loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis

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mosuli gisosi damatebiTi gare datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT bolos da bolos daingres da nakeToba mwyobridan gamovides. gare datvirTva ne- bismier gaxurebul liTonSi ganapirobebs marcvlis sazRvrebze Siga da- Zabulobebis TandaTan dagrovebas da liTonuri konstruqciis ucabed ngrevas. es gansakuTrebiT Zlierad mJRavndeba heqsagonuri kristaluri gisosis mqone liTonebSi, rac, albaT, imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom ga- xurebis procesSi liTonis marcvlebi erTi mimarTulebiT ufro Zlier farTovdeba, sxva mimarTulebiT ki – sustad. amasTan, marcvlis Tavisu- fal gafarToebas xels uSlis mezobeli marcvlebi, rac kidev ufro did daZabulobebs warmoqmnis am ubnebSi. kuburi gisosis gafarToebis koeficienti praqtikulad erTnairia yvela mimarTulebiT, amitom aseTi struqturis mqone liTonebis gaxurebisas marcvlis sazRvrebSi didi daZabulobebi ar warmoiqmneba, liTonic mniSvnelovnad nela kargavs simtkices. aqedan gamomdinare, mxurvalmtkice masalebis fuZed swored aseTi kristaluri agebulebis mqone liTone- bis gamoyenebaa mizanSewonili. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, temperaturis gazrdiT kristaluri gisosi aramdgrad mdgomareobaSi gadadis. aseTi mdgomareoba xSirad ganapirobebs atomebis gadajgufebas sivrceSi da sruliad gansxvavebuli formis gisosis Camoyalibebas. magaliTad, 911 0 C-mde rkinisaTvis damaxasi- aTebelia sivrciT dacentrebuli kuburi kristaluri gisosi, xolo am temperaturis zemoT gisosis geometriuli forma icvleba da igi waxnag- dacentrebul kubSi gadadis. gaxurebisas aseTi gardaqmna zrdis liTo- nis plastikurobasa da siblantes, magram Zlier amcirebs misi simtkicis maxasiaTeblebs. imisaTvis, rom rkinis ion-atomebs Soris gaizardos SeWidulobis Zalebi da garTuldes gadakristalebis procesi, rkinas umateben Znel- dnobad liTonebs – volframs, molibdens, niobiums. volframi rkinas erTdroulad aniWebs sisales, romelic SenarCunebulia Senadnobis wi- Tel varvarebamde gaxurebisas. dislokaciebis gadaadgilebis unars mniSv- nelovnad zRudavs aluminisa da titanis danamatebi. ukeTesia, Tu malegirebeli elementebi rkinaSi Zneldnobad karbidebs warmoqmnian. mxurvalmtkice SenadnobebSi mavne minarevebs miekuTvneba advil- dnobadi nivTierebebi – gogirdi, tyvia da bismuti, romlebic Tavs iyrian 71
marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben foladis Tvisebebs. amitom mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebis misaRebad aucilebelia sufTa sawyisi masalebis gamoyeneba. Tanamedrove mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebi zogjer Seicaven aTze met malegirebel danamats. Termuli damuSavebis dros Senadnobis fuZi- dan malegirebeli elementebis atomebi metad wvrili nawilakebis saxiT gamoiyofa, romlebic upiratesad Tavs iyrian fuZeliTonis marcvlis sazRvrebSi da xels uSlian bzarwarmoqmnis procesis ganviTarebas. pirveli mxurvalmtkice Senadnobi rkinis fuZeze Seqmnilia XX sa- ukunis 40-ian wlebSi. misgan damzadebuli airturbinis TaTebis saeqspluatacio temperaturuli Weri 600-700 0 C Seadgenda. SedarebiT gviani mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebis fuZed gamoyenebu- lia rkinis mezoblebi periodul sistemaSi – nikeli da kobalti. aseT SenadnobebSi atomebs Soris SeWidulobis Zalebi SedarebiT gazrdilia da, aqedan gamomdinare, ufro maRali dnobis temperaturiT xasiaTdebian. miuxedavad amisa, saeqspluatacio temperaturuli Weri mxolod 1000 0 C-is zRvrebSi mdebareobs. bunebrivia, ufro mxurvalmtkice Senadnobebis misa- Rebad fuZed Zneldnobadi liTonebis gamoyenebaa saWiro. sufTa volframi (t dn=3410 0 C) ar xasiaTdeba mxurvalmedegobiT, radgan ukve 700 0 C-ze misi Jangeulebi advilad qrolavs. arakeTilSobili liTonebis mTavar damcav fenas xom swored maT zedapirze warmoqmnili mdgradi oqsiduri firebi warmoadgens. vakuumSi an inertuli airis atmos- feroSi volframs Jangva ar