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xelovneba da istoria 5

<strong>xelovneba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>istoria</strong><br />

5

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

Sen ukve ici, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />

<strong>xelovneba</strong> icvleba <strong>da</strong> yovel epoqas<br />

Tavisi stili axasiaTebs. amis erT-erTi<br />

mizezi isaa, rom sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva istoriuli,<br />

politikuri, religiuri, socialuri <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv. pirobebi Tavis gavlenas axdens<br />

xelovanebze, maT azrovnebasa <strong>da</strong><br />

gemovnebaze, rac aucileblad aisaxeba maT<br />

nawarmoebebSi. amitom, rodesac vafasebT<br />

xelovnebis nawarmoebs, un<strong>da</strong> gvaxsovdes<br />

is viTareba, romelSic es nawarmoebi iqmnebo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

anu, mecnieruli eniT rom vTqvaT,<br />

nawarmoebi un<strong>da</strong> ganvixiloT am viTarebis<br />

konteqstSi. magaliTad, Tu Sen gecodineba,<br />

ra epoqaSi <strong>da</strong> qveyanaSi cxovrob<strong>da</strong><br />

xelovani, rogori iyo maSin cxovreba, ra<br />

moswon<strong>da</strong>T, risi swam<strong>da</strong>T, ra icodnen <strong>da</strong><br />

ra _ ara, ra azrisa iyvnen <strong>xelovneba</strong>ze <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv., maSin Sen gacilebiT ukeT mixvdebi,<br />

ratom xatav<strong>da</strong> esa Tu is mxatvari swored<br />

ase <strong>da</strong> ara sxvagvarad.<br />

lado gudiaSvili `iyalTos akademia~<br />

rogorc xe<strong>da</strong>v, <strong>xelovneba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>istoria</strong><br />

mWidro<strong>da</strong>a <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli. amave dros,<br />

<strong>istoria</strong> uZvelesi droi<strong>da</strong>n uSualod<br />

aisaxebo<strong>da</strong> <strong>xelovneba</strong>Si: gamoCenili a<strong>da</strong>mianebi,<br />

mniSvnelovani movlenebi, mokled,<br />

yovelive is, ramac imoqme<strong>da</strong> istoriis<br />

msvlelobaze. amas istoriuli Janri<br />

ewodeba.<br />

istoriuli suraTebi <strong>da</strong> qan<strong>da</strong>kebebi jer<br />

kidev Zvel egviptesa <strong>da</strong> saberZneTSi<br />

sruldebo<strong>da</strong>, magram rogorc <strong>da</strong>moukidebeli<br />

Janri igi XVII _ XVIIIss-Si<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />

gansakuTrebiT ganviTar<strong>da</strong> istoriuli<br />

Janri XVIIs-is safrangeTSi, sa<strong>da</strong>c misi<br />

fuZemdebeli iyo klasicizmis cnobili<br />

warmomadgeneli nikola puseni. yvelaze<br />

metad mas aintereseb<strong>da</strong> antikuri <strong>da</strong> bibliuri<br />

<strong>istoria</strong> <strong>da</strong> miTologia.<br />

6<br />

<strong>xelovneba</strong> <strong>da</strong> <strong>istoria</strong><br />

pusenis suraTze `germanikusis sikvdili~<br />

gamosaxulia epizodi saxelganTqmuli romaeli<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>rT mTavris dramatuli istorii<strong>da</strong>n:<br />

keTilSobili <strong>da</strong> mamaci meomari, mterze mravaljer<br />

gamarjvebuli gmiri sakuTar<br />

TanamemamuleTa Surma <strong>da</strong> mtrobam isxverpla _<br />

igi veragulad mowamles.<br />

nikola puseni `germanikusis sikvdili~<br />

yuradrebiT Sexede am nawarmoebs. rogor aris<br />

agebuli misi kompozicia? rogor ferebs iyenebs<br />

mxatvari? rogoria naxatis xasiaTi? rogoria<br />

formebi? rogoria Suq-Crdili? rogori garegnoba<br />

aqvT personaJebs? rogori Jestebi <strong>da</strong> moZraobebi<br />

aqvT maT? rogoria maTi Cacmuloba, ra detalebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> aqsesuarebi gamosaxa mxatvarma? Seni azriT,<br />

rogor grZnobebs iwvevs nawarmoebi? rogor<br />

STabeWdilebas stovebs igi _ amaRlebulsa <strong>da</strong><br />

keTilSobilurs, mgznebared emociurs, Tu mSvidsa<br />

<strong>da</strong> yoveldRiurs? rogor aRwevs amas mxatvari?<br />

imsjeleT amis Sesaxeb klasSi.<br />

ferwerisa <strong>da</strong> qan<strong>da</strong>kebis akademia, romelic<br />

<strong>da</strong>aarsa pusenis mimdevarma Sarl lebrenma,<br />

swored istoriul Janrs miiCnev<strong>da</strong> yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovan, seriozul Janrad (meorenairad<br />

mas `didebul Janrs~ uwodebdnen). imisaTvis,<br />

rom mxatvari akademiis wevri gamx<strong>da</strong>riyo, mas<br />

komisiis winaSe swored istoriuli Janris<br />

suraTi un<strong>da</strong> warmoedgina. lebrenma Seqmna<br />

paraduli istoriul-alegoriuli kompoziciis<br />

tipi, romelic SemdgomSi akademisturi<br />

stilis saxeliT iyo cnobili (gaixsene, ra<br />

iswavle SarSan akademizmis Sesaxeb).<br />

istoriuli ferweris tradiciebi grZeldeba

XVIII-XIX ss-Ta mijnis SenTvis ukve cnobili<br />

neoklasicisti mxatvris Jak lui<br />

<strong>da</strong>vidis SemoqmedebaSi. masac Zalze aintereseb<strong>da</strong><br />

antikuri <strong>istoria</strong>, magram misTvis<br />

igi keTilSobilebisa <strong>da</strong> patriotizmis<br />

Sesaxeb ideebis wyaro iyo, rac magaliTi<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo misi TanamedroveebisaTvis<br />

(gaixsene, <strong>da</strong>vidis ra nawarmoebebs icnob).<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi am suraTs, romelsac `belizariusi~<br />

ewodeba. ase erqva saxelganTqmul romael<br />

mxe<strong>da</strong>rTmTavars, romelic boroti imperatoris,<br />

tiberiusis brZanebiT usamarTlod <strong>da</strong>sajes _<br />

<strong>da</strong>abrmaves <strong>da</strong> maTxovrad aqcies. Seni azriT, ra<br />

xdeba aq? vin arian aq gamosaxulni? rogor<br />

viTardebo<strong>da</strong> moqmedeba am momentamde? ra<br />

SeiZleba moxdes Semdgom? ra azrebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

grZnobebs gadmogvcems es suraTi? <strong>da</strong>iyaviT<br />

jgufebad <strong>da</strong> moifiqreT moTxroba am suraTis<br />

mixedviT.<br />

istoriuli ferweris cvlilebas<br />

vxe<strong>da</strong>vT XIXs-Si, rodesac romantzmis mimdinareobis<br />

wamyvani mxatvris, eJen<br />

delakruas nawarmoebebSi aisaxeba ara<br />

marto Soreuli warsulis, aramed misive<br />

epoqis gansakuTrebiT dramatuli <strong>da</strong><br />

mZafri momentebi.<br />

eJen delakrua `xocva-Jleta kunZul xiosze~<br />

delakruas am tiloze gamosaxulia berZenTa<br />

Turqi <strong>da</strong>mpyroblebis winaaRmdeg brZolis<br />

tragikuli epizodi, rodesac Turqebma ajanyebuli<br />

kunZulis, xiosis mosaxleoba <strong>da</strong>arbies.<br />

aRwere es suraTi, misi siuJeti <strong>da</strong> Sesrulebis<br />

manera <strong>da</strong> isaubre imaze, Tu ra STabeWdilebas<br />

axdens Senze es nawarmoebi <strong>da</strong>, Seni azriT, ra<br />

mxatvruli xerxebiT aRwevs mxatvari am<br />

STabeWdilebas.<br />

<strong>da</strong>imaxsovre!<br />

istoriuli Janri _ Janri, romelic eZRvneba<br />

warsulisa <strong>da</strong> awmyos mniSvnelovan istoriul<br />

movlenebsa <strong>da</strong> moRvaweebs.<br />

konteqsti _ garemo, viTareba, romelSic<br />

arsebobs raime movlena an obieqti.<br />

Sarl lebreni _ XIIs-is frangi mxatvari <strong>da</strong><br />

Teoretikosi, ferwerisa <strong>da</strong> qan<strong>da</strong>kebis samefo<br />

