§2. fizikuri movlenebi - Ganatleba
§2. fizikuri movlenebi - Ganatleba
§2. fizikuri movlenebi - Ganatleba
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<strong>§2.</strong> <strong>fizikuri</strong> <strong>movlenebi</strong><br />
ra aris <strong>fizikuri</strong> movlena?<br />
buneba Cvens garSemo mudam icvleba. am<br />
cvlilebebs <strong>movlenebi</strong> ewodeba. <strong>fizikuri</strong><br />
<strong>movlenebi</strong> bunebis yvela movlenis safuZvelTa<br />
safu Zvelia. maga liTad, <strong>fizikuri</strong> <strong>movlenebi</strong>a<br />
siTxis aorT qleba, sxeulis brunva.<br />
Rru blebis war moqmna bunebaSi wylis aor<br />
TqlebasTan aris dakavSi rebuli, dReRamis<br />
cva lebadoba _ dedamiwis brunvasTan Tavisi<br />
RerZis garSemo.<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> mo vlenebi dajgufebulia<br />
saxe ebad: meqanikuri, siTburi, eleq tromagnituri,<br />
optikuri (sur. 2.12.5).<br />
sur. 2.2. meqanikuri mov lenebi dakavSirebulia<br />
sxe ulebis gadaad gile ba s Tan. burTis<br />
vardna, wylis dineba, bzrialas brunva _<br />
meqanikuri mov lenebis magaliTebia<br />
12<br />
erTi da igive cvlileba sxvada<br />
sxva sxe ulebSi sxva dasxva nai rad<br />
mimdi nareobs. maga liTad, erTnair<br />
pirobebSi wyali ufro nela Tbeba,<br />
vidre aseTive masis spilenZis sxeuli.<br />
es niSnavs, rom <strong>fizikuri</strong> sxeulebi<br />
cvli lebisas avlenen maTTvis<br />
damaxasi aTebel Tavisebu rebebs, anu<br />
Tvisebebs. <strong>movlenebi</strong>s Sesaba misad,<br />
sxe ulebis da maTi Semadgeneli<br />
nivTi ere bebis Tvise bebic dajgu febulia<br />
saxe ebad: meqanikuri (dreka<br />
doba, simtkice da sxv.), siTburi (dnobis tempe ratura, Tbogam taroba da<br />
sxv.), eleqtromag nituri (ele qtro gam ta roba da sxv.), opti kuri (feri,<br />
gamWvi rvaloba da sxv.).<br />
rogor Seiswavlian fizi kur mov lenebs?<br />
bunebis mov le nebis Sesas wavlad mecniere bi dakvi rve bebsa da cdebs<br />
ata reben.<br />
dakvirvebisas movlenis<br />
mimdina reobaSi ar erevian.<br />
magali Tad, astronomebi akvirdebian<br />
ciuri sxe ulebis<br />
moZraobas, meteorologebi _<br />
`mSrali yinulis~<br />
aorTqleba<br />
bzrialas brunva<br />
burTulas vardna<br />
gavarvarebuli foladis<br />
Zelis gaciveba<br />
sur. 2.1. sicxeSi eleqtrosadenebi<br />
farTovdeba da Zirs eSveba. siTburi<br />
gafarToeba <strong>fizikuri</strong> movlenis<br />
magaliTia.<br />
amindis cvlilebas. dakvirvebiT<br />
iwyeba ucnobi movlenis<br />
Seswavla.<br />
sur. 2.3. siTburi mov lenebi dakavSirebulia sxe ulebis temperaturis<br />
an mdgomareobis cvli lebasTan. yinulis dnoba, gavarvarebuli<br />
sxeulis gaciveba, wylis duRili _ siTburi <strong>movlenebi</strong>s<br />
magaliTebia
eleqtromagniti<br />
izidavs jarTs<br />
sur. 2.4. eleqtromagnituri<br />
movle nebi<br />
dakavSi re bulia damuxtuli<br />
nawi lakebis<br />
urTier Tqme debasa<br />
da moZra obasTan. es<br />
moZraoba qmnis sadenebSi<br />
eleqtrul dens<br />
da akaSkaSebs naTuras,<br />
warmoqmnis elvas,<br />
amuSavebs mZlavr eleqtro<br />
magnits.<br />
cdebis dros Sesaswavl movlenas xelov nurad iwveven, imeoreben mas<br />
sxvadasxva piro bebSi da, amgvarad, ufro Rrmad ecnobian movlenas, adgenen<br />
mis kanonzomierebebs.<br />
movlenis kanon zomierebebis dad genis Semdeg ukve SesaZ lebelia warmovidginoT,<br />
rogor SeiZleba misi gamoyeneba adami anis sake TildReod, an<br />
rogor unda davic vaT Tavi movlenis mavne zegav lenisagan.<br />
cisartyela<br />
elva<br />
CrdiloeTis naTeba<br />
sinaTlis svla sxivsadenis<br />
`TaigulSi~<br />
sur. 2.5. optikuri <strong>movlenebi</strong> dakavSi rebulia sinaT lis<br />
gavrcelebasTan. sxivis arekvla da sar keSi gamosa xulebis<br />
warmoqmna, ci sartyelas gamoCena, sxeulebis Sefe riloba<br />
optikuri <strong>movlenebi</strong>s magali Tebia.<br />
sur. 2.6. liTonis detalebis<br />
SeerTeba<br />
eleqtroSeduRebiT<br />
sinaTlis sxivis wrfivi gavrceleba<br />
magaliTad, elva uZ velesi droidan Tavzars<br />
scemda adamianebs. magram am movlenis Seswavlis<br />
Semdeg, mecnierebma SeZ les misgan Tavdasacavi<br />
saSualebis _ mexamridis Seqmna. am movlenam sasargeblo<br />
gamoyenebac hpo va _ `xelovnuri elva~<br />
liTonis nakeTobebs adu Rebs (sur. 2.6).<br />
Cven mier aqamde ganxilul yvela movlenaSi<br />
monawileobdnen mxolod usulo sagnebi. exla gavarkvioT,<br />
mimdinareobs Tu ara <strong>fizikuri</strong> <strong>movlenebi</strong><br />
cocxal arsebebSi.<br />
cxovelis sxeulis nawilebis moZraoba, aseve<br />
sisxlZarRvebSi sisxlis moZraoba – meqanikuri<br />
<strong>movlenebi</strong>s magaliTia.<br />
albaT SegimCneviaT, susxian dReebSi ZaRlebs<br />
bewvi aqvs aSlili, beRurebs ki – bumbuli gafxorili.<br />
amas isini siTbos SesanarCuneblad akeTeben.<br />
es mianiSnebs, rom siTburi mov le nebi cxovelebSic<br />
mimdina reobs (sur. 2.7).<br />
13
sur. 2.7. siTburi <strong>movlenebi</strong> cxovelebSi: sicxeSi<br />
ZaRlis sveli enidan da gaoflianebuli cxenis tanidan<br />
orTqldeba siTxe. es icavs cxovelebs gadaxurebisagan.<br />
dadgenilia, rom cocxal organizmebSi mimdinareobs mravalferovani da<br />
rTuli eleqtruli <strong>movlenebi</strong> (maga liTad, nervuli boWkoebiT signalebis<br />
gadacemas ganapirobebs eleq truli <strong>movlenebi</strong>). aseve mravalfero vania<br />
cocxal organizmebSi mimdinare optikuri <strong>movlenebi</strong> (sur. 2.8). msga vsi<br />
magaliTebi gvarwmu nebs, rom<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> <strong>movlenebi</strong> bu nebis mov le naTa Soris yve laze zogadia, anu<br />
axa si a Tebs ro gorc coc xal arsebebs, ise usu lo sagnebsac.<br />
14<br />
sur. 2.8. nemsiylapias sifrifana<br />
frTebze xandaxan cisartyelas ferebi<br />
moCans. es optikuri movlenis<br />
magaliTia.<br />
saklaso samuSao<br />
� ra saxisaa CamoTvlili <strong>movlenebi</strong>: velosipedis Tvlis brunva, spirtSi<br />
dasvelebuli bambis fTilis gaSroba, magnitiT lursmnis mizidva, mikroskopiT<br />
mweris gadidebuli gamosaxulebis<br />
miReba?<br />
� <strong>fizikuri</strong> <strong>movlenebi</strong> yovelTvis<br />
erTma neTTanaa dakavSirebuli. es niSnavs,<br />
rom erT movlenas mosdevs sxva,<br />
masTan mWi drod dakavSirebuli <strong>movlenebi</strong>.<br />
magaliTad, naTuras ZafSi denis<br />
gavlas (eleqtro ma gnituri movlena)<br />
mosdevs Zafis gavarvareba (siTburi<br />
movlena) da gamosxiveba (optikuri<br />
movlena).<br />
ra movlenebTanaa da kavSirebuli asanTis<br />
Reris kolofze xaxuni? mzis sxi vebiT Tovliani ferdobis ganaTeba?<br />
� warmoidgineT, rom icnobT fizikoss, romelmac dawvrilebiT Seiswavla<br />
siTxis dineba da daadgina am movlenis kanonzomierebebi. qvemoT CamoTvlili<br />
xuTi aqtualuri problemidan, romlis gadasaWrelad moiwvevdiT Tqvens nacnob<br />
fizikoss?<br />
dasadgenia Sinauri frinvelis ucnobi daavadebis gamomwvevi mizezebi;<br />
gasaTvlelia, ra manZilze SeiZleba gavrceldes gaRviZebuli vulkanidan<br />
amofrqveuli lava;<br />
mosamzadebelia saintereso telegadacema mozardTaTvis;<br />
gamosakvlevia arqtikuli yinulebis dnobis gavlena okeanur nakadebze;<br />
SesarCevia msaxiobi Serlok holmsis rolis Sesasruleblad.
