasus,” in Central Asian Survey, vol.17,<br />
no.3, Fall 1998.<br />
[10] Tadeusz Swietochowski, “The Problem <strong>of</strong> Nagorno-Karabakh: Geography versus<br />
Demography under Colonialism and in Dercolonization”, in Hafeez Malik, ed., Central Asia,<br />
Basingstoke; MacMillan, 1994, pp. 143-158, here at p.145.
[11] Tadeusz Swietochowski, “The Problem <strong>of</strong> Nagorno-Karabakh: Geography versus<br />
Demography under Colonialism and in Dercolonization”, in Hafeez Malik, ed., Central Asia,<br />
Basingstoke; MacMillan, 1994, pp. 143-158, here at p.145.<br />
[12] See Stephen Blank, “The Transcaucasian Federation and the Origins <strong>of</strong> the Soviet Union”,<br />
in Central Asia Survey, vol. 9 no. 4, 1990; Haidar Bammate, “The Caucasus and the Russian<br />
Revolution (from a Political Viewpoint)”, in Central Asia Survey, vol. 11, no.4, 1991.<br />
[13] See Stephane Yerasimos, “Caucase: Le Retour de la Russie”, in Politique Etrangere, no. 1,<br />
1994; Stuart J. Kaufman, Ethnic War in karabagh, paper presented at the International studies<br />
Association, Minneapolis, March 1998; Svante E. Cornell, “Undeclared War: The Nagorno-<br />
Karabakh Conflict Reconsidered”, in Journal <strong>of</strong> South Asian and Middle Eastern <strong>Studies</strong>, vol.<br />
20, no. 4, Summer 1997, pp. 1-23.<br />
[15] For Further details see Cornel, Small Nations and Great Powers, op. cit.[7], chapter 3, “The<br />
Azerbaijani-Armenian Conflict over Nagorno-karabakh”.<br />
[16] ltolvilTa Sesaxeb ix: Josep Zapater, “Refugies et Personnes Deplacees en<br />
Azerbaidjan”, in Cahiers D’Etudes sur la Mediterranee Orientale et le Monde Turco-Iranien<br />
(CEMOTI), no. 20, 1995, pp. 285-306.<br />
[17] See Gueorgui Otryba, “War in Abkhazia – the Regional Significanse <strong>of</strong> the Georgian-<br />
Abkhazian Conflict ”, in Roman Szporluk, (ed.), The International Relations <strong>of</strong> Eurasia, vol. I:<br />
National Identity in Russia and the New States <strong>of</strong> Eurasia, Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe, 1994, pp.<br />
283-309.<br />
[18] Quoted from Otyrba, “War in Abkhazia”, op. cit. [18], p.285.<br />
[19] See Elizabeth Fuller, “Georgia, Abkhazia, and Chechen-Ingushetia” in RFE\RL Research<br />
Report, 7 February 1992, p. 5; StephaneYerasimos, “Caucase: Le Retour de la Russie”, p.63.<br />
[20] ] See Current Digest, vol.41 no.29, 1989, pp.14-16.<br />
[22] See Otyrba, “War in Abkhazia”, op. cit.[18], p. 28.<br />
[23] See “Abkhazia Declares its Independence, but Wants to Remain Within a Georgian-Abkhaz<br />
“Federal State””, in Current Digest, v44 n 30, 26 August 1992, p.24.
