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erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada<br />
b i o l o g i a<br />
2 0 1 0
S e s a v a l i<br />
olimpiadis mizania gamorCeuli codniTa da niWiT dajildoebuli<br />
moswavleebis gamovlena, maTi waxaliseba da saswavlo procesis<br />
stimulireba. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT rogorc sagnis faqtobrivi codna,<br />
aseve cocxali organizmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisa da<br />
biologiuri procesebis mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena.<br />
2010 biologiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiada Catarda sam etapad,<br />
romelSic monawileobdnen IX, X da XI_XII klasebis moswavleebi. mocemul<br />
krebulSi warmodgenilia biologiaSi erovnuli saswavlo olimpiadis<br />
yvela asakobrivi jgufis rogorc I, aseve II da III etapis davalebebi da<br />
maTi pasuxebi.
IX klasi<br />
I turi<br />
1. mikroorganizmebi warmoadgenen mcire zomis cocxal arsebebs, romelTa<br />
danaxva mxolod mikroskopiTaa SesaZlebeli.<br />
daasaxeleT mikroorganizmi,( TiTo warmomadgeneli) romelic:<br />
1. erTujrediani cxovelia;<br />
2. erTujrediani mcenarea;<br />
3. Seicavs birTvs, Semofarglulia ujredis kedliT da ar Seicavs<br />
qlorofils;<br />
4. erTujrediania da ara aqvs citoplazmisagan garsiT gamijnuli birTvi;<br />
5. ar aqvs ujreduli agebuleba da Seicavs mxolod nukleinis mJavasa da<br />
cilebs;<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. ameba; 2. qlamidomonada; 3. safuari soko;<br />
4. baqteria; 5. virusi<br />
2. daasaxeleT da aRwereT naxSirwylebisa da cximebis sami saerTo funqcia<br />
ujredSi.<br />
pasuxi<br />
es funqciebia struqturuli, energetikuli da samarago.<br />
1. struqturuli _ cximi Sedis ujredis membranis SemadgenlobaSi, xolo<br />
naxSirwyali (celuloza) ujredis kedlis SemadgenlobaSi.<br />
2. energetikuli _ orive nivTierebis daSlisas gamoiyofa garkveuli<br />
raodenobis energia, romelic xmardeba ujredSi Mmimdinare cxovelqmedebis<br />
procesebs.<br />
3. samarago _ orive nivTiereba maragis saxiT grovdeba ujredebSi da<br />
gamoiyeneba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
3. 1. ra qmnis adamianis organizmis Sinagan garemos ?<br />
2. aRwereT sisxlis ujredebis agebuleba.<br />
3. daasaxeleT am ujredebis funqciebi.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. adamianis organizmis Sinagan garemos qmnis sisxli, limfa da qsoviluri<br />
siTxe.<br />
2. sisxlis ujredebia: eriTrocitebi – ubirTvo wiTeli feris ujredebi,<br />
romlebic Seicaven hemoglobins, Trombocitebi _ sislis firfitebi da<br />
leikocitebi _ ufero, birTviani ujredebi.
3. a) eriTrocitebi monawileoben Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis transportSi.<br />
b) Trombocitebi xels uwyoben sisxlis Sededebas.<br />
g) leikocitebi axorcieleben damcvelobiT funqcias.<br />
(gamoimuSaveben antisxeulebs da axorcieleben fagocitozs)<br />
4. adamianis organizmSi oTxi saxis qsovilia.<br />
1. daasaxeleT es qsovilebi.<br />
2. daasaxeleT, romeli qsovili monawileobs Semdegi ZiriTdi funqciebis<br />
ganxorcielebaSi;<br />
a) satransporto; b) informaciis gadacemis; g) moZraobiTi;<br />
d) damcvelobiTi.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. es qsovilebia: epiTeluri, kunTovani, SemaerTebeli da nervuli.<br />
2. a) SemaerTebeli qsovili monawileobs satransporto da damcvelobiTi<br />
funqciebis ganxorcielebaSi.<br />
b) nervuli qsovili _ informaciis gadamuSavebisa da gadacemis<br />
funqcias asrulebs.<br />
g) kunTovani qsovili moZraobis funqcias.<br />
d) epiTeluri qsovili asrulebs damcvelobiT funqcias.<br />
5. CamoTvaleT eukariotuli da prokariotuli ujredis agebulebis sami<br />
saerTo niSani.<br />
pasuxi<br />
prokariotuli da eukariotuli ujredebis agebulebis sami saerTo niSania<br />
_ plazmuri membranis, citoplazmisa da ribosomebis arseboba.<br />
6. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia<br />
cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi<br />
terminebi. magaliTad: 1 _ avtotroful<br />
producentebi kvebis tipis mixedviT ... 1 ... organizmebs miekuTvnebian.<br />
maT mier sinTezirebuli nivTierebebiT ikvebebian ... 2 ... romlebsac ... 3 ...<br />
kveba axasiaTebs. ... 4 ... moqmedebis Sedegad niadagSi warmoiqmneba<br />
mineraluri marilebi, romlebsac kvlav producentebi iyeneben ... 5 ...<br />
nivTierebebis sinTezisaTvis.<br />
pasuxi<br />
2 _ konsumentebi; 3 _ heterotrofuli; 4 _ reducentebis;<br />
5 _ organuli.
