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vitali qenqaZe<br />
<strong>SikoWuri</strong> <strong>kalmaxuri</strong>
vitali qenqaZe<br />
<strong>SikoWuri</strong><br />
<strong>kalmaxuri</strong><br />
(iqTiologia)<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2011
UDK (uak) 597.2/5(479.22)<br />
q-41<br />
CanCqerebidan dabla, viwro WalebSi, lodebze morbenali<br />
mdinaris kalmaxisadmi siyvarulma da gadaSenebuli<br />
oragulis `nostalgiam~ Seqmna winamdebare wigni. misma avtorma<br />
pirvelad fexSiSvelma, ferad kenWebze gavliT SeigrZno<br />
samSoblos siyvaruli. SeigrZno nemskavze da badeSi<br />
mofarTxale kalmaxis rokviT da ara deniT daxocili, gulaRma<br />
wyalwaRebuli Tevzis daWeriT.<br />
sayovelTaod aris aRiarebuli mdinaris kekluci kalmaxi<br />
da orbunebovani, `orad rguli~ oraguli. maTi ufxo<br />
xorci xasiaTdeba maRali cximianobiT, SesaniSnavi gemoTi,<br />
kargi yuaTianobiT da samkurnalo TvisebebiT. swored am<br />
Tvisebebis gamoa, rom esoden didi yuradReba eTmoba kalmaxisa<br />
da oragulis mecnierul kvlevas da moSenebas.<br />
winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia mtkvris auzis mTis mdinareebis<br />
binadari ZiriTadi saxeobis Tevzebi da maTi mopovebis<br />
xerxebi, rac vfiqrobT saintereso iqneba bunebis<br />
moyvarul meTevze-monadireTa wrisTvis.<br />
redaqtori da recenzenti: ekologiur mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis akademikosi,<br />
biologiur mecnierebaTa<br />
doqtori venera stefaniSvili<br />
mxatvari: konstantine varSaniZe<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-3332-2<br />
© vitali qenqaZe, 2011
wigni eZRvneba udrood daRupul qsnis xeobel<br />
goCa tatunaSvilis xsovnas<br />
3
wigni gamoica belgiaSi moRvawe qvelmoqmed gela gvritiSvilis<br />
dafinansebiT, risTvisac uRrmes madlobas vuxdiT<br />
xeobadakarguli Tanamemamule qsnelebi.<br />
4
sarCevi<br />
winasityvaoba .................................................................................................. 6<br />
pirvelyofidan ............................................................................................... 9<br />
ankesiT Tevzaoba .......................................................................................... 25<br />
ankesiT TevzWeris dro da adgili: ......................................................... 29<br />
Tevzis mosatyuebeli ................................................................................. 33<br />
badiT Tevzaoba ............................................................................................. 39<br />
saTevzao badeebis religiuri mniSvneloba ......................................... 43<br />
xelaoba ............................................................................................................ 44<br />
oCxi ................................................................................................................... 45<br />
fSebSi Tevzaoba ............................................................................................ 50<br />
TovliT Tevzoba ........................................................................................... 55<br />
godriT anu pirqceuliT Tevzaoba ......................................................... 56<br />
facris Cadgma ................................................................................................ 57<br />
CangliT, barjiT da kaviT Tevzaoba ....................................................... 58<br />
wylis mowamvliT Tevzis daWera .............................................................. 62<br />
Tevzis morfologia .................................................................................... 62<br />
mdinaris kalmaxi ........................................................................................... 65<br />
tbis kalmaxi .................................................................................................. 72<br />
cisartyela kalmaxi .................................................................................... 72<br />
kalmaxis etimologia .................................................................................. 76<br />
oraguli .......................................................................................................... 77<br />
oragulis etimlogia .................................................................................. 84<br />
murwa ................................................................................................................ 85<br />
mtkvris wvera (dedali murwa) .................................................................. 86<br />
fiCxuli (kapoeti, cocxali, xramuli, lurja) .................................. 87<br />
Wanari .............................................................................................................. 89<br />
gvelana (mkbenara) ........................................................................................ 91<br />
mtkvris cimori (fetvia, RomRoma, CoCia) ............................................. 92<br />
aRmosavluri frita-nafota ..................................................................... 93<br />
mtkvris goWala (Cxira) ............................................................................... 94<br />
kavkasiuri mdinaris Rorjo, Rvana ......................................................... 95<br />
mtkvris TaRliTa ......................................................................................... 96<br />
Tevzebis migracia ........................................................................................ 98<br />
Tevzebis zrunva STamomavlobaze ......................................................... 100<br />
Tevzis mtrebi .............................................................................................. 102<br />
Tevzeuli da misi roli kvebis racionSi ............................................. 105<br />
teqstSi naxmari terminebis ganmarteba .............................................. 114<br />
5
winasityvaoba<br />
6<br />
`buneba CvenSia da Cven bunebaSi varT.~<br />
dasabamidanve brZola arsebobisaTvis adamianis cxovrebis<br />
umTavres amocanas warmoadgenda. rogorc winare istoriul xanaSi<br />
ise istoriulSi arsebobisaTvis brZola gulisxmobda upirvelesad<br />
sakvebis mopovebas da Semdgom Tavdacvas. swored<br />
neandertalel, moazrovne adamians gamokvebis instiqtma aaRebina<br />
xelSi joxi, qva. moapovebina cecxli, riTac daiwyo sakvebis<br />
momzadeba da mogvianebiT liTonis gamodnoba. Semdgom kvebiTi<br />
resursebis meti da meti moTxovnilebis gaCenam, uzrunveli, gabatonebuli<br />
cxovrebis survilma warmoSva tomobrivi SuRli da<br />
mtroba. pirdapir rom vTqvaT, sakvebis mopovebis mizani Seiqmna<br />
mizezi omebis dawyebisa.<br />
jer kidev uZveles droidan qarTvelTa miTologiaSi aisaxa<br />
adamianTa warmodgenebi cxovelTa samyaroze, ciur sxeulebze,<br />
bunebis kanonzomierebaze. im droidan moyolebuli cocxlobs<br />
qarTvelTa cnobierebaSi nadirTa mfarveli RvTaebani dali da<br />
oCopintre. isev adamianTa sakeTildReod bunebas dacva sWirdeboda.<br />
Tavisi saqcielis msjavrdasadebad Seqmna xalxma am RvTaebaTa<br />
saxelebi.<br />
Tu raoden Segnebuli hqonda qarTvel kacs bunebis dacvis<br />
aucilebloba iqidanac Cans, rom 1078 wlis sigelSi moxseniebulni<br />
arian `tyis mcvelTa uxucesni~. mcvelni ixsenieba me-14 saukunis<br />
`xelmwifis karis garigebaSi~, me-18 saukunis `dastur lama-<br />
Si~. vaxtang VI-is kanonTa wignSi gaTvaliswinebulia saZovrebis,<br />
wylebisa da sxvaTa dacva. ioane bagrationis sjuldebaSi weria:<br />
`agreTve iyos sanadiroTa, tyeTa da mdinareTa ufrosi kaci~.<br />
Cveni Soreuli winaprebis cxovrebaSi Tevzeulis did mniSvnelobaze<br />
metyvelebs uZvelesi qristianuli, oriaTaswlovani<br />
simboloebi _ Tevzi da xomaldi. xomaldi simbolurad aRniSnavs<br />
am cxovrebis mRelvare zRvaSi wynari navsayudelisaken maval<br />
eklesias.<br />
berZnulad Tevzi aris ichthys, (ixTus) romlis pirveli asoebi<br />
Seadgenen gamoTqmas `ieso qriste Ze RmrTisa, macxovari~. (`isus<br />
xrisTus Teus huios soter~).<br />
sagulisxmoa Tevzis Sublis erT-erTi Zvlis msgavseba jvar-<br />
Tan, rac winaparTa TqmiT asocirdeba qristianobasTan. `ixTus~-
idan unda momdinareobdes agreTve Tevzebis<br />
Semswavleli dargis `iqtiologiis~ saxeli, romelic<br />
aris biologiasTan gaerTianebul zoologiis<br />
nawili.<br />
axali Tevzis nedlad gamoyenebasTan erTad<br />
CvenSi amzadebdnen damarilebul, gamomSral<br />
Tevzs anu doSs. amzadebdnen Sebolilsac. gansakuTrebiT<br />
saukeTeso kaloriul Tevzeulad<br />
iTvleboda xizilala, zurgieli (damarilebuli da mzeze gamSrali<br />
oragulis, zuTxis da sxva Tevzis zurgis anaWeri). lori da<br />
SaSxi, wela _ romelic mzaddeba Tevzis grZel, gamxmar welebisagan.<br />
garda amisa Tevzisgan amzadebdnen gemriel konservebs da<br />
muJuJs, saWmel da teqnikur cxims. gamoiyenebdnen Tevzis buSts<br />
da zurgis sims. yovelive amis saSualebas iZleoda da iZleva rogorc<br />
Savi ise kaspiis zRvis binadari tarRani da sxva bevri jiSis<br />
Tevzi. magaliTad, kaparWina Tevzis cximianoba SemodgomiT 8,7%,<br />
sqelSublasi ki 23,5%-ia rac saSualebas iZleva gamoviyenoT<br />
maTi narCenebi sasursaTo da teqnikuri cximis, webos da fqvilis<br />
dasamzadeblad.<br />
kaspiis zRvis binadari TeTrulas Tevzis qerclisgan akeTeben<br />
xelovnur margalits. garda amisa, saukuneebis iqiT kataklizmebisa<br />
da sawesCveulebo ritualebisas micvalebulTa samarxebSi<br />
damarxuli da Semdgom arqeologTa mier napovn Tevzebis<br />
zeTisgan Cveni farmacevtebi amzadeben antiseptikur, anTebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebis mqone `iqTiolis malamos~.<br />
adamianebisaTvis didi sikeTisa da keTildReobis motana Seu-<br />
Zlia gambuziis jiSis Tevzs, romelic italiidan saqarTveloSi<br />
1924 wels Semoiyvana eqimma ruxaZem. aRniSnuli Tevzi masobrivad<br />
anadgurebs malariis gadamtan koRos matlebs, riTac Tavis<br />
droze didad Seuwyo xeli das. saqarTveloSi malariis mospobas.<br />
Cveni saTevze meurneobisaTvis didi sikeTis momtania cimbiridan<br />
saqarTveloSi 1962 wels aklimatizirebuli `amuris Te-<br />
Tri~. igi gamoiyeneba rogorc sakvebad aseve wyalsatevebis da<br />
xelovnuri arxebis mcenareulobisagan gasawmendad.<br />
dRes warmoudgenlad didia Cvens cxovrebaSi Tevzis roli da<br />
misi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba. arc gasul saukuneebSi iyo umniSvnelo<br />
da angariSgauweveli. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom msoflio<br />
bazarze yovelwliurad 17 milioni tona Tevzis xorci gamodis.<br />
sarewao Tevzebs Soris umTavresia qaSayisnairni, oragulisnair-<br />
7
ni, kobrisnairni, zuTxisa da virTevzasnairni da sxva. yvelaze<br />
meti raodenobiT mzaddeba qaSayisnairni. didi Rirebuleba aqvs<br />
oragulisnairebs. maT Soris Zvirfas xorcs iZleva kalmaxi, oraguli,<br />
siga, TevzTeTra (beluga).<br />
sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi ZiriTad Tevzmeurneobis<br />
raionebs warmoadgendnen 1. kaspiis zRvis raioni, iZleoda<br />
mTel kavSirSi damzadebuli Tevzis daaxloebiT 30%-s. 2. azovi<br />
_ Savi zRvis raioni, misi xvedriTi wona daaxloebiT 15%-s.<br />
saqarTveloSi aRricxulia 25075 didi da patara mdinare,<br />
romelTa saerTo sigrZe 8 aTasi kilometria, aqedan didi nawili<br />
kaspiis zRvis auzs Caudis dedamdinaris _ mtkvris eSxiani RelviTa<br />
da duduniT. winamdebare wignSic am auzis mdinareTa magaliTzea<br />
ganxiluli iq binadarTagan 12 saxeobis wamyvani Tevzis<br />
jiSi, romlebic bunebis umSvenieres kalmaxTan erTad, saqarTvelos<br />
mtknar wylebSi gavrcelebul 80-ze met saxeobis Tevzebidanaa<br />
amorCeuli da silamazesTan erTad did sicxoveles aniWebs<br />
Cveni samSoblos mTisa da baris mdinareebs.<br />
mtkvris umTavresi Senakadebis ZiriTadi<br />
hidrografiuli monacemebi<br />
mdinare ras erTvis<br />
borjomula<br />
das. frone<br />
aRm. frone<br />
Zama<br />
didi liaxvi<br />
patara liaxvi<br />
mejuda<br />
tana<br />
TeZami<br />
lexura<br />
qsani<br />
aragvi<br />
qcia-xrami<br />
iori<br />
alazani<br />
mtkvars<br />
suramulas<br />
mtkvars<br />
_<br />
_<br />
did liaxvs<br />
_<br />
mtkvars<br />
_<br />
_<br />
_<br />
_<br />
_<br />
mingeCauris<br />
wyalsacavi<br />
mdinaris<br />
sigrZe<br />
km-Si<br />
19<br />
48<br />
50<br />
28<br />
115<br />
73<br />
54<br />
46<br />
63<br />
53<br />
84<br />
112<br />
201<br />
320<br />
351<br />
8<br />
auzis<br />
farTobi<br />
kv km-Si<br />
165<br />
398<br />
252<br />
342<br />
2311<br />
468<br />
656<br />
380<br />
394<br />
289<br />
885<br />
2740<br />
8340<br />
4650<br />
16920<br />
auzis<br />
saSualo<br />
simaRle<br />
m-iT<br />
1800<br />
960<br />
1040<br />
1430<br />
1590<br />
1815<br />
1040<br />
1400<br />
1460<br />
1070<br />
1470<br />
1600<br />
_<br />
840*<br />
940<br />
vardna<br />
metrebiT<br />
1737<br />
1175<br />
1096<br />
1489<br />
2450<br />
2248<br />
1468<br />
1424<br />
1541<br />
1506<br />
2447<br />
2681<br />
2162<br />
2752<br />
2741s
pirvel yofidanve adamianisTvis erTaderT saarsebo<br />
wyaros buneba warmoadgenda, materialur Tu sulier<br />
sazrdos igi gare samyarosgan iRebda.<br />
udavoa, rom pirveli `nanadirevi~ adamianma romelime<br />
mtaceblisgan Tavdacvisas misi mokvliT moipova da amavdroulad<br />
sakvebadac gamoiyena. faunis did da patara<br />
mxe-cebis Semdeg frinvelebamde, adamianma wylis binadar<br />
gemriel TevzTa saxeobebs miakvlia. wyaldidobebi, mdinareTa<br />
kalapotebis Secvla, totebis gadavardna, SemodgomiT<br />
wyaroebsa da fSebSi Tevzis qviriToba cxadia ar<br />
gamoepareboda SimSiliT aforiaqebul adamians da igi TandaTanobiT<br />
iTvisebda gonebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro<br />
yuaTian Tevzeulis mopovebis xerxebs da saSualebebs.<br />
Cveni qveynis geografiuli pirobebi: 1 Savi zRva, tbebisa<br />
da mdinareebis siuxve xels uwyobda meTevzeobis ganvi-<br />
Tarebas da mis erT-erT uZveles dargad Camoyalibebas,<br />
ris Sesaxebac mogviTxroben istoriuli wyaroebi. Zv. ber-<br />
Zeni istorikosis strabonis cnobiT (I s. Zv.w.) Savi zRvispireTSi<br />
mosaxle qarTveluri tomebis sameurneo saqmianobis<br />
erT-erT dargs meTevzeoba Seadgenda.<br />
raoden mosawyeni da uferuli iqneboda qarTvel mefe-<br />
Ta cxovreba, nadiroba da nadimoba Tevzis gareSe. istoriuli<br />
wyaroebiT irkveva, rom mefe-didebulebi nadirobisgan<br />
gansxvavebiT naklebad iRebdnen monawileobas Tevzis<br />
WeraSi, ufro metad maT TavianTi mebadureebi da maTi uxucesi<br />
mekoneebi hyavdaT dargis gamrigeebad.<br />
Semonaxulia wyalobis wigni saqarTvelos patriarqis<br />
anton II-isa zaza soloRaSvilisadmi mcxeTis mekoneTuxucesobis<br />
daniSvnaze.<br />
`q. yovlisa saqarTvelos patriarxisa, mefis iraklis<br />
Zis, antonis keTilad saxsovaro soloRaSvilo zazav.<br />
mere radgan Cveni namsaxuri iyav da mraval rigad Tavdadebuli,<br />
amisTvis Cvenc wyaloba giyaviT _ mcxeTis me-<br />
1. CvenSi, rogorc mTagorian qveyanaSi mTis wili bevrad metia.<br />
teritoriis saSualo simaRle 1300 metrs aRwevs. teritoriis<br />
mxolod 17% ganlagebulia 600-dan _ 1000 metramde, xolo naxevarze<br />
meti ki 1000-3000 metris simaRleze mdebareobs.<br />
9
koneT-uxucesoba; rom SenTan sadaoT xeli aravisa aqvs.<br />
Sen mixvidode da Tavs daadgebodes da konsa ise Caadgmevinebde.<br />
da romelic Seni ganweseba iyos imas aiRebde da<br />
Cvens saqmeze bejiTad maiqceode.<br />
noembersa 3, welsa CRpÀ (1788w. 6 dekemberi) 2<br />
mefeTa cxovrebaSi Caxeduli kacisTvis Zneli warmosadgenia<br />
sufrasTan mjdari `zaqiWamia~ _ giorgi XII, romlis<br />
win ar yofiliyo TevzeuliT damZimebuli ficarnagi.<br />
cxonebuls gansakuTrebiT `gelaqnuri~ 3 yvarebia.<br />
cnobili qarTveli istorikosi da geografi vaxuSti<br />
batoniSvili, Tavis uzarmazar naSromSi `aRwera samefosa<br />
saqarTvelosa~-Si bevr saintereso cnobas gvawvdis saqarTvelos<br />
florasa da faunaze, bunebriv simdidreebze.<br />
aRwers rogorc did mdinareebs aseve zRvis donidan maRal<br />
mTaTaSoris dakidebul, momcro mdinareebs da xevebs.<br />
iZleva maT daxasiaTebebs. aRwers gavrcelebul nadir-frinvels<br />
da mdinareebSi arsebul TevzTa saxeobebs. samefos<br />
aRweraSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`kualad mdinareni mravalni da wyaroni did-didni,<br />
civni. gemoianni da Semrgoni, da mkurnalni senTani, da<br />
tbani didni da mcireni, aramed vieTni TevziTa tkbiliTa<br />
savseni da vieTni uxmarni.<br />
xolo wyalTa Sina Tevzni arian: oraguli, zuTxi, andakia,<br />
goWa, Wanari, loqo, 4 kapoeti, karCxana, mweri, kalmaxi,<br />
fiCxuli, da wvrili Tevzni mravalni da sxuanic 5 ~.<br />
vaxuSti qarTlis calkeuli mdinareebis daxasiaTebisas<br />
saubrobs maTSi Tevzis sxvadasxva saxeobis arsebobaararsebobaze.<br />
ganixilavs mdinareTa toponimebs, maTze<br />
mowyobil sarwyav sistemebs. mecniers aRwerisas TevzebSi<br />
pirveli oraguli da zuTxi uweria, xolo bunebis marT-<br />
2. qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi t. III Tb. 1970. gv. 975.<br />
3. `gelaqnuri~ _ erTi gagebiT niSnavs sevanis tbis kalmaxs anu<br />
iSxans, meore gagebiT ki fSavsa da mTiuleTSi mdinaris kalmaxs<br />
gelaqnursac eZaxdnen.<br />
4. loqo ars somxuri, xolo qarTulad ewodebis Rlavi (daviT<br />
rektori)<br />
5. v. batoniSvili `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~. qarT.<br />
cxovreba t. IV. Tb. 1973. gv. 43<br />
10
lac saocreba, ulamazesi da ugemrielesi _ kalmaxi me-10<br />
adgilze TiTqmis bolos yavs dayenebuli.<br />
gamorCeulad, qarTveli batoniSvilisgan, germanel<br />
mkvlevars da mecniers iohan anton giuldenStedts saqarTveloSi,<br />
kerZod qsnis xeobaSi mogzaurobisas mTis<br />
wylebis damamSvenebeli wiTelvarskvlavebiani kalmaxi<br />
yuradRebis centrSi mouqcevia, moswonebia da saTanado<br />
Canaweric gaukeTebia `raportSi~, romelic 1772 wlis zafxulSi<br />
gaugzavnia peterburgis saimperatoro mecniereba-<br />
Ta akademiisTvis, CanawerSi vkiTxulobT:<br />
`zemo qsnidan me miviRe Salmo fario _ kalmaxi da Cuprinus<br />
gobins (cimori v.q.) monadireebma momitanes Hirundo apus<br />
da Motoclla phoencicurus. aq Tevzaoben patara erTi saJeni 6<br />
sigrZisa da siganis badiT, romelsac amZimebs dakiduli<br />
liToni~ 7 .<br />
qarTl-kaxeTis samefos sapatio stumars, germanel<br />
naturalists, mecnier-mkvlevars, medicinis doqtors,<br />
ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil wevrs i. giulden-<br />
Stedts, romelic didi pativiT miiRo saqarTvelos mefem<br />
erekle II da aseve didi pativiscemiT miiwvia axalgorSi<br />
`saqarTvelos yvelaze mZlavrma magnatma~, imxanad avadmyofma<br />
daviT qsnis erisTavma, cxadia, araferi moakldeboda.<br />
mis saameblad (Cans qsnis erisTavis miTiTebiT.) zemo<br />
qsnidan miarTves yvelaze ugemrielesi Tevzi _ kalmaxi da<br />
cimori. magram ar ixsenieba aseve Tavisi gemoTi cnobili<br />
oraguli. uTuod oraguls largvisSic daiWerdnen da gansxvaveba<br />
ar eqneboda qarCoxs anu `zemo qsnur~ oragulTan.<br />
kalmaxi ki udavoa, rom rogorc axla ise 240 wlis winaTac<br />
gemoTi da feriT gansxvavebuli iqneboda qvemo qsnurisagan.<br />
mecnieris mier Tqmul `zemo qsnidan me miviRe...~ e. i.<br />
vgulisxmobT qarCoxidan... ratom qarCoxidan?! maS said-<br />
6. rusuli zomis erTeuli, udris 3 arSins; 2, 134 metria, ixmareboda<br />
metruli sistemis SemoRebamde (erTi arSini udris daaxloebiT<br />
71 sm-s)<br />
7. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi Tb. 1962. gv 97. t. I.<br />
11
an? zemo qsnurSi cxrazmis xeoba ar unda igulisxmebodes,<br />
Jamuris xeobaSi ki cimori arc Sedis da arc mravldeba.<br />
qsanTan lomisis xevis SesarTavis zeviT vidre gorgamde<br />
erTpirovnulad liderobs mxolod kalmaxi. gamodis, rom<br />
giuldenStedtis eqspedicias qarCoxelma meTevzeebma<br />
saCuqrad miarTves ugemrielesi Savi kalmaxi da cimori.<br />
aq uintereso ar iqneba Sida qarTlis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani<br />
mdinaris qsnis toponimi, rameTu winamdebare<br />
wignis Tematika dakavSirebulia mdinare mtkvarTan da mis<br />
marcxena SenakadebTan qsnaTan, aragvTan da liaxvTan.<br />
md. qsani zRvis donidan 2921 metris simaRleze `nefiskalos~<br />
mTebSi arsebul zurmuxtisfer, kamkama yelis tbidan<br />
iRebs saTaves. CanCqerebad dakidebuli, JangbadiT<br />
mdidari mTis civi wyali nasoflar gorgas win RorRianeb-<br />
Si kldeebs exeTqeba da `cecxlwakidebuli~ kalmaxiT galamazebuli,<br />
swrafi dinebiT, duJmoreuli 84 km-s sigrZis<br />
Tavisive gaWril kalapotSi, samxreTiT, mtkvrisken miedineba<br />
da sof. qsanTan erTvis dedamdinares. iqve maxloblad,<br />
maRal mTaze amayad dgas istoriuli cixe-simagre,<br />
romelsac xalxi erTdroulad qsnis, mtkvris, mtvris cixesac<br />
eZaxis. gadmocemis Tanaxmad am cixes konstantinelabadis<br />
saxeliTac moixsenieben, razec mogvianebiT qvemoT<br />
gveqneba saubari.<br />
qsnis saxelwodeba qarTul samecniero literaturaSi<br />
dRemde gaurkvevelia. arsebobs mecnier-mkvlevarTa<br />
urTierTgamomricxavi mosazrebebi. maTgan ufro sando<br />
vaxuSti batoniSvili migvaCnia. Tavis cnobil aRweraSi is<br />
Semdgnair ganmartebas iZleva:<br />
`xolo mdinareman qsanman moigo saxeli esreT, rameTi<br />
mdinare es ars sxuaTa mdinareTa erTi qsani da ars sargebliani<br />
mdinare Tevziani~ 8 . xolo rac Seexeba Zvel qarTul<br />
enaSi Sesul hidronim `qsans~ ixmareboda veluris, gareulis<br />
mniSvnelobiT 9 .<br />
8. qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV. gv. 352, Tb. 1973.<br />
9. v. RunaSvili `qsnis saerisTavos politikuri istoria~. Tb.<br />
2005. gv. 3<br />
12
qsani ixsenieba sakmevlis, nigvzis da erbos sawonad 10 .<br />
sabas leqsikonSi qsani Tuxti da Tuxtis naoTxalia (ix. s.<br />
orbelianis `leqsikoni qarTuli~ Tb. 1993. gv. 234) qsans<br />
aqvs Tu ara raime kavSiri somxur `qsanikasTan~, rac niSnavs<br />
patara parks, qisas, jer gamosarkvevia.<br />
mkvlevar v. sidamoniZis ganmartebiT _ dResac guriaSi<br />
qsani udris 20 kvercxis wonas, xolo 1772 wlis<br />
CanawerebSi germaneli mkvlevari giuldenStedti imereT-<br />
Si gavrcelebul wonis erTeulad afiqsirebs. `qsani udris<br />
rusul naxevar funts (naxevar girvanqas); Careqi udris 4<br />
qsans anu 2 funts~. 11<br />
zemoT moyvanil vaxuStiseul ganmartebas qsanze v.<br />
sidamoniZe Semdegnairad xsnis: `aq igulisxmeba, rom qsani<br />
pataraa mtkvarTan, liaxvTan, aragvTan da sxva mdinareebTan<br />
SedarebiT~.<br />
sawinaaRmdegos adasturebs qsnis sidideze aragvTan<br />
mimarTebaSi germaneli mecnieri. mdinare aragvis daxasiaTebis<br />
mere exeba md. qsans da dasZens, rom: `qsani aragvze<br />
didia, magram sxva yvelaferSi misi msgavsia; masze da mis<br />
Senakadebze zemoT arian osur-qarTuli, qvemoT qarTuli<br />
mxareebi~. 12 asea Tu isea, Cvenis azriT sityva qsani saerTo<br />
qarTuli terminia.<br />
saqarTvelo mTiani qveyanaa, sadac wylis resursebis<br />
farTo speqtria warmodgenili. es aris mdinareebi, tbebi,<br />
myinvarebi, Waobebi da miwisqveSa wylebi. gansakuTrebiT<br />
bevria mdinareebi, romelTa saerTo raodenoba, saqarTvelos<br />
hidrometeorologiuri institutis monacemebiT<br />
Seadgens 26060 erTeuls, aqedan 99,4% Zalian mcirea,<br />
romelTa sigrZe 25 km/s ar aRemateba. 13<br />
10. iv. javaxiSvili, safas-sazomi, Tb. 1955. gv. 68<br />
11. giuldenStedtis mogz. saqarTveloSi, gelaSvilis redaqciiT.<br />
Tb. 1962. gv. 287<br />
12. iqve. gv. 223<br />
13. saqarTvelos yvelaze uxvwyliani mdinare rionia. mas yovel<br />
wamSi Sav zRvaSi Caaqvs saSualod 403 m 3 wyali. aRm. saqarTveloSi<br />
ki mtkvaria, romelic qveynis yvelaze grZeli (1364 km) da didi<br />
auzis mqone mdinarea.<br />
13
qsani saSualo sididis mdinareebs miekuTvneba. misi<br />
sigrZe 84 km-ia. cnobili mecnieri roman kverenCxilaZe<br />
1968 wels gamocemul Tavis naSromSi `samxreT oseTi~<br />
aRniSnavs, rom mdinare uxvTevziani ar aris da dasZens<br />
mizezebsac: `Cqari dineba iwvevs mdinareSi TevzisaTvis<br />
saWiro sakvebis simcires~. sinamdvileSi ki mTavari mizezi<br />
mtacebluri, imdroindeli SxamqimikatebiT da sxva drakonuli<br />
meTodebiT TevzWera warmoadgenda, rasac zed erTvoda<br />
me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos Seqmnili denis<br />
aparatiT Tevzaoba. (cnobilia, rom denis aparati Seiqmna<br />
TevzsaSeni meurneobis mecnier-TanamSromelTa mier).<br />
md. qsani da misi Senakadebi met-naklebad Cqari wylebia.<br />
wvimebisa da Tovlis dnobis dros xSirad ician adideba da<br />
kalapotidan gadmosvla. didi xmauriT axeTqeben lodebs,<br />
moaqvT tonobiT RorRi da qviSa, Tovlis zvavebisgan WalebSi<br />
gamotanili xeebi da maTi namsxvrevebi, aqa-iq Camowolil<br />
mewyerebs gamoyolili fesvebdawyvetili tyisa<br />
da buCqnaris didi koromebi. ivnisis meore naxevarSi zed<br />
erTvis yelis tbis yinulis lRoba da mtvreva, rac iwvevs<br />
mdinaris azvriTebas. aseT amindebSi Tevzi qsnis wylidan<br />
xevebsa da patar-patara xeobebSi: oxirSi, ZaburTxevSi,<br />
cxrazmulaSi, WurTulaSi, cxavaturaSi (rexvaSi), yanCeuraSi<br />
da naxidis wylebSi afarebs Tavs. miuxedavad amisa Zlieri<br />
wyaldidobebi da swrafi dineba mainc ver CaiTvleba<br />
qsanSi Tevzis Semcirebis mTavar mizezad.<br />
XIX saukunis TbilisSi gamomavalma qarTulma gazeTma<br />
`cnobis furclema~ dabeWda patara korespodencia, romelic<br />
gvawvdis cnobas imdroindeli soflis _ monasteris<br />
(largvisis) meduqneebze Tu rogor iafad yiduloben<br />
qsnis oraguls:<br />
