loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis
warmoadgens. igi maT icavs garemos damangreveli zemoqmedebisagan. kristaluri nivTierebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia waxnagebis Ta- visTavadi warmoqmnis unari. marTalia, kristali SeiZleba sxvadasxva pi- robebSi Camoyalibdes, magaliTad, gamxsnelis aorTqlebiT, Txevadi li- Tonis gacivebisas an orTqlis fazis kondensaciiT (magaliTad, yinulis naySi minaze), magram yvela SemTxvevaSi mzardi kristalis zedapirze Ca- moyalibdeba brtyeli waxnagebi. sufTa liTonuri nivTierebis kidev erTi specifikuri Tavisebure- baa dnobisa da gamyarebis fiqsirebuli temperatura (wertili). marTalia, gaxurebisas misi temperatiura ganuxrelad matulobs, magram gaTxevadeba iwyeba mxolod dnobis temperaturis miRwevisas. aq umTavresia erTi faq- ti – rogorc dnobis, ise gamyarebis procesSi sistemis temperatura ucv- lelad aris SenarCunebuli, anu sufTa liTonebi dneba da myardeba erT mudmiv temperaturaze. kristalizaciis temperatura liTonis Tvisebis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mudmivaa. sxvadasxva liTonisaTvis igi fri- ad farTo diapazonSi icvleba – (-38,9 0 C)-dan sindiyisaTvis 3410 0 C-mde yve- laze Zneldnobadi liTonis – volframisaTvis. amorfuli nivTierebebis qceva ki gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, mina gaxurebisas TandaTanobiT rbildeba, Semdeg ki iwyebs lRobas, magram sistemis temperatura ganux- relad matulobs yovelgvari SeCerebis gareSe. erTi da igive nivTiereba SeiZleba arsebobdes rogorc Kkrista- lur, ise amorful mdgomareobaSi. Txevadi fazidan nivTierebis myar mdgomareobaSi gadsvla kristalebis warmoqmnis, anu kristalizaciis gziT, aris bunebrivi procesi, magram garkveul pirobebSi SesaZlebelia moxdes am kanonzomierebidan gadaxra. am sakiTxSi ukeT garkvevisaTvis ganvixiloT uxeSi, magram sakmaod TvalsaCino aseTi magaliTi: vTqvaT, jariskacebis aseuls nabrZanebi aqvs rigSi mowyoba. Tu brZanebis Sesas- ruleblad jariskacebs sakmarisi dro eqnebaT micemuli, yoveli maTgani moaswrebs misTvis gankuTvnili adgilis dakavebas da rigSi gasworebas. magram Tu pirveli brZanebis Semdeg swrafad gaica meore - `sdeq!~, jaris- kacebis saerTo ganlageba mouwesrigebeli darCeba, Tumca gamokveTili iqneba tendencia mowesrigebisaken. raRac analogiuri mimdinareobs gamyarebis procesSic. Tu siTxis gaciveba neli siCqariT mimdinareobs, atomebi aswreben sivrceSi maTTvis 23
gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da kristaluri gisosis Camoyalibebas, swrafi gaciveba ki amuxruWebs atomebis gadaadgilebis unars da maT ar aZlevs bolomde mowesrigebis saSualebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, di- di siCqariT gaciveba ganapirobebs siTxis siblantis metad swrafad zrdas da nivTiereba gamyardeba manam, sanam atomebi sivrceSi maTTvis gankuTvnil, mowesrigebul mdgomareobas daikaveben. aseT pirobebSi kris- taluri gisosi ver aswrebs Camoyalibebas, ikveTeba mxolod amis tenden- cia. kristaluri nivTierebebisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi ato- mebis mowesrigebuli ganlageba vrceldeba ara Sor, aramed axlo manZil- ze, anu vlindeba nawilakebis axlo wesrigi. amdenad, kristalurisagan gansxvavebiT, amorful nivTierebebSi atomebis mowesrigebis xarisxi me- tad dabalia. zogierT amorful nivTierebas, magaliTad, fiss, luqs, san- Tels, ar axasiaTebT nawilakebis axlo wesrigic ki. ufro marTebuli iqneba nivTierebis amorfuli mdgomareoba Sefa- sebuliyo, rogorc metad blanti siTxe. amis mkafio magaliTs mina warmo- adgens. sagulisxmoa, rom uZvelesi fanjris minebis qveda nawili ramde- nadme gasqelebulia zedasTan SedarebiT, rac imis damadasturebelia, rom amorful nivTierebebs myar mdgomareobaSi denadobis unari gaaCniaT. myar amorful nivTierebebSi metad neli siCqariT, magram mainc xdeba atomebis gadaadgileba da TandaTanobiTi maTi gadasvla mowesri- gebul mdgomareobaSi, anu kristalizacia. zogierT maTganSi, magaliTad, gogirdSi, atomebis gadajgufeba SedarebiT swrafad mimdinareobs, sxveb- Si, magaliTad minaSi – saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amorfuli minis dakris- taleba iwvevs mis dabzarvas, xolo araerTgvarovan agebulebaSi gada- svla – gamWvirvalobis dakargvas, anu gamqrqalebas. amgvarad, amorfuli nivTiereba TavisTavad gadadis kristalur mdgomareobaSi, sawinaaRmdego procesi ki arasdros ar SeiniSneba. aqedan SeiZleba gakeTdes umniSvnelovanesi daskvna: kristaluri mdgomareoba myari sxeulis Termodinamikurad erTaderT mdgrad, `dasrulebul~ mdgo- mareobas warmoadgens. rogorc vxedavT, amorful da kristalur mdgomareobebs Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Sinagan agebulebaSi mdgomareobs. mina, magali- Tad, raRac gamWvirvale, myife sxeulia, xolo liToni – mtkice da plas- tikuri. mina izolatoria, liToni ki kargi eleqtrogamtari masala. li- 24
- Page 1 and 2: m. oqrosaSvili loTonmcodneobis safu
- Page 3 and 4: popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT g
- Page 5 and 6: 1. liToni yvelgan Cvens saukunes zo
- Page 7 and 8: safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom li
