zurab kiknaZe wm. maqsimes misteria misteriuli ... - Reso Kiknadze
zurab kiknaZe wm. maqsimes misteria misteriuli ... - Reso Kiknadze
zurab kiknaZe wm. maqsimes misteria misteriuli ... - Reso Kiknadze
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<strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong><br />
<strong>wm</strong>. <strong>maqsimes</strong> <strong>misteria</strong><br />
<strong>misteriuli</strong> rituali, romelic <strong>wm</strong>ida <strong>maqsimes</strong> saxelze da misi<br />
uxilavi monawileobiT tardeboda XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze leCxumSi,<br />
kerZod dexviris Temis soflebSi, dokumenturad adasturebs, rom<br />
gamoCenili bizantieli RvTismetyveli maqsime aRmsarebeli (580-662)<br />
swored leCxumSi iqna eqsoriaqmnili da muris cixeSi datyvevebuli,<br />
sadac aResrula kidec. <strong>maqsimes</strong> miTosi adgilobrivi leCxumuri<br />
warmoSobisaa. saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebSi misi saxeli ucnobia.<br />
misi `cxovrebis~ mixedviT, maqsime aRmsarebels _ Teologs,<br />
marTlmadidebeli sar<strong>wm</strong>unoebis Tavganwirul damcvels monoTelitizmis<br />
moZalebis xanaSi, roca imperatoris kari am mwvaleblobas iziarebda,<br />
cili daswames imperatoris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi, konstantinipolis<br />
sasamarTlos gadasces, gaamtyunes da mere SeaCvenes. ena amoarTves, rom<br />
ar elaparaka, rasac laparakobda, xelis mtevani mokveTes, rom ar ewera,<br />
rasac werda, da ase dasaxiCrebuli moatares mTeli qalaqi<br />
konstantinopoli. mere samudamo gadasaxleba miusajes lazikis erT<br />
miyruebul provinciaSi, romelsac gansxvavebulad axasiaTeben<br />
bizantiuri da qarTulenovani wyaroebi. Tu pirveli misi gadasaxlebis<br />
konkretul adgils sqimariss (Schmari~) `qristesmoyvarul lazTa<br />
qveyanad” ixseniebs, meorisTvis es adgilebi lazikisa ukacrielni da<br />
unugeSoa, `romlisa maxloblad arian velurni da kninRa usityvoni<br />
kacni” [kekeliZe 1955:279]. `cxovreba~ gvamcnoibs, rom mokveTili mtevnis<br />
adgilas sawerkalami miubams da ase ganagrZobda weras. aq, saxeldobr,<br />
dRevandeli cageris maxloblad Zvel muris cixeSi miicvala igi. amboben,<br />
man iwinaswarmetyvela sikvdilis dRe da saaTi. mis saflavTan Ram-<br />
RamobiT saswaulebriv naTebas xedavdnen.<br />
es aris mokled, rac SeiZleba iTqvas maqsime aRmsarebelze Cveni<br />
Temis konteqstSi.<br />
pirveli cnoba maqsime aRmsareblis leCxumSi dakrZalvis Sesaxeb<br />
(xalxuri gadmocemis gareSe) ekuTvnis vaxuSti batoniSvils:<br />
`am xevs zeiT, leCxumis saSuals, cxeniswylis kidezed ars cixe<br />
kldesa zeda Seni, dexviri, Tavi Takuerisa, rameTu romelsa upyravs igi,<br />
morCilebasa missa Sina arian sruliad. amis samxriT da cxeniswylis<br />
aRmosavliT ars cagers eklesia didSeni, gumbaTiani. zis episkoposi,<br />
mwyemsi leCxumisa da suaneTisa. amas zeiT ars monasteri, wodebuli<br />
maqsime aRmsaarebelisa da mun ars maqsime aRmsaarebeli dafluli. ars<br />
Suenier-Seni, keTils adgils da aw xucis amarad. mas zeiT,<br />
cxeniswyalzed, ars kavkasis Zirs muris cixe, arvisgan SemusvrilaRebuli.<br />
munidgan gardavals suaneTis gza” [vaxuSti:749].<br />
pirvelad gadmocema <strong>wm</strong>. maqsimeze Caiwera k. kekeliZem 1910 wels<br />
cagerSi da gamoaqveyna kidec 1912 wels rusul enaze [kekeliZe 1961:33],<br />
xolo 1914 wels ufro meti masala _ peterburgis universitetis<br />
studentma d. yifSiZem, romelic sof. murSi maqsime aRmsareblis<br />
saflavis saZieblad gaTxrebs xelmZRvanelobda n. maris davalebiT.<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> miTosis 1914 wlis Canawerebi (cxra teqsti) pirvelad<br />
gamoaqveyna 1969 wlis sakuTar CanawerebTan erTad prof. m. Ciqovanma<br />
naSromSi `maqsime aRmsarebeli VII-VIII ss. qarTul legendebSi” [Ciqovani<br />
1971]. ix. agr. [alaviZe 1952] da [gardafxaZe 1955:].
