IXklasis

IXklasis
saxelmZRvanelo

manana vardiaSvili
qimia
IX klasis saxelmZRvanelo
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis
erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2012

manana vardiaSvili
qimia IX
inteleqti
Tbilisi 2012
Manana Vardiashvili
cheMistry iX
INTELEKTI PUBLISHERS
tbilisi 2012
redaqtori qristine giorgaZe
iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori
Editor: Kristine Giorgadze, Professor of TSU
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5
225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54
faqsi: 225-05-22
elfosta: inteleqti@caucasus.net vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge
ISBN 978-9941-439-27-8
© manana vardiaSvili, 2012
© gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012

I Tavi
sarCevi
1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli ................................................................... 7
1.2 moluri masa ................................................................................................ 10
1.3 airad nivTierebebs Soris mimdinare reaqciebi ...................................... 12
1.4 airis moluri moculoba ........................................................................... 14
1.5 romeli airia ufro mZime .......................................................................... 16
1.6 ra raodenobrivi TanafardobiT urTierTqmedebs nivTierebebi .......... 19
1.7 rogor amovxsnaT gasaangariSebeli amocana qimiaSi ............................... 23
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ....................................................................................... 29
II Tavi
2.1 sad mdebareobs metalebi periodul sistemaSi ....................................... 33
2.2 metalebis fizikuri Tvisebebi ................................................................ 36
2.3 sufTa metali Tu Senadnobi ..................................................................... 40
2.4 romeli metalia ufro aqtiuri ................................................................ 45
2.5 Cven vadgenT metalis mJavasTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad
gamoyofili wyalbadis moculobas ......................................................... 49
2.6 rogor urTierTqmedebs metalebi wyalTan ............................................. 51
2.7 metalebis korozia ..................................................................................... 55
2.8 ganicdis Tu ara korozias yvela metali ................................................ 58
2.9 arametalebis Sesaxeb .................................................................................. 62
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 65
III Tavi
3.1 oqsidis formula da perioduli sistema _ rogor miiReba oqsidi ..... 69
3.2 oqsidebis Tvisebebi ................................................................................... 72
3.3 ra Tvisebebi aqvs mJavebs ........................................................................... 75
3.4 ra Tvisebebi aqvs fuZeebs .......................................................................... 77
3.5 rogor miiReba mJava da fuZe .................................................................... 80
3.6 rogor miiReba marili ............................................................................... 85
3.7 ra Tvisebebi aqvs marilebs ....................................................................... 88
3.8 marilebi praqtikaSi ................................................................................... 93
3.9 ra kavSiria martivsa da rTul nivTierebebs Soris ............................... 97
3.10 gaangariSebebi qimiuri formulis mixedviT ........................................... 100
3.11 qimiuri formulis dadgena elementTa masuri wilis mixedviT ........... 103
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 105
IV Tavi
4.1 siTbo da qimiuri reaqcia .......................................................................... 108
4.2 rodis aris reaqciis toloba Termoqimiuri .......................................... 111
4.3 naxSirwyalbadi da siTbo ........................................................................... 114
3

4
4.4 ra aris navTobi ... ...................................................................................... 117
4.5 ra aris Tbounarianoba .............................................................................. 123
4.6 rogor SevafasoT sawvavi .......................................................................... 127
4.7 navTobi da bunebrivi airi rogorc nedleuli ........................................ 131
4.8 wyalbadi da energetika ............................................................................... 134
4.9 energia da qimiuri reaqcia ......................................................................... 137
4.10 galvanuri elementis gamoyeneba praqtikaSi ............................................ 140
4.11 ra aris polimeri ........................................................................................ 143
4.12 qimiuri teqnologia .................................................................................... 146
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 148
V Tavi
5.1 ra abinZurebs haers ..................................................................................... 152
5.2 saTburis efeqti .......................................................................................... 155
5.3 ras niSnavs haeris xarisxis kontroli ...................................................... 160
5.4 mJava wvimebi ................................................................................................. 164
5.5 rogor SevamciroT niadagis mJavianoba .................................................... 167
5.6 ras niSnavs wylis sisufTavis kontroli .................................................. 171
5.7 wylis xarisxis gansazRvra qimiuri analizis meTodebiT ....................... 175
5.8 rogor aviciloT wylis dabinZureba ........................................................ 179
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna ..................................................................................... 182

Tavis saxelwodeba
paragrafis nomeri
paragrafis saxelwodeba
Sidateqsturi davalebebi
teqstis momdevno davalebebi
saSinao davaleba
praqtikuli mecadineoba
Semajamebeli samuSao
rogor vixelmZRvaneloT wigniT
paragrafis Sejameba mocemulia teqstis bolos muqi sriftiT
jgufuri samuSao
wyvilebad samuSao
proeqti
saSinao cda
eqsperimentuli samuSao
I Tavi
raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi
qimiaSi
1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli
sxvadasxva feris plastilinisagan daamza deT
Na-isa da Cl-is ionebis Tanabari raode noba
(magaliTad, TxuTmet-TxuTmeti).
agregatuli mdgomareoba niv-
Tierebis arsebobis formaa.
hidroqsilis jgufis valentoba erTis tolia,
radgan is wyalbadis erT atoms uerTdeba.
daasaxeleT erTi qimiuri Tviseba, romliTac
mJava da tute erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba.
1
qvemoT CamoTvlili Tvisebebidan amoiwereT
iseTi, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTnoT
spi lenZs.
saSinao cda.
saSinao davaleba
1 suraTze asa xulia airebis Semcveloba
sxvadasxva planetis atmosferoSi.
praqtikuli
mecadineoba
SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
proeqti:
rkinis Jangvis pirobebis gamokvleva
eqsperimentuli samuSao
5

6
I Tavi
raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiaSi
gaigebT:
• ra aris nivTierebis raodenoba
• ra kavSiria masasa da nivTierebis raodenobas Soris
• rogor viangariSoT airis moculoba avogadros kanonis gamoyenebiT
• rogor davaxasiaToT qimiuri reaqcia raodenobrivad
SeZlebT:
• cdis Catarebas da monacemebis safuZvelze reaqciis tolobis Sedgenas
• nivTierebis raodenobis gaangariSebas
• qimiuri reaqciis raodenobriv daxasiaTebas
• ucnobi nivTierebis formulis dadgenas.