`s. monasterSi Tevzis nadirobis amindia, radgan `yelis<br />
tbis~ yinuli Catyda da qsanic aimRvra. iqaurebi marjved<br />
isvrian bades da amoaqvT: oraguli, fiCxuli, kapueti<br />
romlebsac monastris duqnebSi naxevar Tung 14 Rvinoze<br />
14. Tungi sparsuli sityvaa, igi Rvinis Zveleburi sawyaoa da<br />
udris 2 xeladas. naxevari Tungi aris 1 xelada. qarTuli xelada<br />
_ sawyao ori litrisa da 1 Cais Wiqis tevadobisaa.<br />
14
hyidian, TiTo oraguli xuTi maneTi Rirs da am usindiso<br />
zogierT vaWrebs arc ki rcxveniaT xalxis amgvari motyueba.<br />
qarTuli andaza mainc gaixsenon, `qaTami wyals dalevs<br />
da RmerTs Sexedavso~ 15<br />
am patara werilSi korespodents uTuod gamorCa kalmaxis<br />
aRniSvna, romelsac oragulTan, fiCxulTan, kapuetTan<br />
da sxva gemriel TevzTan erTad mebadureebi iWerdnen,<br />
moixmardnen da nawils yiddnen korinTa-saZeguris,<br />
axalgoris, largvisisa da qarCoxis duqnebSi. XIX saukunis<br />
rogorc mTis ise barisa da qalaqis mosaxleoba didi raodenobiT<br />
moixmarda Tevzeuls. miuxedavad moijaradeebisa<br />
da CarC-vaWrebisgan xelovnurad fasebis zrdisa.<br />
msxvili kapitalistebis da maTi xelisSemyure gaiZvera,<br />
vaWar-meduqneTa Tavgasuloba, Tevzze fasebis zrda,<br />
meti da meti simdidris xelSi Cagdebis survili da sazogadoebis<br />
guliswyroma kargad Cans gazeT `droebis~ erTerT<br />
korespondenciaSi, romelic sergi mesxs miuwodebia<br />
redaqciisaTvis.<br />
_ `Tu romelsame saganze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sagani<br />
xalxis cxovrebisaTvis `aucilebel saWiroebas~ Seadgenso,<br />
ueWvelia, eseve unda iTqvas Tevzzedac. es iTqmis<br />
gansakuTrebiT Cveni xalxisa da kidev ufro Cveni qalaqis<br />
Sesaxeb. qalaqs uTevzod gaZleba ar SeuZlian, imas uyvars<br />
Tevzi, qalaqis qarTvelebisa da somxebisaTvis Tevzi ise-<br />
Tive sakvebi da sazrdoa, rogorc puri. maSasadame pirvel<br />
movaleobas im dawesebisas, romelsac xalxis bedze zrunva<br />
aqvs mindobili sxvaTa Soris isic unda Seadgendes, rom es<br />
aucilebeli sazrdo Cvens xalxs ar moakldes, imdenad ar<br />
gauZvirdes, rom imiT sazrdooba gauWirdes.<br />
rogorc mogexsenebaT, qalaqi da TiTqmis mTeli kavkasia<br />
im TevziT ikvebeba, romelsac salianSi da sazogadoT<br />
baqosken iWeren. mogexsenebaT agreTve, rom yvela es Tevzis<br />
saWeri wylebi (kaspiis zRvis napirebi, salianis tba,<br />
gogCa, araqsi da sxva mdinareebi) saxazinoa da xazina imaT-<br />
Si Tevzis daWeris uflebas ijariT aZlevs, kantraqtiT.<br />
15. gaz. `cnobis furceli~. 1897w. 4 ivl. №244. gv.3<br />
15
ogorc buzebi Tafls, ise exvevian, ise Senatrian<br />
xolme Cveni mdidari vaWrebi da kapitalistebi am ijaris<br />
aRebas. adviladac gasagebia es: marTla, Tavidanve _ visac<br />
ki es Tevzis daWerisa da yidvis ufleba ijariT auRia, yvela<br />
gamdidrebula, yvela milionerebad Seqmnilia. u. mirzoevebi<br />
am ijaram wamoayena pirvelad fexze uf. arSakunim<br />
Tevzis wyalobiT aaSena is `kruJokis~ saxli, romlis simSveniere<br />
da simdidre Cven gvakvirvebs. TamamSevi _ aman gaakeTa<br />
da sxvebi. axla es ijara onanovisa da amxanagebs aqvT<br />
da, rogorc amboben, weliwadSi ukanaksneli 80 000 Tumani<br />
naRdi mogeba rCebaT, erTi sityviT Cveni vaWrebisTvis<br />
salianis Tevzi kaliforniad aris qceuli.<br />
Cvens xalxs Tevzi da xizilala uyvars, is uTevzod ver<br />
gasZlebs, amboben Tavis gulSi ijaradrebi, erTi Sauri,<br />
abazic rom moumatoT girvanqaze, mainc kidev iyidiano!~<br />
da umateben fass, umateben, magram am momatebasac rom<br />
bolo aRara aqvs! u. mirzoevebis dros erTi girvanqa gamxmari<br />
Tevzi or Saurad Rirda da kargi xizilala _ abazad;<br />
axla gamxmar Tevzss girvanqas _ abazzs, eqvs Saurs nakleb<br />
ver iSovni da xizilalas 14 Saur, maneT nakleb!<br />
Cven SevityveT, rom qalaqis mcxovreblebi qaRalds<br />
amzadeben, amJamad kavkasiis samoqalaqo mTavrobisTvis<br />
misacemad, romelSiac isini ganmarteben TavianT gaWirebas,<br />
am Tevzis siZviris gamo, da Txouloben, rom mTavrobam<br />
taqsa daniSnos da sazogadoT sxva raime RonisZieba ixmaros<br />
Tevzis gaiafebisaTvis...~ [mesxi sergi] 16<br />
me-19 saukunis bolos Tbilisis guberniaSi Tevzze<br />
moTxovnilebis zrdam gamoiwvia Tevzis Semcireba mtkvris<br />
auzSi. rasac bunebrivad mohyva masze fasebis zrda. am<br />
arasaxarbielo mdgomareobas Cans naTlad xedavda imdroindeli<br />
xelisufleba da saTanado RonisZiebebic gautarebia<br />
mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad. manamde ki interesiT<br />
gamoukvleviaT Tu ra unda yofiliyo mtkvris auzSi Tevzis<br />
gawyvetisa da misi gaZvirebis mizezi.<br />
16. gaz. `droeba~. 1876. 10 dekemberi. №134. gv.1.<br />
16
gazeT `droebis~ furclebidan vgebulobT, rom mtkvris<br />
auzSi Tevzis katastrofulad Semcirebis mizezi yofila<br />
mtkvris gadaketva moijaradeebisagan kanonebis uxe-<br />
Si darRveviT. naTlad ikveTeba msxvil vaWar-moijaradeTa<br />
oTxi erTmaneTisadmi moqiSpe dajgufeba: 1. mirzoevebi; 2.<br />
onanovebi; 3. arSakunebi da 4. TamamSevebi 17 . am oTx sagvareulo<br />
klans aqvs xelSi Cagdebuli amierkavkasiaSi Tevzis<br />
mopovebisa da gasaRebis sadaveebi. amitomacaa, rom xalxi<br />
Txoulobs saTanado reagireba moaxdinos mTavrobam ma-<br />
Tze. 140 wlis ukan (1880w.) dabeWdili gazeTi iuwyeba:<br />
`... CvenSi ukanasknel xanebSi wylebi TiTqmis daicala<br />
Tevzisagan. mizezi pirveli is iyo, rom did wylebSi mtkvarSi,<br />
arezSi (araqsSi) da sxvebi moijareebma SemoiRes<br />
rkinis koni (zaboika) mTels wylebsa kravdnen, Tevzs amwyvdevdnen<br />
da arc zemoT uSvebdnen da arc qvemoT. amis<br />
gamo mmarTvelobam akrZala konis gamarTva, ase rom moijaradeebs<br />
gaRmiT napiridan da gamoRmidan wylis mesamedis<br />
Sesvlamdis SeuZliaT Tevzis dasaWeri iaraRebi ixmaron.<br />
maSasadame Sua wylis mesamedi nawili srulebiT Tavisufalia<br />
da Tevzs gza aqvs zRviTgan amosvlisa saTavemdis<br />
da ukan dabruneba qviriTidam gamosvlis Semdeg.<br />
wreuls axali wesiT mieca ijariT gatexili xidamdis<br />
tkvari zRvidgan amoyolebuli 29 nawilad dayofilia da<br />
TiTo moijarades ori wilis aRebis meti ar SeuZlia. erTi<br />
nawilis Sua carieli adgilebia asi saJeni (1 saJ=213 sm da<br />
4 mm.) darCenili, romelSiac akrZalulia daWera. esec Tevzis<br />
gasamravleblad aris, rom bina gaiCinos. amas garda<br />
dasaWeri iaraRebi, badeebi, facrebi da sxva iseTi zomis<br />
unda iyos, romelic damtkicebulia mmarTvelobisagan.<br />
iaraRebi imgvaria, rom wvrili Tevzi badeSi ar darCes da<br />
gavides.<br />
17. TamamSevebis ojaxidan iyo qsnis erisTavebis bolo warmomadgenlis<br />
kola erisTavis meuRle ekaterine mixeilis asuli Tamam-<br />
Seva, romlis mziTvis fuliT kolam ganaaxla xanZriT ganadgurebuli<br />
sagvareulo cixe-sasaxle axalgorSi.<br />
17
wylebze ijaradebis moqmedebisa da Tevzis dasaWeri<br />
zedamxvedelobisaTvis gamgeoba aris daniSnuli da<br />
yaraulebi iqnebian. wesis darRvevisaTvis didi jarimaa<br />
dadebuli da ijarads CamoerTmeva ijara.<br />
am zafxuls TandaTan Cndeba Cven mtkvarSi Tevzeuloba<br />
da imedia, am wels wina wlebze TandaTan gamravldes.<br />
jer gasayidaT bazarSi ar Cans, radganac zafxulis TveebSi<br />
qviriTis debis dros, kanoniT Tevzis Wera akrZalulia<br />
im azriT, rom Tevzi gamravldes da ar gamoilios~. 18<br />
mmarTvelobisagan droulad gatarebuli RonisZiebebis<br />
miuxedavad, saSualo da mcire sididis mdinareebze<br />
(qsani, aragvi, lexura, narekvavi) ar formdeba saijaro<br />
xelSekruleba, amitomac maTze kontroli da Tevzis dacva<br />
evaldeboda, rogorc adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs<br />
ise mosaxleobas, ojaxs, sofels, Tems. romelTaganac samwuxarod<br />
xSirad gulgrilobas da daudevrobas hqonda adgili,<br />
gansakuTrebiT wlis im periodSi, rodesac mdinareebSi<br />
Tevzi zRvidan Sedioda gasamravleblad. adamianTagan<br />
aseT gulgrilobaze Sewuxebuli wers ori saukunis winandeli<br />
gazeTi `iveria~.<br />
`erTs metad samwuxaro ambavs gvweren aragvis xeobidan.<br />
mogexsenebaT am dros, Semodgomaze hyris oraguli<br />
qviriTs. amis gamo muceli stkiva, Sewuxebulia, gamodis<br />
napiras da exaxuneba da iq hyris qviriTs. xalxi wara-mara<br />
hxocavs Turme am dros oraguls da amnairad wyvets am gemoTi<br />
ganTqmuls Tevzs aragvisas, radgan xSirad maSina hxocaven<br />
xmliTa da xanjlebiT, roca qviriTi arc-ki dauyriaT.<br />
yovlad mavnebelia aseTi qceva xalxisao. imis garda,<br />
rom Tevzi wveba wyalSi, imiTia kidev cudi es Cveuleba,<br />
rom qviriTis dayris dros, oraguli sruliad ar aris gemrieli<br />
da CalasaviT xorci aqvso. amis gamo amgvarad daxocilis<br />
Tevzs arc fasi aqvs, TiTo uSvelebs oragulSi aTs<br />
Saurze mets ar iZlevian meduqneebi da CarCebio.~ 19<br />
18. gaz. `droeba~. 1880. 13 agvisto. №170. gv.3<br />
19. gaz. `iveria~ 1886. №213.gv.1<br />
18
zemoTxsenebuli da aucilebeli RonisZiebis gatarebis<br />
garda (mtkvris napirebidan wylis mxolod erT mesamedze<br />
TevzWeris daknoneba, rkinis konebis Cagebisa da mdinaris<br />
gadaketvis akrZalva) mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT specialistebi<br />
muSaoben da eZeben adgils TevzsaSenis mosawyobad;<br />
qveyanaSi aseT siaxleebze, meurneobis asaRorZineblad<br />
win gadadgmul progresul nabijebs tradiciulad<br />
exmaureba gazeTi `iveria~ da `tfilisis sazogadoebas amcnobs<br />
rom: `miwad moqmedebisa da saxelmwifo mamulebis saministros<br />
azrad aqvs amierkavkasiaSi gamarTos oragulis<br />
mosaSenebeli adgili. am azriT saministrom gahgzavna b-ni<br />
kavroiski da inJineri gidravliki psarevi im adgilebis gamosakvlevad,<br />
sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba misi gamarTva. b-ni<br />
kavroiskim da psarevma ukve gamoikvlies yvela adgilebi<br />
da kidec dabrundnen tfilisSi. maTis azriT saukeTeso<br />
adgili md. patara aragvia fasanauris maxloblad, gudamayris<br />
xeobaSi~. 20<br />
qveynis xelisufalTagan TiTqos idgmeba nabijebi kavkasiis<br />
regionSi meTevzeobis ganviTarebisaTvis. dedaqalaqis<br />
gazeTebi aqveyneben sxvadasxva cnobebs am dargis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad, kerZod qonebis saministrosagan<br />
dagegmil RonisZiebebze: `1895 wels saqarTveloSi inspeqtoris<br />
_ vinme grimis movlinebisa raTa moamzados piroba<br />
mtkvarSi xelovnurad loqos moSenebisa da Tevzis qarxnis<br />
daarsebisaTvis~. 21<br />
zemo aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, 5 wlis Semdeg,<br />
1900 wlis gazeT `cnobis furclidan~ vgebulobT, rom:<br />
`sax. qonebis saministros gadaudvia 8050 maneTi mtkvris<br />
SesarTavSi Tevzis qarxnis mosawyobad; ganzraxva aqvT,<br />
gaamrvalon mtkvarSi zuTxi da TarTi. am qarxanaSi qviri-<br />
Tidan yovelwliv unda gamoiyvanon milion naxevarze meti<br />
Tevzis WiWyina~. 22<br />
20. gaz. `iveria~ 1897 №165. gv.1<br />
21. gaz. `iveria 1895. №115. gv.2<br />
22. gaz. `cnobis furceli~ 1900 №1171. gv.3<br />
19
aRniSnuli gancxadebidan gadis ramdenime Tve da<br />
tfilisSi arsdeba `kavkasiis tbebSi Tevzis Werisa da Tevzis<br />
moSenebis sazogadoeba~. 1902 wlisTvis, zemoaRniSnuli<br />
sazogadoebisagan gansxvavebiT, realurad ukve Seqmnilia<br />
TevzeulobiT vaWrobis komisia, romlis moTxovniT,<br />
radgan kavkasiaSi meTevzeebis mometebuli nawili mahamdiania,<br />
uqmdeba kvira dRiT Tevzis daWeris akrZalva, radgan<br />
maT wes-Cveulebas ar esadageba qristianuli kviraZali.<br />
amasTanave dgindeba axali umniSvnelo wesebi meTevzeobas-<br />
Tan dakavSirebiT.<br />
1897w. gazeTi `cnobis furceli~ (№216) aqveynebs novatorul<br />
ideas `amierkavkasiis rkinigziT cocxali Tevzebis<br />
gagzavna-gamogzavnaze, albaT momdinares isev qonebis<br />
saministrosagan. im saministrosagan, romelsac arc saqarTveloSi<br />
da arc mTlianad amierkavkasiaSi meTevzeobis<br />
ganviTarebisaTvis kapiki ar gauRia, Tu ar CavTvliT oriode<br />
specialistis mivlinebis xarjebs. idea idead darCa,<br />
fiqri, mosazreba, survili _ mogonebad, Tevzi ki Cvens<br />
dedamdinare mtkvarSi da mis civ, JangbadiT, sakvebiT uxv<br />
SenakadebSi RmerTisa da met-naklebad gergiliani adamianebis<br />
amara.<br />
Zveli naTqvamia, yvelafers Tavisi mteri hyavso. marTlac<br />
rom asea TevzisTvis, Tanac erTi mteri ki ara mravali.<br />
maTgan angariSgasawevia wyaldidobebi, Rvarcofebi<br />
da mewyerebi. aTasobiT tona qva da talaxi CaexeTqeboda<br />
qsnis da aragvis WalebSi, damewyril-daglejil-daxeTqil<br />
mTis ferdobebidan. gazafxulze gabmul wvimebs Tu cota<br />
siTbo daerTo, maRal da saSualo mTebSi iwyeba ori-sami<br />
metri Tovlisa da Rrma Rrante xevebSi datkepnili, ramdenime<br />
aTeuli metris sisqis zvavebis dnoba. am dros mTis<br />
midinareebi gacofebulebi da gadareulebi moedinebian<br />
barisken, angreven, Slian zRudeebs da sul raRac wuTebSi<br />
qreba glexkacis mier wlidan-wlamde nanoliavebi baRi da<br />
bostani, zvari da maRlari. miagorebs qvebs guguniT, dga-<br />
20
funiT da xocavs uamrav Tevzs: qviriTians da uqviriTos,<br />
didsa da pataras. spobs maT sakveb Wia-Ruas da damfrTxali<br />
Tevzi Tavis gadasarCenad awydeba aqeT-iqiT, xSirad<br />
rCeba aqa-iq morevebSi da ixoceba. aboboqrebuli qsani da<br />
aragvi mxolod mtkvarTan CaxutebiT wynardebian da ise<br />
Zvrebian mis kalTis qveS rogorc dedasTan bavSvebi.<br />
mdinare mtkvrisa da qsnis `xerTvisi~<br />
1963 wels lamisyanaSi garayanisZisgan g. xorguaSvilis<br />
mier Cawerili xalxuri leqsic udavod qsanze erT-erTi<br />
wyaldidobis merea Seqmnili.<br />
`lomisa, Zliero patrono,<br />
Sen gagviZliere qsani da aragvi:<br />
me Tqveni gaZliereba rad minda<br />
me Cem Tavad gavZlierdebi.<br />
am wineebzec davglije<br />
midelaanT wisqvilebi,<br />
vakeze, rom Camovedi<br />
21
atiSvils SemovuTvale: 23<br />
movrbivar, movxuvi,<br />
fexzed ar makravs nalebi<br />
Sen vin mogca mand mamuli<br />
rodis mogiwere xeli?<br />
davglijo Seni kaklebi<br />
Tan gavatano vazebi<br />
sul Cavzido kowaxurazeda<br />
sadac mtkvars verTvi~ 24<br />
wyaldidobebis garda uamravi Tevzi ewireboda sarwyav<br />
sistemebs. md. qsnidan saTaves iRebda ramdenime arxi,<br />
romelTa daniSnuleba rogorc morwyva, aseve wisqvilebis<br />
dabruneba iyo. pirveli didi ru qsnis Suawelze `walkotidan~<br />
miedineboda gaRma saZegurSi, meore ru sof. wirqvilis<br />
pirdapir `berikoanT wisqvilebidan~ ikoTSi, axSadurze,<br />
dolianSi. aseve qsnidan, didi ru iRebda saTaves ikoTis<br />
boloSi `bunelisa~ da qsnis SesarTavTan (qsnis marcxena<br />
mxare). arxi miedineboda axalgor-fiWvnaramde. igi dRevandeli<br />
axalgoris centrSi wmindanTa memorialis dasavleTiT<br />
abrunebda samTvlian wisqvils25 , rwyavda asobiT<br />
heqtar baR-venaxs. ueWvelia sakmaod mozrdili da mowesrigebuli<br />
wylis ru eqnebodaT Tavis droze gayvanili axalgorSi<br />
qsnis erisTavebs.<br />
Sida qarTlis vake SedarebiT Raribia atmosferuli<br />
naleqebiT da wlis manZilze maTi ganawileba xelsayreli<br />
ar aris sagazafxulo sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisTvis;<br />
zafxulis meore naxevarSi aq icis gvalvebi, amitom,<br />
sakmaod mravali saxnav-saTesebi didad iyo damokidebuli<br />
sarwyav arxebze. komunistebma arxebi gaiyvanes qsnis marjvena<br />
sanapirodan axmaji-lamisyana-Tezi-okami-igoeTis<br />
23. qsnis erisTavebis ganayari ratiSvilebi cxovrobdnen mdinare<br />
qsnis marcxena sanapiroze sof. qsovrisSi, sadac dRemde<br />
SemorCenilia maTi nasaxlarebi.<br />
24. g. xorguaSvili, namcvrevi. Tb. 1989. gv. 138<br />
25. aRniSnuli arxis fragmentebi axalgorSi bolodromde<br />
SemorCenili iyo stalinis quCaze mcxovrebi gogi zaqarias Ze<br />
gaTenaSvilis ezoSi.<br />
22
gavliT, romliTac moqmedebda agreTve hidroeleqtro<br />
sadguri. (2008 w. omis dros, axalgoris okupaciis gamo zemoaRniSnuli<br />
arxi aRar funqcionirebs).<br />
rogorc cnobilia, morwyva saqarTvelos mdinareTa<br />
gamoyenebis erT-erT Zvel da gavrcelebul saxed iTvleba.<br />
irkveva, rom Sida qarTlis mdinareebze: liaxvze, mejudaze,<br />
qsanze, aragvze meTvramete saukuneSi yofila gayvanili<br />
ramdenime arxi. arsebobs cnoba, rom saqarTveloSi<br />
uZvelesi sarwyavi arxi gayvanili unda yofiliyo md. qsnidan<br />
al. makedonelis mier. Cv.w. aR-mde me-4 saukuneSi.<br />
Tevzi gamudmebiT eZebs sakvebs, mignebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
moTxovnileba ufro izrdeba, amitom iyo, rom qsnidan wasul<br />
arxebs, mudam gasdevda didi raodenobiT rogorc<br />
msxvili, aseve wvrili Tevzi. maTi Sesvla arxebSi ganadgurebis<br />
tolfasi iyo.<br />
mkiTxvels, oZisidan qvemoT _ muxranis velisken gayvanil<br />
sarwyavi sistemis arxebze da iq moxvedril Tevzze<br />
warmodgena rom Seeqmnas moviyvanT i. WavWavaZis gaz. `iveriaSi~<br />
oZiseli erisTavebis mier miwodebul da gamoqveynebul<br />
korespodencias:<br />
`...qsani retiani cxvariviT gamoqandeba sarwyav arxebs<br />
da ruebs erTmaneTSi arevs xolme domxaliviT.<br />
sarwyavi arxebis dacva wyaldidobebisagan aqauris<br />
`mirabis~ movaleobas Seadgens erTis mxirv, da meores<br />
mxriv misive movaleobaa sarwyavi arxebis gamravleba da<br />
sarwyavad wylebis momateba, radgan zafxulobiT sarwyavi<br />
wylebis Zala mcirdeba, mcxovrebTa umravlesobas aw<br />
arsebuli sarwyavi wyali ar yofnis da Tav-piris mtvreva<br />
astydeba xolme. es sagani jer-jerobiT uyuradRebod<br />
aris mitovebuli. Cven gvaxsovs Zveli droiTgan marto 3<br />
sarwyavi arxi: 1. `saoZiso wisqvilebis ru~ romlidganac<br />
sarwyavad Zlier mciredi wyali rCeba, radgan isev wisqvilebs<br />
sWiria da arc ki yofnis; 2. `saglaxao ru~; 3. `nadikvaris<br />
wyali~ es ukanaksneli sazafxulod imdenad mcirdeba<br />
rom `muxraniani~ gulSeRonebulTa mosabrunebladac ki<br />
23
`wilknelebs~ wyals ar uTmoben da xSirad `Zalis~, `wilkans~<br />
da `muxranianTa~ Soris sisxlis Rvra moxdeba xolme.<br />
Tu amJamad arsebul sarwyav arxebs mcireoden Sromas<br />
davadebT; Tu wylebis mmarTvelobac keTils inebebs xalxisaTvis,<br />
maSin `saoZiso wisqvilebis ru~ gaganierdeba, qsnidan<br />
wyali moemateba da amasTanave gamagrdeba qsanTan um-<br />
Tavresi saTave, rom mdinarem kvlav ar gaWamos. s. qsovrisidan<br />
gaiWreba calke arxi `wilknelebis~ sulis mosagebad,<br />
radgan mdinare qsani borotebasTan mowyalec aris da yvelas<br />
uxvad miawvdis sarwyav wyals: unayofo miwas nayofs<br />
gamovaRebinebT da `wilknelebsac~ samudamod davixsniT<br />
`muxranianTa~ mtarvalobisagan~. 26<br />
qsnis Tavadis werilidan Cans Tu rogori mzardi<br />
moTxovnaa mosaxleobisagan sarwyavi sistemebis gaumjobesebasa<br />
da ganviTarebaze, ukeTesi mosavlis misaRebad.<br />
drois msvlelobam gviCvena, rom wliTi-wlobiT izrdeboda<br />
sarwyavi arxebis qseli ara marto mdinare qsanze aramed<br />
aragvze, liaxvze da mtkvarze. Cans ver akmayofilebda<br />
burJuaziis relsebze Semdgar qarTvel Tavadebs aragvidan<br />
wilkan-Zalisze gavliT muxranSi Camavali arxis wyali,<br />
romelic Tavis dros ise wilknels Camouyvania. `tyvilianidam~<br />
iso wilknelma, i ~ g (12) mamaTaganman, warmoiRo yavarjnis<br />
TreviT ru, romelsa mosdevda umuSakod wyali~ 27 .<br />
rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, sarwyav arxebs, romlebic<br />
wisqvilebsac abrunebdnen, uamravi Tevzi gasdevda da<br />
iRupeboda. amitom yvela mewisqvile meTevze iyo da naziarebi<br />
im sixarulis mazandas, romelsac adamianebi Tevzis<br />
daWerisas ganicdian.<br />
sof. muxranSi mcxovrebma lado oqroaSvilma,<br />
romelsac adre wylis wisqvilSi umuSavia gviTxra, rom<br />
bevrjer wisqvilis saRoredan 100 kilogramamde Tevzi<br />
amouRia da megobar-amxanagebisaTvis daurigebia:<br />
`Cemi papebi qsans da arxebs aSrobdnen da TevziT urmebs<br />
26. gaz. `iveria~ 1897. №90. gv.3.<br />
27. vaxuSti batoniSvili. `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ _ qarTlis<br />
cxovreba (yauxCiSviluis redaqciiT) t. IV Tb. 1973. gv. 351<br />
24
avsebdnen~. misive TqmiT TevzeuliT sakmaod mdidari yofila<br />
aragvidan wamosuli arxi, romelic muxranis Tavze<br />
gadioda da sof. rozentalis bolos qsans uerTdeboda.<br />
(aRniSnuli arxi gaiWra meore msoflio omis Semdeg 50-ian<br />
wlebSi, Zalisel da muxranel glexTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.<br />
ganawesis Tanaxmad TiToeuli ojaxi valdebuli iyo<br />
30-metriani monakveTi gaeWra.) muxranis velze gamavali<br />
erT-erTi TevziT mdidari arxi `nadikvaris wyali~ saTaves<br />
iRebda iltozis qveviT, irwyveboda: qsovrisi, rozentari,<br />
muxrani, qanda, sadac or, sam da oTx Tvliani wisqvilebsac<br />
abrunebda.<br />
saqarTveloSi uxsovar droidan meurneobis erT-erT<br />
tradiciul dargs meTevzeoba warmoadgenda. Tevzis mopovebis<br />
iaraRebi da xerxebi Tavdapirvelad martivi iyo.<br />
Tevzss iWerdnen erTsa da imave dros sanadiro da sabrZolo<br />
daniSnulebis iaraRebiT: Svild-isriT, SubiT, satevriT.<br />
sabrZolo iaraRebis (xmlis, xanjlis) gamoyeneba XIX<br />
saukunis mTiuleTSic aris dafiqsirebuli (ix. gaz. `iveria~<br />
№213)<br />
saerTod eTnografiisaTvis cnobili saTevzao iara-<br />
Rebi da xerxebi metad mravalferovania, rac orive erTad<br />
ganapirobebda warmatebul Tevzaobas. isini SeiZleba Semdegnairad<br />
CamovayaliboT. 1. ankesiT Tevzaoba; 2. badiT<br />
Tevzaoba; 3. xelaoba; 4. oCxi; 5. fSebSi Tevzaoba; 6. TovliT<br />
Tevzaoba; 7. godriT anu pirqceuliT Tevzaoba; 8. facris<br />
Cadgma; 9. CangliT, barjiT da kaviT Tevzaoba; 10. wylis<br />
mowamvliT Tevzis daWera.<br />
ankesiT Tevzaoba<br />
_ upriania cal-calke ganvixiloT TevzWeris es iara-<br />
Rebi da xerxebi, romlebic Tavis mxirv imdenad gansxvavdebian<br />
erTmaneTisagan Tavisi formiT, moculobiT da<br />
terminologiiT, ramdenadac TviT mdinareTa da wyalsatevarTa<br />
adgilmdebareoba da xasiaTi.<br />
25
vertikalur zonalobasTan mimarTebaSi arqeologiuri<br />
kvlevebiT dasturdeba, rom Tevzis mopvebis uZvelesi<br />
saSualeba ankesi yofila. igi gvian _ paleoliTidan<br />
gvxvdeba. `sagvarjiles eneoliTis fenebSi napovnia Tevzis<br />
Zvlebi, Zvlisa da liTonis ankesebi. aqve neoliTur<br />
fenebSi aRmoCnda bolomokauWebuli Zvlis ankesebi, aseve<br />
cxovelis Zvlisgan gakeTebuli WvilTi~. 28<br />
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasvxa safexurze<br />
ankesi mzaddeboda qvisgan, Zvlisgan, liTonisgan. droTa<br />
ganmavlobaSi icvleboda aramarto saankese masala, aramed<br />
TviT ankesic. igi ufro rTuli da daxvewili xdeboda.<br />
aRm. saqarTveloSi ankess nemskavs veZaxiT, xolo didi<br />
zomisas ki Cangals, Savi zRvispireTSi berZnuli dasaxelebebis<br />
zegavleniT iq mcxovrebTa leqsikaSi damkvidrda<br />
berZnuilidan Semosuli sityva `ankasi~. (am sityvis ber-<br />
Znul warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs TviT sabac.)<br />
ankesis joxze amagrebdnen kanafisa da abreSumis Zafs,<br />
vinaidan Tevzaobdnen dRisiT, wminda wyalSi meTevzeebs<br />
unda SeerCiaT iseTi Zafi, romelic TevzisTvis SeumCneveli<br />
iqneboda. metad sainteresoa abreSumis Wiidan saankese<br />
Zafis damzadeba samegreloSi. aseve sainteresoa abreSumis<br />
Zafis damzadebis xalxuri wesi lazebSi. abreSumis parks<br />
roca is meoTxe kanSi iyo aTavsebdnen ZmarSi, Tavsa da bolos<br />
moaWridnen, Zafs amoiRebdnen da dagrexavdnen. am xerxiT<br />
miRebuli Zafi wylisferia da Tevzi ver amCnevda mas.<br />
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi eTnografiis ganyofilebis<br />
fondSi daculia erTi lazuri ankesi (№44-<br />
40/65). sainventaro davTarSi vkiTxulobT: `ankesi grZelia,<br />
lerwmis wverSi mibmulia abreSumis Zafi, romelsac<br />
gansakuTrebiT akeTeben. ZmarSi moaTavseben, rom Sesaferi<br />
feri miiRos. am Zafis bolosve mibmulia ankesi da mis<br />
garSemo mikrulia yverulis (dakodili qaTmis mamali)<br />
bumbuli. `kvanwila~, romelic wyalSi gadasrolis dros<br />
pepelas emsgavseba. 29<br />
28. saq. arqeologia, Tb. 1959. gv.64<br />
29. q. mirianaSvili, TevzWeris iaraRebis SeswavlisaTvis. wignidan<br />
masalebi saq. eTnografiisTvis. t. 28. 1975. gv.102.<br />
26
tbis ankesi<br />
wynar wylebSi ankesis Zuaze tyviebis klasikuri<br />
ganawileba xdeba satyuaradan Sors, xolo erTi<br />
cali safantis da aseve sasignalo safantis damontaJeba<br />
xdeba nemskavTan axlos. simZimeebis<br />
aseTi ganawileba xels uwyobs mgrZnobiare kontaqts<br />
satyuarasa da tivtivas Soris (nax. 1)<br />
sainteresoa, rom rogorc Zvel ise Tanamedrove TevzWeraSi<br />
farTod gamoiyeneboda da gamoiyeneba xmauri,<br />
(musika) razec qvemoT gveqneba saubari.<br />
mTels saqarTveloSi icodnen Tokze ramdenime ankesis<br />
Camokideba da Rame mdinareSi maTi Cafena erTi napiridan<br />
meoremde. mas guriaSi `lari an `erTi yra ankesi~ ewodebo-<br />
27<br />
arxis ankesi<br />
wynar wylisTvis sxvadasxva zomis safants aTavseben<br />
jaWviseburad. safantis zoma da maT Soris<br />
manZili mcirdeba satyuaradan nemskavamde.<br />
yvelaze patara safanti TiTqmis dacuravs<br />
fskerTan axlos da ar uwevs winaaRmdegobas Tevzs<br />
mokidebisas (nax. 2)<br />
nax. 1 nax. 2
da. qarTlSi grZelToka ankesi, imereTSi `gageba~, mesxeTSi<br />
`olTi~ (Zvelad) axleburad Snuri. 30 iq olTiT Tevzaoba<br />
iseTive Zveli Cans, rogor nemskaviT da aRniSnul sityvas<br />
TiTqmis aRaravin xmarobs. olTas eZaxdnen rogorc qarTvelebi,<br />
aseve mesxeTSi mcxovrebi sxva tomis warmomadgenlebi.<br />
olTiT did mdinareebSi Tevzaoben. mTis patara<br />
mdinareebi am tipisaTvis gamousadegria.<br />
mtkvris auzSi qarTlis mdinareebi: qsani, aragvi, didi<br />
da patara liaxvi, nemskaviT Tevzaobis saukeTeso pirobebs<br />
gviqmnian, miuxedavad maTi siswrafisa, tyian-Cirgviani<br />
Walebisa, uzarmazari megaliTuri, qvebisa, lodyrilebisa<br />