II turi<br />
1. 1. CawereT CamoTvlilTagan romel sisxlZarRvebSi miedineba venuri da<br />
romelSi arteriuli sisxli?<br />
1) saZile arteria; 2) qveda Rru vena; 3) filtvis arteria; 4) filtvis vena;<br />
5) RviZlis karis vena.<br />
2. didi wris romel sisxlZarRvebSia maqsimaluri da romelSi minimaluri<br />
sisxlis wneva?<br />
3. romeli grafiki asaxavs sworad sisxlis dinebis siCqaris cvlilebas<br />
sisxlZarRvebSi Semdegi mimarTulebiT:<br />
aortaarteriaarteriolikapilarivenaRru vena?<br />
V<br />
V<br />
aorta Rru vena aorta Rru vena<br />
I II<br />
aorta Rru vena aorta Rru vena<br />
III IV<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. venuri sisxli miedineba qveda Rru venaSi, filtvis arteriasa da RviZlis<br />
karis venaSi. arteriuli ki saZile arteriasa da filtvis venaSi;<br />
2. sisxlis wneva maqsimaluria aortaSi, minimaluria ki Rru venebSi.<br />
3. II grafiki.<br />
2. gamoxdil wyalSi moaTavses eriTrocitebi da ameba. aRwereT da axseniT<br />
ra daemarTeba TiToeul ujreds am dros ?<br />
Ppasuxi<br />
1. eriTrocitSi garedan osmosiT Sesuli wyali gamoiwvevs ujredis gabervas<br />
da gaskdomas.<br />
2. erTujredian organizmebs aqvT mfeTqavi vakuoli. amitomac, amebis<br />
organizmSi osmosiT Sesuli wyali gareT gamoidevneba mfeTqavi vakuolis<br />
saSualebiT,amitomac misi moculoba ucvlelia.<br />
V<br />
V
3. 1. axseniT, ratom aqvs operis momRerals filtvebis sasicocxlo<br />
tevadobis maRali maCvenebeli;<br />
2. operis momRerals simReris dros xSirad uwevs bgeris gaxangrZliveba.<br />
ra mdgomareobaSia am dros misi diafragma da neknTaSorisi kunTebi?<br />
3. ra ganapirobebs gansxvavebas tenoris, baritonis da banis xmebs Soris?<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. momRerlebs xSirad uwevT Rrma CasunTqva – amosunTqva, amis gamo maTi<br />
filtvis sasicocxlo tevadoba gansakuTrebiTaa gazrdili.<br />
2. simRera mxolod amosunTqvis fazaSia SesaZlebeli, am dros ki diafragma<br />
da neknTaSorisi kunTebi modunebulia.<br />
3. gansxvavebas tenoris, baritonis da banis xmebs Soris iwvevs mbgeri<br />
(saxmo) iogebis sigrZe. rac ufro moklea saxmo iogebi, miT maRalia xmis<br />
tembri.<br />
4. daasaxeleT nervuli sistemis is nawili, romelic<br />
1. aregulirebs ConCxis kunTebis muSaobas;<br />
2. Seicavs Tavisa da zurgis tvinidan gamomaval nervebs da nervul kvanZebs;<br />
3. iwvevs RviZlisa da kuWis funqciebis gaaqtiurebas;<br />
4. aanalizebs da amuSavebs Semosul informacias.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. ConCxis kunTebis muSaobas aregulirebs nervuli sistemis somaturi<br />
nawili.<br />
2. Tavisa da tvinidan zurgis gamomaval nervebsa da nervul kvanZebs<br />
Seicavs nervuli sistemis periferiuli nawili.<br />
3. RviZlisa da kuWis funqciis gaaqtiurebas iwvevs nervuli sistemis<br />
avtonomiuri nawili.<br />
4. centraluri nervuli sistema aanalizebs da amuSavebs Semosul<br />
informacias.<br />
5. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia<br />
cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi<br />
terminebi.<br />
Tirkmlis funqciur erTeuls warmoadgens ......1.......... , romelSic mimdinareobs<br />
Sardis warmoqmna. TiToeul maTgans sisxli patara .....2........... miewodeba. igi<br />
itoteba da warmoqmnis .............3............... , romelic moTavsebulia fialisebr<br />
warmonaqmnSi –.........4........... , sadac sisxli ifiltreba.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1 – nefroni; 2 _ arterioliT; 3 _ kapilarebis gorgals; 4 _ kafsulaSi.<br />
6. axseniT, ra funqcias asruleben adamianis organizmis TermoregulaciaSi:<br />
1. kanqveSa cximovani ujredisi;
2. saofle jirkvlebi;<br />
3. kanis sisxlZarRvebi.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. kanqveSa cximovani ujredisi icavs organizms siTbos gacemisagan.<br />
2. saofle jirkvlebi monawileoben siTbos gacemaSi.<br />
3. sicxeSi kanis sisxlZarRvebi farTovdeba da xels uwyobs siTbos gacemas,<br />
siciveSi ki viwrovdeba da piriqiT ewinaaRmdegeba siTbos gacemas.<br />
7. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia<br />
cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi<br />
terminebi.<br />
ormagi ganayofierebis dros samtvre parkSi warmoqmnili ori spermiidan<br />
erTi anayofierebs ........1...... - Si warmoqmnil kvercxujreds, xolo meore<br />
........2....... -s . pirvel SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba zigota, saidanac ........3..........<br />
viTardeba. meore SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba ujredi, romelic dasabams<br />
aZlevs ......4......... da sadac ......5......... maragdeba.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1 _ Teslkvirti; 2 _ centraluri ujreds; 3 _ Canasaxi; 4 _ endosperms;<br />
5 _ sakvebi nivTierebebi.<br />
III turi<br />
1. SeadareT erTmaneTs limfisa da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemebi:^<br />
1. ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs sisxli da limfa?<br />
2. ra ganapirobebs sisxlis da ra - limfis moZraobas ZarRvebSi?<br />
3. ra gansxvavebaa sisxlisa da limfis kapilarul sistemebs Soris?<br />
4. wvrili nawlavis xaoebis romel kapilarebSi (limfurSi Tu sisxlis)<br />
xdeba glicerinis, cximovani mJavebis, aminomJavebisa da monosaqaridebis<br />
Sewova.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. sisxli moZraobs organoebidan gulisaken da piriqiT, gulidan<br />
organoebisaken - wriulad; limfa moZraobs mxolod organoebidan<br />
gulisaken - calmxrivad .<br />
2. sisxlis moZraobas ZarRvebSi ganapirobebs sisxlis mimoqcevis sistemis<br />
sxvadasxva ubanze wnevaTa sxvaoba (an gulis parkuWebis SekumSvis Zala),<br />
kunTebis SekumSva da sarqvelebi venebSi; limfis moZraobas ki ganapirobebs<br />
kunTebis SekumSva da sarqvelebi.<br />
3. sisxlis kapilarebi warmoqmnian kapilarul qsels, limfis kapilarebi ki<br />
brmad bolovdebian qsovilur siTxeSi.<br />
4. sisxlis kapilarebSi Seiwoveba aminomJavebi da monosaqaridebi,<br />
limfur kapilarebSi - cximebi.
