2006. évi 1. szám - Jura - Pécsi Tudományegyetem

Máté Julesz: Advances in legislation relating to soil protection
the European Union’s directive making amendments
to the EU Waste Framework Directive of 75/442,
waste disposal sites may be established with the
consent of the concerned land owner or at his or
her request, and an impact study must be peformed
to consider the state of the surface and subsurface
strata of the land. According to Section 6-1 of the
same Act, pour les installation dont l’exploitation pour
une durée illimitée créerait des dangers ou inconvénients
inacceptables, du fait d’une utilisation croissante du sol
ou du sous-sol, l’autorisation doit fixer la durée maximale
de l’exploitation ou de la phase d’exploitation concernée
et, le cas échéant, le volume maximal de produits stockés
ou extraits, ainsi que les conditions du réaménagement
du site a l’issue de l’exploitation… i.e. the exploitation
especially of surface or subsurface strata of land that
poses unacceptable risks of harm may be authorized
only for a fixed period, and revitalization of the polluted
site after the work has been completed is designated
as compulsory.
According to the Vrijstelling grondverzet, small
quantities polluted soil need not be destroyed, but
can be mixed with clean soil and subsequently reused.
In The Netherlands, the Woningwet, i.e. the Act on
Dwelling-places, entered into force in 1901. Its latest,
amended version is dated 1 January 2003. This act
states that it is within the competency of the local
municipality to permit the use of building materials
if these are sufficiently free from contamination, and
also to examine the level of pollution of the land on
which the dwelling-place is to be built. Section 6 of
the German Bundes Bodenschutz Gesetz stipulates that
the Bundesregierung must organize the acceptance
of the Rechtsverordnung (ordinance) by the Bundesrat
from this aspect. In respect of Action 50 of the First
Soil Action Plan for England (2004-2006), an improvement
has to be attained in the monitoring of the use
of soils in relation to building development, compliance
with soil protection conditions for the granting
of planning permission, and the reduction of off-site
impacts. According to Section 10, Paragraph (2) of the
Act on Soil Protection of Salzburg, die Landes regierung
kann unter Bedachtnahme auf die Ziele dieses Gesetzes
und unter Berücksichtigung der Erkenntnisse der Wissenschaft
und des Standes der Technik durch Verordnung
nähere Vorschriften über die Verwendung bestimmter
Materialien auf Böden erlassen, i.e. BAT (the Best Available
Technology or Techniques) is to be applied for
materials introduced into soil. In connection with
Nahrungsmittelproduktion (food production), sewage
(Klärschlamm) must not be allowed to enter the soil.
According to Section 13 of the same act, it is strictly
forbidden to introduce household waste or sewage
into the soil (die Verwendung von Senkgrubeninhalten
151
aus häuslichen Abwässern auf landwirtschaftlichen Böden
ist verboten). Section 18 requires the creation of a
Materialregister in order to record data relating to
the introduction of materials into the soil. Information
resulting from soil examinations is registered
and available in the Boden datenbank (i.e. the data
bank relating to the soil) at the level of the Land of
Salzburg (Austria). Section 19 (ibidem) demands that
the Land government report on all available data
concerning the soil to the Landtag every tenth year.
As regards the entry of sewage into the soil, the Land
government must report to the Commission of the
European Union every third year. Sections 5 and 6
of the Swiss Ordonnance sur l’assainissement des sites
pollués of 1998 relate to the establishment of a register
(cadastre des sites pollués) of polluted sites, based on
available information, maps and inventories. The
competent authority must inform the possessor of a
polluted site about what it intends to register, allowing
the possessor of the contaminated land to supply
explanations. The competent authority has the right
to decide whether, with regard to possible harm or
inconvenience, it is necessary or not to make an official
investigation in order to determine the possible
need for surveillance or revitalization.
Wet op de ruimtelijke ordening, i.e. the Dutch act on
country planning dated 5 July 1962, predominantly
puts forward rules concerning the reuse or recycling
of the soil. It is obligatory to request permission
before commencing any construction, which must
be vetted from the aspects of country planning, development
and resettlement.
The defence against erosion of the surface of the
land in The Netherlands is regulated by Ontgrondingwet
of 27 November 1965. According to Section
7 of the Swiss Federal Soil Protection Act, quiconque
manipule, excave ou décape un sol doit procéder de telle
facon que le sol puisse etre réutilisé en tant que tel. Si des
matériaux terreux sont utilisés pour reconstituer un sol
(p. ex. en vue de la remise en état ou du remodelage d’un
terrain), ils doivent etre mis en place de telle maniere que
a) la fertilité du sol en place et celle du sol reconstitué ne
soient que provisoirement perturbées par des atteintes
physiques, b) le sol en place ne subisse pas d’atteintes
chimiques supplé mentaires. Thus, anyone who makes
use of, excavates or takes away the surface of the soil
is obliged to do so in such a manner that the soil in
question may be reused as soil. If soil materials are
used for soil revitalization, this must be implemented
in the following way: a) the fertility of the local soil
and that of the revitalized soil may suffer physical
inconvenience merely transitionally, and b) the local
soil must not be exposed to chemical harm in excess
of the normal.
Since Wet Bodembescherming was passed by the
JURA 2006/1.