� ra saxisaa 2.9 suraTze gamosaxuli <strong>movlenebi</strong>? moiyvane sxvadasxva saxis<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> movlenis ramdenime sakuTari magaliTi.<br />
sur.2.9<br />
� eqsperimentuli davaleba<br />
mocemuli gaqvs qaRaldis furceli da<br />
moneta.<br />
1. daiWire erT xelSi furceli, meoreSi ki _<br />
moneta.<br />
2. aswie orive sagani daaxloebiT 2 m simaRleze.<br />
3. gauSvi orive sxeuls erTdroulad xeli. daakvirdi, ra moxdeba. Caiwere<br />
Seni dakvirveba.<br />
4. Cawere ori an meti kiTxva damzerili movlenis Sesaxeb.<br />
5. SegiZlia moifiqro raime axsna erTerTi kiTxvis sapasuxod? Caiwere Seni<br />
mosazreba.<br />
� adamiani codnas bunebis Sesaxeb iZens dakvirvebisa<br />
da cdis meSveobiT. ra gziT gaqvs mopovebuli codna imis<br />
Sesaxeb, rom:<br />
a) Tu cxel uTos Seexebi, xels daiwvav;<br />
b) zafxulSi binis orive mxares fanjrebis gaRebas, mosdevs<br />
orpiri da, rogorc wesi, karebisa Tu fanjris<br />
dajaxuneba;<br />
g) erTi simaRlidan gaSvebuli saSleli da moneta iatakze<br />
erTdroulad vardeba;<br />
d) gamdnari sanTeli ufero gamWvirvale siTxea, gamyarebisas<br />
ki xdeba TeTri da gaumWviri.<br />
aviTvisoT axali terminebi<br />
SeuTavseT erTmaneTs marcxena da mar jvena sve tebSi Cawerili gamoTqmebi*<br />
fizikur movlenebs ...<br />
fizikur sxeulebs ...<br />
?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
akvirdebian<br />
ikvleven<br />
zomaven<br />
aRweren<br />
* am tipis davalebebSi SesaZlebelia sityvas marcxena svetidan Seesabamebodes ramdenime sityva<br />
marjvena svetidan.<br />
15
§3. fizikur movlenebze<br />
dakvirveba<br />
riT gamoirCeva mecnieri sxva adamianebisagan?<br />
imedia ar fiqrob, rom esaa gansakuTrebuli<br />
niWi an swavlulobis damadasturebeli<br />
sabuTi. rac marTla ganasxvavebs mecniers<br />
(mkvlevars), esaa interesi, romliTac mecnieri<br />
uyurebs samyaros. mecnieri sxvebisTvis<br />
Cveulebriv movlenasac ki yuradRebiT<br />
akvirdeba da svams kiTxvas _ ratom moxda<br />
ase? Semdeg is Tanmimdevrulad ikvlevs da<br />
pasuxobs mis mierve dasmul kiTxvebs.<br />
Cvenc vcadoT romelime nacnob movlenas<br />
SevxedoT mecnieris TvaliT.<br />
warmoidgine, rom uyurebdi rogor Carecxes<br />
sadarbazos kibeebi da gaigone fraza<br />
“wyali daRma miedineba”. TiTqos gasakviri<br />
araferia, magram frazam mainc dagafiqra<br />
_ Tu yovelTvis asea, maSin rogor adis<br />
wyali fesvebidan mcenaris foTlebSi? an<br />
rogor Sreba niadagi, romelic xangrZlivi wvimis Sedegad sakmao siRrmezea<br />
dasvelebuli? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad sasurvelia Caataro cda,<br />
romliTac gaarkvev, ra pirobebSi SeuZlia `wyals aRma dineba~.<br />
16<br />
eqsperimentuli gamokvleva<br />
mMasalebi da xelsawyoebi: TeTri tilos naWeri, xelsaxoci qaRaldi,<br />
celofnis parki, makrateli, fanqari, jami, wyali, flomasterebi.<br />
miTiTebebi samuSaos SesrulebisTvis:<br />
praqtikumi<br />
sur. 3.1. ratomaa ca lurji? ratom<br />
aqvs cisartyelas rkalis forma?<br />
ris gamo eSveba wyali kldis napiridan?<br />
fizikosi cdilobs Cawvdes<br />
movlenaTa mizezebs, Seicnos da<br />
axsnas buneba.<br />
1. tilos naWridan, xelsaxoci qaRaldidan da celofnis parkidan CamoWeri<br />
daaxloebiT 2 sm siganis da 12 sm sigrZis sami zoli.<br />
2. TiToeul zols bolodan 1 sm manZilze sxvadasxva feris flomasteriT<br />
daasvi mcire zomis laqa.<br />
3. gamoiyene Wikartebi da samive zoli sufTa boloTi miamagre fanqars.<br />
4. Seavse jami naxevramde wyliT.<br />
5. moiSvelie ori sayrdeni da ise Camode fanqari, rom zolebis boloebi<br />
23 milimetriT CaeSvas wyalSi<br />
(sur. 3.2). ecade, rom CaSvebisas<br />
saRebavis laqebi wyliT ar dasveldes.<br />
daakvirdi, ra moxdeba. upasuxe<br />
kiTxvebs:<br />
sur. 3.2
a mouvida saRebavis laqebs? moZraobs Tu ara wyali? saiT aris mimarTuli<br />
wylis moZraoba?<br />
ra mosazrebiT SearCie am gamokvlevisaTvis masalebi zolebis gamosaWrelad?<br />
gaakeTe daskvna: ra pirobebi unda sruldebodes, rom wyalma qvevidan<br />
zeviT imo Zraos.<br />
dRevandeli cdis safuZvelze SevajamoT Cveni<br />
codna dakvirvebebisa da cdebis Sesaxeb.<br />
dakvirvebebi da cdebi garkveuli Tanmim devrobiT<br />
tar deba. pirvel rigSi unda davadginoT<br />
Cveni mizani, anu vupasuxoT kiTxvas _ risTvis<br />
vata rebT cdas an dakvir vebas?<br />
Semdegi nabijia kvlevis pi robebis dadgena. am<br />
dros vge gmavT:<br />
_ ra Tanmim dev robiT CavatarebT dakvir vebas<br />
Tu cdas;<br />
_ ra xelsawyoebs gamo viyenebT;<br />
_ rogor gazomvebs SevasrulebT. amave dros,<br />
ro gorc wesi, Caxataven sakvlevad saWiro danadgaris<br />
sqemas.<br />
sur. 3.3. fotoze aRbe Wdilia<br />
wylis zedapiri wveTis<br />
Cavardnis momentSi. gada<br />
Reba grZeldeboda 5 meaTased<br />
wams.<br />
dakvirvebisa Tu cdis mniS vne lovani etapia Sedegebis aRricxva. amisaTvis<br />
iyeneben sxvadasxva cxri lebsa da grafikebs. teqnikis ganviTarebam<br />
SesaZ lebeli gaxada swrafad mimdinare movle nebis foto Tu videofirze<br />
dafiqsireba (sur. 3.3).<br />
dasasruls Sedegebs aanalizeben da gamoaqvT daskvnebi movlenis<br />
kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb.<br />
eqsperimentuli gamokvleva<br />
� drodadro axal ambebSi gvatyobineben,<br />
rom ama Tu im sanapirosTan romeliRac<br />
tankerma ganicada avaria da zRvaSi<br />
Jonavs navTobi (sur. 3.4). ra Tqma unda,<br />
samwuxaro faqtia. miT umetes mniSvnelovania<br />
misi Seswavla. CavataroT eqsperimenti,<br />
romelic Tundac uxeSad asaxavs navTobis<br />
zRvaSi CaRvras da Segviqmnis pirvelad<br />
warmodgenas am movlenaze.<br />
masala da xelsawyoebi: gazquris langari<br />
(sigrZe 40 sm, sigane 20 sm), pipeti,<br />
cotaodeni samanqano zeTi (sakeravi manqanis<br />
an avtomobilis Zravis), Wiqa wyali.<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
sur. 3.4<br />
17
miTiTebebi samuSaos SesrulebisaTvis:<br />
1. langari naxevramde Seavse wyliT. gaivarjiSe wyalze<br />
susti talRebis aRZvraSi (haeris SeberviT,<br />
aseve langris kideze mikakunebiT). ecade am dros<br />
wyali ar gadmogeRvaros;<br />
2. daelode wylis dawynarebas da ori wveTi samaqano<br />
zeTi pipetiT frTxilad daawveTe langris centrSi.<br />
daakvirdi, ra saxes iRebs zeTis wveTi wylis zedapirze;<br />
3. ujrian furcelze gamosaxe langari 1:2 masStabiT. moniSne furcelze are,<br />
romelic dafara zeTis laqam CawveTebidan 10 wuTis Semdeg. langris ra<br />
nawili daikava am droisTvis zeTis orma wveTma?<br />
4. Seubere wyals zedapiris gaswvriv da CainiSne, ra gavlenas axdens haeris<br />
nakadi zeTis afskis gavrcelebaze.<br />
5. scade, aRZra talRebi langris kideze mikakunebiT. gamoiRo mikakunebam<br />
iseTive Sedegi, ro gorc sufTa wylis SemTxvevaSi?<br />
� bevri Tvlis, rom morevSi moxvedril<br />
sxeuls wyali qvemoT eqaCeba.<br />
moifiqreT eqspe rimenti, romliTac<br />
SeamowmebT am mosazrebas.<br />
� rogor fiqrob, interesi bunebis<br />
<strong>movlenebi</strong>sadmi marto mecnieris movaleobaa,<br />
Tu sasurvelia sxva profesiis<br />
adamianebsac gaaCndes?<br />
18
§18. drekadobis Zala.<br />
drekadi da plastikuri<br />
sxeulebi<br />
ras emyareba mSvildisris moqmedeba? ra unda<br />
vqnaT, rom isari Sors gafrindes?<br />
am sakiTxebis ganxilvisas pirvel rigSi yuradRebas<br />
iqcevs is faqti, rom satyorcnad momzadebu<br />
sur. 18.1. moWimuli mSvilli<br />
