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The rules of French verb formation

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 2<br />

What is a regular –er <strong>verb</strong> ? ...................................................................................................................... 2<br />

What is a regular –ir <strong>verb</strong>? ........................................................................................................................ 3<br />

What is a regular –re <strong>verb</strong>? ....................................................................................................................... 3<br />

Lesson ONE – the Present (le présent) ............................................................................................... 4<br />

Lesson TWO – the Imperfect (l’imparfait) ........................................................................................ 6<br />

Lesson THREE – the Future (le futur) ................................................................................................. 7<br />

Lesson FOUR – the Conditional (le conditionnel) ............................................................................... 8<br />

Lesson FIVE – the Subjunctive (le subjonctif) ................................................................................. 9<br />

Lesson SIX – the Past Historic (le passé simple) ........................................................................... 10<br />

Lesson SEVEN – the Imperfect Subjunctive (l’imparfait du subjonctif) ................................. 12<br />

Lesson EIGHT – the Past Participle (le participe passé) ............................................................... 13<br />

Lesson NINE – the auxiliary ................................................................................................................ 15<br />

Lesson TEN – Passé composé ............................................................................................................... 16<br />

Lesson ELEVEN – plus-que-parfait ..................................................................................................... 17<br />

Lesson TWELVE – futur antérieur...................................................................................................... 18<br />

Lesson THIRTEEN – Conditionnel antérieur .................................................................................... 19<br />

Lesson FOURTEEN – subjonctif passé .............................................................................................. 20<br />

Lesson FIFTEEN - Passé antérieur .................................................................................................... 21<br />

Lesson SIXTEEN - Plus-que-parfait du subjonctif ........................................................................ 22<br />

APPENDIX ONE (SPELLING CHANGE VERBS): ............................................................................. 23<br />

Appendix two (stem-changing <strong>verb</strong>s) ................................................................................................. 23<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 1


INTRODUCTION<br />

<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

SIMPLE COMPOUND<br />

Past participles (lesson 8)<br />

<strong>The</strong> auxiliary (lesson 9)<br />

Common Présent (lesson 1)<br />

Imparfait (lesson 2)<br />

Futur (lesson 3)<br />

Conditionnel (lesson 4)<br />

Subjonctif (lesson 5)<br />

Literary Passé simple (lesson 6)<br />

Imparfait du subjonctif (lesson 7)<br />

Passé composé (lesson 10)<br />

Plus-que-parfait (lesson 11)<br />

Futur antérieur (lesson 12)<br />

Conditionnel passé (lesson 13)<br />

Subjonctif passé (lesson 14)<br />

Passé antérieur (lesson 15)<br />

Plus-que-parfait du subjonctif (lesson 16S)<br />

A SIMPLE tense is formed with a single word : il travaille, il travaillera, il travaillait, etc.<br />

A COMPOUND tense is a two-part tense, with an AUXILIARY and a PAST PARTICIPLE : il a<br />

travaillé, il aurait travaillé, il avait travaillé, etc.<br />

General <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> conjugation:<br />

1. <strong>The</strong> tu form always ends in an ‘s’ (all <strong>verb</strong>s, all tenses) except for tu veux, tu peux, tu vaux.<br />

2. <strong>The</strong> nous form always ends in ‘ons’ (all <strong>verb</strong>s, all tenses except for the past historic).<br />

3. <strong>The</strong> ils/ elles form always ends in ‘nt’.<br />

4. <strong>The</strong>re are never any accents on <strong>verb</strong> ENDINGS, except for the nous and the vous forms <strong>of</strong><br />

the past historic, and the il form <strong>of</strong> the imperfect subjunctive, which all have a circumflex.<br />

What is a regular –er <strong>verb</strong> ?<br />

This is the largest group <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong>s – there are thousands that follow the pattern for regular<br />

–er <strong>verb</strong>s (like aimer) in all their tenses.<br />

Peculiar effects are created in some tenses with –er <strong>verb</strong>s whose stem ends in é or i:<br />

J’ai créé; la valeur de la monnaie crééé par les banques<br />

Nous niions (imperfect) ; que vous niiez (present subjunctive)<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 2


