RET_2015-01-02-03-04_Flipbook
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Demand response - Use and limits in a liberalized electricity market – Peter CLAES & Michaël VAN BOSSUYT<br />
In a competitive market, a permanent trade-off will take place between available<br />
flexibility and the need for investments in additional reliable, dispatchable generation<br />
and transmission capacity. These will only take place if the price signal strongly indicates<br />
imminent or increasing scarcity and the need for such reliable, dispatchable generation<br />
capacity. Until that point, the flexibility inherently available in the system will contribute<br />
to balance generation and load, to the extent to which the market design encourages<br />
participation of all available flexible resources in a cost effective way.<br />
The recent evolution of an increasing introduction of (often subsidized) intermittent<br />
renewable energy sources (e.g. wind and photovoltaic) has had a profound impact on<br />
the system. Indeed, this new generation sources, though large in installed capacity, are<br />
neither reliable nor fully flexible nor predictable in all timeframes, and as such does not<br />
help the adequacy issue addressed above. Furthermore, it aggravates the need for<br />
flexibility from all other market parties, leading to a higher total cost of the electricity<br />
system and its real-time operations.<br />
BENEFITS AND LIMITS<br />
Demand Side Flexibility or Demand Side Response (DSR) is an essential element in<br />
covering the last MWs of peak demand at the lowest possible system cost and needs to<br />
be further developed. For such development of demand side flexibility, the following<br />
elements are key:<br />
• Demand side response must always be on a voluntary basis and must always be<br />
fairly remunerated; if not, this would imply an enforced curtailment of load,<br />
which would destroy economic value and damage our reliability as an<br />
investment-worthy industrial region. Industrial consumers already contribute<br />
largely to grid stability (stable and predictable baseload consumption) and could<br />
in addition, depending on the specific nature of their activities, provide the lowhanging<br />
fruits for demand side response.<br />
• Moreover, demand side response, especially from industrial consumers, cannot<br />
be a structural solution to issues of system adequacy and capacity shortages, as<br />
the first objective of the industry is to produce goods. The potential of Demand<br />
Side Flexibility can, in some circumstances, be increased but only up to a certain<br />
critical point and always at a progressively accelerating cost.<br />
• Flexibility at system level is currently limited by the absence of smart meters<br />
allowing for residential consumers to participate on the market.<br />
• The development of demand side flexibility requires not only a fair remuneration,<br />
but also a stable regulatory framework. A special attention should for example be<br />
given to industrial self-generation plants, which can reduce the net offtake of the<br />
grids by increasing their production. These can be emergency generators, used<br />
for stopping processes in an orderly shutdown in case of an emergency, but can<br />
also be high efficiency (and thus less carbon-intensive) cogeneration units. In<br />
both cases they can be very useful tools for solving temporary adequacy issues.<br />
Revue E Tijdschrift – 131 ste jaargang/131 e année – n° 1-2-3-4-<strong>2<strong>01</strong>5</strong> (publication mars/publicatie maart 2<strong>01</strong>7) 3