akademiis <strong>da</strong>maarsebeli.<br />

Seni azriT<br />

rogori Tvisebebi axasiaTebs zoga<strong>da</strong>d XXs-is <strong>xelovneba</strong>s:<br />

pirobiTobiTi stilis mimdinareobebi Warbobs Tu realisturi?<br />

ufro metad emociuria igi Tu mSvidi? dinamikuria<br />

igi Tu statikuri? novatorulia igi Tu tradiciuli?<br />

kidev ra Tvisebebis aRniSnva SegiZlia? rogor ggonia, aris<br />

Tu ara XXs-is xelovnebis saerTo xasiaTi raime kavSirSi<br />

istoriul viTarebasTan? ratom ggonia ase?<br />

7

istoriuli Janris nawarmoebebi<br />

xSirad asaxavs kacobriobis <strong>istoria</strong>Si<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>r gansakuTrebiT dramatul<br />

momentebs. axla Sens winaSea akademisturi<br />

ferweris cnobili nimuSi, karl<br />

briulovis suraTi `pompeis ukanaskneli<br />

dRe~. aq asaxulia antikuri samyaros<br />

erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli momenti,<br />

rodesac ax.wT-is Is-Si romauli qalaqi<br />

pompei vulkan vezuvis amofrqvevam karl briulovi `pompeis ukanaskneli dRe~<br />

imsxverpla. mosaxleobis didi nawili <strong>da</strong>iRupa, quCebi, moednebi, saxlebi, Sadrevnebi <strong>da</strong> auzebi<br />

vulkanurma ferflma <strong>da</strong> lavam <strong>da</strong>fara. nel-nela qalaqis arseboba <strong>da</strong>viwyebas mieca.<br />

magram rodesac XIXs-Si arqeologebma gaTxares pompei, aRmoCn<strong>da</strong>, rom aTaswleulTa manZilze<br />

igi sruliad ucvleli <strong>da</strong>rCeniliyo. ga<strong>da</strong>rCa ara marto arqiteqtura <strong>da</strong> qan<strong>da</strong>keba, aramed,<br />

warmoidgine, aveji <strong>da</strong> sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva nivTebic ki. gamodis, rom am saSinelma katastrofam<br />

saSualeba misca Tanamedrove mecnierebs, absoluturad zustad <strong>da</strong>edginaT, rogor<br />

cxovrobdnen a<strong>da</strong>mianebi romis<br />

imperiaSi.<br />

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

pompeis freskebi<br />

<strong>da</strong>aTvaliere es <strong>da</strong> sxva fotoebi <strong>da</strong><br />

scade aRwero, ra Seityve maTi<br />

meSveobiT: rogori iyo romaelTa<br />

yoveldRiuri cxovreba, maTi quCebi,<br />

saxlebi, ezoebi, rogor icvamdnen, ras<br />

Wamdnen, ras saqmianobdnen,<br />

rogor<br />

erTo bodnen <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

<strong>da</strong>iyaviT jgufebad,<br />

moifiqreT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>we -<br />

reT mokle moTxroba<br />

am Temaze. gaacaniT<br />

Tqveni moTx robebi<br />

erTmaneTs. SemdegSi am<br />

moTxrobebis<br />

safuZvelze SegiZliaT<br />

<strong>da</strong>dgaT warmodgena an<br />

`cocxali suraTebi~.<br />

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mozai ku -<br />

ri iatakebi <strong>da</strong> freskebi, romlebic<br />

TiTqmis mTlianad faravs Senobebis<br />

kedlebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq gvxvdeba<br />

sruliad gansxvavebuli moxatulobebi:<br />

zogi ubra lod feradi marmarilos<br />

filebis ferweruli imitaciaa,<br />

aris sufTa dekoratiuli moxatulobebic<br />

_ sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipis ornamentebi,<br />

arqiteqturuli elementebis<br />

ostaturi imitaciebic _ mag., <strong>da</strong>xatuli<br />

kar-fanjrebi, svetebi, TaRebi <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv. magram aris iseTi freskebic, romlebzec<br />

miTologiuri an yofiTi<br />

scenebi, portretebi, peizaJebi <strong>da</strong><br />

naturmortebia gamosaxuli.<br />

8

<strong>da</strong>valeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>aTvaliere pompeis ferweris<br />

mocemuli nimuSebi. scade moifiqro <strong>da</strong><br />

Seasrulo pompeis stilis kedlis moxatulobis<br />

Seneuli variantis eskizi.<br />

SegiZlia gamoiyeno mocemuli nimuSi,<br />

magram umjobesi iqneba, Tu misi meSveobiT<br />

sakuTar variants <strong>da</strong>xatav.<br />

9

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

istoriuli Janris nairsaxeobani<br />

rogorc ici, istoriul Janrs miekuTvneba<br />

is nawarmoebebi, romlebic warsulisa Tu<br />

awmyos istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone<br />

movlenebs asaxavs. erTi SexedviT, es Zalze<br />

martivi <strong>da</strong> gasagebia. magram Tu am Janris<br />

zogierT nawarmoebebs erTmaneTs Sea<strong>da</strong>reb,<br />

maT SinaarsSi erTgvar gansxvavebas SeniSnav.<br />

klod loreni<br />

Jan Jeromi `molieri <strong>da</strong> korneli~<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi am namuSevrebs. ra aris maTze<br />

gamosaxuli? ra msgavseba-gansxvavebaa maT<br />

Soris? Seni azriT, isini erTsa <strong>da</strong> imave Janrs<br />

miekuTvneba Tu ara? ratom ggonia ase?<br />

imsjeleT amis Sesaxeb.<br />

rogorc xe<strong>da</strong>v, <strong>istoria</strong>sTan bevri<br />

sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva ram SeiZleba <strong>da</strong>vakavSiroT:<br />

magaliTad, saxelganTqmuli moRvawis<br />

gamosaxuleba, scena Soreuli epoqis<br />

cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong> a.S. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare,<br />

