loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
lebrivi naxSirbadiani foladisagan damzadebuli saWrisebi swrafad xurdeba, rac zRudavs detalis damuSavebis siCqares 5 m/wT-mde. aRniSnu- li barieri gadailaxa mas Semdeg, rac SemuSavda foladi volframis da- namatebiT. volframiani foladis qimiuri Sedgenilobis daxvewis Semdeg mrewvelobis mier gamoSvebuli saWrisebi ar kargavda Tvisebebs 300 0 C-mde gaxurebisas, ramac erTnaxevarjer gazarda Wris siCqare (7,5 m/wT). male bazarze gamoCnda amerikuli saWrisebi, romlebic ar blagv- deboda 18 m/wT siCqariT liTonis damuSavebisas. volframis wyalobiT 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi liTonis Wris siCqare da liTinsaWreli Carxebis mwar- moebloba Svidjer gaizarda. 1911 wels didi zarbaznebis Sida zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad Se- sabamisi liTonis Ziebis procesSi SemTxveviT iqna aRmoCenili, rom rki- nis Senadnobi qromTan wyalSi ar iJangeboda. axali Senadnobisgan damza- debuli furceli gems miabes, CauSves wyalSi da dauloces gza inglisi- dan axal zelandiamde da ukan. gamocdis damTavrebis Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom liTonma SeinarCuna Tavisi pirvandeli saxe yovelgvari cvlilebis gareSe. qromis fuZeze damzadebul Senadnobebs, garda Jangvisadmi kargi winaaRmdegobisa, aRmoaCndaT maRali mxurvalsimtkicis maxasiaTeblebic. rkinisa da nikelis urTierTSednobis mcdeloba daiwyo XIX sauku- neSi. sufTa nikelis miRebidan Teqvsmeti wlis Semdeg, 1820 wels, cnobil- ma fizikosma, faradeim, Caatara mTeli rigi cdebi nikelis Semcveli fo- ladebis misaRebad, xolo 12 wlis Semdeg mrewveloba ukve aewyo aseTi foladebis warmoebisaTvis. pirvel msoflio omSi inglisisa da safrangeTis tankebis 75 mili- metrian javSans, romelic damzadebuli iyo mtkice, magram myife manganu- miani foladisagan, advilad arRvevda germanuli artileriis 75 milimet- riani Wurvebi. magram igive Wurvebi uZluri aRmoCnda 1,5-2% molibdenis Semcvelobis foladis javSnis winaaRmdeg, romlis sisqe 25 mm-de iyo Sem- cirebuli. bunebrivia, aman ganapiroba Wurvebis javSangamtanianobis gazr- dis gzebis Ziebis aucilebloba. praqtikulad mudmivad mimdinareobda Wi- ______________ ∗ legreba – masalis Sedgenilobis mizandasaxuli Secvla masSi malegirebeli elementebis Seyvanis gziT struqturisa da Tvisebebis Sesacvlelad. 53
dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis javSangamtanianobas Soris. swored aseT paeqrobaSi SemuSavda molibdeniani foladis mravali saxeoba, romel- mac warmatebiT Secvala volframiani foladebi. mravalwliani Sromis Sedegad frangma metalurgma muassanam 1893 wels miiRo sufTa vanadiumis naWeri, magram am elementis gamoyenebis sfero ver gansazRvra. vanadiums yuradReba miaqcia amerikis avtomrewve- lobis mefem, henri fordma. 1905 wels igi eswreboda saavtomobilo rbo- lebs inglisSi. rbolis dros moxda katastrofa: erT-erTi franguli av- tomanqana meores Seejaxa da daimtvra. katastrofis adgilidan fordma Seagrova Zravis sarqvelis RerZis namsxvrevebi. igi gaaoca liTonis sim- subuqem da sisalem. nadavli fordma okeanis gaRma Tavis laboratoriaSi gaagzavna, saidanac male aseTi pasuxi miiRo: `foladi Seicavs vanadiums~. fordma miznad daisaxa vanadiumi gamoeyenebina saavtomobilo fo- ladis Sesaqmnelad, magram didi xnis ganmavlobaSi man ver monaxa qarxa- na, romelic itvirTebda vanadiumiani foladis gamodnobas – procesi sa- Wiroebda maRal temperaturas. mravalwliani Ziebis Semdeg fordma mona- xa patara foladsadnobi saamqro, romlis mepatronec didi gasamrjelos fasad daTanxmda cdebis warmoebaze. im periodSi evropis saavtomobilo mrewveloba iyenebda foladebis araumetes 4-5 saxeobas. sakuTar laboratoriaSi da qarxanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze fordma SeimuSava foladebis 22 marka, romelTagan 10 vanadiumiani iyo. misgan damzadebuli detalebi samjer-oTxjer ufro gvian cvdeboda winamorbedTan SedarebiT. 1910 wels safrangeTis vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis departamentma ga- moikvlia fordis avtomobilebis zogierTi detali. aRmoCnda, rom for- dis foladebi TvisebaTa yvela maCvenebliT aRemateboda franguls. fordma siamayiT aRniSna: `rom ar yofiliyo vanadiumi, ar iqneboda arc Cemi avtomobili~. vanadiumianma foladebma SemdgomSi mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba hpoves. pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi frangebma pirvelebma aRWurves sakuTari TviTmfrinavebi zarbazniT, romlis wonis Semcireba da misi moTavseba mcire tvirTamweobis TviTmfrinavze vanadiumianma foladma ganapiroba. vanadiumiani foladisagan damzadebulma msubuqma javSanma aSS-Si saarti- lerio gamocdebis dros 100 SemTxvevidan 99-s gauZlo. 54
- Page 3 and 4: popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT g
- Page 5 and 6: 1. liToni yvelgan Cvens saukunes zo
- Page 7 and 8: safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom li
- Page 9 and 10: vilsa da narTs. spilenZi, rogorc ma
- Page 11 and 12: jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. ma
- Page 13 and 14: libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebi
- Page 15 and 16: liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) da
- Page 17 and 18: nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebu
- Page 19 and 20: lebi. avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaak
- Page 21 and 22: li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi
- Page 23 and 24: Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevs
- Page 25 and 26: gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da
- Page 27 and 28: tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu cent
- Page 29 and 30: moCnda realur simtkicesTan Sedarebi
- Page 31 and 32: kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maT
- Page 33 and 34: cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela Sem
- Page 35 and 36: nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gans
- Page 37 and 38: sazRvra 1650 0 C-iT, 1935 wels - 14
- Page 39 and 40: vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobilob
- Page 41 and 42: vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons
- Page 43 and 44: ulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, r
- Page 45 and 46: iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tige
- Page 47 and 48: medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi s
- Page 49 and 50: wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milion
- Page 51 and 52: yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiw
- Page 53: nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer ki
- Page 57 and 58: Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas
- Page 59 and 60: ebas, magram siblantisa da plastiku
- Page 61 and 62: ebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis
- Page 63 and 64: mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla.