pirvel da bolo Canawerebs Soris naxevar saukuneze metia gasuli.<br />
am xnis manZilze miTis maxsovari adamianebi jer kidev moipovebodnen<br />
dexviris TemSi, magram <strong>misteria</strong>, romelic am miTis safuZvelze<br />
imarTeboda dexviris soflebis monawileobiT, aRaravis axsovda. araTu<br />
XX s-is samocian wlebSi, aramed 1914 welsac, roca pirveli Canawerebi<br />
keTdeboda, mTxrobelTa xsovniT, ukanaskneli muroba (<strong>maqsimes</strong> <strong>misteria</strong>)<br />
30-35 wlis winaT gamarTula (anu daaxloebiT 1880-ian wlebSi).<br />
maqsime aRmsareblis didi saxeli rom ara, ramac impulsi misca<br />
folkloruli masalis moZiebas leCxumSi (iniciativa peterburgis<br />
samecniero sazogadoebidan modioda [briliantovi 1918], saeWvoa,<br />
gvcodnoda is minimumic ki <strong>wm</strong>ida <strong>maqsimes</strong> miTosur saxeze, rac dRes<br />
viciT. marTalia, miTosis gavrcelebis areali metismetad viwroa _ igi<br />
mxolod dexviris sazogadoebaze vrceldeba da mis gareT TiTqos arca<br />
aqvT gagonili, es siviwrove misi miTosuri siRrmiT aris anazRaurebuli.<br />
isic unda, rom <strong>maqsimes</strong> ambavi SeiZleba legendad darCeniliyo, rom igi,<br />
rogorc scenari, yovelwliur rituals (misteriul qmedebas) ar<br />
dasdeboda safuZvlad. amrigad, Cvens winaSea miTosi klasikuri gagebiT.<br />
aq aris sityvieri teqsti _ miTosi da qmedeba _ rituali, rasac es<br />
teqsti udevs safuZvlad.<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> miTosis qarga aseTia, rogorc k. kekeliZis, d. yifSiZis, m.<br />
Ciqovanis, f. gardafxaZis da m. alaviZis Canawerebis mixedviT SegviZlia<br />
SevadginoT:<br />
I. maqsime keTili kacia, kacTmoyvare, "RvTismor<strong>wm</strong>une". is dexvirSi<br />
cxovrobs, erTi didi cacxvis RruSi, magram aravin icis, saidan movida;<br />
dadis sofel-sofel eklesiebSi salocavad; da usamarTlobis<br />
aRmosafxvrelad. `rogorc mgzavri danavala <strong>wm</strong>ida maqsime. misi erT<br />
adgilze gaCereba ar iqneboda”.<br />
II. dexvirSi cxovrobs kaci, gvarad Wabukiani (Serqmeuli gvari<br />
qareiSvili), <strong>maqsimes</strong> sruli antipodi: avi, ukeTuri, mavne; uRvTo,<br />
ur<strong>wm</strong>uno; uqmisa da marxvis gamtexi. `CveulebaT qonda, rom saqonels<br />
sxvis yanaSi Sedenida”.<br />
III. maqsime mravalgzis amxilebs Wabukians, magram amaod. sxvis<br />
yanaSi Serekil mis saqonels ukanve gamorekavs. garRveul Robesac<br />
aRadgens. afrTxilebs, magram qareiSvili ar iSlis avkacobas.<br />
IV. kalooba dRes, rodesac sofelSi papanaqebaa da yvela lewavs<br />
purs, Wabukianis kalos Tavze Rrubeli gamoCndeba da danamavs gasalewad<br />
dayril Znebs. Wabukiani ver axerxebs puris lewvas. ase moxda meore,<br />
mesame dResac.<br />
V. brazmoreuli Wabukiani Tofs esvris Rrubels da mis win mkvdari<br />
maqsime daecema.<br />
VI. Wabukiani malulad marxavs mkvdars mkvlelobis adgilze. RamiT<br />
moinaxulebs saflavs, mkvdari zeze daxvdeba da, ase sadac damarxavs,<br />
yvelgan igive meordeba (damarxvis adgilebia: Wuriswyali-dexviris Zveli<br />
eklesia-kokoSas wveri-cxeTis eklesia-geniSis wvero-Cxutelis eklesia).<br />
VII. mkvdris daumarxaobiT gawamebul qareiSvils sizmarSi ecxadeba<br />
maqsime da urCevs, marxilze dadon misi gvami, marxilSi gauxednavi<br />
mozvrebi Seaban da gauSvan. sadac xarebi daecemian, im adgilze damarxon.<br />
mozvrebi didi siswrafiT gaivlian cxeTas, orbelis wvers, muris<br />
xids da Cxutelis boloSi, muris cixesTan daecemian. aq damarxaven mas.<br />
damarxva miTosis narativis kulminaciaa, magram is ar aris TviTmizani,<br />
mas damatebiTi sazrisi aqvs: garda imisa, rom aRsrulebulia wesi da
mkvdari damarxulia mTeli soflis monawileobiT (anu aRdgenilia<br />