2. Cveni organizmis mudmivi temperaturis SenarCuneba damokidebulia<br />
siTbos warmoqmnasa da mis gacemaze.<br />
1. romel organoebSi xdeba SedarebiT didi raodenobiT siTbos warmoqmna?<br />
2. romeli organoidebis simravlea mosalodneli am organoebis ujredebSi?<br />
3. axseniT, romeli organoebi da rogor uzrunvelyofen Warbi siTbos<br />
gamoyofas organizmidan.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. siTbos warmoqmna xdeba ConCxis kunTebsa da RviZlSi;<br />
2. am organoebis ujredebSi mosalodnelia didi raodenobiT<br />
mitoqondriebis arseboba.<br />
3. organizmidan Warbi siTbos gamoyofas uzrunvelyofen<br />
kani da filtvebi. kani - sisxlZarRvebis gafarToebiTa da oflis<br />
gamoyofiT; filtvebi ki haeris amosunTqviT.<br />
3. 1. daasaxeleT cxoveluri organizmebis maregulirebeli sistemebi.<br />
2. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli xorcieldeba TiToeuli<br />
maregulirebeli sistemis monawileobiT ?<br />
1. sunTqvis SeCerebisas xdeba uneblie CasunTqva.<br />
2. hidras sxeuli Sexebis sapasuxod swrafad ikumSeba.<br />
3. adrenalinis gavleniT icvleba gulis muSaobis ritmi.<br />
4. sakvebis danaxvisas ZaRls gamoeyofa kuWis wveni.<br />
5. Tu maZRari ZaRlis sisxls SeviyvanT mSieri ZaRlis venaSi, am<br />
ukanasknels uxvad gamoeyofa kuWis wveni.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. cxoveluri organizmebSi maregulirebeli sistemebia nervuli da<br />
humoruli.<br />
2. humoruli gziT regulirdeba 3 da 5. nervuli gziT ki 2 da 4.<br />
4. aRwereT filtvis, RviZlisa da Tirkmlis sisxliT momaragebis<br />
Taviseburebebi.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. filtvSi arteriiT Sedis venuri da veniT gamodis arteriuli sisxli;<br />
2. RviZlSi _ Sedis rogorc vena (karis vena) ise arteria (RviZlis arteria),<br />
gamodis mxolod vena (RviZlis vena).<br />
3. TirkmelSi _ nefronSi gorglis kapilarul qselSi Sesuli arteriuli<br />
sisxli ar gardaiqmneba venurad da TiToeul kafsulidan gamosuli<br />
arteriola kvlav qmnis kapilarul qsels (anu nefronSi orjer<br />
warmoiqmneba kapilaruli qseli: pirvelad xdeba filtracia, xolo Semdeg<br />
organos kveba.<br />
5. 1. daasaxeleT da aRwereT RviZlis oTxi funqcia.
2. daasaxeleT RviZlisa da elenTis saerTo funqciebi.<br />
pasuxi<br />
1. swor pasuxs Seesabameba nebismieri, RviZlis CamoTvlili funqciebidan:<br />
barieruli, naRvelis warmoqmna, eriTrocitebis daSla, sisxlis depo,<br />
glikogenis dagroveba, Tboregulacia.<br />
2. eriTrocitebis daSla, sisxlis depo.<br />
X klasi<br />
I turi<br />
1. 1. aRwereT, ra cvlilebebs iwvevs adrenalini:<br />
a) gulSi b) RviZlSi g) sasunTq gzebSi.<br />
2. daasaxeleT hormoni, romlis moqmedeba emTxveva adrenalinis erT-erT<br />
funqcias.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1.a) adrenalini iwvevs gulis SekumSvaTa gaZlierebasa da gaxSirebas;<br />
b) RviZlSi adrenalini glikogens gardaqmnis glukozad.<br />
g) adrenalini afarToebs bronqiolebs.<br />
2. glukagoni, iseve rogorc adrenalini glikogens gardaqmnis glukozad.<br />
2. CamoTvlili nivTierebebidan amowereT mxolod isini, romlebic<br />
Seiwoveba ucvlelad saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi?<br />
1. cilebi 2. glukoza 3. aminomJavebi 4. vitaminebi 5. cximebi<br />
6. saxamebeli.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
saWmlis momnelebel sistemaSi ucvlelad Seiwoveba glukoza, aminomJavebi<br />
da vitaminebi.<br />
3. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia<br />
cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi<br />
terminebi. magaliTad: 1 _ centraluri.
