qimia giuli andronikaSvili dali gulaia mzia mamiaSvili

qimia giuli
9
andronikaSvili
dali gulaia
mzia mamiaSvili

giuli andronikaSvili,
dali gulaia, mzia mamiaSvili
qimia
IX klasi
moswavlis wigni
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels
ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier
2012

giuli andronikaSvili,
dali gulaia, mzia mamiaSvili
gamomcemloba `klio~
qimia
IX klasi
moswavlis wigni
redaqtori – Tengiz wivwivaZe, profesori, saqarTvelos sainJinro
mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa nana baRdavaZe
ydis dizaini elene varamaSvili
© giuli andronikaSvili, dali gulaia, mzia mamiaSvili, 2012
© gamomcemloba `klio~, 2012
Giuli Andronikashvili, Dali Gulaia, Mzia Mamiashvili
Chemistry
9 th grade textbook
ISBN 978-9941-415-65-4
aRmaSeneblis gamz. 181, Tbilisi, 0112, saqarTYvelo
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 04 30
E-mail: book@klio.ge
www.klio.ge

Sinaarsi
UI Tavi. raodenobiTi Tanafardobani qimiaSi ..........................................................5
§1. moli ...........................................................................................................................5
§2. moluri masa .............................................................................................................8
praqtikumi 1 .........................................................................................................11
praqtikumi 2 .........................................................................................................14
§3. avogadros kanoni ................................................................................................17
moluri moculoba .............................................................................................18
airTa moculobiTi Tanafardobebi qimiur reaqciebSi .........................20
airebis fardobiTi simkvrive .........................................................................21
praqtikumi 3 .........................................................................................................23
UII Tavi. metalebi da arametalebi. Senadnobebi ...................................................32
§4. metalebi da arametalebi ..................................................................................32
fizikuri Tvisebebi ............................................................................................33
§5. warmodgena Senadnobebze ..................................................................................36
§6. warmodgena metalTa koroziaze .....................................................................38
UIII Tavi. araorganul naerTTa klasebi ....................................................................40
§7. oqsidebi .................................................................................................................40
oqsidebis qimiuri Tvisebebi ...........................................................................42
§8. fuZeebi ...................................................................................................................47
fuZeebis qimiuri Tvisebebi .............................................................................48
fuZeebis miReba ...................................................................................................51
§9. mJavebi .....................................................................................................................54
mJavebis qimiuri Tvisebebi ..............................................................................57
mJavebis miReba ....................................................................................................60
§10. marilebi ...............................................................................................................62
marilebis qimiuri Tvisebebi .........................................................................63
marilebis miReba ...............................................................................................67
mJava da fuZe marilebi ....................................................................................68
kavSiri naerTTa klasebs Soris .....................................................................70
UIV Tavi. qimiuri reaqcia – energiis wyaro ............................................................74
§11. egzoTermuli da endoTermuli reaqciebi ................................................74
§12. warmodgena organul energoresursebze ...................................................77
§13. naxSirwyalbadebis zogadi daxasiaTeba .....................................................79
naxSirwyalbadebis klasifikacia .................................................................80
alkanebi ................................................................................................................80
ujeri naxSirwyalbadebi .................................................................................87
cikloalkanebi ...................................................................................................90
3

4
aromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi........................................................................91
§14. airadi, Txevadi da myari saTbobi ................................................................94
airadi saTbobi ...................................................................................................94
Txevadi saTbobi .................................................................................................96
myari saTbobi ......................................................................................................98
§15. sawvavis wvis produqtebi ..............................................................................100
globaluri daTboba ......................................................................................100
gamonabolqvi. toqsikuri nivTierebebi ...................................................102
energiis arastandartuli wyaroebi ..........................................................106
§16. mJava wvimebi ......................................................................................................107
saxelmZRvaneloTi muSaobisas gaiTvaliswineT:
saSinao davaleba
� davalebebi, romlebic sruldeba rveulSi gakveTilis msvlelobis
procesSi an damoukideblad saxlSi.
● mocemulia informaciuli masala.
eqsperimenti. `daicavi usafrTxoebis wesebi~
sainteresoa...
gaixseneT!
mocemuli davalebebi sruldeba gakveTilze, rveul­
Si jgufurad, wyvilebSi an indivi dua lurad maswavleblis
SexedulebiT.
gadaitaneT rveulSi da SeasruleT davaleba.
saSinao davalebebi.
gaxsovdeT!

