Arabic Linguistics

(19) Discontinuous sentence negator ─
(20) A verb meaning ‗say‘ or ‗talk‘ is used as a complementizer +
Ínta ásma gále be já [...]? (Nhial 1975: 87)
You hear COMP FUT come
‗Have you heard that the president is coming?‘
(21) Zero complementizer (where one would be required in the lexifier) +
(22) Unbound pluralizer not derived from the main plural morpheme of the lexifier ─
(23) The pluralizer also encodes a certain idea of definiteness (indefinite
NPs are not overtly marked for number) ─ (Holm 2000)
(24) Nominal pluralizer derived from the 3pl. pronoun ─ (Holm 2000)
(25) TMA indicated with free, preposed morphemes + (Nhial 1975,
Versteegh 1984, Prokosch 1986, Avram 1994 and 1995)
(26) The unmarked dynamic verb marks a completed action or process +
(Holm 2000)
Núbi wadin rúá fi Ugándá ráifl. (Pasch and Thelwall 1987: 124)
Nubi some go in Uganda Rifles
‗Some Nubians joined the Uganda Rifles.‘
(27) A combination of past and irrealis/future morphemes other than that of
the lexifier expresses the conditional + kan bi gi já (Owens 1990)
PAST FUT PROG come
‗would be coming‘
(28) Completive marker derived from ‗ready‘, ‗done‘, ‗already‘, etc. +
Úo kálas ákulu lúguma. (Pasch and Thelwall 1987: 126)
he finish eat ugali
‗He has already eaten ugali.‘
(29) Reduplicated verbs used as participles/adjectives + dáfi ‗boil‘ – dáfidafi ‗hot‘
(30) Numerals juxtaposed in distributive constructions ?
(31) Nominal gender indicated by compounding +
bágara rági vs bágara mára (Owens 1991: 14)
cow man cow woman
‗bull‘ ‗cow‘
(32) Zero equative copula +
(33) Locative copula not recruited from the lexifier +
(34) The definite article is postposed to its head noun +
júa dé (Pasch and Thelwall 1987: 115)
house DET
‗the man‘
(35) Lexifier definite article is not retained, and a new definite article is
derived from a lexifier demonstrative + (Pasch and Thelwall 1987)
(36) Zero determiner marks non-specific NPs + (Holm 2000)
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