motoruli zona ganlagebulia ... 1 ... Raris win, ... 2 ... wilSi.<br />
centraluri Raris ukan, ... 3 ... wilSi moTavsebulia kan-kunTovani zona.<br />
mxedvelobis zona ganlagebulia ... 4 ... wilSi, smenis zona ki –<br />
... 5 ... wilSi.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
2 _ Sublis; 3 _ Txemis; 4 _ kefis; 5 _ safeTqlis .<br />
4. CamoTvlili funqciebidan:<br />
1. moneleba, 2. nivTierebaTa transporti, 3. cilis sinTezi, 4. ujreduli<br />
sunTqva, romels asrulebs<br />
a) ribosoma, b) mitoqondria, g) gluvi endoplazmur bade, d) lizosoma?<br />
yovel organoids gverdze miuwereT Sesabamisi funqcia.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
ribosomis funqciaa cilis sinTezi; mitoqondriis _ ujreduli sunTqva;<br />
gluvi endoplazmur bade monawileobs nivTierebaTa transportSi;<br />
lizosoma _ monelebaSi.<br />
5. 1. qromosomebSi genTa rogori urTierTganlagebis dros aqvs adgili:<br />
a) genTa damoukidebel memkvidreobas;<br />
b) genTa SeWidul memkvidreobas;<br />
2. riT ganisazRvreba SeWidul jgufTa raodenoba?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1.a) genTa damoukidebel memkvidreobas adgili aqvs genebis sxvadasxva<br />
homologiur qromosomaSi lokalizebis dros.<br />
b) genTa SeWidul memkvidreobas adgili aqvs maSin, roca genebi<br />
moTavsebulia erTsa da imave homologiur qromosomaSi.<br />
2. SeWidul jgufTa raodenoba Seesabameba individis qromosomebis<br />
haploidur ricxvs.<br />
6. ZaRlis bewvis Savi Seferiloba (A)Adominirebs yavisferze (a). monadirem<br />
SeiZina Savi feris ZaRli da surs darwmundes, rom es ZaRli ar aris<br />
yavisferi Seferilobis genis faruli matarebeli.<br />
1. am problemis gadasaWrelad, genotipurad da fenotipurad rogori ZaRli<br />
unda SearCios man Tavis SeZenil ZaRlTan Sesajvareblad?<br />
2. gansazRvreT nayidi ZaRlis genotipi, Tu ZaRlebis mravaljeradi<br />
Sejvarebis Sedegad miRebul STamomavlobaSi yvela lekvi aRmoCnda Savi.<br />
3. rogori genotipi eqneba nayid ZaRls, Tu STamomavlobaSi gaCndeboda 3<br />
Savi da 4 yavisferi lekvi?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. yavisferi ZaRli genotipiT (aa).
2. monadiris ZaRlis genotipia AA.<br />
3. am SemTxvevaSi misi genotipi iqneboda Aa.<br />
7. bardis Teslis yviTeli feris (A) ganmsazRvreli geni srulad<br />
dominirebs mwvane feris ganmsazRvrel genze (a), xolo gluvi zedapiris (B)<br />
ganmsazRvreli geni aseve srulad dominirebs naoWiani zedapiris (b)<br />
ganmsazRvrel genze. Teslis ferisa da formis ganmsazRvreli genebi<br />
moTavsebulia sxvadasxva homologiur qromosomaSi.<br />
erTmaneTs Seajvares AaBb da AAbb genotipis bardis individebi.<br />
1. rogor gametebs warmoqmnian sawyisi formebi?<br />
2. CawereT miRebuli hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT<br />
Sesabamisi fenotipi;<br />
3. dawereT miRebuli fenotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT<br />
gamovlenis albaToba.<br />
pasuxi :<br />
1. mSoblebis mier warmoqmnili gametebia: AB, Ab, aB, ab da Ab.<br />
2. AABb – yviTeli gluvi, AAbb – yviTeli naoWiani,<br />
AaBb – yviTeli gluvi, Aabb – yviTeli naoWiani.<br />
3. yviTeli gluvi _ 1/2, an 50%, yviTeli naoWiani _1/2, an 50%.<br />
II turi<br />
1. drozofilas pirveladi sasqeso ujredSi interfazis dasawyisSi rva<br />
qromosoma aqvs. ramdeni qromosoma da dnm-is ramdeni molekulaa aseTi<br />
ujredis birTvSi:<br />
1. interfazis bolos?<br />
2. I meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi?<br />
3. II meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. interfazis bolos ujredSi rva qromosoma da dnm-is Teqvsmeti<br />
molekulaa;<br />
2. I meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi oTxi qromosoma da dnm-is rva<br />
molekula;<br />
3. II meiozuri gayofis telofazaSi oTxi qromosoma da dnm-is oTxi<br />
molekula.<br />
2. CawereT, romeli eqskretoruli organodan gamoiyofa CamoTvlili mavne<br />
nivTierebebi: 1. Sardovana 2. Sardis mJava 3. naxSirorJangi<br />
4. mZime metalebi.
pasuxi:<br />
1. Sardovana gamoiyofa TirkmelebiTa da saofle jirkvlebiT;<br />
2. Sardis mJavac TirkmelebiT gamoiyofa;<br />
3. naxSirorJangi gamoiyofa filtvebiT;<br />
4. mZime metalebis gamoyofa xdeba msxvili nawlaviT.<br />
3. X-sasqeso qromosomasTan SeWidulia a recesiuli geni da romelic<br />
zigotis daRupvas iwvevs. janmrTeli mamakaci daqorwinda heterozigotur<br />
qalze.<br />
1. dawereT mSoblebis gametebi;<br />
2. dawereT STamomavlebis SesaZlo genotipebi;<br />
3. rogori iqneba am ojaxSi gogonebisa da vaJebis dabadebis albaToba? @<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. mSoblebis gametebia: X A , X a da X A ,Y.<br />
2. STamomavlebis SesaZlo genotipebia: X A X A , X A X a da X A Y, X a Y – iRupeba ;<br />
3. gogonebis _ 2/3 da vaJebis _ 1/3.<br />
4. ra Sedegs gamoiwvevs zurgis tvinis nervis: 1. ukana fesvis travma?<br />
2. wina fesvis travma?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. ukana fesvis travma iwvevs mgrZnobelobis dakargvas;<br />
2. wina fesvis travma ki moZraobiTi funqciis dakargvas.<br />
5. andaluziur qaTmebSi bumbulis Seferiloba monogenuri niSania<br />
ganisazRvreba erTi wyvili aleluri geniT. Savbumbuliani individis<br />
TeTrTan SejvarebiT I TaobaSi miiRes cisferi Seferilobis individebi.<br />
1. dominirebis ra formas aqvs adgili am SemTxvevaSi?<br />
2. CawereT cisferbumbuliani individebis erTmaneTTan SejvarebiT miRebuli<br />
wiwilebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi fenotipi;<br />
3. CawereT TiToeuli fenotipi da misi gamovlenis albaToba.<br />
pasuxi :<br />
1. am SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs Sualedur memkvidreobas.<br />
2.AAA - Savi, 2Aa - cisferi, aa - TeTri;<br />
3. Savi _ 1/4, cisferi _ 1/2, TeTri _ 1/4.<br />
6. cilis sinTezi mimdinareobs 4 ribosomian polisomaze.<br />
1. erTdroulad i-rnm-is ramdeni nukleotidi monawileobs translaciis<br />
procesSi?