§3. avogadros kanoni
airebis Tvisebebis Seswavlisas 1811 wels italielma
mecnierma amedeo avogadrom gamoTqva hipoTeza, romelic
Semdgom eqsperimentuli monacemebiT dadasturda da
avogadros kanonis saxelwodeba miiRo. am kanonis Tanaxmad:
sxvadasxva airis toli moculobebi, erTnair fizikur
pirobebSi (erTnair wnevasa da temperaturaze), molekule
bis tol ricxvs Seicavs.
avogadros kanons eqvemdebareba mxolod airebi da niv­
Tierebebi orTqlis mdgomareobaSi. igi ar vrceldeba Txevad
da myar nivTierebebze, vinaidan maTSi molekulebi
Sexebam de miaxloebulia erTmaneTTan da, aqedan gamomdinare,
am nivTierebebis mier dakavebuli
moculobebi maTi molekulebis zomiT
ganisazRvreba. airebSi ki, mcire wnevis
pirobebSi, molekulaTSorisi manZili,
molekulebis zomasTan SedarebiT, bevrad
ufro didia. amitom airebis saer­
Txevadi
To moculoba molekulebs Soris man­
ZiliT ganisazRvreba. es manZilebi ki,
erTnairi wnevisa da temperaturis pirobebSi,
yvela airisaTvis daaxloebiT
erTnairia.
avogadros kanonidan gamomdinareobs
Sedegebi:
1. sxvadasxva airis molekulaTa toli
ricxvi, erTnair fizikur pirobeb­
Si, tol moculobebs ikavebs;
2. nebismieri airis erTi moli, erTnair
fizikur pirobebSi, ikavebs erTsa
da imave moculobas.
V = m ρ
airi
avogadro
1776­1856
myari
� suraTis mixedviT imsjeleT, ratom
aris aucilebeli airTa moculobebis
Sedareba erT na ir
wnevasa da temperaturaze.
formulis daxmarebiT ganvsazRvroT sxvadasxva nivTie rebis
1 mo lis mier dakavebuli moculoba normalur pirobeb Si (n.p.) – 0 0 C da
101,325 kpa (1 atm) wnevaze.
17

18
Sedegebi warmodgenilia cxrilSi:
nivTiereba
agregatuli
mdgomareoba
1 molis
masa (g)
ρ (g/l) 0 0 C,
101,3 kpa
1 molis mocu­
loba (l)
H 2 airi 2,016 0,09 22,4
O 2 airi 32 1,429 22,4
CO 2 airi 44 1,96 22,4
H 2 O Txevadi 18 1000 0,018
NaCl myari 58,5 2160 0,027
rogorc cxrilidan Cans, sxvadasxva airis erTi moli n.p.­Si ikavebs
22,4 l. moculobas. Tu pirobebs SevcvliT, Seicvleba airis 1 molis mier
dakavebuli moculobac.
magaliTad,
20 0 C da 101,325 kpa wnevaze nebismieri airis 1 molis mier dakavebuli
mocu loba 24 litris tolia.
moluri moculoba
airis moculobasa (V) da Sesabamis raodenobas (n) Soris kavSiri gamoisaxe
ba TanafardobiT:
V M = V
n (1)
sadac V M airis moluri moculobaa.
e.i. airis moluri moculoba aris moculobis fardoba Sesabamis niv­
Tierebis raodenobasTan.
n.p.­Si nebismieri airis moluri moculoba
mudmivi sididea da 22,4 l/mo lis tolia.
V M = 22,4 l/moli (n.p.)
(1) formulidan gamomdinare
V = n · V M n = V
V M
radgan nebismieri airis 1 moli Seicavs 6,02·10 23
molekulas, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom
airis 6,02·10 23 molekula n.p.­Si ikavebs 22,4 l moculobas.
● moluri moculobis
ga mo yenebiT SeiZ leba
nebismieri uc nobi
airis moluri masis gansazRvra
(n.p.).
ρ= M
. M=ρ·V . M
VM 1 moli nebismieri nivTiereba 6,02 · 10 23 molekulas Seicavs ne bismier
agre gatul mdgomareobaSi, magram nebismieri nivTierebis 1 moli
22,4l moculobas ikavebs mxolod airad mdgomareobaSi, n.p.­Si.