emuqreba, xolo haerze muSaobisaTvis ki sa- Wiro xdeba rTuli Sedgenilobis Senadnobebis gamoyeneba an mis zedapirze koroziamedegi danafaris xelovnurad Seqmna. volframisa da sxva Znel- dnobadi liTonebis fuZeze SenadnobTa miReba ar aris ioli, radgan mravali malegirebeli elementi volframis gadnobamde iwyebs aorTqlebas. molibdenis (t dn=2610 0 C) Senadnobebi ukve poulobs gamoyenebas mrewvelobaSi. misgan amzadeben TviTmfrinavis, raketisa da kosmosuri aparaturis iseT sapasuxismgeblo detalebs, romlebic muSaoben maRal temperaturebze erTdrouli Zlieri datvirTvis pirobebSi. tantalis (t dn=3000 0 C) Senadnobebi volframTan da hafniumTan (t dn= =1975 0 C) simtkices inarCuneben 2000 0 C-mde da ar myifdebian absolutur nu- 72
Page 1 and 2:
m. oqrosaSvili loTonmcodneobis safu
Page 3 and 4:
popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT g
Page 5 and 6:
1. liToni yvelgan Cvens saukunes zo
Page 7 and 8:
safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom li
Page 9 and 10:
vilsa da narTs. spilenZi, rogorc ma
Page 11 and 12:
jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. ma
Page 13 and 14:
libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebi
Page 15 and 16:
liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) da
Page 17 and 18:
nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebu
Page 19 and 20:
lebi. avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaak
Page 21 and 22: li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi
Page 23 and 24: Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevs
Page 25 and 26: gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da
Page 27 and 28: tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu cent
Page 29 and 30: moCnda realur simtkicesTan Sedarebi
Page 31 and 32: kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maT
Page 33 and 34: cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela Sem
Page 35 and 36: nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gans
Page 37 and 38: sazRvra 1650 0 C-iT, 1935 wels - 14
Page 39 and 40: vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobilob
Page 41 and 42: vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons
Page 43 and 44: ulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, r
Page 45 and 46: iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tige
Page 47 and 48: medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi s
Page 49 and 50: wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milion
Page 51 and 52: yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiw
Page 53 and 54: nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer ki
Page 55 and 56: dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis j
Page 57 and 58: Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas
Page 59 and 60: ebas, magram siblantisa da plastiku
Page 61 and 62: ebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis
Page 63 and 64: mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla.
Page 65 and 66: wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomo
Page 67 and 68: sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba
Page 69 and 70: Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7
Page 71: 17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadno
Page 75 and 76: taqtebi srulad gamodis mwyobridan r
Page 77 and 78: liTad, atomuri Jangbadis molekulad
Page 79 and 80: mis mcire danamatebi mniSvnelovnad
Page 81 and 82: cxliswyals. am raodenobis TiTqmis n
Page 83 and 84: adgilas. es mxolod dasawyisia. mikr
Page 85 and 86: evrad ufro metia Toriumis, titanis,
Page 87 and 88: is momentSi antena kompaqturad aris
Page 89 and 90: Rali energiis kavSiris Zalebi. nivT
Page 91 and 92: s a r C e v i Sesavali . . . . . .
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loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis

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