Sozialalmanach - Caritas Luxembourg
Sozialalmanach - Caritas Luxembourg Sozialalmanach - Caritas Luxembourg
make the necessary investments in healthcare and welfare to support such a development. In the US, on the other hand, the social debate since the onset of the crisis has focused almost exclusively on healthcare reform. There are significant political hurdles to achieving such reform, as the bitter and even violent debates on the issue in the US demonstrate. Obama is cautious about taxes, but according to Nancy Birdsall 51 , a shift towards a more European social model and a retreat from the ‘cowboy’ model of capitalism seems inevitable, in spite of the American emphasis on low taxes and low government expenditures. Future productivity growth is likely to come from sources like green energy and low carbon path investments. However, the challenge, writes Nancy Birdsall, will be to find funding, from either the market or the government, to finance the R&D that forms the backbone of these new sectors of the low-carbon economy. Going beyond welfare state recalibration and sustainable development as separate phenomena, Jacques Delors, Tony Atkinson, and Jean-Paul Fitoussi 52 underscore the need for different set of indicators of social and economic progress exceeding the traditional measure of GDP growth. In fact, the crisis is partially the result of the exclusive focus on economic growth. The formulation of a new portfolio of social and economic indicators (including, for example, various dimensions of adult numeracy and literacy, access to public services, poverty, and environmental health and climate control) is especially politically opportune in the face of a period of lethargic and drawn-out recovery. GDP growth may no longer be an adequate proxy for ‘doing well’. To address this issue, in early 2008, Nicolas Sarkozy put together a committee of leading economists, chaired by Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen and Jean-Paul Fitoussi, to rethink GDP as an indicator of economic performance and to consider alternative indicators of social progress. The unifying theme of the report that came out in September 2009 is that the time is ripe for shifting measurement from indicators of economic production to people’s income and consumption, jointly with wealth, with an emphasis households perspective. In other words, the Commission renders more prominence to the distribution of income, consumption and wealth, in correspondence with sustainability indicators 53 . What is interesting to note here is that economic progress and international coordination, in the views presented by Delors, Fitoussi, Atkinson, Birdsall and Rodrik 54 , are made contingent upon substantive policy choices, such as poverty reduction and climate management, in much the same way as the regime of ‘embedded liberalism’ hinged on (male) full employment and adequate 51 Birdsall (2008). 52 Delors (2006); Atkinson et al. (2002); Fitoussi (2009). 53 Stiglitz et al. (2009). 54 Delors (2006); Fitoussi (2009); Atkinson et al. (2002); Birdsall (2008); Rodrik (2007). 179
social protection. What these observers thus seem to advocate is perhaps best described as a form of ‘embedded globalization’. Periods of unsettled beliefs can thus inspire new politics. This we have learnt from the experience of the Great Depression in the 1930s, as well as the crisis of stagflation in the 1970s and 1980s. After two decades of neo-liberalism, a critical re-imagining of economy and society, including the role of public authority and political sovereignty, is underway. In addition, there is a fundamental need to offer a better understanding of the international constraints and possibilities for substantive concerted action, in a new world order of ‘embedded globalization’ where national governments remain in charge for regulating a global economy. Even in the realm of international coordination, any sustainable solution to the global crisis continues to rely heavily on domestic legitimacy. Nowhere is this political challenge more apparent than in Europe. Bibliography AKERLOF, GEORGE A. & SHILLER, ROBERT J. (2009): Animal Spirits. How Human Psychology Drives the Economy and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ARMINGEON, KLAUS & BONOLI, GIULIANO (2006): The Politics of Post- Industrial Welfare States. Adapting post-war social policies to new social risks. Routledge, London. ATKINSON, TONY & MARLIER, ERIC & CANTILLON, BEA (2002): Social Indicators: The EU and Social Inclusion. Oxford University Press, Oxford. BEGG, IAIN & DRAXLER, JURAJ & MORTENSEN, JØRGEN (2008): Is Social Europe Fit for Globalisation? A study of the social impact of globalisation in the European Union. Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), European Commission, Brussels. http://www.ceps.be/book/social-europe-fit-globalisation-study-social-impact-globalisationeuropean-union. BERGER, SUZANNE (2005): How We Compete: What Companies Around the World Are Doing to Make It in Today’s Global Economy. BERGER, SUZANNE & DORE, RONALD (1996): National Diversity and Global Capitalism. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. BIRDSALL, NANCY (2008): The Development Agenda as a Global Social Contract; or, We Are All in This Development Boat Together. WRR Lecture, Saving Globalisation from its Cheerleaders. BLANCHARD, OLIVIER J. & SUMMERS, LAWRENCE H. (1987): Hysteresis in Unemployment. European Economic Review, Vol. 31, No. 1/2, pp. 288-295. 180
- Page 129 and 130: groupe auquel il appartient. Cela f
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- Page 179: maintaining general financial stabi
- Page 183 and 184: FERRARA, MAURIZIO & HEMERIJCK, ANTO
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social protection. What these observers thus seem to advocate is perhaps best described as<br />
a form of ‘embedded globalization’.<br />
Periods of unsettled beliefs can thus inspire new politics. This we have learnt from the<br />
experience of the Great Depression in the 1930s, as well as the crisis of stagflation in the<br />
1970s and 1980s. After two decades of neo-liberalism, a critical re-imagining of economy<br />
and society, including the role of public authority and political sovereignty, is underway. In<br />
addition, there is a fundamental need to offer a better understanding of the international<br />
constraints and possibilities for substantive concerted action, in a new world order of<br />
‘embedded globalization’ where national governments remain in charge for regulating a<br />
global economy. Even in the realm of international coordination, any sustainable solution<br />
to the global crisis continues to rely heavily on domestic legitimacy. Nowhere is this political<br />
challenge more apparent than in Europe.<br />
Bibliography<br />
AKERLOF, GEORGE A. & SHILLER, ROBERT J. (2009): Animal Spirits. How<br />
Human Psychology Drives the Economy and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism.<br />
Princeton University Press, Princeton.<br />
ARMINGEON, KLAUS & BONOLI, GIULIANO (2006): The Politics of Post-<br />
Industrial Welfare States. Adapting post-war social policies to new social risks. Routledge,<br />
London.<br />
ATKINSON, TONY & MARLIER, ERIC & CANTILLON, BEA (2002): Social<br />
Indicators: The EU and Social Inclusion. Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
BEGG, IAIN & DRAXLER, JURAJ & MORTENSEN, JØRGEN (2008): Is Social<br />
Europe Fit for Globalisation? A study of the social impact of globalisation in the European<br />
Union. Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), European Commission, Brussels.<br />
http://www.ceps.be/book/social-europe-fit-globalisation-study-social-impact-globalisationeuropean-union.<br />
BERGER, SUZANNE (2005): How We Compete: What Companies Around the World<br />
Are Doing to Make It in Today’s Global Economy.<br />
BERGER, SUZANNE & DORE, RONALD (1996): National Diversity and Global<br />
Capitalism. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.<br />
BIRDSALL, NANCY (2008): The Development Agenda as a Global Social Contract;<br />
or, We Are All in This Development Boat Together. WRR Lecture, Saving Globalisation<br />
from its Cheerleaders.<br />
BLANCHARD, OLIVIER J. & SUMMERS, LAWRENCE H. (1987): Hysteresis in<br />
Unemployment. European Economic Review, Vol. 31, No. 1/2, pp. 288-295.<br />
180