wm. andria kritelis `sinanulis kanoni~ ioane petriwis esTetikis Suqze
wm. andria kritelis `sinanulis kanoni~ ioane petriwis esTetikis Suqze
wm. andria kritelis `sinanulis kanoni~ ioane petriwis esTetikis Suqze
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404<br />
xaTuna xaTuna xaTuna xaTuna xaTuna managaZe<br />
managaZe<br />
managaZe<br />
managaZe<br />
managaZe<br />
<strong>wm</strong>. <strong>wm</strong>. <strong>andria</strong> <strong>andria</strong> <strong>kritelis</strong> <strong>kritelis</strong> <strong>`sinanulis</strong> <strong>`sinanulis</strong> <strong>kanoni~</strong> <strong>kanoni~</strong> <strong>ioane</strong> <strong>ioane</strong><br />
<strong>ioane</strong><br />
<strong>petriwis</strong> <strong>petriwis</strong> <strong>esTetikis</strong> <strong>esTetikis</strong> <strong>Suqze</strong><br />
<strong>Suqze</strong><br />
<strong>wm</strong>. <strong>andria</strong> <strong>kritelis</strong> <strong>`sinanulis</strong> <strong>kanoni~</strong> didi marxvis msaxurebaTa<br />
Semadgeneli nawilia. misi CarTva saeklesio wlis am monakveTSi, truleis<br />
(VI) saeklesio krebam 691 wels, avtoris sicocxleSive daakanona.<br />
`didi kanonis~ ZlispirTa sanoto Canawerebi daculia k. kekeliZis<br />
saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis fondis Q-668 da Q-680 krebulebSi.<br />
cnobilia, rom <strong>kritelis</strong> <strong>`sinanulis</strong> <strong>kanoni~</strong>, qarTuli himnografiis<br />
mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSi, cnobili mecnieris niko maris mier<br />
1902 wels sinas mTis xelnawerebSi, arsen beris anderZis aRmoCenis<br />
mere moeqca (ÌÀÐÐ,1942:12). anderZis mixedviT gairkva, rom bizantiuri<br />
sasuliero kulturis am Zeglis sami qarTuli versia Seiqmna qarTuli<br />
eklesiis avtoritetuli moRvaweebis eqvTime (955-1038) da giorgi (1009-<br />
1065) aTonelebis da arsen monazonis (XI–XII s.s.) mier. mecnierTa didi<br />
interesis miuxedavad, <strong>kritelis</strong> kanonis sami Targmanis Sesaxeb ar Seqmnila<br />
fundamenturi Sroma da ar gamocemula qarTuli Targmanebis<br />
sruli teqsti, ris gamoc uamravi kiTxva upasuxod rCeba.<br />
gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba am kanonisadmi ikveTeba qarTul<br />
saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSic. Tavidan <strong>`sinanulis</strong> <strong>kanoni~</strong>, rogorc adreuli<br />
xelnawerebidan (Sin. 70) Cans, mxolod didi marxvis mexuTe kviris<br />
xuTSabaTs ciskarze, mariam egviptelis cxovrebasTan erTad sruldeboda,<br />
XVIII saukunis xelnawerebi (S-3645, A-354) ki pirveli kviris oTxi<br />
dRis serobaze mis danawevrebulad Sesrulebazec miuTiTeben.<br />
Q. 668 xelnaweri krebuli `didmarxvis sagaloblebi notebze~ 1886<br />
w. filimon qoriZem e.w. `Semoqmedis skolis~ warmomadgenlebisgan –<br />
anton dumbaZis, raJden xundaZis, ivliane wereTlisa da dimitri WalaganiZisagan<br />
Caiwera. xelnaweri 184 gverds moicavs. mwuxrisa da serobis<br />
sagalobelTa Soris mocemulia <strong>kritelis</strong> kanonis Zlispirebi, saxelwodebiT<br />
`galoba savedrebeli~ -xma 6. Q. 668 krebuli fanqriT aris<br />
Cawerili, sanoto da sityvieri teqsti cudad ikiTxeba.<br />
<strong>kritelis</strong> kanonis Zlispirebis ukve redaqtirebuli varianti Sevida<br />
maqsime SaraZis da amxanagobis stambis mier 1894 wels gamocemul<br />
krebulSi `sruli oqropiris wesi~.<br />
`didi kanonis~ ZlispirTa orive sanoto Canaweri gamSvenebuli galobis<br />
tips miekuTvneba. samwuxarod, xelnawerTa institutis fondeb-<br />
Si ver mivakvlieT am Zlispirebis sada kiloze gawyobil variants, ramac<br />
garkveuli problemebis winaSe dagvayena, radgan mgalobelTa `smenisa<br />
da niWisamebr SigadaSig gamSvenebuli~ (kereseliZe, 1900: Q-674) Canaweri<br />
obieqtur warmodgenas ver Seqmnis ZlispirTa pirvelsaxeze. qarTuli<br />
galobis didi moamagis raJden xundaZis TqmiT `umTavresi yuradReba<br />
