loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
torebSi misi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi amreklis rols cir- koniumi asrulebs. cirkoniumis gasaocari `gulgriloba~ neitronebis mi- marT Teoretikosebis mier jer kidev 1947 wels iyo navaraudevi, Tumca atomuri sadgurebisaTvis mniSvnelovan masalad igi ucbad ar qceula. amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom cirkoniums gaaCnia oreuli – hafni- umi, romelic qimiuri TvisebebiT cirkoniumisagan TiTqmis arafriT ar gansxvavdeba, magram neitronebis Zlieri STanmTqmelia. hafniumi bunebaSi Tan sdevs cirkoniums da misi calke elementad gamoyofa metad Znelia. am amocanis gadaWris Semdeg cirkoniumis warmoeba msoflioSi 1949 wli- dan 1969 wlamde aTasjer gaizarda. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan maRali dnobis temperaturasTan erTad (1850 0 C) cirkoniumi koroziis mimarT kar- gi mdgradobiT gamoirCeva. TvisebaTa aseTi Sexameba cirkoniums Seudare- bel masalad xdis atomuri Zravebis sxvadasxva konstruqciuli elemen- tis dasamzadeblad. cirkoniumisgan amzadeben `samoss~ uranis firfite- bis an cilindrebis koroziisagan dasacavad atomur reaqtorebSi, macive- bel milebs reaqrorebsa da atommavalebSi da a.S. reaqtoris sawvavis atomgulis dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmneba ra- modenime elementi. es Zvirfasi `nacari~ xasiaTdeba metad maRali radio- aqtiurobiT. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom misi yoveli kilogrami Tavisi gamosxivebis intensiurobiT ori tona radiumis tolfasia. radioaqtiuri narCenebi gamoyenebas poulobs Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi, mrewvelobasa da medicinaSi, rogorc gamWoli gamosxivebis wayaro. maTi saSualebiT mkurnaloben simsivnes, asterileben wamlebsa da samedicino preparatebs. qimikosebi da biologebi gamosxivebis wyaros iyeneben, rogorc `niSande- bul atomebs~, romelTa wyalobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba organizmebSi qi- miuri nivTierebebis gzis Tvalyuris devneba. radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi gamoiyeneba liTonis, betonisa da sxva aragamWvirvale masalebis masiuri detalebis gasaSuqeblad. qimiur mrewvelobaSi gamosxivebiT aCqareben mravali organuli nivTierebis polimerizacias. stroncium-90 warmatebiT gamoiyeneba atomuri eleqtruli batareis warmoebaSi, romelic kvebavs kosmosuri raketebis, dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis, avtomaturi meteorologiuri sadgurebisa da sxva mowyobilobebis aparaturas. qimi- uri batarea Seuferxeblad muSaobs araumetes naxevari wlisa, xolo atomuri – aranakleb xuTi wlisa. 69
17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadnobebi ratom ingreva mravalsarTuliani Senobebi xanZris dros? maTi foladis ConCxedi xom arc iwvis da arc dneba xanZris cecxlSi! saqme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gaxurebisas foladi kargavs sixis- tes da advilad icvlis formas mcire datvirTvis pirobebSic ki, ris Se- degadac Senobis ConCxedi sakuTari simZimis gamo Camoingreva. dnobis temperaturamde daaxloebiT 300 0 C-is farglebSi rkina ise- Tive rbili da plastikuri xdeba, togorc tyvia oTaxis temperaturaze. swored es Tviseba iZleva foladis Wedvis, tvifrvisa da formis Secv- lis sxva operaciebis Catarebis SesaZleblobas. plastikurobis aseTi gazrda ki iwvevs simtkicis maxasiaTeblebis Semcirebas 20-jer mainc. ma- Sasadame, rac ufro maRalia temperatura, miT ufro metad uZneldeba li- Tons datvirTvis zemoqmedebisadmi winaaRmdegobis gaweva. kosmosuri saukunis teqnika iseTi masalebis did deficits ganic- dis, romlebic xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi imuSaveben maRal tempera- turaze datvirTvis pirobebSi. amJamad saaviacio Zravis turbinebi muSao- ben 1100 0 C-ze. maSasadame, wvis kamerisaTvis gankuTvnilma masalam simtkice unda SeinarCunos 1100 0 C-ze ufro maRal temperaturaze. uaxlesi ameriku- li samxedro TviTmfrinavebis airis temperatura airturbinuli Zravis gamosasvlelSi 1370 0 C aRwevs. amJamad proeqtirdeba da dasaxulia iseTi airturbinuli Zravebis Seqmna, romelTa muSa temperatura 1700 0 C-mde ga- izrdeba. Zravebis simZlavris Semdgomi amaRleba Seyovnebulia ara sawva- vis SesaZleblobebis gamo, aramed mxolod im masalebis ararsebobiT, romlebic saimedod da efeqturad imuSaveben ufro da ufro maRal tem- peraturebze. rogor iqmneba mxurvalmtkice masalebi? am sakiTxSi ukeT garkve- visaTvis saWiroa avxsnaT, Tu ra gansazRvravs liTonebis da Senadnobe- bis simtkices maRal temperaturaze. cxadia, verc erTi sakonstruqcio masala ver imuSavebs gamdnar mdgomareobaSi. dnobis temperatura ki miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro mtkiced aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan ion-atomebi liTonis krista- lur gisosSi. rac ufro maRalia temperatura, miT ufro Zlierad irxeva liTonis kristaluri gisosi. ra gasakviria, rom ukve rxeviT moZraobaSi 70
- Page 19 and 20: lebi. avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaak
- Page 21 and 22: li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi
- Page 23 and 24: Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevs
- Page 25 and 26: gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da
- Page 27 and 28: tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu cent
- Page 29 and 30: moCnda realur simtkicesTan Sedarebi
- Page 31 and 32: kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maT
- Page 33 and 34: cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela Sem
- Page 35 and 36: nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gans
- Page 37 and 38: sazRvra 1650 0 C-iT, 1935 wels - 14
- Page 39 and 40: vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobilob
- Page 41 and 42: vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons
- Page 43 and 44: ulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, r
- Page 45 and 46: iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tige
- Page 47 and 48: medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi s
- Page 49 and 50: wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milion
- Page 51 and 52: yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiw
- Page 53 and 54: nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer ki
- Page 55 and 56: dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis j
- Page 57 and 58: Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas
- Page 59 and 60: ebas, magram siblantisa da plastiku
- Page 61 and 62: ebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis
- Page 63 and 64: mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla.