- Page 65 and 66: wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomo
- Page 67 and 68: sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba
- Page 69 and 70: Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7
- Page 71 and 72: 17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadno
- Page 73 and 74: marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben f
- Page 75 and 76: taqtebi srulad gamodis mwyobridan r
- Page 77 and 78: liTad, atomuri Jangbadis molekulad
- Page 79 and 80: mis mcire danamatebi mniSvnelovnad
- Page 81 and 82: cxliswyals. am raodenobis TiTqmis n
- Page 83 and 84: adgilas. es mxolod dasawyisia. mikr
- Page 85 and 86: evrad ufro metia Toriumis, titanis,
- Page 87 and 88: is momentSi antena kompaqturad aris
- Page 89 and 90: Rali energiis kavSiris Zalebi. nivT
- Page 91 and 92: s a r C e v i Sesavali . . . . . .
lebrivi naxSirbadiani foladisagan damzadebuli saWrisebi swrafad<br />
xurdeba, rac zRudavs detalis damuSavebis siCqares 5 m/wT-mde. aRniSnu-<br />
li barieri gadailaxa mas Semdeg, rac SemuSavda foladi volframis da-<br />
namatebiT. volframiani foladis qimiuri Sedgenilobis daxvewis Semdeg<br />
mrewvelobis mier gamoSvebuli saWrisebi ar kargavda Tvisebebs 300 0 C-mde<br />
gaxurebisas, ramac erTnaxevarjer gazarda Wris siCqare (7,5 m/wT).<br />
male bazarze gamoCnda amerikuli saWrisebi, romlebic ar blagv-<br />
deboda 18 m/wT siCqariT liTonis damuSavebisas. volframis wyalobiT 50<br />
wlis ganmavlobaSi liTonis Wris siCqare da liTinsaWreli Carxebis mwar-<br />
moebloba Svidjer gaizarda.<br />
1911 wels didi zarbaznebis Sida zedapirebis mosapirkeTeblad Se-<br />
sabamisi liTonis Ziebis procesSi SemTxveviT iqna aRmoCenili, rom rki-<br />
nis Senadnobi qromTan wyalSi ar iJangeboda. axali Senadnobisgan damza-<br />
debuli furceli gems miabes, CauSves wyalSi da dauloces gza inglisi-<br />
dan axal zelandiamde da ukan. gamocdis damTavrebis Semdeg aRmoCnda,<br />
rom liTonma SeinarCuna Tavisi pirvandeli saxe yovelgvari cvlilebis<br />
gareSe. qromis fuZeze damzadebul Senadnobebs, garda Jangvisadmi kargi<br />
winaaRmdegobisa, aRmoaCndaT maRali mxurvalsimtkicis maxasiaTeblebic.<br />
rkinisa da nikelis urTierTSednobis mcdeloba daiwyo XIX sauku-<br />
neSi. sufTa nikelis miRebidan Teqvsmeti wlis Semdeg, 1820 wels, cnobil-<br />
ma fizikosma, faradeim, Caatara mTeli rigi cdebi nikelis Semcveli fo-<br />
ladebis misaRebad, xolo 12 wlis Semdeg mrewveloba ukve aewyo aseTi<br />
foladebis warmoebisaTvis.<br />
pirvel msoflio omSi inglisisa da safrangeTis tankebis 75 mili-<br />
metrian javSans, romelic damzadebuli iyo mtkice, magram myife manganu-<br />
miani foladisagan, advilad arRvevda germanuli artileriis 75 milimet-<br />
riani Wurvebi. magram igive Wurvebi uZluri aRmoCnda 1,5-2% molibdenis<br />
Semcvelobis foladis javSnis winaaRmdeg, romlis sisqe 25 mm-de iyo Sem-<br />
cirebuli. bunebrivia, aman ganapiroba Wurvebis javSangamtanianobis gazr-<br />
dis gzebis Ziebis aucilebloba. praqtikulad mudmivad mimdinareobda Wi-<br />
______________<br />
∗ legreba – masalis Sedgenilobis mizandasaxuli Secvla masSi malegirebeli<br />
elementebis Seyvanis gziT struqturisa da Tvisebebis Sesacvlelad.<br />
53
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