mSvildi SesamCnevad deformirebulia (sur. 18.1).<br />
di isris tyor cnis Semdeg<br />
Tu am mimarTu lebiT fiqrs gavagrZelebT, mivalT sawyis formas aRid gens.<br />
daskvnamde, rom isris mSvil di drekadi sxeulia<br />
tyorcna mSvildis deformaciis<br />
gareSe saerTod SeuZlebelia.<br />
sur. 18.2. zambaris gaWimvisas<br />
xelze moqmedebs Zala<br />
SeviswavloT ufro dawvrilebiT sxeulebis<br />
deformacia. davamagroT zambara erTi<br />
boloTi da meore boloTi gavWimoT. maSinve<br />
vigrZnobT, rom zambaris mxridan xelze moqmedebs<br />
Zala, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba gaWimvas<br />
(sur. 18.2). Tu xels gavuSvebT, zambara Tavis<br />
formas daibrunebs. am cvlilebasac gaWimul<br />
zambaraSi aRZruli Zala iwvevs.<br />
drekadobis Zalas uwodeben sxe ulis de for ma ciisas aRZrul Zalas.<br />
cda gviCvenebs, rom dreka dobis<br />
Zala deformirebu li sxe ulis<br />
nawilebze moqmedebs. amitom, Tu<br />
sxe ulze Zalis moqmedebas SevwyvetT,<br />
sxeuli Tavis formasa da<br />
zomebs aRi dgens. ma ga liTad, gaWimuli<br />
rezinis zo nari Se ikumSeba,<br />
sawyis sigrZes daib runebs, Sekum<br />
Suli zambara gaiS leba, moRunuli<br />
fir fita gas wor deba. dreka dad<br />
deformi re buli sxe uli Semxeb<br />
sxeul zec moqme debs. maga liTad,<br />
isa rze moqme debs laris drekadobis<br />
Zala.<br />
dasadgeni dagvrCa dreka dobis<br />
Za lis mimar Tu leba. ami saTvis<br />
yuradRe biT davak virdeT deformi<br />
rebul sxe ulebs. maTi gaTavisuf<br />
le buli bolo ebis moZraobis<br />
mimarTu leba gvkar naxobs drekadobis<br />
Zalis moq medebis mimarTulebas<br />
(sur. 18.3).<br />
gaWimva<br />
SekumSva<br />
Runva<br />
F dr<br />
F dr<br />
F dr<br />
F dr<br />
F dr<br />
sur. 18.3. deformaciis saxeebi da deformirebul<br />
sxeulSi aRZruli drekadobis Zalebi<br />
67
dreka dobis Zala yovel Tvis defor maciis gamom wvevi Zalis sapirispirodaa<br />
mimar Tuli.<br />
aRweril cdebSi Cven drekadi<br />
sxeulebis deformacia ganvixileT.<br />
sxeuls, romelic masze<br />
deformaciis gamomwvevi Zalebis<br />
moq medebis Sewyvetis Semdeg<br />
zomebs da formas aRidgens,<br />
drekad sxeuls uwodeben.<br />
arsebobs sxeulebi, romlebsac<br />
nebismieri forma SeiZleba<br />
mivceT. maT plastikur sxeulebs<br />
uwodeben. aseTi sxeulia, magali<br />
Tad, plasti linis, Tixis, comis an sagozavis naWeri. plastikuri sxeulebi<br />
kargi saZerwavi masalaa (sur. 18.4).<br />
SevajamoT naswavli masala.<br />
deformaciis saxeebia gaWimva, SekumSva da Runva. deformirebul sxeulSi<br />
aRiZvreba drekadobis Zala, romelic deformaciis sawinaaRmdegodaa<br />
mimarTuli.<br />
arsebobs drekadi sxeulebi da plastikuri sxeulebi.<br />
� ganixileT 18.3 suraTi. miuTiTeT<br />
defo rmirebuli sxeulebi da maTSi aRZruli<br />
drekadobis Zalebi.<br />
� ra saxis deformacias ganicdian samagrebi<br />
18.5 su raTze? gamosaxeT drekadobis<br />
Zalis veqtori.<br />
� rogor deformacias ganicdis detali<br />
Wedvisas (sur. 18.6)?<br />
68<br />
sur. 18.6<br />
sur. 18.4. plastikur sxeulSi drekadobis Zala<br />
mxolod deformaciis procesSi moqmedebs. Cven<br />
vgrZnobT, rogor gvewinaaRmdegeba plastilini<br />
Zer wvisas. rogorc ki Zerwvas vwyvetT, drekadobis<br />
Zala qreba.<br />
a<br />
sur. 18.5<br />
saklaso samuSao<br />
� razea damokidebuli drekadobis Zalis moduli?<br />
cxadia, rom drekadobis Zala damo kidebulia sxeulis<br />
de formaciis sidideze. Semdegi, #praqtikuli<br />
samuSaos mizania am damoki debulebis dadgena deformirebuli<br />
zambari saTvis. ganixileT, ra meTodiT<br />
gamoikvlevT zambaraSi aRZruli drekadobis Zalis<br />
damo kidebulebas zambaris de formaciaze. rogor gazomavT<br />
gaWi muli zambaris drekadobis Zalas? rogor<br />
gansazRvravT zambaris defo rmaciis sidides?<br />
b<br />
g
plastikuroba<br />
deformacia<br />
drekadoba<br />
drekadobis Zala<br />
drekadi deformacia<br />
plastikuri deformacia<br />
forma<br />
aviTvisoT axali terminebi<br />
ra aris?<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> movlena<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> sidide<br />
sazomi xelsawyo<br />
sxeulis Tviseba<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> sxeuli<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
� daaTvaliere 18.7 suraTze gamosaxuli Taroebi da upasuxe kiTxvebs:<br />
ratomaa zeda Taro gaRunuli? ras ityvi qveda<br />
Taroze: is saerTod araa gaRunuli, Tu mis deformacias<br />
TvaliT ver vamCnevT? ras ityodi wignebze:<br />
arian Tu ara isini deformirebuli?<br />
rogor Seicvleba zeda Taros deformacia, Tu<br />
mas kidev davamatebT wignebs? Tu wignebis nawils<br />
zeda Tarodan qvedaze gadavitanT? Tu zeda Taros<br />
SevcvliT ufro sqeli ficrisgan damzadebuli TaroTi?<br />
imave sisqis, oRond ufro mtkice merqnisgan<br />
sur. 18.7<br />
damzadebuli TaroTi?<br />
ganazogade Taros magaliTi da gamoitane daskvna: aris Tu<br />
ara deformaciis sidide damokidebuli:<br />
a) sxeulze moqmed Zalaze;<br />
b) sxeulis Tvisebebze _ mis zomebsa da nivTierebis gvarobaze.<br />
� zambaraze kidia 300 g masis sxeuli (sur. 18.8). ras udris<br />
sxeulze moqmedi simZimis Zala? zambaris drekadobis Zala?<br />
pasuxi daasabuTe. Caxate datvirTuli zambara da grafikulad<br />
gamosaxe sxeulze moqmedi Zalebi.<br />
sur. 18.8<br />
� maimuni Camoekida totze. ras udris maimunze moqmedi<br />
drekadobis Zala, Tu maimunis masaa 50kg? ra saxis deformacias<br />
ganicdis toti? ramdenjer gaizrdeba misi deformacia, Tu masze<br />
imave masis kidev erTi maimuni daekideba?<br />
69
esec waikiTxe<br />
70<br />
drekadobis zRvari<br />
Tu SeZlebT plastmasas saxa za vi imdenad moRunoT, rom misi boloebi erTmaneTs<br />
miedos? ueWvelad manamde gadatydeba, ase rom mosinjvac ar Rirs.<br />
spilenZis mavTuli ki advilad moiRuneba, magram mere aRar gaswordeba. es<br />
niSnavs, rom erTic da meorec drekadobas avlens mxolod viwro farglebSi.<br />
didi deformaciisas plastmasas saxazavi tydeba, xolo spilenZis mavTu li<br />
pirvandel formas veRar aRidgens.<br />
Sesabamisad vambobT, rom<br />
plastmasa myifea, spilenZi ki<br />
plastikuri.<br />
risgan unda yofiliyo<br />
damzadebuli Rero, rom aRwerili<br />
gamocdisaTvis “umtkivneulod”<br />
gaeZlo?<br />
albaT, bevri miuTiTebs rezinze<br />
da savsebiT marTali iqneba. Runvisa Tu<br />
grexvis Semdeg rezinis Rero mTlianad aRidgens<br />
formas. Tavisi gamorCeuli drekadobis<br />
gamo rezini farTod gamoiyeneba teqnikaSi.<br />
SegiZliaT miuTiToT rezinis RerosaviT<br />
drekadi sxva raime sxeuli?<br />
adamianis mier Seqmnil konstruqciebs Soris<br />
drekadobiTa da simtkiciT gamoirCeva<br />
velosipedis borbali. magram Tu datvirTva<br />
zRvars gadaaWarbebs, borblis forma Seuqcevadad Seicvleba.<br />
Zalze mtkice da drekadia iogebi — boWkoebis kona, romelic saxsarSi<br />
Zvlebs akavSirebs erT maneTTan. marTlac,<br />
xrtili<br />
iogebi<br />
daakvirdiT ra advilad vkecavT da vSliT<br />
fexs muxlSi an xels idayvSi, vatrialebT<br />
xelis mtevans majaSi. aseT moqnilobas saxsris<br />
ramdenime unikaluri Tviseba uzrunvelyofs<br />
da erTerTi maT Soris iogebis<br />
drekadobaa.<br />
ra Tqma unda, usazRvro datvirTvebis<br />
gaZleba arc iogebs SeuZlia. zedmeti daZabvisgan<br />
iogi SeiZleba gaiWimos an gawydes<br />
kidec. am travmebs aseve hqvia — iogebis<br />
ga Wimva, iogebis gawyveta — da sakmaod<br />
xSiria sportsmenebSi.