istoriuli Janri sxva JanrebTan mWidrod<br />

un<strong>da</strong> iyos <strong>da</strong>kavSirebuli.<br />

10<br />

magaliTad, Sexede pusenis am suraTs.<br />

erTi SexedviT, es mxolod peizaJia.<br />

magram <strong>da</strong>akvirdi: pirvel planze<br />

gamosaxulia scena berZeni filosofosis,<br />

diogenes cxovrebi<strong>da</strong>n (diogene<br />

ubraloebas, simdidreze uaris Tqmas<br />

qa<strong>da</strong>geb<strong>da</strong>. aq mocemulia momenti, rodesac<br />

man Tavisi ukanaskneli `qoneba~ _<br />

Wiqac ki mgzavrs misca, rodesac naxa, rom<br />

igi wyals xeliT svam<strong>da</strong>). Janris am nairsaxeobas<br />

`istoriul peizaJs~ uwodeben.<br />

rubensis es tilo safrangeTis dedoflis,<br />

maria mediCis cxovrebisadmi miZRvnil<br />

namuSevarTa serias ekuTvnis. aq gamosaxulia<br />

momenti, rodesac florenciis hercogis<br />

asuli, safrangeTis mefis anri IV-is sacole<br />

safrangeTSi Camodis. es realurad arsebuli<br />

istoriuli scenaa. magram aq, rogorc<br />

rubensis sxva mraval istoriul<br />

nawarmoebebSi, miTologiuri personaJebia<br />

Seyvanili _ princesas egebeba xelgaSlili

alegoriuli figura, romelic safrangeTs<br />

ganasaxierebs, haerSi <strong>da</strong>frinavs sayvirebiani<br />

frTosani figura _ didebis alegoria, xolo<br />

zRvis talRebSi Canan miTologiuri arsebebi:<br />

zRvis RmerTi neptuni, nereidebi <strong>da</strong> tritonebi.<br />

amitom istoriuli Janri aq miTologiur<br />

Janrs erwymis.<br />

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac portretze<br />

saxelganTqmuli a<strong>da</strong>miania gamosaxuli, romlis<br />

moRvaweoba istoriis furclebze aisaxa,<br />

es nawarmoebi portretul-istoriul Janrs<br />

miekuTvneba. magaliTad, antuan-Jan gros<br />

suraTi `napoleoni arkolis xidze~ ubralo<br />

portreti ar aris: aq gamosaxulia istoriuli<br />

momenti, rodesac jer kidev axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

generali napoleoni Tavad waruZRva Setevas,<br />

ris Sedega<strong>da</strong>c safrangeTis jarma<br />

mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipova.<br />

J.a.gro `napoleoni arkolis xidze~<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi am nawarmoebs. ra ici aq gamosaxuli<br />

personaJis Sesaxeb? gaixsene, sxva mxatvrebis mier<br />

Sesrulebuli romeli misi portretebi ginaxavs?<br />

sad <strong>da</strong> rogor gamosaxa igi mxatvarma? rogori<br />

poza aqvs mas? rogoria misi saxis gamometyveleba?<br />

ra STabeWdilebas tovebs igi? Seni azriT, ra<br />

mizani hqon<strong>da</strong> mxatvars? ga<strong>da</strong>wyvita man Tavisi<br />

amocana? ratom ggonia ase? warmoidgine, rom Sen<br />

im epoqaSi cxovrobdi <strong>da</strong> am ambis TviTmxilveli<br />

iyavi. moifiqre SenTvis sasurveli roli, anu vin<br />

gsurs, rom yofiliyavi, <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>were Seni `mogoneba~<br />

am epizodis Sesaxeb.<br />

<strong>da</strong>imaxsovre!<br />

antuan-Jan gro _ XVIII-XIXs-Ta mijnis<br />

frangi mxatvari, neoklasicizmis mimdevari.<br />

lourens alma-tadema _ XIXs-is holandiuri<br />

warmoSobis ingliseli mxatvari.<br />

l.almna-tadema `berZeni qali~<br />

istoriuli Janri xSirad ukavSirdeba<br />

yofiTsac _ magaliTad, rodesac nawarmoebSi<br />

asaxulia romelime istoriuli epoqisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli yoveldRiuri yofis amsaxveli<br />

scena. aseT nawarmoebebs istoriul-yofiTi<br />

Janris nawarmoebebi ewodeba. magaliTad, am<br />

Janris mravali nawarmoebi aqvT Seqmnili<br />

SenTvis ukve cnobil XIXs-is inglisel<br />

mxatvrebs frederik bler-leitons, uiliam holman<br />

hanTs, lourens alma-tademas <strong>da</strong> sxv.<br />

l.alma-tadema `Wadraki~<br />

Sexede am suraTs. ra aris aq gamosaxuli? Seni azriT,<br />

romeli istoriuli epoqis yofisTvisaa<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli es scena? ra niSnebiT SegiZlia amis<br />

mixvedra? ra ici am epoqis Sesaxeb? <strong>da</strong>iyaviT jgufebad.<br />

moifiqreT <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>wereT moTxroba am nawarmoebis<br />

mixedviT <strong>da</strong> gaacaniT Tqvens klaselebs.<br />

Seni azriT<br />

istoriul Janris nairsaxeobaTagan romelia<br />

ufro saintereso? romelia ufro<br />

mniSvnelovani? ratom ggonia ase? isaubreT amis<br />

Sesaxeb klasSi.<br />

11

12<br />

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

istoriuli peizaJi<br />

Sen ici, rom istoriuli peizaJi<br />

klasicizmis xanaSi, XVIIs-Si<br />

Caisaxa <strong>da</strong> misi mTavari warmomadgenlebi<br />

nikola puseni <strong>da</strong><br />

klod loreni iyvnen. orive mxatvarma<br />

cxovrebis didi nawili<br />

italiaSi gaatara <strong>da</strong> maT tiloebze<br />

umetesad romis mi<strong>da</strong>moebis<br />

asaxuli, magram es xedebi<br />

fotografiuli sizustiT ar<br />

asaxav<strong>da</strong> garemos: isini<br />

gamSvenierebuli <strong>da</strong> idealizebulia.<br />

es imitom aris, rom pusenis<br />

<strong>da</strong> lorenis peizaJebi<br />

STagonebuli iyo antikuri<br />

kulturiT, kerZod legendiT arkadiaze, Zveli saberZneTis bednier <strong>da</strong> mSvenier kuTxeze,<br />

sa<strong>da</strong>c a<strong>da</strong>mianebi bunebis wiaRSi mSvi<strong>da</strong>d, ubralod <strong>da</strong> u<strong>da</strong>rdelad cxovrobdnen. saxviTi<br />

xelovnebis, literaturisa <strong>da</strong> musikis im Janrs, romelic aseT siuJetebzea agebuli,<br />

`pastorali~ ewodeba.<br />

klasicizmis xanis istoriul peizaJebze yvelaferi simetriuli <strong>da</strong> gawonasworebulia,<br />

yvela xe, klde Tu Senoba zustad gansazRvrul adgilzea gamosaxuli, ferebi<br />

rbilad <strong>da</strong> harmoniula<strong>da</strong>a Sexamebuli, erTiani, mSvidi ganaTeba ki ufro aZlierebs<br />

saerTo STabeWdilebas.<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi pusenis am suraTs. ras<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>v wina planze, Sua planze,<br />

ukana planze? warmoidgine, rom<br />

suraTSi Sesvla SeZeli, sad<br />

aRmoCnebi? rogor ggonia,<br />

migviTiTebs Tu ara mxatvari<br />

moZraobis mimarTulebas? ras<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>v, ra gesmis, ras grZnob? ra<br />

ganwyoba geufleba? ra SeiZleba<br />

moxdes Sens garSemo? aRwere<br />

yovelive es mokle moTxrobis<br />

saxiT.