2. ramdeni saxis cila dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-ze moxda 5 genis<br />
transkripcia?<br />
3. cilis ramdeni molekula dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-is molekulidan moxda 5<br />
genis translacia?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. translaciis procesSi monawileobs 24 nukleotidi,radgan ribosomis<br />
funqciur centrSi ertdroulad 6 nukleotidi imyofeba.<br />
2. cila dasinTezdeba imdeni saxis, ramdeni saxis genis transkripciac<br />
moxdeba anu 5.<br />
3. gvaqvs 4 ribosoma da 5 genidan wamosuli informacia, amdenad<br />
dasinTezdeba cilis 20 milekula.<br />
7. moiyvaneT F2 TaobaSi alelur genTa urTierTqmedebis iseTi magaliTi,<br />
romlis drosac daTiSva fenotipisa da genotipis mixedviT:<br />
1. emTxveva erTmaneTs;<br />
2. ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. daTiSva fenotipisa da genotipis mixedviT emTxveva erTmaneTs<br />
arasruli dominirebis dros;<br />
2. ar emTxveva erTmaneTs sruli dominirebis dros.<br />
8. Svriis marcvlis Seferilobas gansazRvravs sxvadasxva homologiur<br />
qromosomaSi lokalizebuli ori gansxvavebuli geni.<br />
A geni – gansazRvravs marcvlis Sav fers;<br />
a geni – gansazRvravs marcvlis TeTr fers;<br />
D geni - gansazRvravs marcvlis rux fers.<br />
d geni _ gansazRvravs marcvlis TeTr fers.<br />
cnobilia, rom A geni dominirebs D genze.<br />
erTmaneTs Seajvares AaDd da aaDd genotipis mqone individebi.<br />
1. CawereT mSobliuri formebis gametebi;<br />
2. gansazRvreT hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT<br />
misi Sesabamisi fenotipi;<br />
3. CawereT fenotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT misi gamovlenis<br />
albaToba.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. mSobliuri formebis gametebia: I. AD, Ad, aD, ad da II. aD, ad;<br />
2. AaDD – Savi, 2AaDd – Savi, aaDD – nacrisferi, Aadd – Savi,<br />
2aaDd – nacrisferi, aadd – TeTri;<br />
3. Savi – 1/2, nacrisferi – 3/8, TeTri _ 1/8.
III turi<br />
1. CamoTvlilTagan romeli procesi(procesebi) axasiaTebs anaerobul<br />
baqteriebs?<br />
1. mitozi 2. sporebiT gamravleba 3. sporebiT gavrceleba<br />
4. fagocitozi 5. dnm-s replikacia 6. glikolizi 7. ujreduli sunTqva.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
anaerobul baqteriebs axasiaTebT sporebiT gavrceleba, dnm-s replikacia,<br />
glikolizi.<br />
2. baqteriebi gazardes sakveb areze, romelic Seicavda azotis, gogirdisa<br />
da fosforis mZime izotopebs. CawereT da axseniT axlad warmoqmnili<br />
baqteriebis romel polimerebSi aRmoCndeba es izotopebi?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. 15 N aRmoCndeba cilebsa da dnm-Si (rnm-Si), radgan maTi monomeruli<br />
erTeulebi - aminomJava da nukleotidi Sesabamisad Seicaven aminojgufs<br />
da azotovan fuZes.<br />
2. 32 P aRmoCndeba dnm-Si (rnm-Si), radgan misi monomeruli erTeuli<br />
nukleotidi Seicavs fosformJavas naSTs.<br />
3. 35 S aRmoCndeba cilebSi, radgan erT-erTi aminomJavas (cisteinis)<br />
radikali Seicavs gogirds.<br />
3. hormoni insulini, romelic Sedgeba ori polipeptiduri jaWvisgan,<br />
Seicavs 51 aminomJavur naSTs. isini erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli arian ori<br />
Ddisulfiduri bmiT.<br />
CawereT da axseniT:<br />
1. ramdeni nukleotidi gansazRvravs am cilis struqturas dnm-is<br />
molekulaSi.<br />
2. wylis ramdeni molekula gamoiyofa insulinis erTi molekulis sinTezis<br />
dros?<br />
pasuxi :<br />
1. erT aminomJavas Seesabameba sami nukleotidi - 3 x 51 = 153.<br />
2. ori aminomJavis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisas gamoiyofa erTi molekula<br />
wyali. amdenad, 51 aminomJavuri naSTiT agebuli orWimiani polipeptiduri<br />
jaWvis sinTezisas gamoiyofa 49 molekula wyali.<br />
4. rogor icvleba sxeulis temperatura, gulis cemis sixSire da nervuli<br />
sistemis aqtiuroba 1. hiper - da 2. hipoTireoidizmis dros?