unda mieqces yovel SemTxvevaSi galobis Zvel, pirvandel martiv<br />
kilos (...), Tu pirveli daikarga, meore verafers veRar getyvis masze~<br />
(SuRliaSvili, 1991:139-140).<br />
<strong>kritelis</strong> kanonis Sesaxeb himnografiis mkvlevarTa mier gamoTqmu-
405<br />
li mosazrebebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rogor iqca bizantiuri<br />
monodiuri kulturis himnografiuli Zeglis Targmna misi erovnuli<br />
tradiciuli musikaluri cnobierebis yalibSi moqcevis procesad.<br />
arsenis cnobili anderZis ganxilvisas iv. javaxiSvilma miuTiTa,<br />
rom XII saukunis saqarTveloSi sagaloblis sityvebis Targmna da misTvis<br />
hangis Sewyoba (xmis dadebis xelyofa) sxvadasxva specialobad iTvleboda<br />
(javaxiSvili, 1990:50). `xmis dadebis xelyofa”-Si z. WavWavaZe hangis<br />
mravalxmian wyobaSi moqcevas gulisxmobs (WavWavaZe, 1993:44). ramdenad<br />
aris Cvens xelT arsebuli Zlispirebi arsen berisa da <strong>ioane</strong> kaTolikosis<br />
gamravalxmianebuli varianti da iyo Tu ara maTi mizani kanonikuri hangis<br />
mravalxmian wyobaSi gadmotana, Zneli saTqmelia, magram erTi ram cxadia,<br />
rom monodiuri kulturis nimuSs mravalxmiani azrovnebis niadagze<br />
transformaciis gareSe qarTuli samgaloblo praqtika ar miiRebda. radgan<br />
gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, wyoba metia, vidre gamosaxvis saSualeba,<br />
igi eTnosis mier samyaros aRqmis Taviseburebebs aireklavs.<br />
ras warmoadgenda eqvTimesa da giorgis periodis Zlispirebi? cnobilia,<br />
rom isini Zlispirebs ki ar Targmnidnen, aramed adre naTargmn Zlispirebs<br />
iyenebdnen.*<br />
eqvTime aTonelma garkveuli mosazrebiT xma Seucvala <strong>kritelis</strong> kanons.<br />
meeqvse xmaze dawerili kanonis teqsti meoTxe xmis mza Zlispirebs<br />
Seufarda da faqtobrivad Zlispirisa da xmis SecvliT mTlianad Secvala<br />
pirvelwyaros struqtura. dasaSvebia, rom im periodSi xmas ar hqonda<br />
myarad gamoxatuli kanonikuri funqcia. sxva SemTxvevaSi iseTi avtoriteti,<br />
rogoric eqvTime gaxldaT, xmas ar Secvlida.<br />
dedniseul meeqvse xmaze, magram qarTul garemoSi adaptirebul<br />
Zlispirebze gaawyo giorgi mTa<strong>wm</strong>idelma <strong>kritelis</strong> `didi kanonis~ miseuli<br />
versia. Tumca ZlispirTa, rogorc mTeli kanonis metruli sazomis<br />
Secvlam originalTan mkveTri dacileba ganapiroba, ramac bizantiuri<br />
gavlenis gaZlierebis axal etapze, aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi axali, arsen<br />
beris mier Sesrulebuli zusti Targmanis aucilebloba gamoiwvia.<br />
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva, ras niSnavda mTargmnelisaTvis mza Zlispiri,<br />
mravalxmian wyobas Tu ubralod qarTuli enis intogenuri maxasiaTeblebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT naTargmn nimuSs? samwuxarod, wyaroebSi<br />
ar aris dakonkretebuli aTonelTa samgaloblo praqtikis detalebi,<br />
ris gamoc am kiTxvaze erTmniSvnelovnad ver vupasuxebT.<br />
<strong>kritelis</strong> kanoni mxatvrul formaSi iZleva im Teologiur-filosofiur<br />
sibrZnes, romelic axasiaTebs Suasaukuneebis qarTul qristianul<br />
azrovnebas. masSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT im periodis Teologiur azris<br />
warmmarTveli yvela zogadi kanoni. yvelaze TvalsaCinod es azri qar-<br />
Tul sinamdvileSi <strong>ioane</strong> <strong>petriwis</strong> naSromebSia gadmocemuli (petriwi,<br />
1999). misi naazrevi erTgvari gzamkvlevia sasuliero kulturis ama Tu<br />
im Zeglis stilistikis, struqturis da sxva TaviseburebaTa dadgenis<br />
procesSi. radgan <strong>ioane</strong> petri<strong>wm</strong>a `aramc Tu Seqmna CvenSi filosofiuri<br />
azrovneba da mimarTuleba, aramed Sesaferisi filosofiuri ena, stili<br />
da terminologiac SemoiRo~ (petriwi, 1999:XV).<br />
* X saukunis saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobs `alaverdis anu iordanes~ krebuli<br />
900-mde ZlispiriT, yvela xmaze.
