loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
Tonuri nakeToba ver muSaobs yvela garemoSi, mina ki praqtikulad ar ga- nicdis korozias. da ai, Cven mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom amorfuli da kristaluri nivTierebebi xasiaTdebian sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvisebe- biT (da ara mxolod garegnuliT). iseTi masalebis miReba, romlebSic Se- xamebuli iqneba minisa da liTonis saukeTeso Tvisebebi, metad mimzid- veli da macdunebelia. liTonuri mina gamoyenebas hpovebs eleqtruli denis uzarmazari impulsebis gadacemaSi; kompiuterebSi, romelTa magnituri maxsovrobis unari daujereblad gaizrdeba – moculobis erTeulSi moTavsdeba 25- jer meti informacia; gaizrdeba xmis Cawerisa da aRdgenis xarisxi magni- tofonSi. liTonuri amorfuli masalebis qimiuri medegoba SeiZleba ga- moviyenoT ara marto teqnikaSi, aramed adamianis organoebis xelovnuri Semcvlelebis Sesaqmneladac. aRniSnuli mimarTulebebiT ukve miRweulia mniSvnelovani warmatebebi. kvlevebi kvlav intensiurad grZeldeba. 5. defeqtebi kristalebSi iseve, rogorc bunebis nebismieri qmnileba, kristalic moklebu- lia idealur aRnagobas. idealuri kristalis modelSi atomebis urTi- erTganlagebasa da simetriulobaSi araviTari darRveva ar SeiniSneba – kristalur gisosSi yvela geometriuli kvanZi saTanado liTonis atome- biT aris dakavebuli, rogorc es me-2 naxazzea warmodgenili. sinamdvile- Si realuri kristalis agebuleba sakmaod Sors dgas srulyofilebisa- gan. amis mizezis asaxsnelad winamdebare kursSi umartivesi ganmartebebiT Semovi- farglebiT. liToni misTvis damaxasiaTebel aRna- gobas gamyarebis procesSi Rebulobs. swo- red am dros yalibdeba kristaluri giso- si da mimdinareobs kristalebis zrda. am process, rogorc ukve viciT, kristaliza- cias uwodeben. kristalizacia erTdrou- lad uamrav zonaSi iwyeba da yoveli kris- 25
tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu centridan izrdeba nebismieri mimarTule- biT. kristalizaciis procesis sawyis etapze mzard kristalSi atomebi Tavdapirvelad mowesrigebulad lagdebian, kristalis garkveul zomamde gazrdis Semdeg ki, vTqvaT, meTxuTmetemeaTasedi atomis daSenebis momen- tidan, warmoiqmneba jer umniSvnelo, Seucnobadi, xolo Semdeg da Semdeg sul ufro da ufro sagrZnobi gadaxra idealuri agebulebidan: xan ato- mi Cajdeba ara misTvis gankuTvnil adgilas, xan ki is adgili, sadac un- da imyofebodes atomi, carieli aRmoCndeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom kristalis idealurad `aSenebuli~ erTi nawili meore, aseve idealur nawils arasworad, odnav gadaxrili kuTxiT Seezardos. bunebrivia, es gamoiwvevs SeuRlebis zonaSi sworxazovnebidan umniSvnelo gadaxras. aseTi gadaxrebi, romlebic erTmaneTs emateba, saboloo jamSi iwvevs kristaluri agebulebis sagrZnob damaxinjebas. kristalis idealuri agebuleba SeiZleba daarRvios agreTve sxva elementis atommac, romelic ama Tu im mizeziT SeiZleba moxvdes liTon- Si da daikaos adgili an kristaluri gisosis sicarieleebSi, anu foreb- Si, an ZiriTadi, fuZeliTonis atomisagan Tavisufal, anu vakantur adgi- lebSi ganTavsdes. sxvadasxva zonaSi mzardi kristalebi saboloo jamSi erTmaneTs xvdebian, maT Soris Cndeba sazRvari da formirdeba marcvle- bi. atomebi, romlebic aRniSnul sasazRvro zonebSia ganlagebuli, ganic- dian mezobeli marcvlebis kristaluri gisosebis garkveul zemoqmedebas da maT Soris myardeba meqanikuri kavSiri. meqanikuri SeWiduloba ver uzrunvelyofs marcvlebs Soris mtki- ce kavSirs. marcvlis sazRvrebSi Tavs iyris yvelanairi defeqti, liTon- Si arsebuli sxvadasxva minarevi da airovani niJarebi, romlebic kidev ufro amcireben marcvlebs Soris SeWidulobis Zalebs. swored marcvli- dan marcvlamde gardamavali zonebi ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan wilad liTonis mTeli masis meqanikur Tvisebebs. amitom cudad gasufTavebuli liToni datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT swored marcvlis sazRvrebze imsxv- reva. rogorc vxedavT, Cveulebrivi liTonis naWeri uamravi kristale- bisgan Sedgeba, anu igi polikristalur ∗ agregats warmoadgens. mis Semad- genel TiToeul marcvals monokristali ewodeba. ganxiluli damaxinje- 26
- Page 1 and 2: m. oqrosaSvili loTonmcodneobis safu
- Page 3 and 4: popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT g
- Page 5 and 6: 1. liToni yvelgan Cvens saukunes zo
- Page 7 and 8: safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom li
- Page 9 and 10: vilsa da narTs. spilenZi, rogorc ma
- Page 11 and 12: jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. ma
- Page 13 and 14: libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebi
- Page 15 and 16: liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) da