pasuxi:<br />
1. hiperTireodizmis dros izrdeba sxeulis temperatura, gulis cemis<br />
sixSire da imatebs nervuli sistemis aqtiuroba.<br />
2. hipoTireoidizmis dros ki temperatura klebulobs, gulis cemis<br />
sixSire iklebs da nervuli sistemis aqtiuroba sustdeba.<br />
5. kuWqveSa jirkvlis normaluri funqcionirebis da sisxlSi insulinis<br />
normaluri koncentraciis miuxedavad adamians SeiZleba ganuviTardes<br />
diabeti (e.w. meore tipis diabeti).<br />
1. ra SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?<br />
2. ra darRvevebia mosalodneli am daavadebis dros nivTierebaTa cvlis<br />
procesebSi?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. ujredis plazmur membranaze moTavsebuli cila-receptori ver aRiqvams<br />
insulins;<br />
2. am daavadebis dros ar xdeba glukozis gardaqmna glikogenad da (an)<br />
ar xdeba glukozis SeTviseba ujredebis mier da misi Jangva; aseve<br />
Seneldeba cilebisa da cximebis sinTezi.<br />
6. CawereT sisxlis romeli jgufobriobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos adamiani:<br />
1. homozigoturi alelebis matarebeli?<br />
2. heterozigoturi alelebis matarebeli?<br />
3. rogorc homozigoturi aseve heterozigoturi alelebis matarebeli?<br />
sisxlis romeli jgufis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili:<br />
4. kodominantobas ?<br />
5. genTa srul dominirebas?<br />
6. romeli alelebis urTierTqmedebas aqvs adgili kodominantobis dros?<br />
pasuxi :<br />
1. I, II, III.<br />
2. II, III, IV.<br />
3. II da III.<br />
4. IV.<br />
5. II da III.<br />
6. dominanturi aleluri<br />
7. kbilebis gamuqeba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos autosomuri dominanturi (A)<br />
AgeniT an X-sasqeso qromosomasTan SeWiduli dominanturi (B) geniT.<br />
mSobelTagan erT-erTis muqkbilianoba gamowveulia mxolod X<br />
qromosomaSi lokalizebuli dominanturi geniT, xolo meorisa autosomaSi<br />
lokalizebuli dominanturi geniT. muqkbilebian mSoblebs SeeZinaT<br />
TeTrkbilebiani gogona.
gansazRvreT:<br />
1. gogonas genotipi;<br />
2. mamis genotipi;<br />
3. dedis genotipi;<br />
4. mSoblebis gametebi; .<br />
5. am ojaxSi janmrTeli (TeTrkbilebiani) bavSvis dabadebis albaToba.<br />
pasuxi :<br />
1. gogonas genotipia: aaX b X b ;<br />
2. mamis genotipia: AaX b Y;<br />
3. dedis genotipia: aaX B X b ;<br />
4. mSoblebis gametebia: dedis aX B , aX b ; mamis AX b , AY , aX b , aY<br />
5. am ojaxSi janmrTeli bavSvis dabadebis albaToba 1/4.<br />
XI - XII klasi<br />
I turi<br />
1. amowereT, CamoTvlilTagan romeli organoidebi gvxvdeba rogorc<br />
cxovelur, aseve mcenareul ujredebSi?<br />
plastidi, ribosoma, ujredis kedeli, mitoqondria,<br />
lizosoma, centrioli.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
es organoidebia: ribosoma, mitoqondria, lizosoma, centrioli.<br />
2. ujreduli ciklis romel fazaSi:<br />
1. iSleba birTvis garsi da qromosomebi gadadian citoplazmaSi?<br />
2. ixsneba centromeri da ra rols asrulebs is?<br />
3. Sordebian erTmaneTs erTi qromosomis qromatidebi?<br />
4. ormagdeba dnm?<br />
5. iqcevian qromatidebi damoukidebel qromosomebad?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. birTvis garsi iSleba profazaSi.<br />
2. centromeri akavSirebs erTmaneTTan wyvil qromatidebs. agreTve mas<br />
emagreba TiTistaras Zafebi. centromeri ixsneba anafazaSi dros.<br />
3. anafazaSi dros, erTmaneTs Sordebian wyvili qromatidebi.
4. dnm-s gaormageba xdeba interfazaSi.<br />
5. anafazaSi TiToeuli qromatida qromosomas warmoadgens.<br />
3. daasaxeleT mcenareuli da cxoveluri ujredebis yvela organoidi,<br />
romelSic gvxvdeba dnm.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
es organoidebia mitoqondriebi da plastidebi.<br />
4. CamoTvlilTagan amowereT organizmTa is jgufebi, romelTa gareSec<br />
SeuZlebelia ekosistemis arseboba?<br />
producentebi, pirveli rigis konsumentebi, meore rigis konsumentebi,<br />
reducentebi.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
es organizmebia producentebi da reducentebi.<br />
5. 1. CamoTvaleT naxSirbadis wrebrunvis sami procesi.<br />
2. axseniT rogor monawileoben mcenareebi naxSirbadis wrebrunvaSi.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. es procesebia sunTqva, fotosinTezi, wva.<br />
2. mcenareebi sunTqvis dros gamoyofen naxSirorJangs.<br />
fotosinTezis procesSi ki STanTqaven naxSirorJangs.<br />
6. xoWo - naZvis didi lafniWamia naZvis lafans Zlier azianebs da xeebis<br />
gaxmobas iwvevs. saqarTveloSi is ucxoeTidan Semotanil kedaris morebs<br />
Semohyva. am xoWos swrafad gavrcelebas aseve introducirebulma (garedan<br />
Semoyvanilma) ciyvma Seuwyo xeli. man jer adgilobrivi ciyvi gandevna da<br />
Semdeg kodalebisa da sxva frinvelebis budeebis ganadgureba daiwyo.<br />
axseniT, rogor Seuwyo xeli naZvnaris ganadgurebas introducirebulma<br />
ciyvma?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
kodalebi naZvis didi lafanWamia xoWos ZiriTadi mtrebi iyvnen. ciyvebma<br />
mospes maTi kvercxebi, amitom mkveTrad daiklo kodalebis ricxvma, xoWos<br />
gamravlebas aRaraferi uSlida xels, aman ki Tavis mxriv gamoiwvia tyeebis<br />
ganadgureba.