1.1 nivTierebis raodenoba, moli
mzesumziras marcval-marcval miirTmevT, magram Tu giyidiaT odesme
mzesumzira saTiTaod _ marcvlebad?
an asanTi Tu SegiZeniaT Rerebad, ko lofis gareSe? ratom?
rac Seexeba atoms, magaliTad, wyalbadis
atoms, imdenad mcirea, rom mzesumziris
marcvlis zomisa daaxloebiT 200 milioni
atomis grova iqneboda. asanTis Rerze ki
SeiZleba erTmaneTis miyolebiT daaxloebiT
400 milioni atomi moTavsdes.
qimiuri reaqcia ki swored nivTi erebis
Semad geneli nawilakebis _ atomebisa da
molekulebis urTierTqmedebaa.
magaliTad, reaqciaSi C + O2 = CO2 yoveli erTi atomi naxSirbadi urTierTqme
debs erT molekula JangbadTan.
am reaq ciaSi ki, 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O ori mo le kula wyalbadi urTier Tqme
debs erT molekula JangbadTan.
SesaZlebelia qimiuri reaqciisaTvis saWiro raodenobis atomebisa da
molekulebis daTvla? awona?
dagveTanxmebiT, rom Zalian mcire zomis nawilakebs Zalian mcire
masa aqvs. amitom, calkeuli nawilakebis daT vla an awona praqtikulad
SeuZlebe lia. magram, SesaZlebelia nawilakTa awonadi raodenobis SerCeva.
aseT raodenobad qimi kosebma 12 g nax SirbadSi arsebuli atomTa ricxvi
SearCies da mas moli uwodes.
ramdeni atomia erT mol, anu 12 g naxSirbadSi?
gaangariSebiT dadgenilia, rom 1 mol na x Sir badSi 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000
atomia. mas avogadros mudmiva ewodeba da aRi niSneba N -Ti. A
N A = 6 . 10 23 moli -1
Tu nulebis rao denobas dav T v liT da xarisxis
maCveneblad davwerT, miviRebT 6 . 10 23 1/moli
rodesac nivTierebis raodenoba 6 . 10 23 na wilakiT ganisazRvreba, amboben,
rom gvaqvs erTi moli nivTiereba.
sidides, romelic nivTierebis Se ma dgeneli nawilakebis (atomebis, molekulebis/ionebis)
raodenobas aRricxavs (zomavs) molis saSualebiT, nivTierebis
raodenoba ewodeba.
moli nivTierebis iseTi raodenobaa, romelic Seicavs avogadros ricxvis
tol struqturul nawilakTa erTobliobas.
moli nivTierebis raodenobis erTeulia, is aRiniSneba berZnuli asoTi ν
(niu).
iangariSeT, ramdeni molia 18.1023 atomi naxSirbadi?
7

8
marTlac, am amocanis gadasaWrelad naxSirbadis atomTa moce muli
ricxvi unda gavyoT avogadros mudmivaze, anu nawilakTa ricxvze erT
mol nivTierebaSi.
Tu nawilakTa ricxvs nivTierebis garkveul rao denobaSi N-iT aRvniSnavT,
SegviZlia davweroT
iangariSeT, ramdeni molekulaa 2 mol
niv TierebaSi?
amrigad, 12 g naxSirbadi erTi molia.
gaiazreT: • nivTierebis ra raode nobaa 1 moli?
SeavseT cxrili sauSao rveulSi
nivTierebis
formula
H 2
P 2 O 5
O 3
• ras gviC venebs avogadros mudmiva?
1 dawereT: wyalbadis molekulis ori moli;
wyalbadis atomis ori moli; aluminis atomis
erTi moli; aluminis atomis xuTi moli;
wylis molekulis aTi moli.
2 ramdeni molekulaa 1,5 mol naxSirorJangSi?
3 ramden mols Seadgens 24 . 10 23 wylis molekula?
4 gamoiyeneT cnebebi `moli~,
`avogadros ricxvi~ da miuwereT
komentari naxats.
gaacaniT maswavlebelsa da
Tanaklaselebs.
saSinao davaleba
nivTierebis
raodenoba molekulebis
ricxvi
2 moli 12 . 10 23
18 . 10 23
avogadros mudmivas ricxviTi mniS ­
vneloba Zalian didia. amis warmosadgenad
xSirad mimarTaven sxvadasxva Seda rebas. magaliTad,
amboben, rom 6 . 10 23 raodenobis CogburTis
burTebis grova dedamiwis sferos
zomisa gax deboda.
qimiaSi koeficienti mo lebis
raodenobasac gviC venebs.
magaliTad, 2O2 _ Jangbadis
mole kulebis 2 moli.

saSinao cda
cdisaTvis
saWiroa:
Cais Wiqa,
sufris
kovzi, wyali.
gaangariSeba molis cnebis ga mo yenebiT
gazomeT, ramdeni sufris kovzi
wyali asxia Cais WiqaSi.
_ ramdeni moli wyalia Cais
WiqaSi?
_ wylis ramdeni mole kulaa daaxloebiT Cais WiqaSi?
molis dRe
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yoveli wlis 23
oqtombers dilis 6,02 wuTidan saRamos 6,02 wuTamde
aRiniSneba molis dRe.
ris mixedviTaa SerCeuli es dro da TariRi?
daakvirdiT: saaTis, dRis da Tvis aRmniSvneli
ricxvebis erToblioba Seadgens avogadros ricxvs.
saaTi Tve ricxvi
↓
6,02
↓
10
↓
23 ≡ 6,02 . 23 10
imsjeleT klasSi mniSvnelovani
qimiuri cnebebis
Sesaxeb. SeTanxmdiT da daaweseT
romelime (an ramdenime)
maTganis dRe. aRniSneT es dRe
mTeli skolis masStabiT. am
mizniT CaatareT sxvadasxva
saxis Tematuri RonisZiebebi:
viqtorina, gamofena, konferencia
da sxva.
gaangariSebiT dad ge nilia,
rom erT su fris kovz
wya lSi da axloebiT 6 . 10 23
wylis mo le kulaa
23
oqtomberi
molis dRe
6,02 . 10 23
bunebismetyvelebis
kabineti
9

10
1.2 moluri masa
1 moli naxSirbadis masa 12 g-ia. Tu 12 g naxSirbads avwoniT, darwmunebuli
viqnebiT, rom masSi 6 . 10 23 atomi naxSirbadia. ramdeni Jangbadi urTierTqmedebs
erT mol naxSirbadTan?
erTi moli, anu 6 . 10 23 molekula Jangbadis daTvla marTlac SeuZlebelia.
samagierod, SesaZlebelia 1 moli Jangbadis masis gaangariSeba.
moifiqreT, rogor iangariSebT erTi moli Jangbadis masas?
_ ra monacemi dagWirdebaT saamisod?
_ ramdenad mosaxrexebelia aseTi gaangariSebis Catareba?
avogadros ricxvi Sem TxveviT ar aris SerCeuli. gaangariSebiT da dasturebulia,
rom yvela nivTie rebisaTvis avo ga dros ricxvis toli nawilakTa
rao denobis, anu erTi molis masa ricxobrivad udris am nivTierebis fardobiT
atomur an molekulur masas.
amrigad,
m(1 moli O 2 )=32 g, m(1 moli H 2 )=2 g
radgan erT mol ni vTierebaSi nawilakTa ricxvi mudmivia, mu d mivia erTi moli
niv Tierebis masac.
iangariSeT
a) ori moli martivi nivTiereba wyalbadis masa
a) ori moli martivi nivTiereba Jangbadis masa
nivTierebis raodenoba mis masas Tan dakavSirebulia gansakuTrebuli sididiT,
romelsac moluri masa ewodeba.
sidides, romelic ganisaz Rvreba nivTierebis m masis SefardebiT Sesabamis ν
raode no basTan, moluri masa ewodeba. is aRiniSneba M-iT.
wyali
H2O
18 g
nebismieri nivTierebisaTvis
gogirdmJava
H2SO4
98 g
1 moli
sufris
marili
NaCl
58 g
iangariSeT, ramdeni molia 4,8 g wyali
amrigad, Tu nivTierebis masa cnobilia,
yovelTvis SeiZleba misi raodenobis
gaangariSeba. es ki Zalian
mniSvnelovania _ nivTierebebi xom
Semadgeneli nawilakebiT urTierTq
me debs.