mkvdis samarTali), damarxvis adgili Semdgom dawesebuli <strong>misteriuli</strong><br />
procesiis saboloo punqti iqneba. manZili pirvel da meore damarxvis<br />
adgilebs Soris <strong>misteriuli</strong> msvlelobis gzaa. mogvianebiT am gzis<br />
bolos, saboloo damarxvis adgilze, aageben eklesias <strong>wm</strong>. <strong>maqsimes</strong><br />
saxelze.<br />
mkvdris damarxviT yvelaferi ar mTavrdeba. uTuod raRacis niSania,<br />
rom <strong>wm</strong>. <strong>maqsimes</strong> damarxvisTanave wamovida saSineli wvima da axla ara<br />
mxolod qareiSvili, aramed mTeli sofeli veRar lewavs purs. Cans,<br />
sofelic codvaSia gareuli.<br />
IX. iwyeba qareiSvilis sinanuli: axla maqsime meoregzis ecxadeba<br />
Tavis mkvlels da afrTxilebs, rom mis kaloze mxolod mTeli soflis<br />
TxovniT gamoadarebinebs. aswavlis kidec, rogor unda moiqcnen, rogor<br />
ilocon mis mimarT, rom Sewydes wvima an Tu gvalvaa _ movides wvima.<br />
es aris miTosis narativis ukanaskneli zRurbli, roca dasabami<br />
eZleva <strong>misteria</strong>s: <strong>wm</strong>. maqsime sofels uwesebs rituals, romelic man<br />
gvalvebis an gamudmebuli wvimebis dros unda Seasrulos. misteriis<br />
daweseba sofelSi zneobrivi gardatexis Semomtania. sofelSi axali<br />
cxovreba iwyeba: mas ukve hyavs meoxe <strong>wm</strong>idani.<br />
misteriis mimdinareobas amgvarad mogviTxroben misi ukanaskneli<br />
monawileni, maT Soris im pirveli Wabukian-qareiSvilis mogvarec.<br />
gavecnoT <strong>misteria</strong>s (viZlevi sxvadasxva Canawerebisgan SeTxzul teqsts).<br />
gvalvaSi an avdarSi, daniSnul dRes (orSabaTs an xuTSabaTs),<br />
rogorc sofeli moilaparakebs, dilaadrianad bukiscemaze Seiyreba<br />
dexviris sazogadoebis xuTi soflis (CvalbeCi, cxeTa, lasxvana,<br />
wilamieri, lesindi) warmomadgenloba _ ormocamde kaci, komlidan TiTo<br />
<strong>wm</strong>idad TavSenaxuli, erTi kviris mo<strong>wm</strong>idari, mamakaci (qalis monawileoba<br />
<strong>misteria</strong>Si arasgziT ar SeiZleboda). fexSiSvela da uqamro memureebi<br />
(ase ewodebaT <strong>misteria</strong>Si monawileebs) qareiSvilis da aseve fexSiSvela<br />
mRvdlis winamZRolobiT jer Wuris wyalSi did cacxvTan midian (es is<br />
adgilia, sadac <strong>wm</strong>. maqsime pirvelad damarxa qareiSvilma), iCoqeben da<br />
evedrebian: `<strong>wm</strong>ida maqsime da RmerTo, Seni gaCenilia ca da qveyana!<br />
gamogvidare!”. aqedan daiwyeba procesia gamalebiT svlas im gzaze,<br />
romelic xarebma gaiares, roca <strong>wm</strong>. <strong>maqsimes</strong> cxedars dasamarxad<br />
miasvenebdnen. amiT memureebi mas Jams momxdari ambis monawileni xdebian.<br />
axla eseni, es Taoba marxavs <strong>maqsimes</strong>. axla galobiT (wamomwyebi, rogorc<br />
wesi, qareiSvilia), CoqismoxriT da vedrebiT _ `<strong>wm</strong>ida maqsime, dari<br />
gviboZe! Segvixvewie! oohio! oohio!” gaivlian yvela adgils, sadac<br />
xarebma gaiares da, maTTan erTad, <strong>maqsimes</strong> cxedarma. orbelis wverze,<br />
jvarTan, sinanulis niSnad kiserze Txilis RvlerWebs SemoiWeren da<br />
gangrZoben gzas <strong>wm</strong>. <strong>maqsimes</strong> saflavamde, sadac misi saxelobis eklesi<br />
dgas.<br />
raki memureebi xarebis gzas ganuxrelad miyvebian, xolo am gzaze<br />
droTa viTarebaSi an Senoba aigo, an yana gaCnda, maT ar akavebT arc<br />
saxli, Tu is Zvel gzazea aSenebuli _ karebidan Sedian da fanjridan<br />
gadadian, ar akavebT arc yana, arc bostani, arc ezo da Robe _<br />
yvelafers angreven, arRveven, gadaTelaven, aravis da arafers ar<br />
eridebian. maTi Semxvedri quds ixdis da mowiwebiT uTmobs gzas, Torem<br />
gaTelaven. Tu Semxvedri vinme gaicinebs, kargi dRe ar daadgeba _<br />
gatyepaven. namdvilad, es gatyepa ar iqneboda oden ritualuri.
