Télécharger/Download (PDF, 298 p, 1,64 Mo) - Femise

Télécharger/Download (PDF, 298 p, 1,64 Mo) - Femise Télécharger/Download (PDF, 298 p, 1,64 Mo) - Femise

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guilt and promised that they would never do it again. They were ordered to pull themselves together and stop this mispractice. But they became even worse within a very short time. Despite many subsequent warnings, they continued violating the law and religion’s orders. Then were gathered all bakers and assessors together and questions were addressed to them regarding the previous prices, they replied that the bread was for as long as they could remember around hundred and fifty dirhams less than the necessary weight, but the flour was made from quality wheat and passed through a fine-mesh sieve, a sufficient amount of poppy seeds was sprinkled on the loaves that were baked crisp. They also said that one oke of fat to be added to one kile of flour, but it was nowadays reduced to half an oke. The loaves presently baked were of different and often lower qualities. The inquiries showed that the reason of this worsening was the habit of giving and receiving bribes and the resulting lack of control. Standard for the buns: The buns should be one-half the weight of a bread loaf and one oke of fat should be added to one kile of flour. The inspection revealed a low quality due to bribing again. Bakers were told to revert to the original standards. Onions: The onions which were sold at one akça for four and a half oke are now on sale at four oke at the same price. Onions with stems weighed five okes, which were reduced by half an oke in the autumn. Green grocers were making two-oke bundles from the two and a half oke winter deliveries. This practice also was against the law because of the akças inobtrusively slid into the pockets of controllers. Merchants were told in no uncertain terms to return to the previous rules. Butchers: When the butchers, assessors and city fathers were brought together and asked, most of the true believers said that the price of mutton had three different levels at three different annual periods: The unit was two hundred and fifty, three hundred and two hundred dirhams in each of the fourmonth slices of the year. They added that three hundred dirham was wholly forgotten for the past four or five years. Replying the question of why three hundred dirhams were not being used any longer; butchers showed several reasons: Primo, there was a freightage tax of one akça per sheep at Gallipoli pier in the past, which is now raised to four akças. Secundo, the imperial almshouses and some dignitaries collect from us sixty thousand sheep on foot per annum and the latter has been an official levy today. Tertio, they had received a court decision to the effect that the unit will be three hundred dirhams in Bursa when it is three hundred and fifty in Istanbul and always fifty dirhams less than it will be in Istanbul. Yet said the believers that the pier tax was raised some fifteen years ago while the abandonment of three hundred dirham unit took place only four or five years ago and gift of sixty thousand sheep to almshouses is no longer valid although the state levy continues and this did not cause any lessening of live sheep deliveries to the city. Now, varying numbers of sheep is sent to Bursa and price is determined by the quantity of available animals. Sometimes, more sheep comes here than to Istanbul and butchers did not raise the unit weight to three hundred dirhams when it was three hundred and fifty in Istanbul. The butchers were accused by the inquirers that they had entered into a clandestine agreement with the mayor, to whom they had paid large amounts of money at the beginning of the season and sold the mutton at the unit weight of two hundred and fifty when it should have been three hundred and thereby disregarded and denied the tenet of intermoslem solidarity. It was ascertained that the real culprit in this was the mayor. The city fathers intervened at this point and laid bare another bitter fact that continued for the past four or five years. The goat flesh always sold at a unit weight fifty dirhams more than the mutton; but the mayor collected two akças for each goat slaughtered and permitted it to be sold at the mutton price. Around one hundred city fathers as true believers swore before the mayor and his aides that they had actually witnessed the money changing hands between the mayor and butchers. The latter did not deny it and said that they had no compuction to sell the goat flesh at the same price as mutton. Many butchers clearly confessed this in front of the people in the meeting. Marketplace vendors: CIHEAM-IAMM Juin 2005 267

Asked to give information on the old rules regarding the fruit prices, vendors and assessors together with the city fathers stated that the fruits arriving to the city were bought an sold freely between the producers and vendors depending on the amount of deliveries until about four or five years ago. It was revealed in the meeting that the vendors had begun to go to the fields of producers, buy the crop on the trees, bring them to their secluded storage places, from which they release them in piecemeal fashion to keep the prices high and shared the difference with the mayor. In order to control the truth of these claims, ledgers were checked and some fruits were brought from the nearest marketplace for examination. When the claims of coty fathers turned out to be correct, the vendors were asked why they sold the fruits at weights under the standards. They replied in the presence of the mayor that they were doing this with his approval. The mayor first denied it when he was accused of tolerating this mispractice, but admitted in a round about manner by saying that he had found the things like that when he came to the office and tried to have himself excused by saying that this was the only way for collecting the sum that he was expected to send annually to the imperial treasury and to meet the costs of running the city. His secretary and aides confessed the sales at underweight. Some of the vendors also declared that the municipal controllers were actually collecting one or two akças from each shop that they inspected and received a basketful of fruits to take home everyday in clear violation of laws and edicts. All this was found to be unpleasant and painful. Prices of all fruits were checked one by one and the old rules were found to be in complete disregard. It was agreed in the meeting that new prices should be determined in consultation with vendors, assessors and buyers and strictly enforced afterward. Following decisions were adopted for fruits: Sweet cherries will be sold for one akça per hundred and fifty dirhams first, per two hundred dirhams three days later and the price will be one akça per oke with fifty dirham increments every three days. Fresh apricots will command a price of one akça for two hundred dirhams first and the price will be set thereafter as per the quantities received. Fresh plums will have a price of one akça per two hundred dirhams, one akça per five hundred dirhams and the pricing system will continue by increments until is reached the level of one akça per six hundred during the season. Such will be the price of Gökbalı pears. The gnesi pears will be one akça per six hundred dirhams first, one akça per two oke five days there after and the price will subsequently be arranged according to the amounts incoming. The Veçhi ballû pears will be sold for one akça per two oke and one thousand dirham for one akça three days after and the 3- day intervals system will apply until three oke start selling for one akça. The Örenku pears will be for one akça per two hundred dirhams first, three hundred dirhams three days later, one oke four days later and price will continue to abate until six hundred dirhams start selling for one akça. The Zerdamori pears will start at one oke first and six hundred dirhams for one akça five days later and subsequent prices will be handled as per this escalation. The Mürendî pears will be sold at one akça per three hundred dirhams first, five hundred dirhams five days later and price will be determined in accordance with this schedule. The Bey pears will be sold at one akça for two hundred and fifty dirhams when a donkey load sells for eighty-six akças and the price will thereafter be escalated at this ratio. The Sultanî pears will sell at five hundred dirhams first, six hundred dirhams five days later and to okes for one akça finally. The ekerî pears will be three hundred dirhams first and six hundred dirhams for one akça thereafter. The Türkî pears will be thousand dirhams first for one akça and the price will be set thereafter according to the amount of deliveries thereafter. The Sabunî pears will be sold at one akça for three hundred dirhams first, six hundred dirhams for one akça five days thereafter and to okes for one akça two weeks thereafter. CIHEAM-IAMM Juin 2005 268