gaiazreT: • ras ewodeba moluri masa?
• rogor gamoisaxeba?
• ra aqvT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli fardo biT
molekulur (atomur) da molur masebs?
1 daadgine, sad meti atomia. Cawere saTanado niSani samuSao rveulSi
a) 1 mol rkinaSi , Tu 1 mol natriumSi, radgan ....
b) 5,6 g rkinaSi Tu 5,6 g natriumSi, radgan...
g) 2 mol gogirdSi Tu 1 mol O 2 -Si, radgan ...
d) 64 g spilenZSi Tu 0,2 mol azotSi, radgan ...
gaecaniT erTmaneTis namuSevars da SeafaseT.
2 ra raodenobis MgO unda movaTavsoT meore pinaze, rom saswori ga wo-
naswordes.
saSinao davaleba
aq ki...
moli MgO
1
daakvirdiT suraTs a) ra nivTierebiTaa burTi
savse?
b) ra masis sawonebi dagvWir deba Tu burTi avsebulia
JangbadiT? naxSi ror JangiT?
2
suraTze mocemul TiToeul SeTxvevaSi ra masas
uCvenebs saswo ri?
1 moli
axseniT, rogor moifiqreT pasuxi.
ν(S)=1,5 mol
ν(CaCO )=0,5 mol
3
ν(Fe)=2 mol
aq 0,3 moli
CuO-a
meti >
naklebi <
tolia =
11

12
1.3 airad nivTierebebs Soris
mimdinare reaqciebi
nivTierebis airadi mdgomareoba principulad gansxvavdeba Txevadi da
myari mdgomareobisagan. kerZod, airad nivTierebaSi molekulaTa Soris
man Zili gacilebiT didia, vidre myari da Txevadi nivTierebis Semadgenel
na wilakebs Soris. (sur. 1.1) amasTan, airad mdgo mareobaSi molekulaTa
So ris manZili bevrad aRemateba molekulaTa zomebs. amitom airis mier
dakavebuli mocu loba umTavre sad damoki debu lia ara mole ku la Ta zomebze,
aramed maT Soris manZilze. magram raze SeiZ leba iyos damokide buli
Tavad es manZili?
(g)
(a)
(b)
sur.1.1 molekulaTa Soris manZilebi
a) airad, b) Txevad, g) myar nivTierebebSi
a b
sur. 1.2
gabereT rezinis buSti ise,
rom misi kedlebi Zalian
daWimuli ar iyos. ras moimoqmedebT
am buStis moculobis
Sesamcireblad?
airis Sekum Svisas mis molekulebs
Soris man Zili mcirdeba,
e.i. mcirdeba airis moculobac.
airis SekumSvas iwvevs wnevis
gazrda. ramdenjerac iz rdeba
wneva, imdenjerve mcirdeba
mo culoba.
1.2 suraTze erTi da igive
sahaero burTia gamosaxuli. magram
misi moculoba (b) SemTxvevaSi
ufro metia, vidre (a) SemTxvevaSi. ra
SeiZleba iyos amis mizezi?
meore faqtori, romelic gavlenas
axdens airis moculobis cvli lebaze,
aris temperatura. tempe ratu ris
gazr diT izrdeba airis mo leku laTa
Soris manZili, Sesaba misad izr deba
airis mier dakave buli mo culoba.
temperaturasa da wnevaze airis
mocu lobis damokidebulebas XIX
saukunis dasaw yisSi yuradReba miaqcia
italielma mecni erma amedeo
avogad rom. man gamoTqva Tamami
hi poTeza, ro melic mogvianebiT da dasturda mrava li cdiT da Camoyalibda
kanonis saxiT.

erTna ir fizikur pirobebSi, sxva dasxva
airis toli mocu lobebi molekulaTa tol
ricxvs Seicavs.
cxadia, marTebulia sapi ris piro mtkicebac:
erTna ir fizi kur pirobebSi, sxvada sxva
airis molekulaTa toli ricxvi tol
moculobas ikavebs.
avogadros kanonis saSualebiT SesaZ-
N 1 = N 2
avogadros
kanoni
V 1 = V 2
lebelia reaqciaSi monawile airad nivTierebaTa moculobiTi Tanafardobis
dadgena.
magaliTad, qloris wyalba dTan urTi er Tqmedebisas, qlo ris yoveli
erTi mole kula urTierTqmedebs wyal ba dis erT mole kulasTan:
H 2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl.
Sesabamisad, ramdeni qloris molekulac Seva reaq ciaSi, imdenive
iqneba reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis moleku laTa ricxvic. molekulaTa
toli ricxvi ki, tol mo cu lobas daikavebs erTnair fizi kur pirobebSi.
marTebulia Tu ara gamonaTqvami:
erTi litri qlori urTierTqmedebs erT litr wyalbadTan da
miiReba ori litri qlorwyalbadi.
daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.
amrigad, airadi nivTierebis molekulebs Soris manZili imdenad didia, rom
masTan SedarebiT molekulaTa zomebi SesaZloa ugulebelvyoT da miviCnioT,
rom avogadros kanonis Tanaxmad, erTnair fizikur pirobebSi sxvadasxva airis
toli moculobebi molekulaTa tol ricxvs Seicavs.
gaiazreT: • ra gansxvavebaa airadi, Txevadi da myari nivTierebebis
nawilakebs Soris maT Soris manZilisa da urTierTqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT?
• ratom aris marTebuli avogados kanoni mxolod
airebisaTvis?
1
SeafaseT raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT qimiuri reaqciis Semdegi toloba:
N 2 +3H 2 → 2NH 3 .
ramdeni molekula wyalbadi Seva reaqciaSi:
a) 10 molekula azotTan; b) 10000 molekula azotTan;
g) 6.10 23 molekula azotTan; d) aT mol azotTan?
saSinao cda
cdisaTvis
saWiroa:
samedicino
Sprici, wyali
da qviSa.
myari, airadi da Txevadi nivTierebebis moculobis cvlilebis
gamokvleva wnevis gavleniT
aiReT Cveulebrivi samedicino Sprici. gaavseT haeriT
(amoswieT dguSi bolomde). Spricis meore, wvetian bolos
magrad miaWireT saCvenebeli TiTi, ceriT ki dguSs miaweqiT.
ramdeni mililitriT Semcirda haeris moculoba? axla Sprici
wyliT gaavseT da cda gaimeoreT. ramdeni mililitriT Semcirda
wylis moculoba? Sprici qviSiTac gaavseT da cda kidev erTxel
gaimeoreT. ras amCnevT? gamoitaneT daskvna.
13

