Anandamath , his novel, first published in the 1880s. It is a novel that is, and always has been, greatly favored byHindu nationalists because it created a template for the ideal Hindu warrior, the fantasy Hindu warrior, who rises inrebellion against his degenerate Muslim oppressors. Anandamath is a wonderful example of how, in the process ofits telling of the past, literature can also mold the future. In the poem, the motherland is conflated with the Hindugoddess Durga. However, the first two stanzas came to be the unofficial anthem of the National Movement becausethey only mention “the mother,” which lent itself to being interpreted by both Hindus and Muslims as a reference toMother India. Although it was a much-loved song during the struggle against British colonialism, in today’satmosphere of a very different kind of nationalism, a bullying, coercive nationalism, people, Muslims in particular,many of whom are not unaware of the provenance of the poem “Vande Mataram,” are often forced to chant it in fullas a form of ritual humiliation. Ironically, a modern version of the poem was hugely popularized in a 1990srecording by the Sufi singer A. R. Rahman. Sadly, a once loved slogan has become controversial.It is not unusual to have a Bengali slogan being chanted in non-Bengali-speaking states. Slogans in thesubcontinent—whether they are being chanted by lynch mobs or protesters, by the right wing or the left, by peoplein territories under military occupation or protestors against big dams—are a performance directed outward , for therest of the country and the rest of the world to hear, and therefore, quite often, are not in the local people’s mothertongues. In Kashmir’s massive protests, you will hear chanting in Urdu and in English, rarely in Kashmiri. Thechant of Azadi! Azadi! (“Freedom! Freedom!”) is Urdu—originally, Persian—and has probably traveled east fromthe Iranian Revolution to become the signature slogan of the Kashmiri freedom struggle, as well as, irony of ironies,the women’s movement in India. At the opposite end of the country, down south in Kerala, I grew up to theresounding roar of Inquilab Zindabad! (Long Live the Revolution!) in Urdu, a language that local people neitherspeak nor understand. The other Communist Party slogan was Swadandriyam, Janadhipathyam, Socialism,Zindabad! (Freedom, Democracy, Socialism, Long Live!). That’s Sanskrit, Malayalam, English, and Urdu in asingle slogan.I’ll end with the journey of a mantra through The Ministry of Utmost Happiness .Two months after Anjum and Zakir Mian go missing, and the murdering in Gujarat has begun to tail off, ZakirMian’s son, Mansoor, goes to Ahmedabad to look for his father. As a precaution, he shaves off his beard, hoping topass as Hindu. He does not find his father, but finds a terrified Anjum, who has been enrolled in the men’s section ofa refugee camp, dressed in men’s clothes, her hair cut short, and brings her back to the Khwabgah. She refuses to tellanybody what happened to her, but—haunted by memories of “how the men were folded and the womenunfolded”—she takes a wailing young Zainab, her adopted daughter, to a barber, has her hair cut off, and dresses herin boy’s clothes, “in case Gujarat comes to Delhi.” The other precaution she takes is to teach Zainab to chant theSanskrit Gayatri Mantra that she says she learned while she was in the camp in Gujarat. She says that many of theother refugees had learned it because they believed that, in mob situations, they could recite it to try to pass asHindu. Neither Anjum nor Zainab has any idea what it means, but Zainab takes to it happily, chanting as she dressesfor school and feeds her pet goat.Om bhur bhuvah svahaTat savitur varenyamBhargo devasya dhimahiDhiyo yo nah pracodayatO God, thou art the giver of life,Remover of pain and sorrow,Bestower of happiness,O Creator of the Universe,May we receive thy supreme sin-destroying light,May thou guide our intellect in the right direction. 22The Gayatri Mantra appears three times in The Ministry of Utmost Happiness . The first time as a talismanagainst mob violence. The second time as promotional material in a British Airways commercial to attract customersfrom India’s new and exponentially expanding middle class. And the third time in a fast food restaurant in ashopping mall. Zainab has grown up now, and is betrothed to a man named Saddam Hussain. Saddam tells them thestory of how, years ago, his father was beaten to death by a mob outside a police station. The mall they were in,Saddam says, was exactly where that police station used to be. Zainab says she knows a Hindu prayer, and recitesthe Gayatri Mantra as a gesture of love for her future (as well as late) father-in-law.Such are the ways in which Sanskrit has been finally been indigenized.A few months after Anjum returns from Gujarat, ravaged and broken, unable to continue living her old life, shemoves into the old graveyard, where she sets up home. Over the years, as she gradually recovers, she builds theJannat (Paradise) Guest House. When Saddam Hussain joins her, they expand their business to include funeral
services. The graveyard becomes a place where anybody—any body —that has been denied the grace of a funeral bythe Duniya (the outside world) is given a dignified burial. Under the auspices of the Jannat Guest House and FuneralServices, depending on what the occasion calls for, prayers for the dead include the Fateha, singing “TheInternationale” in Hindi, and reciting from Shakespeare’s Henry V . In English.So, how shall we answer Pablo Neruda’s question that is the title of this lecture?In what language does rain fallover tormented cities? 23I’d say, without hesitation, in the Language of Translation.*The W. G. Sebald Lecture on Literary Translation, delivered at the British Library, June 5, 2018. Previously published in Literary Hub , July 25, 2018,and in Raiot , June 27, 2018.
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- Page 49 and 50: CHAPTER SEVENThe Graveyard Talks Ba
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1 . See chapter 6.2 . Roy, Ministry
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Azadi, 1 -2, 43BJP and, 143Kashmir
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Daesh (ISIS), 67Dakhani, Wali, 39 -
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Gujarat, 95 , 102 , 1642002 massacr
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Jamia Millia Islamia University, 14
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Hindus and, 28 , 30 , 32 , 154 -155
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National Intelligence Agency, 60Nat
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Sardar Sarovar Dam, 98 , 112Saudi A
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