What is a regular –ir <strong>verb</strong>?<br />

<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Any <strong>verb</strong> which follows the pattern <strong>of</strong> finir (present: nous finissons, present participle: finissant)<br />

counts as a regular –ir <strong>verb</strong>.<br />

<strong>The</strong> rest are irregular, for example:<br />

Cueillir (nous cueillons; cueillant)<br />

Partir (nous partons; partant)<br />

What is a regular –re <strong>verb</strong>?<br />

<strong>The</strong>re are about 50 regular –re <strong>verb</strong>s, which all follow the pattern <strong>of</strong> rendre, <strong>of</strong> which the most<br />

common are listed below:<br />

Verbs ending in –endre: attendre, condescendre, défendre, dépendre, descendre,<br />

détendre, entendre, étendre, fendre, pendre, prétendre, redescendre, rendre,<br />

suspendre, tendre, vendre<br />

Verbs ending in –andre: répandre<br />

Verbs ending in –ondre: confondre, correspondre, fondre, pondre, répondre, tondre<br />

Verbs ending in –erdre: perdre<br />

Verbs ending in –ordre: détordre, mordre, tordre<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 3


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson ONE – the Present (le présent)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: easy)<br />

Take the infinitive, remove the –er and add the endings: e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.<br />

Je travaille, tu travailles, il travaille, nous travaillons, vous travaillez, ils travaillent<br />

RULE 2: regular -IR <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: easy)<br />

Take the infinitive, remove the –ir and add the endings: is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent<br />

Je finis, tu finis, il finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils finissent<br />

RULE 3: -RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are regular in the present (rating: easy)<br />

Take the infinitive, remove the –re and add the endings: -s, -s, -nothing, -ons, -ez, -ent<br />

Je rends, tu rends, il rend, nous rendons, vous rendez, ils rendent<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the present (rating: tricky)<br />

1. ALLER: je vais, tu vas, il va, nous allons, vous allez, ils vont.<br />

2. Verbs ending in –ger (for explanation see appendix one)<br />

3. Verbs ending in –cer (for explanation see appendix one)<br />

4. Stem-changing <strong>verb</strong>s (for explanation see appendix one)<br />

RULE 5: -IR <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the present (rating: tricky)<br />

DORMIR: Je dors, tu dors, il dort, nous dormons, vous dormez, ils dormant<br />

OUVRIR (COUVRIR, etc): j’ouvre, tu ouvres, il ouvre, nous ouvrons, vous ouvrez, ils<br />

ouvrent<br />

PARTIR, SORTIR, SENTIR (and composites) : je pars, il part, nous partons<br />

Asseoir<br />

AVOIR: j’ai, tu as, il a, nous avons, vous avez, ils ont<br />

COURIR: je cours, il court, nous courons<br />

DEVOIR: je dois, nous devons, ils doivent<br />

FALLOIR, VALOIR: il faut, il vaut<br />

MOURIR: je meurs, il meurt, nous mourons<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 4


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

PLEUVOIR: il pleut<br />

POUVOIR, VOULOIR: je peux, il peut, nous pouvons<br />

RECEVOIR: je reçois, il reçoit, nous recevons, ils reçoivent<br />

SAVOIR: je sais, il sait, nous savons, ils savent<br />

TENIR, VENIR: je viens, il vient, nous venons, ils viennent<br />

VOIR: je vois, il voit, nous voyons, ils voient<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the present (rating: tricky)<br />