406<br />
xaTuna managaZe<br />
Cvens xelT arsebuli sanoto (Q-680) da teqstualur masalaze (Sin.<br />
70) dayrdnobiT, <strong>kritelis</strong> kanoni unda ganvixiloT, rogorc kompoziciurad<br />
dasrulebuli musikalur-poeturi cikli, romlis kompozicias mTelisa<br />
da nawilebis urTierTobis xasiaTi gansazRvravs. <strong>petriwis</strong> ganmartebiT,<br />
nebismieri mTelis arseboba nawilebis gareSe warmoudgenelia: `yoveli<br />
dasrulebuli jer nawilebisagan Sedgeba~ (petriwi, 1999:170). am<br />
TvalsazrisiT didi kanoni 250 troparisagan Semdgari mTlianobaa. igi, er-<br />
Ti mxriv, didi mTelis, am SemTxvevaSi, ciskris an serobis Semadgeneli<br />
nawilia, meore mxriv, Tavad kanoni iyofa 9 galobad, galobebi Zlispirebad<br />
da troparebad.<br />
nebismieri dasrulebuli nagebobis samad dayofaSi petriwi RvTaebrivi<br />
gangebulebis kanonzomierebas xedavs: `yoveli RmrTaebrivi wesrigi<br />
TavisTavad samgvaradaa SeerTebuli Tavisi kidovanebiT, saSualiT<br />
da dasasruliT~ (petriwi, 1999:171).<br />
sazogadod kanoni da maT Soris `didi kanonic~ sam nawilad iyofa.<br />
9 galobisagan Semdgar konstruqciaSi gamyofis funqcias mesame da meeqvse<br />
galobebis Semdgom kvereqsi iRebs. pirveli sami galoba <strong>petriwis</strong><br />
mixedviT SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc “kidovneba”, Semdegi sami – “saSuali”<br />
da bolo sami, rogorc “dasasruli”. kanonis samad dayofaSi Teologiur<br />
safuZvels xedavs XII s. bizantieli moRvawe <strong>ioane</strong> zonara: `es ricxvi<br />
(cxra) asaxavs zeciur ierarqias... cxra oda simbolurad samgzis <strong>wm</strong>.<br />
samebas gamoxatavs~ (Ãåðöìàí, 1988:129).<br />
kanonis kompozicia Suasaukuneebis azrovnebis erT-erT Tvisobriv<br />
princips eyrdnoba. samnawilianoba sazogadod gavrcelebuli logikaa<br />
formisqmnadobaSi. magram aq kidev erT simetriul sayrdenTan gvaqvs<br />
saqme. meeqvse galobis Semdeg, kondaki aZlierebs simZimis centrs, ganazogadebs<br />
kanonis ideas da ciklis kulminaciis funqcias iZens. kondakis<br />
Semdeg bolo sam galobaSi sinanulTan erTad sulieri gadarCenis<br />
imedic sWarbobs, rac teqstSi axali aRTqmis movlenebis dominirebiT,<br />
musikaSi ki dinamikis SecvliT gamoixateba. am midgomiT <strong>kritelis</strong> kanoni<br />
SeiZleba or araTanabar nawilad davyoT (6+3) da Suasaukuneebis<br />
<strong>esTetikis</strong> Sesabamisad kondaki `oqros kveTis~ adgilze moviazroT.<br />
sazogadod, sagaloblis formisqmnadobaSi myari musikaluri formulebis<br />
monacvleobis meTodi da erTi intonaciuri saqcevidan mravlis<br />
warmoqmnis procesi ar aris mxolod musikaluri kanonzomiereba.am<br />
procesis safuZvelic qristianul filosofiaSi unda veZioT, radgan<br />
dasabamidan Sesaqmis saTaveSi msgavseba da xateba Zevs. pirvelsawyisisagan<br />
yvelafris warmoqmnis da am SesabamisobaSi samyaros erTianobis ideas<br />
didi mniSvneloba hqonda SuasaukuneebSi.<br />
<strong>kritelis</strong> kanonis ZlispirTa kompoziciuri struqtura erTiania<br />
da mkveTrad gamokveTili ramdenime saqcevis kombinacias eyrdnoba.<br />
saqcevebis eqsponireba pirvelive ZlispirSi xdeba. ganviTarebis variaciuli<br />