- Page 17 and 18: nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebu
- Page 19 and 20: lebi. avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaak
- Page 21 and 22: li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi
- Page 23 and 24: Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevs
- Page 25: gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da
- Page 29 and 30: moCnda realur simtkicesTan Sedarebi
- Page 31 and 32: kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maT
- Page 33 and 34: cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela Sem
- Page 35 and 36: nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gans
- Page 37 and 38: sazRvra 1650 0 C-iT, 1935 wels - 14
- Page 39 and 40: vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobilob
- Page 41 and 42: vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons
- Page 43 and 44: ulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, r
- Page 45 and 46: iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tige
- Page 47 and 48: medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi s
- Page 49 and 50: wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milion
- Page 51 and 52: yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiw
- Page 53 and 54: nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer ki
- Page 55 and 56: dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis j
- Page 57 and 58: Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas
- Page 59 and 60: ebas, magram siblantisa da plastiku
- Page 61 and 62: ebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis
- Page 63 and 64: mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla.
- Page 65 and 66: wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomo
- Page 67 and 68: sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba
- Page 69 and 70: Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7
- Page 71 and 72: 17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadno
- Page 73 and 74: marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben f
- Page 75 and 76: taqtebi srulad gamodis mwyobridan r
tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu centridan izrdeba nebismieri mimarTule-<br />
biT. kristalizaciis procesis sawyis etapze mzard kristalSi atomebi<br />
Tavdapirvelad mowesrigebulad lagdebian, kristalis garkveul zomamde<br />
gazrdis Semdeg ki, vTqvaT, meTxuTmetemeaTasedi atomis daSenebis momen-<br />
tidan, warmoiqmneba jer umniSvnelo, Seucnobadi, xolo Semdeg da Semdeg<br />
sul ufro da ufro sagrZnobi gadaxra idealuri agebulebidan: xan ato-<br />
mi Cajdeba ara misTvis gankuTvnil adgilas, xan ki is adgili, sadac un-<br />
da imyofebodes atomi, carieli aRmoCndeba. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom<br />
kristalis idealurad `aSenebuli~ erTi nawili meore, aseve idealur<br />
nawils arasworad, odnav gadaxrili kuTxiT Seezardos. bunebrivia, es<br />
gamoiwvevs SeuRlebis zonaSi sworxazovnebidan umniSvnelo gadaxras.<br />
aseTi gadaxrebi, romlebic erTmaneTs emateba, saboloo jamSi iwvevs<br />
kristaluri agebulebis sagrZnob damaxinjebas.<br />
kristalis idealuri agebuleba SeiZleba daarRvios agreTve sxva<br />
elementis atommac, romelic ama Tu im mizeziT SeiZleba moxvdes liTon-<br />
Si da daikaos adgili an kristaluri gisosis sicarieleebSi, anu foreb-<br />
Si, an ZiriTadi, fuZeliTonis atomisagan Tavisufal, anu vakantur adgi-<br />
lebSi ganTavsdes. sxvadasxva zonaSi mzardi kristalebi saboloo jamSi<br />
erTmaneTs xvdebian, maT Soris Cndeba sazRvari da formirdeba marcvle-<br />
bi. atomebi, romlebic aRniSnul sasazRvro zonebSia ganlagebuli, ganic-<br />
dian mezobeli marcvlebis kristaluri gisosebis garkveul zemoqmedebas<br />
da maT Soris myardeba meqanikuri kavSiri.<br />
meqanikuri SeWiduloba ver uzrunvelyofs marcvlebs Soris mtki-<br />
ce kavSirs. marcvlis sazRvrebSi Tavs iyris yvelanairi defeqti, liTon-<br />
Si arsebuli sxvadasxva minarevi da airovani niJarebi, romlebic kidev<br />
ufro amcireben marcvlebs Soris SeWidulobis Zalebs. swored marcvli-<br />
dan marcvlamde gardamavali zonebi ganapirobebs mniSvnelovan wilad<br />
liTonis mTeli masis meqanikur Tvisebebs. amitom cudad gasufTavebuli<br />
liToni datvirTvebis zemoqmedebiT swored marcvlis sazRvrebze imsxv-<br />
reva.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, Cveulebrivi liTonis naWeri uamravi kristale-<br />
bisgan Sedgeba, anu igi polikristalur ∗ agregats warmoadgens. mis Semad-<br />
genel TiToeul marcvals monokristali ewodeba. ganxiluli damaxinje-<br />
26
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