[24] For a (Georgian) perspective on this issue, see Svetlana Chervonnaya, Conflict in the<br />
Caucasus – Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow, (Translated by Ariane Chanturia)<br />
Glastonbury: Gothic Image Publications, 1994.<br />
[25] For a Short overview <strong>of</strong> the military events, see Christian Altmann and frank Nienhuysen,<br />
Brennpunkt kaukasus: Wohin Steuert Russland, Bergisch Gladbach; Bastei Lubbe, 1995, pp. 44-<br />
49.<br />
[26] United Nations, United Nations Peacekeeping, 1994 update, p.164.<br />
[27] See Elizabeth Fuller, “Draft ‘State Program’ on Georgian Language Published”, in Radio<br />
Liberty Research Report, 559\88, 12 December 1988.<br />
[28] See Catherine Dale, “Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Dynamics <strong>of</strong> the Conflicts”, in Pavel<br />
Baev and Ole Berthelsen (eds.), Conflicts in the Caucasus, PRIO Report 3|96, Oslo: International<br />
Peace Research <strong>Institute</strong>, 1996, pp.13-26.<br />
[29] See Elizabeth Fuller, “The South Ossetian Campaign for Unification”, in Report on the<br />
USSR ,no.49, 1989, pp.17-20.<br />
[30] See Elizabeth Fuller, “South Ossetia – Analysis <strong>of</strong> a Permanent Crisis”, Report on the<br />
USSR, 15 February 1991.<br />
[31] See Julian Birch, “The Georgian\South Ossetian Territorial and Boundary Dispute”, in<br />
Wright et.al. (eds), Transcaucasian Boundaries, p. 182.<br />
[32] See Julian Birch, “Ethnic Cleansing in the Caucasus”, in Nationalism and Ethnic Politics,<br />
vol.1 no. 4, 1995, pp.90-107. Moscow News, 19 November 1992, estimatesa total number <strong>of</strong> 40-<br />
55000 Ossetians from Georgia porper.<br />
[33] See Abdurahman Avtorkhanov, “The Chechens and the Ingush during the Soviet Period and<br />
its Antecedents”, in Marie Bennigsen Broxup, The North Caucasus Barrier, London, Hurst,<br />
1992, pp.146-194.<br />
[34] See Christopher Panico, Conflict in the Caucasus: Russia’s War with Chachnya, RISCT,<br />
London; Conflict <strong>Studies</strong> 281, July 1995.<br />
[35] See Flamming Splidsboel-Hansen, “The 1991 Chechen Revolution: The Response <strong>of</strong><br />
Moscow”, in Central Asian Survey, vol.13, no.3. October 1994, 395-406.
[36] See Marie Bennidsen Broxup, “After the Putsch, 1991”, in Broxup (ed), The North<br />
Caucasus Barrier, Also Splidsboel-Hansen, “The 1991 Chechen Revolution: The Response <strong>of</strong><br />
Moscow”.<br />
[37] See the overview in Vera Tolz, “The War in Chechnya,” in Current Huistory, October 1996,<br />
or more detailed in Chapter 5 <strong>of</strong> Cornel, Small Nations and Great Powers, or Carlotta Gall and<br />
Thomas de Waal, Chechnya: A Small Victorious War, Basingstoke: Pan Books, 1997, pp.331-<br />
361.<br />
[38] See Peter Rutland, “A Fragile Peace”, in Transitions, no.23, 15 November 1996, Also Tolz,<br />
“The War in Chechnia”.<br />
[39] See Svante E. Cornel, “A Chechen State?” in Central Asia Survey, vol. 16 no. 2, June<br />
1997. For a concurrring argument see Marie Bennigsen Broxup, “Thcetcheme: Une<br />
GuerreColoniale”, in Politique Internationale, no.67, 1995, pp. 107-119. See also Soili Nysten-<br />
Haarala, “Does the Russian Constitution Justify and Offensive against Chechnia” in Central Asia<br />
Survey, vol.14 bno.2, June 1995. For argumentas defending the Russian positions , see Tarcision<br />
Gazzini, “Considerations on the Conflict in Chechnia,” in Human Rights Law journal, vol. 17,<br />
no. 3-6, 15 October 1996. See also Christian Altmann and frank Nienhuysen, Brennpunkt<br />
Kaukasus: Wohin Steuert Russland, Bergisch Gladbach; Bastei Lubbe, 1995, pp.140-144.<br />
[40] See Francis A. Boyle, “Independent Chechnya: Treaty <strong>of</strong> Peace with Russia <strong>of</strong> 12 May<br />
1997”, in Turkistan Newsletter, vol.97;1\50, 15 September 1997<br />
[41] See Paul Goble, “How Independent is Chechnia”, Radio Free Europe\radio Liberty Report,<br />
11 September 1997 (Reproduced in Turkistan Newsletter, vol.97;1\50 September 1997).<br />
[42] See Alexandr Nekrich, The Punished Peoples; the Deportation and Fate <strong>of</strong> the Soviet<br />
Minorities at the end <strong>of</strong> teh second World War, New York; Norton and Co., 1978, p.91.<br />
[43] See Julian Birch, “Ossetia: a Caucasian Bosnia in Microcosm”, in Central Asian Survey, no.<br />
1, 1995, p.43-74, here at p.53.<br />
[44] See Human Rights Watch\Helsinki, The Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodniy<br />
Region, New York; Human Rights Watch, 1996., p.12.<br />
[45] Formerly the North Ossetian Autonomous Socialist Republic, recently changed to the<br />
Republic <strong>of</strong> North Ossetia –Alania.
