tel-00435843, version 1 - 24 Nov 2009 Published January 28, 2008 reached until FA is not resolvable), and total lif<strong>et</strong>ime (from the � rst appearance of a resolvable FA until its disappearance). In Icap-1 – null cells, the increase in EGFP-tagged protein intensity during FA assembly was signi� cantly faster ( Fig. 4, B and F ), and the duration of the steady state was slightly shorter ( Fig. 4 D ) than for WT cells. In contrast, FA disassembly rates ( Fig. 4, C and F ) were i<strong>de</strong>ntical for both cell types. These measurements showed that faster FA assembly associated with a minor reduction of the steady state upon <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 loss results in a shorter FA lif<strong>et</strong>ime ( Fig. 4, E and F ). It is worth noting that this change in dynamics was not observed with Icap-1 � / � cells spread on VN, thus un<strong>de</strong>rlining the action of <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 on � 1 integrins (Fig. S3 C). Altog<strong>et</strong>her, these data suggest that <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 down-regu<strong>la</strong>tes cell migration and spreading by slowing down FA assembly involving � 1 integrins. <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 is not required for FA disassembly Previous work has highlighted an important role for microtubule n<strong>et</strong>works in FA turnover ( Kaverina <strong>et</strong> al., 1999; Ezratty <strong>et</strong> al., 2005 ). This is based on the � nding that microtubule <strong>de</strong>polymerization upon nocodazole treatment increases FA assembly, whereas microtubule regrowth after nocodazole washout induces a rapid and reversible disassembly of FA. We took advantage of the synchronized disassembly of FAs induced by nocodazole to investigate the involvement of <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 in the control of this process. After 4 h of nocodazole treatment, the microtubule n<strong>et</strong>work totally col<strong>la</strong>psed, and WT MEFs disp<strong>la</strong>yed <strong>la</strong>rger peripheral FAs ( Fig. 5, A and B ). However, Icap-1 – <strong>de</strong>� cient MEFs showed a dramatic increase in the number of central FAs, whereas the number and size of peripheral FAs were not signi� - cantly changed ( Fig. 5, A and B ). For both cell types, 60 min after nocodazole washout, FA disassembly temporally coinci<strong>de</strong>d with <strong>de</strong> novo growth of microtubules toward the cell periphery. FA reappeared 90 min after nocodazole washout, showing that FA disassembly was reversible in both cell types. Quanti� cation of our observations revealed that nocodazole treatment of Icap-1 – null cells induced the <strong>de</strong> novo formation of central but not peripheral FAs. In contrast, WT MEFs behaved differently because nocodazole induced a reinforcement of existing peripheral FAs without promoting <strong>de</strong> novo assembly ( Fig. 5 B ). Along with the vi<strong>de</strong>o microscopy experiments, these results consistently suggested that <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 loss favored FA assembly but had no in� uence on disassembly. Increased integrin affi nity in Icap-1 – <strong>de</strong>fi cient cells is responsible for the cell adhesion phenotype As <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 comp<strong>et</strong>es with talin for � 1 cytop<strong>la</strong>smic domain binding ( Bouvard <strong>et</strong> al., 2003, 2007 ), the promotion of FA assembly resulting in the modi� cation in migration and spreading of Icap-1 – null � brob<strong>la</strong>sts could arise from an increase in � 1 -integrin af� nity. In<strong>de</strong>ed, the activation state of � 1 integrins measured by FACS revealed a higher af� nity state in Icap-1 – null cells than in WT cells ( Fig. 6 A ). This result is consistent with our recent work showing an increase in � 5 � 1 - integrin af� nity in osteob<strong>la</strong>sts issuing from Icap-1 – null mice ( Bouvard <strong>et</strong> al., 2007 ) and also suggests that this integrin af- � nity increase is cell type in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt. To corre<strong>la</strong>te the increase in � 1 -integrin af� nity to the adhesive <strong>de</strong>fect observed in Icap-1 – null cells, integrins were chemically activated in WT cells to mimic the Icap-1 – null phenotype ( Fig. 6, B and C ; and Fig. S4, avai<strong>la</strong>ble at http://www.jcb.org/cgi/content/full/ jcb.200707142/DC1). Mn 2+ treatment of both WT and rescued cell types