da nariyTa barikadebisa, rac gansakuTrebiT zemo dinebebzea<br />
TvalSisacemi.<br />
nax. 3<br />
mdinaris ankesi<br />
mdinaris dinebis siRrmeSi satyuara tyviebma unda<br />
Caitanon, amav dros isini advilad unda gadaadgildebodnen<br />
wyalSi. amitom ZiriTadi simZime unda Sedgebodes<br />
tyviebis jaWvisagan da maTi sidide unda mcirdebodes<br />
zemodan qvemoT.<br />
ZiriTadi simZimis qveda safanti unda iyos mcire zomis,<br />
aseve ufro mcire unda iyos sasignalo safanti,<br />
romelic nemskavTan axlos unda damagrdes. (nax. 3)<br />
30. n. beriZe, mebaduroba, Tevzebi, saxelebi. Tb. 2005. gv.16.<br />
28<br />
swrafi dinebis ankesi<br />
Zlieri dinebis dros wyalze srialis karg<br />
Tvisebebs avlens burTi, amitom ZiriTadi simZimis<br />
saxiT iyeneben msxvil burTismagvar simZimes,<br />
romelic SuaSi aris gaxvretili. ZiriTadi<br />
simZime (burTi) Tav-boloSi SeiZleba dafiqsirdes<br />
wvrili safantiT. (nax. 4)<br />
nax. 4
ankesiT TevzWeris dro da adgili:<br />
_ zafxulobiT TiTqmis yvela mdinare Tu wyalsacavi<br />
savsea sakvebiT, Tevzi am dros maZRari da wuniaa. amitom<br />
uxvi TevzWeris winapirobaa zustad mivagnoT Tevzis<br />
adgil-samyofels. wyalSi Tevzebis yofnis maniSnebelia:<br />
mkvdari planqtonis, benTosis da sxva motivtive sxeulis<br />
Tavmoyra. mTis mdinareebSi Tevzebi wynar gubeebSi,<br />
umetesad RamiT Sedian, dRisiT ufro Cqar, qvian, RvinWian<br />
fskerian adgilebSi arian, rac ufro gamoirCeva mdinaris,<br />
wyalsacavis romelime monakveTi saerTo formisgan, miT<br />
ufro meti Tevzi grovdeba iq. magaliTad, vrcel mdinareSi<br />
_ siviwrove, viwroSi _ farTo yure, Rrma wyalSi _<br />
meCeCi, TavTxelSi _ ormo da a. S.<br />
dabal temperaturaze Tevzebs umcirdebaT Jangbadis<br />
moTxovnileba. agvistos bolodan agrilebisTanve Tevzebi<br />
aqtiurdebian _ mniSvneloba aqvs mTvaris ciklebsac:<br />
mag. gvelTevza maqsimalurad moZraobs axal, minimalurad<br />
savse mTvareze, radgan sibneleSi kargad nadirobs loqos<br />
msgavsad.<br />
`Weqa-quxilis win dagrovebuli eleqtromuxtebi, wnevis<br />
cvalebadoba, cxeli teniani haeri awuxebs Tevzebs<br />
(rogorc sxva sulierebs) da amitomac aRar aqtiuroben.<br />
Zlier nislSic cudad mosdevs Tevzi. amindis mosalodneli<br />
cvlilebebisas Tevzebis momentaluri reaqcia ufro<br />
ganpirobebulia infrabgerebis, ultraiisferi sxivebis,<br />
magnituri talRebis, mzis radiaciis cvliT, rac maT axlo<br />
momavalSi usiamovno siurpirzebs uqadis da frTxiloben<br />
(xSirad amaodac). zogjer am dros, arc wylis temperatura,<br />
wneva, gamWvirvaloba, arc sakvebi baza ar icvleba, Tevzebi<br />
ki mainc instiqtiT Tadarigs iWeren. albaT, amitomac<br />
nebismieri cvlilebebis win TevzWera umjobesdeba mcire<br />
xniT, Semdeg ki neldeba da wydeba~. 31<br />
wnevis cvalebadobas Tevzebi sacurao buStiT grZnoben,<br />
kargad aRiqvamen rezonatul sxivebs. sinoptikuri<br />
miznebiTac iyeneben gvelanas, karCxanas, guwus.<br />
31. Jurn. `nadiroba~ 2000w. ivlisi. №7. gv.38.<br />
29
avdris win Tevzebi wylidan xtebian, Cqafunoben, infrabgerebiT<br />
SeigrZnoben avdris moaxloebas, jer Riziandebian,<br />
Semdeg iRlebian da wyveten kvebas.<br />
xangrZlivi avdris Semdeg<br />
Tbil amindSi ankess<br />
saukeTesod mosdevs Tevzi<br />
da piriqiT _ gaavdrebis<br />
win frTxebian. kargi Weraa<br />
Tu susti qari SuadRemde<br />
zomierad Zlierdeba da<br />
saRamos Cadgeba. Tevzi<br />
saerTod moyveba dila-saRamos.<br />
mTis swraf da JangbadiT<br />
mdidar, mcire debitian<br />
wylebSi kalmaxi ZiriTadad<br />
mosdevs gaTenebidan dilis<br />
10 saaTamde da saRamos 5<br />
saaTidan dabindebamde. TevzWerisaTvis<br />
yvelaze xelsayrelia<br />
unaleqo, cvalebadi moRrubluloba, dRisiT mcire<br />
qariani, saRamos wynari amindi. arc Tu xelis SemSlelia<br />
naxevarsaaTiani Sxapuna wvima. igi wyals agrilebs da<br />
JangbadiT amdidrebs. xanmokle wvima da zogjer sakmaod<br />
Zlieric, subalpur da alpur zolSi iwvevs cxvar-Zroxis<br />
sadgomebidan fekaluri masis wamoRebas, Tavisi WiayelebiT,<br />
rac aseve xels uwyobs rogorc JangbadiT, aseve sakvebiT<br />
mdinareebis gamdidrebas. mTis patara mdinareebSi wylis<br />
gaciebisa da JangbadiT gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT<br />
Sxapuna wvimis procesi umniSvneloa, radgan mTaSi viwro<br />
xeobebis kldovan kalapotSi morbenal xevebs arc Jangbadi<br />
akliaT da arc sigrile. Tevzi kargad mohyveba xangrZlivi<br />
wvimebis Semdeg, radgan wylis donis momatebisas rogorc<br />
wesi Tevzi Tavis adgilsamyofels tovebs da Senakadebsa<br />
da patar-patara totebSi ifanteba, amitom Cveul adgilze<br />
TevzWera mcirdeba da SeiZleba mTlianad Sewydes.<br />
30
mdinaresa da wyalsatevebSi, rodesac wyali TandaTan<br />
an swrafad iwyebs klebas, Tevzi mRelvarebas iwyebs da amcirebs<br />
an saerTod wyvets kvebas, igi mcirewylian adgilsamyofels<br />
tovebs da qvemoT dinebis mimarTulebiT Rrma<br />
wylisken micuravs.<br />
meteorologiuri movlenebi saerTod cxovelTa samyaroze,<br />
maT Soris Tevzebis cxovrebazec axdens gavlenas.<br />
zogjer Tevzi aqtiuria, zogjer ki piriqiT _ pasiuri, an<br />
saerTod uZravia. `TevzWerisaTvis yvelaze xelsayreli<br />
pirobebi gamdinare da Camdinare wylebSia. rac ufro didxans<br />
grZeldeba uamindoba, gamodarebis Semdeg miT ufro intensiuria<br />
TevzWera. cxel,<br />
mzian amindSi Tevzi dRisiT<br />
mcenareulobiT dafarul<br />
adgilebSi Cerdeba da saRamos<br />
Txel, sufTa adgilebs<br />
etaneba, sadac wyali grili<br />
da JangbadiT mdidaria. zafxulobiT<br />
cvrianobisas, Tevzi<br />
wylis zedapirze Cerdeba<br />
sanapiroze. buCqebisa<br />
da xeebis mzardi totebis<br />
qveS, sadac foTlebidan<br />
Camorecxili mwerebiTa da<br />
matlebiT ikvebeba~ 32<br />
meTevzem uyuradRebod<br />
ar unda datovos iseTi<br />
adgilebi, sadac saqoneli<br />
midis wylis dasalevad.<br />
Tevzis qaravani am dros<br />
saqonlis mier amRvreul<br />
da sufTa wylis sazRvarzea<br />
xolme gaCerebuli. aseve<br />
angariSgasawevia Tevzis<br />
32. baxtaZe r. `TevzWeris amindi da dro~. Jur. `nadiroba~ 2010w.<br />
№2. gv. 23.<br />
31
adgilsamyofelis Zebnisas<br />
monakveTebi sadac mRvrie<br />
mdinares gamWirvale, sufTa<br />
wyali erTvis, an piriqiT dawmendil<br />
mdinares romelime<br />
sxva patara: wvimiT, mewyeriT,<br />
intensiuri Tovlis dnobiT<br />
amRvreuli Senakadi. Tevzis<br />
samyofelis saukeTeso<br />
mignebaa swraf mdinareze giganturi<br />
lodebis win gaCenili<br />
morevebi da ukudinebiani<br />
morevebi, sadac Semdegnairi<br />
wesi moqmedebs: rac mcirea<br />
manZili ZiriTad nakadsa da<br />
ukudinebas Soris, miT ufro<br />
mimzidvelia TevzisaTvis.<br />
Tevzaobis dawyebis win meTevzem unda Seiswvalos mdinaris<br />
an wyalsatevis reliefi, wylis siRrme, dinebis siZliere<br />
da xasiaTi. garda amisa, aucileblad unda gaiTvaliswinos<br />
yovelgvari bunebrivi movlena, romlebic Tevzze kompleqsurad<br />
moqmedebs.<br />
patara da saSualo mdinareebze Tevzaobisas mizan-<br />
Sewonilia meTevze dinebis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildes<br />
vinaidan, damfrTxali Tevzi yovelTvis dinebis sawinaaRmdegod<br />
miiCqaris, amitom dinebis qvemoT Tevzi damfrTxalia.<br />
zafxulobiT dilis saaTebSi Tevzi sakvebs wylis Sua<br />
da zedapirTan axlos dinebaSi eZebs, mzis amosvlisas ki<br />
fskerTan axlos. sadac ar unda viyoT mTis patara xevze<br />
Tu did mdinareze maqsimaluri siCume unda davicvaT, unda<br />
moveridoT napirs, miTumetes Tu mze zurgidan gvirtyams.<br />
amisaTvis SeumCnevlad naxevrad Camjdar mdgomareobaSi<br />
vuaxlovdebiT da frTxilad vagdebT rogorc ankess ise<br />
bades, CvenSi erTi aseTi xalxuri gamoTqmac ki arsebobs:<br />
`wyals Crdili daeca, meTevzes Tevzi gaeqca~.<br />
gaxosvdeT! saxlSi imdeni Tevzi waiReT, ramdenic<br />
Tqvens ojaxs erT jerze eyofa, wvrili da saSualo zomis<br />
Tevzi ki daWerisTanave gauSviT, gansakuTrebiT qviriTobis<br />
dros.<br />
32
Tevzis mosatyuebeli:<br />
33<br />
`vinc endoba alal beds<br />
is daiWers arafers~<br />
_ yvela saxeobis Tevzs Taviseburi bilogiuri xasiaTi,<br />
siTbo, sicivis moTxovnileba da kvebis manera aqvs,<br />
romlis codna didad mniSvnelovania. tempataraturas,<br />
romlis meryeoba wylis garemoSi gacilebiT ufro naklebia<br />
vidre xmeleTze didi roli eniWeba Tevzebis cxovrebaSi.<br />
Tevzebi warmoadgenen egreT wodebul `civsisxlian~<br />
cxovelebs. maTi sxeulis temperatura damokidebulia<br />
garegani garemos temperaturze. wyalSi temperaturis momateba<br />
iwvevs Tevzis gaZlierebul kvebas, Cqardeba sqesobrivi<br />
momwifeba, izrdeba sxeulis wona da a. S. temperaturis<br />
daweva iwvevs aRniSnul movlenaTa tempis Semcirebas,<br />
xolo zogi Tevzis, magaliTad: kobris, oragulis, karasis<br />
da sxvaTa Zils.<br />
Tevzaobis dros umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa misatyueblis<br />
mopoveba, momzadeba, SerCeva da gamoyeneba. misatyuuebeli<br />
ewodeba imas rac gamoiyeneba nemskavze wamosagebad,<br />
Tevzis misazidad da dasaWerad. misatyuebeli iyofa 2 jgufad:<br />
cxovelur da mcenareul satyuarebad.<br />
TevzaobisaTvis saWiro cxoveluri satyuara uamravia:<br />
wyalsatevebSi, wyalmcenareebze da xmeleTze mcxovrebi<br />
yvela mweri da misi matli saukeTeso sakvebia TevzebisaTvis.<br />
mtacebel Tevzebze misatyueblad gamoiyeneben wvril<br />
Tevzebsac. xmeleTze mcxovrebi satyuarebia: nakelis Wia,<br />
neSos qveSa Wia, moTeTro<br />
Wiayela, muxluxo, kutkalia,<br />
lokokina da sxva.<br />
qsnis xeobis sofel<br />
muxranSi Cvenma respodentma<br />
kolia oqruaSvilma<br />
gviTxra, rom gasuli<br />
saukunis 80-ian wlebamde<br />
sof. rozentalis
_ `vardisubnis~ _ qaTmebis fermis sanagveze mopovebuli<br />
qaTmis matli saukeTeso cxovelur satyuaras warmoadgenda<br />
mravali saxeobis Tevzis dasaWerad, romelic ki<br />
gavrcelebuli iyo mtkvris auzSi. respodentis TqmiT, rogorc<br />
Tbilisidan ise axlo-maxlo adgilebidan modiodnen<br />
da didi raodenobiT mihqondaT zemoT aRniSnuli cxoveluri<br />
satyuara. muxranelTa TqmiT, mTel rig Tevzebze<br />
sanadirod, nemskavze wamosagebi saukeTeso saSualeba iyo<br />
aseve saxlis sxvenze strafilebsa da kramitze mimagrebuli<br />
krazanis matlebi.<br />
upriania Tevzaobis dasawyisSi pirvelive daWeril Tevzs<br />
gavuWraT muceli da iq nanaxi Wia-RuaTagan erT-erTze<br />
SevaCeroT arCevni, rogorc ukve dadasturebul, realurad<br />
yvelaze saukeTeso satyuaraze. xmeleTze mcxovrebi<br />
satyuarebidan yvelaze gavrcelebuli da Seucvleli Wiayelaa.<br />
maTi SerCevis dros gasaTvaliswinebelia Tevzis<br />
saxeoba da sidide, nemskavis zoma. Secdoma iqneba did<br />
nemskavze patara Wiis ageba, ris Sedegadac satyuara kargavs<br />
bunebriv saxes da Tevzi ar ekareba. arsebobs miwis<br />
Wiis ramdenime aTeuli saxeoba, magram meTevzeebi iyeneben<br />
mxolod ramdenimes. nakelis Wia mravldeba gadamwvar<br />
nakelSi (gamoirCeva muqi wiTeli feriT), naxevrad dampal<br />
TivaSi, saqonlis sadgom adgilebSi, miwaSi _ es ukanaskneli<br />
Ria molurjo _ vardisferia, sxva Wiebisagan mZafri<br />
suniT gansxvavdeba, xelis moWeris dros gamoyofs yviTel<br />
siTxes, kani SedarebiT mkvrivi aqvs da kargad magrdeba<br />
nemskavze. Wiayelis wamogeba iwyeba Tavis mxridan, romelic<br />
mowiTalo-moiisfroa, kudis mxare baci. agroveben<br />
foTlebisa da Tivis gadaqeqvis Sedegad, didi xnis dayril<br />
xeebis qveS.<br />
miwis TeTri Wia gvxvdeba mdeloze, naxnavSi, baRSi,<br />
mdinaris pira svel adgilebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoxsenebuli<br />
arcerTi saxeobis Wia ar moipoveba md. qsnis<br />
alpur zolSi _ baginSi, WurTisa da Jamuris xeobebSi.<br />
`Tevzaobis dros Wia unda SeinaxoT mWidrod naqsov<br />
tilos parkSi, odnav nestian xavsTan an neSompalasTan<br />
34
erTad. dauSvebelia Wiebis Senaxva mzeze, uhaerod, mSral<br />
masaSi~ 33 .<br />
tivtiviani ankesiT Tevzaobis dros tivtiva mowyobilobis<br />
umniSvnelovanesi da Seucvleli nawilia. tivtiva<br />
mianiSnebs Tevzis satyuaraze mikarebas da wiwknas, Tan<br />
amave dros ankess saWiro simaRleze afiqsirebs.<br />
`tivtiva kargia Tu is mcire zomisaa, aqvs maqsimaluri<br />
tvirTmzidaoba da mgrZnobiaroba. is advilad unda<br />
iZirebodes, unda iyos mkvrivi, advilad unda magrdebodes<br />
Zuaze, Tavisi SeferilobiT ar unda afrTxobdes Tevzs da<br />
ar unda iJRinTebodes wyliT, yvela am moTxovnas `penoplastisagan~<br />
damzadebuli tivtiva akmayofilebs. is martivi<br />
da advili dasamzadebelia. penoplastis Semcvlelia<br />
korpi~ 34 rac ufro patarazea amoSverili tivtivas zeda<br />
nawili wylis zedapiridan, miT ufro mgrZnobiarea is. amas<br />
didi mniSvneloba aqvs frTxili Tevzebis mag., kalmaxis<br />
daWeris dros. mgrZnobiaroba damokidebulia tivtivas<br />
konfiguraciaze. arsebobs mravali konfiguraciisa da<br />
saxis tivtiva. yvelaze mosaxerxebelia TiTistaris formis,<br />
is advilad iZireba da nakleb winaaRmdegobas qmnis<br />
Tevzis amoyvanis dros. Tu tivtivas araswori forma aqvs,<br />
maSin is Znelad iZireba, rasac Tevzi grZnobs da satyuaras<br />
nemskavTan erTad piridan agdebs.<br />
tivtivas zomas gansazRvavs<br />
ankesis tyvia da satyuaras sidide.<br />
tivtivasaTvis saukeTeso mdgomareobaa,<br />
roca is vertikalurad<br />
dgas. aseT mdgomareobaSi tivtiva<br />
kargad Cans, advilad iZireba da me-<br />
Tevze maSinve aRiqvams satyuaraze<br />
umniSvnelo mikarebas. tivtiva rom<br />
wylis zedapirze kargad gamoCndes<br />
33. revaz baxtaZe. `Tevzis misatyuebeli~ Jurn. `nadiroba~ 2007.<br />
№ 7. gv.34<br />
34. misive ankesiT Tevzaobis ZiriTadi principebi, Jur. `nadiroba~<br />
2007. № 9. gv.31<br />
35
saWiroa misi zeda nawili SeiRebos yviTlad, wiTlad da<br />
sxva romelime muq ferad, xolo misi qveda nawili bac<br />
ruxad, wyalSi uxilavi rom iyos.<br />
nemskavi aris saTevzao ankesis ZiriTadi elementi. misi<br />
xarisxi da sworad SerCeva gansazRvravs TevzWeris Sedegs.<br />
nemskavi arsebobs ornairi: mokle da grZel Reroiani.<br />
mokle Reroians iyeneben mcenareuli satyuaraTi Tevzaobisas,<br />
xolo grZel Reroians cxoveluri (kalia, muxluxo,<br />
Wiayela da sxva) satyuarasaTvis. nemskavis zoma unda ganisazRvros<br />
Tevzisa da satyuaras sididis mixedviT, magram<br />
yovelTvis unda ecadoT, rom nemskavi naklebad SesamCnevi<br />
iyos.<br />
nemskavebs ganasxvaveben agreTve Reros daboloebis<br />
mixedviT. erTia niCbiani TaviT, meore rgolianiT. maTi<br />
SerCeva xdeba `povadokis~ mixedviT: elastiuri da wminda<br />
`povadokis~ dros mizanSewonilia niCbiani nemskavi, xolo<br />
xistisaTvis rgoliani ufro mosaxerxebelia. aucilebelia<br />
didi nemskavis xmarebis dros saTevzao joxis wveri<br />
mkvrivi iyos da piriqiT, Tu patara nemskaviT da satyuara-<br />
Ti TevzaobT maSin joxis wveri elastiuri unda iyos.<br />
saZiravis daniSnulebaa satyuara daafiqsiros saWiro<br />
siRrmeze da adgilze. Tevzaobis meTodis mixedviT iyeneben<br />
sxvadasxva zomis da formis saZiravs. mdinareze fskeruli<br />
Tevzaobis dros iyeneben brtyel, masiur saZiravs,<br />
wylis nakadma advilad rom ar gadaadgilos, tivtiviani<br />
ankesiT Tevzaobisas ki gamoiyeneba tyviis firfitebi an<br />
CaWrili sxvadasxva zomis safanti.<br />
SesaZlebelia zogjer xeli ar migviwvdes ZviradRirebul<br />
saTevzao mowyobilobebze, magram dainteresebis Sem-<br />
TxvevaSi kaci yovelTvis gamoZebnis gamosavals.<br />
mTis mdinareebze da viwro xevebSi kalmaxze saTevzaod<br />
guli Tu migiwevT, aiReT sam metriani Txilis saxre-joxi,<br />
gaqerqeT da ramdenime dRiT mzeze CamokideT wveriT.<br />
aiReT 0,4 milimetriani Zua, CaabiT joxis wverze sadac patara<br />
Znelad SesamCnevi gantotva aqvs. Zua joxze 20-25 san-<br />
36
timetriT mokle unda daayenoT. kalmaxisaTvis 7-8 nomeri<br />
nemskavia sasurveli. nemskavidan 15 santimetrSi Zuaze<br />
daamagreT 5-10 gramiani dinebis siCqaris Sesabamisi tyviis<br />
burTula da ankesic mzadaa.<br />
Semdgomi etapi sansalas (Rortavis) an Wiayelas Segrovebaa.<br />
sansala kalmaxisa da murwas _ wveras nugbari<br />
sakvebia, mas mdinaris mZlavr CqerebSi movipovebT. mdinaris<br />
Cqeridan amoRebuli yoveli qvis qveS mraval mofusfuse<br />
mwers dainaxavT, maT Soris sansala Tavisi formiT<br />
da sididiT gamoirCeva. igi ovaluri da brtyelia, zurgi<br />
ruxi aqvs, muceli ki TeTri an movardisfro. gaWyletils<br />
Tevzis suni dahkravs. sansala rac ufro didia, miT ufro<br />
ukeTesia. umjobesia 1,5-2 santimetris sigrZisa. sansala<br />
advilad kvdeba da kargavs satyuaris Tvisebebs. amis Tavidan<br />
asacileblad saWiroa naWris mcire qisa, romelSic<br />
momaragebul sansalas xSir-xSirad davasvelebT xolme.<br />
aRniSnuli satyuara nemskavze TaviT muclisken unda<br />
wamovagoT da joxi mdinaris dinebis sawinaaRmdegod moviqnioT.<br />
mTis swraf da patara, did lodebsa da muryniantirifian<br />
xevebze saxeldaxelod gamarTuli ankesiT tivtivis<br />
gareSe ufro mizanSewonilia Tevzaoba, amitomac<br />
kontaqti sansalasa da Tqvens Soris erTi wamiTac ar unda<br />
Sewydes. nemskavze wamogebul satyuaras wyalSi CavardnisTanave<br />
dineba gaitacebs, swored aq gvmarTebs maqsimaluri<br />
yuradReba. satyuara ise unda vmarToT, rom man rac<br />
SeiZleba axlos Caiaros fskerTan da am dros erTxelac ar<br />
unda moeSvas Zua. mTis patara xevebze Tevzaobisas maqsimalurad<br />
unda vecadoT lodebs Sua da RorRSi damarxul<br />
nariys ar wamoedos ankesi, rac SeiZleba Zuis mTlianad dakargviT<br />
damTavrdes.<br />
kalmaxi agresiuli, mtacebeli Tevzia. dartyma metad<br />
Zlieri aqvs da sxva Tevzebisagan amiTac gamoirCeva,<br />
sportuli TvalsazrisiT kalmaxze Tevzaoba amitomaa gansakuTrebiT<br />
azartuli. rac Seexeba Tevzis dartymas _<br />
pirvelad iseTi SegrZneba aqvs, TiTqos nemskavi raRacas<br />
37
wamoedoo, amas wamSi mZlavri dartyma mohyveba, romelic<br />
uwyvet rokvaSi gadaizrdeba. kalmaxs rqovani xaxa aqvs da<br />
Tu droze ar movqaCeT joxi Cvensken is ukve wasula da nemskavze<br />
mxolod sansalas an Wiayelas narCeni fragmentebi-<br />
Ra SegvrCeba. gatyevebul viwro xevebze Tevzaobisas didi<br />
sifrTxile gvmarTebs, rom kalmaxis amoyvanisas, ankesis<br />
joxi emociebs ayolilebma, gauazreblad ar amovkraT da<br />
murynis an sxva romelime xe-buCqis totebs ar SevanaskvoT.<br />
qarTlis mTianeTSi, qsnel momTabare mecxvareebs did<br />
da patara liaxvis saTaveebSi Tevzis simravliT bevrjel<br />
usargebliaT da saWiro mowyobilobebis gareSe, Zafze<br />
gamobmuli `gulapkiT~, xSirad dauWeriaT mTis ugremielesi<br />
kalmaxi. saerTod warmatebuli TevzaobisTvis<br />
saWiroa: Tevzis cxovrebis niris, Cvevebis, qcevis, binadrobis,<br />
adgil-samyofelis da imis codna Tu riTi ikvebeba<br />
is.<br />
TevzWeris saxeobebidan zogi gankuTvnili iyo sazafxulod,<br />
zogi saSemodgomod, zogic sazamTrod. mag.: nemskaviT,<br />
totis dawyvetiT, facriT Tevzis daWera SeuZlebeli<br />
iyo zamTarSi. xalxSi gavrcelebuli azriT, zafxulSi da<br />
SemodgomiT, qviriTobaSi, Tevzis daWera codvad iTvleboda:<br />
`Tu Tvis saxelSi bgera `r~ ar urevia, im TveSi Tevzi<br />
ar iWmevao~. namdvili meTevzeebi eridebodnen Tevzis<br />
Weras qviriTobisa da gamravlebis-`muniobis~ dros.<br />
meTevzeobasTan dakavSirebuli iyo zogierTi rituali,<br />
kerZod: saTevzaod gasuli kaci moerideboda Tarss da<br />
wiTurs, iseTsac romlis Sexvedra dacdili ar qonda, amitom<br />
rogorc wesi, vinc saTevzaod midioda gverdze ar iyureboda,<br />
araviTar SemTxvevSi meTevze ukan ar mibrundeboda,<br />
meTevzeebs ar esalmebodnen, igi arasodes upasuxebda<br />
dadebiTad kiTxvas `saTevzaod midixar?~ an `sad<br />
midixar?~, pirvel Tevzs, daWerisTanave kuds moakvnetda<br />
meTevze. Tu Tevzi patara iyo wyalSi gadaagdebda dids ki<br />
tomaraSi. Tevzaoba Zalze cudi SedegiT mTavrdeboda Tu<br />
qals waiyvanda vinme Tan. amitom bolo dromde tradiciad<br />
ar iyo miRebuli saTevzaod qalebis wayvana.<br />
38
gasuli saukunis<br />
Sua xaneb-<br />
Si, qsanze, qar-<br />
CoxSi cxovrobda<br />
ankesiT moTevzave<br />
gigia qenqaZe, romlis<br />
ojaxis kvebis<br />
racionSi didi<br />
adgili ekava Tevzeuls.gadmocemiT<br />
mas xSirad,<br />
TiTqmis yovelTvis<br />
warmatebuli<br />
Tevzaoba gamosdioda<br />
Tu wylidan<br />
amoyvanil, yovel<br />
daWeril Tevzze<br />
ityoda: `RmerTo<br />
didebulo, dido<br />
wyalafTaro, Cemi<br />
ojaxis qelexSi<br />
momandome! Cemi<br />
pirSi TevzgaCrili mebaduri<br />
col-Svilis wirva-<br />
Si momaxmare! Cemi<br />
Svilebis wirvaSi!..<br />
Cemi Svilebis wirvaSi!..<br />
iZaxda iRbliani gigia da Sedegic ar ayovnebda, yovelTvis<br />
xeldamSvenebuli brundeboda Sin ojaxis `mawyevari~.<br />
badiT Tevzaoba<br />
TevzWera da masTan dakavSirebuli iaraRebis gamoyeneba<br />
gansazRvruli iyo maTi praqtikuli da ekonomikuri<br />
daniSnulebis mixedviT. iaraRis srulyofa ar niSnavda<br />
axal iaraRze uaris Tqmas. mebadureobis ganviTarebam<br />
CrdilSi moaqcia ankesiT Tevzaoba da gasarTob-sportul<br />
saqmianobad aqcia igi. dReisTvis meTevzeoba, mebaduroba<br />
aRar aris, radgan yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi dainerga Tevz-<br />
Weris axali xerxebi da badis roli minimaluri gaxda.<br />
39
adiT Tevzaoba da misi zomebi ganpirobebuli iyo mdinaris<br />
xasiaTze, debitze, geografiul mdebareobaze da a.<br />
S. qsnis, aragvisa da liaxvis auzebSi TiTqmis erTi da igive<br />
saxis badeebiT iWerdnen Tevzs adgilobrivi mcxovrebni.<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda, ixveweboda badeebi. germaneli<br />
mkvlevari, iohan anton giuldenStedti romelic<br />
ruseTis mecnierebaTa akademis mier dafinansebuli eqspedicias<br />
xelmZRvanelobda saqarTveloSi, Tavis 250 wlis<br />
winandel CanawerebSi axsenebs bades, romliTac md. qsnis<br />
zemo welze mebadureebi Tevzs iWerdnen: `...aq Tevzaoben<br />
(qsnis zemo welze v.q.) patara, erTi saJeni sigrZis da siganis<br />
badiT, romelsac amZimebs dakiduli liToni~. 35<br />
patara bade, romelsac kalmaxis bade erqva, gamoiyeneboda<br />
ZiriTadad mTis mdinareebSi. mas ase axasiaTebdnen<br />
meTevzeebi: `patara kalmaxis bade, aris 40 Tvliani da eqvsi<br />
namati TvliT. mas 90 tyvia (mZivi) akravs. TiTo tyvia 40-50<br />
grami unda iyos.~ 36<br />
qarTlSi gavrcelebuli iyo ZiriTadad sami saxis<br />
bade: 1. sasroli bade, 2. mosasmeli bade, 3. Casagebi bade.<br />
pirvel da meore bades TiTo kacic gaarTmevda Tavs, Casagebs<br />
ki minimum sami kaci mainc undoda.<br />
badeze xSirad tyviis nacvlad mZivebad rkinis rgolebs<br />
xmarobdnen, rac xmauriania. gaSlisas da akrefis<br />
dros raki-ruki gaudis. sasroli badis nawilebia: kalTa<br />
ormoci rigi; beWi 28-30 Tvali _ 20 mm. da kalTis Tvali<br />
16-18mm.<br />
bades sWirdeba ori Toki, zeda Toki da tyviebSi gasayreli<br />
Toki. zeda Toki unda yofiliyo 5-6 metri. es orive<br />
Toki aucileblad bambis Zafis unda iyos, raTa srolisas<br />
qvebs Sua Cawves da Tevzi ar gaiqces. sasroli bade mdinaris<br />
saTaveebTan ufro mcire zomisa ixmareboda, vidre<br />
mdinaris SesarTavTan. saqsovad Zafi abreSumis an bambis<br />
unda yofiliyo. Zvelad iyo kanafi da seli.<br />
35. i. a. giuldenStedti, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. tomi I. Tb.<br />
1962. gv. 97<br />
36. beriZe merab, mebaduroba, TevzWera, saxelebi, Tb. 2005, gv. 26<br />
40
eTnografiul literaturaSi, romlis erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani Senakadi swored Cveni didi mgosnis vaJafSavelas<br />
memkvidreobaa, SesaniSnavad gvixatavs oragulis<br />
Casagebi bade muxranidan<br />
41
cxovrebas, sadac mraval saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis<br />
aragvSi gavrcelebul am unikalur Tevzis jiSze da mis<br />
mtrebze, TevzWeris xerxebze da saSualebebze. mwerali<br />
Tavis prozaul nawarmoebSi (dawerilia 1912 wels) `oragulis<br />
cxovreba~ alaparakebs kaspiis zRvidan, mtkvriT _<br />
aragvSi Semosul dedal-mamal oraguls da moixseniebs imdroindel<br />
`saoragule bades~.<br />
`-wavze uaresi mteri Cven adamiani gvyavs. aba ifiqre<br />
ramdeni manZili unda gamoviaroT zRvidan aqamomde<br />
da TiTo fexis gadadgmaze asi da aTasi mteri gvicdis<br />
zogi CangliT, zogi TokiT, sxva badiT, es sasroli bade<br />
varo, es mosasmelio, mcxeTelebs garda imisa, rom facers<br />
gvidgamen iq, sadac aragvi erTvis mtkvars, SemouRiaT<br />
sxvanairi gudulis badeebi, romelsac saoragule bades<br />
uZaxian. gaugiaT, SeuswavliaT Cveni zne; ician kargad, rom<br />
oragulebi, roca wyali adiddeba piraRma napirze vdgebiT;<br />
saSiSroebas veridebiT. meTevzec moayolebs am bades<br />
zevidan _ Tavqve, rom gudulaSi Tavi Cagvayofinos da Semdeg<br />
mSralze tyapani gagvadinos~... 37<br />
amJamad iseT did mdinareebze rogoric mtkvari da<br />
alazania Tevzaoben e. w. `putanka~ badeebiT, romlebic sigrZiT<br />
15-25 metria, sigane ki 1,50 santimetri.<br />
teqnikis ganviTarebam igive mdgomareobaSi Caayena<br />
bade, ra mdgomareobaSic am ukanasknelma ankesi. amJamad<br />
badiT Tevzaoba ufro sportisa da garTobis saxeobaa, Tu<br />
ar CavTvliT zogierT brakonierTa ojaxur tradiciebs,<br />
Semosavlis wyarod TevzWeris gaxdomas. aqve minda aRiniSnos<br />
vandaluri midgoma Cveni bunebis margalitis _ unikaluri<br />
kalmaxisadmi Cvenive xalxis mxridan. dRes `yoCa-<br />
Ri, gergiliani biWebi~ denis aparatiT iWeren da restornebSi<br />
30 larad abareben gadaSenebis pirze misul, `wiTel<br />
nusxaSi~ Setanil endemuri jiSis Sav kalmaxs.<br />
37. vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, Tb. 1987, gv. 336<br />
42
saTevzao badeebis religiuri mniSvneloba<br />
_ saTevzao bade gamoiyeneboda ara marto Tevzis dasaWerad,<br />