[46] See Vadim Ogoyev, “The Ossetians “Loyalty” to Socialism as a Crisis <strong>of</strong> National Self-<br />
Awareness”, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 8 July 1992, in condensed from in Current Digest <strong>of</strong> the<br />
Post-Soviet Press, vol. 44 no.27,5 5 August 1992, p.26.<br />
[47] See Anatol Lieven, Chechnya: Tombstone <strong>of</strong> Russia Power, New Haven; Yale University<br />
Press, 1998; Carlotta Gall and Thmas de Waal, Chechnya; A Small Victorious War, Basington,<br />
Pan Boooks, 1997.<br />
[48] Lieven, p.364, quoting Moscow Times, 22 November 1994.<br />
[49] See Giriar Libardian, The karabakh File, Cambrige, Mass; Zoryan, 1988, pp. 101-102.<br />
[50] See A. Mansurov, Bielye Piatna Istorii i Perestroika, Baku; Yazici, 1990, pp. 162-163.<br />
[51] See Amir Taheri, Crescent in a Red Sky: The Future <strong>of</strong> Islam in teh Soviet Union, London:<br />
Hutchinson, 1989, p.171.<br />
[52] Ibid., p.171.<br />
[53] See V. Guroian, “Faith, Churchm and Nationalism in Armenia”, in Nationalities Papers,<br />
vol. 20, no.1, 1992.<br />
[54] See Svante E. Cornel, Conflict Theory and the Nagorno Karabakh Conflict: Guidelines for a<br />
Plitical Solution, Stockholm: Triton, 1997; Arie Vaserman and Rami Giant, “National,<br />
Territorial or Religious Conflict? The case <strong>of</strong> Nagorno Karabakh”, in <strong>Studies</strong> in Conflict and<br />
Terrorism, no. 4, 1994.<br />
[55] BBC Monitoring Service, 20 April 1994.<br />
[56] The Sunday Telegraph, 1 March 1992, p.19.<br />
[57] See Taras Kuzio, “International Reaction to the Chechen Crisis,” in Central Asian Survey,<br />
vol. 14 no.1, 1995, pp. 97-109.<br />
[58] See Svante E. Cornel, “International Relations to Massive Human Rights Violations: The<br />
Case <strong>of</strong> Chechnia”, in Europe-Asia <strong>Studies</strong>, vol.51, no.1, January 1999.