amrigad: 1. sxvadasxva airis toli moculobebi, erTnair wneva sa da tem peraturaze,
mo leku le bis tol ricxvs Sei cavs.
2. airis moluri moculoba aris airis moculobis far doba Sesabamis
nivTierebis raodenobasTan.
3. airis moluri moculoba n.p.­Si 22,4 l/mo li­is to lia.
4. moluri moculobisa da moluri masis daxmarebiT SeiZleba
gamovT valoT:
a) airad nivTierebaTa garkveuli moculobis masa (n.p.)
m = V
V
· M;
M
b) garkveuli masis airadi nivTierebis
mier dakave buli mo culoba (n.p.)
V = m
M · VM 1. cxrilis monacemebis safuZvelze gamoTvaleT azotis moluri moculoba
sxvadasxva pirobebSi. imsjeleT da gaakeTeT saTanado daskvna.
t 0 C agregatuli mdgomareoba ρ (g/l) M (g/moli) V M (l/moli)
-220 0
-210 0
0 0
20 0
myari
Txevadi
airi
airi
1030
810
1,25
1,167
2. ra moculobas (n.p.) daikavebs:
a) 3 moli azoti; g) 0,3 moli wyalbadi;
b) 10 moli meTani; d) 3 moli wyalbadisa da 2 moli Jangbadis narevi.
3. Tanabari Tu gansxvavebulia molekulebis ricxvi:
1 litri
a) O , N , CH 2 2 4
b) NH , CO , O 3 2 3
1 grami
a) O , N , CH 2 2 4
b) NH , CO , O 3 2 3
4. romeli airi Seicavs atomebis met ricxvs:
a) N , O , CH 2 2 4
1 litri
b) CO , O , SO 2 3 2
saSinao davaleba
daimaxsovreT!
m = n·M V = n·V M
m = V ·M V =
VM m M ·VM 1. ra moculobas daikavebs:
a) 0,6 · 10 23 molekula qlori? b) 24 · 10 23 molekula meTani?
2. ras udris molekulebis ricxvi:
a) 67,2 l JangbadSi; g) 2,24 l wyalbadSi;
b) 6,72 l azotSi; d) 3,36 l wyalbadisa da azotis narevSi.
28
28
28
28
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20
airTa moculobiTi Tanafardobebi qimiur reaqciebSi
avogadros kanonidan gamomdinareobs:
airebs Soris mimdinare qimiuri reaqciebis dros nivTierebaTa
raodenobebis fardoba (romelic reaqciis tolobis koeficientebis
fardobas Seesabameba), maTi moculobebis fardobis tolia:
N1 =
N2 n1 n2 = V 1
V 2
amis gamo, airTa narevebSi TiToOeuli
airis moluri da moculobiTi
wili erTnairia.
moviyvanoT magaliTebi:
1. wyalbadsa da qlors Soris mimdinare
reaqciis tolobaa:
H 2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl
1 moli 1 moli 2 moli
tolobidan gamomdinareobs:
1 moc. H 2 reagirebs 1 moc. Cl 2 ­Tan da miiReba 2 moc. HCl.
e.i. 1l H 2 reagirebs 1 l Cl 2 ­Tan da miiReba 2 l HCl.
1m 3 H 2 reagirebs 1 m 3 Cl 2 ­Tan da miiReba 2 m 3 HCl
amrigad, V(H 2 ) : V(Cl 2 ) : V(HCl) = 1 : 1 : 2
2. 2CO + O 2 = 2CO 2
V(CO) : V(O 2 ) : V(CO 2 ) = 2 : 1 : 2
1. suraTis mixedviT SeadgineT reaqciis toloba da miuTiTeT, rogori
moculobiTi TanafardobiT urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan moreagire
airebi?
_ H 2
_ N 2
_ H 2 _ Cl 2 _ HCl
_ NH 3