aramed `Cveni winaprebis rwmena-warmodgenebis<br />
mixedviT, mas miewereboda avi Tvalis da uJmurisagan adamianis<br />
dacvis unari. amiT unda aixsnas axaldabadebul<br />
bavSvsa da mSobiare qalze misi gadafarebis Cveuleba,<br />
radgan xalxis warmodgeniT avi sulebi gansakuTrebiT maT<br />
emterebodnen~. 38<br />
eTnologisa da qarTveli eris sulieri kulturis<br />
mkvlevaris vera bardaveliZis azriT, es Sexeduleba momdinareobs:<br />
`im msoflmxedvelobidan, rom adamianTa yofa-cxovrebas<br />
marTavs ori Zala, ori dasabami: keTili da<br />
boroti, romelTa Soris mudmivi brZolaa. es ori Zala gansakuTrebiT<br />
mZafrdeba sicocxlis sakiTxSi da ramdenadac<br />
qali WurWelia, romelSic isaxeba axali sicocxle, amdenad<br />
is xalxis TvalSi warmoadgens metad mimzidvel ares<br />
keTili da boroti sulebis WidilisaTvis~. 39<br />
mSobiarobisas qalis avi Tvalisagan badiT dacvis Sesaxeb<br />
yvelaze adreuli werilobiTi cnoba moepoveba vaxtang<br />
batoniSvils: `ra Jamsa ganTavisufldis qali, igi<br />
iSvis yrma, warvidis mTxrobeli maTTa naTesavTa da megobarTa<br />
Tan da samSoblosa qalisasa, dResa mesamesa, Jamsa<br />
bindisasa Seawvenen qals taxtsa zeda diliT turfiTa<br />
sagalobeliTa da gardaagdeben badebr mSvenivrad moqsovilsa<br />
baldaxinad~. 40<br />
samegreloSi arq. lambertis cnobiT saTevzao badiT<br />
faravdnen avadmyofis logins da bavSvis akvans. igi<br />
asufTavebda haers avisulebisgan. gurulTa warmodgeniT<br />
melogine, rom morCeboda 15 dRe Tavze bade unda hqonoda<br />
gadafarebuli.<br />
38. mirianaSvili q., saTevzao badeebis religiuri mniSvneloba;<br />
masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisTvis, t. XXIII. Tb. 1087. gv.232.<br />
39. bardaveliZe v., bavSvis dabadebasTan dakavSirebuli rituali<br />
mTian qarTlSi; saq. saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe. Tb. 1927. t.<br />
IV. gv. 254<br />
40. v. batoniSvili, istoriebrivi aRwera. Tb. 1914. gv.18.<br />
43
avi Tvalisgan dasacavad saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeebSi<br />
badis gafena icodnen akvanze, saxlis mTavar SesasvlelSi<br />
da yvelgan, sadac ki saWirod CaTvlidnen adamianis<br />
dacvas uxilavi avi Zalebisgan. bade aucileblad naxmari,<br />
wyalSi namyofi unda yofilyo. rac ufro Zveli iqneboda<br />
bade miT ufro didi Zala hqonda.<br />
xelaoba<br />
meTevzeobis dawinaurebas Cvens qveyanaSi xels uwyobda<br />
zRvis uSualo siaxlove, TevziT mdidari tbebisa da<br />
mdinareebis siuxve.<br />
ocdameerTe saukuneSi jer kidev SemorCenilia Tevz-<br />
Weris iseTi umartivesi saxe rogoricaa qvebis qveS xeliT<br />
Wera, rasac CvenSi `xelaobas~ uwodeben. `xelaobdnen~<br />
ZiriTadad mdinareebis an maTi totebis daSrobisas an axal<br />
kalapotSi gadagdebisas. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom wylis<br />
donis vardnisas (daSrobisas) Tevzi grZnobs moaxloebul<br />
safrTxes, swrafad tovebs Zvel samyof adgils da<br />
miiltvis wylis dinebis mimarTulebiT siRrmeebisken, am<br />
dros moTevzaveebi buCqebis totebiT, beltebiT da lamiT<br />
damSral tots boloSi `ukraven pirs~ da iwyeba `xelaoba~,<br />
anu topva. Sekruli piris qvemoT anTeben cecxls, rac sakmao<br />
efeqts iZleva Tevzis gadinebisTvis. Cven Semdgom gavamaxvilebT<br />
yuradRebas ganaTebisa da musikis faqtorze.<br />
totis dawyveta Sromatevadi saqmea. gadasagdebi wylis<br />
mTel siganeze keTdeba beltis kedeli. Tu mozrdili wyalia<br />
brezentiT an celofnebiT ketaven. aRniSnul samuSaos<br />
4-6 kaci unda. sanam wyali daSreba manamde boloSi facers<br />
an maneuliT dawnul godors ugeben. wyali saTavidan unda<br />
daiwmindos da moTevzaveebi aucileblad bolodan Semohyvebian<br />
xelaobiT da joxebis CxveriT, radgan amRvreuli<br />
wyali gauCxrekel teritoriaze xels ver SeuSlis, Tanac<br />
damfrTxali Tevzi xSirad dinebis sawinaaRmdegod midis.<br />
44
xelaobis dros ar gamoiyeneba TevzWeris aranairi sa-<br />
Sualeba. am dros ukeTesia wyali gamWvirvale iyos, radgan<br />
qvebis qveS xelis Seyofisas da xelis gulebSi momwyvdevisas<br />
Tevzi zogjer gamorbis Rrmulidan gareT da gverdiT<br />
qvis qveS Zvreba. aRniSnuli procesi gansakuTrebiT<br />
moswonT mozardebs, roca qvebze gawolilebi damklauli<br />
xelebiT qvis qveS kalmaxs TiTis wverebs Seaxeben da daiyvireben:<br />
`aris biWo aris!~, Semdeg gancdebSi Cavardnilebi<br />
da emocias ayolilebi, saxis artistuli gamometyvelebiT<br />
xelisgulebSi moiqceven sxart kalmaxs da layuCebiT gadaisvrian<br />
TavmowonebiT napirze.<br />
xelaoba eTnografiul literaturaSi miCneulia Tevz-<br />
Weris uZveles saxeobad, rac ZiriTadad patara wylebSi da<br />
fSa-wyaroebzea SesaZlebeli Tanac kalmaxze da murwaze.<br />
oCxi<br />
bunebrivia, rom adamiani sanam xelovnurad mowyobil<br />
Tevzis dasaWeri saSualebebis, kerZod `oCxis~ mowyobas<br />
iswavlida manamde bunebrivad arsebuli RrmulebiT sargeblobda,<br />
sadac Tevzi didi raodenobiT Tavs iyrida da advili<br />
iyo misi daWera. TevzWeris am saxes aRwers vaxuSti batoniSvili<br />
da mas rogorc `Rrudos~ ise ixseniebs.<br />
adamianebma mdinareebSi bunebriv ormo-adgilebze dakvirvebiT<br />
da iq TevzWeriT miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze<br />
daiwyes xelovnuri Rrmulebis mowyoba. aseTi moqmedebisken<br />
adamians ubiZgebda rogorc kvebiTi moTxovnileba,<br />
ise ekonomiuri daqveiTeba, rac socialurad daucvel,<br />
mdinaris piras mcxovreb glexis ojaxs uCndeboda.<br />
adamiani, zamTarSi sakvebiT daculi da uzrunvelyofili<br />
rom yofiliyo xSirad mimarTavda oCxiT TevzWeras,<br />
romlis mowyoba sakmaod did codna-gamocdilebas da<br />
energias moiTxovda. xSirad ramdenime kaci, gvari da sofelic<br />
ki Seikribeboda, airCevdnen am saqmeSi gamocdil pirebs<br />
da ramdenime oCxs moawyobdnen mdinareze.<br />
45
qsnis xeobaze oCxis gakeTeba da Cadgma icodnen mtkvris<br />
SesarTavidan sof. qurTamde da korinTamde. am soflebis<br />
zeviT rogorc md. aleuraze ise qsnis mTavar dinebaze<br />
batonobda kalmaxi da iklebda iseTi wvrili Tevzi,<br />
romelic advilad Sedioda oCxSi. mogexsenebaT, rom kalmaxi<br />
Zalze iSviaTad Tu Sevidoda xelovnurad mowyobil<br />
zamTris sabudarSi da Tu Sevidoda ufro cudi, Wamda da<br />
anadgurebda oCxSi Tavmoyril, siTbos moyvarul sxvadasxva<br />
jiSis wvril Tevzs. isinic instiqturad eridebodnen<br />
Zlier, mtacebel kalmaxs da maTi gamoisobiT xSirad oCxi<br />
carieli rCeboda. amitomac qurTa-korinTis zeviT oCxis<br />
gakeTebis arc survili da arc tradicia ar arsebobda.<br />
oCxze didi moTxovnileba baris soflebs ufro hqondaT,<br />
rogorc qsanze ise liaxv-lexuris xeobebze, xolo<br />
rac Seexeba mtkvars, iq mTel rig soflebis mcxovrebT oCxi<br />
kvebis garda damatebiT Semosavlis wyarod eqciaT. glexoba<br />
qristeSobisTvis bolos amoRebul Tevzeulis nawils<br />
sakvebad da ufro did nawils gasayidad anu saarsebod<br />
saWiro moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad iyenebda.<br />
savele monacemebze dayrdnobiT vlindeba, rom<br />
muxranSi, lamisyanaSi, ikoTSi oCxis mowyobisas erTidaigive<br />
xerxebiT sargeblobdnen. sof. ikoTSi mcxovreb<br />
SoTa (lomzari) isakis Ze gigauris TxrobiT (daibada<br />
1949w.) `qsanze oCxis mosawyobad 3-4 kaci mivdiodiT, mdinareze<br />
SevarCevdiT iseT mdore adgils, sadac wyali ufro<br />
dablobSi gadadioda (wyaldidobis SemTxvevaSi mdore<br />
adgilze rCeboda lami da gadasasvlelSi mowyobili oCxis<br />
ormo ki sufTa da gaubidnavi~. misive TqmiT SerCeul adgilze<br />
amoiRebdnen 1.5X1.5 ormos siRrmiT erT metramde.<br />
Sig saSualo zomis qvebiT wriulad amoaSenebdnen kedels<br />
ise, rom ormos Tavi daefara wyals. Sesasvlels winidan,<br />
dinebis mxares gaukeTebdnen. aRniSnul wriul yoreSi aTavsebdnen<br />
xis totebs, Calas, lams, Zvlebs, xSirad saqonlis<br />
tyavs da qviT gadafarebul ormos sxvisi TvalisTvis<br />
Znelad SesamCnevs xdidnen. oCxs tovebdnen seqtembridan<br />
dekembris bolomde, zogjer ianvramde da Tebervlis<br />
46
Suaricxvamdec. oCxidan Tevzi unda amoeRoT manam, sanam<br />
daTbeboda da wylis done moimatebda.<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi aseT xelovnurad mowyobil ormos<br />
rogorc CvenTan `oCxs~ uwodebdnen. msgavsi wesiT Tevzis<br />
Wera dadasturebuli aqvs j. sonRulaSvils mtkvirs xeobaSi.<br />
`mdinaris pira adgilebi nawildeboda gvarSi Semaval<br />
ojaxebze. oCxisTvis ormo mdinareSi iTxreboda agvistodan<br />
seqtembris gasvlamdis erT metr siRrmemde. sigane iqneboda<br />
2,5 m. ormos amoTxris Semdeg mrgvlad amoaSenebdnen orpir<br />
kedels, xolo kedelis SuaSi garSemo Cayridnen silas<br />
da wvril xreSs, agreTve naZvis totebs. oCxs karebi ukeTdeboda<br />
qvevidan~. 41<br />
Tevzis Weris xelovnurad mowyobili ormoebi icodnen<br />
imereTSic, sadac ufro momcroebi keTdeboda vidre samcxe-javaxeTSi.<br />
oCxSi dabudebuli Tevzi gemrielia da mas<br />
`yinvis Tevzsac~ uwodebdnen.<br />
TevzWeris msgavsi saSualebebi aRwerili aqvs T. saxokias<br />
aWaraSi. sadac `moyorvas~ uwodebdnen, oRond gansxvavebiT<br />
oCxisagan es ewyoboda april-maisSi. rogorc<br />
cnobilia oCxebis gakeTeba sarfian da sargeblian saqmed<br />
mtkvarze iTvldeboda, ufro mosaxerxeblad ki xaSuridan<br />
varZiamde. oCxebis mowyobaze da sargeblobaze saintereso<br />
cnobebs gvawvdis XIX saukunis qarTuli gazeTi `iveria~.<br />
`SemodgomobiT roca wyali gacivdeba xolme mtkvris ayoleba<br />
sofelbs goris mazraSi Cveulebad aqvT oCxebis keTeba<br />
mtkvris napiras. oCxebs eZaxian wylis napirze amoTxril<br />
ormos romelSiac Cayrilia qva da RorRi. am qvas da lodSi<br />
roca acivdeba wvrili Tevzi binasa sdebs da iqidan sul<br />
aRar gamodis zamTris siciveSi. am Tevzs oCxis Tevzs eZaxian.<br />
sofeli ar aris mtkvris axlos, gvwers korespondenti,<br />
romelsac oci da ormoci oCxi mainc ar hqondes mosaCxreki<br />
am qristeSobis damdegao. dila adrian roca jer isev yinavs<br />
da mzes ar mouvlia cazed, Seikribebian glexni Tvrebian<br />
aryiTa da Seudgebian xolme oCxis Cxrekasa. xSirad moxdeba<br />
xolme, rom oCxis Cxrekisas mraval oCxis mCxrekelT saSine-<br />
41. j. sonRulaSvili, masalebi qarT. xalxis yofisa da kulturis<br />
istoriisaTvis. Tb. 1964. gv.37<br />
47
li Cxubi da ayal-mayali mosdiT da Tavpirs amtvreveno.<br />
ara iSviaTia xolme isica, rom erTi sofeli meore sofels<br />
mouCxreks xolme qurdulad oCxs da axla mazed Sesdgeba<br />
xolme davidaraba da ayalmayalio.<br />
sazogadod _ ki oCxebi mcire sargeblobas ar aZlevs<br />
glexobas xan da xan, roca amindi xels miscems xolme, erTis<br />
oCxidam ori da xan sami fuTi 42 wvrili Tevzi amodis da Zalian<br />
kargs fasadac iyidebao~. 43<br />
mdinare qsnaze oCxis keTebis Tavisebur xerxebze<br />
gvelaparaka sof. lamisyanis mkvidri gia giorgis Ze qenqaZe<br />
(tripaCa. daibada 1963w.)<br />
`oCxisTvis varCevdiT mdore adgilis dasasruls da<br />
Cqeris dasawyiss. mosawyobad saWiroa Tivis konebi, raTa im<br />
adgils wyali avacdinoT, sadac oCxis ormo iTxreba. ormo-<br />
Si patara oTaxis msgavsad brtyeli qvebiT vaSenebT kedels,<br />
SuagulSic vatanT did qvebs. kedelsa da simaRleze dawyobil<br />
qvebs Soris vaTavsebT Calas, Zvlebs, balaxis fesvebs,<br />
garecxil beltebs. karebs vutovebT im mxares saidanac Tevzs<br />
SesaZlebloba eqneba SigniT Sesvlisa.<br />
oCxi unda moewyos maSin, roca xeebs foTlebi gauyviTldebaT,<br />
amoReba dekembris bolos an ianvarSi ZveliT axal<br />
wels xdeba. amoRebisas kvlav saWiroa Tivis konebi romliTac<br />
advilad davaSrobT oCxis adgils da Tevzs iolad davi-<br />
WerT. oCxs CvenTan etaneba goWala, murwa, cimori, gvelana<br />
_ amas CvenTan mkbenarasac veZaxiT. fiCxulic bevria Cven-<br />
Tan, oCxSic kargad Sedis, bevria qaSapi _ Cveneburad fSantala.<br />
am bolo dros momravlda Rorjo, gaCnda wvrili Tevzi<br />
_ xamsa, romelic aqamde qsanSi aravis gvinaxavs. lamisyanis<br />
WalebSi amJamad kaci Tevzs Znelad daiWres, ZiriTadad<br />
`Cxlde~ adgilebzeRaa. cudi ram aris es denis aparati, am<br />
aparatma amoiRo qsnidan Tevzi, Torem ra gamolevda Cvens<br />
dalocvil qsanSi am RvTisnier arsebas~. ambobs guldawyvetiT<br />
Cveni respodenti da Tan saxeldaxelod gaSlil sufrasTan<br />
gvepatiJeba.<br />
oCxze da iq daWeril Tevzis mniSvnelobaze, agreTve<br />
Tavis soflis ikoTis patara mdinareze _ bunelaze<br />
42. fuTi udris 16 kilograms da 384 grams, anu 3 fuTi=49 kg-s.<br />
43. gazeTi `iveria~ 1886. №260.<br />
48
gvelaparaka SoTa gigauri `zamTarSi `cocxali~ 44 -s (oCx-<br />
Si v.q.) daWera saSulebas aZlevda adgilobriv meTevzeTa<br />
ojaxebs gamoeyenebinaT sakvebad, zogjer gaeyidaT kidec.<br />
religiuri kalendris mixedviT aris aseve sauflo dReebi:<br />
bzoba, xareba, fericvaleba da bevri samarxvo dReebi aseve<br />
qorwilebi, qelexebi romlis drosac adamiani valdebulia<br />
moixmaros Tevzeuli~.<br />
Cvens respodents ar axsovs is dro roca 15-20 kiloiani<br />
oragulebi Semodiodnen qsanSi saqviriTod, magram axsovs<br />
bunelas kalmaxebi da kidev mravali sxva jiSis Tevzebi.<br />
`bunela lorwomis mTidan `wveris axos~ bolodan iRebs sa-<br />
Taves. zafxulSi baRebSi sarwyavad miSvebul ruebSi bevrjer<br />
agvikrefia simind-lobioebSi gaCerebuli Tevzi. adre<br />
`wyalkodeebamde~ adioda Tevzi, iqvea `mlaSe wylebi~ mis<br />
zeviT Tevzi ver wavidoda, CanCqerebia. axlo puri iTeseboda<br />
da namklebSi `mlaSe wyalTan~ qedani grovdeboda. Cven<br />
bunelas marjvena mxridan sofelSive `cira xevi~ uerTdeba,<br />
iqac CaCqerebamde adioda Tevzi ZiriTadad murwa, mezobel<br />
axSaduris xevSi `xevTaSuamde~ aRwevda gvelana da murwa,<br />
romelsac zogi wverasac eZaxis. exla sadRa ra aris, qsani<br />
dacarielda, fituls daemsgavsa fituls!~.<br />
samegreloSi `oCxi~ ewodeba im adgils sadac bevri Tevzi<br />
budobs. oCxi md. xobis wyalze adgilis saxelwodebacaa.<br />
`oCxi~ sabas ganmartebuli aqvs rogorc `TevzT sabunago~<br />
adgili, asevea n. CubinaSvlis leqsikonSic, xolo igive sityva<br />
`qiziyur leqsikonSi~ axsnilia rogor faceri.<br />
Cveni azriT `oCxi~ da `oCxari~ mniSvnelobis mxriv Zalian<br />
axlos dganan. `oCxi~ Tevzis Sesakrebels niSnavs<br />
samcxe-javaxeTSi, xolo `oCxari~ mTel aRm. saqarTveloSi<br />
cxvris Sesakrebel, erTjerad gaweul daxmarebas. maTTan<br />
saerTos unda poulobdnes sityva `Cxa~ rac ramdenime mtevnis<br />
nakrebs, Sekrebas, erTobliobas gamoxatavs. iqtiologiis<br />
cnobili mkvlevari q. mirianaSvili oCx-s ukavSirebs<br />
megrul-Wanurs, kerZod Cxom-s da wers rom `oCxi~ aRniSnavs<br />
saTevzes~. 45<br />
44. saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi cocxals eZaxian xramuls da<br />
kapoets.<br />
45. q. mirianaSvili, meTevzeobis SeswavlisaTvis saqarTveloSi.<br />
Tb. 1975. gv.48<br />
49
oCxos gansxvavebul etimologias gvaZlevs p. cxadaia.<br />
igi anviTarebs azrs, rom oCxe-oCxi unda ukavSirdebodes<br />
qarTulsa da zanurSi dacul Cix, Cex fuZes, romelic zogadad<br />
Semoragul, dasamwyvdev adgils gamoxatavs.<br />
dResdReobiT oCxi TandaTan idevneba, rogorc Tevz-<br />
Weris yofiTi tradicia, Tu ar CavTvliT md. mtkvris ramdenime<br />
sofels 46 , sadac saburavebiT kvlav misdeven oCxebis<br />
keTebas.<br />
fSebSi Tevzaoba<br />
_ rogor cnobilia Tevzebis didi nawili mravldeba<br />
gazafxulsa da SemodgomiT. am dros qviriTiT momwifebuli<br />
mdedri mdinareebidan fSebSi gadadis qviriTis dasayrelad<br />
da gamosazamTreblad. saukuneebis iqidan es<br />
periodi dRemde akrZalul drod aris gamocxadebuli,<br />
radgan TviT ugemrielesi Tevzic ki tofobis periodSi<br />
Zalze ugemuria, xolo zogierTi saxeobis Tevzi momwamvlelic<br />
ki.<br />
SemodgomiT fSebSi Sesvlisas Tevzi erT adgilas<br />
etaneba da gayuCebulia. zogjer xelis mokidebasac ver<br />
grZnobs isea gabuJebuli. im adgils sadac Tevzi iyris Tavs<br />
46. mtkvarze `oCxis~ mowyobis Tanamedrove xerxi gagvacno<br />
sof. qsanSi mcxovrebma robizon isakis Ze zangurma (daibada<br />
1952w.) misive TqmiT `mtkvarze cotaRa vinme awyobs oCxebs. me<br />
satvirTo manqanis ramdenime saburavis erTmaneTze dawyobiT,<br />
romelsac Zirze liTonis wvril bades amovakrav vavseb qvebiT,<br />
romelTa Soris darCenili adgilebi sakmaod didia. amas vakeTeb<br />
seqtemberSi. saaxalwlod saZmakacodan ramdenime biWi wavalT,<br />
amoviRebT `libiotkiT~ da ase mTeli erTi Tve qeifSi vatarebT<br />
zamTris yvelaze susxian dros.<br />
sof. qsanSive Sevityve, rom gaRma azerbaijanelebiT dasaxlebul<br />
sof. xidisyurSi, vinme Tavze xelaRebuli `TaTari xalila~ ketavs<br />
siganeze gasaWimi badiT md. qsans. iyenebs agreTve eleqtro<br />
Soks badis magivrad. is mudmivi denis dartymiT Tevzs amwyvdevs,<br />
mdinaris ayolebaze aRar uSvebs raTa kilometr naxevrian monakveTze<br />
TavisTvis hqondes Tevzis maragi. sainteresoa, ratom ar<br />
aRkveTen kaspis raionis mesveurebi mdinare qsanze gadamTielis<br />
aseT Tavxedobas.<br />
50
saTxari ewodeba. fSis mdore fskerze advilad SeamCnevs<br />
dakvirvebuli kaci _ naTxaria Tu ara. am dros Tevzaoba<br />
rogorc avRniSneT did danaSaulad iTvleba.<br />
qsanze, aragvze da liaxvze, roca oraguli kaspiis zRvidan<br />
Semodioda gacxovelebuli nadiroba hqodnaT ga-<br />
CaRebuli adgilobriv mosaxelobas. isini angariSmiucemlad<br />
xocavdnen gasamrvaleblad zRvidan Semosul oraguls.<br />
Zveli presis furclebi ara erT cnobas inaxavs aseT<br />
uamur ambebze: `didi ugnurobaa qviriTis dayris dros<br />
oragulis daWera. jer imitom, rom Tu qviriTi ar dayara,<br />
Tevzi saidamRa gamova. meoreT Tevzi samSvidobo adgils<br />
eZebs, rogorc yoveli suldgmuli Tavis Camomavlobis<br />
zrunvaSia, kargi mSvidobiani adgili uSovos da TviTonac<br />
damSvidebuli iyos qviriTis an kvercxis debis an mSobiarobis<br />
drosa.<br />
Cveni wylebi TevzeuliT da tyeebiT, frinveliT savse<br />
yofila da axla amitom daicala, rom xalxi ar ufrTxildeba<br />
droTi da udrooT Jletavs, Sebraleba da angariSi ar<br />
icis da bolos Sesabralisi TviTona xdeba Tavis uangari-<br />
So uazrobisagan~ 47<br />
aseT savalalo mdgomareobaSi oragulTan erTad misi<br />
`xorci-xorcTagani da sisxli-sisxlTagani~ ulamazesi<br />
kalmaxic iyo. magram dRevandeli gadasaxedidan im droebaSi<br />
ra uWirda kalmaxs, gasaWirSi dResaa. oraguls ki<br />
saqme ise gauWires, rom industriis pirmSo avWalisa da<br />
mingeCauris wylis kaskadebma saerTod `amoakveTina fexi~<br />
mtkvris auzSi. mxolod mosagonebladRa darCa qarTul<br />
sityvierebaSi erTi aseTi gamonaTqvami: `RmerTma gaumarjos<br />
im mamal oraguls, romelic amaRam aragvs auyveba,<br />
gudamayarTan mdedrs wamoeweva da Tavis guliswadis<br />
aisrulebs~-o. am sityvebs daaxloebiT 200 wliT uswrebda<br />
didi geografis vaxuSti batoniSviliseuli Sefaseba mTiuleTisa<br />
da misi aragvisa: `haviTa ars friad keTili Suenieri,<br />
wyaro _ wyliTa da mwuaniTa. wyalTa Sina kalmaxi,<br />
47. gazeTi `droeba~ 1880. №170. gv.1.<br />
51
mravalni, xorcni, Tevzni da frinvelni gemoianni, puri<br />
noyieri, agreTve qrTilica~. 48<br />
civ da JangbadiT mdidar wylebSi oragulis ltolva<br />
ufro metad nakarnaxevi iyo ara pirdapiri moTxovnilebidan<br />
aramed gamravlebis da STamomavlobis gadarCenis instiqtidan.<br />
swored am instiqtis gamo oraguli da kalmaxi<br />
metad Txel, meCxer wylebSi Sedioda saqviriTod, rac uadvilebdaT<br />
adamianebs maT daWeras. xSiri iyo SemTxvevebi,<br />
rom fon-TxelaSi da wyal-meCxer adgilebSi moxvedril 15-<br />
20 kilogramian oragulebs qalebi da bavSvebic ki iWerdnen.<br />
sof. balanSi mcxovrebi Temur raJdenis Ze balaSvili<br />
gadmogvcems, rom `papaCem Tedos safqvavi yria xozovlebis<br />
wisqvilze (sof. midelaanis pirdapir, md. qsnis marcxena<br />
napirze) ucbad wisqvili gaCerebula, gamovardnila<br />
gareT papaCemi da ras xedavs, erTi uSvelebeli oraguli<br />
rus gamoyolia da RarSi gaWedila. maSvinme wyali gadauketia,<br />
oraguli joxiT mouklavs da zugrze moukidia. Tevzi<br />
imxela yofila, rom kudis bolo quslebamde urtyamda<br />
Turme~.<br />
erTi gadmocemiT, qarCoxis cixis dasavleTiT md. qsnis<br />
marjvena sanapiroze, loTiSvili ninikas wisqvilze<br />
qalebs safqvavi hqonodaT dayrili. qsnis fon-TxelSi<br />
daenaxaT didi oraguli, romelsac muceli da layuCebi<br />
hqonoda marto wyalSi da veRar moZraobda. dauZaxiaT<br />
loTianSi wisqvilis patronisTvis, miSvelebia ninikac da<br />
ketebiT mouklavT qviriTiT gatenili Tevzi. 49 sof. ikoTSi<br />
mcxovrebi SoTa gigauri ixsenebs Tanasoflelis daTiko<br />
imnaZis monaTxrobs, rom `Rvinobis TveSi berikoanT Walebze<br />
urmiT mimavals fSanis wylebze uSvelebeli oraguli<br />
mouklavs barjiT, uremze daudvia, wamouRia da bolos<br />
dabla moaTrevdao~.<br />
48. qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. yauxCiSvilis red. Tb. 19873. gv.356<br />
49. mTxrobeli ioseb giorgis Ze pavliaSvili daib. 1925w. s. pavliani<br />
52
qsnis zemo welze largvis-qarCoxSi sul ramdenime<br />
kaci Tu iyo, romlebic oragulebze profesional monadireebad<br />
CaiTvlebodnen. sof. midelaanSi ucxovria gigo<br />
midelaSvils (gogilaanT Stodan) romelic kargi mewisqvilec<br />
yofila da xeobaSi lxinis da Wiris sufrebisTvis<br />
dakveTebs iRebda. erTdroulad gameCxerebula TevzeuliT<br />
zahesis agebis Semdeg mdinareebi: qsani, aragvi, didi<br />
da patara liaxvi da mtkvris mTeli rigi Senakadebi. noyier<br />
da gemriel Tevzs miCveuli mosaxleoba kalmaxis, murwas<br />
da zogierT sarevela wvril Tevzis amara darCenilan.<br />
oraguli da kalmaxi TavianTi saukeTeso TvisebebiT,<br />
rogorc delikatesi Tevzebi erTmaneTs tols ar udebdnen<br />
da Tanabrad gabatonbuli mdgomareoba ekavaT rogorc mtkvris<br />
auzis ise Savi zRvispira mosaxleTa kvebis racionSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi wyalmomaragebis sistemiT gawyobil yvela<br />
cixe-simagreSi, wylis auzebSi hyavda cocxali kalmaxi da<br />
oraguli, rogorc sanovage sakvebi, simbolo qristianobisa,<br />
simbolo siZlierisa da sicocxlisa.<br />
gadmocemis Tanaxmad qsnis xeobis Sua welze mdebare<br />
uZlieres wirqvils cixes lekebi utevdnen. gardamavali<br />
upiratesobis meti veraferi ver moutania qarTvelTa<br />
sisxlis mwov `tkipebisTvis~ brZolis sam dRes. meoTxe<br />
dReze wirqvils cixeSi SexiznulT cocxali kalmaxi gadmougdiaT<br />
galavnidan da lekebic gasclian cixis misadgomebs.<br />
`miTxari lekma lamisyanaSi~,<br />
rogor mogtaca mgosani koxta<br />
da maT alyaSi Seni kalmaxi<br />
wirqvlis cixidan rogor gadmoxta~.<br />
dasZens muzamoreuli axalgoreli leqsSi `qsani meZaxis~.<br />
53
wirqvlis cixidan danaxuli qsnis xeoba<br />
wirqvlis cixis samalavSi mowyobili sakalmaxe auzi 230X3,7m.<br />
54
TovliT Tevzoba<br />
ver ityvis kaci, rom TovliT wylis daSroba da uwylo<br />
fskerze Tezvis akrefa nakleb Sromatevadi saSualebaa vidre<br />
TevzWeris sxva romelime xerxi.<br />
TovliT TevzaobisaTvis arCeven momcro mdinares,<br />
xevs. Tovli aranakleb 80-100 sm. simaRlisa unda iyos. Tvi-<br />
Ton mdinares ki ar unda hqondes yinuliani napirebi. cudia<br />
Tu Zlieri yinvebis mere mosul TovliT SevecdebiT<br />
wylis daSromas, radgan mdinaris 70% gayinulia. wyali ki<br />
daSreba, magram yinulis xorgebis qveS ver movixelTebT<br />
Tevzs. am xerxiT TevzWeras sul cota 2 kaci sWirdeba.<br />
gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom Cven mier dinebaSi Cayril<br />
Tovls wylis didixniT Sekaveba ar SeuZlia. piriqiT, wylis<br />
Zala matulobs da Tu erTi dausxlta Tovlis barikadebs<br />
didi siswrafiT gaeqaneba win da napirebze dadebul<br />
Tovls gadalokavs, rac Semdgom Tevzaobis gagrZelebas<br />
aferxebs. kargia Tu mTis Relob-ferdodan dacurebul<br />
Tovlis sqeli fena devs wylis pirze, rac erTiorad gaaiolebs<br />
wylis daSrobas da ganapirobebs warmatebul TevzWeras.<br />
TevzaobisTvis saWiroa mxolod qoniT gagozili xis<br />
didi niCabi da sicivis amtanoba.<br />
aRniSnuli xerxiT TevzWeris saSualeba mxolod mTis<br />
patar-patara mdinareebzea SesaZlebeli, radgan didTovloba<br />
mTis regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, xolo iq sadac<br />
naleqebi minimaluria an saerTod ar modis Tovlis<br />
saxiT, Tevzs yinulis moWriT iWeren. amgvari xerxiT Tevzaoba<br />
karg Sedegs iZleoda mesxeTSi: `zamTarSi SearCevdnen<br />
yure adgils, Semoafarebdnen mdinaris mxares garSemo<br />
bades. Wrian rkinis ketebiT yinuls da uSveben. miacureben<br />
bades ise, rom Ziri mihyveba fskers. bolos yinuli rom moi-<br />
Wreba darCeba mcire monakveTi, romelsac yuryujas eZaxian.<br />
aq aris mogrovili Tevzi, romlis amosayvanad saWiroa<br />
xolixi~. 50 (xolixi Cveneburad grZeltariani orkap joxze<br />
morgebuli patar bade)<br />
50. beriZe m. mebadureoba, Tevzis saxelebi. Tb. 2005. gv.27.<br />
55
godriT anu pirqceuliT Tevzaoba<br />
_ mtkvris auzis mdinareebis zemo welze didi xania<br />
aRar misdeven godriT anu pirqceuliT Tevzaobas. mas<br />
ufro Sua da bolo welze gamoiyeneben warmatebulad:<br />
mejudaze, tortlaze, lexuraze, narekvavze. qsnis toponimikaSi<br />
gvaqvs TevzTan dakavSirebuli hidronimebi,<br />
kerZod qarCoxis xeobaze fiqsirdeba `murwaTxevi~ da `konofiso~.<br />
am ukanasknelis etimologia adgilobriv uxucesebisTvisac<br />
gaugebaria. sabas leqsikonSi koni `quemodan<br />
aRmavlis Tevzis sapyrobi godriT pirSeqceulTa~-s niSnavs.<br />
gamodis, rom koniT Tevzaoba igive pirSeqceuli godriT<br />
Tevzaoba gasul saukuneebSi qarCoxis mcxovrebTa<br />
saqmianobas ufro warmoadgenda vidre dRes. saba Tavis<br />
leqsikonSi pirSeqceulis ganmartebisas axsenebs `sasalikos~<br />
rasac Semdgnair ganmartebas aZlevs: `ars badeTa<br />
mosayreli adgili~ 51 . sinonimad asaxelebs `sapaluros~<br />
rasac Tavismxriv ase ganmartavs: `sapaluro ewodebis yovelTa<br />
sawylispirosa adgilTa TevzTa sapyrobelsa, xolo<br />