1. ÊTRE: je suis, tu es, il est, nous sommes, vous êtes, ils sont<br />

2. PRENDRE (etc): je prends, tu prends, il prend, nous prenons, vous prenez, ils prennent<br />

3. METTRE/ BATTRE (etc): je mets, tu mets, il met, nous mettons, vous mettez, ils mettent<br />

4. ROMPRE (etc): je romps, tu romps, il rompt, nous rompons, vous rompez, ils rompent<br />

5. Verbs ending in -INDRE: je joins, tu joins, il joint, nous joignons, vous joignez, ils joignent<br />

6. BOIRE: je bois, il boit, nous buvons, ils boivent<br />

7. CONCLURE: je conclus, il conclut, nous concluons, ils concluent<br />

8. CONNAÎTRE: je connais, il connaît, nous connaissons, ils connaissent<br />

9. CONDUIRE: je conduis, il conduit, nous conduisons, ils conduisent<br />

10. CROIRE: je crois, il croit, nous croyons, ils croient<br />

11. DIRE: je dis, il dit, nous disons, vous dîtes, ils disent<br />

12. ÉCRIRE: j’écris, il écrit, nous écrivons, ils écrivent<br />

13. FAIRE: je fais, il fait, nous faisons, vous faîtes, ils font<br />

14. INSCRIRE: j’inscris, il inscrit, nous inscrivons, ils inscrivent<br />

15. LIRE: je lis, il lit, nous lisons, ils lisent<br />

16. NAÎTRE: je nais, il naît, nous naissons, ils naissent<br />

17. PLAIRE: je plais, il plaît, nous plaisons, ils plaisent<br />

18. RIRE: je ris, il rit, nous rions, ils rient<br />

19. SUIVRE: je suis, il suit, nous suivons, ils suivent<br />

20. VIVRE: je vis, il vit, nous vivons, ils vivent<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 5


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson TWO – the Imperfect (l’imparfait)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the NOUS form <strong>of</strong> the present tense, knock <strong>of</strong>f the –ONS and add the endings:<br />

-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient<br />

RULE 2: regular -IR <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the NOUS form <strong>of</strong> the present tense, knock <strong>of</strong>f the –ONS and add the endings:<br />

-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient<br />

RULE 3: regular -RE <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the NOUS form <strong>of</strong> the present tense, knock <strong>of</strong>f the –ONS and add the endings:<br />

-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the imperfect<br />

Verbs ending in –ger. You need an extra E before the A (see Appendix One for explanation):<br />

je mangEais, tu mangEais, il mangEait, nous mangions, vous mangiez, ils mangEaient<br />

Verbs ending in –cer. You need a cedilla before an A (see Appendix One for explanation):<br />

je plaÇais, tu plaÇais, il plaÇait, nous placions, vous placiez, ils plaÇaient<br />

RULE 5: -IR <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the imperfect<br />

<strong>The</strong>re are none: all –ir <strong>verb</strong>s follow the regular –ir <strong>verb</strong> rule<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the imperfect<br />

<strong>The</strong>re are none: all –re <strong>verb</strong>s follow the regular –re <strong>verb</strong> rule. However, there are a couple<br />

<strong>of</strong> peculiar effects to note:<br />

a. rire/ sourire: nous riions, vous riiez<br />

b. connaître (etc): that circumflex will only appear before a T, so no circumflex in the<br />

imperfect forms :<br />

je connaissais<br />

nous connaissions<br />

ils connaissaient<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 6


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson THREE – the Future (le futur)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: easy)<br />

Add the endings to the infinitive: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont<br />

RULE 2: regular -IR <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: easy)<br />

Add the endings to the infinitive: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont<br />

RULE 3: regular -RE <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: easy)<br />

Drop the –e only and then add the endings: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the future (rating: easy)<br />

1. Aller: j’irai, tu iras, il ira, nous irons, vous irez, ils iront<br />

2. Envoyer: j’enverrai, tu enverras, il enverra, nous enverrons, vous enverrez, ils enverront<br />

RULE 5: -IR <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the future (rating: tricky)<br />

1. Acquérir > j’acquerrai, il acquerra (etc)<br />

2. Avoir > j’aurai, il aura (etc)<br />

3. Courir > je courrai, il courra (etc)<br />

4. Cueillir > je cueillerai, il cueillera (etc)<br />

5. Décevoir > je décevrai, il décevra (etc)<br />

6. Devoir > je devrai, il devra (etc)<br />

7. Mourir > je mourrai, il mourra (etc)<br />

8. Pleuvoir > il pleuvra (no other forms)<br />

9. Pouvoir > je pourrai, il pourra (etc)<br />

10. Recevoir > je recevrai, il recevra (etc)<br />

11. Savoir > je saurai, il saura (etc)<br />

12. Tenir > je tiendrai, il tiendra (etc)<br />

13. Venir > je viendrai, il viendra (etc)<br />

14. Voir > je verrai, il verra (etc)<br />

15. Vouloir > je voudrai, il voudra (etc)<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the future (rating: easy)<br />