RvlerWebSebmuli xalxi sabolood murSi Cadis da eklesiasTan<br />
Cerdeba, samjer Semouvlis eklesias. mere daiCoqebs, moTqvams da ara<br />
mxolod dars, aramed patiebas SesTxoven <strong>wm</strong>. <strong>maqsimes</strong> da RmerTs. mere<br />
`mociquls” (mRvdeli iqneba Tu mnaTe) SesTxoven, gviSuamdgomleo.<br />
mociquli Sedis eklesiaSi, mcire xnis Semdeg gareT gamodis da xalxs<br />
eubneba: maqsime Zalian ganrisxebulia, ar Seiwynara Tqveni vedreba, didad<br />
codvilebi xarTo. uqmes texavT, marxvas ar icavTo. xalxi: oRond axla<br />
gvapatios da awi aRar SevcdebiTo. ase orgzis. mesamed rom gamovidoda<br />
mociquli, axarebda xalxs, SegindoT, gapatiaT codvebi maqsimem. xalxi<br />
Seixsnis RvlerWebs, iqve dayris da ukan gabrundeba. mTxrobeli umatebs,<br />
memureebi daSlas ver aswrebdnen, rom wvima dascxebda an gamoidarebdao<br />
(imisda mixedviT, Tu ras evedrebodnen).<br />
Cvens win aris adgilobrivi niadagidan (viwro mikrosamyarodan<br />
(rogoric aris dexviris sazogadoeba leCxumSi) amozrdili unikaluri<br />
miTosi, romlis teqsti cnobili universaliebisgan aris SeZerwili.<br />
realuri maqsime muris cixis patimaria, romelsac, saeWvoa, iq myofobis<br />
xans odesme daetovebinos sapatimro. folkloruli gadmocema ki<br />
sapirispiros gveubneba: `rogorc mgzavri danavala <strong>wm</strong>ida maqsime. misi<br />
erT adgilze gaCereba ar iqneboda”. yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSani,<br />
advilad dasamaxsovrebeli misi uenoba da uxeloba, foklorisTvis<br />
ucnobia.<br />
ucxooba, mwiroba, msxemoba, umkvidroba <strong>maqsimes</strong> RirsSesaniSnavi<br />
daxasiaTebaa. Znelia saTqmelia, rogori qristesmoyvaruli unda<br />
yofiliyo dexviris mosaxleoba VII saukunis Sua wlebSi, magram advili<br />
gasagebia ra STabeWdileba unda moexdina maTze muris cixis patimars,<br />
romelic albaT TvaliTac ar uxilavT da verc misi gadasaxlebisa da<br />
dasaxiCrebis mizezs xvdebodnen. erTi ram ki cxadia: maT TvalSi es<br />
adamiani unda yofiliyo absoluturad ucxo, sruliad sxva (rudolf<br />
otos terminiT, ganz Andere), romlis warmomavloba aravin icoda, vin<br />
iyo, saidan movida, udedmamo, uTvistomo rogorc bibliuri melqicedeki;<br />
sad cxovrobda, isic ar icodnen _ am ucnobobis niSnad cacxvis<br />
fuRurosac asaxeleben; kaci, romelmac Tavisi sikvdiliT da damarxviT<br />
gadatrialeba moaxdina sofelSi.<br />
am ucxoobiT maqsime erTdroulad enaTesaveba rogorc miTosur<br />
pirovnebebs, aseve qristian berebs, asketebs, romlebic gamiznulad<br />
stoveben TavianT samSoblos (maTi prototipi isev da isev bibliuri<br />
abraamia) da ucxo qveyanaSi ewevian Rvawls. erTi maTganis saxe<br />
reliefurad aqvs daxatuli akaki wereTels `Tornike erisTavSi~.<br />
gabriel salosi Camodis sofelSi kacTagan miuwvdomeli mRvimidan,<br />
exmareba sofels yovel saqmeSi da kvlav adis Tavis samyofelSi.<br />
sabolood, is gauCinardeba (`aRarvin iyo saqarTveloSi / im dRidan ima<br />
beris mnaxveli~).<br />
asketis, qristiani moRvawis umaRlesi statusia misi<br />
warmomavlobis sruli dafaruloba, roca mis samSoblod erTaderTi<br />
~zeciuri ierusalimi~ (`usakuTresi mamuli zenaÁ ierusalemi~) rCeba.<br />
swored aqedan modis is ucxo qveyanaSi "zeciuri" wesrigis<br />
dasamyareblad.<br />
erTi Canaweri mixedviT, <strong>maqsimes</strong> adgilsamyofeli cacxvis (`cacxvi~<br />
leitmotivia <strong>maqsimes</strong> miTossa da <strong>misteria</strong>Si) fuRuroa. fuRuroSi<br />
binadroba SeiZleba mianiSnebdes swored imas, rom igi ar ekuTvnis am<br />
sofels (am sityvis orive mniSvnelobiT), transcendentulia misgan.