§22. xaxunis Zala<br />
wignis ydaze davdoT moneta da saSleli. Tu<br />
wigns odnav davxriT, arc erTi sxeuli ar daiZvreba.<br />
ra ewinaaRmdegeba sxeulebis Camosrialebas?<br />
gavzardoT wignis daxra. raRac momentSi moneta<br />
amoZravdeba, xolo saSleli adgilze darCeba.<br />
ratom Camosrialda mxolod moneta? saSlelis<br />
magivrad yinulis kubi rom dagvedo, maSin romeli<br />
sxeuli amoZravdeboda ufro adre?<br />
dasmul kiTxvebs rom vupasuxoT, unda gamovikvlioT,<br />
ra xdeba sxeulTa Sexebis zedapirze.<br />
Cveni martivi cda mianiSnebs, rom Semxeb sxeulebs<br />
Soris adgili aqvs urTierTqmedebas, romelic<br />
cdilobs Seaferxos erTi sxeulis moZraoba meoris<br />
mimarT. am saxis urTierTqmedebas ewodeba<br />
xaxuni, xolo Zalas, romelic am dros moqmedebs<br />
sxeulTa Sexebis zedapiris gaswvriv ewodeba xaxunis<br />
Zala.<br />
razea damokidebuli xaxunis Zala? CavataroT<br />
a<br />
b<br />
g<br />
d<br />
sur. 22.1. srialis xaxunis Zalis Seswavla<br />
80<br />
mTis ferdobze Tovls<br />
aCerebs xaxunis Zala. roca<br />
Tovlis safari matulobs,<br />
xaxunis Zala mas ferdobze<br />
veRar akavebs da warmoiqmneba<br />
zvavi<br />
cda. sakmaod mZime marTkuTxa Zelaki<br />
davdoT horizontalur zedapirze.<br />
Zelaks mivamag roT dinamometri. dina mometris<br />
gaweviT ESevecadoT mis amoZravebas.<br />
Tavdapirvelad Zelaki uZravia,<br />
Tumca dinamometris Cveneba nulisagan<br />
gansxvave bulia. ratom? cxadia, Zelakze<br />
moqmedebs kidev erTi Zala, romelic<br />
dreka dobis Zalas awonas worebs. es uZraobis<br />
xaxunis Zalaa.<br />
ra moxdeba Tu gavagrZelebT zambaris<br />
gaWimvas?<br />
cda gviCvenebs, rom gamwevi Zalis<br />
zrdasTan erTad uZraobis xaxunis Zalac<br />
matulobs – Zelaki adgilidan ar iZvris.<br />
magram ase xdeba gamwevi Zalis garkveul<br />
mniSvnelobamde. rogorc ki dinamometris<br />
mxridan moqmedi Zala miaRwevs am<br />
mniSvnelobas Zelaki erTbaSad amoZravdeba<br />
da magidis zedapirze gasrialdeba.<br />
amis Semdeg sxeulze moqmedebs srialis<br />
xaxunis Zala. Tu Zelaks Tanabrad vamoZravebT<br />
zambaris drekadobis Zalisa<br />
da srialis xaxunis Zalis modulebi<br />
iqneba toli. am xerxiT zomaven srialis<br />
xaxunis Zalas (sur. 22.1 a).
ogor SeiZleba SevcvaloT srialis xaxunis Zala?<br />
pirvel rigSi vnaxoT, ra gavlenas axdens srialis<br />
xaxunze Sexebis farTobis cvlileba. amisaTvis Zelaki<br />
davdgaT mcire waxnagiT da ise gavasrialoT magidaze<br />
(sur. 22.1 b). cda gviCvenebs, rom Zelakis sxvadasxva<br />
waxnagiT srialisas dinamometris Cveneba erTnairia.<br />
maSasadame, srialis xaxunis Zala ar aris damokidebuli<br />
sxeulis zedapirTan Sexebis farTobze.<br />
gavagrZeloT srialis xaxunis Seswavla. davdoT<br />
Zelakze tvirTi da cda gavi meoroT. dinamometris<br />
Cveneba mowmobs, rom srialis xaxunis Za lis moduli<br />
am SemTxvevaSi metia (sur. 22.1 g). maSasadame, zedapirze<br />
marTo bulad moqmedi Zalis gazrdiT xaxunis<br />
Zala izrdeba.<br />
ra aris xaxunis aRZvris mizezi?<br />
nebismieri zedapiri metnaklebad mqisea anu masze<br />
aris TvaliT SeumCneveli xorklebi (uswormasworobebi). 22.2 suraTze<br />
mocemulia gluvi zedapiris mravaljer gadi debuli gamosaxuleba. srialisas<br />
Semxebi zeda pi rebis Sverilebi erTmaneTs edeba da amiT aferxeben<br />
moZraobas.<br />
xaxunis Zala aRiZvreba erTi sxeulis meoris zedapirze moZra obisas,<br />
an amoZravebis mcdelobisas. ganarCeven srialis xaxunis Zalas da uZraobis<br />
xaxunis Zalas.<br />
srialis xaxunis Zala mimarTulia moZraobis sawi naaRmdegod da misi<br />
moduli miT metia, rac ufro didia zedapirze marTobulad moqmedi<br />
Zala.<br />
srialis xaxunis Zala damokidebulia Semxebi zedapirebis gva robaze<br />
da ar aris damokidebuli sxeulTa Sexebis farTobze.<br />
saklaso samuSao<br />
� ganixileT 22.1 suraTi. axseniT, ra aris<br />
masze gamosaxuli. suraTis mixedviT CamoayalibeT<br />
srialis xaxunis kanonzomierebebi.<br />
� gansazRvreT, ra saxis xaxuns (uZraobis Tu<br />
srialis) ganicdis qvemoT CamoTvlili sxe ulebi<br />
(sur. 22.4):<br />
a) ciga, ferdobze daSvebisas;<br />
b) xelebi, Tokze cocvisas;<br />
g) sacobi, boTlidan amoZrobisas;<br />
korpsaZrobis saxeluri xelis mxridan.<br />
sur. 22.2. ase dakbi lulad<br />
gamoiyureba liTonis<br />
gluvi zedapiri<br />
10 000jer gadidebisas<br />
sur. 22.4<br />
81
� daaTvaliereT 22.3 suraTi da upasuxeT<br />
kiTxvebs:<br />
moqmedebs Tu ara Ze lakze xaxunis Zala (a)<br />
a<br />
mdgomareobaSi?<br />
ratom aris Zelaki uZ ravi (b) mdgomareobaSi?<br />
ra Zalebi moqmedeben Ze lakze? saiT<br />
2 n<br />
b<br />
aris mimarTuli Zelakze moqmedi uZraobis<br />
xaxunis Zala da ras udris misi moduli?<br />
ratom aris Zelaki uZravi (g) mdgomareobaSi?<br />
Seicvala Tu ara Zelakze moqmedi<br />
4 n<br />
g<br />
uZraobis xaxunis Zala? ram gamoiwvia es<br />
cvlileba? amoZravdeba, Tu ara Zelaki, Tu<br />
masze dinamometris mxridan moqmedi Zala<br />
6 n<br />
d<br />
gaizrdeba 5 nmde?<br />
ra saxis xaxunis Zala moqmedebs Zelakze<br />
6 n<br />
e<br />
(d) mdgomareobaSi? risi tolia am Zalis<br />
moduli? SeiZleba Tu ara am monacemebiT<br />
ganisazRvros uZraobis xaxunis Zalis maqsimaluri<br />
mniSvneloba?<br />
sur. 22.3<br />
ratom ver aamoZrava 6 n Zalam Zelaki (e) mdgomareobaSi?<br />
ganxiluli magaliTis safuZvelze CamoayalibeT uZraobis xaxunis kanonzomierebebi.<br />
82<br />
xaxuni<br />
xaxunis Zala<br />
xaxunis Zalis moduli<br />
uZraobis xaxuni<br />
zedapiris simqise<br />
zedapiris sigluve<br />
aviTvisoT axali terminebi<br />
ra aris?<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> sidide<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> movlena<br />
sazomi saSualeba<br />
sxeulis mdgomareoba<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> sxeuli<br />
veqtoruli <strong>fizikuri</strong> sidide<br />
� ratom tovebs fanqari kvals qaRaldze, minaze ki ara?<br />
� Sens gankargulebaSia furclovani fo<br />
v = 0<br />
ladi, rezinSereuli uxeSi qsovili da kargad<br />
gaSala Sinebuli ficrebi. am masalebidan<br />
romels gamoi yenebdi tanvarjiSis moednis<br />
dasagebad? bavSvebis sasrialos asagebad?<br />
� gamoTvale xaxunis Zala, romelic<br />
moqme debs 22.5 suraTze gamosaxul Zelakze.<br />
sur. 22.5<br />
ra saxis xaxuns ganicdis Zelaki?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
50 g
� ras fiqrob uZraobis xaxunze – Cvens<br />
cxo v rebaSi is saziano rols TamaSobs Tu<br />
sasargeblos. Seni Sexeduleba daasabuTe<br />
konkretuli maga liTebiT. imedia, ar Semoifarglebi<br />
mxolod mZime karadis gadaCoCebis<br />
SemTxveviT. guldasmiT ganixile, ra Zalebi<br />
moqmedebs sxeulze, roca mas xelSi viWerT,<br />
sur. 22.6<br />
an vamagrebT (sur. 22.6); ra Zalebi moqmedebs<br />
terfze siarulisas, ratom ar ixsneba Sekruli Tasmebi da sxva.<br />
� eqsperimentuli davaleba<br />
amJamad teqnikaSi srialis xaxunis Sesamcireblad<br />
Semxeb zedapirebs saguldagulod aprialeben. garda<br />
amisa, farTod iyeneben SezeTvas. Cven davamuSavoT<br />
xaxunis Semcirebis ufro gabeduli meTodi – vcadoT,<br />
saerTod movspoT kontaqti mosriale sxeulTa<br />