<strong>da</strong>valeba<br />

1. <strong>da</strong>aTvaliere lorenisa <strong>da</strong> pusenis mocemuli peizaJebi.<br />

2. SearCie SenTvis sasurveli bunebis xedi. Tu realur peizaJze uSualod <strong>da</strong>kvirvebis<br />

saSualeba ar gaqvs, SegiZlia gamoiyeno peizaJis foto an realisturi suraTi.<br />

3. gaakeTe mcire zomis Canaxati grafitis (ubralo) fanqriT.<br />

4. amis Semdeg Seecade, Seqmna misgan `idealuri~, gawonasworebuli <strong>da</strong> harmoniuli suraTi _<br />

moacile yvelaferi zedmeti <strong>da</strong>, Tu saWiroa, Seitane <strong>da</strong>matebebi.<br />

5. <strong>da</strong>amate raime antikuri detalebi: antikuri Senobis nangrevebi, svetebi an patara figura.<br />

6. Canaxatis mixedviT Seasrule normaluri zomis suraTi ferSi, SenTvis sasurveli<br />

masaliT.<br />

7. SegiZlia gamoiyeno mocemuli nimuSi, magram umjobesia, Tu sakuTar variants Seasruleb.<br />

8. mza namuSevrebi gamofineT klasSi <strong>da</strong> moawyveT prezentacia.<br />

<strong>da</strong>imaxsovre!<br />

pastorali _ Janri,<br />

romlisTvisac <strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebelia<br />

bunebis wiaRSi ubralo a<strong>da</strong>mianebis,<br />

mag., mwyemsebis cxovrebis<br />

asaxva.<br />

13

14<br />

inglisuri istoriuli<br />

portreti<br />

portretuli Janri, maT Soris istoriuli<br />

portretic, farTod gavrcelebuli<br />

Janria. magram zogierT qveynebSi,<br />

magaliTad, safrangeTsa <strong>da</strong> italiaSi,<br />

ufro mniSvnelovan, `maRal~ <strong>xelovneba</strong>d<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong> miTologiur <strong>da</strong> bibliur<br />

siuJetebze Sesrulebuli nawarmoebebi<br />

<strong>da</strong> zogan ki, Tun<strong>da</strong>c inglisSi, meti<br />

popularobiT sargeblob<strong>da</strong> portreti <strong>da</strong><br />

peizaJi. magram un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom<br />

inglisSi sakuTari erovnuli ferweruli<br />

skola sakmaod gvian _ XVIIIs-Si<br />

Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>, manamde ki aq ZiriTa<strong>da</strong>d ucxoeli<br />

fermwerebi moRvaweobdnen.<br />

hans holbaini `mefe henri VIII~<br />

pirveli, vinc inglisSi ferweras<br />

Cauyara safuZveli, iyo aRorZinebis<br />

xanis didi germaneli mxatvari, hans<br />

holbain umcrosi (sityva<br />

`umcross~ amateben, raTa gavarCioT<br />

igi misi mamis, aseve mxatvar hans<br />

holbainisagan). sainteresoa, rom<br />

Tu manamde holbaini sxva<br />

JanrebSic muSaob<strong>da</strong>, inglisSi<br />

Camosvlis Semdeg igi mxolod<br />

portretebs asruleb<strong>da</strong> _ sxva<br />

Janrebze moTxovna aq praqtikulad<br />

ar iyo.<br />

van deiki `elizabeT <strong>da</strong> filadelfia uortonebi~<br />

XVIIs-Si inglisis samefo karis mxatvari<br />

gax<strong>da</strong> ganTqmuli flandrieli mxatvari, rubensis<br />

mowafe, antonis van deiki. igi iseve,<br />

rogorc holbaini, samefo karis mxatvari iyo.<br />

cnobilia, rom inglisis sazogadoeba<br />

gansakuTrebiT moxibluli iyo misi portretebis<br />

eleganturobiT <strong>da</strong> aristokratizmiT. sainteresoa,<br />

rom van deiks saxelosnoSi hqon<strong>da</strong><br />

cvilisagan naZerwi lamazi, natifi xelebis<br />

mravali nimuSi <strong>da</strong> portretebis xatvisas<br />

xSirad iyeneb<strong>da</strong> maT. rogor ggonia, es<br />

umniSvnelo, kerZo momentia, Tu aqe<strong>da</strong>n<br />

SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vaskvnaT, rom van deikis<br />

portretebi mTlianad idealizebulia (anu<br />

Selamazebuli, gakeTilSobilebulia)?<br />

erovnuli ingli su ri<br />

ferweris skolis<br />

pirveli didi ostati<br />

iyo XVIIIs-is mxatvari<br />

joSua reinoldsi. igi<br />

iyo inglisis samxatvro<br />

akademiis erTerTi<br />

<strong>da</strong>maarsebeli <strong>da</strong><br />

misi pirveli prezidenti.<br />

manve SeimuSava<br />

inglisSi e.w. `didebuli<br />

stili": Sinaarsob -<br />

rivad es gulisxmob<strong>da</strong><br />

amaRlebuli Temebis<br />

<strong>da</strong> idealuri persona -<br />

Je bis SerCevas, rasac<br />

TiTqos miTologiuri<br />

reinoldsi `polkovniki<br />

tarltoni~

<strong>da</strong> bibliuri siuJeteb is popularizacia<br />

un<strong>da</strong> mohyolo<strong>da</strong>,<br />

magram inglisSi es ase ar<br />

mox<strong>da</strong> _ ingliselTa sayvarel<br />

Janrad mainc portreti <strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

amitom `didebuli stilis~<br />

niSnebi reinoldsma Tavis<br />

portretebSi Seitana: a<strong>da</strong>mianebi<br />

mis suraTebze xSirad<br />

miTologiur gmirebad warmogvidgebian,<br />

rogorc ledi<br />

sara banberi, romelic, antikur<br />

samosSi gamowyobili, silamazis<br />

<strong>da</strong> moxdenilobis<br />

qalRmerTebis, graciebis<br />

sakurTxevelTanaa gamosaxuli,<br />

an gamoisaxebian efeqtur,<br />

romantikul garemoSi, romelic<br />

TviT personaJis gansakuTre -<br />

bul xasiaTze an saqmianobaze<br />

migviTiTebs _ aseTia, mag., axalgazr<strong>da</strong><br />

polkovnik tarltonis<br />

portreti brZolis fonze.<br />

rac Seexeba Sesrulebis maneras,<br />

reinoldsi Tvli<strong>da</strong>, rom<br />

sakuTari stilis Camoyalibe -<br />

bisTvis mxatvarma aucileblad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> Seiswavlos aRorZinebis<br />

genialuri italieli mxatvrebis<br />

_ ticianis, veronezes, miqelanjelos<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxvaTa Semoqme -<br />

de ba. igi ambob<strong>da</strong>: `rodesac<br />

sxvebis aRmoCenebs akvirdebi,<br />

Tava<strong>da</strong>c swavlob aRmoCenebis<br />

gakeTebas~. amisTvis man<br />

italiaSic imogzaura.<br />

<strong>da</strong>imaxsovre!<br />

hans holbain umcrosi _ XVIs-is<br />

germaneli mxatvari.<br />

joSua reinoldsi _ XVIIIs-is<br />

ingliseli mxatvari.<br />

Tomas geinsboro _ XVIIIs-is<br />

ingliseli mxatvari.<br />

Sea<strong>da</strong>re van deikis <strong>da</strong> geinsboros<br />

es namuSevrebi. rogoria maTi kompozicia?<br />

rogori ferebia aq<br />

gamoyenebuli? rogori proporciebi<br />

aqvT figurebs? rogor<br />

grZnobebs <strong>da</strong> STabeWdilebebs<br />

iwveven isini? ra msgavseba-gansxvavebs<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>v maT Soris? Semdeg<br />