14
1.4 airis moluri moculoba
daikavebs Tu ara tol moculobas erTnair fizikur pirobebSi
sxvadasxva airis:
a) aTi molekula; b) milioni molekula; g) 6 . 10 23 molekula?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom erTi moli sxvadasxva
airis moculoba tolia? daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudi.
axla varaudi gaangariSebiT SeamowmeT.
iangariSeT erTi moli Semdegi airebis moculoba:
a) N b) He g) O d) H .
2
2 2
Tu cnobilia, rom:
ρ(N )=1,25 g/l ρ(He)=0,1784 g/l
2
ρ(O )=1,429 g/l ρ(H )=0,08988 g/l.
2 2
emTxveva Tqven mier miRebuli pasuxebi erT maneTs?
gveTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom TiTo moli wyalbadis, Jangbadis, azotis
da heliumis mier dakavebuli moculobebi erTmaneTis tolia?
yvela airis erTi moli, erTsa da imave pirobebSi, ikavebs erTsa
da imave moculobas.
eqsperimentulad dadginda, rom nebismieri airis erTi moli, norma lur
fizikur pirobebSi ikavebs daax loebiT 22,4 l mocu lobas. maSasadame,
V(erTi moli airis)=22,4 l.
vinaidan, airadi niv Ti ere bis moculoba damo k idebulia wnevasa
da te mperaturaze, moluri mo culoba mniSvnelovnad da moki debulia
im fizikur pirobebze, ro melSic is izomeba. airis sim kvrive
gazomilia no rmalur fizikur pi robebSi _ 101,3 kpa wne vasa da
0 0 C-ze. amitom moluri moculobac 22,4 l-is to lia normalur
fizikur pirobebSi.
normaluri fizikuri pirobebi ase aRiniSneba _ n.p.
radgan erTi moli airis mo cu lobaze vsaubrobT, SesaZle belia davweroT:
V M =22,4 l/moli.
V M -iT airadi nivTierebis moluri moculoba aRiniSneba.
dagveTanxmebiT, gaangariSebi saTvis xSi rad ufro mosaxerxe belia ara
niv Tierebis moculo biT an masiT, aramed misi raodenobiT sargebloba.
rogor viangariSoT magaliTad, ramdeni molia 112 l Jangbadi? Zalian
advilad _ Jangbadis es moculoba unda gavyoT molur moculobaze.

nebismieri airis SemTxvevaSi
amave formulidan gamomdinareobs, rom
airadi nivTierebis V moculobis fardobas ν raodenobasTan, moluri
moculoba ewodeba. moluri moculobis erTeulia
amrigad, nebismieri airis erTi moli normalur pirobebSi ikavebs 22,4l
moculobas, romelsac moluri moculoba ewodeba.
gaiazreT: • ratom aris moluri moculobis mniSvneloba
damokidebuli pirobebze?
1 normalur pirobebSi H2 da O2 airadi nivTierebebia. gaixseneT, kidev
romel airebs icnobT da SeavseT cxrili.
martivi airadi
nivTierebebi
VM
rTuli airadi
nivTierebebi
2
normalur pirobebSi ra moculobas daikavebs: a) er Ti moli naxSiror-
Jangi?
b) 2 moli azoti? g) 5 moli argoni? d)10 moli meTani?
3 davuSvaT, rom pirobebi normaluria. iangariSeT Jangbadis ramdeni
molekulaa: a) 1 l JangbadSi? b) 1 l haerSi? g) Tqvens qimiis kabinetSi (yvelam
iangariSeT damo ukideblad da Sedegebi SeadareT).
4
a) daaxasiaTeT raodenobrivad martivi nivTiereba Jangbadi Semdegi sqemis
mixedviT, Tu ν(O ) = 1,5 mols.
2
Mr
ν
M
V
m
b) moifiqreT msgavsi amocana Tqveni megobrisaTvis. SeamowmeT erTmaneTis
namuSevari, SeadareT miRebuli monace mebi da gamoitaneT
daskvna.
saSinao davaleba
gansazRvreT (np) 5,6 l CO 2 -is, 11,2 l H 2 -is, 0,224 l H 2 S-is da 1,12 l
CH 4 -is masa cal-calke.
15

16
1.5 romeli airia ufro mZime
ra daskvnas gamoitanT suraTze
asaxuli cdis Sedegis mixedviT _
nax SirorJangi ufro mZime airia, Tu
Jangbadi? SegiZliaT gamoTvaloT, am
ori airidan, erTi meoreze ramdenjeraa
mZime? gamoTvaleT da gagviziareT,
rogor SeZeliT es.
(a) (b)
rogorc TqvenTvis cnobilia, nivTierebis simkvrive ρ gamo iTvleba
formuliT:
m.
ρ =
V
gamosaxeT airadi nivTierebis simkvrive moluri masisa da moluri
moculobis saSualebiT. gamosaxeT, risi tolia am formulis mixedviT
moluri masa M. miRebul formulaSi moluri moculobis nacvlad
SeitaneT misi ricxviTi mniSvneloba 22,4 l/moli.
Tqven aseT formulas miiRebT:
M=22,4 . ρ.
es formula gamoiyeneba normalur pirobebSi airis mo luri masis
gansazRvrisaTvis, ro desac cnobilia simkvrive.
Jangbadis simkvrivea 1,43g/l (n.p). iangariSeT misi mo luri masa.
gaangariSebisaTvis ufro mosaxer xebelia airis fardobiTi simkvrivis
gamoyeneba.
airis fardobiTi simkvrive aRiniSneba D asoTi, ganisazRv reba airTa
simkvriveebis fardo biT da gviCvenebs, ramdenjer mZimea erTi airi
meoreze.
magaliTad, Jangbadis
fardo biTi simkvrive
wyal badis mimarT aris:
D = 32g/moli
2g/moli
= 32
2 =16

sxvadasxva airis simkvrive haeris mimarT SesaZlebelia viangariSoT
formuliT:
M
Dhaeri = 29g/moli
sadac 29 g/moli haeris saSualo moluri masaa.
iangariSeT:
a) Jangbadis
b) naxSirorJangis
g) azotis
d) amiakis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT.
1 iodwyalbadi saxifaTo nivTierebaa, romelic azianebs kans da sasunTqi
gzebis lorwovan garss. gansazRvreT iodwyalbadis fardobiTi simkvrive
wyalbadisa da haeris mimarT.
2 gogird(IV)-is oqsidi qimiuri sawarmoebis mavne gamonabolqvi airia,
romelic haerSi wylis orTqls uerTdeba da mJava wvimis saxiT brundeba
dedamiwaze. iangariSeT gogird (IV)-is oqsidis moluri masa, Tu misi fardobiTi
simkvrive wyalbadis mimarT aris 32. gogird (IV)-is oqsidi `dabrundeba~
Tu ara haeridan dedamiwaze mSral amindSi?
3 organuli airadi nivTiereba eTileni gamoiyeneba mkvaxe xilis dasamwifeblad,
risTvisac mkvaxe xiliT savse rezervuars avseben am airiT. eTilenis
fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT aris 0,965. iangariSeT eTilenis molekuluri
masa da ivaraudeT, rezervuaris sxvadasxva nawilSi eTilenis koncentracia
daaxloebiT erTnairi iqneba Tu sxvadasxva? daasabuTeT Tqveni
mosazreba.
4 iangariSeT airTa narevis fardobiTi simkvrive haeris mimarT, Tu narevi
Sedgeba: SO 2 – 60%; CO 2 – 40%. am airebis narevs avtomobilis gamonabolqvic
Seicavs. transportiT gadatvirTul qalaqSi zeda sarTulis mcxovrebni
ufro zaraldebian, Tu qveda sarTulis?
17