zedapirebs Soris.<br />
masalebi da xelsawyoebi: muyaos firfita, fanqari,<br />
webo, Zafis koWa, gasaberi buSti.<br />
miTiTebebi samuSaos Sesasruleblad:<br />
1. gamoWeri muyaosagan 10 sm × 10 sm zomis kvadrati.<br />
2. muyaos kvadrats centrSi gaukeTe iseTive zomis<br />
naxvreti, rogoric koWazea.<br />
3. daamTxvie naxvretebi erTmaneTs da miawebe koWa muyaos. kidis gaswvriv webo<br />
uxvad wausvi, rom haerma ver SeZlos muyaosa da koWas Soris gaJonva.<br />
4. buSti gabere da orjersamjer daatriale. amiT buStis<br />
yeli gadaiketeba da haeri ar gaiqceva. wamoacvi<br />
gaberili buSti koWas (sur. 22.7).<br />
5. dadgi mTeli es konstruqcia magidaze da gaaTavisufle<br />
buStis yeli.<br />
sxvadasxva mxridan ramdenjerme ubiZge molivlive<br />
aparats da daakvirdi mis moZraobas.<br />
upasuxe kiTxvebs:<br />
gaizarda, Tu Semcirda xaxunis Zala muyaos firfitasa<br />
da magidis zedapirs Soris? ra aris am cvlilebis<br />
sur. 22.7<br />
mizezi? sad SeiZleba am meTodis gamoye neba?<br />
83
§23. gorvis xaxuni.<br />
blanti xaxuni<br />
gorvis xaxunis Zala. gago rebuli<br />
burTi adre Tu gvian Cerdeba. ra Zalis<br />
moqmedebiT mcirdeba burTis siCqare?<br />
cxadia _ xaxunis Zalis moqme debiT,<br />
magram am saxis xaxuni gansxvavdeba Cven<br />
mier Seswavlilisgan. es gorvis xaxunia.<br />
Cavata roT cda. dinamometriT gavasrialoT<br />
Zelaki magidaze da gavzomoT<br />
xaxunis Zala. Semdeg igive Zelaki SevdgaT<br />
mrgval fan qrebze da Tanabrad avamoZravoT<br />
dinamo metris saSualebiT (sur. 23.1).<br />
cda gviCvenebs, rom gor vis xaxunis Zala<br />
bevrad naklebia srialis xaxunis Zalaze.<br />
ris gamo warmoiqmneba gorvis xaxuni?<br />
roca borbali migoravs, gzis safari<br />
mis qveS odnav izniqeba. am dros Sebrtyelebulia<br />
borblis qveda nawilic.<br />
amrigad, deformirdeba rogorc sayrdeni,<br />
ise mgoravi sxeuli. Sedegad borblis<br />
win warmoiqmneba SeumCnevlad mcire simaR<br />
lis safexuri. swored es safexuria is dabrkoleba, romlis gadalaxvac<br />
uwevs borbals gorvis procesSi (sur. 23.2).<br />
rac ufro magaria zedapiri an mgo<br />
84<br />
safexuri dabalia;<br />
gorvis xaxunis Zala<br />
mcirea<br />
magari grunti umniSvnelod deformirdeba da<br />
borbali advilad migoravs<br />
safexuri maRalia;<br />
gorvis xaxunis Zala<br />
didia<br />
rbili grunti metad deformirdeba da borbali<br />
Znelad migoravs<br />
sur. 23.2. gorvis xaxunis warmoqmna<br />
sur. 23.1. erTnairi datvirTvisas<br />
gor vis xaxunis Zala naklebia srialisaze.<br />
ravi sxeuli, miT ufro naklebia maTi<br />
deformacia da gorvis xaxunis Zala.<br />
amitom faraven gzebs asfaltiT, xolo<br />
saburavebs beraven.<br />
borblis radiusis gazrdiT gorvis<br />
xaxunis Zala mcirdeba. ami tom aqvs<br />
urems didi Tvlebi.<br />
blanti xaxunis Zala. uZraobis, srialisa<br />
da gorvis xaxuni mSrali xaxunis<br />
saxeebia da myari sxeulebis urTier<br />
Tqmedebisas warmo iqmneba.<br />
myari sxeulis moZ raobisas siTxe<br />
Si an airSi mas ze moqmedebs blanti<br />
xaxunis Zala. xSi rad mas ga re mos winaaRmdegobis<br />
Zalas uwodeben.<br />
blanti xaxunis Zala bevrad naklebia mSrali xaxunis Zalaze. swored<br />
amitom adamiani uZvelesi droidan tvirTis gada zidvas wyalze dacu rebiT<br />
iadvilebda. wylis transportis gan viTareba uswrebda saxme leTo transportis<br />
ganviTa rebas.
sur. 23.3. siTxeSi moZraobisas<br />
kvadratuli<br />
formis sxeulze moqmedebs<br />
20jer meti winaaRmdegobis<br />
Zala, vidre<br />
iseTive ganivkveTis garsdenili<br />
formis sxeulze<br />
siTxeSi moZraobisas myari sxeulis zeda pirs<br />
ekvris siTxis fena da xaxuni am SemTxve vaSi siTxis<br />
fenebs Soris aRiZvreba. zustad aseve xdeba airSi<br />
moZraobisas. amiT aixsneba blanti xaxunis Zalis<br />
simcire.<br />
sanam sxeuli nela moZraobs, garemos winaaRmdegobis<br />
Zala umniSvneloa, magram siCqaris gazrdisas<br />
igi sagrZnoblad matulobs.<br />
blanti xaxunis Zala damokidebulia agreTve<br />
moZravi sxeulis formasa da ganiv kveTis far Tobze<br />
(sur. 23.3). didi winaaRmdegobis Zala moqmedebs<br />
Cazneqili formis sxeulebze. am damokidebulebis<br />
praqtikaSi gamoyenebis kargi magaliTia paraSuti<br />
(sur. 23.4).<br />
Zneli misaxvedri ar<br />
aris, rom winaaRmde<br />
gobis Zala mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli TviT<br />
siTxis Tvisebebze. zeTi wyalze ufro blantia,<br />
amitom zeTSi moZraobisas winaaR mde gobis Zala<br />
metia, vidre wyalSi.<br />
SevajamoT axali masala.<br />
sxeulis gorvisas aRiZvreba moZraobis<br />
sawina aR mdegod mimarTuli gorvis xaxunis<br />
Zala. misi moduli damokidebulia zedapirisa<br />
da mgoravi sxeulis simagreze, sxeulis radiusze.<br />
gorvis xaxunis mizezia zedapirisa<br />
da sxeulis de fo rmacia.<br />
siTxeSi an airSi moZrav sxeulze moqmedebs<br />
blanti xaxunis Zala. misi moduli damokidebulia<br />
sxeulis siCqareze, ganivkveTis farTobze<br />
da formaze, aseve siTxis siblanteze.<br />
� ganixileT gorvis xaxunis warmoqmnis<br />
mizezebi (sur. 23.2) da upasuxeT<br />
kiTxvebs: a) ratomaa Zneli svel gruntis<br />
gzaze manqanis moZraoba? b) ratom ver<br />
migoravs Sors cudad gaberili burTi?<br />
g) ra tom aqvs gamwev satvirTo manqanas<br />
didi borblebi (sur. 23.5)?<br />
sur. 23.4. didi diametrisa da<br />
gumbaTis formis gamo para<br />
Sutze haeris mxridan moqmedebs<br />
didi winaaRmdegobis<br />
Zala<br />
saklaso samuSao<br />
sur. 23.5<br />
85
� axseniT, ratom Slis gareuli<br />
bati frTebs tbaze daSvebisas (sur.<br />
23.6)?<br />
� eqsperimentuli davaleba<br />
gorvis xaxunis Zalis gazomva.<br />
sur. 23.6<br />
mocemuli gaqvT: sagoravi, 4050<br />
sm sigrZisa da 1015 sm siganis rbili<br />
qsovili, dinamometri.<br />
gazomeT sagoravze moqmedi gorvis<br />
xaxunis Zala magidis zedapirze da<br />
rbil qsovilze moZraobisas. SeadareT<br />
am Zalebis mniSvnelobebi da gamoitaneT<br />
daskvna.<br />
sagoravi daamagreT RerZze ise, rom<br />
gorva ver SeZlos. gazomeT srialis xaxunis Zala sagoravis magar zedapirze<br />
moZraobisas. SeadareT erTmaneTs sagoravze moqmedi gorvisa da srialis<br />
xaxunis Zalebi. gamoitaneT daskvna.<br />
86<br />
blanti xaxuni<br />
gorvis xaxunis Zala<br />
gorvis xaxuni<br />
sayrdenis deformacia<br />
garsdenili forma<br />
winaaRmdegobis Zala<br />
aviTvisoT axali terminebi<br />
ra aris?<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> sidide<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> movlena<br />
sazomi saSualeba<br />
<strong>fizikuri</strong> sxeuli<br />
sxeulis Tviseba<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
� ratom ar Cerdeba xoSkakala daxril saxuravze, roca Tovli sqel fenad<br />
edeba mas?<br />
� paraSutiT mxtomelis daSvebis siCqare paraSutis gaxsnamde Seadgens<br />
70 m/wms. paraSutis gaxsnis Semdeg mxtomelis siCqare mcirdeba usafrTxo<br />
mniSvnelobamde 5 m/wm.<br />
gansazRvreT garemos winaaRmdegobis Zala, romelic moqmedebs a) mxtomelze,<br />
paraSutis gaxsnamde; b) paraSutze, misi gaxsnis Semdeg. mxtomelis masa para<br />
Sutianad 90 kgia.