1. Être > je serai, il sera (etc)<br />

2. Faire > il ferai, il fera (etc)<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 7


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson FOUR – the Conditional (le conditionnel)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: easy)<br />

Add the endings to the infinitive: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient<br />

RULE 2: regular -IR <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: easy)<br />

Add the endings to the infinitive: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient<br />

RULE 3: regular -RE <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: middling)<br />

Drop the –e only and then add the endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the conditional (rating: easy); AS FOR FUTURE<br />

1. Aller: j’irais, tu irais, il irait, nous irions, vous iriez, ils iraient<br />

2. Envoyer: j’enverrais, tu enverrais, il enverrais, nous enverrions, vous enverriez, ils<br />

enverraient<br />

RULE 5: -IR <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the conditional (rating: tricky); AS FOR FUTURE<br />

1. Acquérir > j’acquerrais, il acquerrait (etc)<br />

2. Avoir > j’aurais, il aurait (etc)<br />

3. Courir > je courrais, il courrait (etc)<br />

4. Cueillir > je cueillerais, il cueillerait (etc)<br />

5. Décevoir > je décevrais, il décevrait (etc)<br />

6. Devoir > je devrais, il devrait (etc)<br />

7. Mourir > je mourrais, il mourrait (etc)<br />

8. Pleuvoir > il pleuvrait (only possible form)<br />

9. Pouvoir > je pourrais, il pourrait (etc)<br />

10. Recevoir > je recevrais, il recevrait (etc)<br />

11. Savoir > je saurais, il saurait (etc)<br />

12. Tenir > je tiendrais, il tiendrait (etc)<br />

13. Venir > je viendrais, il viendrait (etc)<br />

14. Voir > je verrais, il verrait (etc)<br />

15. Vouloir > je voudrais, il voudrait (etc)<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the conditional (rating: easy); AS FOR FUTURE<br />

1. Être > je serais, il serait (etc)<br />

2. Faire > je ferais, il ferait (etc)<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 8


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson FIVE – the Subjunctive (le subjonctif)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: middling)<br />

<strong>The</strong> nous and vous forms <strong>of</strong> the present subjunctive are the same as the nous and vous<br />

forms <strong>of</strong> the imperfect: nous travaillions, vous travailliez<br />

For the je, tu, il/ elle and ils/ elles forms, take the third person plural form <strong>of</strong> the present<br />

tense, take <strong>of</strong>f the –ENT, and add the present subjunctive endings: -e, -es, - e, -ent<br />

RULE 2: regular -IR <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: middling)<br />

<strong>The</strong> nous and vous forms <strong>of</strong> the present subjunctive are the same as the nous and vous<br />

forms <strong>of</strong> the imperfect: nous finissions, vous finissiez<br />

For the je, tu, il/ elle and ils/ elles forms, take the third person plural form <strong>of</strong> the present<br />

tense, take <strong>of</strong>f the –ENT, and add the present subjunctive endings: -e, -es, - e, -ent<br />

RULE 3: regular -RE <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: middling)<br />

<strong>The</strong> nous and vous forms <strong>of</strong> the present subjunctive are the same as the nous and vous<br />

forms <strong>of</strong> the imperfect: nous Vous conduisions, vous conduisiez<br />

For the je, tu, il/ elle and ils/ elles forms, take the third person plural form <strong>of</strong> the present<br />

tense, take <strong>of</strong>f the –ENT, and add the present subjunctive endings: -e, -es, - e, -ent<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the present subjunctive (rating: easy)<br />

1. Aller : j’aille, nous allions (etc)<br />

RULE 5: -IR <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the present subjunctive (rating: middling)<br />

2. Avoir : j’aie, tu aies, il AIT, nous ayons (etc)<br />

3. Pouvoir : je puisse, nous puissions (etc)<br />

4. Savoir : je sache, nous sachions (etc)<br />

5. valoir : je vaille, nous valions (etc)<br />

6. vouloir : je veuille, nous voulions (etc)<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the present subjunctive (rating: easy)<br />

1. être : je sois, nous soyons (etc)<br />

2. faire : je fasse, nous fassions (etc)<br />

and also, not irregular, but peculiar : rire/ sourire – nous riions, vous riiez<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 9