Asked to give information on the old rules regarding the fruit prices, vendors and assessors together<br />

with the city fathers stated that the fruits arriving to the city were bought an sold freely between the<br />

producers and vendors depending on the amount of deliveries until about four or five years ago. It<br />

was revealed in the meeting that the vendors had begun to go to the fields of producers, buy the<br />

crop on the trees, bring them to their secluded storage places, from which they release them in<br />

piecemeal fashion to keep the prices high and shared the difference with the mayor. In order to<br />

control the truth of these claims, ledgers were checked and some fruits were brought from the<br />

nearest marketplace for examination. When the claims of coty fathers turned out to be correct, the<br />

vendors were asked why they sold the fruits at weights under the standards. They replied in the<br />

presence of the mayor that they were doing this with his approval. The mayor first denied it when<br />

he was accused of tolerating this mispractice, but admitted in a round about manner by saying that<br />

he had found the things like that when he came to the office and tried to have himself excused by<br />

saying that this was the only way for collecting the sum that he was expected to send annually to the<br />

imperial treasury and to meet the costs of running the city. His secretary and aides confessed the<br />

sales at underweight. Some of the vendors also declared that the municipal controllers were actually<br />

collecting one or two akças from each shop that they inspected and received a basketful of fruits to<br />

take home everyday in clear violation of laws and edicts. All this was found to be unpleasant and<br />

painful. Prices of all fruits were checked one by one and the old rules were found to be in complete<br />

disregard. It was agreed in the meeting that new prices should be determined in consultation with<br />

vendors, assessors and buyers and strictly enforced afterward.<br />

Following decisions were adopted for fruits:<br />

Sweet cherries will be sold for one akça per hundred and fifty dirhams first, per two hundred<br />

dirhams three days later and the price will be one akça per oke with fifty dirham increments every<br />

three days.<br />

Fresh apricots will command a price of one akça for two hundred dirhams first and the price will be<br />

set thereafter as per the quantities received.<br />

Fresh plums will have a price of one akça per two hundred dirhams, one akça per five hundred<br />

dirhams and the pricing system will continue by increments until is reached the level of one akça<br />

per six hundred during the season.<br />

Such will be the price of Gökbalı pears.<br />

The gnesi pears will be one akça per six hundred dirhams first, one akça per two oke five days<br />

there after and the price will subsequently be arranged according to the amounts incoming.<br />

The Veçhi ballû pears will be sold for one akça per two oke and one thousand dirham for one akça<br />

three days after and the 3- day intervals system will apply until three oke start selling for one akça.<br />

The Örenku pears will be for one akça per two hundred dirhams first, three hundred dirhams three<br />

days later, one oke four days later and price will continue to abate until six hundred dirhams start<br />

selling for one akça.<br />

The Zerdamori pears will start at one oke first and six hundred dirhams for one akça five days later<br />

and subsequent prices will be handled as per this escalation.<br />

The Mürendî pears will be sold at one akça per three hundred dirhams first, five hundred dirhams<br />

five days later and price will be determined in accordance with this schedule.<br />

The Bey pears will be sold at one akça for two hundred and fifty dirhams when a donkey load sells<br />

for eighty-six akças and the price will thereafter be escalated at this ratio.<br />

The Sultanî pears will sell at five hundred dirhams first, six hundred dirhams five days later and to<br />

okes for one akça finally.<br />

The ekerî pears will be three hundred dirhams first and six hundred dirhams for one akça<br />

thereafter.<br />

The Türkî pears will be thousand dirhams first for one akça and the price will be set thereafter<br />

according to the amount of deliveries thereafter.<br />

The Sabunî pears will be sold at one akça for three hundred dirhams first, six hundred dirhams for<br />

one akça five days thereafter and to okes for one akça two weeks thereafter.<br />

CIHEAM-IAMM<br />

Juin 2005<br />

268

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