� matarebelma didi siCqariT Cauara baqans. am dros<br />
baqanze mdgar mgzavrs haeris nakadma qudi mostaca.<br />
axseniT, ra kavSiria am or movlenas Soris.<br />
� rogor gesmiT fraza: Zaras garSemodenili formis<br />
wyalobiT gaumjobesda avtomobilis sportuli maxasiaTeblebi?<br />
� eqsperimentuli davaleba<br />
garsdena da siCqare<br />
garsdenas ganapirobebs sxeulis gluvi, Camoqnili forma. es sxeuls sa<br />
Sualebas aZlevs advilad imoZraos wyalsa da haerSi. rac naklebia garemos<br />
winaaRmdegoba, miT meti siCqaris gaviTareba SeuZlia manqanas an katers. qvemoT<br />
aRwerili cda TvalsaCinos xdis garsdenis efeqts.<br />
4 sm<br />
4 sm<br />
5 sm<br />
4 sm<br />
1. muyaosgan gamoWeri ori<br />
marTkuTxedi 4×4 da 4×5<br />
santimetri zomis. meore<br />
marTkuTxedisgan gamoWeri<br />
wveTis formis firfita.<br />
esec waikiTxe<br />
garemos winaaRmdegoba yovelTvis uaryofiT rols ar<br />
TamaSobs. magaliTad, haerTan xaxuni icavs dedamiwas<br />
meteoritebisgan. am ciur sxeulTa umravlesoba atmosferos<br />
zeda fenebSi didi siCqariT moZraobisas ise<br />
Zlier varvardeba, rom haerSive iwveba da dedamiwis<br />
zedapiramde ver aRwevs.<br />
2. gamoZerwe plastili nisagan 1×1×1 sm zomis<br />
ori kubiki – es iqneba tvirTebi. mniSvnelovania,<br />
rom orive kubiki erTnairi iyos. gamoabi<br />
orive firfitas tvirTebi ise, rom Tavisufali<br />
darCes 50 sm sigrZis Zafi.<br />
3. samzareulos niJaraSi daagrove wyali.<br />
moZ ravi firfitebis kvali kargad rom gamoCndes,<br />
wylis zedapirs moayare raime fxvnili.<br />
frTxilad dade firfitebi wylis zedapirze.<br />
gadmokide plastilinis tvir Tebi.<br />
erTdroulad gauSvi tvirTebs xeli da daakvirdi<br />
firfitebis moZraobas. Seadare wylis<br />
Wavlebi moZravi firfitebis irgvliv. aRwere<br />
da axseni damzerili movlena.<br />
87
§34. siTxis moqmedeba masSi<br />
CaSvebul sxeulze.<br />
arqimedes kanoni<br />
rkinis lursmani wyalSi iZireba, plastmasis saxazavi<br />
ki wylis zedapirze tivtivebs. sainteresoa, Tu arsebobs<br />
siTxe, romelSic lursmani ar CaiZireba? ra Tvisebebi<br />
unda hqondes aseT siTxes?<br />
dasmul kiTxvebs rom vupasuxoT unda vicodeT, ra<br />
akavebs sxeuls siTxis zedapirze. amisaTvis, pirvel<br />
rigSi, gamovikvlioT siTxis moqmedeba masSi CAaSvebul<br />
sxeulze.<br />
gamokvleva daviwyoT martivi cdiT. dinamometrze<br />
davkidoT sxeuli. CavuSvaT sxeuli wyalSi. davinaxavT,<br />
rom dinamometris Cveneba Semcirdeba (sur. 34.1).<br />
es niSnavs, rom wyalSi sxeulze simZimis Zalis garda<br />
moqmedebs kidev raRac sxva Zala. es Zala mimarTulia<br />
zeviT, amitom mas amomgdeb Zalas<br />
uwodeben.<br />
saidan Cndeba amomgdebi Zala?<br />
a b<br />
sur. 34.2. a) amomgdebi<br />
Zalis warmoqmna. isrebi<br />
gamosaxaven wnevis Zalas,<br />
romliTac siT xe<br />
moqmedebs sxeulis zedapiris<br />
sxvadasxva nawilebze.<br />
b) amomgdebi<br />
Zala tolia imave mo <br />
culobis siTxeze moqmedi<br />
simZimis Zalis<br />
126<br />
sxeulis zedapiris yoveli nawili ganicdis siTxis<br />
dawolas. es dawola zedapiris marTobulia da miT<br />
metia, rac ufro didia siTxis wneva (sur. 34.2, a).<br />
siRrmesTan erTad siTxis wneva matulobs. amis gamo<br />
sxeulis qveda nawilze, moqmedebs ufro didi wnevis<br />
Zala, vidre zeda nawilze. Sedegad, siTxis mxridan<br />
sxe ulze moqmedi Zalebis tolqmedi mimarTulia zeviT.<br />
swored es tolqmedia amomgdebi Zala.<br />
rogor ganvsazRvroT amomgdebi Zalis moduli?<br />
azrobrivad CavanacvloT sxeuli igive formis imave<br />
siTxis sxeuliT (anu ganvixiloT `siTxe siTxeSi~). ra<br />
Tqma unda, aseTi Txevadi sxeuli siTxis SigniT wonasworobaSia.<br />
es ki niSnavs, rom masze moqmedi Zalebi<br />
erTmaneTs akompensi rebs (sur. 34.2 b). Txevad sxeulze moqmedebs simZimis<br />
Zala da gareSe siTxis mxridan amomgdebi Zala. am Zalebis modulebi<br />
tolia F a =F s .<br />
simZimis Zala gamoian gariSeba formuliT<br />
F s =mg=ρ s gV,<br />
sadac ρ s siTxis simkvrivea, V ki _ siTxeSi moTavsebuli sxeulis moculoba.<br />
roca sxeuli nawilobrivaa siTxeSi, maSin F a s gamosaT vlelad formulaSi<br />
unda Caisvas sxeulis mxolod CaZiruli nawilis moculoba (tolia<br />
gamodevnili siTxis moculobis).<br />
Teoriuli gamokvleviT miviReT, rom<br />
F a = ρ s gV,<br />
10 n<br />
6 n<br />
sur. 34.1. sxeulis wyalSi<br />
CaSvebisas dinam<br />
o m e t r i s C v e n e b a<br />
mci rdeba 10 ndan 6<br />
nmde. ma Sa sa dame, am<br />
sxe ulze wyali moq medebs<br />
zeviT mimarTuli<br />
Za liT, romlis modulic<br />
4 ns tolia.
anu amomgdebi Zala da sxeulis mier<br />
gamodevnili siTxis wona moduliT tolia.<br />
SevamowmoT es Sedegi eqsperimentulad.<br />
davkidoT sxeuli di na mometrze. meore<br />
di na mometris pinaze da v dgaT carieli<br />
Wiqa.<br />
pirvel di na mo metrze dakidebuli<br />
sxe uli TandaTan CavuS vaT wyliT sav se<br />
WurWelSi ise, rom gamodevnili wyali<br />
CaiRvaros cariel WiqaSi (sur. 34.3). cda<br />
gviCvenebs, rom wonasworobis damyarebis<br />
Semdeg meore dinamometris Cveneba tolia<br />
pirveli dinamometris CvenebaTa sxvaobis.<br />
meore dinamometri zomavs gamodevnili<br />
wylis wonas, xolo pirveli dinamometris<br />
CvenebaTa sxvaoba amomgdebi Zalis tolia.<br />
maSasadame, amomgdebi Zala da gamodevnili<br />
siTxis wona tolia.<br />
aRwerili kanonzomiereba pirvelad<br />
daadgina Zvelma berZenma mecnierma arqime dem. mis pativsacemad amomgdeb<br />
Zalas arqimedes Zalasac uwodeben. arqimedes kanoni ase gamoiTqmis:<br />
siTxeSi CaSvebul sxeulze moqmedebs amom gdebi Zala, romelic sxe u lis<br />
mi er gamodev nili siTxis wonis to lia.<br />
6 n<br />
4 n<br />
sur. 34.3. cda adasturebs, rom amomgdebi<br />
Zala tolia ga mo devnili<br />
siTxis wonis.<br />
saklaso samuSao<br />
� ganixileT 34.2 suraTi da upasuxeT kiTxvebs:<br />
ras gamosaxavs isrebi CaZiruli sxeulis zedapirze da ratom aris maTi<br />
sigrZe sxvadasxva?<br />
saiT aris mimarTuli Zala, romliTac siTxe moqmedebs sxeulis zedapiris<br />
zeda nawilze? qveda nawilze? am Zalebis tolqmedi?<br />
� eqsperimentuli davaleba<br />
1. SeamowmeT amomgdebi Zalis damokidebuleba sxeulis<br />
siTxeSi moTavsebuli nawilis moculo baze.<br />
aiReT daaxloebiT 20 sm sigrZis cilindri da dayaviT<br />