- Page 9 and 10: vilsa da narTs. spilenZi, rogorc ma
- Page 11 and 12: jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. ma
- Page 13 and 14: libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebi
- Page 15 and 16: liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) da
- Page 17 and 18: nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebu
- Page 19 and 20: lebi. avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaak
- Page 21 and 22: li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi
- Page 23: Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevs
- Page 27 and 28: tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu cent
- Page 29 and 30: moCnda realur simtkicesTan Sedarebi
- Page 31 and 32: kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maT
- Page 33 and 34: cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela Sem
- Page 35 and 36: nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gans
- Page 37 and 38: sazRvra 1650 0 C-iT, 1935 wels - 14
- Page 39 and 40: vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobilob
- Page 41 and 42: vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons
- Page 43 and 44: ulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, r
- Page 45 and 46: iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tige
- Page 47 and 48: medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi s
- Page 49 and 50: wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milion
- Page 51 and 52: yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiw
- Page 53 and 54: nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer ki
- Page 55 and 56: dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis j
- Page 57 and 58: Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas
- Page 59 and 60: ebas, magram siblantisa da plastiku
- Page 61 and 62: ebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis
- Page 63 and 64: mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla.
- Page 65 and 66: wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomo
- Page 67 and 68: sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba
- Page 69 and 70: Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7
- Page 71 and 72: 17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadno
- Page 73 and 74: marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben f
gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da kristaluri gisosis Camoyalibebas,<br />
swrafi gaciveba ki amuxruWebs atomebis gadaadgilebis unars da maT ar<br />
aZlevs bolomde mowesrigebis saSualebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, di-<br />
di siCqariT gaciveba ganapirobebs siTxis siblantis metad swrafad<br />
zrdas da nivTiereba gamyardeba manam, sanam atomebi sivrceSi maTTvis<br />
gankuTvnil, mowesrigebul mdgomareobas daikaveben. aseT pirobebSi kris-<br />
taluri gisosi ver aswrebs Camoyalibebas, ikveTeba mxolod amis tenden-<br />
cia. kristaluri nivTierebebisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemul SemTxvevaSi ato-<br />
mebis mowesrigebuli ganlageba vrceldeba ara Sor, aramed axlo manZil-<br />
ze, anu vlindeba nawilakebis axlo wesrigi. amdenad, kristalurisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, amorful nivTierebebSi atomebis mowesrigebis xarisxi me-<br />
tad dabalia. zogierT amorful nivTierebas, magaliTad, fiss, luqs, san-<br />
Tels, ar axasiaTebT nawilakebis axlo wesrigic ki.<br />
ufro marTebuli iqneba nivTierebis amorfuli mdgomareoba Sefa-<br />
sebuliyo, rogorc metad blanti siTxe. amis mkafio magaliTs mina warmo-<br />
adgens. sagulisxmoa, rom uZvelesi fanjris minebis qveda nawili ramde-<br />
nadme gasqelebulia zedasTan SedarebiT, rac imis damadasturebelia,<br />
rom amorful nivTierebebs myar mdgomareobaSi denadobis unari gaaCniaT.<br />
myar amorful nivTierebebSi metad neli siCqariT, magram mainc<br />
xdeba atomebis gadaadgileba da TandaTanobiTi maTi gadasvla mowesri-<br />
gebul mdgomareobaSi, anu kristalizacia. zogierT maTganSi, magaliTad,<br />
gogirdSi, atomebis gadajgufeba SedarebiT swrafad mimdinareobs, sxveb-<br />
Si, magaliTad minaSi – saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. amorfuli minis dakris-<br />
taleba iwvevs mis dabzarvas, xolo araerTgvarovan agebulebaSi gada-<br />
svla – gamWvirvalobis dakargvas, anu gamqrqalebas.<br />
amgvarad, amorfuli nivTiereba TavisTavad gadadis kristalur<br />
mdgomareobaSi, sawinaaRmdego procesi ki arasdros ar SeiniSneba. aqedan<br />
SeiZleba gakeTdes umniSvnelovanesi daskvna: kristaluri mdgomareoba<br />
myari sxeulis Termodinamikurad erTaderT mdgrad, `dasrulebul~ mdgo-<br />
mareobas warmoadgens.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, amorful da kristalur mdgomareobebs Soris<br />
ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Sinagan agebulebaSi mdgomareobs. mina, magali-<br />
Tad, raRac gamWvirvale, myife sxeulia, xolo liToni – mtkice da plas-<br />
tikuri. mina izolatoria, liToni ki kargi eleqtrogamtari masala. li-<br />
24
Change language