18
•
5
muyaosagan daamzadeT moluri moculobis
kubi. amisaTvis:
iangariSeT, ras udris aseTi kubis wibos
sigrZe. gaiTvaliswineT, rom 1 l=1 dm3 • muyaosagan gamoWeriT kubis waxnagebi,
dautoveT
webeblad
`mindori~ waxnagebis Sesa-
• TiToeul waxnags daawereT molur
moculobasTan
cnebebi
dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi
• kubi moaTavseT skolis laboratoriaSi
• es kubi naTlad warmoadgens, Tu ra
moculobas ikavebs normalur pirobebSi
1 moli airi, an airebis narevi.
saSinao davaleba
V M =22,4l/moli
normalur
pirobebSi
t=0 0 C,
p=1 atm.
ν= N N A
V M= V ν
1 moli
airi
22,4l
D= M 1
M 2
M=22,4ρ
daavadebisgan dacvis mizniT vazis foTols gogirds ayrian. garkveul temperaturaze
go girdis orTqlis fardobiTi simkvri ve haeris mimarT aris 8,83.
gogirdis ramden atoms Seicavs gogirdis mole kula am temperaturaze? ramdenad
swrafad aorTqldeba gogirdi vazis foTlidan cxel amindSi?

1.6 ra raodenobrivi TanafardobiT
urTierTqmedebs nivTierebebi
risi Tqma SeiZleba wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenobrivi Tanafa
r dobis Sesaxeb reaqciis tolobis mixedviT?
2H 2 +O 2 → 2H 2 O
gveTanxmebiT Tu ara, rom Jangbadis
ramdeni molekulac ar unda aviRoT
sareaqciod, reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis
molekulaTa ricxvi yovelTvis orjer
meti iqneba da wylis molekulebic
orjer meti warmoiqmneba.
reaqciis tolobis mixedviT SegviZlia
davweroT:
2H 2 O 2 → 2H 2 O
2 moli 1 moli 2 moli
2 moli wyalbadis masaa:
m(H 2 )=M . ν=2g/moli . 2=4g
1 moli Jangbadis masaa:
m(O 2 )=M.ν=32g/moli. 1moli=32g
iangariSeT, ramdeni grami wyalbadi Seva reaqciaSi:
a) 16 g JangbadTan
b) 0,5 moli JangbadTan
reaqciis tolobidan gamomdinare raodenobebTan
SedarebiT ramdenjer Semcirda
reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis masa,
reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnili wylis masa?
2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O
g) 64 g JangbadTan
d) 2 mol JangbadTan.
reaqciis tolobidan gamomdinare
reodenobebTan SedarebiT ramdenjer
gaizarda reaq ciaSi Sesuli
wyalbadis masa, reaqciis Sedegad
warmoqmnili wylis masa?
ra daskvna gamoitaneT reaq ciaSi monawile nivTierebaTa rao denobrivi
Tanafardobis Sesaxeb?
2H 2
2H 2
2H 2
O 2
O 2
O 2
2H 2 O
2H O 2
wyalbadis yoveli ori molekula
urTierTqmedebs Jangbadis erT molekulasTan
da miReba wylis ori molekula
2 moli wylis masaa: m(H 2 O)=M. ν=18g/moli. 2moli=36g
amitom, qimiuri reaqciis tolobidan aseve gamomdinreobs, rom yoveli
4 g wyalbadi urTierTqmedebs 32 g JangbadTan da warmoiqmneba 36 g wyali.
2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O
2moli 1 moli 2 moli
M=2g/moli M=32g/moli
4g 32g 36g
M=36g/moli
19

20
cxadia gveTanxmebiT, rom reaq ciaSi
mona wile nivTiere baTa Soris arsebobs
pirda pirproporciuli raodenobrivi
damo kide buleba.
es damokidebuleba saSualebas gvaZlevs
viangariSoT nivTierebis raodenoba,
masa da moculoba qimi uri
gaangariSebebi qimiuri reaqciis
tolobis mixedviT saWiroa qimiur
war moebaSi, metalur giul, minis,
farma cevtul qarxanaSi da a. S. aseTi
gaangariSebebi saWiroa qi miur laboratoriaSic
da yofa-cxovrebaSic.
reaqciis tolobis mixedviT, Tu cnobilia reaqciaSi monawile erT-erTi
nivTie re bis raodenoba, masa an moculoba.
aiReT 5,6g rkina, SeurieT 3,2g gogirdi. moaTavseT
cda
winaswar awonil sinjaraSi da gaaxureT. rogorc ki
reaqcia daiwyeba gaxureba SewyviteT. reaqciis dam-
Tavrebisa da sinjaris gacivebis Semdeg, kvlav awoneT
is SigTavsianad. masaTa sxvaobiT daadgineT warmoqmnili nivTierebis masa.
SeadgineT reaqciis toloba. gaangariSebiT daadgineT, ra moluri TanafardobiT
Sevida reaqciaSi erTmaneTTan rkina da gogirdi. ra masis rkinis
sulfidi unda miiRoT masis mudmivobis kanonis Sesabamisi gaangariSebiT? ras
udris sinamdvileSi reaqciis Sedegad miRebuli rkinis sulfidis masa, romelic
sasworiT gansazRvreT? axseniT, ratom ar emTxveva zustad Teoriuli
gaangariSeba praqtikul Sedegs?
axla erTad gadavWraT amocana: davuSvaT, cdisTvis saWiroa 4,4 g
rkinis sulfidi. viangariSoT, ra masis rkina da gogirdi dagvWirdeba
am masis rkinis sulfidis misaRebad.
davadginoT, rkinisa da gogir dis Tanafardoba reaqciis tolo bis
mixedviT:
Fe + S → Fes
1moli 1mol 1moli
cxadia, rom rkinisa da gogirdis imdeni molia saWiro, ramdeni
moli rkinis sulfidicaa misaRebi.
anu ν(Fe)=ν(S)=ν(FeS),
amitom, viangariSoT 4,4 g rkinis sulfidis raodenoba:
ν(FeS)=4,4/88=0,05 moli.
e.i. saWiroa 0,05 moli Fe da 0,05 moli S.
viangariSoT maTi masebi: m(Fe)=M(Fe).ν,
m(Fe)=56g/moli.0,05moli=2,80g.
M(S)=M(S).ν; Μ(S)=32g/moli.0,05moli=1,6g
amrigad, 4,4 g FeS-is misaRebad saWiroa 1,6 grami S da 2,8 grami Fe.
ras fiqrobT, iqneba Tu ara ufro martivi
gaangariSebebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu reaqciaSi
monawileoben mxolod airadi nivTie rebebi?
ratom fiqrobT ase?
amoxseniT amocana da varaudi daasa buTeT
gaangariSebiT.
amocana:
gaiTvaliswineT, rom reaqciaSi
Sesuli aira di nivTierebebis
mocu lo baTa fardoba
Seesabameba maTi koeficientebis
far do bas qi miuri
reaq ciis tolobaSi.
ras udris 2 l qlorTan reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadis da warmoqmnili
qlorwyalbadis raodenoba da moculoba?