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson SIX – the Past Historic (le passé simple)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: middling)<br />

Take the nous form <strong>of</strong> the present tense, remove the –ons and add the endings:<br />

-ai -as -a -âmes -âtes – èrent (calmer : il calma (etc))<br />

RULE 2: regular -IR <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: middling)<br />

Take the past participle, remove the final vowel/ vowel + consonant and add the endings:<br />

-is -is -it -îmes -îtes –irent (finir: il finit (etc))<br />

RULE 3: regular -RE <strong>verb</strong>s (rating: middling)<br />

Take the past participle, remove the final vowel and add the endings: -<br />

is -is -it -îmes -îtes –irent (rendre: il rendit (etc))<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the past historic (rating: middling)<br />

Verbs ending in –ger. You need an extra E before the A (see Appendix One for explanation):<br />

o je mangEai, tu mangEas, il mangEa, nous mangEâmes, vous mangEâtes, ils mangèrent<br />

Verbs ending in –cer. You need a cedilla before an A (see Appendix One for explanation):<br />

o je plaÇai, tu plaÇas, il plaÇa, nous plaÇâmes, vous plaÇâtes, ils placèrent<br />

RULE 5: -IR <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the past historic (rating: tricky)<br />

Voir: je vis, tu vis, il vit (etc)<br />

Other <strong>verb</strong>s ending in –OIR: take the past participle, remove the final vowel and add the<br />

endings: -us -us -ut -ûmes -ûtes -urent (savoir: il sut (etc); avoir: il eut (etc))<br />

Courir : il courut (etc)<br />

Mourir : il mourut (etc)<br />

Tenir and venir: je vins, tu vins, il vint, nous vînmes, vous vîntes, ils vinrent<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the past historic (rating: tricky)<br />

Verbs ending in –NDRE: take the nous form <strong>of</strong> the present tense, remove the –ons and add<br />

the –is, -is, -it endings: peindre: il peignit (etc)<br />

Most irregular <strong>verb</strong>s which have a past participle ending in –u fall into this group<br />

Boire : il but (etc)<br />

Connaître : il connut (etc)<br />

Croire : il crut (etc)<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 10


Être : il fut (etc)<br />

lire : il lut (etc)<br />

vivre : il vécut (etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 11


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson SEVEN – the Imperfect Subjunctive (l’imparfait du<br />

subjonctif)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

For –ER <strong>verb</strong>s, take the third person singular <strong>of</strong> the Passé Simple (Past Historic) and add<br />

the endings for the imperfect subjunctive: - sse, -sses, -^t, -ssions, -ssiez, -ssent.<br />

Example: Il travaillât<br />

RULE 2: regular -IR <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

For –IR <strong>verb</strong>s and –RE <strong>verb</strong>s, take the third person singular <strong>of</strong> the Passé Simple (Past<br />

Historic) and add the endings for the imperfect subjunctive : - sse, -sses, -^t, -ssions, -<br />

ssiez, -ssent<br />

Example: elles dormissent, nous pussions<br />

RULE 3: regular -RE <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

For –IR <strong>verb</strong>s and –RE <strong>verb</strong>s, take the third person singular <strong>of</strong> the Passé Simple (Past<br />

Historic) and add the endings for the imperfect subjunctive : - sse, -sses, -^t, -ssions, -<br />

ssiez, -ssent<br />

Example: je fusse, vous conduissiez<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the imperfect subjunctive<br />

Verbs ending in –ger. You need an extra E before the A (see Appendix One for explanation):<br />

o je mangEasse, il mangEât (etc)<br />

Verbs ending in –cer. You need a cedilla before an A (see Appendix One for explanation):<br />

o je plaÇasse, il plaÇât (etc)<br />

RULE 5: -IR <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the imperfect subjunctive<br />

<strong>The</strong>re aren’t any!<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s that are irregular in the imperfect subjunctive<br />

<strong>The</strong>re aren’t any !<br />

Dr E. Tyler Page 12


<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson EIGHT – the Past Participle (le participe passé)<br />

RULE 1: regular –ER <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the infinitive, remove the –ER and add –É: Travailler > travaillé<br />

RULE 2: regular –IR <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the infinitive, remove the –IR and –I: Finir > fini<br />