shifted the spreading curve toward lower FN or CL surface <strong>de</strong>nsities, whereas it had no effect on Mn 2+ - treated Icap-1 – null cells because their integrins are already in a high af� nity state ( Figs. 6 B and S4, A and B). These results were also con� rmed with 9EG7 mAb, which is able to both recognize an activated � 1 integrin – speci� c epitope and maintain it in its high af� nity conformation ( Figs. 6 C and S4 C). Thus, it was tempting to specu<strong>la</strong>te that � 1 -integrin af� nity could also control FA assembly. To test this hypothesis, we generated the activated � 1 -integrin mutant D759A with a disrupted salt bridge b<strong>et</strong>ween � and � subunits ( Hughes <strong>et</strong> al., 1996 ; Sakai <strong>et</strong> al., 1998; Partridge <strong>et</strong> al., 2005 ) and expressed it in � 1 integrin – <strong>de</strong>� cient GD25 cells. First, we con� rmed that GD25/ � 1 D759A cells disp<strong>la</strong>yed a higher affinity for the FNIII7-10 fragment than GD25/ � 1 WT cells ( Fig. 7 A ). At mo<strong>de</strong>rate FN surface <strong>de</strong>nsities, FAs were centrally distributed in GD25/ � 1 D759A cells, whereas they were located on the periphery in control cells ( Fig. 7 B ). Both adhesive and migratory curves disp<strong>la</strong>yed a shift toward the lower matrix <strong>de</strong>nsities in mutant cells ( Fig. 7 C ). The coating concentration of FN giving the highest migration speed was approximately � ve times lower for GD25/ � 1 D759A cells. Mn 2+ treatment of GD25/ � 1 WT integrin cells induced a shift in the spreading curve and mimicked the adhesive behavior of GD25/ � 1 D759A and Icap-1 – null cells. Finally, GD25/ � 1 D759A cells disp<strong>la</strong>yed a faster rate of FA assembly, which is associated with a shorter lif<strong>et</strong>ime, without any signi� cant modi� cation in the duration of the steady state or the disassembly rate ( Fig. 7 D ). Altog<strong>et</strong>her, these results suggest that the adhesive <strong>de</strong>fect in Icap-1 – null cells was the result of the presence of � 1 integrin in its active state and further implicate � 1 -integrin activation in the regu<strong>la</strong>tion of FA assembly. Control of � 1 -integrin affi nity by <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 allows ECM <strong>de</strong>nsity sensing The reduced amount of adsorbed matrix required to support cell migration or spreading observed for Icap-1 – null cells suggests that the sensing of matrix surface <strong>de</strong>nsity has been changed. Moreover, the activation of � 1 integrin disp<strong>la</strong>ces the maximal the time during which the mean pixel intensity did not fl uctuate corresponds to the FA steady state (D); and the total time during which EGFP-fused adhesion proteins remain localized in a FA represents the FA lif<strong>et</strong>ime (E). At least 20 cells of both cell types were recor<strong>de</strong>d. Each point represents an individual FA, and the horizontal bars are the mean of all FAs. (F) These four param<strong>et</strong>ers were compiled in a schematic mo<strong>de</strong>l of FA turnover in Icap-1 +/+ � / � and Icap-1 cells. The higher FA assembly rate in Icap-1 � / � cells and the reduced steady-state duration induced the shortening of FA lif<strong>et</strong>ime. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 10 4 ; ***, P < 10 6 . Bar, 20 µ m. INTEGRIN AFFINITY AND FOCAL ADHESION DYNAMICS • MILLON-FR É MILLON ET AL. 433 Downloa<strong>de</strong>d from jcb.rupress.org on March 30, 2009
tel-00435843, version 1 - 24 Nov 2009 434 Published January 28, 2008 Figure 5. <strong>ICAP</strong>-1 loss induces <strong>de</strong> novo FA formation upon nocodazole treatment. (A) Icap-1 +/+ and Icap-1 � / � MEF cells were either untreated or treated with 10 µ M nocodazole for 4 h or treated with 10 µ M nocodazole for 4 h followed by the drug washout for 60 and 90 min and were fi xed. FA and microtubules were visualized by immunostaining of vinculin (green) and tyrosinated tubulin (red) and imaged using confocal microscopy. (B) Image quantifi cation of vinculin-stained Icap-1 +/+ and Icap-1 � / � cells. Peripheral (left) or central (right) FA number per cell was counted (top) at each indicated step of the nocodazole assay, and the corresponding mean surface (bottom) was quantifi ed. 20 cells were analyzed for each experimental condition, and error bars indicate SD. Bar, 20 µ m. JCB • VOLUME 180 • NUMBER 2 • 2008 Downloa<strong>de</strong>d from jcb.rupress.org on March 30, 2009
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