- Page 65 and 66: wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomo
- Page 67 and 68: sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba
- Page 69: Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7
- Page 73 and 74: marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben f
- Page 75 and 76: taqtebi srulad gamodis mwyobridan r
- Page 77 and 78: liTad, atomuri Jangbadis molekulad
- Page 79 and 80: mis mcire danamatebi mniSvnelovnad
- Page 81 and 82: cxliswyals. am raodenobis TiTqmis n
- Page 83 and 84: adgilas. es mxolod dasawyisia. mikr
- Page 85 and 86: evrad ufro metia Toriumis, titanis,
- Page 87 and 88: is momentSi antena kompaqturad aris
- Page 89 and 90: Rali energiis kavSiris Zalebi. nivT
- Page 91 and 92: s a r C e v i Sesavali . . . . . .
torebSi misi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi amreklis rols cir-<br />
koniumi asrulebs. cirkoniumis gasaocari `gulgriloba~ neitronebis mi-<br />
marT Teoretikosebis mier jer kidev 1947 wels iyo navaraudevi, Tumca<br />
atomuri sadgurebisaTvis mniSvnelovan masalad igi ucbad ar qceula.<br />
amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom cirkoniums gaaCnia oreuli – hafni-<br />
umi, romelic qimiuri TvisebebiT cirkoniumisagan TiTqmis arafriT ar<br />
gansxvavdeba, magram neitronebis Zlieri STanmTqmelia. hafniumi bunebaSi<br />
Tan sdevs cirkoniums da misi calke elementad gamoyofa metad Znelia.<br />
am amocanis gadaWris Semdeg cirkoniumis warmoeba msoflioSi 1949 wli-<br />
dan 1969 wlamde aTasjer gaizarda. es arc aris gasakviri, radgan maRali<br />
dnobis temperaturasTan erTad (1850 0 C) cirkoniumi koroziis mimarT kar-<br />
gi mdgradobiT gamoirCeva. TvisebaTa aseTi Sexameba cirkoniums Seudare-<br />
bel masalad xdis atomuri Zravebis sxvadasxva konstruqciuli elemen-<br />
tis dasamzadeblad. cirkoniumisgan amzadeben `samoss~ uranis firfite-<br />
bis an cilindrebis koroziisagan dasacavad atomur reaqtorebSi, macive-<br />
bel milebs reaqrorebsa da atommavalebSi da a.S.<br />
reaqtoris sawvavis atomgulis dayofis Sedegad warmoiqmneba ra-<br />
modenime elementi. es Zvirfasi `nacari~ xasiaTdeba metad maRali radio-<br />
aqtiurobiT. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom misi yoveli kilogrami Tavisi<br />
gamosxivebis intensiurobiT ori tona radiumis tolfasia. radioaqtiuri<br />
narCenebi gamoyenebas poulobs Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi, mrewvelobasa<br />
da medicinaSi, rogorc gamWoli gamosxivebis wayaro. maTi saSualebiT<br />
mkurnaloben simsivnes, asterileben wamlebsa da samedicino preparatebs.<br />
qimikosebi da biologebi gamosxivebis wyaros iyeneben, rogorc `niSande-<br />
bul atomebs~, romelTa wyalobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba organizmebSi qi-<br />
miuri nivTierebebis gzis Tvalyuris devneba. radioaqtiuri nivTierebebi<br />
gamoiyeneba liTonis, betonisa da sxva aragamWvirvale masalebis masiuri<br />
detalebis gasaSuqeblad. qimiur mrewvelobaSi gamosxivebiT aCqareben<br />
mravali organuli nivTierebis polimerizacias. stroncium-90 warmatebiT<br />
gamoiyeneba atomuri eleqtruli batareis warmoebaSi, romelic kvebavs<br />
kosmosuri raketebis, dedamiwis xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebis, avtomaturi<br />
meteorologiuri sadgurebisa da sxva mowyobilobebis aparaturas. qimi-<br />
uri batarea Seuferxeblad muSaobs araumetes naxevari wlisa, xolo<br />
atomuri – aranakleb xuTi wlisa.<br />
69
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