2. ra moculobis Jangbadi da haeri daixarjeba 2 l meTanis wvaze?
saSinao davaleba
1. rogori moculobiTi TanafardobiT urTierTqmedebs wyalbadi da
Jangbadi wylis warmoqmnisas?
2. JangbadiT savse daxSul WurWelSi dawves gogirdi. Seicvleba Tu ara
airTa moculoba WurWelSi cdis damTavrebis Semdeg?
3. dawereT acetilenis (C 2 H 2 ) wvis reaqciis toloba. gamoTvaleT, ra
moculobis O 2 ixarjeba da CO 2 warmoiqmneba 4 l acetilenis wvisas.
airebis fardobiTi simkvrive
erTnair fizikur pirobebSi, toli moculobis sxvadasxva
airebi Seica ven molekulaTYa (molTa) tol ricxvs,
maTi masebi ki gansxvavebulia. erTi airis masa (m 1 ) imdenjer
metia meore airis masaze (m 2 ), ramdenjerac pirvelis
moluri masa (M 1 ) metia meoris molur masaze (M 2 ):
m 1
m 2
= M 1
M 2
toli moculobis airTa masebis fardoba simkvriveTa
fardobis tolia:
ρ 1
ρ 2
= M 1
M 2
V = V n = n
1 2,
1 2
} V
} n
M 1 = M 2 , m 1 = m 2
m 1 = nM 1 , m 2 = nM 2
gaixseneT!
ρ = m
m = ρ V
V
m = ρ V m = ρ V
1 1 2 2
e.i. airTa simkvriveebi ise Seefardeba erTmaneTs, rogorc maYTi mo luri
masebi.
erTi airis simkvrivis fardobas meore airis simkvrivesTan ewodeba far­
dobiTi simkvrive.
aRiniSNeba D asoTi. D = ρ 1
ρ 2
. maSDin:
D = M 1
M 2
(1)
D­s qvemoT indeqsis saxiT iwereba im airis formula, romlis mimarTac
ganisazRvreba mocemuli airis fardobiTi simkvrive.
magaliTad, DH 2
– fardobiTi simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT.
D h – fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT.
21

22
(1) formulidan:
M 1 = M 2 D.
am formulis daxmarebiT SeiZleba ganisazRvros nebismieri ucnobi airis
moluri masa.
ucnobi airis moluri masa udris am airis fardobiT simkvrives meore
airis mimarT, gamravlebuls meore airis molur masaze.
Tu ucnobi airis fardobiTi simkvrive gansazRvrulia wyalbadis mimarT,
maSin:
M = 2DH 2
e.i. ucnobi airis moluri masa udris mis gaorkecebul fardobiT
simkvrives wyal badis mimarT.
Tu airis fardobiT simkvrives sazRvraven haeris mimarT (haeris saSualo
moluri masaa 29 g/moli), maSin:
M = 29D h
1. ras udris CO 2 ­is fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT?
2. ramdenjer msubuqia amiaki:
a) qlorze; b) haerze?
3. airis fardobiTi simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT – DH 2 =13. ras udris am
airis fardobiTi molekuluri masa?
saSinao davaleba
1. gansazRvreT gogirdwyalbadis fardobiTi simkvrive:
a) wyalbadis; b) haeris mimarT.
2. airis simkvrive haeris mimarT D h = 2,448. ras udris misi moluri masa.
3. halogenwyalbadis fardobiTYi simkvrive haeris mimarT tolia 4,4­is.
gansazRvreT am airis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT da daasaxeleT igi.
4. airis simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT DH 2 = 23. airis Sedgenilobaa:
ω(N) = 30,43%, ω(O) = 69,57%. daadgineT airis formula.
5. gansazRvreT simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT airTa narevisa, romelic
Sedgeba 28 l Jangbadisa da 56 l azotisagan. airTa moculobebi mocemulia
normalur pirobebSi.

116