loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
dasavleT evropaSi, Tumca 700 wlis Semdeg damuSavebis saidumloeba dai- karga. sainteresoa, rogor SeZles Sua saukuneebSi mcxovrebma adamianeb- ma Tanamedrove teqnologiisa da malegirebeli elementebis ∗ damatebis gareSe aseTi gasaocari uJangavi da araCveulebrivad mtkice foladis mi- Reba? Tu damaskuri foladis warmoeba odesRac iyo aTvisebuli, ratom daiviwyes igi adamianebma? akademikosma vereSCaginma am kiTxvas ase upasu- xa: `is, rac SemTxveviT aris mignebuli eqsperimentis gziT da jer kidev ar aris gaazrebuli da gagebuli adamianebis mier, igi maT sanaxevrod ekuTvnis.~ zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, madani, romelisganac damaskos fo- lads adnobdnen, volframs Seicavda. uZvelesma ostatebma swored imis wyalobiT SeZles bulatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saucxoo Tvisebebis mqone foladis miReba, rom masalad bunebrivad legirebul rkinas iye- nebdnen. unda vivaraudoT, rom amave mizeziT ver Rebulobdnen sxva meta- lurgiul centrebSi msgavsi Tvisebebis mqone liTons – saidumloeba xom adgilobrivi rkinis madnis SedgenilobaSi iyo damaluli. bulatis fo- ladis warmoebis Sewyveta dakavSirebuli unda iyos bunebrivad legire- buli madnis maragis amowurvasTan. sxvaTa azriT ki bulatma Tavisi mni- Svneloba dakarga cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoCenis Semdeg da misi dam- zadebis saidumloebac gaqra. Tu daveyrdnobiT gamoCenili rusi metalurgis, p. anosovis kvle- vis Sedegebs, bulatis foladi Sedgeba rkinisa da rkinis karbidisagan. igi metad sufTa naxSirbadiani foladia, romelic unikalur Tvisebebs gansakuTrebuli reJimiT damuSavebis pirobebSi WedviT Rebulobs. bulatis burusiT mocul saidumloebas kidev ufro meti sicxade Semata saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis (amJamad f. Tava- Zis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis) institutis TanamSromelTa ga- mokvlevebma. aRmoCnda, rom bulatis specifikuri Tvisebebi Camosxmisa da Wedvis gansakuTrebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT miiReba. pirveli safexuri _______________ ∗ malegirebeli elementi – qimiuri elementi, romelic sagangebod SehyavT ZiriTad liTonSi ama Tu im gansakuTrebuli (magaliTad, uJangavi) Tvisebis misaniWeblad. aseT folads legirebuls uwodeben. 43
iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tigelSi gamdnari liTonis CamosxmiT ga- civebis gansakuTrebuli reJimis dacviT, xolo meore etapze mimdinare- obs naxevarfabrikatis maqsimaluri deformaciuli datvirTvis pirobebSi sxvadasxva daxriT Wedvis procesi. SemoTavazebuli teqnologiiT damza- debulma nimuSebma Tavisi fizikur-meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebiT istoriul bulatTan sruli Tanxvedra gamoamJRavna, rac imis mauwyebelia, rom bu- latis damzadebis saidumloeba warmatebiT amoixsna. zogierTi wyaros Tanaxmad, cnobil damaskos foladSi, romlisga- nac damzadebuli xmlebi karaqiviT Wridnen mtris xmlebsa da muzarads, dRevandelma mecnierebma cementitiT (Fe3C) gavsebuli naxSirbadis nano- ganzomilebis milakebi aRmoaCines. 10. rkina radgan rkina civilizaciis erT_erT safuZvels warmoadgens, Cvens saubars teqnikuri liTonebis Sesaxeb swored am elementiT daviwyebT. uZvelesi egviptelebi rkinas `vaaepre~-s (zogierTi wyaros Tanax- mad, `binipet~-s) uwodebdnen, rac TargmanSi ciur warmoSobils, ciur li- Tons niSnavs; mesopotamielebi - `an-bars~ (cis rkina), antikuri saberZne- Tisa da Crdilo kavkasiis macxovreblebi – varskvlovan liTons. es adas- turebs im mosazrebas, rom adamiani pirvelad meteoritul rkinas gaecno. rkinis miRebis teqnologia bevrad ufro gvian SemuSavda, radgan Wirda saWiro temperaturis miRweva. iyo dro, rodesac rkina oqroze Zvi- rad fasobda. magaliTad, Zvelegvipteli geografisa da istorikosis, strabonis cnobiT, afrikis zogierTi xalxi rkinaSi woniT aTjer met oqros iZleoda. homerosos nawarmoebSi `odisea~ moTxrobilia, rom Tama- SebSi gamarjvebulebs oqrosa da rkinis natexebiT asaCuqrebdnen. rkinis metismetad maRal Rirebulebas adasturebs agreTve skandinaviis samar- xebSi napovni xmali. igi mTlianad brinjaosgan iyo damzadebuli, xolo mWreli piri – rkinisgan. kacobriobis istoriaSi rkinis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb kargad esmo- daT ZvelTa-Zveladac. romaeli swavluli, plinius ufrosi (I saukune) Tavis naSromSi aRniSnavda, rom rkina adamians aZlevs rogorc Cinebul, ise uborotes iaraRs. misgan damzadebuli xelsawyoebiT vWriT miwas, 44
- Page 1 and 2: m. oqrosaSvili loTonmcodneobis safu
- Page 3 and 4: popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT g
- Page 5 and 6: 1. liToni yvelgan Cvens saukunes zo
- Page 7 and 8: safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom li
- Page 9 and 10: vilsa da narTs. spilenZi, rogorc ma
- Page 11 and 12: jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. ma
- Page 13 and 14: libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebi
- Page 15 and 16: liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) da
- Page 17 and 18: nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebu
- Page 19 and 20: lebi. avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaak
- Page 21 and 22: li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi
- Page 23 and 24: Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevs
- Page 25 and 26: gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da
- Page 27 and 28: tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu cent
- Page 29 and 30: moCnda realur simtkicesTan Sedarebi
- Page 31 and 32: kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maT
- Page 33 and 34: cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela Sem
- Page 35 and 36: nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gans
- Page 37 and 38: sazRvra 1650 0 C-iT, 1935 wels - 14
- Page 39 and 40: vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobilob
- Page 41 and 42: vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons
- Page 43: ulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, r
- Page 47 and 48: medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi s
- Page 49 and 50: wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milion
- Page 51 and 52: yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiw
- Page 53 and 54: nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer ki
- Page 55 and 56: dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis j
- Page 57 and 58: Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas
- Page 59 and 60: ebas, magram siblantisa da plastiku
- Page 61 and 62: ebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis
- Page 63 and 64: mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla.