7. cxovelqmedebis procesSi adamianis organizmSi warmoiqmneba nivTierebebi:<br />
wyali, amiaki, naxSirorJangi, marilebi, romelTa Warbi raodenobiT<br />
dagroveba safrTxes Seuqmnida mis normalur funqcionirebas.<br />
1. romeli organoebis saSualebiT Tavisufldeba organizmi am<br />
nivTierebebisagan?<br />
2. romeli organos daavadebis dros SeiZleba dagrovdes siTxe, rasac<br />
mohyveba quTuToebisa da kidurebis SeSupeba?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. am nivTierebebisagan organizmi Tavisufldeba nawlaviT, TirkmliT, kaniTa<br />
da filtvebiT.<br />
2. Tirkmelebis daavadebas mohyveba quTuToebisa da kidurebis SeSupeba.<br />
II turi<br />
1. 1. romeli nivTierebebis naSTebis saSualebiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs<br />
rnm -is molekulis mezobeli nukleotidebi?<br />
2. dnm-s molekulaSi rogori bmiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs erTi Wimis<br />
mezobeli nukleotidebi?<br />
3. rogori bmiT ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs dnm-s komplementaruli Wimebis<br />
nukleotidebi?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. erTi nukleotidis fosformJavasa da meore nukleotidis ribozas Soris<br />
myardeba kavSiri.<br />
2. erTi Wimis mezobeli nukleotidebi kovalenturi bmiT ukavSirdebian<br />
erTmaneTs.<br />
3. komplementaruli Wimebis nukleotidebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian<br />
wyalbaduri bmebiT.<br />
2. mocemul teqstSi gamotovebulia sityvebi da maT adgilas Cawerilia<br />
cifrebi. gadaiwereT mxolod cifrebi da gverdiT miuwereT Sesabamisi<br />
terminebi.<br />
nivTierebaTa cvla ori urTierTsapirispiro procesisagan Sedgeba. es<br />
procesebia – ujredis uzrunvelyofa axali organuli naerTebiT _ .......1............<br />
da ujredis uzrunvelyofa energiiT _ .........2.......... . organuli naerTebis<br />
Jangvisas warmoiqmneba energia, ...........3......... da .....4....... .warmoqmnili energia<br />
akumulirdeba .....5........ saxiT.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1 _ plastikuri cvla, 2 _ energetikuli cvla, 3 _ naxSirorJangi 4 _ wyali,<br />
5 _ atf-s saxiT.
3. individis genotipia AaBb.<br />
1. rogor gametebs warmoqmnis aseTi individi:<br />
a. A da B genTa sruli SeWidulobis dros;<br />
b. A da B BgenTa arasruli SeWidulobis dros;<br />
g. A da B BgenTa arahomologiur qromosomebSi lokalizebis dros<br />
pasuxi: a. 2 saxis gametas - AB , ab;<br />
b. 4 saxis gametas - AB , Ab, aB, ab;<br />
g. 4 saxis gametas - AB , Ab, aB, ab;<br />
4. daasaxeleT sami procesi, romelic iwvevs genTa axali kombinaciebis<br />
warmoqmnas?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
genTa axali kombinaciebis warmoqmnas iwvevs:<br />
1. gametebis SemTxveviTi Sexvedra ganayofierebis dros.<br />
2. krosingoveri<br />
3. qromosomebis SemTxveviTi urTierTgadanawileba I meiozuri gayofis<br />
anafazaSi.<br />
5. bocvris bewvis feri ganisazRvreba ori wyvili aleluri geniT, romelic<br />
sxvadasxva wyvil qromosomaSia moTavsebuli.<br />
C geni gansazRvravs pigmentis sinTezs arsebobas<br />
c geni ver gansazRvravs pigmentis sinTezs ar arsebobas<br />
A geni ganapirobebs pigmentis araTanabar ganawilebas bewvis mTel<br />
sigrZeze<br />
a geni ganapirobebs pigmentis Tanabar ganawilebas bewvis mTel<br />
sigrZeze.<br />
pigmentis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi misi<br />
- araTanabari ganawilebisas bocveri ruxia<br />
- Tanabari ganawilebisas bocveri Savia<br />
pigmentis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi<br />
- bocveri TeTria<br />
Seajvares I _ CcAa da II _ ccAa genotipis mqone bocvrebi<br />
1. CawereT mSoblebis gametebi;<br />
2. CawereT hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls gverdiT miuwereT<br />
Sesabamisi fenotipi;<br />
3. CamowereT fenotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT gamovlenis<br />
albaToba<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. mSobliuri formebis gametebia: CA, Ca, cA, ca da cA, ca<br />
2. CcAA – ruxi, 2 CcAa – ruxi, Ccaa – Savi , ccAA – TeTri, 2ccAa –TeTri ,ccaa –
TeTri.<br />
3. ruxi _ 3/8, Savi – 1/8, TeTri _ 1/2.<br />
6. ra SemTxvevebSi ganisazRvreba calsaxad individis genotipi misi<br />
fenotipiT? moiyvaneT ori magaliTi.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
individis genotipi calsaxad ganisazRvreba Sualeduri damemkvidrebisas da<br />
recesiuli homozigotis SemTxvevebSi.<br />
6. ra SemTxvevebSia SesaZlebeli individis fenotipis mixedviT calsaxad<br />
misi genotipis gansazRvra? moiyvaneT ori magaliTi.<br />
pasuxi: sruli dominantobis dros, rodesac individebs recesiuli niSani<br />
aqvT. arasruli dominantobisas – ki yvela SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan<br />
homozigotebi fenotipurad gansxvavdebian heterozigotebisagan.<br />
7. adamianis organizmSi mcxovrebi nawlavis Cxiris baqteriebi:<br />
a. Trgunaven paTologiuri mikroorganizmebis gavrcelebas:<br />
