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Note sur la biogéographie de la biodiversité du genre Artemia dans la région ouest de l’Afrique du Nord (Algérie, Maroc et Tunisie) Note on the biogeography of the genus Artemia biodiversity in the north western region of Africa (Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia) Résumé Sidi Mohammed GHOMARI 1 , Ghalem SELSELET-ATTOU 1 , Francisco HONTORIA 2 , Mohammed MONCEF 3 , Francisco AMAT 2 Le crustacé Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca; Leach 1819) est un des habitants les plus communs des milieux aquatiques hypersalins, littoraux et/ou continentaux : lacs, lagunes et salines. Vu l’utilisation indispensable de ses nauplii dans l’aquaculture marine, les cistes d’Artemia sont devenus une ressource naturelle de grande importance commerciale ; ce qui a conduit à la nécessité d’étudier sa biodiversité et de connaître sa biogéographie, dans le but de prévoir et d’établir son exploitation commerciale comme ressource. Bien que la biogéographie des espèces et des populations d’Artemia soit connue dans l’aire méditerranéenne, sa distribution dans les pays du nord Afrique n’est pas encore bien établie. Durant ces dernières décennies, de grands efforts ont été consentis à cet égard, surtout dans certains pays tels que l’Algérie, la Tunisie et le Maroc où on a pu vérifier l’existence d’une biodiversité analogue à celle décrite en Méditerranée occidentale. Cette biodiversité est représentée principalement par trois formes communes : l’espèce sexuelle Artemia salina (Leach 1758) et les deux souches parthénogénétiques Artemia parthenogenetica (Barigozzi 1980) : diploïde et tétraploïde. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation presque exclusive des cistes de l’espèce en provenance d’Amérique A. franciscana (Kellogg 1906) en aquaculture Mots clés : Artemia salina, cyste, sebkha, nord Afrique, Algérie, compétitivité, biogéographie. ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 38 (1) – 2012 1. Laboratoire de technologie alimentaire et nutrition, Université de Mostaganem, BP 188, 27000 Mostaganem, Algérie 2. Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón), Espagne 3. Laboratoire d’hydrobiologie, Université Chouaib Doukkali, PB 20, El Jadida, Maroc s_ghomari@yahoo.fr (auteur pour la correspondance) marine, et leur généralisation commerciale, ont fait que l’introduction de cette espèce exotique dans le bassin méditerranéen faisait d’elle une espèce dominatrice qui, par conséquent, a conduit à l’élimination des souches natives par simple phénomène de compétition. Cependant, cette menace potentielle sur la diversité du genre s’étend aujourd’hui aux pays nord-africains où on a vérifié la présence de quelques populations de l’espèce américaine au Maroc et en Tunisie. Abstract The crustacean Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) is one of the most common inhabitants of aquatic hypersaline, coastal and/or continental lakes, lagoons and saltworks. With the indispensable use of its nauplii in marine aquaculture, the cysts of Artemia have become a natural resource of great commercial importance, which has led to the need to study its biodiversity and to know its biogeography, in order to provide and establish its commercial exploitation as a resource. Although the biogeography of species and populations of Artemia is known in the Mediterranean area, its distribution in the countries of North Africa is not yet well established. Keywords: Artemia salina, cyste, sebkha, north Africa, Algeria, competition, biogeography. 29
SIDI MOHAMMED GHOMARI, GHALEM SELSELET-ATTOU, FRANCISCO HONTORIA, MOHAMMED MONCEF, FRANCISCO AMAT 30 During the last decades great efforts have been made in this regard, especially in countries such as Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, where we have verified the existence of a pattern of biodiversity similar to that described in the European Western Mediterranean, represented mainly by three common forms: the sexual species Artemia salina (Leach 1758) and the two parthenogenetic strains (A. parthenogenetica Barigozzi, 1980): diploid and tetraploid. Furthermore, the exclusive use of cysts of the species from America A. franciscana (Kellogg 1906) in marine aquaculture and its commercial generalization, has conducted to the introduction of this exotic species in the Mediterranean basin, taking the profile of an invasive species, and leading to the elimination of native strains by a simple competition phenomenon. This potential threat on the diversity of the genus can also affect the North African countries today, where we have verified the presence of some populations of the American species in Morocco, and in Tunisia. Abridged english version The great diversity of climatic, geological and hydrological conditions present in the northern part of the African continent has allowed the identification of a wide range of hypersaline ecosystems of the type Sebkha and Chott (Glossaire in Davis & Gasse 1988). They show a high productivity, but low biodiversity, with ecosystems composed mainly of aquatic invertebrate populations with the presence of populations of the crustacean Artemia characteristic of hypersaline environments. It is well known that the crustacean Artemia (Branchiopoda, Anostraca) has evolved in very specific habitats, namely the hypersaline environments. It is very useful as a source of food, as live prey for larvae of marine species. Consequently, it has a high commercial interest for aquaculture. The genus Artemia is cosmopolitan and their species show a wide geographical distribution. It is represented by sexual species and parthenogenetic strains spread throughout the world except Antarctica (Persoone & Sorgeloos 1980; Vanhaecke et al. 1987; Triantaphyllidis et al. 1998; Van Stappen 2002; Muñoz 2009). Artemia populations were reported for the first time in North Africa by Blanchard and Richard (1890) by Gauthier (1928) in Algeria (see Samraoui et al. 2006) and by Gauthier (1929) and Stella (1933) in Morocco (see Thiery 1989). However, reports on systematic geographical distribution of Artemia populations have their origins in the work of Persoone and Sorgeloos (1980). These authors identified a list of sites in North Africa, where they mention the presence of populations of this crustacean, but no assessment of the species found was included. Subsequently Vanhaecke et al. (1987) and Triantaphyllidis et al. (1998) presented a new distribution, identifying additional new sites. In this distribution appears the first initiative to make a distinction between the sexual populations (Artemia salina) and the parthenogenetic forms. During the last decade, great interest has been focused on global biogeography of Artemia. Van Stappen (2002), Kaiser et al. (2006) and Muñoz (2009) have reported new sites for the countries of North Africa, but in most cases the distribution is dominated by the sexual species A. salina. Populations from Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia compared to those from the Mediterranean studied by Hontoria & Amat (1992), Amat et al. (1995), and Amat et al. (2007) show a pattern biodiversity similar to that described in the Western Mediterranean, represented mainly by three common forms: the sexual species Artemia salina and the two parthenogenetic strains (A. parthenogenetica): diploid and tetraploid. Therefore, we can consider that the biodiversity of populations of Artemia in these countries is similar to that found in the rest of the Western Mediterranean countries. In Tunisia the presence of a tetraploid parthenogenetic population in the Tunisian saline Tunisian of Sijoumi is surprising, since it has not been cited in previous studies, as those by Ben Naceur et al. (2009). They only mention in this saltern the exclusive presence of the sexual species (Table 1). It has been also shown that there is a frequent co-occurrence of A. salina and parthenogenetic diploid populations in different salt marshes, with a well marked seasonal alternation. Sexual species show a preference for low temperature and dominate during the winter and early spring, but the parthenogenetic diploid strains increase their populations during the spring and summer (Amat 1981). This situation has been confirmed for the populations from Northern Africa. The distribution of tetraploid parthenogenetic populations is particular. In the Iberian Peninsula, they are distributed mainly in the inland habitats as they are not usually present in the coastal salt marshes and salterns. The data obtained in our case do not coincide with this pattern. ecologia mediterranea – Vol. 38 (1) – 2012
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