amrigad, qimiur reaqciaSi nivTierebebi urTierTqmedebs garkveuli
moluri da masuri TanafardobiT.
1 iangariSeT wylis raodenoba da masa, romelic saWiroa 3,2g
gogird(IV)-is oqsidisagan gogirdovani mJavas misaRebad.
2 iangariSeT 3,4 g gogirdwyalbadis misaRebad saWiro gogirdisa da wyal-
badis raodenoba da masa.
3
gamoTvaleT 4 l azotTan reaqciaSi Sesuli wyalbadisa da warmoqmnili
amiakis raodenoba da moculoba.
situaciuri
Team da giom gadawyvites gaarkvion _ ras gviCvenebs qimiuri
amocana reaqciis Semdegi toloba.
2H + O = 2H O
2 2 2
Tea miiCnevs, rom Canaweri 2H +O =2H O gviCvenebs _ wyalbadis ori molekula
2 2 2
reaqciaSi Sedis Jangbadis erT molekulasTan da warmoqmnis wylis or molekulas.
gio ki amtkicebs, rom amave reaqciis tolobis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas: ori moli
wyalbadi reaqciaSi Sedis erT mol JangbadTan da warmoqmnis or mol wyals.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? daasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.
saSinao cda
kvercxi, fqvili, Saqari da cximi
TiTqmis yvela namcxvarSia. magram, yvela
namcxvari xom erTnairi ar aris _ mTavaria
am produqtebis rao de nobrivi
Tanafardoba da momzadebis wesi. CaatareT
mcire eqsperimenti. SecvaleT standartul
kulinarul receptSi produqtebis raodeno
b rivi Tanafardoba da momzadebis wesi.
naxeT, ra moxdeba. aRwereT, ra cvlilebe bi
gamoiwvia produqtebis raodenobrivi Tana -
fa r do bis Secvlam.
ar aris gamori cxuli eqsperimentis
proce sSi
miagnoT.
axal, originalur receptsac
es recepti gaacaniT maswavlebelsa da
Tanak laselebs.
21

22
proeqti `puri da orcxobila~
Temis aqtualoba:
wylis Semcveloba produqtSi bevrad ganapirobebs
mis xarisxs. magaliTad, rodesac purSi wylis raodenoba
normaze metia, is ugemuric aris da vadaze adrec
kargavs sakvebis Tvisebas.
Teoriuli nawili
Cveulebrivi puri 30-40% wyals Seicavs.
Tu wylis raodenoba normaze metia, purs gamocxoba aklia da misi kvebiTi
Rirebulebac naklebia.
orcxobila 8-11%-mde wyals Seicavs. haerze orcxobila TandaTanobiT STanTqavs
wyals, kargavs simyifes da elastikuri xdeba, rac orcxobilas daZvelebis niSania. Tu
pursa da orcxobilaSi wylis Semcveloba normaze meti an naklebia, unda vifiqroT,
rom produqti uxarisxoa.
purisa da orcxobilas xarisxis kontroli Tqvenc SegiZliaT.
eqsperimentuli nawili
aiReT puris naWeri an erTi orcxobila da awoneT. CainiSneT sawyisi masa.
moaTavseT RumelSi 150 0 C-ze 40-45 wT-is ganmavlobaSi. gamoitaneT eleq t ro-
Rumelidan da gaaciveT.
kvlav awoneT.
masaTa sxvaobiT gamoiangariSeT wylis Semcveloba.
gamoiangariSeT, agreTve, wylis masuri wili _ aorTqlebuli wylis masa SeafardeT
puris an orcxobilas sawyis masasTan.
axla Tqven SegiZliaT, sxvadasxva warmoebis purisa da orcxobilas xarisxi
gaakontroloT.
Semdeg ki urCieT Tqvens mSoblebs, megobrebs da axloblebs, romeli warmoebis
produqciaa ukeTesi da ratom.

1.7 rogor amovxsnaT gasaangariSebeli
amocana qimiaSi praqtikuli
mecadineoba
amocana
ganvsazRvroT 5 mol wyal badTan reaqciaSi Sesuli Jan gbadisa da reaq ciis
Sedegad miRe buli wylis ra odenoba.
amoxsna:
gasaangariSebeli amocanis amox snisas umjobesia monacemebi CavweroT garkveuli
formiT da davicvaT Semdegi algoriTmi:
1. vwerT reaqciis tolobas da vaTa nabrebT.
2. nivTierebaTa formulebis qveS vwerT nivTi-
erebis raode nobas ν, romelic See sabameba koefi-
cientis mniSvnelobas.
3. nivTi erebaTa formu lebis
zemoT vwerT amocanis pirobis ricxviT
mona cemebs, ucnobi raodenobis
nivTi erebaTa formule bis zemoT
ki vwerT x-s. Tu amocanis pirobis
mixedviT, sareaqciod aRebuli niv-
Tiereba minarevs Seicavs, jer vadgenT
sufTa nivTi erebis Semcvelobas
narevSi.
4. vadgenT Tanafardobas.
5 moli
2H2
2 moli
+
x
1
O
2
1moli
x
2
= 2H
O,
2
2 moli
5. vangariSobT ucnobi nivTi erebebis ra o denobas.
aseTi Cana weriT kargad
Cans amo canis
piroba da advili
misax ved ria, rogor
unda vimoqmedoT
amo canis amoxsnisas.
5 moli x1
= ,
2 moli 1moli
5 moli x2
= ,
2 moli 2 moli
5 ⋅1
x1 = = 2,
5 moli O2
2
.
5 ⋅ 2
x2 = = 5 moli H2O
2
.
qimiuri reaqciis tolobis mixed viT SesaZlebelia ara mxolod nivTi erebaTa
raodenobis, aramed masis gamoTvlac.
23