[59] See Svante E. Cornel, “Iran and theCaucasus”, in Middle East Policy, vol.5, no.4, January<br />
1998.<br />
[60] See Philip Petersen, “Security Policy in Post-Soviet Transcaucasia, in European Security,<br />
no. 1, 1994, Georgia has a 500000-strong Armenian community”.<br />
[61] See Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>s and the Remaking <strong>of</strong> the World<br />
Order, New York; Simon & Schuster, 1996, p.278.<br />
[62] Huntington, p. 277.<br />
[63] See Taras Kuzio, ” The Chechnya Crisis and the Near Abroad ,“ in Central Asian Survey,<br />
vol. 14, no.4, 1995.<br />
inglisuridan inglisuridan Targmna Targmna daviT daviT macaberiZe<br />
macaberiZem<br />
macaberiZe<br />
reziumeebi<br />
reziumeebi<br />
Summaries<br />
David Matsaberidze<br />
Correlation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>al and Political Factors in Caucasian Conflicts<br />
Caucasus, which represents complicated mosaics <strong>of</strong> nations, cultures, religions and<br />
civilizations, today is the scene <strong>of</strong> several existing and potential conflicts. Some scientists and<br />
politicians try to explain current processes in Caucasus in light <strong>of</strong> S.P. Huntington’s theory about<br />
the clash <strong>of</strong> civilizations. Scientific interests frequently are blocked by political motives, when<br />
one <strong>of</strong> the participants <strong>of</strong> conflict tries to use the idea <strong>of</strong> “civilizational and religious<br />
incompatibility”.<br />
Some processes occurring in Caucasus can’t be explained according to above mentioned<br />
theory. The reasons <strong>of</strong> Caucasian conflicts can be found in political and economical factors.<br />
Administrative-territorial division <strong>of</strong> the region in Soviet period has played decisive role. The<br />
autonomy republics and districts were formed artificially, without <strong>of</strong> decision <strong>of</strong> a question <strong>of</strong><br />
disputable territories. All these have created a basis for arising <strong>of</strong> conflicts, as soon as the<br />
process <strong>of</strong> Soviet Union’s disorder began.<br />
<strong>Civilization</strong>al factor doesn’t play the decisive role in most <strong>of</strong> these conflicts. Here are<br />
crossed the political and economic interests <strong>of</strong> the great states. Current conflicts in Caucasus<br />
have ethno-political bases and politization <strong>of</strong> ethnicity is more important factor, than religious<br />
identification. <strong>Civilization</strong>al, cultural and religious play a role <strong>of</strong> the catalyst. At the beginning <strong>of</strong><br />
the conflict their influence can be expressed in separating <strong>of</strong> the participants <strong>of</strong> conflict, farther –<br />
in maintenance <strong>of</strong> conflict deepening. On the other hand the cultural factor can prevent<br />
occurrence <strong>of</strong> the conflict.<br />
Ketevan Kakitelashvili<br />
THE ROLE OF CULTURAL FACTORS IN REORGANIZATION
OF THE HUMAN BRAIN’S FUNCTIONAL ASYMMETRY<br />
Necessity for application <strong>of</strong> interdisciplinary research methods at the contemporary stage<br />
<strong>of</strong> science development becomes more and more evident. The proposed paper is an attempt <strong>of</strong><br />
accomplishing such research. We have applied neuropsychological methods for revealing<br />
situation that exists in the Georgian cultural realm. We endeavoured to explain the observed<br />
tendency by concrete cultural factors. According to our research, accomplished in 2003 among<br />
6-12 years old children, the number <strong>of</strong> the so-called weakly right-handed children in Georgia has<br />
significantly increased in comparison with the 1996 data (15% in 1996, and 56% in 2003).<br />
Indicator <strong>of</strong> the left-eye dominant has increased as well (13% in 1996, and 38% in 2003). Taking<br />
into consideration the recent stage <strong>of</strong> existing knowledge, the obtained result does not point at<br />
functional reorganization <strong>of</strong> the brain hemisphere’s asymmetry. In our opinion, the reason for<br />
such reorganization should not be sought in biological factor but in the cultural one, namely in<br />