igi oTx tol nawilad. dayofis adgilebi fanqriT aRniSneT<br />
cilindrze (sur. 34.4, a). CamokideT cilindri dinamometrze da<br />
CauSviT siTxeSi jer pirvel, Semdeg meore da a.S. niSnamde da<br />
yoveli CaSvebisas gazomeT amomgdebi Zala. gazomvis Sedegebi<br />
SeitaneT cxrilSi<br />
a b<br />
sur. 34.4<br />
2n<br />
127
gamoitaneT daskvna: sxeulis siTxeSi CaSvebuli nawilis moculobis gazrdisas<br />
amomgdebi Zala...<br />
Tu Sesaferisi cilindri ara gaqvT, dinamometrze dakideT sami erTnairi<br />
asgramiani tvirTi. miyolebiT CauSviT tvirTebi wyalSi: jer erTi, Semdeg ori,<br />
bolos samive da yoveli CaSvebisas gazomeT amomgdebi Zala (sur. 34.4, b).<br />
2. daadgineT amomgdebi Zalis damokidebuleba siTxis simkvriveze.<br />
berketiani sasworis mxrebze dakideT<br />
ori erTnairi tvirTi, CauSviT erTi sufTa<br />
wyalSi, xolo meore _ jer marilis wyalxsnarSi,<br />
Semdeg ki zeTSi (sur. 34.5). CamoayalibeT<br />
Tqveni daskvna amomgdebi Zalis siTxis<br />
simkvriveze damokidebu lebis Sesaxeb. sur. 34.5<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
� sasworis mxrebze ori sawoni kidia _ aluminisa<br />
da rkinis (sur. 34.6). saswori gawonas worebulia.<br />
dairRveva Tu ara wonasworoba, Tu sawonebs wyalSi<br />
CavuSvebT?<br />
� wyliT savse WurWlis fskerze Zevs spilenZis<br />
sa woni, romlis masa 2 kgia. gansazRvre sawonze moqmedi<br />
simZimis Zala da amomgdebi Zala. daxate sawoni<br />
WurWelSi da grafiku lad gamosaxe ori Zala masStabis<br />
dacviT.<br />
� jaWvi uZlebs 90 kn datvirTvas. SeiZleba Tu ara am jaWviT 4 m 3 moculobis<br />
granitis filis aweva: a) haerSi; b) wyalSi? granitis simkvrivea 3000<br />
kg/m 3 .<br />
� Seecade gamoiyvano amomgdebi Zalis modulis gamosaTvleli<br />
formula marTkuTxa paralelepipedis formis<br />
sxeulisTvis (sur. 34.7). gaixsene, rom sxeulis zedapirze<br />
marTobulad moqmedi Zala gamoisaxeba rogorc wnevisa da<br />
zedapiris farTobis namravli: F = pS. siTxis SigniT wneva ki<br />
ganpirobebulia siTxis svetisa da atmosferos moqmedebiT<br />
p = ρ s gh + p atm .<br />
Seicvleba Tu ara sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebi Zala, Tu<br />
siTxis Tavisufal zedapirs dguSiT davawvebiT?<br />
128<br />
sur. 34.6<br />
sur. 34.7<br />
h 1<br />
h 2
§35. amomgdebi Zalis<br />
gazomva<br />
masala da xelsawyoebi: sxvadasxva moculobis<br />
ori sxeuli, Rrma jami, wyali da marilis<br />
najeri xsnari, dinamometri.<br />
samuSaos Sesrulebis Tanmimdevroba:<br />
1. gansazRvreT sxeulis wona haerSi P 1 .<br />
2. gansazRvreT sxeulis wona wyalSi P 2 .<br />
3. gamoTvaleT sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebi<br />
Zala F a =P 2 -P 1 .<br />
4. wylis magivrad aiReT marilis najeri xsnari da kvlav gansazRvreT<br />
imave sxeulze moqmedi amomgdebi Zala.<br />
Catarebuli cdebis safuZvelze gamoitaneT daskvna, razea damokidebuli<br />
amomgdebi Zalis moduli?<br />
damatebiTi davaleba<br />
cdebis monacemebiT gansazRvreT sxeulebis moculoba da marilis<br />
wyalxsnaris simkvrive.<br />
eqsperimentuli gamokvleva<br />
praqtikumi<br />
saklaso samuSao<br />
wina paragrafis bolo davalebaSi unda gagverkvia, Seicvleba Tu ara sxeulze<br />
moqmedi amomgdebi Zala, Tu siTxis Tavisufal zedapirs dguSiT davawvebiT.<br />
am kiTxvaze pasuxi aseTia: paskalis kanonis Tanaxmad dguSze dawoliT siTxis<br />
wneva sxeulis zeda da qveda waxnagze moimatebs erTi da igive sididiT. amis<br />
gamo wnevaTa sxvaoba da, Sesabamisad, amomgdebi Zala ar Seicvleba.<br />
TiTqos sakiTxi amowurulia. miT ufro sainteresod gamoiyureba am amocanis<br />
erTerTi SesaZlo gafarToeba.<br />
amoxsnisas avtomaturad vigulisxmeT, rom CaZiruli sxeuli aris myari<br />
(ukumSvadi) da wnevis gazrdiT misi forma da moculoba ar icvleba. magram<br />
Tuki sxeuli kumSvadia (magaliTad, saqme gvaqvs raime airiT gaberil elastiur<br />
129
garsTan)? ra gavlenas moaxdens amomgdeb Zalaze wnevis gazrdiT gamowveuli<br />
sxeulis moculobis cvlileba?<br />
Cveni mizania eqsperimentulad Seviswav loT siTxeSi CaZiruli kumSvadi<br />
sxeulis qcevis Taviseburebebi.<br />
130<br />
miTiTebebi samuSaos Sesasruleblad:<br />
1. pirvel rigSi moamzadeT kumSvadi sxeuli. es iqneba zarxufSi<br />
moqceuli haeri. zarxufis rols Seasrulebs burTuliani kalmis<br />
plastmasas Tavsaxuri. zogierT aseT Tavsaxurs wverSi aqvs naxvreti,<br />
romelic aucileblad unda daucoT plastiliniT, Torem<br />
ise zarxufs ver miiRebT.<br />
2. plastmasis Tavsaxuri wylis zedapirze gawolili tivtivebs.<br />
eqsperimentisaTvis saWiroa Tavsaxurs wyalSi curvisas hqondes<br />
vertikaluri mdgomareoba. amisaTvis CamoSveril fexze miamagreT<br />
plastilinis burTula. plastilinis masa ise SearCieT, rom wyalSi<br />
CaSvebisas Tavsaxuri arc iZirebodes da wylidanac odnav hqondes<br />
amoSverili wveri.<br />
amiT mosamzadebeli samuSao dasrulebulia da Tqvens gankargulebaSia<br />
kumSvadi sxeuli (simoklisaTvis davarqvaT mas tivtiva).<br />
3. gadasviT tivtiva wyliT savse polieTilenis boTlSi da<br />
mWidroT mouWireT boTls saxuravi.<br />
4. cvaleT siTxis wneva boTlSi. amisaTvis boTls gverdebze<br />
mouWireT da mouSviT xelebi. daakvirdiT tivtivas mdgomareobas<br />
boTlSi.<br />
5. axseniT cdis Sedegi. gaakeTeT daskvna: icvleba Tu ara<br />
kumSvad tivtivaze moqmedi amomgdebi Zala wnevis gazrdiT?<br />
6. dasasruls, yuradRebiT uyureT tivtivas da nela gadmoabruneT boTli.<br />
ra SeamCnieT? ratom veRar moZraobs tiv tiva zemoTqvemoT?<br />
saSinao davaleba<br />
� ra Zala unda movdoT 2500 sm3 moculobis da 5 kg masis qvas, rom igi<br />
wylidan amoviRoT? daxate qva da gamosaxe masze wyalSi moqmedi Zalebi.<br />
� wyalSi CaSvebulia minis kubi, romlis wibos sigrZea 5 sm. kubis qveda<br />
waxnagi wylis Tavisufali zedapiridan 15 sm siRrmezea.<br />
a) gansazRvre Zala, romliTac wyali moqmedebs kubis zeda<br />
da qveda waxnagebze;<br />
b) gamoTvale am ori Zalis tolqmedi. ra Zalaa es?<br />
g) gamoTvlebis meSveobiT darwmundi, rom arqimedes Zala<br />
kubis mier gamodevnili wylis wonis tolia.<br />
� wyalSi moaTavses sxvadasxva ma salis sami Zelaki (sur.<br />
35.1). romel maTganze moqmedebs yvelaze meti amomgdebi<br />
Zala?<br />
sur. 35.1<br />
� qvanaxSiris natexi wyalSi iwonis 10 ns, xolo navTSi<br />
– 12,5 ns. gansazRvreT qvanaxSiris simkvrive.