24
amocana
gansazRvreT Jangbadisa da wylis masebi, Tu cnobilia, rom JangbadSi daiwva
10 g wyalbadi.
amoxsna:
gamovTvaloT 10 g wyalbadis raodenoba
ν(H 2 ) = m
M =
5 moli x 1 x 2
2H 2 + O 2 = 2H 2 O
2 moli 1 moli 2 moli
x 1 = 5 moli . 1 moli
2 moli
5 moli
2 moli =
10g
2g/moli
= 5moli
= 2,5moli O 2
m(O 2 ) = ν .M
m(O 2 ) = 2,5moli . 32g/moli=80g
x2 2 moli , x2 = 5 moli . 2 moli
2 moli
m(H 2 O) = M. ν =18g/moli . 5 moli=90g
= 5 moli H 2 O
ganvixiloT amocanis amoxsnis magaliTi, rodesac reaqciaSi Sesuli erT-erTi
nivTiereba narevis saxiTaa.
amocana
ras udris wyalbadis moculoba (n. p), romelic saWiroa 640 g rkina (III)-is
oqsidis aRsadgenad, romelic 25% minarevs Seicavs?
amoxsna:
1) davadginoT rkina (III)-is oqsidis Semcveloba narevSi.
amocanis pirobis mixedviT, narevSi sufTa rkina (III)-is oqsidis Semcvelobaa
75%, anu ω = 0,75.
m(nivT)= m (narevi).ω.
m( Fe2O3)
= 640
g ⋅ 0,
75 = 480 g.
2) gamovTvaloT 480 g Fe2O3-is raodenoba:
m 480 g
ν = ; ν =
= 3 moli.
M 160 g/moli
3) davweroT qimiuri reaqciis toloba:
3 moli x
O + 3H
= 2Fe
+ 3H
O.
Fe2 3 2
2
1 moli 3moli
4) SevadginoT Tanafardoba:
3moli x
= ;
1 moli 3moli x=9 moli H2.
5) gamovTvaloT wyalbadis mocu loba:
V =
VM
⋅ ν;
V = 22,
4 l/moli ⋅ 9 moli = 201,
6 lH
.
2

ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi.
amocana
ra moculobis wyalbadi (n.p) gamoiyofa 730 g 30%-ian marilmJavas xsnarze
reaqciisaTvis saWiro raode nobis TuTiis damatebisas?
amoxsna:
1) ganvsazRvroT marilmJavas masa xsnarSi:
m(HCl)= mxsnari.ω m(HCl)= 730 g.0,3=219 g.
2) davadginoT marilmJavas ra odenoba:
m
219 g
ν = ; ν(
HCl)
=
= 6 moli.
M
36,
5 g/moli
3) SevadginoT reaqciis toloba:
6 moli
Zn + 2 HCl = ZnCl2
+ H2
2 moli
x
1 moli
.
4) SevadginoT Tanafardoba:
6 moli x
= ;
2 moli 1 moli
x=3 moli H2.
5) gamovTvaloT wyalbadis mo culoba:
V = VM
⋅ ν;
V = 22,
4 l/moli ⋅ 3 moli = 67,
2 lH2.
rodesac sareaqciod aRebuli nivTi erebebis raodenobrivi Tanafardoba
ar Seesabameba reaqciis tolo biT dad genil ra odenobriv Tana fardobas,
maSin erT-erTi moreagire nivTierebis garkveuli raodenoba rCeba
reaqciaSi Seusvleli. aseT SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom nivTiereba Warbia.
reaqciis tolobis mixedviT yo vel Tvisaa SesaZlebeli gani sazRvros
ara mxolod reaqciaSi Sesuli, aramed Warbi nivTierebis ra odenobac.
ganvixiloT magaliTi:
amocana
davuSvaT, wylis misaRebad aiRes 6 g wyal badi da 32 g Jangbadi. davadginoT,
romeli maTgania Warbi da amis gamo darCeba reaqciaSi Seusvleli.
amoxsna:
1) davweroT reaqciis toloba
2H2 + O2
= 2H2O
2 moli 1 moli .
2) davadginoT wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenoba:
m
6 g
ν = ; ν(
H2)
= = 3 moli;
M 2 g/moli
32 g
ν(
O2
) =
= 1moli.
32 g/moli
3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT erTi moli Jangbadi uerTdeba or mol
25

26
wyalbads, amitom 1 moli wyalbadi (2 g) darCeba Warbad.
ganvixiloT kidev erTi magaliTi:
amocana
xsnars, romelic 37,6 g spilenZis nitrats Seicavda, daamates 5,6 g rkinis
naqlibi. daadgineT, darCeba Tu ara xsnarSi spilenZis nitrati, reaqciis
damTavrebis Semdeg.
amoxsna:
1) davweroT reaqciis toloba:
Cu( NO3
) 2 + Fe = Fe(
NO3)
2 + Cu.
2) gamovTvaloT spilenZis nitra tisa da rkinis raodenoba:
m
ν = ;
M
5,
6 g
ν(
Fe)
=
= 0,
1moli;
56 g/moli
37,
7 g
ν(
Cu(
NO3
) 2)
=
=
188 g/moli
0,
2
moli.
3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT 1 moli spilenZis nitrati urTierTqme debs
1 mol rkinasTan, amitom spi lenZis nitratis 0,2 molidan 0,1 moli reaq ciaSi
Seva 0,1 mol rkinasTan, 0,1 moli Cu(NO3)2 ki darCeba Warbad.
4) amrigad, reaqciis damTavrebis Semdeg xsnarSi iqneba 0,1 moli anu 18,8 g
Cu(NO3)2.
1 reaqciis tolobis mi xedviT
2Al+3S → Al 2 S 3
daadgineT aluminis sulfidis raodenoba da masa, Tu sare aqciod
aRebuli iyo 4,5 g alumini.
2
reaqciis Sedegad warmoiqmna 9 g wyali. gansazRvreT reaqciaSi Sesuli
wyalbadisa da Jangbadis raodenoba da masa.
3
iangariSeT sawyisi nivTi erebebis raodenoba da masa, Tu maTi urTierTqmedebiT
miiRes 10 g marili. reaqciis to lobas aqvs Semdegi saxe:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H . 2
4 moifiqreT erT-erTi zemoT mocemuli amocanis Sebrunebuli amo cana da
amoxseniT.
5
iangariSeT magniumis oqsi dis masa, romelic miiReba 480 g magniumis sruli
wvisas Jangbadis areSi.
Tqvenma megobarma moifiqros Seb runebuli amocana da amoxsnas.
SeamowmeT erTmaneTis namuSevari.
6 ra masis Jangbadi da magniumia saWiro 8 g magniumis oqsidis misaRebad?
7 ra moculobis qloria saWiro (n.p) 53,4 g aluminis qloridis misaRebad?