sasaliko, sada badeni esrolebian da moeyrebian~. 52<br />
toponimi `konofiso~ geografiulad mdebareobs sof.<br />
karelTkaris (Zveli vake) samxreT-aRmosavleTiT da ewodeba<br />
saxnavi miwis nakveTs, romelsac samxreTidan esaz-<br />
Rvreba xevi, sadac gavrcelebulia kalmaxi da murwa. savaraudod<br />
im saxnavi miwis monakveTSi mis mepatrones Cadgmuli<br />
eqneboda konusuri formis pirSeqceuli. gansxvavebiT<br />
dRevandeli mavTulis godrebisa romelic dawnuli<br />
unda yofiliyo Txilis an urZnis saxriT.<br />
axlo warsulamde godors ZiriTadad zRvis donidan<br />
1000 metris qvemoT mcxovrebni xmarobdnen. igi ori saxeobisaa:<br />
erTi _ romelic gankuTvnilia zemodan qvemoT<br />
51. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli. t. II. Tb. 1993. gv.<br />
47.<br />
52. qarCoxSi, kerZod sof. Tinikaanis CrdiloeTiT fiqsirdeba<br />
toponimi `saxalike~. sadac soflis mcxovrebni zafxulobiT<br />
agrovebdnen sazamTro SeSas.<br />
56
dinebas dayolili Tevzis dasaWerad da meore qvemodan zemoT<br />
dinebis sawinaaRmdegod aRmavali Tevzis dasaWerad. 53<br />
savele muSaobisas sofel muxranSi vnaxeT da suraTi<br />
gadavuReT aluminis mavTuliT moqsovil pirSeqceul<br />
godors, romelsac garda Sida qarTlis baris soflebisa<br />
mtkvris xeobis CaTvliT xmrobdnen faravnis, saRamos da<br />
tabawyuris tbebSi, `Zabrisebri godrebiT, sadamdec Sevidoda<br />
meTevze tbaSi Cadgamda. godris ZirSi misatyueblis<br />
garda qvebs alagebdnen, rom ar gadaadgilebuliyo. Cadgma<br />
niSnavda godris dawolil mdgomareobaSi datovebas~. 54<br />
SedarebiT martivad Tevzaobdnen lazebi. godriT, Tevzs<br />
RariTac iWerdnen.<br />
dasavleT saqarTveloSi da javaxeTSi `godris Cadgma~,<br />
_ midgma Tevzis dasaWerad scodniaT CanCqeris ZirSi.<br />
maRla asasvlelad amxtari Tevzi pirvelive cdaze iSvia-<br />
Tad ava, ukan Camovardninas ki godorSi cviva da veRar<br />
gamodis.<br />
facris Cadgma<br />
_ faceri ficris oTxkuTxa 1,50X1 metris zomis yuTia<br />
Zirze liTonis badiT. metwilad zemodan ficrebiT dafaruli,<br />
xSirad saketiT. mdinares an mis tots almacerad<br />
gaRobaven msxvili qviT, lastebiT, xis foTliani totebiT<br />
da wylis aCqarebuli nakadi Caedineba facerSi. aRniSnuli<br />
meTodiT Tevzis Weras (maT Soris oragulisac) misdevdnen<br />
rogorc swraf mdinareebze ise mdore dinebebze, seqtembris<br />
dasawyisidan noembris dasawyisamde.<br />
53. amgvarad TevzWera imereTSi aRwerili aqvs vaxuSti batoniSvils:<br />
`Zabrian godors gazafxulze Zabriani TaviT wylis<br />
dinebis mimarTulebiT Cadgamdnen ise, rom wylis done Zabris<br />
naxvretis Suamde aRwevdes. Tevzi, romelic saqviriTod mdinaris<br />
dinebis sawinaaRmdegod micuravs moxvdeba Zabridan godorSi.<br />
54. m. beriZe, mebaduroba, Tevzebi, saxelebi, Tb. 2005. gv.24<br />
57
faceriT Tevzis Wera kargad aqvs dasuraTebuli vaJafSavelas<br />
bewinas magaliTze: `...bewina oqtomberSi facersac<br />
hmarTavda, saoragule facers, romelic mxolod<br />
dedal oragulebs iWerda, radgan mamlebi bewinas gakeTebul<br />
lastebze zeda xtebodnen. bewinas ukvirda, rom mamals<br />
oragulebs ver iWerda da arc icoda es garemoeba riT aexsna<br />
im dromde, vidre erTxel Rame layuCebiT lastze dakidebuli<br />
oraguli ar naxa; maSinRa mihxvda, rom dedali<br />
oragulebi dasustebis, gamxdrobis gamo Turme cvioden bewinas<br />
naostatar facerSi radgan jani aRar mosdevaT mamal<br />
oragulebiviT lastebze gadamxtariyvnen~. 55<br />
totis daSrobisas faceri karg saSualebad iTvleboda<br />
Tu ki mis miRma cecxlic daenTeboda. maSin erTianad gaikrifeboda<br />
Tevzi da faceric damZimdeboda. sinaTlis zemoqmedebis<br />
erT-erTi kargi magaliTia CangliT Tevzaoba,<br />
rac savele eTnografiuli kvlevisas sofel lamisyanaSi da<br />
muxranSi moviZieT.<br />
CangliT, barjiT da kaviT Tevzaoba<br />
SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom temperaturisa da<br />
Jangbadis Semdeg wylis binadarTa cxovreba yvelaze metad<br />
sinaTlezea damokidebuli. lifsitobis periodSi Suqis<br />
Zala imdenad didia, rom, mraval mSvidobian Tevzs aviwyebs<br />
sakvebsa da safrTxes. rac ufro mSieria miT ufro etaneba<br />
naTebas wylis binadari. saerTod Tevzebs aqvT sadReRamiso<br />
ganaTebis ciklis SegrZneba e. w. fotoperiodi. magaliTad<br />
kaSkaSa Suqi zamTarSi naklebad izidavs, vidre zafxulSi.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom Tevzebi tofobisas (qviriTobisas) eridebian<br />
sinaTles, e. i. gamravlebis instiqti aviwyebT kvebas.<br />
55. vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, Tb. 1987. gv.340.<br />
58
mokvlevisas mopovebuli informaciis Tanaxmad sof.<br />
lamisyanaSi dafiqsirda CangliT da barjiT Tevzis Weris<br />
xerxebi.<br />
md. qsanze RamiT karg Sedegs iZleoda CangliT Tevzaoba:<br />
aiRebdnen naxevarmetrian diametris, mucel Cazneqil,<br />
mrgval Tunuqis naWers, romlis kideebi amobrunebuli<br />
iyo 2-3 santimetrze. Sig CaanTebdnen cecxls. aRniSnuli<br />
Tunuqi oTxi wvrili jaWviT ekida or metrian joxze, romelic<br />
meTevzes xelSi horizontalurad ekava da dahqonda<br />
mdinaris napirze. sinaTliT aRgznebuli Tevzebi napirs<br />
etanebodnen, meTevzec ar ayovnebda da Cangals moxerxebulad<br />
urWobda. 56<br />
Canglis sidides ganapirobebda Tevzis saxeoba. Wanarze,<br />
kapoetze, wveraze patara Canglebi gamoiyeneboda,<br />
xolo oragulebze mozrdili grZeltariani Canglebi.<br />
mimsgavsebuli Tevzis saWeri xelsawyo davafiqsireT<br />
sofel muxranSic, sadac gasanaTeblad xmarobdnen martivad<br />
gakeTebul samxedro `baklaSkas~. Caasxavden navTs<br />
da bambis patruqs gaxvretil sacobidan amoatarebdnen,<br />
amagrebdnen 1,5 metri sigrZis joxze da mowyobilobac<br />
mzad iyo.<br />
rac Seexeba Cangals, qsnis xeobaze mas zogi barjs eZaxis,<br />
muxranSi`Stikavoi lafatkiTac~ ukeTebiaT or, sam da<br />
oTx TiTianebi. dRes ukve Znelia daadginos kacma romeli<br />
barjia, romeli Cangali da romeli kavi, an xoWi da WvilTi.<br />
saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi sxvadasxva terminologiiT<br />
iyo cnobili TevzWeris rkinis iaraRebi. qarTuli enis<br />
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi sityva `barji~<br />
ganmartebulia rogorc rkinis kaviani joxi, romelic ixmareba<br />
Tevzis saWerad, 57 saba barjs ase ganmartavs: `kapia-<br />
56. lamisyanaSi yofnisas erT-erTma informatorma gviTxra:<br />
lamisyanelebs cud moTevzeebad gvTvlian. mezobel sofelSi<br />
xSirad gaigonebT Cveni misamarTiT naTqvams: lamisyanaSi Tevzs,<br />
rom daiWeren pirvel rigSi jiSs ki ara wonas kiTxulobeno.<br />
57. qarT. enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni t. I. Tb. 1950. gv. 985<br />
59
saoragule kavi. qsnis xeoba. sigrZe 1,20 sm.<br />
ni joxi, gina saTevzao xoWi, 58 xolo xoWis<br />
ganmartebas ase iZleva: `WvilTi rkinis<br />
barji saTevze~. 59 zemoTxsenebuli es ori<br />
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
modis. rvatomeulis mixedviT<br />
rkinis kaviani joxi kapiani ver iqneba.<br />
kavi gamosadebia, xolo kapiani dasartymeli<br />
an Casartymeli, romelic naxevrad Wris Tevzs. vaJaseuli<br />
ganmartebiT barji _ `orTiT xeze gakeTebulia galesili<br />
rkina ise, rom zevidan dauSvas kacma oraguls, mxolod<br />
naxevramdis gasWris, es ki sakmarisia, rom mokvdes.<br />
monadiresac es unda mxolod Suaze rom gaapos, maSin Sei-<br />
Zleba naxevari wyalma moitacos~. 60<br />
Cveni azriT barji rkinis kavi ver iqneba, igi gamosadebi<br />
iraRi ar unda iyos, ise, rogorc kavi CasarWobi iaraRi<br />
ver iqneba.<br />
oragulze saukeTeso sanadiro iaraRad iTvleboda<br />
rkinis kavi, romelsac aragvze Cangalsac eZaxdnen. kavi<br />
daaxloebiT 10 milimetriani diamtris mrgvali rkina iyo.<br />
magrdeboda 5-6 metris sigrZis bambukis an Txilis joxze.<br />
oragulze monadire, amRvreuli wylis siRrmeSi kavs<br />
zurgiT win da wveriT ukan mdinaris dinebas daayolebda.<br />
morevebSi piraRma gatvrenil oragulze rbilad Sexebisas<br />
swrafad Seatrialebda wveriT win Tevzisken da didi<br />
ZaliT gamohkravda Tavisken. wamogebul nadavls napirze<br />
gamoaTrevda da qviT moklavda. saoragule kavis erTi egzemplari,<br />
romelic gavrcelebuli iyo liaxvis, qsnisa da<br />
58. s.s. orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli. t.I. Tb. 1991. gv 96.<br />
59. s.s. orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli. t.II. Tb. 1991. gv 428.<br />
60. vaJa-fSavela, Txzulebani, Tb. 1987. gv.339.<br />
60
aragvis auzSi, daculia axalgorSi.<br />
qsnis xeobis istoriis,<br />
arqeologiisa da arqiteqturismuzeum-nakrZalis<br />
fond-sacavSi. (sigrZe<br />
1m.20sm. sainventaro №2298)<br />
saoragule kaviT Tevzaobisas<br />
aragvze damatebiT<br />
xmarobdnen wvril joxs _<br />
wkeplas, romlis daxmarebiT<br />
jer Tevzs poulobdnen<br />
mere ki kavs gadauwvdendnen<br />
da gamosdebdnen. oragulis<br />
dasaWerad am xerxis gamoyenebaze<br />
kargad wers bunebis<br />
mesaidumle vaJa-fSavela.<br />
`...bewina aragvze xelSi<br />
Cangals da saxres daiWerda da dauwyebda Zebnas oraguls,<br />
saxris SexebiT ise atyobda, rogorc xeliT. mousvamda<br />
saxres roca darwmundeboda, rom oragulia, varaudiT,<br />
`andiT~ gadaawodebda Cangals, gamohkravda, Cangali<br />
gverdSi moedeboda oraguls da rkaliviT moxrils gamoa-<br />
Trevda mSralze~.<br />
rogorc avRniSneT ganaTebis faqtori sayovelTaod<br />
dadasturebulia warmatebuli TevzWerisaTvis. amitomacaa,<br />
rom am meTods xSirad mimarTaven Tevzaobisas. xelovnur<br />
Suqs umetesad etanebian sinaTleSi mcxovrebi Tevzebi,<br />
gansakuTrebiT mdinareebSi mobinadreebi. iaponelma<br />
iqtiologebma daadgines, rom zogierTi zvigeni Tavisi<br />
manaTobeli TvalebiT izidavs msxverpls. loqo ulvaSebis<br />
Wiiseburi cmacuniT ityuebs sakbilos. aseve dadgenilia,<br />
rom wylis binadrebs izidavT musikac, oRond klasikuri.<br />
jazis xmaze Tevzebi frTxebian. qaSayebi da nafotebi wruwuneben,<br />
qarsalebi bzuian, loqo Rrutunebs an gminavs,<br />
delfinebi goWebiviT Wyipineben, murwa xrotinebs da sxva.<br />
61<br />
TevzWeris iaraRebi<br />
mxatv. konstantine varSaniZe
wylis mowamvliT Tevzis daWera<br />
Tevzis dasaWerad wylis mowamvlis xSiri SemTxvevebi<br />
fiqsirdeboda jer kidev sabWoTa xelisuflebis periodSi<br />
romlis gaaqtiurebac gamoiwvia qimiis ganviTarebam. manamde<br />
xSirad adgili hqonda dinamitiT afeTqebebs, Semdeg<br />
qloriT da sxva Sxam-qimikatebiT mdinareebisa da wyalsatevebis<br />
mowamvlas.<br />
wylis mowamvlis Tavdapirveli SemTxvevebi ukavSirdeba<br />
toqsikur mcenareebs, kerZod: Sqeres, iels, atams, lafans<br />
da kakals.<br />
samegreloSi wylis mowamvla TevzWeris uZveles xerxebs<br />
miekuTvneba. Tevzis mosawamlad iyenebdnen lafans.<br />
mis nedl Stoebs moxarSavdnen da Stoebianad wyalSi Caasxamdnen.<br />
mesxeTSiac yofla wylis mowamvlis xalxuri xerxi. Semoaclidnen<br />
kakals wengos, CeCqvavdnen da uSvebdnen patara<br />
ReleebSi.<br />
savele muSaobisas sof. muxranSi patara liaxvis xeobidan<br />
Casaxlebulma emzar Cxataurma gviTxra, rom `muxranis<br />
meurneobis atmis baRebidan mTaSi mimqonda konebad Sekruli<br />
atmis gasxlili totebi da kalmaxiT mdidar, patara<br />
xevSi vdebdi. naxevar saaTSi furCxvis Semdeg xevis bolos<br />
Cagebuli kapronis bade kalmaxiT ivseboda~. SedarebiT<br />
ukeTesi iyo saaraye qvabSi atmis xis Catenili nasxlavis<br />
naxarSis CaRvra patra xevebSi.<br />
Tevzis morfologia<br />
Tevzis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis mTliani sura-<br />
Tis gadmocema metad rTulia, radgan paleontologiuri<br />
namarxebi Zalze mwir sabuTebs iZleva. zogierTi mkvlevaris<br />
azriT Tevzebi warmoSobilan mtknar wyalSi saindac<br />
isini TandaTanobiT zRvaSi gadasulan, rac akademikos l.<br />
62
ergis mixedviT ZiriTadad devonuri sistemis Sua periodSi<br />
unda momxdariyo.<br />
Tevzis klasSi gaerTianebulia daaxloebiT 20 000 saxeobis<br />
wylis cxoveli, romlebic erTmaneTisagan imdenad<br />
mkveTrad gansxvavdebian, rom saWiroa maTi klasebad dayofa.<br />
Tevzebis sacxovrebel garemos warmoadgens wyali,<br />
romlis gareSe arseboba isic metad mokle vadiT SeuZlia<br />
mxolod zogierT saxeobas, is iTvleba civsisxlian wylis<br />
xerxemlian cxovelad. sunTqavs layuCebiT. misTvis temperaturas,<br />
romlis meryeoba wyalSi ufro naklebia vidre<br />
xmeleTze didi mniSvneloba aqvs. maTi sxeulis temperatura<br />
damokidebulia garegan garemos temperaturaze. wylis<br />
temperaturis momateba iwvevs Tevzis gaZlierebul<br />
kvebas. Cqardeba sasqeso produqtebis momwifeba da a. S.<br />
temperaturis dakleba iwvevs aRniSnul movlenaTa tempis<br />
Semcirebas, xolo zogi Tevzis, magaliTad: oragulis, kobris<br />
Zils.<br />
Tevzis sxeuli TiTistarisebrad aris wagrZelebuli,<br />
gverdebidan gabrtyelebuli. mis formaze gavlenas axdens<br />
wylis moZraoba da misiT gamowveuli meqanikuri faqtori,<br />
agreTve wylis siCqare gansazRvravs farflebis ganviTarebas<br />
da safarvels.<br />
Tevzis sxeuli SeiZleba gaiyos sam nawilad: 1 _ Tavi;<br />
2-tani; 3 _ kudi. Tavsa da tans Soris sazRvars warmoadgens<br />
layuCis naprali, xolo tansa da kuds Soris analuri<br />
xvreli. Tavis wina nawilSi piri da wyvili nestoa moTavsebuli.<br />
Tevzis piris forma sxvadasxvanairia: ganivi, iribi,<br />
naxevarmTvarisebri da sxva. layuCis saxuravs ukana kideze<br />
Semovlebuli aqvs kanovani apki, romelic xels uwyobs<br />
sarqvelis mWidrod daxurvas. kudis farfli zog Tevzs<br />
mTliani aqvs, zogs _ orlapotiani.<br />
Tevzebi gansazRvrul adgilsamyofelTan Seguebis<br />
mixedviT iyofa Semdeg ZiriTad ekologiur jgufebad: I _<br />
zRvis Tevzebi _ binadroben mudam zRvaSi; II. mtknari wylis<br />
Tevzebi _ binadroben mudam mtknar wyalSi; III. gamsvle-<br />
63
Tevzis gazomvis sqema<br />
a-b mTeli sigrZe (absoluturi sigrZe); a-c sigrZe kudis farflis Sua<br />
sxivebis bolomde (sarewi sigrZe); a-d sxeulis sigrZe (sigrZe kudis farflis<br />
fuZemde), a-e Tavis sigrZe; f-g sxeulis udidesi simaRle; h-i sxeulis umciresi<br />
simaRle, k zurgis farfli; i mkerdis farfli; m muclis farfli; n<br />
analuri farfli; okudis farfli, p gverdis xazi; q analuri xvreli.<br />
li Tevzebi _ gamravlebisTvis zRvidan Sedian mdinareSi,<br />
an mdinaridan Cadian zRvaSi; IV. momlaSo wylis Tevzebi _<br />
binadroben zRvis gamtknarebul ubnebSi, iyofian momlaSo<br />
wylisa da naxevrad gamsvlel formebad. es ukanasknelni<br />
gasamravleblad Sedian mdinaris qvemo dinebaSi.<br />
Tevzebi irCevian rogorc siTbos moyvarul ise sicivis<br />
moyvarulebad. am ukanasknelTa kategorias miekuTvnebian<br />
qaSayisnairTa rigis oragulisebrTa ojaxi, romlis<br />
warmomadgenelTa umravlesoba binadrobs zRvaSi,<br />
saidanac saqviriTod Sedian mdinareebSi da xSirad maT<br />
saTaveebamde aRweven. zogi maTgani cxovrobs mdinareebSi<br />
da maRali mTebis tbebSi. Tavis mxriv oragulTa ojaxSi er-<br />
Tiandebian: 1. Cveulebrivi oraguli; 2. kaspiuri oraguli;<br />
3. Savi zRvis oraguli da 4. mdinaris kalmaxi.<br />
pirvel rigSi CvenSi gavrcelebuli mravali saxeobis<br />
TevzebSi yvelaze gemriels, samkurnalos da lamazs,<br />
bunebis marTlac saocrebas mdinaris kalmaxs SevexebiT,<br />
romliTac uSurvelad aris dajildovebuli Cveni<br />
64
mTis mdinareebi. mdinaris kalmaxis garda saqarTveloSi<br />
gavrcelebulia tbisa da cisartyela kalmaxi (ar igulisxmeba<br />
oraguli _ `zRvis kalmaxi~)<br />
mdinaris kalmaxi<br />
iSviaTi silamazisa da Zvirfasi xorcis gamo, erT-er-<br />
Ti mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia saqarTvelos mtknari wyalsatevebis<br />
Tevzebs Soris. kalmaxis aseTi silamaze, sxvadasxva<br />
feris da elferis pigmentebis (wiTeli, Savi, yavisferi,<br />
narinjisferi, limonis feri, Sindisferi da sxva)<br />
arsebobiT aixsneba.<br />
`kalmaxis Seferiloba metad did cvalebadobas ganicdis<br />
da umTavresad damokidebulia adgilsamyofelze,<br />
asakze, sqesze, weliwadis droze. sasqeso produqtebis mdgomareobaze<br />
da sakvebis Semadgenliobazec. axalgazrdebs<br />
laqebi ufro Ria ferisa aqvT vidre asakovnebs. gamravlebis<br />
periodSi ki ufro kaSkaSa Seferilobas Rebulobs,<br />
gverdebze mkrTali momwvano elferi gadakravs, zurgis<br />
mxare ufro muqia zogjer moSavo, muclis mxare vercxlisferi.<br />
mdinaris kalmaxis sigrZe 20-26 sm-ia. wona 100-400<br />
grami da metic~. 61 iSviaTad gvxvdeba 35-37 santimetris<br />
xolo woniT 1-2 kg-mde. mis ZiriTad sakvebs Seadgens sxvadasxva<br />
saxeobis Tevzi da wylis uxerxemlo cxovelebi.<br />
Zvlian TevzebSi kalmaxs oragulTan erTad mniSvnelovani<br />
adgili uWiravs. saqarTvelos mtknar wylebSi<br />
gvxvdeba sami saxis kalmaxi: 1. mdinaris; 2. tbisa da 3. cisartyela<br />
kalmaxi, romelic Semoyvanilia Cr. amerikidan.<br />
kalmaxs gaaCnia rogorc layuCis ise ybebis, enis, sasis<br />
Zlieri kbilebi. is moyvarulia JangbadiT mdidari civi<br />
wylebis. kargad egueba mdinaris Cqar dinebas. SeuZlia 4-5<br />
metriani CanCqeris dabrkolebis daZleva, Tu wylis done<br />
61. r. baxtaZe, kalmaxi. Jurnali `nadiroba~ 2008. 6<br />
65
vardnis adgilze minimum 50-70 santimetria. kalmaxs zRvis<br />
donidan 2800 metr simaRleze SeuZlia asvla. mas mxardamxar<br />
misdevda dasavleT saq-Si wvera, aRmosavleTSi murwa.<br />
Tumca is bolomde partniorobas ver uwevs, misdevs maqsimum<br />
z.d. 1400 metramde. amis zeviT kalmaxi mTis Smagi mdinareebisa<br />
da xev-xuvebis erTpirovnuli lideri da batonpatronia.<br />
zRvis donidan rac ufro maRla binadrobs kalmaxi<br />
miT ufro samkurnalo da gemrielia. amis dasturad<br />
gadmocema gveubneba, rom avadmyofi daviT qsnis erisTavi<br />
sistematiurad miirTmevda Jamuris xeobaSi daWeril kalmaxs.<br />
swored misive miTiTebiT mis mkurnals i. a. giulden-<br />
Stedts largvisSi yofnisas 1772 wlis 29 ivniss `zemo qsnidan~<br />
miarTves sasargeblo, yuaTiani kalmaxi da cimori.<br />
kalmaxisTvis wylis optimaluri temperatura 8-16 0 ,<br />
ufro maRali temperaturisas roca naklebia agreTve<br />
Jangbadi, midis ufro zemo dinebaSi. ikvebeba mwerebiT,<br />
maTi matlebiT, kibosnairebiT, WiebiT. misi sayvareli saWmelia<br />
sansala anu Rortavi (RorTava). nawilobriv eweva<br />
mtaceblur kvebas umetesad tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi. Wams<br />
Tevzebs, maT Soris Tavisive jiSis patara kalmaxebs da oragulis<br />
qviriTs: `Tu oraguli yvela juris wvril Tevzsa<br />
hylapavs da aCanagebs, samagierod es wvrili Tevzebi qaravnad<br />
am dros oraguls Tan dasdevs da Zalian bevrs qviriTs<br />
uWamen. oragulis qviriTs ufro kalmaxi emtereba. oraguli<br />
amas hxedavs, kargad hgrZnobs da albaT amitom hmalavs<br />
wyalSi, qviSaSi da qvebSi hflavs qviriTs, rom advilad ar<br />
SeuWamon Tevzebma~. (vaJa-fSavela, oragulis cxovreba)<br />
kalmaxi garemo pirobebis mixedviT viTardeba. tbaSi<br />
kalmaxi gacilebiT male da didi, daaxloebiT 3-4 kg-mde izrdeba.<br />
gavrcelebulia evropaSi, mcire aziaSi, kavkasiaSi,<br />
iranSi, mesopotamiaSi, CrdiloeT afrikaSi. saqarTveloSi<br />
farTodaa gavrcelebuli, umetesad binadrobs mTis mdinareebsa<br />
da tbebSi. mdinareebis umetesobaSi cxovrobs<br />
mxolod zemo dinebaSi, mtkvari, alazani, iori, rioni. zog<br />
66
mdinareSi vrceldeba mTel sigrZeze mtkvarTan SeerTebidan<br />
alpur zonamde: liaxvi, qsani, aragvi, Tumca am bolo<br />
dros Jinvalidan mcxeTamde iSviaTad. agreTve gvxvdeba<br />
tbebSi: tabawyurSi, faravani, saRamo, riwa, erwo. 62 wyalsacavebSi:<br />
xramis Tbilisis, sionis, Saoris da sxva.<br />
sqesobriv simwifes kalmaxi aRwevs 3-4 wlis asakSi.<br />
qviriTobs seqtembridan maisamde. tofobisTvis irCevs mTvarian<br />
Rames iwyebs mzis Casvlisas da amTavrebs gaTenebisas,<br />
Txelwylian, qva-qviSian adgilebSi. wylis 4-8 0 temperaturisas.<br />
yris 500-1000 qviriTamde, inkubaciis periodi<br />
65-200 dRea, rac damokidebulia wylis gansxvavebul temperaturaze.<br />
misi qviriTis diametri 4-6 milimetramdea.<br />
qviriTs yris Tavis amoTxril ormoSi da ganayofierebis<br />
mere faravs qviSiT. 63 lifsitebi mxolod Svidi-rva aseuli<br />
iCekeba, am ukanasknelidan ki zrdasrul asaks mxolod 20dan<br />
50-mde lifsita Tu aRwevs. kalmaxis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba<br />
10-12 welia.<br />
mdinaris kalmaxi mfrTxalia. meTevzis danaxviT<br />
gamowveuli SiSi, daaxloebiT naxevar saaTSi gauvlis<br />
da mxolod Semdeg Tu gaagrZelebs wylis zedapiridan<br />
62. bevrs da maT Sors qsnis xeobis baris soflebis mcxovrebT<br />
hgoniaT, rom mTis ulamazesi kalmaxi yelis tbaSic mravldeba<br />
da izrdeba, rac mxolod Rimilis momgvrelia. yelis tba vulkanur<br />
zeganzea zR. d. 2921 m. simaRleze. sarkis farTobi 1.28 km 2 .<br />
udidesi siRrme 63 m. saSualo 24.7m. 7-8 Tve gayinulia. wyali mtknaria.<br />
tba sazrdoobs Tovlis miwisqveSa da wvimis wyliT. Tevzi<br />
ar aris.<br />
63. kalmaxi saqviriTed ormoebis amoTxras farflebis moZraobiTac<br />
axerxebs. qviriTi viTardeba qviSa wayril bnel ormoebSi,<br />
an lodebis qveS, sadac wyali JonviT gadis da uzrunvelyofs<br />
rogorc Jangabdis, ise sxva gazebis miwodebas ganayofierebuli<br />
qviriTisaTvis. Semodgomaze dayril qviriTidan adre<br />
gazafxulze, iCekeba 13-15 mm.-is sigrZis embrionebi. maT didi<br />
sayviTre parki aqvT, sadac moTavsebulia cximovani wveTebi,<br />
romliTac organizmi 2-3 kviris ganmavlobaSi ikvebeba. am dros<br />
isini gverdze an mucelze wvanan. sayviTre parkis SewovasTan<br />
erTad kalmaxis lavrebi budobidan gamodian da damoukideblad<br />
iwyeben sakvebis motacebas. am dros isini swrafad dacuraven da<br />
sakvebsac advilad iWeren.<br />
67
mwerebis, Wuprebis, Wiebis, siRrmeSi ki sansalebisa da lifsitebis<br />
Wamas. (ar ikvebeba 3 gradusis qveviT da 18 gradusis<br />
zeviT). rac ufro izrdeba miT ufro mtacebeli xdeba,<br />
zogjer TanamoZmeebsac ar indobs. advili SesaZlebelia<br />
did kalmaxs patara kalmaxi upovoT mucelSi. is vertikalze<br />
150 gradusze xedavs, xolo horizontalze 160-170<br />
gradusze, amasTanave axlomxedvelia da msxverpls erT<br />
metr radiusSi amCnevs. amitom satyuariani ankesi axlos<br />
unda CaugdoT. ufro kargad amCnevs moZrav siluetebs.<br />
kalmaxs iyeneben mdinaris wylis siwmindis indikatoradac<br />
_ Tu sisufTavea saTavisken micuravs, Tu mavne nivTierebebi<br />
Seeria qveviT daqandeba.<br />
Zvel wignebSi aRniSnulia, rom kavkasiaSi adgilobrivi<br />
wiTeli, TeTrzoliani WiebiT, zogjer cxvris, Zroxis<br />
nedli xorciT bevr kalmaxs iWerdnen. wvrili kalmaxebi<br />
gamudmebiT dadian mdinareSi, zeviT-qveviT sakvebis ZebnaSi.<br />
didebi ZiriTadad mdinareTa mosaxvevebSi, morevebSi<br />
dadarajebulni arian qvebTan, kunZebTan, fesvebTan.<br />
kalmaxi Cqar wyalSi advilad etaneba satyuaras. nelSi akvirdeba,<br />
SeiZleba ukanac gadmoagdos, maT Zalian aSinebT<br />
setyva, qvebis gruxuni, am dros SesaZlebelia xeliTac<br />
daiWiros kacma napirze.<br />
kalmaxi saqarTveloSi odiTganvea popularuli. masze<br />
mravali moTxroba da leqsia dawerili.<br />
trfobis cremlebad, margalitebad,<br />
qsani qarafebs daekideba,<br />
aaxmaurebs sajixveebs da<br />
kalmaxebs cecxli waekidebaT. (v.q.)<br />
qsnis kalmaxi Tavisi feriT (pigmenturi xalebiT) da<br />
gemoTi gansxvavdeba aragvis, didi da patara liaxvis kalmaxisagan.<br />
kerZod zemo welze mkveTri wiTeli winwklebiT,<br />
naklebad sriala kaniTa da Savi feriT, qsnis Sua welze ki<br />
kalmaxisaTvis tanis da winwklebis Ria feria damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
68
qarTvelma mkvlevarma vaxuSti batoniSvilma,<br />
romelmac aRwera me-18 saukunis saqarTvelo, misi flora<br />
da fauna, bevri sagulisxmo da angariS gasawevi cnoba<br />
dagvitova mdinareebsa da tbebze da maT iqtiofaunaze.<br />
vaxuSti qarTlSi gansxvavebuli Seferilobis kalmaxs<br />
asaxelebs: `varianis fSani da axaldabisa am fSansa Sina ipyrobs<br />
kalmaxi yviTeli da friad kargi~. 64 rogorc Cans wi-<br />
Tel da Sav winwklebian kalmaxis garda yviTeli kalmaxic<br />
yofila qarTlSi gavrcelebuli.<br />
vaxuStis TqmiT `yarabulaxis xeobaSi Savwyaros orive<br />
mxirdan mdinare gamodis, romelic savsea kalmaxiT~.<br />
samxreT mdinaris kalmaxi misive cnobiT _ Savia, xolo<br />
CrdiloeTis _ TeTri. Tu gadaviyvanT CrdiloeTis kalmaxs<br />
samxreTis mdinareSi _ gaSavdeba. xolo samxreTisas<br />
CrdiloeTis mdinareSi gaTeTrdeba.<br />
64. qarTlis cxovreba t. IV, gv. 368. Tb. 1973.<br />
70
69<br />
mdinaris kalmaxi<br />
oraguli<br />
murwa<br />
mtkvris wvera<br />
fiCxuli (kapueti, xramuli)
Tevzaobis Semdeg<br />
aragvis xeoba, xadis CanCqeri<br />
70
tbis kalmaxi: warmoSobili unda iyos mdinaris kalmaxisgan.<br />
misgan gansxvavdeba SeferilobiT. Savi laqebi<br />
aqvs da didi zomis sxeuli. sigrZiT saSualod 50-60 sm-s<br />
aRwevs. woniT 4-6 kg-s. (iSviaTad 100-120 sm-s. woniT ki 15-<br />
20 kg-s) tofoba (qviriToba) seqtembridan Tebervlamde<br />
grZeldeba. qviriTs yrian iq sadac wylis temperatura<br />
3-10 0 C Soris meryeobs. misi lifsitebi mdinaris kalmaxis<br />
lifsitebisnairad Wamen mwerebs da maT Wuprebs, lokokinebs,<br />
kibosnairebs, WianWvelebs, xolo mozardi kalmaxi<br />
mtacebeli xdeba da umTavresad Tevzebsa da bayayebs<br />
etaneba.<br />
cisartyela kalmaxi: iseve, rogorc Cveni mdinaris<br />
kalmaxi mtknari wylis binadaria. mis samSoblod iTvleba<br />
Cr. amerika (aliaskidan meqsikamde). igi gavrcelebulia<br />
wynari okeanis sanapiroebis mdinareebsa da tbebSi. 1882<br />
wels kanadidan aklimatizebuli iqna evropis, aziis, avstraliis,<br />
afrikis mTel rig qveynebSi. yofil sabWoTa kav-<br />
SirSi, 1936-1940 wlebSi moaSenes leningradisa da kurskis<br />
olqebSi, krasnodaris mxareSi, estoneTsa da ukrainaSi.<br />
saqarTveloSi cisartyela kalmaxi 1952 wels kurskis<br />