§38. gavimeoroT gavlili masala<br />
I. fizikis praqtikumi<br />
1. dakvirveba atmosferuli wnevis moqmedebaze<br />
CasunTqvaamosunTqvisas Cven vWimavT da vadunebT diafragmas. amiT Cven<br />
vzrdiT da vamcirebT gul mkerdis moculobas. gafarToebuli filtvebis<br />
haeriT Sevsebas uzrun velyofs atmosferuli wneva.<br />
qvemoT aRwerilia modeli, ro<br />
CasunTqva<br />
melic warmoaCens diafragmisa da<br />
filtvebis SeTanxmebul moqmedebas<br />
sunTqvisas.<br />
filtvebi<br />
masalebi da xelsawyoebi: gadaWrili<br />
plastmasis boTlis zeda<br />
nawili, burTuliani kalmis Rero,<br />
ori gasaberi buSti, Zafi, Tasma,<br />
lursmani, plastilini, makrateli<br />
eqsperimentis Sesrulebis Tanmim<br />
dev roba:<br />
1. CasviT buStSi Rero da ZafiT<br />
magrad moukariT piri. buSti Seasrulebs<br />
filtvis rols.<br />
2. boTlis Tavsaxurs lursmniT<br />
gaukeTeT naxvreti da Sig gauyareT<br />
Re ro. Rerosa da Tavsaxurs Soris<br />
RreCo amoavseT plastiliniT.<br />
3. meore buSts magrad moukariT<br />
piri TasmiT. Semdeg buSti gadaWeriT<br />
SuaSi da Tasmagamobmuli buStis<br />
naxe vari wamoacviT boTlis Zirs. es<br />
moWimuli rezinis afski Seasrulebs<br />
diafragmis rols.<br />
4. Tasmis meSveobiT amoZraveT<br />
“diafragma” win da ukan. daakvirdiT<br />
ra mosdis boTlis SigniT moTavsebul<br />
buSts (“filtvs”). axseniT<br />
damzerili movlena.<br />
diafragma<br />
amosunTqva<br />
2. amomgdebi Zalis warmoqmna<br />
gaWrili vaSlis erTi nawili gadaWris sibrtyiT miadeT carieli qilis<br />
Zirs da frTxilad daasxiT wyali. mTavaria, wyalma ver SeaRwios qilis<br />
137
Zirsa da vaSls Soris (amisaTvis, gadanaWeris kideze<br />
winaswar wausviT cotaodeni karaqi). vaSli,<br />
TiTqos miakreso, darCeba qilis Zirze. amis Semdeg,<br />
Tu meore nawilsac CauSvebT qilaSi, dainaxavT,<br />
rom is itivtivebs wylis zedapirze.<br />
axseniT, ris gamo daikaves vaSlis nawilebma<br />
siTxeSi aseTi gansxvavebuli mdebareoba. moqmedebs<br />
Tu ara amomgdebi Zala qilis Zirze mikrul<br />
`naxevar vaSlze~?<br />
138<br />
3. dakvirveba sxeulTa curvaze<br />
rogorc wesi, sxeuli siTxeSi an iZireba, an siTxis zedapirze tivtivebs.<br />
mxolod specialurad SerCeul pirobebSi Tu moxerxdeba, rom sxeuli<br />
siTxis siRrmeSi gaCerdes. qvemoT aRwerilia aseTi pirobebis Seqmnis erTerTi<br />
varianti. cdisaTvis saWiroa cotaodeni<br />
mzesu mziris zeTi, samedicino spirti, wyali,<br />
pipeti da patara Wiqa. cdis msvleloba uke<br />
Tesad rom gamoCndes sasurvelia Wiqa iyos<br />
gluvkedlebiani.<br />
CaawveTeT WiqaSi ramdenime wveTi zeTi da<br />
Wiqa naxevramde SeavseT spirtiT. zeTis simkvrive<br />
spirtisaze metia, amitom zeTi Wiqis<br />
ZirSi moe qceva. amis Semdeg pipetiT wveTwveT<br />
daamateT wyali. male dainaxavT, rom zeTis<br />
burTula moswydeba Zirs da zeviT wamova. am<br />
momentSi SewyviteT wylis damateba. Tu saWiroa<br />
WiqaSi CaawveTeT spirti, rom zeTis burTula odnav daeSvas da gaCerdes<br />
siTxis SigniT.<br />
upasuxeT kiTxvebs:<br />
ra mizniT vamatebT spirts sufTa wyals? ratom vakeTebT amas wveTwveT?<br />
rogoria zeTisa da xsnaris simkvrive, roca burTula siTxeSi Cerdeba?
II. testi<br />
1. airis wnevis gazrda SeiZleba<br />
A. airis SekumSviT temperaturis Seucvlelad;<br />
B. airis gacivebiT moculobis Seucvlelad;<br />
C. airis gafarToebiT temperaturis Seucvlelad.<br />
2. 38.1 suraTze gamosaxuli hidravlikuri manqanis Sesaxeb<br />
cnobilia, rom is wonasworobaSia, roca didi tvirTis masa<br />
4jer aRemateba mcire tvirTis masas. qvemoT moyvanili gamona<br />
Tqvamebidan, romelia mcdari?<br />
A. didi dguSis farTobi 4jer metia mcire dguSis farTobze;<br />
B. zeTis wneva ganier cilindrSi 4jer metia, vidre viwro<br />
cilindrSi;<br />
C. zeTis wneva dguSebze da cilindrebis kedlebze erTnairia<br />
3. siTxeSi CaSvebulia oTxi erTnairi<br />
zondi (sur. 38.2). yvela zondi mier Tebulia<br />
manometrTan. qvemoT moyvanili gamonaTqvamebidan,<br />
romeli Sesruldeba?<br />
A. meoTxe manometri uCvenebs yvelaze met<br />
wnevas;<br />
B. yvela manometri uCvenebs gansxvavebul<br />
wnevas;<br />
C. meore manometri uCvenebs yvelaze nakleb<br />
wnevas;<br />
D. pirveli da mesame manometrebi uCveneben erTnair wnevas.<br />
4. orive mxridan daxuruli WurWeli nawilobriv Sevsebulia<br />
siTxiT (sur. 38.3). rogor Seicvleba siTxis wneva WurWlis<br />
fskerze, Tu WurWels gadmovabrunebT?<br />
A. wneva Semcirdeba, radgan Semcirdeba fuZis farTobi;<br />
B. wneva ar Seicvleba, radgan siTxis raodenoba WurWelSi<br />
igivea;<br />
C. wneva gaizrdeba, radgan siTxis svetis simaRle<br />
gaizrdeba<br />
5. 38.4 suraTze gamosaxul WurWlebSi erTi<br />
da igive siTxe asxia. Tu F iT aRniSnulia Zala,<br />
1<br />
sur. 38.2<br />
sur. 38.1<br />
manometrisaken<br />
sur. 38.4<br />
sur. 38.3<br />
2<br />
139
om liTac siTxe moqmedebs WurWlis fskerze, maSin Se<br />
fardeba F 1 /F 2 tolia . . .<br />
140<br />
A. F 1 /F 2 =0,5; B. F 1 /F 2 =1; C. F 1 /F 2 =2;<br />
D. F 1 /F 2 =8<br />
6. sxvadasxva airiT Sevsebuli ori WurWeli SeerTebu<br />
lia vercxliswyliani manometriT (sur. 38.5). cnobilia,<br />
rom airis wneva meore WurWelSi tolia 30 kpas.<br />
ras udris airis wneva pirvel WurWelSi? (vercxliswylis<br />
simkvrivea 13600 kg/m3 ).<br />
A. 16,4 kpa; B. 43,6 kpa; C. 10 kpa; D. 20 kpa<br />
7. 38.6 suraTis monacemebiT gansazRvreT, risi<br />
tolia meore siTxis simkvrive.<br />
A. 0,5 g/sm3 ; B. 0,9 g/sm3 ; C. 1,8 g/sm3 ;<br />
D. SeuZlebelia gansazRvra<br />
8. Tu sxeuli wylis (ρ = 1000 kg/m3 ) zedapirze tivtivebs ise,<br />
rom misi moculobis 2/5 nawili siTxis zemoTaa (sur. 38.7),<br />
maSin misi simkvrive tolia . .<br />
A. 600 kg/m3 ; B. 800 kg/m3 ; C. 400 kg/m3 ;<br />
D. SeuZlebelia gansazRvra<br />
9. minis (ρ = 2500 kg/m3 ) ori boTlidan, erTi savsea wyliT (ρ = 1000 kg/m3 ),<br />
xolo meore – vercxliswyliT (ρ = 13600kg/m3 ). qvemoT moyvanili gamonaTqvamebidan,<br />
romeli ar Sesruldeba?<br />
A. wyalSi orive boTli CaiZireba;<br />
B. vercxliswyalSi orive boTli itivtivebs;<br />
C. vercxliswyalSi meore boTli CaiZireba, xolo pirveli itivtivebs.<br />
10. rezinis sami buSti erTnairadaa gaberili: erTi azotiT, meore JangbadiT,<br />
mesame heliumiT. am buStebidan romeli ava haerSi? romeli aitans<br />
ufro meti masis tvirTs?<br />
A. haerSi ava azotiTa da heliumiT gaberili buStebi. meti masis tvirTs<br />
aitans heliumiT gaberili buSti;<br />
B. haerSi samive buSti ava. meti masis tvirTs aitans heliumiT gaberili<br />
buSti;<br />
C. haerSi ava JangbadiTa da azotiT gaberili buStebi. meti masis tvirTs<br />
aitans JangbadiT gaberili buSti.<br />
10 sm<br />
sur. 38.5<br />
ρ = 1,2 g/sm 1 3 ρ = ? 2<br />
h =15 sm<br />
1<br />
h =20 sm<br />
2<br />
sur. 38.6<br />
sur. 38.7
moZraobis siCqare cxovelTa samyaroSi<br />
cxrilSi mocemulia cxovelis maqsimaluri siCqaris saorientacio mniSvneloba<br />
siCqare,<br />
m/wm<br />
buzi 5 mtredi 19<br />
futkari 7 qori 12<br />
xoWo 3 siraqlema 14<br />
WriWina 10 doRis cxeni 13<br />
zvigeni 11 daTvi 11<br />
delfini 15 kurdReli 17<br />
veSapi 11 zebra 13<br />
xmalTevza 22 qurciki 22<br />
oraguli 8 spilo 10<br />
mercxali 17 kenguru 14<br />
yvavi 9 lomi 18<br />
haeris siCqare sxvadasxva siZlieris qarisas<br />
siCqare,<br />
m/wm<br />
(monacemebi aRebulia 12baliani skalidan, romelic Seadgina ingliselma admiralma<br />
haeris siCqare,<br />
m/wm<br />
susti qari 3,5 – 5,5<br />
zomieri<br />
qari<br />
5,5 – 8<br />
Zlieri qari 14 – 17<br />
SAtormi 25 – 28<br />
frensis bofortma 1806 wels)<br />
qaris moqmedeba<br />
foTlebi Srialebs, msubiqi droSebi frialebs,<br />
zRvaze talRebis simaRle ar aRemateba<br />
0,6 ms.<br />
qari mtvers ayenebs, wvrili totebi irxeva,<br />
zRvis talRebze Cndeba TeTri qafi, tal<br />
Rebis simaRle aRwevs 1,5 ms.<br />
msxvili totebi iRuneba, qaris winaaRmdeg<br />
siaruli Wirs, zRvis zedapiri aqafebulia,<br />
talRebis simaRle aRwevs 4 ms.<br />
iRuneba msxvili xeebi, saxuravidan itacebs<br />
kramits, zRva Zlier Relavs, talRebis<br />
simaRle aRwevs 10 ms.<br />
141
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