RULE 3: regular –RE <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the infinitive, remove the –RE and add –U: Rendre > rendu<br />

RULE 4: –ER <strong>verb</strong>s with irregular past participles<br />

<strong>The</strong>re aren’t any! Even irregular –er <strong>verb</strong>s follow rule 1.<br />

RULE 5: irregular –IR <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

1. Verbs ending in –cevoir: drop the -cevoir ending and add –çu<br />

Décevoir (déçu), recevoir (reçu), apercevoir (aperçu)<br />

2. Verbs ending in –vrir: drop the ending and add –vert:<br />

Couvrir (couvert), ouvrir (ouvert), découvrir (découvert)<br />

3. Verbs ending in -érir, drop the ending and add –is:<br />

Acquérir (acquis), conquérir (conquis)<br />

4. Pouvoir/ Savoir/Devoir :<br />

Pouvoir (pu), savoir (su), devoir (dû)<br />

5. Other <strong>verb</strong>s ending in –oir, drop the ending and add –u:<br />

J’ai voulu (vouloir), il a fallu (falloir), il a valu (valoir), nous avons vu (voir)<br />

6. Verbs with completely irregular past participles:<br />

Avoir: eu<br />

Venir and tenir : venu, tenu<br />

Courir : couru<br />

Mourir : mort<br />

RULE 6: –RE <strong>verb</strong>s with irregular past participles (rating : tricky)<br />

1. Être - été<br />

2. Naître – né<br />

3. Other <strong>verb</strong>s ending in –aître, drop this and add –u (apparaître, connaître, paraître, etc)<br />

4. Verbs ending in –indre, drop this and add –int (atteindre, craindre, joindre, etc)<br />

5. Verbs ending in –endre, drop this and add –is (prendre, comprendre, apprendre, etc)<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

6. Lire – lu<br />

7. Élire - élu<br />

8. Other <strong>verb</strong>s ending in –ire, drop this and add –it (conduire, instruire, cuire, dire).<br />

9. Verbs ending in –oire, drop this and add –u (boire, croire)<br />

10. Rire and sourire (ri, souri)<br />

11. Offrir and souffir (<strong>of</strong>fert, souffert)<br />

12. Vivre and survivre (vécu, survécu)<br />

13. Suivre – suivi<br />

14. Écrire – écrit<br />

15. Faire – fait<br />

16. Mettre – mis<br />

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Lesson NINE – the auxiliary<br />

<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

<strong>The</strong> auxiliary is the conjugated <strong>verb</strong> (avoir or être) that is used in front <strong>of</strong> a past participle to show<br />

you what tense is being used, in a compound (two-part) tense. Most <strong>verb</strong>s conjugate with ‘avoir’<br />

when making the composite tenses. Reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s always conjugate with être, as do some other<br />

<strong>verb</strong>s.<br />

RULE 1: core être <strong>verb</strong>s (mainly <strong>verb</strong>s <strong>of</strong> movement)<br />

A Arriver/ Partir<br />

D Descendre/ Monter<br />

V Venir/ Aller<br />

E Entrer/ Sortir<br />

N Naître/ Mourir<br />

T Tomber/ Rester<br />

RULE 2: composites <strong>of</strong> the core <strong>verb</strong>s (which also take être)<br />

Venir – Devenir, Parvenir, Revenir<br />

Monter – Remonter<br />

Descendre – redescendre<br />

Sortir – Ressortir<br />

Tomber – Retomber<br />

Partir – Repartir<br />

Entrer – Rentrer<br />

Naître – Renaître<br />

Also Retourner – but Tourner IS NOT an être <strong>verb</strong><br />

RULE 3: transitive/ intransitive<br />

<strong>The</strong> être <strong>verb</strong>s revert to conjugating with avoir when they have a DIRECT OBJECT.<br />

This applies to: Monter, descendre, passer, repasser, rentrer, remonter, redescendre,<br />

sortir, ressortir<br />

For example :<br />

o j’ai rentré la voiture dans le garage<br />

o Il a sorti le chat<br />

o Nous avons monté l’escalier<br />

RULE 4: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

All reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s conjugate with être, in all tenses : je me suis dit; ils se sont parlé<br />