8 ras udris naxSirorJangis moculoba (n.p), romelic warmoiqmneba 0,25 kg
marmarilos daSliT, Tu igi 96% kalciumis karbonats Seicavs.
9
malaqiti bunebrivi mineralia, romelsac
saiuveliro nakeTobebis dasamzadadeblad Cu (OH) CO – malaqiti
2 2 3
iyeneben. nakeToba miT ufro Zvirfasia, rac
ufro sufTaa malaqiti. 22,3 g malaqitis
daSliT gamoiyo 2,24 l naxSirbad (IV)-is oqsidi (n.p.). sufTa iyo Tu ara
malaqiti?
10 laboratoriaSi Jangbads Rebuloben kaliumis permanganatis daSliT.
ra moculobis Jangbads miiReben 31,6 g kaliumis permanganatis (KMnO 4 )
daSlisas (n.p)? 2KMnO4 → K2MnO4+MnO2+O2.
11 ra moculobis wyalbadi daiwveba srulad 1 l haerSi (n.p)?
12 xsnars, romelic 18,8 g spilenZis nitrats Seicavda, daamates 30 g rkinis
naqlibi. ras udris spilenZis masa, romelic reaqciis Sedegad miiReba?
13
gTavazobT reaqciis tolobas
H O+SO → H SO 2 2 2 3
plastilinis burTulebis gamoyenebiT daamzadeT wylisa da gogird(IV)-is
oqsidis molekulebis modelebi. SeecadeT, rom orive molekulis modeli
gardaqmnaT maTi urTierTqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli nivTierebis, gogirdovani
mJavas molekulis modelad. daasabuTeT, rom qimiuri reaqciis
dros masa ar icvleba.
27

28
eqsperimentuli samuSao
reaqciis produqtis gamosavlianobis gansazRvra
gansazRvreT kalciumis wyalTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegad gamoyofili
wyalbadis gamosavlianoba (sur. 1.3).
1) aawyveT xelsawyo, romliTac SesaZlebelia airadi nivTierebis miReba da
Segroveba.
2) awoneT kalciumis nimuSi. CainiSneT masa.
3) reaqciis tolobis mixedviT iangariSeT, ra moculobis wyalbadi gamoiyofa
Teoriulad. es iqneba V H2 (Teoriuli).
2) moaTavseT kalciumis awonili nimuSi sinjaraSi da daasxiT wyali im
raodenobiT, rom Ca mTlianad Sevides reaqciaSi (wylis saWiro raodenoba
gamoiangariSeT reaqciis tolobis mixedviT da sareaqciod aiReT Warbad).
3) airgamyvani milis bolo moaTav seT wyliT savse sazom cilindrSi, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, wylian kristali zatorSia Capi r qvavebuli.
4) daelodeT reaqciis damTav rebas.
airis buStebis gamoyofis Sewyvetis
Semdeg ise, rom wylidan ar amoiRoT,
sazomi cilindri moaTa vseT vertikalurad
da wylis donis niSnulis mixedviT
daadgineT gamoyofili wyalbadis
moculoba.
sinjara
es iqneba praqtikulad gamoyofili
kristalizatori
wyalbadis moculoba V (praqtikuli).
H2
sur. 1.3 wyalbadis miReba da Segroveba
5) iangariSeT wyalbadis gamosa vli anoba formuliT:
axseniT, ratom ar emTxveva praqtikuli Sedegi Teoriuls.
Ca
H 2 O
airgamyvani
mili sazomi
cilindri
H 2 O
H 2 O
H 2

SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
1 SeavseT sqema samuSao rveulSi. imsjeleT sqemaze mocemuli TiToeuli
cnebis da maT Soris arsebuli urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb.
avogadros
mudmiva
. . . .
nivTierebis
raodenoba
ν
moli
moluri
moculoba
es strategia dagexmarebaT nivTierebis raodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebis ukeT
gaazrebasa da TvalsaCino xerxiT mocemuli informaciis sityvierad gadmocemis
unaris ganviTarebaSi.
2 mocemulia reaqciis toloba:
H 2 S+O 2 → S + H 2 O
gaaTanabreT reaqciis toloba, plastilinis burTulebis gamoyenebiT
daamzadeT reagentebisa da reaqciis produqtebis modelebi da maTi saSualebiT
axseniT masis mudmivoba qimiuri reaqciis dros.
3 ra raodenobis wyali da Jangbadi miiReba 0,4 moli wyalbadis
peroqsidis (H 2 O 2 ) daSlisas? reaq cia mimdinareobs Semdegi tolo bis
mixedviT:
2H 2 O 2 → 2H 2 O + O 2 .
4 TuTiisa da rkinis narevze, romelic 2,6 gram TuTias Seicavs,
imoqmedes Warbi marilmJaviT, gamoiyo 1,008 l wyalbadi (n.p). gansazRvreT
aRebuli narevis Sedgeniloba.
5 gTavazobT specifikur kriteriumebs, romlis gamoyenebiT SeZlebT Tqveni
swavlis procesis ukeT gaazrebasa da Sefasebas.
1. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle ucnobi nivTierebis gamokvleva da
misi formulis dadgena
2. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle nivTierebis raodenobis
gaangariSeba
3. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle avagadros kanonis safuZvelze
airis moculobis gaangariSeba
4. am davalebiT/davalebebiT viswavle raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi
qimiuri reaqciis tolobis mixedviT.
29

30
#
romel gverdzea
Tqvens samuSao
rveulSi es davaleba
es aris davaleba
romliTac me . . .
ratom migaCniaT ase?
daasabuTeT
1 2 3 4

Cabmuli var
gakveTilis
msvlelobaSi
teqstSi
vpoulob saWiro
informacias
SemiZlia Cavataro
cda da es
cda aRvwero
qimiuri reaqciis
tolobiT.
SemiZlia vimsjeloavogadros
kanonisa
da airadi niv-
Tierebis moluri
moculobis
Sesaxeb.
rogoria Tqveni warmateba?
Tamamad gamov -
T qvam Cem azrs,
Secdomis daSvebis
ar meSinia
vcdilob Cem mier
mopovebuli informacia
gamovsaxo mokled da
TvalsaCinod _ sqemiT an
cxriliT.
saSinao
davalebas vamzadeb
damoukideblad
SemiZlia vimsjelo
molisa da
moluri cnebis
Sesaxeb da am
cnebebis gamoyenebiT
Cavataro
gaangariSebebi.
SemiZlia gaangariSebebiavogadros
kanonis
gamoyenebiT.
roca raime ar
mesmis, vekiTxebi
an maswavlebels,
an Tanaklaselebs
vcdilob, rom
aqtiuri viyo jgufu
ri muSa obis
procesSi
vcdilob movipovo informacia
sxva wyaroebidanac
(enciklopedia, samecniero
saymawvilo literatura,
interneti)
Cem mier mopovebul
informacias xalisiT
vacnob Tanaklaselebs.
Seni azriT, sadac kargad gaqvs saqme gaaferade mwvaned, sadac arc ise kargad _ yviTlad.
Tu gaqvs: 3 an meti mwvane yoCaR, Seni qceviT xels uwyob sakuTar warmatebebs.
3 an meti mwvane _ marTlac Zalian mogindomebia.
ori mwvane _ ar gaklia pasuxismgebloba.
vatareb saSinao
cdebs da gamomaqvs
daskvnebi
Tu gaqvs 3 an meti mwvane _ SesaniSnavia, namdvilad kargad swavlob.
qimia Seni sayvareli sagania.
samuSao rveulSi Cawere, ra unda gaaumjobeso, rom ukeTesi Sedegi miiRo.
SemiZlia Sevqmna
reagentebisa
da reaqciis
produqtebis
modelebi da maTi
saSualebiT avxsna
masis mudmivoba
qimiuri reaqciis
dros.
SemiZlia raodenobrivigaangariSebebi
reaqciis
toloba mixedviT.
31