principis arseboba saSualebas gvaZlevs am kanonis musikalur<br />
wyobaSi samyaros maradiuli wrebrunvis globaluri idea davinaxoT, romlis<br />
mixedviTac `yoveli mziarebeli erTisa, erTic aris da ara erTic~<br />
(petriwi, 1999:10).<br />
meore mxriv, analizis Sedegad dominirebadi am ciklSi erTi musikaluri<br />
saqcevi aRmoCnda, romelic TiTqmis ucvlelad figurirebs
<strong>wm</strong>. <strong>andria</strong> <strong>kritelis</strong> <strong>`sinanulis</strong> <strong>kanoni~</strong><br />
<strong>ioane</strong> <strong>petriwis</strong> <strong>esTetikis</strong> <strong>Suqze</strong><br />
407<br />
ZlispirTa sxvadasxva epizodebSi, amTlianebs kanonis kompozicias da<br />
TavisTavSi moicavs sxva motivur erTeulebs. saqcevis arsebiTi Tvisebaa<br />
misi midrekileba gafarToebisa da SekumSvisaken. ciklis ganviTarebis<br />
manZilze am saqcevis ucvleli sqemis brunva (gafarToebis da SekumSvis<br />
miuxedavad) semantikurad igivdeba maradiuli sawyisis `yvelgan<br />
myofobasTan~.<br />
rogorc `yoveli myofni iwarmoebian erTisa mizezisagan pirvelisa~<br />
(petriwi, 1999:29), ise `didi kanonis~ yoveli variacia anu axali Zlispiri,<br />
pirveli sawyisidan anu I Zlispiris intonaciidan iRebs saTaves.<br />
erTi da igive intonaciuri saqcevis sxvadasxva konteqstSi mimoqceva<br />
sakmaod vrceli kanonis miwodebis procesSi mis aRqmasac uwyobs<br />
xels. yoveli Zlispiris melodiuri hangi troparTa galobiT Sesrulebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi minimum 25-jer mainc meordeba. <strong>petriwis</strong> mixedviT, `eziarebis<br />
simravle erTsa da hgavsca~ (petriwi, 1999:10), e. i. yoveli warmoebuli<br />
sawyisis msgavsia, raodenobrivi mxare erTTan msgavsebas xels<br />
ar uSlis da amdenad, is variabeluri principi, romelic kanons udevs<br />
safuZvlad da mas mravalferovnebis elfers aZlevs, stabiluri intonaciuri<br />
formulebis arsebobis pirobebSi kanonis Sinaarsze yuradRebis<br />
gadatanis saSualebasac iZleva.<br />
linearuli ganviTarebis elementebi kanonikuri xmis pirobebSi,<br />
erTi mxriv, unda iyos daqvemdebarebuli masze. es daqvemdebareba kargad<br />
Cans pirvel ZlispirSi, romelsac mkacri qoraluri wyoba, sinqronuli<br />
moZraoba, teqstis miwodebis principi – `marcvali marcvalze~ axasiaTebs.<br />
meore Zlispiridan xmebis ganviTarebas SedarebiT Tavisufali<br />
xasiaTi aqvs, magram mesame Zlispiri Tavisi reprizuli funqciiT, qoraluri<br />
wyobis droebiT dabrunebiT, aferxebs am process. meore da<br />
mesame rgolSi xmaTa damoukidebeli ganviTarebis tendencia aSkarad<br />
gamoxatulia. es gansakuTrebiT meore xmas exeba. banic aqtiurdeba pirveli<br />
da meore xmis reCitaciis fonze. xmaTa Tavisufali ganviTareba<br />
bolo sam ZlispirSia gamokveTili. rogorc Cans, es aRmavali dinamika<br />
igrZnoboda XIX saukunis mgalobelTa SesrulebaSi, radgan filimon<br />
qoriZes tempuri miniSnebebiT aqvs Cawerili es Zlispirebi da bolo<br />
sami Zlispiri allegro-Sia mocemuli.<br />
marTalia, ZlispirTa umetesi nawili samxmovanebiT iwyeba, es ar<br />
uSlis xels xmaTa individualuri ganviTarebis fonze rTuli, Sedgenili<br />