Sea<strong>da</strong>re geinsboros <strong>da</strong> reinoldsis<br />

namuSevrebi. ra gansxvavebas<br />

xe<strong>da</strong>v kolorits, kompozicias,<br />

personaJTa proporciebs Soris?<br />

imsjeleT amis Sesaxeb klasSi.<br />

reinoldsi `ledi sara banberi veroneze `venera <strong>da</strong> marsi~<br />

graciebis sakurTxevelTan~<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi reinoldsis <strong>da</strong> veronezes am namuSevrebs. rogor ggonia,<br />

reinoldsis kolorits, naxats, kompozicias, ganaTebas, perso naJebis<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas aqvs Tu ara raime saerTo am namuSevreb Tan? Tu migaCnia,<br />

rom aqvs, maSin rogor ggonia, reinoldsma pir<strong>da</strong>pir ga<strong>da</strong>iRo italieli<br />

ostatebis xerxebi Tu misi manera mainc gansxvavdeba maTgan?<br />

ratom ggonia ase?<br />

XVIIIs-is inglisuri ferweruli skolis meore didi warmomadgeneli,<br />

Tomas geinsboro, Tanamedro veTa gadmocemiT,<br />

poeturi, meocnebe a<strong>da</strong>miani iyo. igi ar iziareb<strong>da</strong> reinoldsis<br />

Sexedulebebs _ misi idealia ara efeqturi <strong>da</strong> monumenturi<br />

`didebuli stili~, aramed van deikis eleganturi<br />

ferwera. cnobilia, rom misi ukanaskneli sityvebi iyo: `Cven<br />

yvelani samoTxeSi wavalT, <strong>da</strong> CvenTan erTad _ van deiki!~<br />

geinsboro `biWi lurj samosSi~ van deiki `stiuartis gvaris princebi~<br />

15

16<br />

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

<strong>da</strong>xate istoriuli portreti<br />

ingliseli <strong>da</strong> inglisSi moRvawe mxatvrebi<br />

mxolod mefis, misi ojaxisa <strong>da</strong> aristokratiis<br />

portretebis SeqmniT ar ifarglebodnen _<br />

imdroindel portretebze xSirad vxe<strong>da</strong>vT mecnierebis,<br />

religiisa <strong>da</strong> xelovnebis cnobil<br />

warmomadgenelTa saxeebs. Seqspiris rolebis<br />

saxelganTqmuli Semsruleblis, msaxiob sara<br />

sidonsis Semoqmedeba Teatraluri xelovnebis<br />

mTel epoqas warmoadgen<strong>da</strong>. igi imdenad popularuli<br />

iyo, rom misi sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva mxatvris mier<br />

Sesrulebuli mravali aTeuli portreti arsebobs.<br />

maT Soris aris yvelaze cnobili<br />

ingliseli mxatvrebis: reinoldsis, geinsboros,<br />

Tomas lourensis, jorj romnis <strong>da</strong><br />

sxvaTa mier Sesrulebuli Sedevrebi. saintere-<br />

reinoldsi `sara sidonsi tragediis muzis saxiT~<br />

soa, rom imxanad maT Soris yvelaze warmatebulma<br />

<strong>da</strong> popularulma joSua reinoldsma Tavisi xelmowera portretis kabis<br />

kalTaze moaTavsa <strong>da</strong> Tqva: `maradisobaSi Tqveni kabis kalTas un<strong>da</strong> Sevyveo~.<br />

Tomas geinsboro `sara sidonsi~<br />

Tomas lourensi `sara sidonsi~<br />

<strong>da</strong>imaxsovre!<br />

sara sidonsi _ XVIIIs-is ingliseli msaxiobi.<br />

jorj romni _ XVIIIs-is ingliseli mxatvari.<br />

Tomas lourensi _ XVIIIs-is ingliseli mxatvari.

<strong>da</strong>valeba<br />

scade, Seasrulo sara sidonsis<br />

portreti XVIII saukunis ingliseli<br />

ostatebis maneriT.<br />

1. gul<strong>da</strong>smiT <strong>da</strong>aTvaliere reinoldsisa<br />

<strong>da</strong> geinsboros namuSevrebi <strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>akvirdi<br />

maTi koloritis Taviseburebebs. moifiqre,<br />

romeli ufro Seefereba Sens gemovnebas:<br />

reinoldsis Tbili, intensiuri ferebi Tu<br />

geinsboros civi, vercxlisfer-lurji, msubuqi<br />

ferebi.<br />

2. Semdeg ga<strong>da</strong>ixate amave epoqis<br />

ingliseli mxatvris uiliam biClis `sara<br />

sidonsis portretis~ mocemuli konturuli<br />

naxati. SegiZlia gamoiyeno SenTvis nacnobi<br />

`badis meTodi~, gamWvirvale qaRaldiT<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>xatva an SuSi<strong>da</strong>n ga<strong>da</strong>xatvis meTodi,<br />

magram umjobesia, pir<strong>da</strong>pir TvaliT ga<strong>da</strong>xato<br />

_ ase Tvalis zomas <strong>da</strong> xelis sizustes<br />

ukeT gaivarjiSeb. amisaTvis Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad<br />

sworad un<strong>da</strong> SeZlo naxatis azomva _<br />

ilustraciebze mocemulia azomvis<br />

Tanmimdevruli nabijebi.<br />

3. SegiZlia, SearCio romelime sxva<br />

portreti <strong>da</strong> TviTon Seasrulo konturuli<br />

naxati _ es ufro rTulia, samagierod<br />

meti <strong>da</strong>moukideblobis <strong>da</strong><br />

Tavisuflebis SesaZlebloba geqneba.<br />

4. Seaferade suraTi SenTvis sasurveli<br />

masaliT _ akvarelis an guaSis<br />

saRebavebiT, pasteliT, feradi fanqrebiT <strong>da</strong><br />

sxv., geinsboros an reinoldsisTvis<br />

<strong>da</strong>maxasiaTebeli koloritis Sesabamisad.<br />

rodesac namuSevrebi mzad iqneba, gamofineT<br />

isini klasSi <strong>da</strong> isaubreT maT Sesaxeb.<br />

jorj romni `sara sidonsi~<br />

o. eduari `sara sidonsi~<br />

u. biCli `sara sidonsi~<br />

T. lourensi `sara sidonsi~<br />

17

18<br />

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

qarTuli freska _ <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />

<strong>da</strong> religia<br />

istoriuli personaJebis gamosaxulebebs<br />

vxvdebiT ara mxolod istoriulportretuli<br />

Janris suraTebze _ zogjer<br />

isini religiuri Janris<br />

nawarmoebebSic gamoisaxeba. mag., Sua<br />

saukuneebis droindeli taZrebis kedlebze<br />

xSirad vxe<strong>da</strong>vT freskebsa <strong>da</strong><br />

reliefebs, romlebze<strong>da</strong>c gamosaxulni<br />

arian qtitorebi, anu is saero pirebi,<br />

romelTa saxsrebiT aigo es taZari.<br />

amitom xSirad isini xelSi eklesiis<br />

maketiT arian gamosaxulni. magram<br />

SegviZlia es nawarmoebebi istoriulportretul<br />

Janrs mivakuTvnoT, Tu ara?<br />

Sua saukuneebis<br />

am reli efze<br />

gamosaxulia<br />

aSot kurapalati<br />

xelSi<br />

taZris maketiT.<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi, <strong>da</strong>culia<br />

aq a<strong>da</strong>mianis<br />

sxeulis proporciebi<br />

Tu<br />

ara? moculobrivia<br />

formebi<br />

Tu brtyeli?<br />

realistura<strong>da</strong>a gadmocemuli Tma-wveri <strong>da</strong><br />

tansacmlis naoWebi Tu ornaments mogvagonebs? Seni<br />

azriT, aSotis saxe portretulia <strong>da</strong> mis realur<br />

nakvTebs gadmogvcems, Tu igi pirobiTia <strong>da</strong> ostatis<br />

warmosaxviTaa Seqmnili? rogor ggonia, es namdvili<br />

portretia Tu qtitoris simboluri gamosaxuleba?<br />

<strong>da</strong>asabuTe Seni azri.<br />

adre Sen giswavlia, rom Sua saukuneebis<br />

<strong>xelovneba</strong> religiuri xasiaTisaa <strong>da</strong> im periodis<br />