magram misi samyofeli SeiZleba Rrubelic iyos, saidanac moevlineba igi,<br />
rogorc damsjeli, gabudayebul Wabukians.<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> Tvisebaa daudgromloba. `misi erT adgilze gaCereba ar<br />
iqneboda”, `dadioda sofla-sofla” _ amgvarad aisaxa misi arseba<br />
mosaxleobis SegnebaSi. is namdvili msxemia, mwiria am mikrosamyaroSi. am<br />
daudgromlobiTac, gamudmebuli gadanacvlebiT is upirispirdeba mkvidr<br />
sofels. da amiT qristianul ideals axorcielebs am sofelSi.<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> misia Wabukianis arsebobiT aSkaravdeba. Wabukianis<br />
antisocialuri da antizneobrivi saqcieli rom ara, maqsime saerTod ar<br />
gamoCndeboda sofelSi. magram sadac danaSaulia, iq mxilebac aris,<br />
xolo sadac samxilebelia, iq aris mamxilebelic da sasjelis<br />
aRmsrulebelic.<br />
Wabukiani danaSauls sCadis RvTis winaSe da soflis winaSe. RvTis<br />
winaSe danaSauli uqmis gatexvaSi gamoixata. uqmoba Tu RvTaebrivi<br />
wesrigis niSania sofelSi, misi darRveva, aris janyi RvTaebrivi wesrigis<br />
winaaRmdeg.<br />
soflis winaSe danaSauli agresiulobaSi, TanamesofleTa<br />
uflebebis ugulebelyofaSi da SelaxvaSi gamoixateba. Wabukiani<br />
(qareiSvili) ekuTvnis im gabudayebul adamianTa (Tu ojaxTa,<br />
sagvareuloTa) ricxvs, romlebic cdiloben sofelze raime niSniT<br />
gabatonebas. gabudayebulTa agresias ewinaaRmdegeba sofeli, magram<br />
sofeli Tu uZluria maT winaSe, soflis uzenaesi patroni (<strong>wm</strong>idani,<br />
jvari) gamodis maT meoxed, rogorc gabudayebulTa agresiis aRmkveTi da<br />
damsjeli [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996:172-4].<br />
magram Wabukianis qmedeba ar aris ubralo agresia mezoblis<br />
mimarT. misi danaSauls sxva ganzomilebac aqvs. Wabukiani Tavisi qmedebiT<br />
_ xarebis SerekviT mezoblis yanaSi da misi mosavlis ganadgurebiT,<br />
yanas saZovrad aqcevs. yana yanaa, saZovari _ saZovari. maTi funqciebi<br />
mkveTrad aris gamijnuli soflis meurneobis sistemaSi. es soflis<br />
sameurneo wesrigia. am wesrigs upirispirdeba, ar cnobs da arRvevs<br />
Wabukiani, romelic am wesrigis erT-erTi wevri unda yofiliyo.<br />
Wabukiani sargeblobas moelis Tavisi qmedebiT, magram es qmedeba<br />
mas soflis gareSe ayenebs. is arRvevs kosmoss da es darRveva mis<br />
winaaRmdeg Semotrialdeba. is am `darRveulSi”, rogorc qaosSi,<br />
aRmoCndeba. is ukve aRar ekuTvnis sofels da amitomac veRar<br />
isargeblebs misi sikeTiT. is ganudga ukve sofels da sofelic<br />
ganudgeba mas. rogor gamoixata soflis (sityvis farTe azriT) gandgoma?<br />
swored ise, rogorc erT xalxur leqsSia naTqvami:<br />
me soflis Tavsa vesaxle,<br />
ara sofeli Cem Tavsa.<br />
sofeli karga mTavsobda,<br />
Tu me sofeli meTavsa.<br />
rac me soflisTvis vindome,<br />
uwin movida Cem Tavsa.<br />
konkretuli gamoxatuleba misi gabudayebisa _ saqonlis Sedena<br />
sxvis yanaSi gamosakvebad am miTosSi SemTxveviTi ar aris. sofelSi,<br />
sadac erTmaneTis gverdiT harmoniulad unda iarsebon samiwaTmoqmedo<br />
da samesaqonleo kulturebma, hubrisis saxed (tipad) swored maTi<br />
urTierTaRrevaa miCneuli, rac arRvevs soflis kosmoss. SesaZloa, aq<br />
sxvadasxva kulturebis dapirispirebis anarekli iyos _ mesaqonleoba<br />
(mwyemsuri kultura, cxovrebis wesi) utevs agrikulturas, azianebs mas.<br />
am urTierTobis mSvidobian gadawyvetas vadasturebT erT Sumerul
simReraSi, sadac inana-qalRmerTis xelis TxovnaSi damarcxebuli<br />
miwismuSaki enqimdu gzas uxsnis gamarjvebuli mwyemsis, dumuzis, faras<br />
Tavis yanaSi saZoveblad, oRond mas Semdeg, rac yana aRebulia [<strong>kiknaZe</strong><br />
1987:11]. erTi gudamayruli andrezis mixedviT, gabudayebis mwvervalia<br />
TeTri xarebis yola, romlebiTac Tu maTi patronebi, erTi mxriv, xnaven<br />
sakuTar yanebs, meore mxriv, asaRebad gamzadebul mezoblis yanebs<br />
aZovebineben. es gansakuTrebuli agresia soflis mimarT xdeba maTi<br />
gadaSenebis mizezi [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996:176].<br />
kaloobis dRes, roca mTel sofels mze acxunebs, Wabukianis kalos<br />
Tavze sawvimari Rrubelia. wvimis wveTebi namavs kaloze gaSlil Znebs,<br />
rac SeuZlebels xdis maT lewvas. es aris misi sasjeli, romelic<br />