olqidan gadmoiyvanes da afxazeTSi md. Savwyalas napirze<br />
mowyobil kalmaxis saSen tborebSi moaTavses, saidanac<br />
Semdeg SavwyalaSi gavrcelda. mogvianebiT gadayvanili da<br />
moSenebuli iqna Tbilisis, tyibulis, kumisis, Saoris wyalsacavebSi<br />
da ruisis saklamaxe meurneobebSi.<br />
cisartyela kalmaxs gverdebze TiTo-TiTo cisartyelas<br />
msgavsi farTo xali gasdevs da swored aqedanaa warmo-<br />
Sobili misi saxelwodeba. is ori wlis asakamde Zlier hgavs<br />
mdinaris kalmaxs.<br />
cisartyela kalmaxi civi wylis moyvarulia. cxovrobs<br />
mdinareebSi da nakadulebSi, oRond Cveni mdinaris kalmax-<br />
Tan is ufro amtania. advilad egueba Tbil wylebs. itans<br />
4-30 0 -mde siTbos. saerTod ki misTvis normalur temperaturad<br />
20 0 -iTvleba, maSin rodesac Cveni mdinaris kalmaxi<br />
wylis 14-15 0 temperaturis dros saTaveebisaken iwevs, sa-<br />
72
dac wylis temperatura dabalia. garda amisa cisartyela<br />
kalmaxi swrafad izrdeba, Tumca imave sakvebiT ikvebeba<br />
roTac Cveni mdinaris kalmaxi. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 3-4<br />
wlis. nayofiereba saSualod aRwevs 500-2500 qviriTamde.<br />
mravldeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva dros, imis<br />
mixedviT Tu sad rogoria wylis temperatura. qviriTs<br />
yris mdinaris Txel da Cqar dinebis qva-qviSian adgilebSi.<br />
dedali kalmaxi qviriTs marxavs, igi fskeruli _ arawebovania,<br />
moyviTalo narinjisferi, diametriT 4-6,5 mm-mde.<br />
misi inkubacia grZeldeba 1,5-2 Tvemde wylis temperaturis<br />
mixedviT. larvis mier yviTris Sewova xdeba 7-14 dRis ganmavlobaSi.<br />
izrdeba 50-90 santimetramde. woniT 0,8-1,6 kilogramia,<br />
iSviaTad 6 kilogramianebic xdebian. xelovnur<br />
tbaSi ori wlisa aRwevs 350-450 gramamde, 3 wlisa 1-1,2 kgmde,<br />
4 wlisa 2 kg-mde kvebis pirobebis mixedviT.<br />
Tavisi Tvisebebis gamo cisartyela kalmaxi Zvirfasi<br />
sarewao, satbore Tevzia, xolo mdinaris kalmaxi ZiriTadad<br />
sasporto Tevzia, Tumca am bolo dros gonebadayandebuli<br />
adamianebi umowyalod anadgureben Cveni bunebis<br />
siamayesa da simdidres _ wiTelvarskvlavebian kalmaxs,<br />
uromlisodac Cveni qsani, aragvi, liaxvi da aTasi sxva mdinare<br />
Tu wyaro-xevebi aseTi keklucebi, gulis da gonebis<br />
momajadoeblebi aRar gveqneboda.<br />
monadireTa da meTevzeTa wreSi mdinaris kalmaxisa<br />
da oragulis (zRvis kalmaxis) saerTo warmoSobis sakiTxi<br />
yovelTvis kamaTis sagania xolme. 65 aq Sevecdebi Cveni<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis naTeli gavxado aRniSnuli sadavo sakiTxi<br />
risTvisac citirebas gavukeTeb zoologiis institutis<br />
mecnier-TanamSromlis m. demetraSvilis mosazrebebs.<br />
rogorc ukve avRniSneT CvenSi kalmaxi warmodgenilia<br />
4 ekologiuri formiT: mdinaris, tbis (tbaSi yvelgan cisartyela<br />
kalmaxi ar aris), cisartyela kamlmaxi da zRvis<br />
kalmaxi (oraguli) oTxive formis kalmaxis genotipi anu<br />
65. rogorc bevrgan ise sof. lamisyanaSic mcxovreb meTevze<br />
gia qenqaZes miaCnia, rom kalmaxi da oraguli warmoSobiT sul<br />
sxvadasxva saxeobis Tevzebi arian.<br />
73
memkvidreobiTi safuZveli erTnairia, Tumca fenotipurad<br />
anu garegani niSan-TvisebebiT gansxvavebulni arian.<br />
maTi formis Camoyalibeba garemo pirobebzea damokidebuli.<br />
saxeldobr: Tu is mdinareSi gaizarda, maSin mdinaris<br />
kalmaxad Camoyalibdeba, Tu tbaSi an wyalsacavSi moxvda,<br />
tbis kalmaxad gadaiqceva da Tu zRvaSi icxovrebs _ zRvis<br />
kalmaxis anu oragulis saxes miiRebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom<br />
oraguls das. evropis qveynebSi (inglisi, germania da sxva)<br />
zRvis kalmaxs uwodeben.<br />
kalmaxi da oraguli, rom erTiani ojaxis warmomadgenelia<br />
imiTac dasturdeba, rom isini Tavisuflad ejvarebian<br />
erTmaneTs da maTi najvari anu hibridi iseTive nayofieria.<br />
amitomac oragulis qviriTs xSirad anayofiereben<br />
kalmaxis spermiT. kalmaxisa da oragulis erTianoba<br />
dasturdeba sqesTa SefardebiTac. saxeldobr, sqesmwife<br />
oragulebSi, romlebic gasamravleblad zRvidan mdinare-<br />
Si Sedian sWarbobs mdedrobiTi sqesi (80-90%), xolo mdinaris<br />
kalmaxebSi _ piriqiT, mamrobiTi sqesi metia.<br />
kalmaxis intensiuri zrdis unari, istoriulad didi<br />
wyalsatevebis pirobebSi gamomuSavebuli Tvisebaa da mas<br />
es dRemde aqvs SenarCunebuli. kalmaxis romeli lifsitac<br />
ar unda gamovzardoT patara wyalSi igi mainc mcire<br />
zomisa darCeba msgavsad mdinareSi gamozrdili kalmaxisa,<br />
xolo did wyalSi _ didi zomisa gaxdeba. 66 sagangebo cdebiT<br />
dadgenilia, rom gamoCekidan 5 wlamde mdinareSi namyofi<br />
oraguli sigrZiT saSualod 14 sm-s ar aRemateba, xolo<br />
igi erTi wlis ganmvlobaSi zRvaSi 56 sm-mde izrdeba. aseve<br />
intensiurad izrdeba wyalsacavebSic. 67<br />
oraguli qviriTidan gamoCekis Semdeg, erT an ramdenime<br />
wels rCeba mdinareSi Semde ki midis zRvaSi, iqac<br />
rCeba erT an ramdenime wels. ZiriTadad ikvebeba TevziT,<br />
izrdeba intensiurad da gamravlebis mizniT, ubrundeba<br />
mSobliur mdinares. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva mdin-<br />
66. kaspiis oraguli woniT aRwevs 51 kg-s. tabawyuris tbis kalmaxi<br />
10.5 kg-s. mdinaris kalmaxi _ 0,5 kg-s.<br />
67. ix. Jurnali `nadiroba~. 2007. № 8. gv.30<br />
74
aresTan dakavSirebuli oraguli erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba<br />
zrdis tempiT, qviriTis raodenobiT, sasicocxlo<br />
ciklis mdinareuli da zRviuri stadiis xangrZlivobiT,<br />
mdinareSi Sesvlisa da qviriTobis periodiT da zogierTi<br />
morfologiuri niSniTac ki, araerTgvarovani bunebiT<br />
xasiaTdeba kalmaxic. yovelTvis didia interesi kalmaxisa<br />
da oragulis naTesauri kavSiris Sesaxeb. am sakiTxiT<br />
specialistebis garda dainteresebulia bunebis moyvarulTa<br />
farTo masebi. Tumca isini zogjer cdebian, roca am<br />
sakiTxebze msjeloben.<br />
cnobili iqTiologi g. baraCi Tavis monografiaSi<br />
`Savi zRvis kumJa (oragula kalmaxi)~ _ kalmaxs arqmevs<br />
`binadar kumJas~, xolo oraguls _ `gamsvlel kumJas~, anu<br />
zRvis kalmaxs. Tu kumJa mdinareSi an tbaSi izrdeba da iqve<br />
mravldeba, is kalmaxad iwodeba. Tu zRvaSi wava maSin oragulis<br />
saxels atarebs da mainc orive SemTxvevaSi is kum-<br />
Jaa.<br />
Savwyalas sakalmaxe meurneobis mdinaris tipis auzebSi<br />
Catarebuli cdebiT dadasturebulia, rom erT wlamde<br />
asakis kalmaxis da oragulis lifsita erTmaneTisagan ar<br />
gansxvavdeba. rogorc kalmaxis, ise oragulis qviriTidan<br />
gamoCekil individebs erTnairad SeuZliaT zRvaSi moxvedrisas<br />
oragulad gazarda, xolo mdinareSi darCenisas _<br />
kalmaxad Camoyalibeba.<br />
kalmaxis oragulad da oragulis kalmaxad gazrdis<br />
damajerebeli faqtebi aqvT, agreTve frang, germanel,<br />
Sotlandiel, axalzelandiel specialistebs.<br />
patara da Cqar mdinareSi neli zrdiT xasiaTdeba aramarto<br />
adgilobrivi binadari kalmaxi, aramed misi gamsvleli<br />
formac e. i. namdvili oraguli, romelic qviriTidan<br />
gamoCekis Semdeg, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSo mdinareSi<br />
rCeba. 68<br />
aRsaniSanvia, rom kalmaxisa da oragulis xorcis feri<br />
da gemo ZiriTadad damokidebulia sakvebze. magaliTad<br />
68. m. demetraSvili, kalmaxi da oraguli. Jurnali `nadiroba~<br />
2007 №8. gv.13<br />
75
kibosnairebiT mkvebavi kalmaxis xorci vardisferia. amrigad<br />
zemoaRniSnuli dakvirvebebi saSualebas iZlevian,<br />
kalmaxisa da oragulis erTianobaSi davinaxoT maTi ormagi<br />
buneba _ kalmaxSi kalmaxis bunebis garda oragulis<br />
bunebacaa da piriqiT.<br />
kalmaxis etimologia<br />
saqarTvelos wyalsatevebSi ori saxeobis endemuri<br />
jiSis kalmaxia, gavrcelebuli _ wiTelwinwklebini anu<br />
mTis kalmaxi da Savwinwklebiani anu tbis kalmaxi. kavkasiaSi<br />
am saxeobis Tevzs kalmaxs da iSxans uwodeben. es<br />
orive sityva sparsuli enidanaa gavrcelebuli. jer `kalmaxi~<br />
ganvmartoT. `sparsul enas asobgera `k~-ar gaaCnia,<br />
mis magivrad xmaroben `x~-s da `q~-s. `kal~ _ sparsulad<br />
ikiTxeba rogorc `xal~. xali ki sparsulSic da qarTul-<br />
Sic erTnairi mniSvnelobiT ikiTxeba. `mah~ _ Tevzia, e.i.<br />
kalmaxi anu xaliani Tevzi. rac Seexeba `iSxans~, sparsulad<br />
`iS~ _ igive `fiS~ _ Tevzia, xolo xani mogexsenebaT Tavads,<br />
lords niSnavs. amgvarad iSxani iTargmneba rogorc<br />
Tavadi Tevzi~. 69<br />
sityva kalmaxi mWidrod damkvidrda Cvens leqsikaSi,<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul dialeqtebSi mas ramdenime<br />
sinonimi aqvs. aleqsandre neimani `qarTul sinonimTa<br />
leqsikonSi~ gvamcnobs: `kalmahi _ gelaqnuri, iSxani, baxtaki~<br />
(gv.244). mTiulebi da fSavelebi kalmaxs moixsenieben<br />
rogorc gelaqnuri, aseve winwkalad. svanebi kalmaxs<br />
`Tuzs~ _ uwodeben.<br />
kidev erTi saintereso cnoba: sityva xizilala,<br />
romelsac mogexsenebaT qarTvelebi zuTxisa da oragulis<br />
qviriTs vuwodebT, arabul samyaroSi kalmaxi hqvia. Tu ratom<br />
damkvidrda am mniSvnelobiT CvenSi, daudgenelia.<br />
69. ix. Jurnali `nadiroba~ 2008 №4. gv. 32<br />
76
sityva kalmaxi qarTul enaSi ise lamazad da moxdenilad<br />
Cajda, rom es saxeli mogvevlina, rogor hidronimTa<br />
ise istoriul-geografiul toponimebad. kerZod erT-er-<br />
Ti `kalmaxis wyali~ saTaves iRebs TurqeTis sazRvrebidan<br />
samxreT saqarTveloSi, aseve `kalmaxis wyali~ hqvia mdinares,<br />
romelic saTaves iRebs `eSmakis cixidan~ da agaras-<br />
Tan erTvis mtkvars marcxena napiridan.<br />
aseve kalmaxi udebs saTaves istoriul cixes _ kalmaxs,<br />
romelzec samcxe-saaTabagos aRwerisas, vaxuSti<br />
dasZens: `Woroxs moerTvis TorTomis mTidan gamomdinare<br />
wyali, am xevzed ars cixe kalmaxisa, romeli aRaSenes<br />
pitiaxSTa, did-Seni, magari da Seuvali. iyo saerisTao<br />
taosi~ (qarTlis cx. T. IV. 1973. gv. 683) kalmaxis cixe Semdeg<br />
kalmaxis saerisTaos centrad iqca: `Semdgomad erisTavman<br />
kalmaxisaman da grigol erisTavman awvies bagrat~. kalmaxis<br />
cnobili erisTavi da patroni aris sula kalmaxeli.<br />
oraguli<br />
iqTiologebi 28 saxeobis oraguls gamoyofen. CvenTan,<br />
saqarTveloSi oragulis ori saxeoba iyo gavrcelebuli<br />
_ kaspiis zRvidan da Sav zRvidan Semomavali. kaspiis zRvis<br />
anu mtkvris auzis oraguli TiTqmis yvela did da patara<br />
mdinareSi Sedioda: did da patara liaxvSi, mejudaSi,<br />
froneSi, lexuraSi, qsanSi, aragvSi, alazanSi da sxvagan.<br />
oraguli md. iorSi ar icoda, razec sainteresod wers va-<br />
Ja-fSavela, jer kidev Tamar mefis droindeli ambebidan:<br />
`mdinare iors, Tumc aragvis tolia, wvrili TevziT mdidari,<br />
magram radganac oraguli ar icis iors aragvis extibar<br />
ar aaqvs. _ kurTxeul Tamar mefes sdomebia Zalad<br />
gaeCina iorSi oraguli. amitom dedal-mamali oraguli<br />
Causmeinebia Tanac boloSi faceri Caudgams, magram oragulebi<br />
isev ukan dabrunebulan da facerSi Cacvinulan.<br />
ratom ar unda icodes iorma oraguli? _ kvirobda bewina.<br />
77
ioric mTis wyalia, qvebze da kldeebze modis, sasmelad<br />
aragvze naklebi ar aris, magram ar icis oraguli da ara,<br />
rom daamwyvdio, or dRes ver gasZlebs. mokvdebao~ (oragulis<br />
cxovreba).<br />
gansakuTrebiT gemrieli oraguli aragvSi yofila,<br />
romlis saxelidanac moisazreba TviT am Tevzis saxelis<br />
warmoSoba, rasac TviTon vaJa-fSavelac iziarebs: `...aq<br />
var dabadebuli, Cveni mSobeli deda aragvia: - saxelic oraguli<br />
aragvisgan dagvrqmevia. mixarian, me da Cemma Rmer-<br />
Tma, rom sxva saxeli ara gvqvian~. (oragulis cxovreba).<br />
Tumc gansakuTrebuli azric ikveTeba, razec mogvianebiT<br />
gveqneba saubari.<br />
kaspiis zRvis oragulma mtkvris zemo welze arseboba<br />
Sewyvita 1926 wlidan, roca zemo avWalis hidroeleqtro<br />
sadguri `zahesi~ aSenda, 70 xolo aragvis da mtkvris xerTvisamde<br />
anu mtkvris qvemo welze 1953 wlidan. 71<br />
oraguli zRvis binadaria, magram misi samSoblo<br />
swored mTis ankara xevebi da mdinareebia. zamTarSi Tevzi<br />
zRvaSi ikvebeba, rogorc mtacebeli, igi Tavs esxmis<br />
patar-patara Tevzebs da zoma-wonaSi swrafad matulobs.<br />
gazafxulobiT an zafxulis dasawyisSi, winaparTa saukunovan<br />
instiqts damorCilebuli, oraguli Tavis mSobliur<br />
mtknar wyals ubrundeba da iq qviriTobs. tofobis Semdeg<br />
igi imdenad sustdeba, rom farflebis qnevac ki uWirs.<br />
zRvisken faqtiurad mdinaris dinebas miaqvs. am periodSi<br />
oraguli xSirad iRupeba. Tu gaumarTlebs da xelaxla<br />
zRvis sivrceSi amoyofs Tavs, igi droTa ganmavlobaSi<br />
70. amierkavkasiaSi pirveli mZlavri hidro el. sadguri aSenda<br />
zemo avWalaSi. daiwyo 1922 wels. pirveli rigi 1927 w. gadaeca<br />
saeqspluataciod. sruli simZlavriT zahesi amuSavda 1938w.<br />
wliuri gamomuSaveba 203 mln.kvt.sT; kaSxalis simaRle 34 metri.<br />
saderivacio arxis sigrZe 3 km.<br />
71. wyalsacavi md. mtkvarze Seiqmna mingeCauris hesis kaSxliT<br />
(azerbaijani) aivso 1953-1959 wlebSi. farTi 605 km 2 . sigrZe 70<br />
km. maqsimaluri sigane 18 km. siRrme minimaluri 27 m. aigo energetikis,<br />
sof. meurneobis da wylis transportis ganviTarebis<br />
mizniT. wyalsatevidan gayvanilia zeda yarabaRisa da zeda Sirvanis<br />
arxebi.<br />
78
iRdgens dakargul Zalebs da SesaZlebelia erTxel kidev<br />
daubrundes mSobliur mdinares. 72<br />
oragulis zurgi muqi nacrisferia, lurji _ foladis<br />
elferiT. gverdebi da muclis mxare movercxlisfero<br />
_ TeTri. sxeulze Savi laqebi. umetesad gverdiTi xazis<br />
zeviT. TavTan gverdebze ufro msxvili, muqi laqebia. sigrZe<br />
aRwevs 110 sm-mde. wona 24 kg-mde. iSviaTad mets.<br />
oraguli gamsvleli Tevzia. gasamravleblad Semodioda<br />
kaspiis zRvidan da faravda mtkvris auzis yvela<br />
mdinares. qviriTobs weliwadSi erTxel _ SemodgomiT.<br />
mdinareebSi da maT Soris liaxvSi, qsanSi, aragvSi rCeboda<br />
maisidan noembramde (giorgobamde). mdinareebSi lifsitebi<br />
rCebodnen 2-3 wlamde, Semdeg Cadiodnen zRvaSi, sadac<br />
intensiurad ikvebebodnen, izrdebodnen da iqidan erTi an<br />
ramdenime wlis Semdeg brundebodnen mSobliur adgileb-<br />
Si.<br />
oraguli anu zRvaSi binadari kalmaxi Tavisi ZirTadi<br />
formis _ mdinaris kalmaxisagan gansxvavdeba swrafi zrdiT,<br />
maRali nayofierebiT, sxeulis formiT, SeferilobiT,<br />
rac gamowveulia zRvis Taviseburi pirobebis gavleniT.<br />
mdinareSi yofnisas ikvebeba kibosnairebiT, mwerebiT,<br />
matlebiT, wyalSi Cacvenili WianWvelebiT, xolo zRvaSi<br />
ZiriTadad ikvebeba TevzebiT (qafSia, qarsala) da uxerxemlo<br />
cxovelebiT. misi zrda mdinaresa da zRvaSi sakmaod<br />
gansxvavebulia. mdinareSi izrdeba nela, xolo zRvaSi<br />
swrafad. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 3-4 wlis asakSi. zRvaSi er-<br />
Ti-ori wlis yofnis Semdeg.<br />
mdinareSi Sedian jer msxvili individebi 80-100 sm.<br />
sigrZisa Semdeg mcire individebi 50-60sm. sigrZisa. 73 mdinareSi<br />
qviriToba grZeldeba seqtembridan Tebervlamde,<br />
(mdinareTa zemo welze da mTis mdinareebSi oqtombramde).<br />
72. nacvalaZe k., saqarTvelos xerxemlianTa cxovelTa samyaro.<br />
Tb. 2004. gv.19<br />
73. qsanSi, aragvSi, liaxvSi zRvidan Sesvlas iwyebda maisis<br />
bolos. mcxeTamde pirvelad wamosuli TiTo-orola individi<br />
aRwevda TebervalSi. zahesis aSenebamde adioda axalcixis zeviT<br />
sof. xerTvisamde.<br />
79
oragulis saqviriTe adgilebi ganlagebulia mdinaris Sua<br />
da zemo dinebebSi, Txelwylian, qva-qviSian adgilebSi.<br />
kalmaxis msgavsad qviriTs yris Tavismier, zogjer mamris<br />
mier amoTxril ormoSi. wylis 4-8 0 temperaturisas.<br />
nayofiereba aRwevs 2,5-15,5 aTas qviriTs. oragulis qvri-<br />
Tis ganayofierebaSi monawileobs agreTve mdinaris kalmaxi.<br />
qviriTis ganviTareba damokidebulia wylis temperaturaze,<br />
9-10 0 temperaturisas inkubacia grZeldeba 40-50<br />
dRe-Rame.<br />
oragulisa da kalmaxis axalgazrda Taoba mdinareSi<br />
erTian fonds Seadgens, cxovrebis meore wels calkevdeba<br />
anu irCeva mdinareSi damrCen kalmaxad da zRvaSi Camsvlel<br />
oragulad, am dros saoragule mozardebi Rebuloben vercxlisfer<br />
Seferilobas da eSvebian zRvisken, rogorc wesi<br />
ZiriTadad midis mdedrobiTi sqesis individebi, rac Seadgens<br />
80-90%, xolo mdinareSi rCeba umTavresad mamrobiTi<br />
sqesi romlebic rogor avRniSneT kalmaxad rCebian da momavalSi<br />
anayofierebn oragulTa qviriTs.<br />
rogorc kalmaxs ise oraguls saukeTeso, kaloriuli,<br />
samkurnalo Tvisebebis gamo bevri mteri hyavs. stiqias-<br />
Tan erTad maT daundoblad anadgurebs faunis zogierTi<br />
warmomadgeneli (daTvi, melia, maCvi da sxva.) xolo maTi<br />
yvelaze didi mteri yovelTvis da yvelgan adamiania. gasul<br />
saukuneebSi siRaribesa da SimSils qarTveli glexi<br />
kalmaxisa da oragulis mopovebiT ebrZoda. glexTa siRaribeze<br />
da drodadro bunebis wyalobaze movusminoT 110<br />
wlis winandeli qarTul presas, romelic aragvis xeobaze<br />
mTiuleTis soflebs da iq mcxovreb glexTa mdgomareobas<br />
gvixatavs: ` es sam weliwadze metia mosavalma mTiuleTSi<br />
iklo, rom glexs saTesle xorbalic ki gamoelia da simindis<br />
zidvam kavkavidam cxovreba gaumwara. Tqveni mteri<br />
wreulac, rom beds emtyuna mTiuleTisTvis da mosavali<br />
rigiani ar mohsvlodaT... rogorc puris mosavalma, ise<br />
balaxma wreul unugeSod ar dagvtova da mSvenieri Tivebi<br />
daadgmevina glexebs.<br />
80
am zafxuls oraguli imdeni Semovida mtkvridgan am<br />
Cvens aragvSi. rom aqauri meTevzeebi TiTo oraguls, romelic<br />
20-35 girvanqa 74 gamodis saqarTvelos samxedro<br />
gzis sadgurebSi sam-oTx maneTad hyidian~. 75<br />
qarTul presaze da sxvadasxva monacemebze dayrdnobiT<br />
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze TandaTan<br />
izrdeba oragulze fasebi, rac gamowveuli unda yofiliyo<br />
mtkvris auzSi am Tevzis SemcirebiT, Tavis mxriv<br />
mtkvarSi da mis SenakadebSi TvalSi sacemad oragulis<br />
Semcireba provocirebuli iyo rogorc brakonierebis ise<br />
Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis gaaqtiurebiT. wina aTwleuleb-<br />
Si, rom bevrad meti oraguli iyo liaxvSi, qsanze, aragvSi<br />
vidre XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis naTlad Cans vaJa-fSavelas<br />
bunebis suraTSi _ `oragulis cxovreba~-Si. `winad,<br />
Zvel droSi auarebeli unda yofiliyo oraguli Turme<br />
patar-patara wylebSic ki iWerdnen; yvelas, mdidars Tu<br />
Raribs jgufad Senaxuli hqonda oragulis xorci wliTiwlobamde<br />
da dRes ris tanjva-wvalebiT unda ipovno TviT<br />
aragvSi oraguli rom daiWiro. ...gaswyda Tevzi! am ociormoci<br />
wlis Semdeg iqneba oraguli TvaliT dasanaxavad<br />
gvenatrebodes~... samwuxarod acxadda vaJas winaTgrZnoba<br />
da 10 wlis mere, 1922 wels (`oragulis cxovreba~ daiwera<br />
1912w.) marTlac sanatreli gauxda mosaxleobas oragulisTvis<br />
Tvalis Sevlebac ki.<br />
Tevzis deficitma fasebis zrda gamoiwvia, kerZod:<br />
1886 wels mTiuleTSi Tu `TiTo uSvelebels oragulSi aTs<br />
Saurze mets ar iZlevian meduqneebi da CarCebi~, maSin 1901<br />
wlisTvis 8-14 kilogramian oraguls samxedro gzis sadgurebSi<br />
sam-oTx maneTad hyidian.<br />
oraguli yvelgan germiel Tevzad iTvleba da yvela<br />
kontinentis wylebSi gxvdeba. ar aris mxolod ekvadoris<br />
siaxloves, radgan mas Tbili wyali ar uyvars.<br />
74. erTi girvanqa udris 96 misxals. e.i. 409.5 grams. 20 girvanqa<br />
udris 8 kg-s da 190 grams, 35 girvanqa _ 14 kg-s da 332.5 grams.<br />
75. gazeTi `iveria~ 1901w. №199.<br />
81
ogorc qarTvelTa kvebis kulturidan ise istoriidan<br />
naTlad Cans, rom kalmaxi da oraguli didad dafasebuli<br />
yofila Cveni winaprebis mier. cnobilia, rom aRm.<br />
saqarTveloSi kaspiis zRvis oraguli Semodioda da qar-<br />
Tuli da ara marto qarTuli sufris mSveneba iyo. Zlierni<br />
ama soflisani mas cocxlad inaxavdnen WebSi. istoriam<br />
Semogvinaxa erTob saintereso ambavi imaze Tu rogor ixsna<br />
qsnis oragulma maSindeli qarTlis mefis daviT V-is<br />
(1505-25 ww.) Zma bagrat ufliswuli da misi samuxranbatonos<br />
qarTveloba avgiorgisa da kaxel TanamemauleTa risxvisagan.<br />
`1512 w. qarTlis mefis umcrosma Zmam bagratma saufliswulod<br />
muxrani da Sida qarTlis sadroSos spaspetoba<br />
iTxova. samagierod kaxeTis mefe avgiorgisTan SebrZoleba<br />
ikisra. daviTi daTanxmda Zmas. bagratma qsnis<br />
cixe saufliswulo mamulebis miRebisTanave aago. roca<br />
avgiorgim cixis agebis ambavi gaigo wamovida jariT da cixes<br />
alya Semoartya. alya sam Tves gagrZelda magram uSedegod.<br />
avgiorgim bagrats dacinviT Rvino gaugzavna da Seu-<br />
Tvala: _ Sen mefis Ze xar da ramdeni xania Rvinis gemo ar<br />
ginaxavso. bagrats WaSi ki cocxali oraguli hyavda, gaugzavna<br />
oraguli da Tan SeuTvala: _ sami Tvea qsanze dgaxar<br />
da oraguli ar gigemiaT. aha, es cocxali igemeo. avgiorgi<br />
darwmunda, rom cixe uzrunveyofili iyo sanovagiT, alya<br />
moxsna da ukuiqca~. 76<br />
oraguli da kalmaxi rogorc ukve avRniSneT saukeTeso<br />
TevzTa siis TavSi arian moxvedrilebi. kaSxlebis Senebasa<br />
da eleqtrofikacias Sewiruli oragulis xelovnuri<br />
moSeneba daiwyes, maSindeli sabWoTa kavSiris bevr respublikaSi<br />
da maT Soris saqarTveloSic. kerZod _ das.<br />
saqarTveloSi aSenda Savi zRvis oragulis mosaSenebeli<br />
sarewao qarxana Savwyalaze (afxazeTi). aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi,<br />
Sida wyalsatevebSi Tevzis maragis gadidebis<br />
mimarTulebiT muSaoba daiwyo jer kidev 1928 wlidan,<br />
76. saq. istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba t. 5, Tb. 1990<br />
gv. 326<br />
82
odesac mtkvris zemo dinebisaken gasamravleblad momaval<br />
oraguls gza gadauRoba zahesis jebirma, maSin Seiqmna<br />
oragulis saSeni nataxtarTan (iarseba 1941 wlamde.)<br />
1933 w. TevzsaSenebi Camoyalibda tabawyuris da faravnis<br />
tbebze xolo 1958 w. Tbilisis wyalsacavze, 1969 w. xramis<br />
wyalsacavze. sarewao oragulis xelovnurad moSenebaze<br />
ufro naTeli warmodgenisTvis citirebas movaxdenT<br />
erTi sagazeTo statiidan, romelic Savwyalaze kalmaxisa<br />
da oragulis mosaSenebel meurneobas exeba:<br />
`Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdinareSi xelovnurad aSeneben<br />
da zrdian oraguls, roca is daaxloebiT 100 grami gaxdeba,<br />
facers kars gauReben da haida _ gasasuqeblad oragulis<br />
qaravnebs zRvaSi uSveben. gava dro, dazrdili da<br />
dasuqebuli, namdvil oragulebad qceuli Tevzebi kvlav<br />
mSobliur mdinares daubrundebian qviriTis dasayrelad.<br />
xom ar ggoniaT, rom gza aerevaT da sxva mdinareSi Sevlen?<br />
qaravnebad darazmulni mxolod mSobliur mdinares<br />
monaxaven da aRma ahyvebian.<br />
marTlac, rom kargi sanaxavia, oragulebis dabruneba.<br />
am procss meTevzeebi da iqtiologebi tofobas-qviri-<br />
Tobas eZaxian. saocrad lamazia satofod gamzadebuli<br />
oraguli. am periodSi buneba sagangebod rTavs mas. cisartyelas<br />
yvela feriT brwyinavs da elavs imis ganTqmuli<br />
xalebi~.<br />
im oragulTa STamomavlebi, romelTac ukanasknelad,<br />
mSenebare zahesis kaSxali gadalaxes darCnen mtkvris zemo<br />
dinebaze aragvSi, qsanSi, liaxvSi da sxvadasxva did da patara<br />
wylebSi. maT TavianT STamomavlebTan erTad ramdenime<br />
wels kidev gauZles brakonierebs da wyaldidobebs.<br />
maTi genofondi wliTiwlobiT mcirdeboda da pataravdeboda<br />
maTi STamomavloba.<br />
mtkvridan qsanSi da iqidan cxrazmulaSi Sesuli oragulis<br />
erT egzemplarze gviambo axalgorelma mTis kacma<br />
fedra (didi) CitiSvilma (daibada 1926wels) `8-9 wlis mo-<br />
CeCili balRi viqnebodi, kargad maxsoms, Samadgoma iyo.<br />
erTma Cveneburma cixe Citianelma, koWlma kacma _ nika<br />
83
CitiSvilma, udrood gardacvlili Svilis qelexisTvis<br />
`ToxTuras wisqvilTan~ cxrazmulaSi nakafi toti eyara<br />
da im totebSi dagubebul wyalSi gaCxerili oraguli mokla~.<br />
dRes-dReobiT saqarTveloSi oragulis Semcirebis<br />
gamo, garda zogierT patara, kerZo tborebisa, sarewao<br />
Wera ar xdeba. adre misi mopoveba (XXs. 50-60-ian wlebSi)<br />
wliurad aRwevda 90 centeramde. dReisaTvis kerZo satbore<br />
meurneobaSi xdeba rogorc oragulis ise kalmaxis<br />
moSeneba.<br />
oragulis etimlogia<br />
_ oragulis saxelis warmomavlobasTan dakavSirebiT<br />
mkvlevarTa azri orad iyofa: erTni ganmartaven, rom oraguls<br />
saxeli md. aragvidan warmosgdebao. (aragvi-aragvuli-oraguli,<br />
sadac xmovani `a~, `o~-m Secvala) am mosazrebas<br />
safuZveli samecniero lietraturaSi vfiqrob vaxuSti<br />
batoniSvilma Cauyara, xolo TviT am mdinarem saxeli<br />
swrafi dinebidan miiRo, romelic ar gvida xeobas. `xedav<br />
ara gvis es wyali am xevTa! aramed ese mdinare urgebi, Tevzni<br />
Tvinier oragulisa, ararai da igica Jamad~. 77 e. i. es<br />
mdinare _ aragvi gamousadegari, urgebi garda oraguli-<br />
Ta, oRond isic periodulad _ `Jamad~. 78<br />
zogierT mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT oraguls md. aragvidan<br />
ar unda hqondes saxeli miRebuli da ai ratom: mtkvridan<br />
oraguli aRm. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mdinareSi<br />
Sedioda, iseT patara mdinareSic ki, rogoricaa frone. mas<br />
77. batoniSvili vaxuSti `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~. qarTlis<br />
cxovreba. t. IV. Tb. 1973. gv. 350-51.<br />
78. vaxuSti batoniSvili, mTiuleTis aRwerisas, aragvis zemoT<br />
moyvanil daxasiaTebis Semdgom iZleva aseT suraTs: `haviTa ars<br />
friad keTili da Suenieri, wyaro-wyliTa da mwuaniTa. wyalTa<br />
Sina kalmaxi, mravalni, xorcni, Tevzni da frinvelni gemoianni~...<br />
(iqve gv.356)<br />
84
yvelgan oragulad moixseniebdnen. dasafiqrebelia isic,<br />