- Page 65 and 66: wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomo
- Page 67 and 68: sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba
- Page 69 and 70: Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7
- Page 71 and 72: 17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadno
- Page 73 and 74: marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben f
- Page 75 and 76: taqtebi srulad gamodis mwyobridan r
- Page 77 and 78: liTad, atomuri Jangbadis molekulad
- Page 79 and 80: mis mcire danamatebi mniSvnelovnad
- Page 81 and 82: cxliswyals. am raodenobis TiTqmis n
- Page 83 and 84: adgilas. es mxolod dasawyisia. mikr
- Page 85 and 86: evrad ufro metia Toriumis, titanis,
- Page 87 and 88: is momentSi antena kompaqturad aris
- Page 89 and 90: Rali energiis kavSiris Zalebi. nivT
- Page 91 and 92: s a r C e v i Sesavali . . . . . .
dasavleT evropaSi, Tumca 700 wlis Semdeg damuSavebis saidumloeba dai-<br />
karga.<br />
sainteresoa, rogor SeZles Sua saukuneebSi mcxovrebma adamianeb-<br />
ma Tanamedrove teqnologiisa da malegirebeli elementebis ∗ damatebis<br />
gareSe aseTi gasaocari uJangavi da araCveulebrivad mtkice foladis mi-<br />
Reba? Tu damaskuri foladis warmoeba odesRac iyo aTvisebuli, ratom<br />
daiviwyes igi adamianebma? akademikosma vereSCaginma am kiTxvas ase upasu-<br />
xa: `is, rac SemTxveviT aris mignebuli eqsperimentis gziT da jer kidev<br />
ar aris gaazrebuli da gagebuli adamianebis mier, igi maT sanaxevrod<br />
ekuTvnis.~<br />
zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, madani, romelisganac damaskos fo-<br />
lads adnobdnen, volframs Seicavda. uZvelesma ostatebma swored imis<br />
wyalobiT SeZles bulatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saucxoo Tvisebebis<br />
mqone foladis miReba, rom masalad bunebrivad legirebul rkinas iye-<br />
nebdnen. unda vivaraudoT, rom amave mizeziT ver Rebulobdnen sxva meta-<br />
lurgiul centrebSi msgavsi Tvisebebis mqone liTons – saidumloeba xom<br />
adgilobrivi rkinis madnis SedgenilobaSi iyo damaluli. bulatis fo-<br />
ladis warmoebis Sewyveta dakavSirebuli unda iyos bunebrivad legire-<br />
buli madnis maragis amowurvasTan. sxvaTa azriT ki bulatma Tavisi mni-<br />
Svneloba dakarga cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoCenis Semdeg da misi dam-<br />
zadebis saidumloebac gaqra.<br />
Tu daveyrdnobiT gamoCenili rusi metalurgis, p. anosovis kvle-<br />
vis Sedegebs, bulatis foladi Sedgeba rkinisa da rkinis karbidisagan.<br />
igi metad sufTa naxSirbadiani foladia, romelic unikalur Tvisebebs<br />
gansakuTrebuli reJimiT damuSavebis pirobebSi WedviT Rebulobs.<br />
bulatis burusiT mocul saidumloebas kidev ufro meti sicxade<br />
Semata saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis metalurgiis (amJamad f. Tava-<br />
Zis metalurgiisa da masalaTmcodneobis) institutis TanamSromelTa ga-<br />
mokvlevebma. aRmoCnda, rom bulatis specifikuri Tvisebebi Camosxmisa da<br />
Wedvis gansakuTrebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT miiReba. pirveli safexuri<br />
_______________<br />
∗ malegirebeli elementi – qimiuri elementi, romelic sagangebod<br />
SehyavT ZiriTad liTonSi ama Tu im gansakuTrebuli (magaliTad, uJangavi)<br />
Tvisebis misaniWeblad. aseT folads legirebuls uwodeben.<br />
43
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