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The following are a few typical instances of its use:—<br />

'L'aube vermeille.' (Les Feuilles d'Automne: Madame, autour de vous.)<br />

'Les cônes vermeils' (du pa<strong>la</strong>is dans les nuages). (Ibid.: Soleils Couchants.)<br />

'Les beaux rosiers vermeils.' (Les Quatre Vents: L'Immense Étre.)<br />

'Les astres vermeils.' (Ibid.: La Nuit.)<br />

'Aux soirs d'été qu'embrase une c<strong>la</strong>rté vermeille.' (Dieu L'Ange.)<br />

'Les p<strong>la</strong>ts bordés de fleurs sont en vermeil: (Eviradnus.)<br />

'Et, vermeille,<br />

Mahaud, en même temps que l'aurore, s'éveille.' (Ibid.)<br />

The word seems to be used without any definite suggestion of colour in such phrases as<br />

'<strong>des</strong> espaces vermeils' (Plein Ciel), 'quand le satyre fut sur <strong>la</strong> cime vermeille' (Le<br />

Satyre), '<strong>des</strong> arbres vermeils' (of trees lit up by the setting sun) (Le Crapaud).<br />

The word is used with a bold extension of meaning in Les Voix Intérieures: A Eugène,<br />

where the appetite of boyhood is called 'l'appétit vermeil.'<br />

dromon, mediaeval warship, worked by oars and sail, the ancestor of the galley. The<br />

word is also used, as apparently here, for merchantmen.<br />

Béarnais, inhabitant of Béarn, the province in the Pyrenees from which Henri IV came.<br />

Turcs. This is of course a mistake for Saracens or Moors. The word occurs in the<br />

original poem, Jubinal copied it, and Hugo copied Jubinal. The original, it maybe noted,<br />

had 'trente mille Turcs,' Jubinal cut them down to 'vingt mille.' Hugo's 'vingt mille' is<br />

another detail which shows that his poem is based on Jubinal's adaptation.<br />

preux. The Old French adjective meant 'valiant.' At the present time the word is only<br />

used in the phrase preux chevalier. Preux as a noun is rare, but de Vigny has<br />

'Charlemagne et ses preux.'<br />

je ne farde guère: I speak without affectation. Farder used absolutely in this way is rare.<br />

rendus: knocked up, overdone.<br />

arbalètes, crossbows.<br />

L. 80, For the metaphor compare the Chanson in Les Châtiments, Livre VII<br />

Berlin, Vienne étaient ses maîtresses;<br />

Il les forçait,

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