logikurad mosdevs mis saqciels. rogori darRvevac aris yanis<br />
gadaqceva (gamoyeneba) saZovrad, aseTive darRvevaa soflis kosmosSi<br />
kalos Tavze sawvimari Rrublis gamoCena. mTavari aq is aris, rom<br />
Wabukiani imyofeba ukve ara sofelSi, soflis wesrigSi, aramed soflis<br />
gareT, uwesrigobaSi. da es aris misi sasjeli, romelic Tavad man<br />
gamoutana Tavis Tavs.<br />
Tu sofelSi wesrigi darRveulia, wesrigi unda aRdges. radgan<br />
wesrigi ar aris soflis imanenturi, is kvlav garedan Semodis.<br />
mamxilebeli ar SeiZleba soflis mkvidri iyos. is ucxo unda iyos.<br />
maqsime Tavisi xeliT cdilobs wesrigis aRdgenas. Tavisi xeliT<br />
mravalgzis erekeba Wabukianis saqonels mezoblis yanidan, magram amaod.<br />
Wabukiani kvlav da kvlav ganagrZobs Tavis ukanono da uRvTo qmedebas.<br />
sofelic Seguebulia qareiSvilis qmedebebs, TiTqos asec unda<br />
yofiliyo; Seguebuli iyo, rogorc is sofeli, romelic gudamayrulis<br />
andrezis jaunarebma daimorCiles. garkveulwilad, sofelsac miuZRvis<br />
brali, rom Tavisi umoqmedobiT gasaqani misca amgvar qmedebas. sxvagan,<br />
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeSi, rogorc gudamayarSi, RvTis risxva eweva<br />
soflis moZalades, magram arsebobs mTeli wyeba andrezebisa, sadac<br />
Tavad sofeli, rogorc erTi kaci, samans udebs gabudayebulis qmedebebs<br />
[<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996:172-175]. mTeli sofeli kisrulobs pasuxismgeblobas<br />
moZaladis sisxlze, romelic usaTuod unda daiRvaros. roca fuTa<br />
dadeSqelians sofeli (uSguli) gamoutans ganaCens. is tyvia, romliTac<br />
maTi Semaviwroebeli unda moeklaT, mTeli soflisgan gaRebuli tyviis<br />
namcecebisgan iyo Camosxmuli; is bawari, romelic Tofis Caxmaxze iyo<br />
gamobmuli, mTelma sofelma gamoswia. rogorc wesi, es gansakuTrebiT<br />
iTqmis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sazogadoebebze (saymoebze),<br />
gabudayebuli pirovneba, romelsac surs sakuTari wesebi moaxvios<br />
sofels, soflisave xeliT isjeba. magram Wabukian-qareiSvilis miToss<br />
sxvagvari dasasruli aqvs.<br />
ratom miiRo aseTi mimarTuleba qareiSvilis istoriam?<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> unda moemoqmeda iseTi ram, rac aiZulebda Wabukians,<br />
Seecvala cxovrebis niri. da maqsime Seewireba msxverplad Wabukianis<br />
moqcevas. maqsime msxverplia, soflis samxileblad Sewiruli. da<br />
msxverplma, mxolod es gamarTleba aqvs msxverpls, unda moitanos didi<br />
sikeTe, safuZvlianad Secvalos sofeli. da es asec xdeba.<br />
amieridan Wabukiani emsaxureba mis mier moklul <strong>maqsimes</strong>. man unda<br />
damarxos mkvdari. aq Semodis motivi daumarxavi mkvdrisa, romelic<br />
awvalebs mkvlels. es koSmaria, romelic unda ganicados da gadaitanos<br />
Wabukianma. es koSmari misi kaTarzisis pirobaa. "ase ewama mkvleli",
ambobs Tqmuleba. Wabukiani ver axerxebs mkvdris damarxvas, radgan<br />
mkvdars ar surs daimarxos iq, sadac mkvleli TviTneburad, SeiZleba,<br />
iTqvas, danasaulebrivad, marxavs mas. Tqmulebis variantebSi mkvdris mier<br />
ukugdebuli saflavis ricxvi samidan aTamde meryeobs.<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> ar surs daimarxos im wesiT (Tu uwesobiT), rogorc<br />
Wabukiani marxavs mas. radgan Wabukiani ki ar marxavs mas, aramed malavs,<br />
Tavisi namoqmedaris utyv mo<strong>wm</strong>es. amrigad, Wabukiani amgvari damalviT<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> cxedrisa, Tavis namoqmedaris damalvasac cdilobs. magram ar<br />
arsebobs dafaruli, romelic ar gacxaddes. maqsime moiTxovs damarxvis<br />
wessa da rigs. mas ar surs, rom misi saflavi dafaruli iyos soflisgan.<br />
SesaZloa, damarxva ar aris iyos misTvis TviTmizani, Tumca, rogorc<br />
qristians surs, qristianuli wesisamebr daimarxos. damarxvis saboloo<br />
mizania soflis dayeneba axal wesze. imis daweseba, rac aqamde aklda<br />
sofels an rac daviwyebuli hqonda, an miSvebuli iyo qareiSvil-<br />
Wabukianis moZaladeobiT.<br />
Wabukianis codva mTel sofelze gadadis. kerZo damokidebuleba<br />
(urTierToba) <strong>maqsimes</strong>Tan saerTosasoflo mniSvnelobas iZens.<br />
amrigad, Wabukiani, mkvleli, aris misteriis arqetipuli<br />
Semsrulebeli. am garemoebas is miTosur droSi gadahyavs.<br />