rom alaznis amave saxeobis Tevzs adre `goWalas~ uwodebdnen!<br />
da kidev, Tu saxeli oraguli mdinare aragvidanaa<br />
nawarmoebi, maSin am saxeobis Tevzs dasavleT saqarTvelo-<br />
Si ratom sxva saxeli ar daerqva?! loqos magaliTad aRm.<br />
saqarTveloSi am saxeliT, das. saqarTveloSi ki Rlavad<br />
moixsenieben.<br />
`Cveni azriT oraguli am saxeobis Tevzs daerqva ara<br />
mdinaris saxelidan, aramed misi bunebis wyalobiT. orguli<br />
xom orbunebiania. is rogorc mtknari wylis aseve mlaSe<br />
wylis binadaria e. i. masSi ori bunebaa Carguli. anu `oradaa<br />
rguli~, radganac ori gansxvavebuli wylis binadaria.<br />
mogexsenebaT, qarTuli fonemi ramdenime Tanxmovans<br />
erTad ver itans da droTa ganmavlobaSi romelime Tanxmovani<br />
ikargeba. am SemTxvevaSi `oradrguli~, sadac sami<br />
Tanxmovani _ `d~, `r~ da `g~ erTadaa, savaraudod `d~ da<br />
`r~ daikargeboda da darCa `g~ da am saxeobis Tevzs qar-<br />
Tul leqsikaSi ewoda oraguli~. 79<br />
murwa<br />
saqarTvelis ulamazes xeobaTa mdinareebSi gavrcelebul<br />
kekluc kalmaxs gverds umSvenebs da swraf mdinare-<br />
Ta zvirTebSi did simaRleebze mxardamxar mihyveba murwa,<br />
romelsac mxolod qarTlSi _ kaspidan borjomamde<br />
cimorsac eZaxian.<br />
murwa amierkavkasiis endemuri formaa: saqarTveloSi<br />
binadrobs mtkvarSi da mis SenkadebSi: did da patara liaxvSi,<br />
froneSi, mejudaSi, lexuraSi, qsanSi (adis lomisis xevis<br />
SesarTavamde z. d. daaxloebiT 1400 metr simaRlemde 80 ),<br />
79. koWlaSvili n., oragulis Sesaxeb. Jurnali `nadiroba~ 2008.<br />
№2. gv.34<br />
80. qsnis zemo welze qarCoxSi fisqirdeba (sof. balaanSi) murwasTan<br />
dakavSirebulia hidronimi `murwaT xevi~. gadmocemiT<br />
85
alazanSi (Sedis pankisis xeobamde), jandaris tbaSi da sxva<br />
wylebSi. misi sxeuli wagrZelebulia, TiTistariseburi,<br />
Subli amozneqili, dinji, mogrZo tuCebi Zlier ganviTarebuli,<br />
qveda tuCi samad gayofili, Tvalebi patara, ori<br />
wyvili ulvaSi, ukana SedarebiT grZeli.<br />
biologiurad reofiluri formaa _ amjobinebs mdinaris<br />
Cqar, qva-qviSian adgilebs. ikvebeba ZiriTadad<br />
mwerebiT da maTi matlebiT, kibosnairebiT, detritiT da<br />
sxva. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 2-3 wlis asakidan. tofobs maisivnisSi<br />
mdinaris qva-qviSian fskerze. 81 qviriTis raodenoba<br />
aRwevs 3000-23000-mde.<br />
saqarTvelos wylebSi raodenobis simciris gamo sarewao<br />
mniSvneloba ar aqvs, iWeren sxva TevzebTan erTad. gemriel<br />
Tevzadaa miCneuli qsanze da bevr sxva xeobebSi.<br />
m. beriZis ganmartebiT `murwa~ da `wvera~ erTi da<br />
igivea. wveras ZiriTadad dasavleTSi eZaxian (imerlebi),<br />
aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ki murwas. gasaTvaliswinebelia,<br />
rom liaxvis midamoebSi murwas cimorsac uwodeben. 82<br />
mtkvris wvera (dedali murwa)<br />
gavrcelebulia saqarTvelos mtknar wylebSi, xSirad<br />
mtkvarsa da mis SenakadebSi: xrami, algeTi, aragvi, araqsi,<br />
liaxvi, borjomi, focxovi, axalqalaqis wylebi, iori,<br />
alazni. mcirea tbebSi da wyalsacavebSi: jandaris, faravnisa<br />
da saRamos tbebSi. xramis, Tbilisisa da sionis wyalsacavebSi.<br />
cnobilia agreTve azerbaijanis wylebSi.<br />
mtkvris wvera mtknari wylis Tevzia. amjobinebs Cqar<br />
dinebas, naklebad egueba mdgar wylebs, axasiaTebs sqesobrivi<br />
dimorfizmi _ dedali 3-4 jer didia mamalze. deda-<br />
glexebs Zvel droSi, maRali mTis nakadulSi unaxavT aRniSnuli<br />
jiSis Tevzi.<br />
81. rogorc kalmaxi, oraguli da sxva bevri Tevzi _ murwac<br />
goraobiT iSorebs qviriTs tofobisas.<br />
82. gelaSvili l. saubrebi Tevzebze, Tb. 1982. gv. 43<br />
86
li sqesobrivad mwifdeba 3 wlis asakidan, mamali 2 wlidan.<br />
sqesmwife mamlis minimaluri sigrZe 10 sm. wona 12 grami.<br />
dedalisa _ 15 sm. wona 70 gr. mravldeba aprilis bolodan<br />
Sua agvistomde. qviriTs yris sam jerad. nayofiereba aRwevs<br />
24 aTasamde, qviriTis diametri 1,94-2,24 mm-mdea, ikvebeba<br />
benTosiT da nawilobriv wyalmcenareebiT. mis kvebaSi<br />
zoobenTosidan mTavaria, ruiselebi, kibosnairebi, dRiurebi.<br />
raodenobis simciris gamo sarewao mniSvneloba ar<br />
aqvs, is sportuli TevzWeris erT-erTi saintereso obieqtia.<br />
iWeren rogorc fskeruli ise tivtiviani mowyobilobiT.<br />
umetes SemTxvevaSi satyuaras dinebaze gayolebiT.<br />
mdinareze TevzaobisTvis yvelaze mosaxerxebeli fskeruli<br />
mowyobiloba, mokle saTevzao joxi da uinercio koWia.<br />
ZiriTadi Zua sasurvelia iyos 0.25-0.35mm.<br />
murwaze Tevzaobisas ZiriTadad cxovelur satyuaras<br />
iyeneben: nakelis Wias, buzis matls, lokokinas xorcs, qerqiWamias<br />
da sxva. Tevzi mohkidebs Tu ara pirs satyuaras<br />
maSvinve Zlierad swrafad qaCavs Zuas, zustad am drosaa<br />
saWiro joxis swrafi da Zlieri amokvra. igi advilad ver<br />
sZvreba nemskavs Tu wamoego, radgan qseli da dakunTuli<br />
tuCebi aqvs.<br />
fiCxuli (kapoeti, cocxali, xramuli, lurja)<br />
_ fiCxuli farTod gavrcelebuli Tevzia. piri ganivi<br />
aqvs, qveda tuCi dafarulia rqovani garsiT da win gafxianebulia.<br />
riTac advilad fxeks qvebze da sxva sagnebze<br />
modebul wyalmcenareebs. ori mokle ulvaSiT, Subli<br />
odnav amozneqili, zurgi kefis ukan odnavaa SetyleJili.<br />
sxeuli TiTistariseburi, wina nawili sqeli, maRali, ukana<br />
nawili SedarebiT wvrilia da dabali. kudis farfli sakmaodaa<br />
amoWrili. Tavze, Sublze, dingze gamravlebis dros<br />
uCndeba rqovani borcvakebi, zurgis mxare muqia, gverdebi<br />
muqi nacrisferi, iSviaTadaa movercxlisfero, muceli<br />
moTeTro-moyviTalo elferiT. analuri farflebi xSir-<br />
87
ad mowiTalo elferiT, sigrZe 50 sm-mdea, wona 0,5 kg-dan<br />
2,5 kg-mde 83 xSirad gvxvdeba patarebi.<br />
fiCxuli aRm. saqarTvelos wylebSi gvxvdeba TiTqmis<br />
yvelgan _ mtkvari da misi Senakadebi: xrami, algeTi,<br />
aragvi, qsani, liaxvi, focxovi, alazani, iori. tbebi _ jandaris,<br />
bazaleTis. wyalsacavebi _ Tbilisis, sionis. saqarTvelos<br />
garda gvxvdeba azerbaijanis wylebSi.<br />
es xuTi saxelis matarebeli Tevzi binadrobs rogorc<br />
mdinareebSi ise tbebsa da wyalsacavebSi. ikvebeba wyalmcenareebiT,<br />
detritiT da maTTan Seyolili cxoveluri<br />
organizmebiT. lifsitebi ikvebebian planqtonuri organizmebiT.<br />
mcenareul kvebasTan SefardebiT axasiaTebs<br />
sakmaod grZeli nawlavi, romelic sxeulis sigrZes aRemateba<br />
3,5-12,5-jer. muclis apki aqvs Savi.<br />
xramuli tbasa da wyalsacavSi izrdeba ufro swrafad,<br />
aRwevs did zomas, vidre mdinareSi. is sxvadasxva adgilebSi,<br />
garemo pirobebis mixedviT, sqesobrivad mwifdeba<br />
sxvadasxva asakSi 2-5 wlamde. qviriTobs maisidan agvistomde<br />
Txelwylian qva-qviSian adgilebSi. wylis 12-20 0<br />
temperaturis dros. nayofiereba mdinareSi aRwevs 6-30<br />
aTas qviriTs, tbaSi da wyalsacavSi 90 aTasamde. tofobs<br />
ramdenime jerad. qviriTis diametri 0.6-1.0 mm-mdea. Canasaxis<br />
ganviTareba 15 0 temperaturisas grZeldeba 8-10 dRe-<br />
Rames.<br />
fuCxuli gemrieli yuaTiani Tevzia, rac qarTul sufraze<br />
odiTganve cnobilia `cocxalis~ saxelwodebiT.<br />
mas saqarTveloSi gasuli saukunis 40-ian wlebidan 80-ian<br />
wlebamde Sida wyalsatevebis Tevzis mopovebaSi erT-erTi<br />
mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. misi wliuri mopoveba aRniSnul<br />
periodSi Seadgenda 200-450 centners. amJamad fiCxulis<br />
anu xramulis maragi sakmaod Semcirebulia.<br />
fiCxuls iWeren mosasmeli, Casadgmeli, sasroli badeebiT,<br />
iyeneben gorul mosmas, yuris mosmas. dazamTrebisas<br />
mdinaris qvemo dinebisken mimavals iWeren faceriT, rac<br />
83. zrdadausrulebeli fiCxuls qarTlSi da maT Soris qsanze<br />
kapoets ar eZaxian, sanam ar miaRwevs garkveul zoma-wonas.<br />
88
amJamad akrZalulia. fiCxuli izamTrebs wyalqveSa ormoebSi<br />
Sejgufebulad, ris mixedviTac awyoben xelovnur<br />
ormoebs. e. w. oCxebs da masSi Sebudebul Tevzs iWeren zamTarSi.<br />
iyeneben nedls, zog adgilebSi agreTve Sebolils da<br />
damarilebuls. misi qviriTi gamravlebis dros Sxamiania.<br />
Wanari<br />
Wanari qarTul saxelmwifo wylebSi da sufraze pativsacem<br />
Tevzad iTvleboda, iTvleba da momavalSic ar<br />
dakargavs Tavis adgils, qarTvelTa kvebis racionSi. gamsvleli<br />
Tevzia da uyvars Cqari dinebebi. bunebis mesaidumlem<br />
vaJa-fSavelam mxatvrulad aRwera oragulisa da Wanaris<br />
`salam-qalami~.<br />
` _ moxvediT mSvidobiT, moxevdiT mSvidobiT, Zmobilebo,<br />
megobrebo: rogor Zviri sanaxavi gahxdiT?! _<br />
miesalma oragulebs Wanari.<br />
_ mSvidoba mogces RmerTma, keTili iyos Cveni mosvla<br />
da Seni daxvedra. sxvafriv rogor gikiTxoT, Wanaro,<br />
javaro, ar-avo, TevzTa mfarvelo karavo?! _ miesalmnen<br />
Wanars Tavis mxriv oragulebi: _ rogor scxovrob, mtrianoba,<br />
SiSianoba xom ar aris? (`oragulis cxovreba~.)<br />
aRwerilobis mixedviT Wanars ori wyvili ulvaSi aqvs.<br />
zeviTa ulvaSebi aRweven nestoebamde, an Tvalis Suamde.<br />
Subli brtyelia, farTo, kudis farfli Zlier amoWrili,<br />
89
zurgis mxare muqia, muceli moyviTalo, sigrZe 100 santimetri,<br />
wona 5-6 kg-mde.<br />
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia md. mtkvris auzSi. mtkvarSi<br />
gvxdeba axalcixemde, md. aragvis qvemo da Sua dinebaSi,<br />
xramSi, qsanSi, didsa da patara liaxvSi, alaznis qvemo<br />
da Sua dinebaSi, iorSi paldomde, binadrobs agreTve jandaris<br />
tbaSi, Tbilisis wyalsacavSi.<br />
arsebobs adgilobrivi binadari da gamsvleli forma.<br />
saq. wylebSi gvxvdeba mxolod adgilobrivi binadari.<br />
azerbaijanis wylebSi cxovrobs rogorc adgilobrivi ise<br />
gamsvleli forma. es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad imyofeba kaspiis<br />
zRvidan gamtknarebul adgilebSi da gasamravleblad<br />
Sedis mdinareebSi.<br />
ikvebeba wylis fskeris binadari uxerxemlo cxovelebiT<br />
(zoobenTosiT), lokokinebiT, mwerebis matlebiT,<br />
wyalSi Cacvenili xmeleTis mwerebiT: WianWvelebiT, kaliebiT,<br />
maxraTi, da sxva. sxvadasxva mcenareebiT, maTi<br />
TesliT da detroitiT. sakvebad iyenebs agreTve bayayebs,<br />
Tevzebs da sxva.<br />
sqesobrivad mwifdeba mamali 4 wlidan, dedali 5 wlidan.<br />
mravldeba maisidan agvistos bolomde. nayofiereba<br />
aRwevs 115 aTasidan 1 milion qviriTamde, romlis diametri<br />
1,17 milimetramdea. qviriTobs ramdenime jerad. Wera<br />
xdeba mosasmeli, Casadgmeli, sasroli badeebiT, venteriT,<br />
ankesiT da sxva. gemireli, cximiani Tevzia (4,5 -8,3%).<br />
gamoiyeneba nedli, damarilebuli, Sebolili, dakonservebuli.<br />
Wanari, sadac Wan-fuZe eTnonimia, xolo _ ar sufiqsi,<br />
_ ur, _ ul-i ki miuTiTebs warmomavlobiT kuTvnilebas<br />
niSnavs Wanurs, iseve rogorc xramuli niSnavs mdinare<br />
xramis Tevzs.<br />
90
gvelana (mkbenara)<br />
aRwerilobiT gvelanas sxeuli wagrZelebulia,<br />
gverdebidan SetyleJili. aqvs sami wyvili ulvaSi. erTi<br />
wyvili piris kuTxeebSi, ori wyvili dingis bolozea. kudis<br />
farfli momrgvalebulia. mis fuZesTan gawyvetili muqi<br />
zolia. zurgisa da analuri farflebis ukan met-naklebad<br />
ganviTarebuli kanovani qedia. sxeulis gverdebze 10-15<br />
muqi laqaa, sxeulis muq-nacsifer fonze oqros elferi<br />
gadahkravs, sigrZe 138 milimetramdea. wona 5 gramamde.<br />
saqarTveloSi binadrobs mdinareebSi: mtkvarSi, alazanSi,<br />
iorSi, did da patara liaxvSi, mejudaSi, froneSi,<br />
qsanSi 84 saZeguramde, aragvSi Jinvalamde, Tbilisisa da<br />
sionis wyalsacavebSi. erTnairad egueba mdinarisa da tbis<br />
pirobebs. ikvebeba cxoveluri benTosiT, planqtoniT da<br />
nawilobriv mcenareuli detritiT. mravldeba maisidan<br />
agvistos bolomde. nayofierebas aRwevs 2500 qviriTamde,<br />
rasac yris ramdenime jerad. ara aqvs sameurneo mniSvneloba,<br />
_ sarevela Tevzia.<br />
84. qsnis xeobis baris soflebSi anu dinebis qvemo welze gvelanas<br />
kbenarsac eZaxian. rogorc ikoTSi mcxovrebma SoTa isakis Ze<br />
gigaurma gviTxra gvelanas layuCebTan, gverdebze aqvs Zvlovani<br />
wamonazardebi. daWerisas Tevzi iCxvliteba da kbenis imitacias<br />
qmnis. amis gamoa, rom mas CvenTan mkbenarasac eZaxian.<br />
91
mtkvris cimori (fetvia, RomRoma, CoCia)<br />
cimoris kudi wvrilia, piri qvedaa. aqvs erTi wyvili<br />
ulvaSi. kudis farfli Rrmada aqvs amoWrili. gamravlebis<br />
periodSi Tavze uCndeba fetvis marcvlis odena borcvakebi,<br />
swored amis gamo Serqmeuli aqvs fetvia da Rom-<br />
Roma. sxeulis sigrZeze gverdiTi xazis zemoT 6-12 muqi<br />
laqaa. zurgisa da kudis farflebze wvrili, muqi laqebis<br />
mwkrivebia. zurgi muqia, muceli Ria nacrisferi. sigrZe 24<br />
sm-mdea, wona 15 gramamde.<br />
mtkvris cimori gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos<br />
wylebSi. mtkvarSi da mis SenakadebSi; xramSi, aragv-<br />
Si, qsanSi, liaxvSi, iorSi da sxvagan. cnobilia: azerbaijan-<br />
Si, somxeTSi, iranSi.<br />
mtkvris cimori kargad egueba rogorc mdinareebs,<br />
ise tbebs. amjobinebs mdinareSi neli dinebis mdore adgilebs,<br />
Tumca gvxvdeba mTis mdinareTa Cqar nakadebSi (qsanze<br />
qurTamde, aragvze civwyaromde). ikvebeba kibosnairebiT,<br />
mwerTa matlebiTa da WuprebiT, Tevzis qviriTiT da<br />
lifsitebiT. sqesobrivad mwifdeba 2-3 wlidan. qviriTobs<br />
mais-ivnisSi, Txelwylian, qviSian adgilebSi da mcenareulobaze.<br />
qviriTi webovania. ewebeba mcenareebs da sxva<br />
sagnebs. nayofiereba aRwevs 1000 qviriTamde. sameurneo<br />
mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT dabali, uxarisxo, sarevela<br />
Tevzia, iyeneben naklebad. Setanilia `wiTel nusxaSi~.<br />
92
aRmosavluri frita-nafota<br />
nafotas sxeuli maRalia, gverdebidan sakmaod SetyleJili<br />
layuCis kbilakebi mokle. meCxerad mjdomi. muclis<br />
farflebs ukan uqerclo qedia. zurgi muqi momwvano.<br />
analuri, muclis mkerdis farflebis fuZeebi umetesad<br />
mowiTalo-narinjisferia. sigrZe 13 santimetramde, wona<br />
60 gramamde; umetesad ufro patara.<br />
nafota aRm. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela wyalSi binadrobs.<br />
irCevs mdinaris mdore adgilebs. tbebsa da wyalsacavebs,<br />
mdinareebSi adis sakmaod maRla. md. qsnis zemo<br />
welze Jamuris xeobis dasawyisamde _ `navixevamde~ vrceldeba.<br />
adre gazafxuliT, roca jer kidev foTol-balaxi<br />
gaRviZebuli ar aris badiT Tevzaobisas mosdevs intensiurad.<br />
tbebSi amjobinebs sanapiro adgilebs. gvxvdeba<br />
azerbaijanisa da somxeTis wylebSi.<br />
nafota Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare erTnairad egueba<br />
mdinarisa da tbis pirobebs. ikvebeba ZiriTadad zoobenTosiT,<br />
plaqtoniT da wyalmcenareebiT. sqesobrivad<br />
mwifdeba 2 wlis asakidan. nayofiereba aRwevs 500-6000-mde<br />
qviriTs, misi diametri 1.16-2.16 milimetramdea. qviriTobs<br />
qva-qviSian gruntze maisidan agvistos bolomde. sarevela<br />
Tevzia. zogierT wyalsatevSi meti momravlebis gamo<br />
sarewao mniSvnelobis iyo. iWeren wvrilTvala mosasmeli<br />
badeebiT. iyeneben rogorc nedls ise damarilebuls.<br />
93
mtkvris goWala (Cxira)<br />
aRwerilobis mixedviT mtkvris goWalas sxeuli dabalia,<br />
wagrZelebuli, dafarulia wvrili qercliT. zeda<br />
ybaze susti, kbilisebri morCi. kudis farfli Zlieraa<br />
amokveTili. aqvs sami wyvili ulvaSi. sxeulze aqvs usworo<br />
muqi laqebi da zolebi. saerTo Seferiloba muqi-nacrisferia.<br />
sigrZe 80 mm-mde. wona 4,5 gr-mde.<br />
goWala aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis endemuri formaa.<br />
binadrobs mtkvris auzis yvela mdinareSi. didi raodenobiT<br />
moipoveba md. qsnis, aragvisa da liaxvis qvemo dinebebze.<br />
saerTod mtknari wylis binadrad iTvleba. ikvebeba<br />
wvrili benTosuri organizmebiT da Tevzis qviriTiT.<br />
mravldeba maisidan-ivlisis bolomde, Txel wylian adgilebSi.<br />
nayofierebas aRwevs 3000-5000 qviriTamde. ar aqvs<br />
sameurneo mniSvneloba. miekuTvneba sarevela Tevzebs.<br />
94
kavkasiuri mdinaris Rorjo, Rvana<br />
sxeuli TiTistariseburia, saSualo zomis qercliT<br />
dafaruli. Tavi momrgvalebulia, Subli viwro, tuCebi Txelia.<br />
zeda tuCi piris kuTxeebTan odnav gafarToebulia.<br />
Txemi, kefa, mkerdis farflebis Reroebi da yelis ukana<br />
nawili dafarulia qercliT. mozrdilebs sacurao buSti<br />
ar aqvT. sxeuli muqi-moyviTaloa. gverdebze zurgisa da<br />
kudis farflebze muqi laqebia. mamali gamravlebis dros<br />
Rebulobs Sav fers. sigrZe 15 santimetramdea, wona 35<br />
gramamde.<br />
Rorjo saqarTvelos mdinareebSi TiTqmis yvelgan gvxvdeba,<br />
aseve gvxvdeba zogierT tbaSi da wyalsacavebSi. 85<br />
umetesad binadrobs Cqar mdinareebSi, irCevs qvaqviSian<br />
garemos. ikvebeba wvrili TevzebiT. nawilobriv<br />
xmeleTis mwerebiT da wyalmcenareebiT. sqesobrivad<br />
mwifdeba 2-3 wlis asakSi. qviriTobs mais-ivnisSi. nayofiereba<br />
aRwevs 400-1000 qviriTamde. sameurneo mniSvneloba<br />
ar aqvs.<br />
mkvlevari m. beriZe ganmartavs, rom qarTlSi da mesxeTSi<br />
saxeli `Rorjo~ Semoitanes gadmosaxlebulma imer-<br />
85. md. qsanSi Rorjo sof. axmajamde vrceldeba. respodentTa<br />
TqmiT zog weliwads didi raodenobiT Semodis zog weliwads ki<br />
naklebad. saqarTveloSi arsebobs Rorjos ramdenime saxeoba:<br />
brtyeldinga, Tavdida, mdinaris Rorjo anu Wyora, meSlamia,<br />
mdevari, namceca, Savpira, cicqa, sul 12 saxeoba. ix. quji niSnianiZe,<br />
cxovelebis saxelwodebaTa leqsikoni, Tb. 2005<br />
95
lebma. sabolood Rorjom gandevna kidec Rvana. 86 Rvanas<br />
fonetikuri varianti Rona aqvs ganmartebuli sabas: `Rona<br />
(Tevz.) _ Rorjo hqvian~. Rona da Roja sinonimebia d. CubinaSvilisaTvis,<br />
agreTve amatebs: Roja, patara loqoa. 87<br />
mtkvris TaRliTa<br />
sxvadasvxa Tevzebs piris Wrili sxvadasxva formis da<br />
mimarTulebisa aqvT. mtkvris TaRliTas piri aRwerilobis<br />
mixedviT zeviTaa mimarTuli. sqesmwife mamlebs gamravlebis<br />
dros Tavze uCndebaT TeTri borcvakebi. sxeuli<br />
zevidan momwvano-muqia. qvemodan movercxlisfro-TeTri.<br />
sigrZe 170 mm-mdea, wona 44 gr-mde.<br />
mtkvris goWalas msgavsad TaRliTa amierkavkasiis endemia.<br />
binadrobs mtkvris auzSi. saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba<br />
mtkvarSi mTel sigrZeze, mis SenakadebSi: xramSi, algeTSi,<br />
aragvSi, liaxvSi, qsanSi, borjomiswyalSi, abasTumanisa<br />
da axalqalaqis wylebSi, iorSi. maT SenakadebSi da sxva.<br />
Tbilisis da sionis wyalsacavebSi.<br />
TaRliTa pelaguri, qaravnuli Tevzia. eweva mcire migracias<br />
kvebasTan, gamravlebasTan da dazamTrebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
mravldeba maisidan _ agvsitomde. qviriTobs<br />
86. beraZe m. mebaduroba, Tevzebi, saxelebi. Tb. 2005. gv. 41<br />
87. CubinaSvili d. qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, Tb., 1984<br />
96
sam jerad. nayofiereba aRwevs daaxloebiT 1-10 aTasamde<br />
qviriTs, romlis diametri 0.5-1.18 mm-mde. ikvebba ZiriTadad<br />
planqtonuri organizmebiT, agreTve benTosiTa da<br />
mwvane wyalmcenareebiT. sameurneo mniSvneloba ar aqvs.<br />
msgavsad mtkvris cimorisa, gvelanasi, goWalasi, Rorjosi<br />
sarevela Tevzia, ufro metic sarewao Tevzebis konkurentia<br />
kvebaSi da gamravlebis adgilebisaTvis.<br />
zemoT CamoTvlili Tevzebis garda aRm. saqarTvelos<br />
mdinareebSi gvxdeba met-naklebi raodenobis sxvadasxva<br />
saxeobis sarevela Tevzebi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian<br />
rogorc xarisxiT ise biologiuri TvisebebiT.<br />
md. qsnis qvemo welze sof. muxranSi gviTxres, rom<br />
CvenTan mowonebas imsaxurebs Rona. mas ganviTarebuli<br />
aqvs wyvili ulvaSi, waagavs loqos, mamali moSavoa, xolo<br />
dedali moyviTalo feris. aqvs erTi nawlavi (patarebs arc<br />
welaven) izrdeba 12-15 santimentramde.<br />
mdinaris Rorjo, romelic yovel wels ar gvxvdeba<br />
md. qsanSi sof. axmajamde aRwevs. aseve axmajamde gvxvdeba<br />
qsanSi bolo dros gaCenili wvrili Tevzi _ xamsa. zogierT<br />
wels, gazafxuliT april-maisSi mtkvris adidebisas<br />
xdeba Semodineba qsanSi zogierTi qaravnuli Tevzisa.<br />
1953 -59 wlebSi mingeCauris wyalsacavis srulma avsebam<br />
gamoiwvia mtkvris auzSi da mis Senakad mdinareebSi<br />
zogierTi Tevzis gaqroba da zogierTi ucxo jiSis Tevzis<br />
Semodineba: magaliTad Tu gaqra sayovelTaod cnobili<br />
Tevzi oraguli, romelic jer kidev zahesis aSenebis Semdeg<br />
mcxeTis zeviT veRar adioda. 88 samagierod mtkvarSi<br />
da mis SenakadebSi gaCndnen iseTi Tevzebi rogoric arian:<br />
farflwiTela (mtkvarSi amodis Tbilisamde, gvxvdeba<br />
alazanSi, iorSi); blika (gavrcelebulia aRm. saqarTvelos<br />
88. aRniSnul dabrkolebebis gamo aragvze, qsanze, liaxvze da<br />
sxva mdinareebSi oragulis kvlav gavrcelebis mizniT mowyobili<br />
iqna nataxtarTan oragulis saSeni, aseve mcxeTis sagubar-<br />
Tan muSaobda meTevzeTa spec. brigada, romlebsac evalebodaT<br />
kaspiis zRvidan Semosul oragulTa gadasxma-gadayvana kaSxlis<br />
miRma, mtkvris zemo dinebaSi gasamravleblad. Tumc samwuxarod<br />
yovelive aman sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo.<br />
97
evr mdinareSi); TeTrula, kaparWina (gunduri Tevzia gavrclebulia<br />
xramSi, algeTSi, alazanSi, iorSi); mtkvris nafota<br />
saqarTvelos wylebSi Semovida 1959 wlidan. gavrcelebulia<br />
aragvSi, qsanSi, liaxvSi, mejudaSi da sxvagan. Setanilia<br />
`wiTel nusxaSi~.<br />
Tevzebis migracia<br />
Tevzebis migracia, iseve rogorc cxovelebisa, masobrivia,<br />
ZiriTadad _ aqtiuri, magram zogjer SeimCneva pasiuri<br />
gadaadgilebac. Tevzebi iltvian iqiTken, sadac isini<br />
sasicocxlo pirobebs pouloben. es SeguebiTi Tvisebaa,<br />
romelic uzrunvelyofs arsebobisTvis da saxeobis populaciis<br />
gamravlebisTvis (aRwarmoebisaTvis) xelsayrel<br />
pirobebs. faqtobrivad migracia sasicocxlo ciklis erTerTi<br />
rgolia, romelic uzrunvelyofs rogorc wina, ise<br />
momdevno Taobebis urTierTkavSirs. Tevzis migraciaTa<br />
cikli Cveulebriv sami saxisaa: 1. saqviriTe migracia; 2. kvebiTi<br />
migracia; 3. gamosazamTrebeli migracia. 89<br />
Tevzebis didi umravlesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia migraciebi.<br />
xolo zogierTi jgufi mudmivad cxovrobs erTsa<br />
da imave adgilas, magaliTad Rorjoebis ojaxi.<br />
migracia TevzebSi erTnairad ar aris gamoxatuli. zogierTi<br />
saxeobisaTvis, magaliTad, fargasaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
mxolod saqviriTe da kvebiTi migracia. Tevzebis<br />
umravlesobas mxolod zamTris migracia axasiaTebs. magaliTad<br />
cimorebi zamTrobiT mdinaris SedarebiT ufro Rrma<br />
adgilebs etanebian, kalmaxebi piriqiT _ Tbil adgils.<br />
zogierTi saxeobis TevzisTvis, magaliTad mozrdili<br />
oragulisTvis, damaxasiaTebelia kvebiTi migracia mdinaridan<br />
zRvaSi, xolo roca isini sqesobrivad momwifdebian,<br />
saqviriTe adgilebisaken moeSurebian, zRvidan mdinareSi.<br />
89. ix. Jurnali `nadiroba~ 2006. №11. gv.32<br />
98
Tevzebis umravlesobisaTvis sazamTro migraciebi<br />
im drosaa damaxasiaTebeli rodesac isini maqsimalurad<br />
suqdebian, rac normaluri gamozamTrebisaTvis ZiriTadi<br />
pirobaa. magaliTad kaparWina (leSa), xamsa anu sardala<br />
da sxva, Tu gamxdrebia, ar miiltvian gamosazamTreblad<br />
Tugind wylis temperatura mkveTrad daeces.<br />
migraciis dasawyisi rogorc Tevzis mdgomareobaze,<br />
aseve garemo pirobebis cvlazea damokidebuli. saqviriTe,<br />
sakvebTan dakavSirebuli da sazamTro migraciebi mtkice<br />
urTierTkavSirSia erTmaneTTan, rac Tevzebis sasicocxlo<br />
cikls uzrunvelyofs.<br />
zogjer TevzebisaTvis TavdacviTi migraciebicaa damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi maTi migracia aqtiuria. mraval<br />
Tevzs pasiuri migracia axasiaTebs, romlis drosac<br />
organizmi ar xarjavs Zalas, igi wylis dinebas miuyveba.<br />
sainteresoa ra iwvevs amgvar migracias? udavoa, rom migracia<br />
aris Segueba. magaliTad davuSvaT, rom yvela oraguli<br />
romelic qviriTis dasayrelad Sevida ama Tu im mdinareSi,<br />
darCa iq gamosakvebad da ar dabrunda zRvaSi. sakvebi<br />
ueWvelad SemoelevaT da misi raodenobac Semcirdeba,<br />
miTumetes rom qviriTobis gamo dasustebul Tevzebs didi<br />
raodenobiT sakvebi esaWiroebaT, amitomac aucilebelia<br />
maTi migracia sakvebiT mdidar adgilebSi, e. i. zRvaSi.<br />
arian iseTi Tevzebic romelTa mamrebi mxolod mdinareSi<br />
cxovroben xolo mdedrebi sxva wyelbSi gadian.<br />
aseTebi arian oraguli, wvera da sxva.<br />
saerTod Tevzebi moZraoben qaravnebad maT Soris migraciis<br />
drosac, romelTac saerTo beladi ar yavT. qaravnebad<br />
moZraoba aadvilebs maT Weras. Tevzebis Wera<br />
yvelaze mosaxerxebeli da iolia zamTris migraciis dros,<br />
Tanac am droisaTvis maRali xarisxisaa.<br />
im kanonzomierebis codna, romelsac migraciebi eqvemdebareba,<br />
saSualebas iZleva Seumcdarad davadginoT<br />
Tevzebis gadaadgilebis gzebi, mimarTulebebi, vadebi,<br />
agreTve maTi gamosazamTreblad Tavmoyris adgilebi. am<br />
momentebis codna da gaTvaliswineba Tevzis didi raodenobiT<br />
Weris garantiaa.<br />
99
Tevzebis zrunva STamomavlobaze<br />
yvela cocxali arseba mravldeba. mravldebian Tevzebic<br />
da Tqven warmoidgineT, zogi saxeoba iseTi intensivobiT,<br />
rom bunebis garkveuli kanonzomiereba rom ara erTi<br />
wyvili STamomavloba albaT mTel dedamiwas dafaravda.<br />
magram bunebaSi arsebobs mravali dabrkoleba, romelic<br />
aferxebs organizmTa esodeni intensivobiT gamravlebas.<br />
yoveli saxis individTa didi raodenoba nadgurdeba<br />
sakvebis naklebobiT, mtaceblebiT, parazitebiT, araxelsayreli<br />
klimaturi pirobebiT da sxva.<br />
da mainc, Tevzebs Soris cotaa iseTi saxeoba, STamomavlobaze<br />
rom zrunavdes. TevzTa umravlesoba qviriTs bedis<br />