nawarmoebebi pirobiTi, ararealisturi<br />

maneriT sruldeba. magram SeiZleba gagiCndes<br />

kiTxva: iqneb aseTi stiliT mxolod bibliur<br />

personaJebs gamosaxavdnen <strong>da</strong> ara realur<br />

istoriul pirebs? an iqneb aSot kurapalatis<br />

reliefi gamonaklisia <strong>da</strong> qtitorTa sxva<br />

gamosaxulebebi ufro metad gadmoscems<br />

cocxal portretul msgavsebas? maSin Sexede<br />

gelaTi. qtitirebi.<br />

romelime sxvas,<br />

mag., jvris monastris<br />

kedelze<br />

gamosaxuli<br />

reliefis fragments<br />

a<strong>da</strong>rnese<br />

erisTavis<br />

gamosaxu lebiT<br />

<strong>da</strong> Sea<strong>da</strong>re<br />

jvari. a<strong>da</strong>rnerse erisTavi<br />

erTmaneTs: isini sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva dros, sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva<br />

ostatis mieraa Sesrulebuli, magram<br />

orives<br />

turia.<br />

gamosaxvis principi ararealis-<br />

safara. beqa jayeli. XII-XIVs.<br />

Sen isic ici, rom Sua saukuneebSi taZrebis<br />

Sesamkobad freskasa <strong>da</strong> mozaikasac iyenebdnen.<br />

aseTi teqnikiT Sesrulebuli istoriul<br />

pirTa gamosaxulebebi xSirad gvxvdeba<br />

qarTuli taZrebis kedlebze.

yinwvisi varZia beTania<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi Tamar mefis amsaxvel am freskebs. ar <strong>da</strong>gaviwydes, rogori iyo imxanad silamazis ideali:<br />

mrgvali pirisaxe, didi Tvalebi, wvrili grZeli warbebi, Txeli cxviri, patara piri. rogor ggonia,<br />

am freskebze erTi <strong>da</strong> igive a<strong>da</strong>mianis zusti, naturi<strong>da</strong>n <strong>da</strong>xatuli portretebia mocemuli Tu<br />

mxatvris warmosaxviT Seqmnili ideali? ratom ggonia ase? imsjeleT amis Sesaxeb.<br />

un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom religiuri<br />

personaJebis xatvis dros mxatvari valdebuli<br />

iyo iseTi garegnoba, Cacmuloba <strong>da</strong><br />

atributebi gamoesaxa, rogorc amas tradiciulad<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong> sagangebo wesebi, anu ikonografia.<br />

magaliTad, RvTismSoblis kaba<br />

lurji, mosasxami ki sosanisferi un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo,<br />

Sublze <strong>da</strong> mxrebze varskvlavebiT; wm.<br />

petre WaRara, mokle Tma-wveriT gamoisaxebo-<br />

informacia #1.<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT VI rusu<strong>da</strong>nis Ze (<strong>da</strong>viT narini) (1225 - 1293).<br />

saqarTvelos mefe 1245-1258 ww. <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTvelos<br />

mefe 1258-1293 ww. rusu<strong>da</strong>n mefis Ze. 1230 wels xuTi<br />

wlis <strong>da</strong>viTi rusu<strong>da</strong>nma TanammarTvelad gamoacxa<strong>da</strong>.<br />

monRolebma igi umcros mefed (narinad( <strong>da</strong>amtkices,<br />

xolo <strong>da</strong>viT giorgis Zi _ ufros mefed (ulu).<br />

Tav<strong>da</strong>pirvelad isini erTad marTavdnen, SemdegSi ki<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT narini <strong>da</strong>savleT saqarTveloSi mefob<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sibereSi <strong>da</strong>viTi berad aRikveca.<br />

<strong>da</strong>, wm. pavle _ grZeli wveriTa <strong>da</strong><br />

SeTxelebuli TmiT. saero pirebis xatvis<br />

dros aseTi SezRudvebi ar iyo, amitom maTi<br />

meSveobiT mravali sakiTxis garkveva<br />

SeiZleba _ magaliTad, SegviZlia <strong>da</strong>vazustod<br />

TariRebi, <strong>da</strong>vadginoT zogierTi istoriuli<br />

faqti, SeviswavloT imdroindeli<br />

Cacmuloba <strong>da</strong> a.S.<br />

gelaTis monasterSi mefe <strong>da</strong>viT VI<br />

rusu<strong>da</strong>nis Zis (<strong>da</strong>viT narinis) ori<br />

gamosaxulebaa. <strong>da</strong>akvirdi mis asaksa<br />

<strong>da</strong> Cacmulobas. romel freskazea igi<br />

ufro axalgazr<strong>da</strong>? romelzea igi<br />

gamosaxuli saero (samefo)<br />

tansacmelSi <strong>da</strong> romelze _ beris<br />

samosSi? ra <strong>da</strong>skvnebi SegiZlia gamoitano?<br />

imsjeleT amis Sesaxeb klasSi.<br />

amis Semdeg SegiZlia waikiTxo informacia<br />

#1.<br />

<strong>da</strong>imaxsovre!<br />

ikonografia _ personaJebis an siuJeturi<br />

scenebis gamosaxvis mkacrad <strong>da</strong>dgenili wesebi.<br />

qtitori _ saero piri, romlis saxsrebiT aigo<br />

an SekeT<strong>da</strong> taZari.<br />

19

20<br />

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

freska <strong>da</strong> <strong>istoria</strong><br />

Sen ukve ici, rom Sua saukuneebSi <strong>xelovneba</strong><br />

religiur xasiaTs atareb<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong> amitom gamosaxuleba<br />

sruldebo<strong>da</strong> ara realisturad, sinamdvilis iluziis<br />

Sesabamisad, aramed pirobiTad. aseT SemTxvevaSi xelovani<br />

personaJebis garegnobasa <strong>da</strong> garemos warmosaxviT<br />

qmnis, magram warmosaxviT Seqmnili es samyaro ikonografiis<br />

wesebs un<strong>da</strong> emorCilebodes. amis gar<strong>da</strong>, arsebob<strong>da</strong><br />

kidev erTi mocemuloba, romelic aucileblad<br />

un<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong>ecva mxatvars: taZris moxatvis dros mas un<strong>da</strong><br />

gamoesaxa ara nebismieri, aramed <strong>da</strong>kanonebuli siuJetebi.<br />

Tanac yoveli maTgani mkacrad gansazRvrul adgilas<br />

un<strong>da</strong> yofiliyo ganlagebuli.<br />

amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom marTlmadidebluri<br />

taZari ganixileba, rogorc mTeli samyaros modeli. yvelaze<br />

mniSvnelovani, yvelaze wmin<strong>da</strong>a misi ze<strong>da</strong> <strong>da</strong><br />

aRmosavleTi nawilebi _ gumbaTi <strong>da</strong> sakurTxeveli. es<br />

zecis, samoTxis simboloa, Sesabamisad aq gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong><br />

jvari, qriste yovlismpyrobeli an RvTismSobeli (es<br />

ukanaskneli mxolod sakurTxevelSi). Semdegi zonaa<br />

kedlis ze<strong>da</strong> nawilebi _ aq gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong> qristes<br />

cxovrebis scenebi, anu `aTormeti dResaswauli~. <strong>da</strong><br />

bolos, kedlis qve<strong>da</strong> zonaSi, romelic miwier samyaros<br />

ganasaxierebs, gamoisaxebodnen wmin<strong>da</strong> mamebi <strong>da</strong> eklesiis<br />

moRvaweni _ rac ufro maRalia maTi rangi, miT ufro<br />

aRmosavleTiT. qve<strong>da</strong> zonis <strong>da</strong>savleT nawilSi<br />

gamoisaxebodnen qtitorebi.<br />

magram un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom freskebis ganlagebis es<br />

sistema ar iyo ucvleli <strong>da</strong> gayinuli Sabloni, romel-<br />

ateni XIs. ubisi. XVIs.<br />

nikorwmin<strong>da</strong>. gumbaTi.<br />

nikorwmin<strong>da</strong>. gumbaTi.