Tumca orive es dro erT sistemaSia moqceuli, _ pirvel qmedebasa<br />
da mis ganmeorebas Soris ar aris drouli xarvezi anu siuJeturi dro<br />
uwyvetia. miTologiuri TvalsazrisiT Tu SevxedavT mas, sxvaa Wabukianis<br />
dro da sxvaa dro soflisa, romelic imeorebs im gzas, romelic<br />
Wabukianma gaiara <strong>maqsimes</strong> gvamTan erTad. Wabukiani gamodis ritualis<br />
damweseblis rolSi. axla is iniciatoria.<br />
amrigad, maqsimem sofelSi aRadgina (an daamyara) wesrigi im<br />
adamianisave xeliT, romelic arRvevda mas. axla Wabukiani erT-erTi<br />
gulmxurvale moTayvanea <strong>wm</strong>. <strong>maqsimes</strong>i. is pirvelTagania maT Soris, vinc<br />
miuZRvis procesias im gzaze, romelic man, moZaladem, codvilma,<br />
kacismkvlelma, Tavis msxverplaTan erTad gaiara. danaSaulisa da<br />
Secodebis gza sinanulisa da gan<strong>wm</strong>edis gzad gadaiqca jer misTvis, mere<br />
mTeli soflisTvis.<br />
SeniSvnebi.<br />
1. motivi gauxedneli mozvrebisa, romlebic Seumcdarad miadgebian<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> saboloo damarxvis adgils Tavis arqetips bibliaSi (Zvel<br />
aRTqmaSi) poulobs. gavixsenoT uflis kidobnis svla filistimelTa<br />
qveynidan israelis sasazRvro dabaSi urmiT, romelSic uReldaudgmeli<br />
Zroxebi iyo Sebmuli (1mef. 6:4-14). es miTologema farTod aris<br />
gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi. maszea agebuli, magaliTisTvis, Zarwemis<br />
(cxinvalis maxloblad), lomisis da sparsangelozis xatebis tyveobidan<br />
dabrunebis andrezebi [<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996:21-23]. am miTologemis sazrisi aseTia:<br />
cxovelebs, romelTac adamianebisgan gansxvavebiT, sakuTari neba ar<br />
gaaCniaT, ekisrebaT RvTis nebis gatareba, rasac isini daubrkolebliv<br />
axorcieleben.<br />
2. erT mogviano CanawerSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`mamaCemis babua Zaan moxuci maxsovs, me 10 wlis viyavi, roca is<br />
mokvta. is ki 100 wels iyo miRweuli. am adgilis Sesaxeb ase ityoda: aqane<br />
qristianobis didi qomagi da udidesi mor<strong>wm</strong>une aris damarxulio. mas<br />
Turme maqsime erqva. is Zalian uwamebiaT imisTvine, rom mor<strong>wm</strong>une kaci<br />
yofila. nawamebi doukravT marxilze, SoubamT uRelSi gouxednavi<br />
mozvrebi da gamouSviaT asTe ugzo-ukvloT. es Zaan Sores momxTara,
qveynis dasalierSi. wamosularian xarebi, brevli Tu cota uariaT, aravin<br />
icis. roca aqane, am adgilze, mosulan xarebi, iqine mkvtrebi<br />
dayrilarian. marxilze dakruli kaci ki cocxal-mkvtari yofila, suls<br />
Rafavda Turme. aqane cota zere aris muris salocavi. iqine viRac beri<br />
yofila, mas yoliferi es unaxavs. marxilidan gadmouyvania is kaci. am<br />
kacs ucfaT laparaki douwyia (mas ena qonia amoWrili) da uTqvams, vinc<br />
yofila. mas merme bevri aRar ucocxlia. masTan yvela modioda, yvelas<br />
locavda, avamtyofebs ki, visac xels mokidebda, arCenda. sacxa is kaci<br />
yofila, iqine jere petere wyali amosula, mere moumatia da axla qe<br />
xedavT, ranairi kai wyaroa. kvtarsac ki acocxlebs es wyali. roca <strong>wm</strong>inda<br />
maqsime kvteboda, Turme misi sxeulidan naTeli gamodioda. momkvtara da<br />
aqene doumarxiaT da Tane salocavi ouSenebiaT... me Rame bevrjer<br />
gamivlia am adgils da daminaxavs wiTeli burTiviT mrgvali, romelic<br />
naTels afrqvevs. yovel maqsimobas modis aq xalxi da loculobs. am<br />
wyals svamen da Zala ematebaT~ (nora meSveliani, 76 wlis, 1986 w., sof.<br />
Cxuteli).<br />
ramdenadac gansxvavebulia es teqsti yvela sxva danarCeni<br />
Canawerisgan, imdenad TanxmobaSia igi <strong>wm</strong>. maqsime aRmsareblis realur<br />
biografiasTan: maqsime xom ukve nawamebi gamogzavnes lazikaSi Soreuli<br />
konstantinopolidan (`es Zaan Sores momxTara, qveynis dasalierSi~).<br />
muris cixis realur tyves ar SeeZlo mimosvla mezobel soflebSi im<br />
misiiT, romelsac mas miTosi akisrebs. es versia ar icnobs WabukianqareiSvils,<br />
ar icnobs arc <strong>maqsimes</strong> <strong>misteria</strong>s, rac, cota ar iyos,<br />
gaocebas iwvevs, ramdenadac, rogorc Canaweris avtori gadmogvcems,<br />
<strong>maqsimes</strong> ambavi mas mousmenis didi babuisgan, romelic daaxl. 1920 wels<br />