anabara tovebs. lifsitebi mSoblebisgan damoukideblad<br />
iCekebian, ikvebebian da izrdebian. magaliTad tropikuli<br />
da zomieri sartylis TiTqmis yvela zRvasa da okeane-<br />
Si binadrobs mTvaraTevzi. misi sigrZe sam metrs aWarbebs.<br />
wona 1410 kg-ia. da ai es Tevzi sicocxleSi erTxel mravldeba.<br />
yris 300 milion kvercxs. yvelaze mets xerxemlian<br />
cxovelTa Soris. davuSvaT, rom yvela kvercxidan gamosuli<br />
lifista gaizarda, maSin am Tevzis mesame Taobis saer-<br />
To wona asjer meti iqneba TviT dedamiwis wonaze, magram<br />
cxadia bunebaSi ase ar xdeba da rTuli saarsebo pirobebis<br />
gamo am mravalricxovani masidan sqesobriv simwifes sul<br />
raRac oriode wyvili aRwevs.<br />
TevzTa gamravlebaSi, zemo aRniSnul dabrkolebebis<br />
gamo ra mouvidodaT dabalnayofier Tevzebs, STamomavlobaze<br />
zrunvis instiqti rom ar hqondeT. es instiqti maT<br />
CamouyalibdaT evoluciis procesSi, rogorc saxeobis gadarCenisTvis<br />
aucilebeli piroba.<br />
mainc romeli Tevzebi zrunaven STamomavlobaze da<br />
rogor?, magaliTad, Savi zRvis oraguli romelic gamsvleli<br />
Tevzia tofobisTvis Sedis mdinareSi. qviriTs<br />
oqtombridan Tebervlamde yris. dedali ormos akeTebs<br />
(zogjer mamalic exmareba) da yris qviriTs, romelsac mamali<br />
anayofierebs. amis Semdeg oragulebi ormos qvebiT<br />
100
da qviSiT faraven, toveben da zRvaSi brundebian. marTalia<br />
umniSvneloa, magram mainc garkveuli mzrunvelobaa<br />
STamomavlobaze. gamoCekili lifsitebi 2-3 walmde mdinareSi<br />
rCebian. Semdeg Tu zRvaSi dabrundnen swrafad<br />
izrdebian da maTgan oragulebi viTardeba, Tu mdinareSi<br />
darCnen isini kalmaxebad izrdebian.<br />
zogi saxeobis Tevzi ufro aqtiurad zrunavs STamomavlobaze,<br />
Sav zRvaSi binadrobs Tevzi _ samekala. igi 40-90<br />
milimetris, sul 4 gramiani Tevzia. mamali samekala qviri-<br />
TobisTvis winaswar iWers Tadarigs, aSenebs budes, budis<br />
asaSenebeli masala Tevzis Tirkmlidan gamonadeni erTgvarovani<br />
nivTierebaa. es nivTiereba rogorc ki wyalSi<br />
moxvdeba, cemetiviT magrdeba.<br />
gamravlebis periodSi mamali samekala Zalian agresiuli<br />
xdeba. mamlebs Soris rainduli orTabrZolac ki<br />
imarTeba. gamarjvebuli mamali rigrigobiT Serekavs<br />
budeSi or-sam dedals romlebic dayrian 20-dan 100 kvercxamde<br />
da es aris da es. amiT amTavrebs Tavis dedur movaleobas.<br />
STamomavlobaze zrunva mTlianad mamals ekisreba.<br />
igi anayofierebs qviriTs da icavs mas. icavs rogorc<br />
gaerSe mtrebisagan ise dedali samekalasagan, radganac<br />
masSi imdnad atrofirebulia mSoblis instiqti, rom Tavs<br />
esxmis sakuTar qviriTsa Tu lifsitebs da Wams kidec. mamali<br />
samekala mzrunveli mSobelia. igi Tavs dastrialebs<br />
qviriTs, darajobs mas. drodadro mkerdis farflebis<br />
daCqarebuli moZraobiT aZlierebs wylis cirkulacias<br />
da amiT Canasaxis JangbadiT momaragebas uzrunvelyofs.<br />
lifsitebis gamoCekis Semdeg mamali erTxans kidev icavs<br />
maT.<br />
101
Tevzis mtrebi<br />
msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi popularobiT sargeblobs<br />
gawvrTnili frinveliT CvamiT Tevzaoba. Zveli<br />
xelnawerebi gvamcnoben, rom es xerxi 813 wels SemouRiaT<br />
iaponelebs. CvamiT Tevzaoben koreaSi, indoeTSi, CineTSi,<br />
indoneziaSi. sakiTxavia da Tanac saintereso yovelive<br />
amas dasabami rogor mieca. zogierTi aRmosavluri religia<br />
krZalavs cocxali arsebis mokvlas, vinaidan Tevzs<br />
frinveli iWers da ara TviTon adamiani, amiT morwmuneebi<br />
RvTis winaSe ucodvelad Tvlian dResac Tavs.<br />
Cvamas daxmarebiT Tevzis Wera evropelebma mxolod<br />
XIV saukuneSi daiwyes da XVII saukunidan ukve farTod<br />
gavrcelda ZiriTadad begliaSi, safrangeTsa da inglisSi.<br />
es iseve, rogorc baziT nadiroba sportuli garToba, hobi<br />
ufroa, vidre nadirobiT sakvebis mopoveba.<br />
meTevzeebi sxvadasxva saxeobis Cvamas iyeneben (sul<br />
am frinvelis 26 saxeobaa cnobili. CineTSi igi moSinaurebuli<br />
hyavT da mis kvercxebs qaTmebs aCekineben. sxva qveynebSi<br />
ki axalgazrda frinvelebs iWeren da mere wvrTnian.<br />
Cvamas gawvrTna metad Sromatevadi saqmea. amas Svidi-rva<br />
Tve mainc sWirdeba, patroni rom ar dakortnos niskartebs<br />
wvers axerxaven da frTebs aWrian. Cvama tyveobaSi didxans<br />
cocxlobs, zogierTi cnobiT 20-30 welsac ki. yvelaze nayofierad<br />
3-8 wlamde asakSi `Sromobs~. gamorCeulad marjve<br />
frinvels saaTSi 100 Tevzis daWera SeuZlia.<br />
* * *<br />
yvela arsebas Tavisi mter-moyvare yavs. mtrebis simravles<br />
TviTon gansazRvraven, gamomdinare TavianTi<br />
Tvisebebidan. zog Tevzs mometebulad bevri mteri yavs,<br />
zogs naklebi da Tanac pasiuri. rac ufro Zvirfasia wylis<br />
102
inadari (xorciT, tyaviT, qoniT da a. S.) miT meti mtrobs<br />
da nadirobs masze.<br />
adamianebisa da frinvelebis garda Tevzebs cxovelebic<br />
emterebin. CvenSi cnobilia, rom melakudas erT-er-<br />
Ti gemrieli sakvebi fSaSi daWerili kalmaxi da murwaa,<br />
ramdens SegvimCnevia bind-bundSi, diliT qsnis Walebze,<br />
seqtember-oqotmberSi, oSoSiTa da wylis wiwmatiT gamwvanebul<br />
xavsmodebul fSebSi muxlamde talaxiani fexebiT<br />
(TiTqos Ceqmebi acviao) moTevzave melia. man kargad<br />
icis Tevzis fasi da amitomacaa rom kalmaxs danatrebuli,<br />
ZaRlebiT savse soflis pirebsac ar erideba. movusminoT<br />
bunebis mkvlevarT:<br />
TiTqmis ori aTasi wlis win romaelma klavdius<br />
elianusma Tavis wignSi `cocxali buneba~ aseTi ram Cawera:<br />
`mdinaris napirze moseirne mela eSmakurad iWers wvril<br />
Tevzebs. Tavis fumfula kuds igi wyalSi yofs. Tevzebi<br />
Semoexvevian mas da xSir bewvebSi ixlarTebian. rogorc ki<br />
mela amas igrZnobs, swrafad amoagdebs kuds wylidan, mSral<br />
adgilze gadaxteba da kuds dabertyavs. Tevzebi Zirs<br />
cviva da meliac gemrielad miirTmevs maT~.<br />
mogvianebiT 1555 wels cnobili Svedi naturalisti,<br />
arqiepiskoposi olas magnusi Tavis TxzulebebSi dasZens:<br />
`norvegiis kldeebSi me TviTon minaxavs wyalSi kudCayofili<br />
melia, igi drodadro amoiqnevda xolme kuds da zed<br />
CaWidebul kiborCxalebs Seeqceoda~.<br />
sxvadasxva xalxebis _ rusebis, germanelebis, eskimosebis<br />
da sxvaTa zRaprebSi meliebi xSirad sCadian msgavs<br />
gmirobebs.<br />
doqtori gajeri cxovelTa yovelgvari ucnauri<br />
Cvevebisa da Tavgadasavlebis dauRalavi mkvlevaria. did<br />
samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi man CamoTvala<br />
yvela misTvis cnobili cxoveli, romelTa Sesaxebac<br />
amboben, TiTqos kudiT iWeren Tevzebs, kiboebs da kibor-<br />
Cxalebs. aseTi cxoveli Svidia: mela, koioti, wavi, enoti,<br />
virTagva, kata da iaguari (man ratomRac ar moixsenia maimuni)<br />
rac Seexeba wavs da mis siyvaruls Tevzisadmi, gakvr-<br />
103
iT, magram mainc aqvs naxsenebi vaJa-fSavelas Tavis `oragulis<br />
cxovrebaSi~. `wavze uaresi mteri Cven adamiani gvyavs.<br />
ramdennairi manqana aqvs gamogonili Cvens Sesapyrobad~...<br />
garda am mtaceblisa bevrs daunaxavs Walebze, fSebTan<br />
did koxis qvaze Semomjdari bora, romelic Casafrebulia<br />
da elodeba aRma mimaval Tevzis gaCqafunebas Txel wyal-<br />
Si. _ ras vizvT, kalmaxi yvelas moswons da uyvars.<br />
104
Tevzeuli da misi roli kvebis racionSi<br />
sakvebi adamianis erTaderTi cnobili energetikuli<br />
wyaroa. adamiani kvebis gziT Sedis mWidro kontaqtSi biosferos<br />
Semadgenlobis qimiur nivTierebebTan. garemomcveli<br />
buneba moiTxovs, rom adamiani ikvebebodes im sakvebiT,<br />
rasac igi mas aZlevs da im raodenobiT rasac gascems.<br />
Tavdapirvelad adamianis gamosakvebad daSvebuli iyo<br />
vegetarianuli sakvebi: `da Tqva RmerTma: `aha, mogeciT<br />
Tqven yoveli balaxi, Tesli mTesveli, romelic miwis<br />
pirzea, da yoveli xe, romelzec Teslis mTesveli nayofia<br />
_ saWmelad~. warRvnis Semdgom adamianis sakvebad daSvebuli<br />
iqna cxovelis xorci da yovelive rogorc mcenareuli<br />
safaridan, aseve cxoveluridanac _ `yoveli moZravi<br />
cocxali arseba saWmeli iyos TqvenTvis, rogorc mwvane<br />
balaxi: Tqven gaZlevT yvelafers~ _ ambobs ufali (dab.<br />
9.3).<br />
Tu warRvnamde iyo erTi xalxi, romelic erTi saxis<br />
sakvebiT ikvebeboda da am sakvebis mogrovebis erTnairi<br />
saSualebebi hqonda. warRvnis Semdeg adamianis cxovreba<br />
sxvagvarad warimarTa, amavdroulad daiwyo eTnikur<br />
erTeulebad Camoyalibebis procesi. eTnikuri jgufebi<br />
iwyeben axal teritoriebze arsebuli faunisa da floris<br />
sakvebad gamoyenebas. Sesabamisad daiwyo eTnokulturebis<br />
Camoyalibebac.<br />
winaaziis istoriul-eTnografiul olqSi (TurqeTi,<br />
israeli, arabuli qveynebi, irani) yvela xalxs Tavisi kulturul-sayofacxovrebo<br />
Taviseburebani gaaCnia. ama Tu<br />
im eTnosisaTvis kveba bevrad iyo damokidebuli garemosacxovrebel,<br />
socialur da qonebriv pirobebze.<br />
araswori kveba (rac SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mizezebiT<br />
iyos gamowveuli), gavlenas axdens adamianis centralur<br />
nervuli sistemis funqciaze da umaRles nervul<br />
moqmedebaze, rac gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiarea organizmis<br />
garegani da Sinagani garemos cvlilebebisadmi.<br />
ebrael erze, kerZod polonel ebraelebze, gamokvle-<br />
105
vis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT<br />
werda erTi amerikeli, viskoniis<br />
universitetis profesori<br />
_ morgulisi, rom:<br />
`am xalxs, romlebic TaobaTa<br />
manZilze uWmelobis msxverplni<br />
iyvnen, aqvT gaRaribebuli<br />
sisxli, viwro beWebi,<br />
Cavardnili mkerdi, dablebi<br />
da fermkrTalni arian. maTi<br />
susti konstitencia, fizikuri<br />
uZlureba naTels xdis,<br />
rom isini ar gamodgebian mZime<br />
samuSaoebze~. 90<br />
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis<br />
umetesi nawili kvebis<br />
racionSi cxovelur cilaze<br />
moTxovnilebas ikmayofilebda<br />
TevziT, rZis produqtebiT<br />
da kvercxiT. dasavleT da aRmosavleT<br />
saqarTveloSi gansxvaveba iyo, rogorc kvebis<br />
xasiaTSi, aseve etiketSi. Zvelad saqarTveloSi yvelgan,<br />
xolo Semdeg ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi gardacvalebulis<br />
sulis mosaxseniebeli qelexi samarxvo iyo. Wirisuflebi<br />
40 dRis, zogjer erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi marxulobdnen.<br />
don juzepe judiCi milaneli, qarTuli wes-<br />
Cveulebebis Sesaxeb werda: `gardacvalebis Semdeg naTesavebi<br />
da ymebi mgloviarobis aRsaniSnavad miwaze gaSlil<br />
Wilofze iZineben, mTeli wlis manZilze ar Wamen xorcs,<br />
Tevzs, kvercxsa da rZis nawarms~. 91 analogiur cnobas<br />
gvawvdis vaxuSti batoniSvili: `ara sWamdin xorsca da<br />
cxovelsa wlamde, garna maSinac iZulebiTa didiTa, STa-<br />
90. d. baxtaZe, p. koRuaSvili, qarTvelTa kvebis kultura, Tb.<br />
2009. gv. 132<br />
91. iqve gv.138<br />
106
icvian ZaZa-flasni da daiburon Tavsa Txisurni CaCni~. 92<br />
n. janaSia ase aRwers afxazTa qorwils: `sazogadod,<br />
afxazTa qorwili ar aris naqebi nair-nairi sasmel-saWmelebiTa:<br />
erTi naWeri mSrali xorci, simindis fqvilis<br />
Romi, Rvino da qorwilis gaTavebis xans qaTmis an batknis<br />
xorci, egreTwodebuli `aZ~ _ morCa da gaTavda~.<br />
germaneli mkvlevari k. koxi Tavad ColoyaSvilis<br />
samxaris sufras ki Semdegnairad agviwers: `samxari marTlac<br />
dResaswauls mogagonebdaT. Cinebuli naxvretebiani<br />
yveliT daiwyo, romelsac axali kitrebi mohyva, Semdeg<br />
rig-rigobiT mohqondaT Caxoxbili, cxvris xorci, Tevzi<br />
da bolos sxvadasxva Semwvari kerZi. SigadaSig madis SesanarCuneblad<br />
surnelovan mwvanils Seeqceodnen~.<br />
kvebasTan dakavSirebuli aRkveTebi da SezRudvebi<br />
yofiTi tradiciebisa da religiuri msoflmxedvelobis<br />
udidesi movlenaa, e. i. rogorc irkveva kvebiT akrZalvas<br />
sakraluri safuZveli aqvs. mag: mesxebi, aWarlebi da<br />
javaxebi ar Wamdnen Roris xorcs. aseve me-19 s-Si Roris<br />
xorci ikrZaleboda xevsureTSi, xevSi, gudamayarSi,<br />
fSavSi, mTiuleTSi, mTis raWvelebSi. kurdRlis xorcs,<br />
kalmaxs da oraguls ar Wamdnen xevsurebi. 93 daTvis xorci<br />
ikrZaleboda zemo svaneTSi. zogan tabu dadebuli aqvs ara<br />
cxovelis xorcs mTlianad, aramed mxolod mis ama Tu im<br />
nawils, mag.: qarTveli mTielebi (qsanze, liaxvze, aragvze)<br />
daTvis xorcis mxolod marcxena mxares Wamdnen. afxazebi<br />
XVII s-Si megrelebisagan gansxvavebiT ar Wamdnen Tevzs da<br />
kiborCxalebs. saqarTvelos mTieli mosaxeloba marxvaSi<br />
Wamda nivris xinkals, moxarSul lobios, Tevzs, velurad<br />
mzard mxaleuls da mwvanils. 94<br />
92. qarTlis cxovreba. t.IV. Tb. 1973. gv. 395<br />
93. Волкова Н. Г. Джавахишвили Г. Н. Бытовая культура грузии XIX-XX<br />
веков, М. 1982. _ с. 163.<br />
94. saaRdgomo did marxvaSi ikrZaleba cxoveluri warmoSobis<br />
sakvebi, mxolod yvelieris kviraSia daSvebuli rZis nawarmi,<br />
kvercxi da Tevzi; petre-pavlobis marxvis dros daSvebulia mxolod<br />
Tevzi (oTxSabaTi, paraskevis garda); mariamobis marxvisas<br />
(14-27/VIII) saerTod ikrZaleba cxoveluri warmoSobis sakvebi da<br />
107
XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi Tbilisis bazarze kvebis<br />
produqtebis didi nairsaxeoba iyo: puri, Rvino da arayi,<br />
batkani, Wedila, brinji, erbo, Saqari, zeTis xili, Zvirfasi<br />
Tevzeuli _ gelaqnuri, oraguli, zuTxi, xramuli,<br />
fiCxuli: xmeli Tevzi _ zurgieli, doSi, xizilala da<br />
sxva mravali. gacxovelebuli vaWroba warmoebda agreTve<br />
provinciebSi. amave periodisTvis mcire qalaqad wodebul<br />
cxinvalSi, sadac vaWrobas didad uwyobda xels misi<br />
geografiuli mdebareoba da masze gamavali savaWro gzebi,<br />
adgilobrivi warmoebis saqonelTan erTad iyideboda<br />
Tevzeulic: `...abreSumi, marili, zurgieli, zuTxi, doSi,<br />
xizilala, gelaqnuri, TeTri brinji~. 95<br />
XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze Tbilisis bazrebze damkvidreba<br />
did Zalisxmevasa da Sromas moiTxovda, rogorc<br />
TevziT movaWre amxanagobebisagan, ise calkeul meduqnenoqrebisagan.<br />
maT sasamarTloebzec ki uxdebodaT TavianTi<br />
profesiuli kavSirebis uflebebisa da Tavis dacva,<br />
rogorc reaqciiT mosargeble aRebisgan, ise sxva juris<br />
qor-vaWarTagan da adgilobriv biurokrat-CinovnikTagan.<br />
ai ras wers amis Sesxeb saukunis winandeli presa: `Tfilisis<br />
TevziT movaWre noqrebis, (ricxviT 25 kaci) krebas am<br />
dReebSi TaTbiri qonda noqarTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.<br />
krebam erTxmad gamoitana Semdegi rezolucia: viRebT ra<br />
mxedvelobaSi, rom Cvenma aRebma isargebles reaqciis ga-<br />
ZlierebiT da wagvarTves is mcire Tavisuflebis namcecic<br />
ki, romelic sisxliTa da brZoliT gvqonda mopovebuli,<br />
isini sargebloben SemTxveviT da ar ketaven maRaziebs<br />
daniSnul droze, arc kvira-uqmeobiT, amitom Cven TevziT<br />
movaWreTa noqrebi erTxel da samudamod vadgenT, rom<br />
daiketos maRaziebi kviraobiT mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi,<br />
xolo saqmis dReebSi neba mieceT ivaWron mxolod dilis<br />
bolos, saSobao marxvis dros (28/XI-6/I) iseve rogorc petre-pavlobisas<br />
daSvebulia mxolod Tevzi (oTxSabaTisa da paraskevis<br />
garda, isic mxolod 25 dekembramde).<br />
95. cotniaSvili mix. cxinvalis istoria. _ cxinvali, gamomc.<br />
`irisToni~. _ 1986. _ gv.121<br />
108
7 saaTidan saRamos 7 saaTamde. is noqari, romelic ar daemorCileba<br />
Cvens gadawyvetilebas, dauyovnebliv micemul<br />
iqneba saamxanago samarTalSi. amis Semdeg krebam amoirCia<br />
komisia, romelsac pirdapiri damokidebuleba eqneba noqarTa<br />
profesionalur kavSirTan. es dadgenileba ZalaSi<br />
Sedis dRidan gamoqveynebisa.-~ 96<br />
saqarTveloSi qalaqTa bazrebze didad fasobda damarilebuli<br />
da gamSrali Tevzi (erTi xalxuri, frTiani<br />
gamoTqmac zustad doSs ukavSideba: `mizez-mizez doSs<br />
marili akliao~), Tevzis damarilebis gansxvavebuli xerxebi<br />
arsebobda. zuTxs an sxva jiSis msxvil Tevzs sigrZeze<br />
Wridnen da awyobdnen marilwyalSi did kasrebSi,<br />
sadac erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi ayovnebdnen, wvril Tevzis<br />
jiSebs gamouSignavad amarilebdnen da aSrobdnen.<br />
damarilebuli Tevzisagan iRebdnen ori saxis produqts:<br />
damarilebul-gamSral da damarilebl-Sebolil Tevzs.<br />
Tevzisagan aTeulobiT sxvadasxva gemriel kerZs<br />
amzadeben. evlia Celebi Savi zRvis aRwerilobisas werda:<br />
`maTi sanaqebo Tevzebi: zRvis qorWila, kefali, skumbria<br />
da kidev aTasnairi Tevzia, magram amaTgan lazebi yvelaze<br />
ufro etanebian xamsas... imdenad sasargebloa, rom misi<br />
mWameli kacis Zala Svid dReSi araCveulebrivad izrdeba.<br />
Zalian noyieri da swrafad mosanelebelia. radgan Wamis<br />
dros Tevzs suni ara aqvs. mWamels wyurvili ar awuxebs.<br />
tkivilebiT Sepyrobili adamiani Tu mas SeWams, gamojanmrTeldeba...<br />
ormocnair kerZs amzadeben misgan. keTdeba<br />
Semwvari, wvniani, moxrakuli, xaxviT Semzadebuli<br />
Rvezeli, baklava~. amrigad xalxur kvebiT sistemaSi Segvi-<br />
Zlia eTnosis Taviseburebebic davinaxoT, sadac vlindeba<br />
erovnul TviTSegnebaSi gamoxatuli sasicocxlo uzrunveyofis<br />
kulturis Rirebulebebi.<br />
Cvens mkiTxvels qvemoT mivawvdiT ugemrielesi TevzeuliT,<br />
ugemrielesi kerZebis momzadebis ramdenime recepts,<br />
rac didi xania amSvenebs qarTul sufras.<br />
96. gaz. `win~. _ 1907, marti, №20, gv.2.<br />
109
Semwvari kalmaxi * *<br />
_ masala: kalmaxi _ 500 gr; erbo an karaqi (SeiZleba<br />
zeTi) _ 150 gr; nigozi 1/2 Wiqa; broweulis wveni Wiqanaxevari,<br />
xaxvi erTi Tavi, qinZi 2-3 Rero, niori, wiwaka da<br />
marili gemovnebiT.<br />
momzadeba: gasufTavebuli da garecxili kalmaxi<br />
davWraT naWrebad. davayaroT marili (gavaCeroT 10 wuTi).<br />
amovavloT fqvilSi, davawyoT cxel erboian tafaze da<br />
SevwvaT orive mxridan. gamzadebuli Tevzi sasurvelia<br />
pirdapir tafiT mivitanoT sufraze.<br />
Wiqa naxevar broweulis wvenSi davamatoT marilSi danayili:<br />
niori, qinZi, wiwaka da nigozi, wvrilad daWrili xaxvi<br />
da movurioT. gamzadebuli sawebeli davasxaT gacivebul<br />
Tevzs. (SeiZleba sawebeli calkec mivitanoT sufraze<br />
TevzTan erTad).<br />
kalmaxi sawebliT* *<br />
_ masala: kalmaxi 500 gr; gamxmari (kurkebis gareSe)<br />
Sindi _ 1/2 Wiqa; xaxvi erTi Tavi; niori erTi kbili, Zmari<br />
1/2 Wiqa, wyali Wiqa naxevari; marili gemovnebiT.<br />
momzadeba: moxarSuli kalmaxis naWrebi davawyoT langarze.<br />
sufTa qvabSi CavasxaT Wiqa naxevari wyali; CavyaroT<br />
gamxmari Sindi 1/2 Wiqa; daWrili xaxvi, danayili niori da<br />
nigozi, 1/2 Wiqa Zmari, marili gemovnebiT da vxarSoT 15-<br />
20 wuTi, saSualo cecxlze. gadmovdgaT cecxlidan da gavacivoT.<br />
gacivebuli sawebela davasxaT Tevzs.<br />
suxarSi da kvercxSi Semwvari kalmaxi* *<br />
_ masala: kalmaxi _ 500 gr; kvercxi 2 cali, erbo an<br />
karaqi 50-70 grami, fqvili da suxari ramdenic dasWirdeba;<br />
daWrili xaxvi, limoni da marili gemovnebiT.<br />
momzadeba: patara zomis (an saSualo zomis) kalmaxi gavasufTavoT,<br />
davayaroT marili da amovavloT im wuTSive<br />
110
fqvilSi, Semdeg amovavloT kvercxSi da Semdgom suxarSi.<br />
davawyoT cxel erboian tafaze da SevwvaT orive mxridan.<br />
Semwvari Tevzi gadmoviRoT langarze, davasxaT Sewvisas<br />
warmoqmnili wveni, movrToT oxraxuSis foTelbiT,<br />
CavawuroT limonis wveni (SegviZlia movrToT daWrili<br />
limoniT) da davayaroT daWrili xaxvi.<br />
moxarSuli oraguli Tavis wvenSi* *<br />
_ masala: oraguli _ 500 gr; xaxvi 400 gr, Savi pilpili,<br />
marili, qinZi gemovnebiT.<br />
mozadeba: gasufTavebuli da garecxili oraguli<br />
davWraT saSualo sisqis naWrebad. Semdeg qvabSi CavawyoT<br />
fena-fena oraguli da daWrili xaxvi. TiToeul fenas movayaroT<br />
marili da Savi pilpili. ase davawyoT or-sam an<br />
oTx fenad, Semdeg davasxaT wyali ise, rom am ukanasknelma<br />
odnav dafaros qvabSi moTavsebuli masala. davafaroT qvabs<br />
saxuravi da vxarSoT dabal cecxlze. gamzadebuli ker-<br />
Zi gadmoviRoT Rrma langarze Tavisive wveniT, davayaroT<br />
wvrilad daWrili qinZi da gavacivoT.<br />
oragulis bozaTma* *<br />
_ masala: oraguli 500 gr; erbo an karaqi 300-400 gr;<br />
xaxvi 1-2 Tavi, limoni, qinZi, oxraxuSi, kama (cereco), tarxuna,<br />
marili gemovnebiT.<br />
momzadeba: gavasufTaod, gavrecxoT da davWraT Tevzi.<br />
xaxvi davWraT mrgvlad da avurioT masSi daWrili qin-<br />
Zi, oxraxuSi, kama, tarxuna.<br />
qvabSi CavyaroT xaxvis da mwvanilis narevis naxevari<br />
cximTan erTad, zemodan davawyoT daWrili oragulis<br />
naWrebi, davayaroT marili da darCenili narevi. davasxaT<br />
wyali ise, rom man odnav dafaros qvabSi moTavsebuli masa.<br />
davdgaT cecxlze da movxarSoT.<br />
momzadebuli kerZi gadmoviRoT langarze, movasxaT<br />
limonis wveni. sufraze SegviZlia mivitanoT rogorc civi<br />
aseve cxeli.<br />
111
gelaqnuri wveniT* *<br />
_ masala: gelaqnuri _ 1 kg; Sindis CurCa _ 1C/W; xaxvi<br />
_ 2-3 Tavi; danayili nigozi _ 4 s/k.<br />
momzadeba: gelaqnuri movxarSoT Cveulebrivi wesiT.<br />
calke qvabSi CavasxaT 3-4 Wiqa wyali, davumatoT Sindis<br />
CurCa, daWrili xaxvi, danayili nigozi da vaduRoT. moxar-<br />
Suli gelaqnuri TefSze davawyoT da zed davasxaT gamzadebuli<br />
sawebeli.<br />
doSi sawebliT* *<br />
_ doSi wina RamiT unda davalboT, xolo meore dRes<br />
sxva wyalSi movxarSoT. wyali bolomde unda daesxas da ise<br />
moixarSos. gavukeToT nigvzis an Zmris sawebeli da moxar-<br />
Suli Tevzi Sig CavawyoT.<br />
loqo wveniT* *<br />
_ masala: loqo _ 1 kg; dafnis foToli 2-3 cali, qinZi<br />
6-7 Ziri, pilpili, tyemlis tylapi, marili gemovnebiT.<br />
momzadeba: loqo gavasufTaoT, davWraT naWrebad,<br />
gavrecxoT, CavawyoT qvabSi, davasxaT imdeni wyali, rom<br />
Tevzi daifaros. duRilis dros movxadoT qafi, CavyaroT<br />
marili, dafnis foToli, daWrili qinZi, daWrili tyemlis<br />
tylapi, pilpili da vaduRoT. rodesac Tevzi moixarSeba<br />
da wveni Sesqeldeba, cecxlidan gadmovdgaT.<br />
moxarSuli loqo qinZmarSi* *<br />
_ masala: loqo _ 500 gr; qinZi 9-10 Reri; Zmari _ naxevari<br />
Wiqa; 1/2 an 3/4 loqos naxarSi; marili gemovnebiT.<br />
momzadeba: gasufTavebuli, garecxili da saSuialo<br />
zomebad daWrili loqo movxarSoT aduRebul marilnarev<br />
wyalSi. moxarSuli Tevzi amoviRoT qvabidan, davawyoT<br />
112
sufTa xis dafaze, zemodan movapkuroT civi wyali da gavacioT.<br />
gacivebuli loqo davawyoT langarze da movrToT<br />
oxraxuSiT.<br />
wvrilad daWrili qinZi avurioT ZmarSi da loqos naxarSSi,<br />
vuqnaT marili da davasxaT Tevzs sufrasTan mitanis<br />
win. qinZmari SeiZleba calkec mivitanoT sufraze.<br />
kalmaxi bostneuliT* *<br />
_ masala: 4 c. saSualo zomis kalmaxi; 1 c. wiTeli bulgaruli<br />
wiwaka; 1 Tavi xaxvi; 2 c. pomidori, zeiTunis an simindis<br />
zeTi an erbo; marili, pilpili gemovnebiT.<br />
momzadeba: Tevzi kargad garecxeT, gamoSigneT,<br />
moayareT marili da pilpili Signidan da garedan. bulgarul<br />
wiwakas movaSoroT yunwi da Teslebi. xaxvi da pomidori<br />
daWeriT Txel rgolbad. kalmaxi saTiTaod gamoteneT<br />
bostneuliT. daawyveT tafaze. sufrasTan miitaneT<br />
limonis naWrebTan erTad.<br />
113
teqstSi naxmari terminebis ganmarteba<br />
benTosi _ wyalsatevis fskerze binadari organizmebi<br />
gamsvleli Tevzi _ gasamravleblad an sakvebad zRvidan<br />
mdinareSi, an mdinaridan zRvaSi gamavali Tevzi.<br />
gverdis xazi _ wylis zogierTi cxovelisaTvis, maT<br />
Soris TevzisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli organo, riTac aRiqvams<br />
wylis moZraobas.<br />
detriti _ mkvdari organizmebis narCenebi wyalsatevis<br />
fskerze.<br />
doSi _ zuTxis, oragulis, loqosa da sxva TevzTa<br />
SaSxad, lorad gamoyvanili gverdi.<br />
endemuri _ mxolod garkveuli adgilisaTvis, mxarisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebeli cxoveli an mcenare.<br />
epiTeluri borcvakebi _ gamravlebis dros kanze,<br />
umetesad Tavze warmoqmnili borcvakebi rac Semdeg qreba.<br />
zoobenTosi _ cxoveluri benTosi (ix. benTosi)<br />
zooplaqtoni _ cxoveluri plaqtoni (ix. plaqtoni)<br />
larva _ cxovelis Canasaxovani ganviTarebis momdevno<br />
stadia, romelic xasiaTdeba iseTi organoebiT, romlebic<br />
dasrulebul cxovels ar gaaCnia. cxovelSi es stadia<br />
grZeldeba lifsitis ganviTarebamde.<br />
pavadoki _ aris saTevzao mowyobilobis is nawili,<br />
romelic moTavsebulia ZiriTad Zuasa da ankess Soris.<br />
yovelTvis ZiriTad Zuaze wvrili unda iyos erTi an ori<br />
safexuriT. misi sisqe damokidebulia Tevzis sidideze, iseve<br />
rogorc ZiriTadi Zua.<br />
pelaguri Tevzi _ pelagiaSi binadari Tevzi.<br />
plaqtoni _ wylis sisqeSi binadari umetesad mcire<br />
zomis organizmi, romelTa gadanacvleba xdeba pasiurad<br />
wylis dinebiT. plaqtonSi cxoveluri organizmebi Seadgenen<br />
zooplaqtins, mcenareuli organizmebi _ fotoplaqtins.<br />
reofiluri _ Cqari wylis dinebis moyvaruli.<br />
114
sqesobrivi demorfizmi _ gansxvaveba dedal-mamals<br />
Soris zogierTi garegani niSniT (magaliTad, sididiT,<br />
feriT da sxva.)<br />
tofoba _ Tevzis mier qviriTisa da spermis (Teslis)<br />
dayris procesi.<br />
yviTris parki _ larvis mucelze mikruli parki nar-<br />
Ceni yviTriT.<br />
115
garekanis pirvel gverdze: `Jamuris xeoba~,<br />
mebaduri morgeni garozaSvili<br />
avtoris fotoebi<br />
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Tamar qituaSvili<br />
tiraJi 200<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2011
fasi 7 lari<br />
aragvis xeoba, mTiuleTi<br />
ISBN 978-9941-0-3332-2<br />
9 789941 033322
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