the radical change <strong>of</strong> the intellectual life style <strong>of</strong> children. Intellectual load associated with<br />
visual-spatial activity (computer games, watching TV) was substituted for logical verbal one<br />
(reading, accomplishing arithmetical operations orally). As a result, the left hemisphere activity<br />
(the source <strong>of</strong> logical-verbal mentality) has decreased (within the norm), and the right<br />
hemisphere activity (the source <strong>of</strong> visual-spatial mentality) has increased (within the norm).<br />
Presumably, intellectual life style <strong>of</strong> young children, as one <strong>of</strong> the cultural factors, effects<br />
functional asymmetry <strong>of</strong> the brain hemispheres and reorganizes it.<br />
Ivane Tsereteli<br />
A. J. TOYNBEE’S “CHALLENGE-RESPONSE” THEORY<br />
AND SOME PROBLEMS OF THE CULTURAL-HISTORICAL<br />
DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA<br />
What governs the process <strong>of</strong> society’s formation and development? What is the basis for<br />
their self-identity? According to A. J. Toynbee, the “Challenge-Response” mechanism can be<br />
considered a basis for society’s development. Existing environmental conditions, available<br />
resources and wealth, as well as the location <strong>of</strong> Georgia between the West and East were the<br />
principal stimuli for making the Georgian society. Just owing to the above, Georgia was exposed<br />
to strict challenges <strong>of</strong> the human environment that became the stimulus for forming the Georgian<br />
population as a society entity. Reasons for development <strong>of</strong> the Georgian society should be sought<br />
in the interest shown towards her on the part <strong>of</strong> the neighbouring countries: this interest<br />
stimulated the Georgian society to utilize the maximally possible amount <strong>of</strong> environmental<br />
resources in the struggle against invaders.<br />
Irakli Chkhaidze<br />
MAN IN CAPTIVITY OF THE SET OF SYMBOLS<br />
The philosophical school, which assumes existence <strong>of</strong> a symbol-oriented mode <strong>of</strong><br />
understanding reality, plays important role in the modern culturology. Technological progress<br />
has determined its topicality.<br />
The German philosopher Ernst Cassirer is one <strong>of</strong> the most prominent representatives <strong>of</strong><br />
the above school. His considerations about ability <strong>of</strong> man to use the symbolic forms in a process<br />
<strong>of</strong> thinking are <strong>of</strong> special importance. Man creates “set <strong>of</strong> symbols”, which merge him from the<br />
environment. The primitive man enveloped himself with translucent “set <strong>of</strong> symbols”.
Simultaneously with evolution <strong>of</strong> the mankind, that implies evolution <strong>of</strong> man, the set became<br />
more solid and opaque. Has the “set <strong>of</strong> symbols” reached its peak <strong>of</strong> opacity? Can we tie it up<br />
with a concept <strong>of</strong> “civilization” proposed by Spengler?“<br />
Shota Khinchagashvili<br />
Religious Factor in Caucasian Conflicts<br />
(1990-s)<br />
Caucasus is unique not only for its mosaic <strong>of</strong> nationalities, but its religious multiplicity as<br />
well. Such historical experience always guaranteed the peaceful coexistence <strong>of</strong> different ethnic<br />
and religious groups. However, last decade <strong>of</strong> the past century is distinguished for its bloody<br />
events in the Caucasus. The war in Karabakh, Tskhinvali (South Ossetia), Abkhazia, Chechnya<br />
and other conflicts brought about thousands <strong>of</strong> deads and refugees. But should we always see<br />
these conflicts in the prism <strong>of</strong> Clash <strong>of</strong> <strong>Civilization</strong>s theory or identify them as a religious<br />
conflict? The heredity <strong>of</strong> repugnant administrative (autonomy) system <strong>of</strong> Soviet Union, which<br />
stands for “Divide et Impera” policy, is vital aspect too, while its further alternative isn’t still<br />
proposed. In the end, the common security system can be seen as the key solution for these<br />