<strong>The</strong> past participle will agree if the reflexive pronoun is a Direct Object :<br />

o Ils se sont lavés. (here the ‘se’ is a Direct Object)<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

o Ils se sont lavé les mains x (here the ‘se’ is an Indirect Object)<br />

Lesson TEN – Passé composé<br />

RULE 1: avoir <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the present <strong>of</strong> avoir: Ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Il a fait, tu as dit<br />

RULE 2: être <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the present <strong>of</strong> être : Suis, es, est, sommes, êtes, sont<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Nous sommes venus<br />

RULE 3: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Put the subject (je, tu, etc) first<br />

<strong>The</strong>n add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong>n the present <strong>of</strong> être : Suis, es, est, sommes, êtes, sont<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Je me suis levé(e), nous nous sommes levés<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson ELEVEN – plus-que-parfait<br />

RULE 1: avoir <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the imperfect <strong>of</strong> avoir: Avais, avais, avait, avions, aviez, avaient<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Il avait fait, tu avais dit<br />

RULE 2: être <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the imperfect <strong>of</strong> être : étais, étais, était, étions, étiez, étaient<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Nous étions venus<br />

RULE 3: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Put the subject (je, tu, etc) first<br />

<strong>The</strong>n add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong>n the imperfect <strong>of</strong> être : étais, étais, était, étions, étiez, étaient<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Je m’étais levé(e), nous nous étions levés<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson TWELVE – futur antérieur<br />

By this time tomorrow, I will have done this.<br />

RULE 1: avoir <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the future <strong>of</strong> avoir: Aurai, auras, auras, aurons, aurez, auront<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Il aura fait, tu auras dit<br />

RULE 2: être <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the future <strong>of</strong> être : Serai, seras, sera, serons, serez, seront<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Nous serons venus<br />

RULE 3: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Put the subject (je, tu, etc) first<br />

<strong>The</strong>n add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong>n the future <strong>of</strong> être : Serai, seras, sera, serons, serez, seront<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Je me serai levé(e), nous nous serons levés<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson THIRTEEN – Conditionnel antérieur<br />

I would have done this, if I had had the time.<br />

RULE 1: avoir <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the conditional <strong>of</strong> avoir: Aurais, aurais, aurait, aurions, auriez, auraient<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Il aurait fait, tu aurais dit<br />

RULE 2: être <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the condtional <strong>of</strong> être : Serais, serais, serait, serions, seriez, seraient<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Nous serions venus<br />

RULE 3: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Put the subject (je, tu, etc) first<br />

<strong>The</strong>n add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong>n the conditional <strong>of</strong> être : Serais, serais, serait, serions, seriez, seraient<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Je me serais levé(e), nous nous serions levés<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson FOURTEEN – subjonctif passé<br />

RULE 1: avoir <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the present subjunctive <strong>of</strong> avoir: Aies, aies, ait, ayons, ayez, aient<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Qu’il ait fait, que tu aies dit<br />

RULE 2: être <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the present subjunctive <strong>of</strong> être: Sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Que nous soyons venus<br />

RULE 3: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Put the subject (je, tu, etc) first<br />

<strong>The</strong>n add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong>n the present subjunctive <strong>of</strong> être: Sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Que je me sois levé(e), que nous nous soyons levés<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson FIFTEEN - Passé antérieur<br />

RULE 1: avoir <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the passé simple <strong>of</strong> avoir: Eus, eus, eut, eûmes, eûtes, eurent<br />

Add the past participle<br />

il eut fait, que tu eus dit<br />

RULE 2: être <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the passé simple <strong>of</strong> être: Fus, fus, fut, fûmes, fûtes, furent<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

nous fûmes venus<br />

RULE 3: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Put the subject (je, tu, etc) first<br />

<strong>The</strong>n add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong>n the passé simple <strong>of</strong> être: Sois, sois, soit, soyons, soyez, soient<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

je me fus levé(e), nous nous fûmes levés<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

Lesson SIXTEEN - Plus-que-parfait du subjonctif<br />

RULE 1: avoir <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the imperfect subjunctive <strong>of</strong> avoir: Eusse, eusses, eût, eussions, eussiez, eussent<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Qu’il eût fait, que tu eusses dit<br />