ic yvela taZris sruliad erTnairad moxatvas<br />

moiTxov<strong>da</strong>: yoveli maTgani ganumeorebelia, imis<strong>da</strong><br />

mixedviT, Tu romel wmin<strong>da</strong>ns eZRvneba taZari,<br />

ra zomisaa igi, rogoria misi arqiteqturuli<br />

Taviseburebebi, romel periodSia igi<br />

Sesrulebuli <strong>da</strong> a.S. moxatulobac nawilobriv<br />

icvlebo<strong>da</strong>. aqe<strong>da</strong>n gamomdinare, xelovans<br />

erTgvari mxatvruli Tavisufleba, anu sakuTari<br />

gemovnebis gamovlenis SesaZlebloba mainc hqon<strong>da</strong>.<br />

magaliTisTvis, Sea<strong>da</strong>re erTmaneTs atenis (XIs)<br />

<strong>da</strong> ubisis (XVIs) freskebi, romlebic erTsa <strong>da</strong><br />

igive siuJets _ xarebas gamosaxavs. ra msgavsebasa<br />

<strong>da</strong> gansxvavebas amCnev maT Soris?<br />

gamoxatvis Tavisufleba gansakuTrebiT maSin<br />

eZleva mxatvars, rodesac igi sufTa qarTul, adgilobrivad<br />

Seqmnil Tematikaze muSaobs.<br />

magaliTad, aseTia freskebis cikli <strong>da</strong>viT garejis<br />

monasterSi (u<strong>da</strong>bno, XIs.) sa<strong>da</strong>c wm. <strong>da</strong>viT<br />

garejelis <strong>da</strong> misi mowafis, lukianes cxovrebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>viT gareja. u<strong>da</strong>bno. XIs.<br />

scenebia asaxuli.<br />

saqarTveloSi jvar-gumbaTovani taZris moxatvis sistema XI saukunisTvis Camoyalib<strong>da</strong>.<br />

sxva marTlmadidebel qveynebSic arsebob<strong>da</strong> msgavsi sistemebi, magram maT yvelgan Taviseburi,<br />

erovnuli elementebi hqon<strong>da</strong> _ magaliTad, bizantiaSi gumbaTSi qristes gamosaxva iyo<br />

miRebuli, saqarTveloSi ki ufro xSirad jvars an jvris amaRlebas gamosaxavdnen.<br />

<strong>da</strong>valeba<br />

<strong>da</strong>iyaviT jgufebad. <strong>da</strong>aTvaliereT<br />

mocemuli freskebi <strong>da</strong> amoirCieT TiTo maTgani.<br />

Tqvens mier adre naswavli `badis meTodis~<br />

meSveobiT SeasruleT maTi aslebi <strong>da</strong><br />

ga<strong>da</strong>itaneT isini qaRaldis did furcelze.<br />

rodesac namuSevrebi mzad iqneba, gamofineT<br />

isini klasSi <strong>da</strong> isaubreT maT Sesaxeb.<br />

beTania. Tamar mefe<br />

gelaTi. <strong>da</strong>viT aRmaSenebeli<br />

21

22<br />

yfmpwofcb!eb<br />

jtupsjb<br />

bataluri Janri<br />

istoriuli Janris mniSvnelovani Sto<br />

aris bataluri Janri (frang. bataille _<br />

brZola), romelic omis scenebis<br />

gamosaxvas eZRvneba. batalisti<br />

mxatvris mizania aRbeWdos omis<br />

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani,<br />

tragikuli an gmiruli momentebi, gadmosces<br />

sabrZolo<br />

suliskveTeba, zogjer ki<br />

gviCvenos saomari movlenis<br />

istoriuli arsi.<br />

amiT bataluri Janri istoriul<br />

Janrs uaxlovdeba.<br />

larnaki brZolis<br />

gamosaxulebiT<br />

omis scenebs gamosaxavdnen<br />

jer kidev<br />

uZveles xanaSi, magram<br />

calke Janrad misi<br />

Camoyalibeba XVI_XVII<br />

saukuneebSi mox<strong>da</strong>.<br />

am droisTvis Seiqmna bataluri<br />

scenebis sxva<strong>da</strong>sxva tipebi: SenTvis ukve<br />

cnobilma Sarl lebrenma SeimuSava<br />

sazeimo alegoriuli suraTis tipi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

umeteswilad gamoisaxebo<strong>da</strong> mxe<strong>da</strong>rT -<br />

mTavari mogebuli brZolis fonze. aseTia,<br />

mag., `aleqsandre makedonelis Sesvla<br />

babilonSi~, sa<strong>da</strong>c spiloSebmul oqros<br />

etlze amxedrebuli mefe triumfiT Sedis<br />

<strong>da</strong>marcxebul qalaqSi.<br />

S.lebreni `aleqsandre makedonelis Sesvla<br />

babilonSi~<br />

magram bataluri scenebi yovelTvis rodi gadmoscems<br />

aseT ganwyobas. magaliTad, <strong>da</strong>akvirdi am graviuras,<br />

romelic Seqmnilia leonardo <strong>da</strong> vinCis freskis<br />

mixedviT `brZola angiarisTan~ (Tavad freskam,<br />

samwuxarod, Cvens dromde ver moaRwia). es iyo centraluri<br />

nawilis fragmenti _ brZola droSisTvis<br />

florenciel <strong>da</strong> milanel meomrebs Soris. ra<br />

mdgomareobaSia gamosaxuli figurebi? rogoria maTi<br />

pozebi <strong>da</strong> Jestebi? rogori saxeebi aqvT mebrZolebs?<br />

ra grZnoba giCndeba maTi Sexedvisas? rogor ggonia,<br />

aris Tu ara aq iseTi didebuli, gmiruli <strong>da</strong> sazeimo<br />

atmosfero, rogorc lebrenis namuSevrebSi? ratom<br />

ggonia ase? Seni azriT, SesaZlebelia Tu ara am<br />

namuSevris mixedviT mivxvdeT, rogoria mxatvris<br />

<strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba am personaJebisadmi, an SeviqmnaT warmodgena<br />

imaze, rogori <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba hqon<strong>da</strong> mas<br />

omisadmi saerTod? gaixseneT Tqvens mier naswavli pikasos<br />

namuSevari `gernika~.<br />

rogor ggonia, aris Tu<br />

ara rame msgavseba<br />

omisadmi <strong>da</strong>mokidebule -<br />

bis TvalsazrisiT sxva -<br />

<strong>da</strong> sxva epoqaSi Seqmnil<br />

am namuSevrebSi? ratom<br />

ggonia ase? imsjeleT<br />

amis Sesaxeb klasSi.<br />

centraluri figuris eskizi<br />

samxedro Temis kidev erT gansxvavebul<br />

ga<strong>da</strong>wyvetas vxvdebiT espanur<br />

ferweraSi, kerZos, fransisko<br />

goias suraTze `bre<strong>da</strong>s Cabareba~.