as wels mitanebuli gardacvlila. 1820-an wlebSi dabadebul Cxutelis<br />
mkvidrs kargad unda scodnoda <strong>maqsimes</strong> miTosi da masze agebul<br />
<strong>misteria</strong>Sic SeeZlo monawileobis miReba. SesaZlebelia, aq saqme gvaqvs<br />
aTi wlis badiSis mexsierebaSi didi babuis (gvarad meSvelianis)<br />
monaTxrobis gadasxvaferebasTan, an didma babuam aTi wlis badiSs is<br />
versia uambo, romelic mas istoriuli <strong>maqsimes</strong> Sesaxeb 1914 wels<br />
peterburgidan Camosuli pirebisgan hqonda mosmenili.<br />
asea Tu ise, es Canaweri imiT aris sagulisxmo, rom asaxavs miTosis<br />
gviandel mdgomareobas, roca mas dakarguli aqvs Tavisi meore,<br />
ritualuri mxare. magram <strong>maqsimes</strong> miToss ar ganucdia sekularizacia:<br />
informatorisTvis <strong>maqsimes</strong> saflavis adgili <strong>wm</strong>ida adgilia, sadac<br />
hierofania ar Sewyvetila (`naTels afrqvevs~), Tumca <strong>misteria</strong> daviwyebas<br />
mieca.<br />
damo<strong>wm</strong>ebuli literatura<br />
alaviZe 1952: m. alaviZe leCxumuri zepirsityviereba, Tb., 1952.<br />
briliantovi 1918: А. И. Бриллиантов, О месте кончины и погребения св.<br />
Максима Исповедника, «Христианский Восток». Т. VI Вып. I. Петроград. 1918.<br />
meored daibeWda wignSi: pirvelad daibeWda JurnalSi: А. И.<br />
Бриллиантов, Император Константин Великий и Миланский эдикт 313 г. - О месте<br />
кончины и погребения св. Максима Исповедника. Изд. Олега Абышко, Санкт-<br />
Петербург, 2006ю
gardafxaZe 1955: gardafxaZe f. qarTuli xalxuri dReobebi (raWaleCxumi),<br />
1955.<br />
vaxuSti: aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa (qarTlis cxovreba IV, 1973).<br />
kekeliZe 1955: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />
istoriidan III, 1955.<br />
kekeliZe 1961: Кекелидзе К. С. Сведения грузинских источников о Максиме<br />
Исповеднике, wignSi: kekeliZe k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis<br />
istoriidan VII, 1961. pirvelad daibeWda JurnalSi: Труды Киевской<br />
Духовной Академии, 1912, Сентябрь-Ноябрь.<br />
<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1987: Zveli Suamdinaruli poezia, Sumarulidan da aqaduridan<br />
Targmna <strong>zurab</strong> <strong>kiknaZe</strong>m, Tb., `merani~, 1967.<br />
<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1996: z. <strong>kiknaZe</strong>, qarTuli miTologia I, jvari da saymo, quTaisi,<br />
1996.<br />
<strong>kiknaZe</strong> 1979: z. <strong>kiknaZe</strong> Suamdinaruli miTologia, Tb., `sabWoTa<br />
saqarTvelo~, 1979.<br />
oCiauri 1968: T. oCiauri, miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTvelos mTianeTSi, `mecniereba~, Tb., 1968.<br />
Ciqovani: m. Ciqovani, maqsime aRmsarebeli VII-VIII ss. qarTul legendebSi,<br />
wignSi: Ciqovani m. berZnuli da qarTuli miTologiis sakiTxebi, Tsu, Tb.,<br />
1971.<br />
Z. KIKNADZE<br />
(Tbilisi State University)<br />
Mythological Tradition on St Maximus<br />
(Summary)<br />
According to Greek sources, St Maximus the Confessor (582-662), an outstanding Byzantine<br />
theologian, was exiled to ‘Lazica”, namely Lechkhumi, where he died. Following his death, he<br />
was canonized. His sojourn in Lechkhumi left behind the trace of myth and ritual performed to<br />
the end of the 19 th century. According to the myth, Maximus is a victim, laying down his life for<br />
the restoration of social and moral order in the village. The person who breached the peace and<br />
killed Maximus (though involuntarily) Maximus and who also opposed the whole village<br />
aggressively, turns into a follower of Maximus’ commandments, repents his crime and, inspired<br />
by him, institutes a ritual (analogous to Lazaroba), through which good and bad weather is<br />
regulated in the village. The Maximus’ myth contains current mythologems and motifs and,<br />
which is important, with is entire content it constitutes the tradition of the institution of the ritual<br />
(mystery). Hence, it is interesting in the general aspect of interrelationship of myth and ritual.<br />
Originated in Lechkhumi, this myth and the corresponding ritual is unknown in other regions of<br />
Georgia.
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