UNIVERSITÉ PAUL CÉZANNE, AIX MARSEILLE III - IMEP

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Résultats et discussion. Chapitre 5: Disponibilité des substrats oléicoles and centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 10 min. The extraction was repeated three times. The supernatant was then filtered under vacuum. The non phenolic fraction still presents in the filtered liquid (e.g. fats) was eliminated by extraction with 10 mL of n-hexane, repeated three times. The total phenolic content of the remaining aqueous phase was quantified by the method of Folin and Ciocalteu (Bärlocher et al., 2005). The blue reactive complex formed was dosed spectrophotometrically at 760 nm. Caffeic acid being used as standard for the calibration, the phenolic content of the samples was expressed as caffeic acid equivalent. 2.6. NMR analysis of dried crude olive cake and OC-OMW mixture Dried crude OC and the mixture OC-OMW were used directly in NMR experiments without special preparation. Owing to their size, the samples were gently ground (IKA Labortechnik, Germany) in order to fill the rotor. Solid-state 13 C CPMAS NMR spectra, of dried crude OC and dried mixture OC-OMW, were obtained on a Bruker Avance-400 MHz spectrometer (Bruker, Bremen, Germany) operating at a 13 C resonance frequency of 100.7 MHz. Samples were placed in a 7-mm zirconium rotor and spun at the magic-angle at 6 kHz. All measurements were made at room temperature. The 13 C chemical shifts were referenced to tetramethylsilane and calibrated with the glycine carbonyl signal, set at 172.5 ppm. Deconvolution of the NMR spectra was performed using the DmFit software (Massiot et al., 2002). This software adjusts the spectra to obtain the linewidth and the peak positions (in ppm) and to integrate each peak so as to obtain the percentage of each contribution. The aromaticity of dried mixture OC-OMW and crude OC was calculated by expressing aromatic C (110–165 ppm) as a percentage of aliphatic C (0–110 ppm) + aromatic C (Wikberg and Liisa Maunu, 2004). The lignin content was calculated according to the model of Gilardi et al. (1995), which takes into account the total lignin carbon. These authors calibrated lignin content from aromatic carbons plus aliphatic carbons of lignin. The cellulose crystallinity (Xc) was expressed by the ratio between the signal at 84 ppm, assigned to the C-4 of amorphous cellulose, and the signal at 89 ppm, assigned to the C-4 of crystalline cellulose (Newman and Hemmingson, 1990). 2.7. Statistical treatment of results Data of drying, chemical analysis and NMR spectra were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The error square was obtained from the analysis of variance and used to calculated the least significant difference (LSD, P=0.05). Variations between data are significant when the difference between is more than the LSD. 133
3. Results and discussion Résultats et discussion. Chapitre 5: Disponibilité des substrats oléicoles 3.1. Waste balance in the model traditional mill and liquid retention capacity of olive cake Three different pressing of 600 kg of olives in such a mill produced in average 127 kg of olive oil, 220 kg of OMW (volumetric mass of 1.014 kg/L) and 253 kg of OC with an initial moisture of 35% (w/w). This gave a production ratio of 87 kg OMW / 100 kg OC. OMW absorbed (L/100 kg of OC 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Figure 2. Retention capacity of olive mill wastewater by crude olive cake at 25°C. Error bars represent standard deviation. Time (min) The kinetics of OMW absorption by OC, indicated that 60 min were necessary to completely saturate OC with OMW and that the maximum retention capacity of OC was of 62 L of OMW / 100 kg of OC giving a final product with moisture of 56% (w/w) (Fig. 2). This means that the amount of OC generated by this type of mill was only sufficient to absorb around 72% of the OMW produced at the same site. The sole way, to absorb the remaining OMW without the need of adding extra exogenous absorbing material, would be to recover the original absorption capacity of OC or at least part of it. This may be achieved through partial drying of the OC-OMW mixture obtained and its reuse as new absorbing agent. Therefore, the objective to absorb all the OMW generated by a mill on the OC may then be only achieved by a two-step absorption-drying process 134
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UNIVERSITÉ PAUL CÉZANNE, AIX MARS
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Je remercie le Dr. Antonis PHILIPPO
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Résumé L’objectif du travail a
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2.2.4.2. Culture de champignons sup
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3.7.1. La mesure de l’humidité .
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Liste des Tables Tableau 1. Bilan m
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1. INTRODUCTION Introduction Au Mar
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Introduction L'utilisation de la fe
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Matériel et Méthodes Figure 2. Ev
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Matériel et Méthodes et de l’hu
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Matériel et Méthodes composition
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Matériel et Méthodes Il ressort d
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Matériel et Méthodes catéchol-m
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Matériel et Méthodes Pour une év
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Matériel et Méthodes nombreuses o
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Matériel et Méthodes agricoles (P
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Matériel et Méthodes b) Traitemen
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Matériel et Méthodes pour former
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Matériel et Méthodes (protéines,
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2.4.2.5. Contrôle de la températu
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2.4.4. Les avantages et les inconv
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Matériel et Méthodes 32
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Figure 9. Unité de trituration sem
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3.3. Les milieux de culture 3.3.1.
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Matériel et Méthodes Mesure du po
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3.5.4. La régulation des paramètr
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Matériel et Méthodes 0 et 10%. Ce
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Matériel et Méthodes méthanol gr
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Matériel et Méthodes gallique (1
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Matériel et Méthodes Tableau 11 .
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Résultats et discussion La partie
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Résultats et discussion. Chapitre
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1. Introduction Résultats et discu
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3.2. Biomass production Résultats
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1. Introduction Résultats et discu
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3. Results Résultats et discussion
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Page 165 and 166: Conclusions et perspectives La mise
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UNIVERSITÉ PAUL CÉZANNE, AIX MARSEILLE III - IMEP

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