b. asinTezeben adamianis organizmisTvis saWiro zogierT vitamins.<br />
^<br />
urTierTdamokidebulebis romel formas aqvs adgili:<br />
1. adamiansa da nawlavis Cxiris baqteriebs Soris?<br />
2. adamiansa da paTologiur mikroorganizmebs Soris?<br />
3. nawlavis Cxiris baqteriebsa da paTologiur mikroorganizmebs<br />
Soris?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. simbiozs<br />
2. parazitizms<br />
3. konkurencias.<br />
8. cilis sinTezi mimdinareobs 5 ribosomian polisomaze.<br />
1. erTdroulad i-rnm-is ramdeni nukleotidi monawileobs translaciis<br />
procesSi?<br />
2. ramdeni saxis cila dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-ze moxda 4 genis<br />
transkripcia?<br />
3. cilis ramdeni molekula dasinTezdeba, Tu i-rnm-is molekulidan moxda<br />
4 genis translacia?<br />
pasuxi:
1. translaciis procesSi monawileobs 30 nukleotidi, radgan ribosomis<br />
funqciur centrSi erTdroulad 6 nukleotidi imyofeba,ribosoma ki 5-a.<br />
2. cila dasinTezdeba imdeni saxis, ramdeni saxis genis transkripciac<br />
moxdeba anu 4.<br />
3. gvaqvs 5 ribosoma da 4 genidan wamosuli informacia, amdenad<br />
dasinTezdeba cilis 20 milekula.<br />
III turi<br />
1. CawereT romeli Canasaxovani furclidan viTardeba CamoTvlilTagan<br />
TiToeuli:<br />
1. badura 2. mxedvelobis nervi 3. Tvalis mamoZravebeli kunTebi<br />
4. Tvalis mkvebavi sisxlZarRvebi.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
badura da mxedvelobis nervi viTardeba eqtodermidan.<br />
Tvalis mamoZravebeli kunTebi da Tvalis mkvebavi sisxlZarRvebi<br />
viTardeba mezodermidan.<br />
2. 1. daasaxeleT ori nivTiereba, romelic warmoqmnis ribosomas;<br />
2. romeli procesebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba TiToeuli maTgani?<br />
3. sad warmoiqmneba ribosomis suberTeulebi?<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. es nivTierebebia cila da r-rnm;<br />
2. cila warmoiqmneba translaciis (transkripciisa da translaciis),<br />
r-rnm ki transkripciis Sedegad;<br />
3. ribosomis suberTeulebi warmoiqmneba birTvakSi;<br />
3. Roris gripis gamomwvev virusTan brZola sakmaod gaZnelebulia.<br />
msoflioSi iqmneba gripis sawinaaRmdego preparatebi, magram virusi<br />
swrafad ganicdis mutacias da medikamentebisadmi mdgrad, axal formebad<br />
gardaiqmneba. ra aris virusis aseTi formebis Camoyalibebis mizezi?<br />
pasuxi: bunebrivi gadarCevis mamoZravebeli forma.<br />
4. 1. daasaxeleT cxovelis sasqeso jirkvlis zonebi.<br />
2. ra procesebi mimdinareobs TiToeul maTganSi?
pasuxi:<br />
1. gamravlebis, zrdis, momwifebis.<br />
2. gamravlebis zonaSi _ mitozi, zrdis zonaSi _ zrda, momwifebis<br />
zonaSi _ meiozi.<br />
5. 1. homozigoturi ruxi da yviTeli drozofilebis SejvarebiT miRebulia<br />
Semdegi Sedegebi:<br />
a. ruxi mdedrisa da yviTeli mamris SejvarebiT gaCndnen mxolod ruxi<br />
individebi.<br />
b. ruxi mamrisa da yviTeli mdedris Sejvarebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom<br />
yvela mamri yviTelia, xolo yvela mdedri ruxi.<br />
CawereT:<br />
1. mSobliuri formebis genotipebi I Sejvarebisas;<br />
2. STamomavlebis genotipebi I Sejvarebisas;<br />
3. mSobliuri formebis genotipebi II Sejvarebisas;<br />
4. STamomavlebis genotipebi II Sejvarebisas.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. ruxi mdedri – X A X A , yviTeli mamri – X a Y<br />
2. ruxi mdedri – X A X a , ruxi mamri -X A Y<br />
3. ruxi mamri – X A Y, yviTeli mdedri – X a X a<br />
4. yviTeli mamri – X a Y, ruxi mdedri – X A X a<br />
6. virTagvis muqbewvianobis (A) da wiTeli Tvalebis (d) ganmsazRvreli<br />
genebi moTavsebulia erT qromosomaSi, xolo TeTrbalnianobisa (a) da<br />
vardisferi Tvalebis (D) – mis homologiurSi.<br />
profaza I-is dros sasqeso ujredebis 26%-Si xdeba A da a genebis<br />
Sesabamisi monakveTebis gacvla.<br />
diheterozigoturi individi Seajvares dihomozigotur TeTrbalnian<br />
vardisferTvalebian individs.<br />
1. CawereT mSoblebis genotipebi;<br />
2. CawereT mSoblebSi warmoqmnili gametebi;<br />
3. CawereT hibridebis genotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT warmoqmnis<br />
albaToba procentebSi;<br />
4. CawereT miRebuli genotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT Sesabamisi<br />
fenotipebi;<br />
5. CawereT miRebuli fenotipebi da TiToeuls miuwereT warmoqmnis<br />
albaToba procentebSi.<br />
pasuxi:<br />
1. AaDd x aaDD<br />
2. AD, Ad, aD, ad da aD<br />
3. AaDD – 13% , AaDd – 37% , aaDD – 37% , aaDd – 13%<br />
4. AaDD – muqi vardisferTvalebiani, AaDd – muqi vardisferTvalebiani,
aaDD – TeTri vardisferTvalebiani, aaDd – TeTri vardisferTvalebiani<br />
.<br />
5. muqi vardisferTvalebiani – 50%, TeTri vardisferTvalebiani –<br />
– 50%.<br />
aaDD<br />
AaDd an AaDd<br />
26% 74%<br />
AD ad Ad aD<br />
13% 13% 37% 37%<br />
AaDd<br />
AD - 13% Ad - 37% aD - 37% ad – 13%<br />
aD AaDD – 13% AaDd – 37% aaDD – 37% aaDd – 13%<br />
muqi vardisferTvaleba 50% TeTri vardisferTvaleba 50%