RULE 2: être <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Take the imperfect subjunctive <strong>of</strong> être: Fusse, fusses, fût, fussions, fussiez, fussent<br />

Add the past participle<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Que nous fussions venus<br />

RULE 3: reflexive <strong>verb</strong>s<br />

Put the subject (je, tu, etc) first<br />

<strong>The</strong>n add the reflexive pronoun (me, te, etc)<br />

<strong>The</strong>n the imperfect subjunctive <strong>of</strong> être: Fusses, fusses, fusse, fussions, fussiez,<br />

fussent<br />

Remember that the past participle will agree with the subject <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong><br />

Que je me fusse levé(e), que nous nous fussions levés<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

APPENDIX ONE (SPELLING CHANGE VERBS):<br />

a. Verbs ending in –cer:<br />

In the infinitive, the ‘c’ sound is s<strong>of</strong>t. In other words it sounds like an ‘s’, and if you look in<br />

your dictionary, it will be represented by an [s] in the phonetic transcription. A ‘c’ followed<br />

by an ‘e’ or an ‘i’ is always pronounced as an [s] – cela, ici.<br />

So when you start conjugating a –cer <strong>verb</strong>, and you add an ending that begins with an ‘a’ or<br />

an ‘o’ or a ‘u’, you need to add a cedilla to the ‘c’ to keep it sounding s<strong>of</strong>t:<br />

Je plaçai<br />

Nous plaçons<br />

NB – it also applies to recevoir in the past participle – reçu<br />

b. Verbs ending in –ger:<br />

<strong>The</strong> same rule applies to these <strong>verb</strong>s, but the change you make is different. In the infinitive<br />

the ‘g’ sound is s<strong>of</strong>t; if you look in your dictionary, it will be represented by an [Ʒ]. To keep<br />

it sounding s<strong>of</strong>t, you add an e between the g and the a or o.<br />

Je mangeai, nous mangeons, vous mangeates, etc<br />

Appendix two (stem-changing <strong>verb</strong>s)<br />

All the changes below affect the STEM <strong>of</strong> the <strong>verb</strong>, and not its ENDING. <strong>The</strong>y all happen when the<br />

following ‘e’ is weak (unstressed, unpronounced – or barely pronounced). Same rule in each case, but<br />

different changes taking place.<br />

a. Verbs ending in –yer:<br />

<strong>verb</strong>s ending in – oyer, - uyer, the y becomes an i before a weak ‘e’:<br />

vous nettoyez, j’ennuyai BUT je nettoie & j’ennuierai (ennui-uh-rez)<br />

<strong>verb</strong>s ending in –ayer, either the ‘y’ or the ‘i’ is possible:<br />

vous payez, je payai, je paye/ paie & je payerai/ paierai<br />

b. Verbs ending in –eler (like appeler)<br />

a. <strong>The</strong> ‘l’ doubles before a weak ‘e’ – je m’appelle, je m’appellerai, je m’appelais, appelé<br />

b. A few –eler <strong>verb</strong>s have an è instead <strong>of</strong> a ‘ll’ : je modèle, je modèlerai, je modelais,<br />

modelé<br />

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<strong>The</strong> <strong>rules</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>French</strong> <strong>verb</strong> <strong>formation</strong><br />

c. This applies to : celer (déceler, receler), ciseler, démanteler, écarteler, geler<br />

(congeler, surgeler, dégeler), harceler, marteler, peler.<br />

c. Verbs ending in –eter (like jeter)<br />

a. <strong>The</strong> ‘t’ doubles before a weak e – je jette, je jetterai, je jetais, jeté<br />

b. A few –eter <strong>verb</strong>s have an è instead <strong>of</strong> a ‘tt’ : j’achète, j’achèterai, j’achetais, acheté<br />

c. This applies to: racheter, crocheter, fileter, haleter<br />

d. Verbs ending in -ever, -eser, -ener, the e become è<br />

a. <strong>The</strong> ‘e’ becomes an è before a weak e – je pèse, je pèserai, je pesais, pesé<br />

e. Verbs ending in érer, éder, éter, etc, the é changes to an è before a weak e.<br />

a. For example: vous considérez/ cédez/ inquiétez BUT ils considèreront/ cèderont/<br />

inquièteront<br />

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