warmogidgenia, ra mizani amoZraveb<strong>da</strong> mxatvars, risi Tqma undo<strong>da</strong> mas?<br />

batalur ferweraSi arsebobs iseTi<br />

mimarTulebac, romelic omis yoveldRiur,<br />

yofiT mxares asaxavs: jaris <strong>da</strong>banakebas, meomrebis<br />

<strong>da</strong>svenebas <strong>da</strong> a.S. magaliTad, aseT<br />

siuJetebs gamosaxav<strong>da</strong> XVIIIs-is cnobili frangi<br />

mxatvari, antuan vato. XVIIs-is holandiaSi<br />

ki popularuli iyo sazRvao brZolebis<br />

amsaxveli suraTebi. bataluri Janri popularuli<br />

iyo romantizmis Tvis, rogoricaa,<br />

magaliTad, eJen delakrua, Zalze saintereso<br />

iyo is Zlieri grZnobebi, <strong>da</strong>Zabuli dinamika<br />

<strong>da</strong> efeqturoba, ris gamosaxvis saSualebasac<br />

iZleva bataluri scenebi. gar<strong>da</strong> amisa,<br />

delakruas izi<strong>da</strong>v<strong>da</strong> warsuli epoqebis<br />

Taviseburi xibli, amitom igi xSirad xatav<strong>da</strong><br />

Sua saukuneebis safrangeTSi momx<strong>da</strong>ri<br />

omebis epizodebs _ Serkinebul meomarTa<br />

masebs, xelCarTul brZolaSi Cabmul raindebs,<br />

moelvare abjars, gafrialebul<br />

droSebsa <strong>da</strong> mosasxamebs.<br />

antuan vato `jariskacebis Sesveneba~<br />

<strong>da</strong>akvirdi diego velaskesis<br />

nawarmoebs `bre<strong>da</strong>s Cabareba~<br />

<strong>da</strong> upasuxe SekiTxvebs, Semdeg<br />

ki waikiTxe informacia #1 <strong>da</strong><br />

isaubre imaze, Seicvala Tu<br />

ara Seni STabeWdileba.<br />

1.gaixsene, vin iyo es mxatvari,<br />

sad <strong>da</strong> rodis moRvaweob<strong>da</strong><br />

igi. 2.Seni azriT, vin arian<br />

gamosaxulni am suraTze<br />

(centrSi, marjvniv, marcxniv)?<br />

3.ra aris gamosaxuli ukana<br />

planze? 4.rogor ggonia, ra<br />

xdeba am suraTze? 5.Seni<br />

varaudiT, aq gamosaxulia<br />

mxatvris Tanamedrove epoqa<br />

Tu romelime sxva? ratom<br />

ggonia ase? 6.Seni azriT, vin<br />

aris aq gamarjvebuli <strong>da</strong> vin<br />

_ <strong>da</strong>marcxebuli? ratom<br />

ggonia ase? 7.SegiZlia Tu ara<br />

mixvde, rogori <strong>da</strong>mokidebuleba<br />

aqvs mxatvars Tavisi<br />

personaJebis mimarT? 8.rogor<br />

e.delakrua `talieburis brZola~<br />

<strong>da</strong>iyaviT jgufebad. gaixseneT cnobili<br />

brZolebi, romlebic saqarTvelos <strong>istoria</strong>Si<br />

momx<strong>da</strong>ra (mag., didgoris, basianis, krwanisis <strong>da</strong><br />

a.S.), amoirCieT romelime maTgani, SeagroveT<br />

maTze cnobebi <strong>da</strong> aRwereT suraTi, romelsac<br />

Tqven SeqmnidiT am Temaze. moifiqreT, romel<br />

personaJebs gamosaxavdiT, rogori garegnoba <strong>da</strong><br />

Cacmuloba eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T maT, ra iaraRi eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T,<br />

rogor iqnebodnen isini ganlagebulni <strong>da</strong> ra<br />

pozebi <strong>da</strong> Jestebi eqnebo<strong>da</strong>T, ra iqnebo<strong>da</strong><br />

gamosaxuli fonze. SegiZliaT agreTve<br />

SeasruloT eskizebi <strong>da</strong> Canaxatebi. amis Semdeg<br />

waikiTxeT klasSi warmosaxviT Seqmnili am<br />

suraTebis aRwerilobani <strong>da</strong> gamoTqviT Tqveni<br />

azri.<br />

23

24<br />

informacia #1.<br />

diego de silva velaskesi <strong>da</strong>iba<strong>da</strong> 1599 wels<br />

qalaq seviliaSi. mas adre aRmoaCn<strong>da</strong> mxatvris<br />

niWi <strong>da</strong> igi saswavleblad mxatvris<br />

saxelosnoSi miabares, rac im drois<br />

espaneTSi Zalze iSviaTi SemTxveva iyo:<br />

maRali warmoSobis a<strong>da</strong>mianisTvis (velaskesi<br />

aznauri iyo) nebismieri xeloba (ferwera ki<br />

maSin xelobad iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>), <strong>da</strong>uSvebel saqmed<br />

iTvlebo<strong>da</strong>. axalgazr<strong>da</strong> mxatvarma male<br />

gamoiCina Tavi <strong>da</strong> mas samefo karis pirveli<br />

mxatvris wodeba mianiWes. TviT mefe filipe<br />

IV Zalian Tbilad <strong>da</strong> megobrulad eqceo<strong>da</strong><br />

mas. cnobilia, rom igi yoveldRe <strong>da</strong>dio<strong>da</strong><br />

velaskesis saxelosnoSi, esaubrebo<strong>da</strong> mas <strong>da</strong><br />

akvirdebo<strong>da</strong> mis muSaobas. manve <strong>da</strong>ukveTa<br />

velaskess misi erTaderTi bataluri suraTi<br />

_ `bre<strong>da</strong>s Cabareba~, sa<strong>da</strong>c gamosaxulia niderlanduli<br />

qalaqis _ bre<strong>da</strong>s aReba espaneTis<br />

armiis mier. centrSi gamosaxulia bre<strong>da</strong>s<br />

gubernatori, romelic qalaqis gasaRebs espanel<br />

sar<strong>da</strong>ls ga<strong>da</strong>scems, is ki mowyale JestiT<br />

mxarze exeba <strong>da</strong>marcxebul mters. marcxniv<br />

Cans <strong>da</strong>marcxebul holandielTa <strong>da</strong>qsaqsuli<br />

figurebi, marjvniv ki _ espanelebi, romelTa<br />

Tavze mwyobrad aRmarTuli Subebis ritmi<br />

kidev ufro usvams xazs Zlieri, mobilizebuli,<br />

gamarjvebuli armiis iers. SemTxveviTi<br />

araa, rom meorenairad am suraTs `Subebi~<br />

Searqves. (un<strong>da</strong> aRiniSnos, rom es omi, sa<strong>da</strong>c<br />

holandielebi samSoblos<br />

ganTavisuflebisTvis ibrZodnen, sabolood<br />

niderlandebis (igive holandiis) sruli<br />

gamarjvebiT <strong>da</strong>mTavr<strong>da</strong>, bre<strong>da</strong>s aReba ki<br />

espanelTa TiTqmis erTaderT gamarjvebad<br />

<strong>da</strong>rCa.<br />

vilem van de velde `amster<strong>da</strong>mis brZola~. XVIIs.<br />

holandia<br />

filips vouvermani `brZolis qarcecxli~<br />

XVIIs. holandia<br />

Seni azriT<br />

ratom xdeba, rom omis Temas aseTi<br />

didi roli aqvs <strong>xelovneba</strong>Si <strong>da</strong><br />

kerZod istoriul ferweraSi?<br />

moifiqreT <strong>da</strong> CamoTvaleT rac<br />

SeiZleba meti mizezebi.<br />

<strong>da</strong>imaxsovre!<br />

bataluri Janri (frang. bataille _<br />

brZola) _ Janri, romelic omis<br />

scenebis gamosaxvas eZRvneba.<br />

antuan vato (1684-1721) _ frangi<br />

fermweri, rokokos stilis<br />

fuZemdebeli.<br />

skopasi _ Zv.w. IVs-is berZeni<br />

moqan<strong>da</strong>ke.

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