akorduli struqturebis gamoCenas. Tumca am etapze, sanoto masalis<br />
redaqtirebamde, Tavs vikavebT akorduli vertikalis analizisagan.<br />
gamSvenebis pirobebSi da datvirTul akordul faqturaSi kanonikuri<br />
hangi mainc SenarCunebulia. <strong>kritelis</strong> kanonis ganviTarebaSi erTi<br />
saqcevi aerTianebs cikls da SeiZleba iTqvas `ze-aRmatebulia~ sxva<br />
musikalur modelebze, radgan misken miemarTeba musikaluri ganviTarebis<br />
arsi. erTi sawyisis arseboba nebismieri mxatvruli qmnilebis arsobrivi<br />
Tvisebaa, radgan `erTianobaa mizezi arsis mTlianobisa, kanonzomierebisa<br />
da mowesrigebulobisa~ (petriwi, 1999:188). es sami Tviseba<br />
aris <strong>kritelis</strong> `didi kanonis~ srulyofilebis ganmsazRvreli.
408<br />
xaTuna managaZe<br />
damo<strong>wm</strong>ebuli literatura<br />
kereseliZe, eqvTime (1900-1932). qarTuli galoba. `sami wirvis wesi. `STasaxedi~.<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa<br />
institutis fondi Q-674<br />
kereseliZe, eqvTime (1936). istoria qarTuli saeklesio galobis notebze gadaRebisa.<br />
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa<br />
institutis fondi Q-840<br />
kiknaZe, gulnazi (red). (1982). nevmirebuli Zlispirni. (xelnaweri 603, gamosca,<br />
gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo g. kiknaZem). Tbilisi: mecniereba.<br />
`marxvani~ nusxurad. Tagmnili arsenis mier. XIIIs. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis fondi Sin.70<br />
petriwi, <strong>ioane</strong> (1999). ganmarteba prokle diadoxosis RmrTimetyvelebis safu-<br />
Zvlebis. (Tanamedrove qarTul enaze gadmoiRo, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da SeniSvnebi<br />
daurTo damana meliqiSvilma). Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba.<br />
qoriZe, filimon (1894). sruli oqropiris wesi. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis<br />
k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis fondi Q-680.<br />
qoriZe, filimon (1886). didmarxvis sagaloblebi notebze. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis fondi Q-668<br />
SuRliaSvili, daviT (1991). qarTuli galobis StoTa erTianobis Sesaxeb. krebulSi:<br />
wurwumia, rusudan (p/m. red.). Zveli qarTuli profesiuli musika. istoriisa<br />
da Teoriis sakiTxebi. samecniero Sromebi. gv. 122-172. Tbilisi: Tbilisis<br />
saxelmwifo konservatoria. (rusuli da inglisuri reziumeTi)<br />
WavWavaZe, zurab (1993). literaturismcodneoba, kritika, publicistika, Targmani.<br />
Tbilisi: merwyuli.<br />
javaxiSvili, ivane (1990). qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi. Tbilisi:<br />
xelovneba.<br />
Ãåðöìàí, Åâãåíèé (1988). Âèçàíòèéñêîå ìóçûêîçíàíèå. Ìîñêâà: Ìóçûêà.<br />
Ìàðð, Íèêî (1940). Îïèñàíèå ãðóçèíñêèõ ðóêîïèñåé ñèíàéñêîãî ìîíàñòûðÿ. Ìîñêâà-<br />
Ëåíèíãðàä: ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ.
414<br />
magaliTi<br />
EXAMPLE<br />
xaTuna managaZe. danarTi<br />
danarTi<br />
danarTi<br />
danarTi<br />
danarTi<br />
Khatuna Managadze. APPENDIX
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