problems.<br />
Maia Kvrivishvili<br />
For Some Georgian Terms <strong>of</strong> Time and Space Categories<br />
Time and space conscious and beliefs have been expressed in all spheres <strong>of</strong> culture by<br />
various marks and symbols. The Georgian language terms that are based on samples <strong>of</strong> Georgian<br />
culture and folklore and that have been kept till present are rather interesting from this point <strong>of</strong><br />
view. We tried to show that those terms had the same meaning and were used in the same<br />
context.<br />
Shalva Mekravishvili<br />
ON THE ISSUE OF METHODOLOGY OF HISTORY<br />
An issue <strong>of</strong> the methodology <strong>of</strong> history is <strong>of</strong> special importance within the system <strong>of</strong><br />
historical knowledge. Certain time ago F. Nietzsche, Marxists (K. Marx, F. Engels), Neokantians<br />
(W. Windelband, H. Rickert, M. Weber), the French historical school <strong>of</strong> “Annals” (M. Bloch, L.<br />
Febvre), P. Burke and A. Lovejoy (“History <strong>of</strong> ideas”), et. al have developed interesting<br />
conceptions and theories concerning the above problem. F. Nietzsche considered the critical<br />
method <strong>of</strong> historiography to be the essential one. Marxists created formational model <strong>of</strong> the<br />
society’s development, and underlined decisive role <strong>of</strong> material principles in the historic<br />
processes. Neokantians, who considered culture as the main objective for studies, criticized the<br />
Marxist methodology. M. Weber created the theory <strong>of</strong> “Ideal Types”. The school <strong>of</strong> Annals<br />
opposed traditional primitivism as it paved the way to the “total” history and shaped a new<br />
methodology for source studies. P. Burke put the issue <strong>of</strong> merging evolutional and revolution<br />
models (developed correspondingly by Spenser and Marx) on agenda. A.Lovejoy created a<br />
methodology <strong>of</strong> the “history <strong>of</strong> ideas”, which is based on the conception <strong>of</strong> “idea-blocks”.<br />
Malkhaz Toria<br />
The Georgian Society: Discussing some Issues <strong>of</strong> the Value Orientation
The paper deals with some trends <strong>of</strong> the value orientation existing in Georgia at present<br />
stage. One <strong>of</strong> them is oriented on the traditional values, it’s supporters insisting on the<br />
canonization <strong>of</strong> the exclusive mission <strong>of</strong> the Orthodox church in Georgia; the representatives <strong>of</strong><br />
the second position maintain the advantage <strong>of</strong> the democratic system and consider the priority <strong>of</strong><br />
the liberal values to be introduced in the society.<br />
Mariam Mamulashvili<br />
THE REFORMIST QUEST<br />
IN THE GEORGIAN CHURCHES AND MONASTERIES (9TH-10TH CC.)<br />
Religion determined all main aspects <strong>of</strong> the society’s life in Middle Ages, and influenced<br />
formation <strong>of</strong> high moral principles, cultural and political thinking.<br />
Events developing within the spiritual institutes were <strong>of</strong>ten reflected on laity. In its turn<br />
the laity influenced social and political life <strong>of</strong> the country.<br />
From this viewpoint, <strong>of</strong> interest is the monastery reform <strong>of</strong> Giorgi Atoneli. After holding<br />
the Ruis-Urbnisi Church Council, reforms affected the Church hierarchy as well. Later on, the<br />
democratic tendencies influenced the life <strong>of</strong> laity. This can be verified by tracing implementation<br />
<strong>of</strong> republicanism principles in monasteries, and by likeness <strong>of</strong> the corresponding terminology<br />
with the program <strong>of</strong> rich laity.<br />
Of interest is an attitude <strong>of</strong> the Georgian monasteries to the Greek-Byzantine, or Catholic<br />
Churches. Namely, the Georgians, while remaining Orthodox, have never joined anathema<br />
oriented on schism, they reject existence <strong>of</strong> heresy in Catholic Church and maintain contacts<br />
with Catholic monks, etc.
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